hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Tarif Khalidi
Tarif Khalidi (Arabic: طريف الخالدي; born 24 January 1938) is a Palestinian historian who now holds the Shaykh Zayid Chair in Islamic and Arabic Studies at the American University of Beirut in Lebanon.

American University of Beirut
The American University of Beirut (AUB; Arabic: الجامعة الأميركية في بيروت, romanized: al-Jāmiʿa l-Amērkiyya fī Bayrūt) is a private, non-sectarian, and independent university chartered in New York with its main campus in Beirut, Lebanon. AUB is governed by a private, autonomous board of trustees and offers programs leading to bachelor's, master's, MD, and PhD degrees.

AUB has an operating budget of $423 million with an endowment of approximately $768 million. The campus is composed of 64 buildings, including the American University of Beirut Medical Center (AUBMC, formerly known as AUH – American University Hospital) (420 beds), four libraries, three museums and seven dormitories. Almost one-fifth of AUB's students attended secondary school or university outside Lebanon before coming to AUB. AUB graduates reside in more than 120 countries worldwide. The language of instruction is English. Degrees awarded at the university are officially registered with the New York Board of Regents.
Dorothy Sarbitt
Dorothy Sarbitt (sometimes Sarbit) was an English silversmith floruit 1750s, and based at least partly in London; she also produced work under the name Dorothy Mills. She was classified as a largeworker when2 she applied for her own mark after the death of her husband in 1752. She later registered a mark under Dorothy Sarbitt. Her mark is not known after 1754. Her work is in the collections of National Museum of Women in the Arts, Minneapolis Institute of Arts and the Hillwood Estate, Museum & Gardens in Washington.

National Museum of Women in the Arts
The National Museum of Women in the Arts (NMWA), located in Washington, D.C., is "the first museum in the world solely dedicated" to championing women through the arts. NMWA was incorporated in 1981 by Wallace and Wilhelmina Holladay. Since opening in 1987, the museum has acquired a collection of more than 6,000 works by more than 1,000 artists, ranging from the 16th century to today. The collection includes works by Mary Cassatt, Alma Woodsey Thomas, Élisabeth Louise Vigée-LeBrun, and Amy Sherald. NMWA also holds the only painting by Frida Kahlo in Washington, D.C., Self-Portrait Dedicated to Leon Trotsky.

The museum occupies the old Masonic Temple, a building listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places. In 2021 the museum temporarily closed to undergo a $66 million transformative renovation. The museum reopened to the public on October 21, 2023.
Deoria Tal
Deoria Tal (also Devaria or Deoriya) is a lake about 3 km (1.9 mi) from the villages of Mastura and Sari on the Ukhimath-Chopta road in the state of Uttarakhand in India. Situated at an altitude of 2,438 metres (7,999 ft) in the Garhwal Himalayas, it has heavily wooded, lush green surroundings with snow-covered mountains (Chaukhamba being one of them) in the backdrop. It is sacred to the vast population of India, such as the Hindus, Jains, Buddhists and Sikhs and other sects.

Ukhimath
Ukhimath (Hindi: ऊखीमठ) is a town and an important pilgrimage site in the Rudraprayag district of the Indian state of Uttarakhand. It is situated at an elevation of about 1311 metres above sea level and lies approximately 41 kilometres from Rudraprayag.
The Family McMullen
The Family McMullen is a 2025 American comedy-drama film written, produced, and directed by Edward Burns. It serves as the sequel to The Brothers McMullen (1995). Connie Britton, Burns and Michael McGlone reprise their roles from the first film, alongside Tracee Ellis Ross, Halston Sage, Juliana Canfield, Pico Alexander, and Brian d'Arcy James.

The film was released in the United States on October 15, 2025.

Halston Sage
Halston Sage (born May 10, 1993) is an American actress. She is best known for her television roles, such as Grace on the Nickelodeon series How to Rock (2012), Amber on the NBC series Crisis (2014), Alara Kitan on the Fox series The Orville (2017–2019), and Ainsley Whitly on the Fox television series Prodigal Son (2019–2021). Sage has also appeared in films, playing Lacey in Paper Towns and Kendall in Scouts Guide to the Zombie Apocalypse, both from 2015, and Lindsay in the 2017 film Before I Fall.
1904 South Dakota gubernatorial election
The 1904 South Dakota gubernatorial election was held on November 8, 1904. Incumbent Republican Governor Charles N. Herreid declined to run for re-election to a third term. Clark County State's Attorney Samuel H. Elrod won the Republican nomination to run as Herreid's successor, and he faced Democratic nominee Louis N. Crill, the former president of the state Senate, and former U.S. Congressman Freeman Knowles, the Socialist nominee. For the first time since 1894, the Democratic and Populist Parties nominated separate candidates. Ultimately, the split in the two parties did not prove dispositive; Elrod defeated Crill and the other candidates in a landslide.

Clark County, South Dakota
Clark County is a county in the U.S. state of South Dakota. As of the 2020 census, the population was 3,837. Its county seat is Clark. The county was created in 1873 and organized in 1881. It was named for Newton Clark, a Dakota Territory legislator in 1873.
Gisborne Giants Football Netball Club
The Gisborne Giants Football Netball Club, nicknamed the Giants is an Australian rules football and Netball club located in the town of Gisborne, Victoria.

The club currently competes in the Riddell District Football Netball League

Riddell District Football Netball League
The Riddell District Football Netball League (RDFNL) is an Australian rules football and netball league in Victoria, Australia. The RDFNL covers towns in the Macedon Ranges and an area from Melton in the south to Kyneton and Lancefield in the north.

The league also runs junior competitions from Under 9 to Under 17 age groups.
Cul de canard
Cul de canard (CDC) (French for "duck bottom") are the feathers from the back of a duck directly around the preen gland (uropygial gland); they are very buoyant due to preen oil produced by the preen gland. They are used when tying dry flies for fly fishing. They owe their buoyancy to their proximity to the ducks preen gland which secretes an oil distributed by the duck as a cleaning and waterproofing measure. It is unnecessary for the angler to add additional oil by way of floatant. Flies incorporating CDC are easy to dress requiring no floatant and popular with anglers and trout alike.

Uropygial gland
The uropygial gland, informally known as the preen gland or the oil gland, is a bilobed sebaceous gland possessed by the majority of birds used to distribute the gland's oil through the plumage by means of preening.  It is located dorsally at the base of the tail (between the fourth caudal vertebra and the pygostyle) and is greatly variable in both shape and size.  In some species, the opening of the gland has a small tuft of feathers to provide a wick for the preen oil (see below).  It is a holocrine gland enclosed in a connective tissue capsule made up of glandular acini that deposit their oil secretion into a common collector tube ending in a variable number of pores (openings), most typically two. Each lobe has a central cavity that collects the secretion from tubules arranged radially around the cavity. The gland secretion is conveyed to the surface via ducts that, in most species, open at the top of a papilla (nipple-like structure).
ASBIS
ASBISC Enterprises PLC is a multinational corporate group that is engaged in distribution of IT-products (mobile devices, computer software and hardware) in Europe, Middle East and Africa (EMEA) emerging markets and is headquartered in Limassol (Cyprus).

ASBIS distributes a wide range of A-branded finished products and IT components to assemblers, system integrators, local brands, retail and wholesale companies.  The company is an official distributor of world's leading brands such as Intel, Advanced Micro Devices ("AMD"), Seagate Technology, Western Digital, Samsung, Microsoft, Toshiba, Dell, Acer, Hitachi, Gigabyte, Lenovo and Apple.

The company also generates a significant part of its revenue from the sales of IT and consumer electronics products under its own brands - Prestigio, Canyon, Perenio, AENO and Lorgar.

Gigabyte Technology
GIGA-BYTE Technology Co., Ltd. (commonly referred to as Gigabyte Technology or simply Gigabyte) is a Taiwanese manufacturer and distributor of computer hardware.

Gigabyte's principal business is motherboards, It shipped 4.8 million motherboards in the first quarter of 2015, which allowed it to become the leading motherboard vendor. Gigabyte also manufactures custom graphics cards and laptop computers (including thin and light laptops under its Aero sub-brand). In 2010, Gigabyte was ranked 17th in "Taiwan's Top 20 Global Brands" by the Taiwan External Trade Development Council.

The company is publicly held and traded on the Taiwan Stock Exchange, stock ID number TWSE: 2376.
Pellenes modicus
Pellenes modicus is a species of jumping spider in the genus Pellenes that lives in grassland and woodland dominated by species like Searsia lancea and Senegalia senegal. First identified in the Mkomazi National Park in Tanzania, the spider has also been found living in Free State, South Africa and in Uganda. It is a hairy medium-sized spider with a carapace that is  between 2.6 and 3.1 mm (0.10 and 0.12 in) long and an abdomen between 2.4 and 3.4 mm (0.09 and 0.13 in) long. There is a marking of chevrons on its abdomen and the front legs of the male are longer and thicker than the rest. Externally, the  copulatory organs are typical for the genus, particularly the female's, but internally they have a distinctive design, including gonopores that lie in fissures and three-chambered spermathecae. The male was first described in 2000 and the female in 2011.

Senegalia senegal
Senegalia senegal (also known as Acacia senegal) is a small thorny deciduous tree from the genus Senegalia, which is known by several common names, including gum acacia, gum arabic tree, Sudan gum and Sudan gum arabic. In parts of India, it is known as kher, khor, or kumatiya. It is native to semi-desert regions of Sub-Saharan Africa, as well as Oman, Pakistan, and west coastal India. It grows to a height of 5–12 metres (16-40'), with a trunk up to 30 cm (1') in diameter. Sudan is the source of the world's highest quality gum arabic, known locally as hashab gum in contrast to the related, but inferior, gum arabic from red acacia, known as talah gum.
Norway in the Eurovision Song Contest 1997
Norway was represented at the Eurovision Song Contest 1997 with the song "San Francisco", written by Tor Endresen and Arne Myksvoll, and performed by Endresen himself. The Norwegian participating broadcaster, Norsk rikskringkasting (NRK), organised the national final Melodi Grand Prix 1997 in order to select its entry for the contest. Eight entries competed in a show that took place on 8 February 1997 and the winner, "San Francisco" performed by Tor Endresen, was determined by the votes from a six-member jury panel and a public televote. Endresen won Melodi Grand Prix on his eighth attempt.

Norway competed in the Eurovision Song Contest which took place on 3 May 1997. Performing during the show in position 3, Norway placed twenty-fourth (joint last) out of the 25 participating countries and failed to score any points.

Tor Endresen
Tor Lars Oskar Endresen (born 15 June 1959) is a Norwegian singer and composer.

He has entered the Norwegian song selection for the Eurovision Song Contest numerous times, but has only won it once, and represented Norway in the Eurovision Song Contest 1997, where he finished in last place with nul points.

Endresen was part of a popular Norwegian TV show in the early 1990s, a show with pop music from the 1950s and 1960s called Lollipop, as a singing bartender. The show went on for 30 episodes, and there were released three albums (English lyrics) with music from the show which sold very well in Norway.

A single called "Black Rain" which was released from his album Call Me Stranger in 1986, was nearly chosen as the themesong for the James Bond film The Living Daylights in 1987. (The choice fell on the Norwegian group a-ha instead.)

He has been awarded two film music awards from Disney for his singing contribution to the Norwegian version of Disney films.
Arlette Halff
Arlette Halff (née Neufeld; 16 April 1908 – 1 June 2007) was a French tennis player who was active between the 1930s and the early 1960s.

Halff participated in the singles event of the Wimbledon Championships in 1931 and 1939 and reached the fourth round on both occasions. She also took part in the French Championships, reaching the semi-final in the 1938 singles event which she lost in straight sets to first-seeded and eventual champion Simonne Mathieu. During the same championships, she achieved her best result at a Grand Slam tournament when she and her partner, compatriot Nelly Landry, finished runners-up in the doubles competition against Simonne Mathieu and Billie Yorke.

She was a singles runner-up at the French Covered Court Championships in 1931, 1938, and 1950.

Simonne Mathieu
Simonne Mathieu (French pronunciation: [simɔn matjø] née Passemard;) (31 January 1908 – 7 January 1980) was a tennis player from France, born in Neuilly-sur-Seine, Hauts-de-Seine, who was active in the 1930s. She won the French Championships singles title in 1938 and 1939.

During World War II, she created and led the Corps of French Volunteers in the Free French Forces, the first female unit in the military history of France.
Sunny Lam
Sunny Lam (born 1 June 1986; Chinese: 晴天林) is a Hong Kong singer-songwriter and YouTuber. Lam is known for rewriting lyrics to the tune of existing well-known songs as satirical political commentary during the 2014 Hong Kong protests and the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests.

Lam first received attention when he wrote and sang satirical songs during the 2014 Hong Kong protests. He used to work in a marketing position but quit his job in March 2019 to start an independent recording studio. During the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests, Lam satirised the Hong Kong Police Force and supporters of the government by writing and performing additional rewritten songs. In addition to rewriting 50 existing songs by May 2020, he has written original songs about heartbreak, love, wage earners' state of mind, and brown sugar bubble tea. Lam publishes his music videos to YouTube, Facebook, Instagram, and LIHKG.

LIHKG
LIHKG (Chinese: 連登; Cantonese Yale: Lìhn dāng) is a multi-category forum website based in Hong Kong. The website has gained popularity since the launch in 2016, and is often referred to as the Hong Kong version of Reddit.

Threads with more up-votes and replies appear towards the top of topic sections and, if they receive sufficient votes and replies, they will ultimately be on the site's "Popular" section.

The website is well known for being one of the main platforms for discussing the strategies for the leaderless anti-extradition bill protests in 2019.
Root name server
A root name server is a name server for the root zone of the Domain Name System (DNS) of the Internet. It directly answers requests for records in the root zone and answers other requests by returning a list of the authoritative name servers for the appropriate top-level domain (TLD). The root name servers are a critical part of the Internet infrastructure because they are the first step in resolving human-readable host names into IP addresses that are used in communication between Internet hosts.

A combination of limits in the DNS and certain protocols, namely the practical size of unfragmented User Datagram Protocol (UDP) packets, resulted in a decision to limit the number of root servers to thirteen server addresses. However, enabled by the use of anycast addressing, the actual number of root server instances—1954—is much larger, as of December 5, 2025.

Extension Mechanisms for DNS
Extension Mechanisms for DNS (EDNS) is a specification for expanding the size of several parameters of the Domain Name System (DNS) protocol which had size restrictions that the Internet engineering community deemed too limited for increasing functionality of the protocol. The first set of extensions was published in 1999 by the Internet Engineering Task Force as RFC 2671, also known as EDNS0. It was updated in 2013 by RFC 6891, changing the acronym slightly to EDNS(0).
Coptic literature
Coptic literature is the body of writings in the Coptic language of Egypt, the last stage of the indigenous Egyptian language. It is written in the Coptic alphabet. The study of the Coptic language and literature is called Coptology.

Coptic script
The Coptic script is the script used for writing the Coptic language, the most recent development of Egyptian. The repertoire of glyphs is based on the uncial Greek alphabet, augmented by letters borrowed from the Egyptian Demotic. It was the first alphabetic script used for the Egyptian language. There are several Coptic alphabets, as the script varies greatly among the various dialects and eras of the Coptic language.
Head of a Bear
Head of a Bear is a drawing study made by Leonardo da Vinci circa 1480. It is small in scale, measuring only 7 by 7 centimetres (2.8 in × 2.8 in), and is rendered in silverpoint pencil. It is thought to be part of a study of animals that Leonardo made in this period. The artist may have drawn upon this study when painting the head of the animal in his Lady with an Ermine of 1489–1490. The drawing was owned by the British painter Sir Thomas Lawrence in the 18th century and by the art collector Norman Colville in the early 20th century. The American billionaire Thomas Kaplan purchased the drawing in 2008. It sold in 2021 for a total of £8.8 million, a record for a drawing by Leonardo.

Lady with an Ermine
The Lady with an Ermine is a portrait painting by the Italian Renaissance artist Leonardo da Vinci. Dated to c. 1489–1491, the work is painted in oils on a panel of walnut wood. Its subject is Cecilia Gallerani, a mistress of Ludovico Sforza ("Il Moro"), Duke of Milan; Leonardo was painter to the Sforza court in Milan at the time of its execution. It is the second of only four surviving portraits of women painted by Leonardo, the others being Ginevra de' Benci, La Belle Ferronnière and the Mona Lisa.

Lady with an Ermine is now housed at the Czartoryski Museum in Kraków, and is considered one of Poland's national treasures.
History of nursing
The word "nurse" originally came from the Latin word "nutricius", meaning to nourish,to protect and to sustain, referring to a wet-nurse; only in the late 16th century did it attain its modern meaning of a person who cares for the infirm.

From the earliest times most cultures produced a stream of nurses dedicated to service on religious principles. Both Christendom and the Muslim World generated a stream of dedicated nurses from their earliest days. In Europe before the foundation of modern nursing, Catholic nuns and the military often provided nursing-like services. It took until the 19th century for nursing to become a secular profession.  In the 20th century nursing became a major profession in all modern countries, and was a favored career for women.

Wet nurse
A wet nurse is a woman who breastfeeds and cares for another's child. Wet nurses are employed if the mother dies or if she is unable to nurse the child herself sufficiently or chooses not to do so. Wet-nursed children may be known as "milk-siblings", and in some societies, the families are linked by a special relationship of milk kinship. Wet-nursing existed in societies around the world until the invention of reliable formula milk in the 20th century. The practice has made a small comeback in the 21st century.
Doug Roby
Douglas Fergusson Roby  (March 24, 1898 – March 31, 1992) was an American sportsman and Olympics official. After playing football at Phillips University and the University of Michigan, he worked for American Metal Products Company, an automobile parts manufacturer, from 1923 to 1963. From 1951 to 1953, he was the president of the Amateur Athletic Union, then America's governing body for many amateur sports. He was vice president (1953–65) and president (1965–68) of the United States Olympic Committee and one of two American members of the International Olympic Committee (1952–84). As president of the USOC during the 1968 Summer Olympics, he expelled African-American athletes Tommie Smith and John Carlos after their raised-fist Black Power salute during a medal ceremony.

Tommie Smith
Tommie C. Smith (born June 6, 1944) is an American former track and field athlete and wide receiver in the American Football League. At the 1968 Summer Olympics, Smith, aged 24, won the 200-meter sprint finals and gold medal in 19.83 seconds – the first time the 20-second barrier was broken officially. His Black Power salute with John Carlos atop the medal podium caused controversy, as it was seen as politicizing the Olympic Games. It remains a symbolic moment in the history of the Black Power movement.
Chris Combs (tight end)
Christopher Allen Combs (born March 17, 1958) is an American former professional football player who was a tight end in the National Football League (NFL) for two seasons. He played college football at New Mexico and was selected by the Houston Oilers in the fourth round of the 1980 NFL draft.

1980 NFL draft
The 1980 NFL draft was the procedure by which National Football League teams selected amateur college football players. It is officially known as the NFL Annual Player Selection Meeting. The draft was held April 29–30, 1980, at the New York Sheraton Hotel in New York City, New York. The league also held a supplemental draft after the regular draft and before the regular season. With the first overall pick of the draft, the Detroit Lions selected running back Billy Sims.

This draft is notable as the first that the nascent ESPN network (which had first gone on the air seven months earlier) aired in its entirety, and the first to be televised.
Karina Urbina
Karina Dora Urbina is an Argentine transgender rights activist. Urbina, who was one of the first activists to speak out publicly in Argentina in support of transgender rights, is also considered the first openly transgender activist in Argentine history, and was a central figure of the trans rights movement during the 1990s. She was a leader of the organisation TRANSDEVI (Spanish: Transexuales por el Derecho a la Identitad y la Vida, lit. 'Transsexuals for the Right to Identity and Life'), alongside Yanina Moreno and Patricia Gauna, and she co-organised and participated in the first pride march to take place in Buenos Aires.

Carlos Jáuregui (activist)
Carlos Jáuregui (22 September 1957 – 20 August 1996) was an Argentine LGBT rights activist. He founded La Comunidad Homosexual Argentina (CHA, or the Argentine Homosexual Community) in 1984. In the early 1990s, he set up Gays por los Derechos Civiles (Gays DC, or Gays for Civil Rights) and organised the first Pride march in Buenos Aires. He died from an HIV-AIDS-related illness at the age of 38. In memorial, a national day of activism for sexual diversity was established. He was posthumously given the Felipa de Souza Award, and, in 2017, a station was renamed after him on the Buenos Aires Underground.