hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
History of Victoria
The history of Victoria refers to the history of the Australian state of Victoria and the area's preceding Indigenous and British colonial societies.

Before British colonisation of Australia, many Aboriginal peoples lived in the area now known as Victoria. After the first Europeans settled there in October 1803, in September 1836 the area became part of the colony of New South Wales, known as the District of Port Phillip. In July 1851, the District of Port Phillip was established as its own colony, becoming the Colony of Victoria, with its own government within the British Empire. During the 1850s, gold was discovered in Clunes and Buninyong in Ballarat in 1851, which was the start of the Victorian Gold Rush. In 1901 it became a state of the Commonwealth of Australia.

Clunes, Victoria
Clunes is a town in Victoria, Australia, 36 km (22 mi) north of Ballarat, in the Shire of Hepburn. At the 2021 census, it had a population of 1,844.

Clunes is best known as the site of Victoria's first registered gold discovery in 1850 and its first gold strike in 1873, which lasted three months. A campus of Wesley College is based in Clunes and parts of the original Mad Max (1979) were filmed in the town, famously showcasing the Creswick Creek Bridge, in Clunes’s more regional farming area. Other films include “Ned Kelly” (2016) and Stan TV series “Bloom” (2018). The annual Clunes Booktown Festival began in 2007 and draws significant tourism to the area, with over 10 book shops around the town.
2008 Swedish Golf Tour (women)
The 2008 Swedish Golf Tour, known as the SAS Masters Tour for sponsorship reasons, was the 23rd season of the Swedish Golf Tour, a series of professional golf tournaments for women held in Sweden and Finland.

Scandinavian Airlines replaced Telia Company as the tour's main sponsor and minimum purse for tournaments were raised to SEK 300,000. The sponsorship agreement amounted to a total of SEK 55 million and included the men's SAS Masters (formerly Scandinavian Masters) and women's SAS Masters in Norway.

The Swedish International, held since 1962 and included on the tour since its inception in 1986, was discontinued.

Teenage twins Jacqueline and Caroline Hedwall finished top at the inaugural SAS Masters Tour event. Catrin Nilsmark and Czech Republic's Zuzana Masinova both won two events, and Masinova won the Order of Merit thanks to three runner-up finishes.

25 places at the LET event Göteborg Masters was reserved for players of the tour.

Scandinavian Masters
The Scandinavian Masters was an annual golf tournament on the European Tour played in Sweden. In 2020, the tournament became co-sanctioned with the Ladies European Tour and was rebranded as the Scandinavian Mixed, in which both male and female golfers competed.
Vijaya Barthwal
Vijaya Barthwal is an Indian politician from the Bhartiya Janta Party. She was one of the most senior and active politician in Uttarakhand. She was a three term Member of the Legislative Assembly and had represented Yamkeshwar assembly constituency of Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand. She was in the Cabinet of chief minister B. C. Khanduri and Ramesh Pokhriyal's government. She is also served as the first deputy speaker of Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly.

Ramesh Pokhriyal
Ramesh Pokhriyal "Nishank" (born 15 July 1959) is an Indian politician from Bhartiya Janta Party. He served as the Human Resource Development Minister in the Union Government of India starting from 31 May 2019. The name of his ministry was changed to Education Ministry in July 2020, following the ministry's name change, his title was changed to Minister of Education.

He represented the Haridwar Parliamentary constituency of Uttarakhand in the 17th Lok Sabha. 
He was the 5th Chief Minister of Uttarakhand from 2009 to 2011. Due to corruption allegations he was asked to resign from his post by the BJP Central Leadership.
Greg Stanton
Gregory John Stanton (born March 8, 1970) is an American lawyer and politician who is the U.S. representative from Arizona's 4th congressional district, serving since 2019. A Democrat, he was previously mayor of Phoenix from 2012 to 2018, and was on the Phoenix City Council from 2000 until 2009.

Stanton was elected mayor in 2011 and reelected in 2015. He was first elected to Congress in 2018, and was re-elected in 2020, 2022, and 2024.

Phoenix City Council
The Phoenix City Council is the governing body of the city of Phoenix, Arizona. The council is made up of nine members, including a mayor and eight councilors representing individual districts. While the mayor is elected in a citywide election, city councilors are elected by votes only in the districts they represent, with both the mayor and councilors serving four year terms.

The current mayor of Phoenix is Kate Gallego, a Democrat, who won the seat after defeating her former fellow-councilor, Daniel Valenzuela in a run-off election in March 2019. In setting city policy and passing rules and regulations, the mayor and city councilors each have equal voting power.
I Marinella Se Tragoudia Tis Vembo
I Marinella se tragoudia tis Vembo (Greek: Η Μαρινέλλα σε τραγούδια της Βέμπο; English: Marinella in songs of Vembo) is the name of a studio album by popular Greek singer Marinella. It was released on 3 March 1980 by PolyGram Records in Greece and is a collection of 12 songs Marinella recorded in tribute to popular Greek singer Sofia Vembo, known as the "Songstress of Victory". This album was issued in mono and stereo. The stereo version of this album was released on CD in 1994 by PolyGram.

Sofia Vembo
Sofia Bembou (Greek: Σοφία Μπέμπου; 10 February 1910 – 10 March 1978), known professionally as Sofia Vembo (Σοφία Βέμπο), was a leading Greek singer and actress active from the interwar period to the early postwar years and the 1950s. She became best known for her performance of patriotic songs during the Greco-Italian War, when she was dubbed the "Songstress of Victory".
University Hospitals Association
The  University Hospital Association, formerly the Association of UK University Hospitals, is a leadership body for university hospitals in the UK established in 1998. Its main focus is in teaching and research. In April 2025 it formally became part of NHS Providers, who took over the former hosting arrangement with the Medical Schools Council.

Medical Schools Council
The Medical Schools Council is an organisation that represents all undergraduate medical schools and one post graduate school in the United Kingdom. The membership is made up of the heads, or deans of the medical schools. It was formerly known as the Council of Heads of Medical Schools.
Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins
Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins, 447 U.S. 74 (1980), was a U.S. Supreme Court decision issued on June 9, 1980 which affirmed the decision of the California Supreme Court in a case that arose out of a free speech dispute between the Pruneyard Shopping Center in Campbell, California, and several local high school students (who wished to canvass signatures for a petition against United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379).

Pruneyard Shopping Center
The Pruneyard Shopping Center is a 250,000 sq ft (23,000 m2) open-air shopping center located in Campbell, California, at the intersection of Campbell Avenue and Bascom Avenue, just east of State Route 17. It was built in the 1960s as the PruneYard Shopping Center. It includes shops, a DoubleTree by Hilton inn, a movie theater originally built in 1964, and three office towers built in 1970, one of which is the tallest building in the area outside of downtown San Jose.
Tawau Airport
Tawau Airport (Malay: Lapangan Terbang Tawau) (IATA: TWU, ICAO: WBKW) is an airport located 15 nautical miles (28 km; 17 mi) north east of Tawau, Sabah, Malaysia. With increasing international connectivity, Tawau Airport has risen as a significant international gateway for the east coast of Sabah, complementing the role of Kota Kinabalu International Airport.

Tawau Airport serves the districts of Tawau, Kunak and Semporna. Is the nearest airport to the diving islands of Sipadan, Mabul, Kapalai and Tun Sakaran Marine Park, all of which are located in Semporna. The airport also serves as a gateway to Maliau Basin and Danum Valley, both significant conservation areas in the region.

In 2023, Tawau Airport recorded 1,710,472 passenger movements, ranking as the 8th busiest airport in Malaysia.

Maliau Basin
Maliau Basin (Malay: Lembangan Maliau) or also Maliau Basin Conservation Area, is a region in Tongod District of Sabah, Malaysia, which represents a geological catchment surrounding the Maliau River. Located around the centre of Sabah in the Sandakan Division, it was designated as a conservation area by the Sabah Foundation (Yayasan Sabah) in 1981. Later in 1997 the Sabah State Assembly gazetted the Basin as a Protection Forest Reserve (Class I) with a total area of 588 square kilometres. The region also features Mount Lotung (1667 metres), Maliau Falls, and Lake Linumunsut. Efforts are underway to nominate the area as a World Heritage Site.
In 2011, the Maliau Basin Studies Centre opened, a large field centre to serve as a basis for studies and teaching carried out in Maliau by naturalists, biologists, and groups of field course students (e.g., Sheffield University, Griffith University, Otago University, and the citizen-science organisation Taxon Expeditions).
Historiography of Argentina
The Historiography of Argentina is composed of the works of the authors that have written about the History of Argentina. The first historiographical works are usually considered to be those by Bartolomé Mitre and other authors from the middle 19th century.

Bartolomé Mitre
Bartolomé Mitre (26 June 1821 – 19 January 1906) was an Argentine general, statesman and author. He was President of Argentina from 1862 to 1868 and the first president of unified Argentina.

Mitre is known as a versatile statesman, military man, politician, journalist, historian, writer and poet. He was a major figure in the history of Argentina during the second half of the 19th century.

He was the figure that best characterized liberalism in Argentina, but he was a moderate and flexible liberal, not dogmatic.
Meeting Love
Meeting Love (Chinese: 遇上愛; pinyin: Yu Shang Ai), is Taiwanese Mandopop artist Rainie Yang's (Chinese: 楊丞琳) second Mandarin studio album. It was released by Sony Music Taiwan on 17 March 2006.

It was available for pre-order and two editions were released including the Meeting Love (Lovely Celebration Edition), which includes four music videos and 40 minutes of highlight footage of Rainie Yang Meeting Love Celebration Concert (楊丞琳遇上愛慶功演唱會). The album includes a duet, "甜心咒" (Sweet Curse) with label-mate Evan Yo.

Evan Yo
Tsai Min-you (born 12 November 1986), better known as Evan Yo, is a Taiwanese Mandopop singer-songwriter. He was signed by his management company at 14 and has been signed by Sony Music Taiwan since 2006. He has released four albums and was nominated for Best New Artist in 2007 at the 18th Golden Melody Awards, Taiwan.

Tsai graduated from the Music Department of National Taiwan Normal University. He majored in the violin.
Pathrosinte Padappukal
Pathrosinte Padappukal is a 2022 Indian Malayalam-language comedy-drama film directed by Afsal Abdul Latheef. The screenplay of the film is written by Dinoy Paulose. The film features Sharaf U Dheen, Grace Antony, Naslen, Dinoy Paulose and Ranjita Menon. The film is set in Vypin.

Naslen
Naslen K. Gafoor, mononymously known as Naslen, (born 11 June 2000) is an Indian actor who appears in Malayalam films. He is known for his roles in the films Thanneer Mathan Dinangal (2019), Kuruthi (2021), Home (2021), Super Sharanya (2022), Jo and Jo (2022), Neymar (2023), Premalu (2024) and Lokah Chapter 1: Chandra (2025). The latter emerged as the highest-grossing Malayalam film of all time.
Hugo Assmann
Hugo Assmann (1933–2008) was a Brazilian Catholic theologian who helped develop the ideas surrounding liberation theology following the Second Vatican Council. He was a firebrand critic of the conservative values held by the Catholic orthodoxy, and believed firmly that the role of the Church should be to alleviate the suffering of the global poor. A prolific advocate for liberation theology, Assmann's work and participation in the movement forced him to move between numerous countries throughout Latin America throughout the course of his life.

Liberation theology
Liberation theology is a Christian theological approach emphasizing the liberation of the oppressed. The term originated among Latin American Catholic theologians in the 1960s, and it has increasingly been used to describe similar approaches in other parts of the globe. It often engages in socio-economic analyses, and emphasizes social concern for those marginalized due to their social class, race, ethnicity, gender, etc.
Kobina Hagan
Kobina Hagan (1923-1977) was a Ghanaian politician and teacher. He was the Principal Secretary for the Central Organisation of Sports (COS) from 1960 to 1963 and later member of parliament for the Denkyira constituency from 1965 to 1966.

Kingdom of Denkyira
Denkyira (also known as Denkira, Denchira, or Dinkira) was an Akan kingdom that rose to prominence in precolonial Ghana, dominating large parts of the forest zone in the south-central Gold Coast. Centered around its capital at Abankeseso, Denkyira emerged as a leading gold-producing polity and a military power, particularly during the 17th century. At its height it reduced neighboring states such as Adanse, Sefwi, Kingdom of Aowin, Wassa, Kingdom of Assin, Kingdom of Twifo, and pre-Asante states to tributaries, and played a critical role in shaping regional trade and warfare.

In 1701, Denkyira was defeated by the Asante Empire and became a vassal. After a failed rebellion in 1824, the Denkyirahene and his people escaped south of the Ofin River, and maintain a non-sovereign monarchy based in Dunkwa to the present day.
Tommy Bradshaw
Thomas Bradshaw (11 October 1920 – 20 December 1981) was an English professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s. He played at representative level for Great Britain, England and Lancashire, and at club level for Wigan, Leigh and Workington Town, plus a one-off WW2 guest appearance for St Helens and Oldham RLFC, as a scrum-half.

Leigh Leopards
The Leigh Leopards are a professional rugby league club based in Leigh, Greater Manchester, England. Leigh play homes games at Leigh Sports Village and compete in Super League, the top tier of British rugby league.

Leigh Leopards have won the League Championship twice and Challenge Cup three times.

The clubs traditional home colours are red and white. They have a local rivalry with Wigan Warriors.
Joshua Buatsi
Joshua Buatsi (born 14 March 1993) is a British-French professional boxer. He held the World Boxing Organization (WBO) interim light-heavyweight title from 2024 to 2025. At regional level, he has held the British light-heavyweight title twice between 2019 and 2024; and the Commonwealth light-heavyweight title in 2024. As an amateur, he won a bronze medal at the 2015 European Championships and the 2016 Olympics.

Anthony Joshua
Anthony Oluwafemi Olaseni "AJ" Joshua (born 15 October 1989) is a British professional boxer. He held the unified heavyweight championship twice between 2017 and 2021. He also held the International Boxing Organization (IBO) title during his reigns as champion. At regional level, he held the British and Commonwealth heavyweight titles from 2015 to 2016.

As an amateur, Joshua represented England at the 2011 World Championships, winning the super-heavyweight silver medal. He also represented Great Britain at the 2012 Olympics, winning gold. In 2014, a year after turning professional, he was named Prospect of the Year by The Ring magazine.

In 2017, his victorious fight against Wladimir Klitschko was named Fight of the Year by The Ring and the Boxing Writers Association of America.
Nucleogenic
A nucleogenic isotope, or nuclide, is one that is produced by a natural terrestrial nuclear reaction, other than a reaction beginning with cosmic rays (the latter nuclides by convention are called by the different term cosmogenic). The nuclear reaction that produces nucleogenic nuclides is usually interaction with an alpha particle or the capture of fission or thermal neutrons. Some nucleogenic isotopes are stable and others are radioactive.

Neutron capture
Neutron capture is a nuclear reaction in which an atomic nucleus and one or more neutrons collide and merge to form a heavier nucleus. Since neutrons have no electric charge, they can enter a nucleus more easily than positively charged protons, which are repelled electrostatically.

Neutron capture plays a significant role in the cosmic nucleosynthesis of heavy elements. In stars it can proceed in two ways: as a rapid process (r-process) or a slow process (s-process). Nuclei of masses greater than 56 cannot be formed by exothermic thermonuclear reactions (i.e., by nuclear fusion) but can be formed by neutron capture.
Neutron capture on protons yields a line at 2.223 MeV predicted and commonly observed in solar flares.
St. Joseph's Colony
St. Joseph's (Josephstal)  was a colony in Saskatchewan, Canada, which comprised the towns of Adanac, Biggar, Broadacres, Cactus Lake, Carmelheim, Cavell, Cosine, Denzil, Donegal, Evesham, Grosswerder, Handel, Kelfield, Kerrobert, Landis, Leipzig,  Luseland, Macklin, Major, Onward, Pascal, Phippen, Primate, Revenue, Reward, Salvador, Scott, Tramping Lake, Unity, Wilkie, and Wolfe.

Phippen
Phippen, Saskatchewan is an unincorporated community, school site, and elevator site on the Canadian Pacific line running east–west between Wilkie, Saskatchewan and Unity, Saskatchewan.

It was thought that Phippen would be the divisional point on the Canadian Pacific Railway line west of Saskatoon, but the water supply was inadequate, so the point was moved to Wilkie, Saskatchewan.

The post office opened in 1909 and remained open until 1968.  Phippen was the site of a Saskatchewan Wheat Pool grain elevator, which was taken over by the United Grain Growers in 1975.  The elevator was torn down after 2000 C.E.

Phippen School was open from 1908 to 1959.
Subtraction (film)
Subtraction (Persian: تفریق, romanized: Tafrigh) is a 2022 Iranian noir thriller drama film co-written and directed by Mani Haghighi. The film stars Taraneh Alidoosti and Navid Mohammadzadeh. It had its world premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 10, 2022.

Navid Mohammadzadeh
Navid Mohammadzadeh (Persian: نوید محمدزاده, born April 6, 1986) is an Iranian actor. He has received various accolades, including two Crystal Simorghs, four Hafez Awards, three Iran Cinema Celebration Awards and four Iran's Film Critics and Writers Association Awards. In 2017, he won the Orizzonti Award for Best Actor at the 74th Venice International Film Festival for his performance in No Date, No Signature (2017).
Fterrë
Fterrë (Albanian definite form: Fterra) is a village in the former commune of Lukovë, Vlorë County, southern Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became part of the municipality Himarë. It is located in a side valley of the Albanian Riviera, within the region of Kurvelesh and 10 km northeast of Borsh. The village is inhabited by Muslim Albanians.

Kurvelesh (region)
Kurvelesh is a region in southern Albania, within the Southern Mountain Range. In the region, which is divided into the communes of Brataj, Horë-Vranisht, Kurvelesh and Picar, fifteen villages are located. It is considered to be the heart of the larger Labëria region. The Kurvelesh region is inhabited by Lab Albanians. Traditionally neighbourhoods of local villages in the region had houses built as fortresses lacking windows on the ground floor while the blood feud used to be a common feature of the area. The people of Kurvelesh practised endogamy by intermarrying within the villages of the region.
Projekt Sex
Projekt Sex (P6) is an independent organization working for the students of Lund University to promote sexual health on a physical, emotional and social level. It was founded in 1991 in Lund in Sweden. and belongs to the umbrella organization of the student life in Lund, Studentlund, and the national umbrella organization Students for Sexual Health (SfSH). The method which is used by P6 is called Peer Education, which means that students educate other students.

Peer education
Peer education is an approach to health promotion, in which community members are supported to promote health-enhancing change among their peers. Peer education is the teaching or sharing of health information, values and behavior in educating others who may share similar social backgrounds or life experiences.

Rather than health professionals educating members of the public, the idea behind peer education is that ordinary lay people are in the best position to encourage healthy behaviour to each other.
Isabella Ford
Isabella Ormston Ford (23 May 1855 – 14 July 1924) was an English social reformer, suffragist and writer. She became a public speaker and wrote pamphlets on issues related to socialism, feminism and workers' rights. After becoming concerned with the rights of female mill workers at an early age, Ford became involved with trade union organisation in the 1880s. A member of the National Administrative Council of the Independent Labour Party, she was the first woman recorded as speaking at a Labour Representation Committee (which became the British Labour Party) conference.

Independent Labour Party
The Independent Labour Party (ILP) was a British political party of the left, established in 1893 at a conference in Bradford, after local and national dissatisfaction with the Liberals' apparent reluctance to endorse working-class candidates. A sitting independent MP and prominent union organiser, Keir Hardie, became its first chairman.

The party played a key role in the formation of the Labour Representation Committee, to which ILP members Hardie and Ramsay MacDonald were delegates at its foundation in 1900. The committee was renamed the Labour Party in 1906, and the ILP remained affiliated until 1932. In 1947, the organisation's three parliamentary representatives defected to the Labour Party, and the organisation joined Labour as Independent Labour Publications in 1975.
Penguin Group (USA) Inc. v. American Buddha
Penguin Group (USA) Inc. v. American Buddha, 640 F.3d 497 (2d Cir. 2011), was a case in which United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit reversed the decision of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, which had granted American Buddha's motion to dismiss Penguin Group (USA) Inc. ("Penguin")'s copyright infringement action for lack of personal jurisdiction. The appellate court remanded the case for further proceedings.

United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
The United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit (in case citations, 2d Cir.) is a federal court with appellate jurisdiction over the district courts in the following districts:

District of Connecticut

Eastern District of New York

Northern District of New York

Southern District of New York

Western District of New York

District of Vermont