hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Chromatiaceae
The Chromatiaceae are one of the two families of purple sulfur bacteria, together with the Ectothiorhodospiraceae. They belong to the order Chromatiales of the class Gammaproteobacteria, which is composed of gram-negative bacteria. Most of the species are photolithoautotrophs and conduct an anoxygenic photosynthesis, but there are also representatives capable of growing under dark and/or microaerobic conditions as either chemolithoautotrophs or chemoorganoheterotrophs.

Both Ectothiorhodospiraceae and Chromatiaceae bacteria produce elemental sulfur globules, the difference is that in the second case they are stored inside the cells rather than outside. Sulfur is an intermediate in the oxidization of sulfide, which is ultimately converted into sulfate, and may serve as a reserve.

Anoxygenic photosynthesis
Anoxygenic photosynthesis is a special form of photosynthesis used by some bacteria, which differs from the better known oxygenic photosynthesis in plants and cyanobacteria in the reductant used (e.g. hydrogen sulfide instead of water) and the byproduct generated (e.g. elemental sulfur instead of molecular oxygen).

Unlike oxygenic phototrophs that only use the Calvin cycle to fix carbon dioxide, anoxygenic phototrophs can use both the Calvin cycle and the reverse TCA cycle to fix carbon dioxide. Additionally, unlike its oxygenic counterpart that predominantly uses chlorophyll, this type of photosynthesis uses the bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) to utilize light as an energy source. A precursor to oxygenic photosynthesis but having been developed after chemolithoautotrophy, anoxygenic photosynthesis uses one of two reaction centers while oxygenic photosynthesis uses both type I and type II reaction centers.
Tom Dardis
Tom Dardis (1926 – November 2, 2001) was an American author and editor. He served as editor for multiple publishing houses such as Avon Books and Berkley Publishing Corporation. Dardis was also an educator who taught at such institutions as Adelphi University and the John Jay College of Criminal Justice of the City University of New York.

Avon (publisher)
Avon Publications is a publisher of romance fiction. At Avon's initial stages, it was an American paperback book and comic book publisher. The shift in content occurred in the early 1970s with multiple Avon romance titles reaching and maintaining spots in bestseller lists, demonstrating the market and potential profits in romance publication. As of 2010, Avon is an imprint of HarperCollins.
The Hateful Eight-Year-Olds
"The Hateful Eight-Year-Olds" is the 21st and penultimate episode of the thirty-first season of the American animated television series The Simpsons, and the 683rd episode overall. It aired in the United States on Fox on May 10, 2020. The episode was written by Joel H. Cohen and was directed by Jennifer Moller.

In this episode, Lisa is invited to a sleepover by her new friend Addy but learns that she is being used to alleviate Addy from being bullied while Homer and Marge go on a sunset cruise. Joey King, Camila Mendes, Madelaine Petsch, Lili Reinhart, Lilly Singh guest starred. Members of the band Weezer appeared as the band Sailor's Delight and as themselves. Maggie Simpson does not appear in the episode. The episode received positive reviews.

Camila Mendes
Camila Carraro Mendes (/kəˈmiːlə ˈmɛndɛz/; Brazilian Portuguese: [ˈmẽdʒis]; born June 29, 1994) is an American actress. She made her acting debut portraying Veronica Lodge on The CW teen drama series Riverdale (2017–2023), for which she won a Teen Choice Award in 2017. Mendes transitioned her career to film, taking on supporting roles in The New Romantic (2018), The Perfect Date (2019), and Palm Springs (2020). She has since played leading roles in the black comedy film Do Revenge (2022), and the romantic comedies Upgraded (2024) and Música (2024), also serving as an executive producer for the latter two.
Porthania
Porthania is a university building located in the center of Helsinki, Finland. It is part of the city centre campus of the University of Helsinki. Designed by Aarne Ervi and completed in 1957, it is one of the notable modernist buildings from the 1950s in the center of Helsinki. The building is named after Henrik Gabriel Porthan and is currently mainly used by the Faculty of Law.

City Centre Campus
The City Centre Campus (Finnish: Keskustakampus, Swedish: Centrumcampus) is one of the four campus areas of the University of Helsinki. It is located at the historic centre of Helsinki. The campus houses the following faculties:

Faculty of Arts

Faculty of Behavioural Sciences

Faculty of Law

Faculty of Social Sciences

Faculty of Theology

In addition, the university central administration and several independent research institutes.
Liv Mjönes
Liv Anna Mjönes (born 18 September 1979) is a Swedish actress. She is best known for her role in the 2011 lesbian romance With Every Heartbeat (Swedish: Kyss mig, lit. 'Kiss me'). For this film, she received critical praise and was nominated for a Guldbagge Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role. She has also had roles in television series such as Sthlm Requiem (2018) and The Lawyer (2018–2020).

Guldbagge Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role
The Guldbagge for Best Actress in a Supporting Role is a Swedish film award presented annually by the Swedish Film Institute (SFI) as part of the Guldbagge Awards (Swedish: "Guldbaggen") to actresses working in the Swedish motion picture industry.

The categories for Best Supporting Actress and Supporting Actor were first introduced in 1995. In 1992, Ernst Günther received a Guldbagge for Creative Efforts, for his supporting role as Gottfrid in House of Angels.
Alone on the Wall
Alone on the Wall is a 2015 memoir by Alex Honnold and David Roberts, covering Honnold's rise to fame as a rock climber, particularly his free solo climbs of big walls, and his environmental activism. In 2018, an extended edition was published, with additional chapters written by Honnold about his June 2017 free solo climb of El Capitan, which was called "the greatest feat of pure rock climbing in the history of the sport" by National Geographic. The book was praised by reviewers for its descriptions of climbing and dual-voice structure.

El Capitan
El Capitan (Spanish: El Capitán; lit. 'the Captain') is a vertical rock formation in Yosemite National Park, on the north side of Yosemite Valley, near its western end. The granite monolith is about 3,000 feet (914 m) from base to summit along its tallest face and is a world-famous location for big wall climbing, including the disciplines of aid climbing, free climbing, and more recently for free solo climbing.

The top of El Capitan can be reached by hiking out of Yosemite Valley on the trail next to Yosemite Falls, then proceeding west. For climbers, the challenge is to climb up the sheer granite face. There are many named climbing routes, all of them arduous, including Iron Hawk and Sea of Dreams.
Speed climbing at the 2017 IFSC Climbing World Cup
Speed climbing competitions at the 2017 IFSC Climbing World Cup were being held at seven stops. The winners were awarded trophies, and the best three finishers received medals.

At the World Cup in Nanjing, Reza Alipour of Iran and Russia's Iuliia Kaplina set world records on their way to the men's and women's speed titles of 5.48 and 7.38 seconds respectively.

At the end of the season an overall ranking was determined based upon points, which athletes were awarded for finishing in the top 30 of each individual event. Vladislav Deulin won the men's seasonal title, Anouck Jaubert won the women's seasonal title, and Russian Federation won the national team title.

2017 IFSC Climbing World Cup
The 2017 IFSC Climbing World Cup was held in 15 locations. Bouldering competitions were held in 7 locations, lead in 8 locations, and speed in 7 locations. The season began on 7 April in Meiringen, Switzerland and concluded on 12 November in Kranj, Slovenia.

The top 3 in each competition received medals, and the overall winners were awarded trophies. At the end of the season an overall ranking was determined based upon points, which athletes were awarded for finishing in the top 30 of each individual event.

The winners for bouldering were Chon Jong-won and Shauna Coxsey, for lead Romain Desgranges and Janja Garnbret, and for speed Vladislav Deulin and Anouck Jaubert, men and women respectively.
2026 AFC U-23 Asian Cup
The 2026 AFC U-23 Asian Cup was the 7th edition of the AFC U-23 Asian Cup, the biennial international youth football championship organised by the Asian Football Confederation (AFC) for the men's under-23 national teams of Asia. A total of 16 teams played in the final tournament. Players born on or after 1 January 2003 are eligible to participate.

The tournament took place from 6 to 24 January 2026 and was hosted by Saudi Arabia, who was selected for hosting the upcoming 2027 AFC Asian Cup.

16 teams competed in the tournament. Qualification took place in September 2025. Kyrgyzstan and Lebanon qualified for the first time.

This was the final non-Olympic edition of the AFC U-23 Asian Cup with the competition becoming quadrennial.

Defending champions Japan successfully retained the title after defeating the surprise of the tournament, China, in the final, and became the first team to win consecutive titles in the tournament history.

2027 AFC Asian Cup
The 2027 AFC Asian Cup will be the 19th edition of the AFC Asian Cup, the quadrennial international men's football championship of Asia organised by the Asian Football Confederation (AFC). The tournament will involve 24 national teams after the expansion in 2019. It will be held in Saudi Arabia from 7 January to 5 February 2027.

The tournament will return to its usual four-year cycle, after the 2023 edition was postponed to 2024 due to the removal of China as hosts and high summer temperatures in Qatar.

Qatar are the two-time defending champions.
Matrix sign function
In mathematics, the matrix sign function is a matrix function on square matrices analogous to the complex sign function.

It was introduced by J.D. Roberts in 1971 as a tool for model reduction and for solving Lyapunov and Algebraic Riccati equation in a technical report of Cambridge University, which was later published in a journal in 1980.

Square root of a matrix
In mathematics, the square root of a matrix extends the notion of square root from numbers to matrices. A matrix B is said to be a square root of A if the matrix product BB is equal to A.

Some authors use the name square root or the notation A1/2 only for the specific case when A is positive semidefinite, to denote the unique matrix B that is positive semidefinite and such that BB = BTB = A (for real-valued matrices, where BT is the transpose of B).

Less frequently, the name square root may be used for any factorization of a positive semidefinite matrix A as BTB = A, as in the Cholesky factorization, even if BB ≠ A. This distinct meaning is discussed in Positive definite matrix § Decomposition.
The Karate Killers
The Karate Killers is a 1967 American spy film and feature-length film version of The Man from U.N.C.L.E.'s third season two-part episode "The Five Daughters Affair".  The episodes were originally broadcast in the United States on March 31, 1967, and April 7, 1967, on NBC.  It, as does the television series, stars Robert Vaughn and David McCallum.  It is the sixth such feature film that used as its basis a reedited version of one or more episodes from the series. Joan Crawford, Telly Savalas, Herbert Lom, Diane McBain, Jill Ireland and Kim Darby are among those in the cast. The film was directed by Barry Shear and written by Norman Hudis with the story by Boris Ingster.

Telly Savalas
Aristotelis "Telly" Savalas (Greek: Αριστοτέλης Σαβάλας; January 21, 1922 – January 22, 1994) was an American actor. Noted for his bald head and deep, resonant voice, he is perhaps best known for portraying Lt. Theo Kojak on the crime drama series Kojak (1973–1978) and James Bond archvillain Ernst Stavro Blofeld in the film On Her Majesty's Secret Service (1969).

Savalas's other films include Birdman of Alcatraz (1962), The Greatest Story Ever Told (1965), Genghis Khan (1965), Battle of the Bulge (1965), The Dirty Dozen (1967), Kelly's Heroes (1970), Horror Express (1972), Lisa and the Devil (1974), Escape to Athena (1979), Border Cop (1980) and Mind Twister (1993). For Birdman of Alcatraz, he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor and the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor.

Savalas released a cover of the Bread song "If", which became a UK number-one single in 1975.
Kildrummy Castle
Kildrummy Castle is a ruined castle near Kildrummy, in Aberdeenshire, Scotland.  Though ruined, it is one of the most extensive castles dating from the 13th century to survive in eastern Scotland, and was the seat of the Earls of Mar. It is owned today by Historic Environment Scotland and is open to the public as a scheduled monument with gardens that are included in the Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes in Scotland.

Historic Environment Scotland
Historic Environment Scotland (HES) (Scottish Gaelic: Àrainneachd Eachdraidheil Alba) is an executive non-departmental public body responsible for investigating, caring for and promoting Scotland's historic environment. HES was formed in 2015 from the merger of government agency Historic Scotland with the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland (RCAHMS).
Walking on Thin Ice (TV series)
Walking on Thin Ice (Korean: 은수 좋은 날) is a South Korean crime thriller television series, starring Lee Young-ae, Kim Young-kwang and Park Yong-woo. It aired on KBS2 from September 20, to October 26, 2025, every Saturdays and Sundays at 21:20 (KST). It is also available for streaming on Coupang Play, Wavve, Viki, and Kocowa in selected territories.

Lee Young-ae
Lee Young-ae (Korean: 이영애; born January 31, 1971) is a South Korean actress. She is best known for her appearances in the historical drama Jewel in the Palace (2003), in Hur Jin-ho's film One Fine Spring Day (2001), in Park Chan Wook's films Joint Security Area (2000) and Lady Vengeance (2005). For her performance in the latter, she received Best Actress awards at the 38th Sitges Film Festival, 26th Blue Dragon Film Awards and 42nd Baeksang Arts Awards.
Ape Entertainment
Ape Entertainment, also known as Ape Comics, was an American independent comic book publisher that operated from 2003 to c. 2015.

The company began by publishing original limited series and graphic novels, many with mature themes; it later pivoted and became known for its family-friendly titles as well as cross-media properties such as comics based on video games. Ape Entertainment formed licensing deals with DreamWorks Animation, American Greetings, Harvey Comics, and Sesame Workshop; producing comics featuring Kung Fu Panda, Madagascar, Megamind, Shrek, Strawberry Shortcake, Richie Rich, Casper the Friendly Ghost, and Sesame Street.

Shrek (character)
Shrek is a fictional ogre character created by American author William Steig. Shrek is the protagonist of the book of the same name and a series of films by DreamWorks Animation, as well as a musical. The name "Shrek" is a romanization of the Yiddish word שרעק (shrek), or שרעקלעך (shreklekh), related to the German Schreck and meaning "fear" or "fright". In the films, Shrek was voiced by Mike Myers, and in the musical he was played principally by Brian d'Arcy James. On May 21, 2010, Shrek received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in Los Angeles. In June 2010, Entertainment Weekly named him one of the "100 Greatest Characters of the Last 20 Years", placing 15th.
Coombe Hill (Cotswolds)
Coombe Hill (grid reference ST765942) is a 15.4-hectare (38-acre) biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Gloucestershire, notified in 1994.

The site lies within the Cotswold Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty and the Cotswold Hills Environmentally Sensitive Area. It is near Wotton-under-Edge. It is moderately steep, and mainly faces south.

Wotton-under-Edge
Wotton-under-Edge /ˈwʊtən/ is a market town and civil parish in the Stroud district of Gloucestershire, England. Near the southern fringe of the Cotswolds, the Cotswold Way long-distance footpath passes through the town.
Nanomilleretta
Nanomilleretta (lit. 'small Milleretta') is a extinct genus of early reptile in the family Millerettidae, known from the Late Permian Daptocephalus Assemblage Zone of South Africa. The genus contains a single species, Nanomilleretta kitchingi, known from a partial skull described in 1948. The poor preservation of this specimen makes it difficult to observe its anatomy in detail. As such, some researchers have been unable to recognize unique features in this species, potentially making it a dubious taxon. The observable anatomy indicates it has proportionately large orbits, a short snout, and long, pointed teeth.

Orbit (anatomy)
In vertebrate anatomy, the orbit is the cavity or socket/hole of the skull in which the eye and its appendages are situated. "Orbit" can refer to the bony socket, or it can also be used to imply the contents. In the adult human, the volume of the orbit is about 28 millilitres (0.99 imp fl oz; 0.95 US fl oz), of which the eye occupies 6.5 ml (0.23 imp fl oz; 0.22 US fl oz). The orbital contents comprise the eye, the orbital and retrobulbar fascia, extraocular muscles, cranial nerves II, III, IV, V, and VI, blood vessels, fat, the lacrimal gland with its sac and duct, the eyelids, medial and lateral palpebral ligaments, cheek ligaments, the suspensory ligament, septum, ciliary ganglion and short ciliary nerves.
Phormium
Phormium is a genus of two plant species in the family Asphodelaceae. One species is endemic to New Zealand and the other is native to New Zealand and Norfolk Island. The two species are widely known in New Zealand as flax or their Māori names wharariki and harakeke respectively, and elsewhere as New Zealand flax or flax lily, but they are not closely related to the Northern Hemisphere's flax (Linum usitatissimum), which is native to the region extending from the eastern Mediterranean to India and has been used by humans since 30,000 B.C.

Asphodelaceae
Asphodelaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Asparagales. Such a family has been recognized by most taxonomists, but the circumscription has varied widely. In its current circumscription in the APG IV system, it includes about 40 genera and 900 known species. The type genus is Asphodelus.

The family has a wide, but scattered, distribution throughout the tropics and temperate zones; for example, Xanthorrhoea is endemic to Australia, while the Aloes are unique to Africa and parts of the Arabian Peninsula. Many of the family's genera are cultivated as ornamentals, with some being highly collectible and sought-after, such as Haworthia and Gasteria, as well as their intergeneric hybrids with Aloe (x Gasteraloe, x Gastorthia, x Haworthaloe, etc.), while a few are grown commercially for cut flowers. Two species of Aloe, A. vera and A. maculata, are grown for their leaf sap, which contains digestive enzymes, and has medicinal and cosmetic applications.
Jagat Jung Rana
Jagat Jung Kunwar Rana, popularly known as Jagat Jung Rana (Nepali: जगतजङ्ग राणा) was a Nepalese politician, military officer and courtier in the Kingdom of Nepal. He was the eldest son of the founder of Rana dynasty, Jung Bahadur Kunwar Rana. He claimed the Premiership of Kingdom of Nepal and the throne of Maharaja of Lamjung and Kaski against the traditional agnatic succession of the Rana dynasty. Driven by this motive, he attempted a coup against his uncles; Maharaja Prime Minister Ranodip Singh Kunwar and Commander-In-Chief Dhir Shamsher Kunwar Rana in the winter of 1881–1882. He was immediately thrown out of the roles of succession among Ranas. Later, he was pardoned and was impeased by Ranodip Singh as his successor after the death of Dhir Shamsher, which caused envy among his Shamsher cousins and ultimately led to his death in the 1885 Shamsher coup.

Rana dynasty
The Rana dynasty (Nepali: राणा वंश, romanized: Rāṇā vaṃśa, Sanskrit: [raːɳaː ʋɐ̃ɕɐ], Nepali: [raɳa bʌŋsʌ]) was a Chhetri dynasty that imposed authoritarianism in the Kingdom of Nepal from 1846 until 1951, reducing the Shah monarch to a figurehead, and making the Prime Minister and other government positions held by the Ranas hereditary. The Rana dynasty is historically known for their iron-fisted rule in Nepal. This changed after the Revolution of 1951 with the promulgation of a new constitution, when power shifted back to the monarchy of King Tribhuvan.

The Rana dynasty were descended from the Kunwar family, a nobility of the Gorkha Kingdom. Due to their marital lineages with the politically reigning Thapa dynasty (of Mukhtiyar Bhimsen Thapa) from the early 19th century, the Ranas gained entry to central Darbar politics. The Ranas were also linked to a minor faction of the Pande dynasty of Gorkha through the Thapa dynasty.
Brittany Hockley
Brittany Hockley (born 21 August 1987) is an Australian radio host, podcaster, television and media personality and author. She rose to fame as a runner up on the sixth season of Network 10's The Bachelor Australia, and then went on to appear on the third season of Bachelor in Paradise Australia. She currently co-hosts the drive radio show The Pick Up on the KIIS Network alongside Laura Byrne, and also co-hosts the Life Uncut podcast with Byrne.

The Bachelor (Australian TV series)
The Bachelor Australia is a reality television adaptation of the American series of the same name. The series, hosted by Osher Günsberg, first premiered on Network 10 on 8 September 2013. Its success resulted in spin-offs The Bachelorette Australia and Bachelor in Paradise Australia.

It was announced in November 2015 that unlike seasons 1–3 which were produced by Shine Australia, seasons 4–present would be produced by Warner Bros. International Television Production.

In May 2023, it was announced that season 11 would commence filming in Melbourne in July 2023 and in November 2023, it was announced that it would premiere on 3 December 2023. In May 2024, Ten announced the series was cancelled.
Minister for Information (Ghana)
The Minister for Information in Ghana usually heads the Ministry of Information. This position has existed in various configurations until the cabinet reshuffle of 16 July 2014 when President Mahama merged the functions of this ministry into that of the Ministry of Communications with the Minister of Communications having oversight for both Information as well as Communications. On 16 July 2014, Mahama had another cabinet reshuffle involving a lot of ministries.

Minister for Communications (Ghana)
Although the first minister was responsible for Communications, the designation has changed over the years. The position became combined with that of Transport for many years. Over the past decade, they have remained as separate ministries, each with its own minister of state.
Samsun Tram
The Samsun Light Rail Transit System (Samsun Tramway) is a light rail transit system located in Samsun and Atakum, Turkey. The 36.5 km (22.7 mi) Samsun Tramway connects Ondokuz Mayıs University to Samsun Stadium. The system was constructed in three phases between 2010 and 2019. The tram line is the only urban rail system in the Black Sea Region pending the construction of the Trabzon Tram. The system carries 90,000 passengers daily and is one of the busiest tram systems in Turkey.

Trabzon Tram
The Trabzon Tramway is a planned light rail transit system located in Trabzon, Turkey. When completed, the Trabzon Tramway will have 18 stations and run east–west from the city center to the western suburbs of Trabzon and Şenol Güneş Sports Complex the home of Trabzonspor. A final route and financing for the project was announced by Trabzon Mayor Murat Zorluoğlu on February 10, 2022. The line will run 7.8 km (4.8 mi) and is expected to carry 57,000 passengers daily when operational.