hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Whitehead manifold
In mathematics, the Whitehead manifold is an open 3-manifold that is contractible, but not homeomorphic to  It was discovered by J. H. C. Whitehead (1935) while trying to prove the Poincaré conjecture, correcting an error in an earlier paper Whitehead (1934, theorem 3) where he incorrectly claimed that no such manifold exists.

A contractible manifold is one that can continuously be shrunk to a point inside the manifold itself. For example, an open ball is a contractible manifold. All manifolds homeomorphic to the ball are contractible, too. One can ask whether all contractible manifolds are homeomorphic to a ball. For dimensions 1 and 2, the answer is classical and it is "yes". In dimension 2, it follows, for example, from the Riemann mapping theorem. Dimension 3 presents the first counterexample: the Whitehead manifold.

3-manifold
In mathematics, a 3-manifold is a topological space that locally looks like a three-dimensional Euclidean space. A 3-manifold can be thought of as a possible shape of the universe. Just as a sphere looks like a plane (a tangent plane) to a small and close enough observer, all 3-manifolds look like our universe to a small enough observer. This is made more precise in the definition below.
Demchok, Ladakh
Demchok (Tibetan: ཌེམ་ཆོག, Wylie: bde mchog, THL: dem chok),
previously called New Demchok,
and called Parigas (Chinese: 巴里加斯; pinyin: Bālǐ jiā sī) by the Chinese,
is a village and military encampment in the Indian-administered Demchok sector, that is disputed between India and China. It is administered as part of the Nyoma tehsil in the Leh district of Ladakh by India, and claimed by China as part of the Tibet Autonomous Region.

The Line of Actual Control (LAC) passes along the southeast side of the village, along the Charding Nullah (also called Demchok River and Lhari stream) which joins the Indus River near the village. Across the stream, less than a kilometre away, is a Chinese-administered Demchok village.

THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription
The THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription of Standard Tibetan (or THL Phonetic Transcription for short) is a system for the phonetic rendering of the Tibetan language.

It was created by David Germano and Nicolas Tournadre and was published on 12 December 2003. It is essentially a simplified form of the Tournadre Phonetic System, which is used by Tournadre in his Tibetan-language textbooks.

THL (formerly THDL) stands for the "Tibetan and Himalayan Library" project, which is hosted at the University of Virginia.
Army Black Knights softball
The Army Black Knights softball team represents the United States Military Academy in NCAA Division I.  The team participates in the Patriot League. From 1982 until 1990, the team was a member of the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference (MAAC). The Black Knights are currently led by head coach Jen Consaul. The team plays its home games at Army Softball Complex located on the university's campus.

Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference
The Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference (MAAC, /mæk/) is a collegiate athletic conference affiliated with NCAA Division I. Its current 13 full members are located in five Northeastern states: Connecticut, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, and New York.

Members are all relatively small private institutions, a majority Catholic or formerly Catholic, with the only exceptions being two secular institutions: Rider University and Quinnipiac University.

The MAAC currently sponsors 25 sports and has 17 associate member institutions.
Reichenbach Falls (film)
Reichenbach Falls is a 2007 British thriller television film directed by John McKay and starring Alec Newman, Alastair Mackenzie and Nina Sosanya. The script was adapted by James Mavor from a short story by Ian Rankin.

Alec Newman
Alec Newman is a Scottish actor best known for portraying Paul Atreides in the Sci Fi Channel's 2000 miniseries adaptation of Frank Herbert's Dune. He voiced Adam Smasher in Cyberpunk 2077 and Cyberpunk: Edgerunners and Cameron "Caz" McLeary in Still Wakes the Deep, for the latter of which he won the British Academy Games Award for Performer in a Leading Role.
Oskar Lukasiak
Oskar Mikko Lukasiak (born 27 October 1991) is a Swedish darts player who competes in Professional Darts Corporation (PDC) events. He won a PDC Tour Card at 2025 Q-School, having previously won 2024 PDC Challenge Tour 3. He has won two titles on the PDC Nordic and Baltic Tour. He also won the 2004 World Youth Masters.

PDC Pro Tour
The PDC Pro Tour is a series of non-televised darts tournaments organised by the Professional Darts Corporation (PDC). Since 2019, the Pro Tour has comprised Players Championships and European Tour events; UK Open Qualifiers were previously a part of the tour until they were discontinued. Pro Tour events mainly consist of professional darts players who hold a PDC Tour Card, with the exception of amateur call-ups and European Tour regional qualifiers. Prize money won in these events counts towards players' ranking on the PDC Order of Merit, the main world ranking system used by the PDC. It also counts towards the PDC Pro Tour Order of Merit and separate European Tour and Players Championship rankings.
Davey Lopes
David Earl Lopes (/ˈloʊps/; born May 3, 1945) is an American former second baseman and manager in Major League Baseball (MLB). He batted and threw right-handed. He played in MLB for the Los Angeles Dodgers, Oakland Athletics, Chicago Cubs, and Houston Astros; he managed the Milwaukee Brewers.

Vince Coleman (baseball)
Vincent Maurice Coleman (born September 22, 1961) is an American former Major League Baseball (MLB) player, best known for his years with the St. Louis Cardinals. Primarily a left fielder, Coleman played from 1985 to 1997 and set a number of stolen base records. He was a switch hitter and threw right-handed.

He was a baserunning consultant
for the Chicago White Sox during the 2015 season. 
He was hired by the San Francisco Giants in 2017 as a minor-league baserunning and outfield coach.
Hugh Davidson (footballer)
Hugh Norman Davidson (born 3 August 1980 in Dundee) is a Scottish retired footballer who played as a midfielder. During his career he played for Dundee United, Forfar Athletic, Arbroath and Montrose and had loan spells with Raith Rovers and Stirling Albion. He made four appearances for the Scotland under-21 team.

Stirling Albion F.C.
Stirling Albion Football Club is a Scottish football club based in the city of Stirling. The club was founded in 1945 following the demise of King's Park after World War II. The club currently competes in Scottish League Two as a member of the Scottish Professional Football League. Its highest league position came in 1958–59 with a 12th-placed position in the top flight. Its only major success is in the league where it has won the second tier of Scottish football on four occasions, the last coming in 1964–65. The club has more recently competed in the third or fourth tier following league re-construction in 1975 and 1994.

Stirling's home ground is Forthbank Stadium, a 3,808 capacity stadium in the east of the city near the banks of the River Forth. Before the stadium was opened in 1993, the club was based at Annfield Stadium which had been the home of the club since it was founded in 1945.
Temple of Clitumnus
The so-called Temple of Clitumnus (Italian: Tempietto del Clitunno) is a small early medieval church that sits along the banks of the Clitunno river in the town of Pissignano near Campello sul Clitunno, Umbria, Italy. In 2011, it became a UNESCO World Heritage Site as part of a group of seven such sites that mark the presence of Longobards in Italy: Places of Power (568–774 A.D.).

Although the classical architecture and location suggests it may have been the Temple to Jupiter Clitumnus mentioned by Pliny, archaeologists found that the structure was built later, before the 6th century, as a church and had been constructed mainly of  material (spolia) taken from ancient Roman structures in the neighbourhood.

Spolia
Spolia (Latin for 'spoils'; sg.: spolium) are stones taken from an old structure and repurposed for new construction or decorative purposes. It is the result of an ancient and widespread practice (spoliation) whereby stone that has been quarried, cut and used in a built structure is carried away to be used elsewhere. The practice is of particular interest to historians, archaeologists and architectural historians since the gravestones, monuments and architectural fragments of antiquity are frequently found embedded in structures built centuries or millennia later. The archaeologist Philip A. Barker gives the example of a late Roman period (probably 1st-century) tombstone from Wroxeter that could be seen to have been cut down and undergone weathering while it was in use as part of an exterior wall and, possibly as late as the 5th century, reinscribed for reuse as a tombstone.
Medication (band)
Medication was an American rock band that included Logan Mader, Whitfield Crane, B. Blunt, Kyle Sanders and Roy Mayorga. They released a self-titled EP and an album titled Prince Valium through Locomotive Music, and filmed a video for the song "Inside". Before the recording of Prince Valium, Mayorga parted ways from the group to rejoin Soulfly for the recording of 3. He was replaced by Josh Freese during the recording of Prince Valium, before being replaced by Chris Hamilton for the ensuing live shows. They played one show in Los Angeles with nu metal band Strain 999 at The Whisky on Sunset with Robert Trujillo, now of Metallica, on bass. They disbanded in 2003 due to the cancelation of their European tour and the US branch of their record label closing.

Josh Freese
Joshua Ryan Freese (born December 25, 1972) is an American drummer. Freese has been a member of punk rock band the Vandals since 1989, new wave band Devo since 1996 and alternative rock band A Perfect Circle since 2024, the last of which he previously played in from 1999 to 2012.

A prolific session and touring drummer, Freese has appeared on over 400 albums since 1986 and performed live with artists including Nine Inch Nails, Weezer, Sublime with Rome, Sting, 311, 100 gecs, Ween, the Offspring and Danny Elfman. He was previously in hard rock band Guns N' Roses from 1997 to 1999 and rock band Foo Fighters from 2023 to 2025.

Freese's considerable output has earned him "the pristine reputation as one of the most in-demand session drummers in the business," according to Variety, while he jokingly dubbed himself "the blue collar freelance drummer to the stars."
Pass the Peace
Pass the Peace (30 April 1986 – 2010) was an Irish-bred, British-trained Thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare. She was one of the best two-year-old fillies of her generation in Britain and Ireland in 1988, when she won four races including the Debutante Stakes and the Cheveley Park Stakes. After winning the Fred Darling Stakes on her three-year-old debut she failed to win again, although she was placed in both the Poule d'Essai des Pouliches and the Sun Chariot Stakes. She later became a successful broodmare.

Sun Chariot Stakes
The Sun Chariot Stakes is a Group 1 flat horse race in Great Britain open to fillies and mares aged three years or older. It is run on the Rowley Mile at Newmarket over a distance of 1 mile (1,609 metres), and it is scheduled to take place each year in early October.
Ghost Chips
Legend, popularly known as Ghost Chips, is a 2011 public service announcement by the NZ Transport Agency (NZTA) to prevent drink driving. Targeting young Māori men, a demographic with a high rate of drink driving incidents, the advertisement targeted bystanders who could prevent peers from driving drunk. Its comedic tone contrasted with campaigns that used graphic imagery. The film depicts the internal monologue of a young man (portrayed by Darcey-Ray Flavell-Hudson) who is unsure whether to tell his friend not to drive drunk but imagines the consequences of not doing so, including his friend becoming a ghost. The advertisement went viral, and received praise for its humour and realism. It became a New Zealand cultural icon and meme, inspiring multiple catchphrases. The NZTA reported in 2012 that over 90% of people in the country knew of the advertisement.

Drunk driving
Drunk driving (or drink-driving in British English) is the act of driving under the influence of alcohol. A small increase in the blood alcohol content increases the relative risk of a motor vehicle crash.

In the United States, alcohol is involved in 32% of all traffic fatalities.
Aron Kiviharju
Aron Kiviharju (born 25 January 2006) is a Danish-born Finnish ice hockey defenceman for HIFK of the Liiga. Formerly considered one of the top prospects in his draft class, a major injury which caused him to miss most of his draft year season significantly dampened his scouting consensus.

HIFK Hockey
HIFK Hockey (a traditional abbreviation of the Swedish name Idrottsföreningen Kamraterna, Helsingfors, English: "Sporting Society Comrades, Helsinki") is a professional ice hockey team based in Helsinki, Finland that plays in the SM-liiga, the sport's top-level league in Finland. The team plays at Helsinki Ice Hall.
Townhouse Studios
The Town House (also known as Townhouse Studios) was a recording studio located at 140 Goldhawk Road, Shepherd's Bush in London, built in 1978 under the direction of Richard Branson for Virgin Records. The studios changed ownership and eventually ceased operation in 2008, with luxury apartments now in its place.

Artists that recorded at the Town House included Elton John, Queen, Phil Collins, Philip Bailey, Simple Minds,   The Jam, Asia, Bryan Ferry, Coldplay, Muse, Duran Duran, Jamiroquai, Kylie Minogue, Oasis, XTC, Robbie Williams, Peter Gabriel, Midnight Oil and Joan Armatrading. Studio Two's "Stone Room" was an especially popular place to record drum sounds during the 1980s, directly as a result of producer Hugh Padgham's treatment of the drums on Phil Collins' "In the Air Tonight".

Joan Armatrading
Joan Anita Barbara Armatrading CBE (/ˈɑːrməˌtreɪdɪŋ/, born 9 December 1950) is an English singer-songwriter and guitarist. Her first major commercial success came with her third and fourth albums, Joan Armatrading (1976) and  Show Some Emotion (1977), and she continues to play live and record studio albums. A three-time Grammy Award nominee, Armatrading has also been nominated twice for BRIT Awards as Best Female Artist. She received an Ivor Novello Award for Outstanding Contemporary Song Collection in 1996.
Sarajevo Beer Festival
Sarajevo Beer Festival is an annual beer festival held in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Established in 2012, the festival is held annually over 3 days as a showcase event for various beer producers. In addition to domestic and foreign brews, the festival features live music performances each evening. It has become the largest beer festival in Bosnia and Herzegovina and third largest in the former Yugoslavia, behind the Belgrade Beer Fest and the Macedonia Beer Festival in Prilep. The festival venue is the 17 acre (70,000 square meter) open-air former speed skating ring and encompassing park that makes up part of the Zetra Olympic Center.

Belgrade Beer Fest
The Belgrade Beer Fest (Serbian: Београдски фестивал пива / Beogradski festival piva) is an annual festival of beer in Belgrade, Serbia. Started in 2003, the festival is held annually over five days each August as a showcase event for various beer producers. In addition to domestic and foreign brews, the festival features live music performances each evening.

It has quickly grown in size and popularity: in 2004, it attracted over 75,000 foreign visitors to Belgrade, and in 2005, it was the second most visited festival in Serbia with 300,000 visitors. In 2009, it attracted more than 650,000 visitors, and in 2010, the festival attracted about 900,000 visitors.

No festival was held in 2020.

The festival entrance was free until 2023.
Securinega
Securinega is a genus of plants in the family Phyllanthaceae, first described as a genus in 1789. As presently conceived, the genus is native to Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands in the Indian Ocean. In the past, it was considered to be much more widespread, thus explaining the long list of species formerly included. It is dioecious, with male and female flowers on separate plants.

Species

Securinega antsingyensis Leandri - W Madagascar

Securinega capuronii Leandri - W Madagascar

Securinega durissima J.F.Gmel. - Madagascar, Mauritius, Réunion, Rodrigues Island

Securinega perrieri Leandri - W Madagascar

Securinega seyrigii Leandri - W Madagascar

Formerly included

moved to other genera (Actephila Andrachne Chascotheca Cleistanthus Flueggea Jablonskia Margaritaria Meineckia Neoroepera Savia Tetracoccus )

Savia (plant)
Savia is a genus of the family Phyllanthaceae first described as a genus in 1806. It is native to the West Indies, the Florida Keys, Mexico, Venezuela, Brazil, and Paraguay.

species

Savia dictyocarpa Müll.Arg. - Paraguay, S Brazil

Savia sessiliflora (Sw.) Willd. - Mexico (Nayarit + Tamaulipas to Quintana Roo), West Indies (Greater Antilles, Leeward Is), Venezuela

formerly included

moved to other genera: Actephila Gonatogyne Heterosavia Phyllanthopsis Pseudophyllanthus Wielandia
Captain Condor
Captain Condor is a British comic character who has appeared in eponymous strips published by Amalgamated Press and Fleetway Publications. The character, a space pilot, first appeared in the launch issue of weekly comic Lion on 23 February 1952 and was created by Frank S. Pepper.

Amalgamated Press
The Amalgamated Press (AP) was a British newspaper and magazine publishing company founded by journalist and entrepreneur Alfred Harmsworth (1865–1922) in 1901, gathering his many publishing ventures together under one banner. At one point the largest publishing company in the world, AP employed writers such as Arthur Mee, John Alexander Hammerton, Edwy Searles Brooks, and Charles Hamilton. Its subsidiary, the Educational Book Company, published The Harmsworth Self-Educator, The Children's Encyclopædia, and Harmsworth's Universal Encyclopaedia. The company's newspapers included the Daily Mail, the Daily Mirror, The Evening News, The Observer, and The Times. At its height, AP published over 70 magazines and operated three large printing works and paper mills in South London.
Pitambar Pant
Pitambar Pant was an Indian independence activist, civil service officer and writer, best known for his contributions for the establishment of the Central Statistics Office and for changing the Indian system of measurement to the metric system. He served as the secretary to Jawaharlal Nehru, the then prime minister of India and headed the Perspective Planning Division of the Planning Commission of India. He was also the author of a number of books on socialist economics. The Government of India awarded him the Padma Bhushan, the third highest civilian award, in 1973.

Planning Commission (India)
The Planning Commission was an institution in the Government of India which formulated India's Five-Year Plans, among other functions.

In his first Independence Day speech in 2014, Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced his intention to dissolve the Planning Commission. It has since been replaced by a new institution named NITI Aayog.
Chow Kwong Man
Chow Kwong Man (Chinese: 周光文; born 3 December 1943) is a former Hong Kong cyclist. He competed in the individual road race and team time trial events at the 1964 Summer Olympics. He is the twin brother of Chow Kwong Choi. Chow began competitive cycling around 1959. He took part in the 1963 Asian Cycling Championships and the 1965 Asian Cycling Championships.

Asian Cycling Championships
The Asian Cycling Championships is an annual continental cycling championships for road bicycle racing and track cycling since 1963, exclusively for Asian cyclists selected by the national governing body (member nations of the Asian Cycling Confederation).

Since 2017, competitions on road and track cycling are held separately.

The winner wear, for one year, the Asian Champion Jersey.
Carnegie Center (Port Huron Museum)
The Carnegie Museum is the main building in the Port Huron Museums museum system. The building was financed by a $40,000 donation from Pittsburgh philanthropist and steel entrepreneur Andrew Carnegie.

It opened as the Port Huron Public Library on May 26, 1904. The keynote address was delivered by Melvil Dewey, State Librarian of New York, and creator of the Dewey Decimal System.

In 1967, the Port Huron Public Library was moved and reconstituted as the St. Clair County, Michigan Library System. The new and larger structure is located at 210 McMorran Boulevard.

Thereafter, the original building became the cornerstone of the museum.

The Port Huron Museums are a series of five elements, namely:

Carnegie Museum — Port Huron Museums

Huron Lightship

Thomas Edison Depot Museum

Fort Gratiot Lighthouse

Fort Gratiot Post Hospital

Thomas Edison Depot Museum
The Thomas Edison Depot Museum (previously the Grand Trunk Western Railroad Depot) is a former railway depot located at 520 State Street in Port Huron, Michigan. It has been converted into a museum. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.
Arthur Zanetti
Arthur Nabarrete Zanetti (born 16 April 1990) is a Brazilian retired artistic gymnast. He won the gold medal on the rings exercise at the 2012 Olympic Games in London, becoming the first Brazilian and Latin American gymnast to win an Olympic medal in history. He also won the gold medal at the 2013 World Championships in Antwerp.

Gymnastics at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Three gymnastics disciplines were contested at the 2012 Olympic Games in London: artistic gymnastics, rhythmic gymnastics and trampolining. The trampoline events were held at the North Greenwich Arena (normally called The O2 Arena) from 3 to 4 August; the artistic events were also held at the North Greenwich Arena, from 28 July to 7 August. The rhythmic gymnastics events took place at Wembley Arena from 9 to 12 August.

A total of 54 medals were awarded across the three disciplines. The most successful nation was China, winning five gold medals and 12 in total. Brazil and South Korea won their first gold medals in the discipline in the Summer Olympic Games history. Yevgeniya Kanayeva of Russia marked history by becoming the first back-to-back Olympic champion at the individual all-around in rhythmic gymnastics.
2018 Armenian parliamentary election
Snap parliamentary elections were held in Armenia on 9 December 2018, as none of the parties in the National Assembly were able to put forward and then elect a candidate for Prime Minister in the two-week period following the resignation of incumbent Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan on 16 October. They were the first elections after the 2018 revolution and the country's first-ever snap elections.

The result was a landslide victory for Pashinyan's My Step Alliance, which received 70% of the vote and won 88 of the 132 seats in the National Assembly.

National Assembly (Armenia)
The National Assembly of Armenia (Armenian: Հայաստանի Հանրապետության Ազգային ժողով, Hayastani Hanrapetyut'yan Azgayin zhoghov or simply Ազգային ժողով, ԱԺ, Azgayin Zhoghov, AZh), also informally referred to as the Parliament of Armenia (խորհրդարան, khorhrdaran) is the legislative branch of the government of Armenia.
Bandannas, Tattoos & Tongue Rings
Bandannas, Tattoos & Tongue Rings is a studio album released by rapper Messy Marv on January 25, 2005.  Guest appearances on the album include Lil' Flip (credited as Clover Geez), Suga Free, Rich The Factor, Dead Prez, Guce, E-40 & Yukmouth. It peaked at number 80 on the Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums.

Dead Prez
Dead Prez (stylized in lowercase) is an American hip hop duo composed of M-1 and stic.man, formed in 1996 in New York City. They are known for their confrontational style, combined with lyrics focused on both militant social justice, self-determination, and Pan-Africanism. The duo maintains an ethical stance against corporate control over the media, especially hip hop record labels.