hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Time evolution of integrals
Within differential calculus, in many applications, one needs to calculate the rate of change of a volume or surface integral whose domain of integration, as well as the integrand, are functions of a particular parameter. In physical applications, that parameter is frequently time t.

Surface integral
In mathematics, particularly multivariable calculus, a surface integral  is a generalization of multiple integrals to integration over surfaces. It can be thought of as the double integral analogue of the line integral.  Given a surface, one may integrate over this surface a scalar field (that is, a function of position which returns a scalar as a value), or a vector field (that is, a function which returns a vector as value). If a region R is not flat, then it is called a surface as shown in the illustration.

Surface integrals have applications in physics, particularly in the classical theories of electromagnetism and fluid mechanics.
Demenika
Demenika (Greek: Δεμένικα) is a village/suburb in the municipality of Patras, Achaea, Greece. It lies 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) south of the city centre, south of the river Glafkos. It is part of the community of Saravali within the municipal unit of Messatida. It is 2 km northeast of Ovrya and 4 km east of Paralia. The Greek National Road 33 (Patras - Tripoli) passes through the village, and the new Greek National Road 9 (Patras - Pyrgos) passes south of the village.

Paralia, Achaea
Paralia (Greek: Παραλία, Paralía, meaning "beach") is a town and a former municipality in the municipality of Patras, Achaea, West Greece, Greece.

Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Patras, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 11.978 km2. It is a suburb of Patras, about 6 km southwest of the city centre. The town population is about 5,400. It was a popular beach resort for residents of Patras area till mid '80s. The new Greek National Road 9 (Patras - Pyrgos) runs south of the town.

The railway Patras - Pyrgos runs parallel to the coast, at about 200 m from the shore.
Marmaduke (2022 film)
Marmaduke is a 2022 animated comedy film directed by Mark Dippé, and co-directed by Phil Nibbelink, Youngki Lee, and Matt Whelan, based on the comic strip of the same name by Paul and Brad Anderson. The second feature-length film based on the strip following the 2010 film, it stars Pete Davidson as Marmaduke, along with J.K. Simmons, Brian Hull, Shelby Young, David Koechner and Julie Nathanson. The film is an international co-production of the United States, Canada, Hong Kong, South Korea, and the United Kingdom.

It was released by SC Films in international countries and on Netflix in the United States on May 6, 2022. The film was widely panned by critics and audiences, with criticisms going towards its animation, screenplay, story, characters, voice acting, visuals, and humor.

Shelby Young
Shelby Young (born April 8, 1992) is an American actress. She is known for her roles on American Horror Story, Days of Our Lives, The Social Network and across Star Wars animation and game titles, as well as her presence on social media.
Moniza Alvi
Moniza Alvi FRSL (born 2 February 1954) is a British-Pakistani writer and poet. She has won several well-known prizes for her verse. She was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 2023.

Royal Society of Literature
The Royal Society of Literature (RSL) is a learned society founded in 1820 by King George IV to "reward literary merit and excite literary talent". A charity that represents the voice of literature in the UK, the RSL has about 800 Fellows, elected from among the best writers in any genre currently at work. Additionally, Honorary Fellows are chosen from those who have made a significant contribution to the advancement of literature, including publishers, agents, librarians, booksellers or producers. The society is a cultural tenant at London's Somerset House. The RSL is an independent charity and relies on the support of its Members, Patrons, Fellows and friends to continue its work.
The Office of Historical Corrections
The Office of Historical Corrections is a short-story collection by American writer Danielle Evans. Published by Riverhead Books on November 10, 2020, the collection consists of six short stories and a novella (after which the collection is named) that deal with topics of race, loss, legacy, and loneliness in America. It was nominated for The Story Prize and the Chautauqua Prize, and received the 2021 Joyce Carol Oates Literary Prize.

Chautauqua Prize
The Chautauqua Prize is an annual American literary award established by the Chautauqua Institution in 2012. The winner receives US$7,500 and all travel and expenses for a one-week summer residency at Chautauqua. It is a "national prize that celebrates a book of fiction or literary/narrative nonfiction that provides a richly rewarding reading experience and honors the author for a significant contribution to the literary arts."
Harold Fawcus
Lieutenant-General Sir Harold Ben Fawcus KCB CMG DSO (20 May 1876 – 24 October 1947) was a British Army officer and an English first-class cricketer. After studying medicine at Durham University, Fawcus was commissioned into the Royal Army Medical Corps. He would serve with the corps from 1900 to 1934, serving in the Second Boer War, the First World War and the Third Anglo-Afghan War, for which he was highly decorated. He eventually rose to the rank of lieutenant-general. During his time in the military, he played first-class cricket in South Africa for Orange Free State and in England for the British Army cricket team. In retirement he served as the director-general of the British Red Cross.

Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)
Lieutenant general (Lt Gen), formerly more commonly lieutenant-general, is a senior rank in the British Army and the Royal Marines. It is the equivalent of a multinational three-star rank; some British lieutenant generals sometimes wear three-star insignia, in addition to their standard insignia, when on multinational operations.

Lieutenant general is a superior rank to major general, but subordinate to a (full) general. The rank has a NATO rank code of OF-8, equivalent to a vice-admiral in the Royal Navy and an air marshal in the Royal Air Force (RAF) and the air forces of many Commonwealth countries.

The rank insignia for both the Army and the Royal Marines is a crown over a crossed sabre and baton. During the reign of Elizabeth II, the St Edward's Crown, commonly known as the Queen's Crown, was depicted. Before 1953, and again since the accession of Charles III in 2022, the Tudor Crown has been used.
Sexy and I Know It
"Sexy and I Know It" is a song by American duo LMFAO from their second and final studio album, Sorry for Party Rocking. It was released as the third single from the album on September 16, 2011. The song was written by Stefan Kendal Gordy, GoonRock, Erin Beck, George M. Robertson and Kenneth Oliver, and it was produced by Party Rock. It went to number one on the Billboard Hot 100 on January 7, 2012, and remained there for two weeks.

The song became LMFAO's second number one hit on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States (after "Party Rock Anthem"), making them the first duo to have two successive number-one singles since Outkast's "Hey Ya!" (2003) and "The Way You Move" (2004). The song also reached number one in Australia, Canada, Israel and New Zealand, and charted within the top ten in nearly every country in which it charted.

Hey Ya!
"Hey Ya!"  is a song by American hip hop duo Outkast, performed by its member André 3000, who wrote and produced the song. Along with "The Way You Move", which was recorded by Outkast's other member Big Boi and featured Sleepy Brown, "Hey Ya!" was released by Arista Records as the second single from the duo's fifth album, Speakerboxxx/The Love Below, on August 25, 2003. The track became a commercial success, reaching number one in the United States, Australia, Canada, the Czech Republic, Norway, and Sweden. "Hey Ya!" received critical acclaim upon release, and is consistently ranked as one of the greatest songs of the 2000s. The song was ranked number 10 in Rolling Stone's 2021 list of the "500 Greatest Songs of All Time".
Reading South
Reading South was a borough constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elected one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election. The constituency covered an area in and around the town of Reading in the county of Berkshire.

Reading West (UK Parliament constituency)
Reading West was a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament.

Further to the completion of the 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, the seat was abolished. Its area was transferred to the new constituencies of Earley and Woodley (Whitley ward), Reading Central (Battle, Minster and Southcote wards), and Reading West and Mid Berkshire (all other wards). These constituencies were first contested at the 2024 general election.
Laughing at Danger (1940 film)
Laughing at Danger is a 1940 American crime film directed by Howard Bretherton and written by George Waggner and John W. Krafft. The film stars Frankie Darro, Joy Hodges, George F. Houston, Mantan Moreland, Kay Sutton and Guy Usher. The film was released on August 12, 1940, by Monogram Pictures.

Frankie Darro
Frankie Darro (born Frank Johnson Jr.; December 22, 1917 – December 25, 1976) was an American actor and later in his career a stuntman. He began his career as a child actor in silent films, progressed to lead roles and co-starring roles in adventure, western, dramatic, and comedy films, and later became a character actor and voice-over artist. He is perhaps best known for his role as Lampwick, the unlucky boy who turns into a donkey in Walt Disney's second animated feature, Pinocchio (1940). In early credits, his last name was spelled Darrow.
La Camisa Negra
"La Camisa Negra" (transl. "The Black Shirt") is a Spanish rock song written by Juanes, inspired by Colombian singer-songwriter Octavio Mesa and recorded by Juanes for his third studio album Mi Sangre. In Latin America, the track was released in 2005 as the third single from Mi Sangre, and in Europe, it was released in 2006 as the album's lead single.

The song received mixed reviews from critics and generated controversy when it was used to support neo-fascism in Italy. Juanes strongly repudiated the misappropriation of his song for political purposes. The single was successful in Europe, topping several record charts. It was the summer hit of 2005 in Spain.

Neo-fascism
Neo-fascism is a post-World War II far-right ideology which includes significant elements of fascism. Neo-fascism usually includes ultranationalism, ultraconservatism, racial supremacy, right-wing populism, authoritarianism, nativism, xenophobia, and anti-immigration sentiment, as well as opposition to social democracy, parliamentarianism, Marxism, communism, socialism, liberalism, neoliberalism, and liberal democracy.
Hideaway (novel)
Hideaway is a novel by American horror writer Dean Koontz, published by Putnam in 1992.

It is a supernatural thriller centering on an antique dealer named Hatch Harrison who develops a telepathic connection with a serial killer after a car accident leaves him clinically dead for over 80 minutes. It was nominated for the Bram Stoker Award for Best Novel and was made into a film of the same name starring Jeff Goldblum, Christine Lahti, Alicia Silverstone, and Jeremy Sisto in 1995.

Jeremy Sisto
Jeremy Merton Sisto (born October 6, 1974) is an American actor. He is known for his roles as Billy Chenowith in HBO's Six Feet Under (2001–2005), NYPD Detective Cyrus Lupo in NBC's Law & Order (2008–2010), George Altman in the ABC sitcom Suburgatory (2011–2014), for which he was nominated for a Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Actor in a Comedy Series, and Jubal Valentine in the CBS drama series FBI (2018–present). He has appeared in such films as Clueless (1995), May (2002), Thirteen (2003), Wrong Turn (2003), Waitress (2007), and Frozen II (2019).

In 2004, he portrayed bigoted baseball player Shane Mungitt in Take Me Out, for which he was nominated for a Los Angeles Drama Critics Circle Award for Featured Performance in a Play.  Sisto co-wrote the screenplay for the comedy film Break Point (2014), in which he also starred.
Doggy Day School
Doggy Day School (Escuela para perros in Latin America, or Escola Pra Cachorro in Brazil) is an animated children's television series created by Cathy Moss, who also created Franny's Feet.

It debuted on Nickelodeon in Brazil on 12 October 2009.

Nickelodeon (Brazil)
Nickelodeon was a Brazilian children's pay television channel. It was launched in 1996, as an autonomous feed of Nickelodeon Latin America in Portuguese with different programming and series.
Historically, Sistema Brasileiro de Televisão, TV Evangelizar, TV Litoral, Netflix, Paramount+, Pluto TV, HBO Max, Amazon Prime Video and YouTube have served as the main Brazilian outlets for Nickelodeon and Nick Jr. programming under licensing agreements with Viacom.
Sammie Wood
Samantha Wood is an Australian rugby union and rugby league player and former football (soccer) player.

Wood started playing rugby league and football from a young age. During her football career, she represented Newcastle Jets and Canberra United in the Australian W-League and Australia at youth level. Her time at Newcastle Jets was cut short by a boating accident, which caused her to require surgery for a fractured skull. Following her career in football, Wood switched to rugby league and played in the inaugural City vs Country Origin match after signing for Queanbeyan Blues in 2017. One year after, she started a career in rugby union too and played in the inaugural Super W season for the Brumbies.

Queanbeyan Blues
Queanbeyan Blues United Rugby League Club is an Australian rugby league football club based in Queanbeyan, New South Wales formed in the late 1920s. They conduct teams for both junior and senior teams.
Signing of the Treaty of Lisbon
The signing of the Treaty of Lisbon took place in Lisbon, Portugal, on 13 December 2007. The Government of Portugal, by virtue of holding Presidency of the Council of the European Union at the time, arranged a ceremony inside the 15th-century Jerónimos Monastery, the same place Portugal's treaty of accession to the European Union (EU) had been signed in 1985. Representatives from the 27 EU member states were present, and signed the Treaty as plenipotentiaries, marking the end of negotiations that began in 2001. In addition, for the first time an EU treaty was also signed by the presidents of the three main EU institutions. After the main ceremony, the heads of state and government took a ride on a decorated Lisbon tram together, symbolising the brotherhood of European countries on the path of European integration.

Presidency of the Council of the European Union
The presidency of the Council of the European Union is responsible for the functioning of the Council of the European Union, which is the co-legislator of the EU legislature alongside the European Parliament. It rotates among the member states of the EU every six months. The presidency is not an individual, but rather the position is held by a national government. It is sometimes incorrectly referred to as the "president of the European Union". The presidency's function is to chair meetings of the council, determine its agendas, set a work program and facilitate dialogue both at Council meetings and with other EU institutions. The presidency is currently, as of January 2026, held by Cyprus.

Three successive presidencies are known as presidency trios. The current trio is made up of Poland (January–June 2025), Denmark (July–December 2025), and Cyprus (January–June 2026). The 2020 German presidency began the second cycle of presidencies, after the system was introduced in 2007.
Old Plank Road Trail (Wisconsin)
The Old Plank Road Trail is a 37.6-mile (60.5 km) shared-use path in Fond du Lac County and Sheboygan County in Wisconsin. It runs for approximately 21 miles (34 km) in Sheboygan County before entering Fond du Lac County. Outside the Sheboygan trailhead that starts with a tunnel beneath Interstate 43, the trail's entire length is along the right of way of Wisconsin Highway 23 (WIS 23), with fencing preventing access to the highway outside of intersection otherwise.

Wisconsin Highway 23
State Trunk Highway 23 (often called Highway 23, STH-23 or WIS 23) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. The highway's route is signed as a north–south route from Shullsburg to Wisconsin Dells and as an east–west route from Wisconsin Dells to Sheboygan. With the exception of freeway segments between Sheboygan Falls and Sheboygan, an expressway segment between Sheboygan Falls past Greenbush to Fond du Lac, a freeway concurrency with Interstate 39 (I-39), and an expressway segment concurrent with U.S. Highway 151 (US 151), the highway is generally either two-lane surface road or urban multilane arterial. WIS 23 provides access to several important Wisconsin destinations, such as the House on the Rock, the Wisconsin Dells area and various state parks.
CFTO-DT
CFTO-DT (channel 9, cable channel 8) is a television station in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, serving as the flagship station of the CTV Television Network, a division of Bell Media. It is sister to Barrie-based CTV2 flagship CKVR-DT, channel 3 (although the two stations maintain separate operations). CFTO-DT's studios are located at 9 Channel Nine Court in the former city of Scarborough, and its transmitter is located atop the CN Tower in Downtown Toronto. The station shares the Agincourt studio complex with CTV's national headquarters, which includes studios for the network's news programming (CTV National News and the CTV News Channel), along with most of Bell Media's specialty channels.

CTV News Channel (Canadian TV channel)
CTV News Channel is a Canadian specialty news channel owned by Bell Media (a wholly owned subsidiary of Bell Canada). It broadcasts national and international news headlines, breaking news, and information. The channel is headquartered at 9 Channel Nine Court in the Agincourt neighbourhood of Scarborough in Toronto, Ontario.
Herts/Middlesex 4
Herts/Middlesex 4 was a tier 12 English Rugby Union league that was organized by the London and South East Division Rugby Football Union.  It was the fourth division competition for clubs in Hertfordshire and parts of north-west London that traditionally belonged to the historic county of Middlesex.  Promoted teams moved up to Herts/Middlesex 3 and since the cancellation of Herts/Middlesex 5 there was no relegation.

It involved a number of formats over the years, switching between a single division and regional (north/south) divisions.  Herts/Middlesex 4 folded at the end of the 2009-10 season with most teams being promoted automatically to Herts/Middlesex 3.

Middlesex 3
Middlesex 3 was an English level 12 Rugby Union league with teams from north-west London taking part.  Promoted teams moved up to Middlesex 2 and relegation was to Middlesex 4.  The division was cancelled at the end of the 1995–96 campaign after nine seasons due to the merger of the Hertfordshire and Middlesex regional leagues.
Maude Charron
Maude G. Charron (born 28 April 1993) is a Canadian weightlifter, who competes in the 63/64 kg category and represents Canada at international competitions. She is an Olympic and Commonwealth Games champion in the women's 64 kg division. Charron also owns the clean & jerk Commonwealth Games record, the snatch and total Canadian weightlifting records, all the Panamerican records in her weight class.

Weightlifting at the Commonwealth Games
Weightlifting is one of the sports at the quadrennial Commonwealth Games competition. It has been a Commonwealth Games sport since 1950. It is a core sport and must be included in the sporting programme of each edition of the Games.

A total of 17 events were contested at the 2010 Commonwealth Games in Delhi, 8 for men 7 for women and two powerlifting events. The first women's events were introduced in 2002. Between 1990 and 2002 a medal was awarded for each of the snatch and clean and jerk phases and for the combined total, offering as many as 46 gold medals in 2002. Since 2006 medals have only been awarded based on the combined total of both of these phases, as is the case at the Olympics. From 2002 para powerlifting events were contested at the Commonwealth Games and the sports results counted under weightlifting in its first four iterations up to 2014 and from 2018, it was separated from Weightlifting sports category and is considered as a separate individual para-sport.
Upper Anaicut
The Upper Anaicut (alternatively Upper Anicut), also known as Mukkombu is a dam built on the Kaveri River in the state of Tamil Nadu in southern India. The regulator dam was constructed between 1836 and 1838 by Sir Arthur Cotton, a British irrigation engineer who was inspired by the architectural beauty of Grand Anaicut canal built by Karikala Chola in Kallanai of Thanjavur district in the second century.

Upper Anaicut or Mukkombu is about 18 kilometers (11 mi) west of Trichy and 2 kilometers away from Jeeyapuram at a point where River Kollidam branches out from the main river, Cauvery. It is a lovely picnic spot skirting acres of verdant greenery. The place also has a well-manicured park. Mukkombu is about 685-meter long (2283 foot),

It breaks into two channels at the Upper Anaicut to form the island of Srirangam, which is enclosed in between the delta of Thanjavur (Tanjore), the garden of Tamil Nadu.

Kollidam River
The Kollidam (referred to as Coleroon in Colonial English) is a river in southeastern India. The Kollidam is the northern distributary of the Cauvery River as it flows through the delta districts. It splits from the main branch of the Cauvery River at the island of Srirangam and flows eastward into the Bay of Bengal near Kollidam block, Pazhaiyar, Mayiladuthurai district.  The distribution system in Kollidam lies at Lower Anaicut which is an island of river Kollidam.

The surplus and floodwater from the Mettur Dam are diverted into the Kollidam River by the Public Works Department (PWD) to ensure safe discharge into the Bay of Bengal. This measure helps manage excess water flow and reduces the risk of flooding in surrounding areas.
Griffith Peak
Griffith Peak is located in the Spring Mountains in Clark County of southern Nevada. It is approximately 28 miles (45 km) northwest of the Las Vegas Strip and 3.9 miles (6.3 km) southeast of Mount Charleston.

Griffith Peak is Nevada's 43rd highest peak, and the third highest peak in southern Nevada. It is within Humboldt–Toiyabe National Forest, Mount Charleston Wilderness and Spring Mountains National Recreation Area.

Griffith Peak is accessible by two primary trails: the South Loop Trail and the Harris Springs Trail. The South Loop Trail leads directly to the Griffith Saddle from which both Griffith Peak and Mount Charleston are accessible.

Mount Charleston
Mount Charleston, including Charleston Peak (Nuvagantu, literally "where snow sits", in Southern Paiute or Nüpakatütün in Shoshoni) at 11,916 feet (3,632 m), is the highest mountain in both the Spring Mountains and Clark County, in Nevada, United States. It is the eighth-highest mountain in the state. Well separated from higher peaks by large, low basins, Charleston Peak is the most topographically prominent peak in Nevada, and the eighth-most-prominent peak in the contiguous United States. It is one of eight ultra-prominent peaks in Nevada. It is located about 35 miles (56 km) northwest of Las Vegas within the Mount Charleston Wilderness, which is within the Spring Mountains National Recreation Area of the Humboldt–Toiyabe National Forest.