hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Losberg (House of Assembly of South Africa constituency)
Losberg was a constituency in the Transvaal Province of South Africa, which existed from 1910 to 1994. It covered a rural area adjacent to the western end of the Witwatersrand, and toward the end of its existence, was centred on the town of Fochville. Throughout its existence it elected one member to the House of Assembly and one to the Transvaal Provincial Council.

House of Assembly (South Africa)
The House of Assembly (known in Afrikaans as the Volksraad, or "People's Council") was the lower house of the Parliament of South Africa from 1910 to 1981, the sole parliamentary chamber between 1981 and 1984, and latterly the white representative house of the Tricameral Parliament from 1984 to 1994, when it was replaced by the current National Assembly. Throughout its history, it was composed exclusively of white members who were elected to office predominantly by white citizens, though until 1960 and 1970, respectively, some Black Africans and Coloureds in the Cape Province voted under a restricted form of suffrage.

The old House of Assembly chamber was severely damaged in a fire in January 2022.
Team Enstone
"Team Enstone" is the colloquial name for a Formula One team based in Enstone, Oxfordshire, which has won seven Formula One World Championships. Since 1981, the same team has competed under five identities—most notably Benetton Formula and Renault F1 Team—and three nationalities (British, Italian and French). It is currently owned by Renault and known as the Alpine F1 Team.

As of the 2025 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix, forty-seven drivers have competed for the five constructors in the lineage in 799 Grands Prix, winning fifty of them. Notable drivers include World Champions Ayrton Senna, Nelson Piquet, Michael Schumacher, Jenson Button, Fernando Alonso, and Kimi Räikkönen. Schumacher and Alonso both won two Drivers' Championships with the team.

2025 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix
The 2025 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix (officially known as the Formula 1 Etihad Airways Abu Dhabi Grand Prix 2025) was a Formula One motor race that was held on 7 December 2025 at the Yas Marina Circuit in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. It was the twenty-fourth and final race of the 2025 Formula One World Championship.

The Grand Prix was the first World Drivers' Championship–deciding final round since 2021, and the first with more than two contenders since 2010. Lando Norris led the championship with 408 points, ahead of Max Verstappen with 396 points, and teammate Oscar Piastri with 392 points. The three drivers entered the round with an opportunity to win the World Drivers' Championship. Verstappen converted his pole position to a victory, ahead of Piastri and Norris. Third place was enough for Norris to become World Champion, ending the season two points ahead of Verstappen and 13 ahead of Piastri.
Marthe Robin
Marthe Robin (13 March 1902 in Châteauneuf-de-Galaure, Drôme, France – 6 February 1981 in Châteauneuf-de-Galaure) was a French Roman Catholic mystic and stigmatist and foundress of the Foyers de charité ("Charity homes") association. She became bedridden when she was 21 and remained so until her death. According to witnesses she ate nothing for many years apart from receiving Holy Eucharist.

A file of documents supporting Robin's beatification was submitted to the diocesan authorities in 1987, and transmitted to the Vatican in 1996. On 6 May 2010 a "Positio" was signed in Rome by the Congregation for the Causes of Saints. This file was made up of all the documents that support Robin's reputation for holiness. It culminated in her recognition for heroic virtues on 7 November 2014.

Positio
A positio (short for the Latin positio super virtutibus: "position on the virtues") is a document or collection of documents used in the process by which a Catholic person is declared Venerable, the second of four steps on the path to canonization as a saint.
Spundekäs
Spundekäs [ˈʃpʊndəˌkɛːs] is a spiced cream cheese spread originating from the German region of Northern Rhenish Hesse. Often served as an appetizer (especially at Straußenwirtschaften) or at gatherings, usually along with lye rolls or soft pretzels as well as regional wine, it remains a symbol of regional cultural expression.

Cream cheese
Cream cheese is a soft, usually mild-tasting fresh cheese made from milk and cream.  Cream cheese is not naturally matured and is meant to be consumed fresh, so it differs from other soft cheeses, such as Brie and Neufchâtel. It is more comparable in taste, texture, and production methods to Boursin and mascarpone. Stabilizers, such as carob bean gum and carrageenan, are often added in industrial production. It can also come in several flavors.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration defines cream cheese as containing at least 33% milk fat with a moisture content of not more than 55%, and a pH range of 4.4 to 4.9. Similarly, under Canadian Food and Drug Regulations, cream cheese must contain at least 30% milk fat and a maximum of 55% moisture. In other countries, it is defined differently and may need a considerably higher fat content.

Cream cheese originated in the United States in the 1870s.
Tell Mama
Tell Mama is the seventh studio album by American singer Etta James.  Her second album release for Cadet Records, produced by Rick Hall at his FAME Studios in Muscle Shoals, Alabama, it was James's first album since 1964 to enter the Billboard 200 chart.  It contained her first Top 10 R&B hits since 1964 – the title cut and "Security".  The "Tell Mama" single gave James her all-time highest Billboard Hot 100 position, reaching number 23.

Muscle Shoals, Alabama
Muscle Shoals is the largest city in Colbert County, Alabama, United States. It is located on the left bank of the Tennessee River in the northern part of the state and, as of the 2020 census, Muscle Shoals had a population of 16,275. The estimated population in 2019 was 14,575.

Both the city and the Florence-Muscle Shoals Metropolitan Area (including four cities in Colbert and Lauderdale counties) are commonly called "The Shoals". Northwest Alabama Regional Airport serves the Shoals region, located in the northwest section of the state in Muscle Shoals.
Albersdorf
Albersdorf is a municipality in the district of Dithmarschen, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It is situated near the Kiel Canal, approx. 14 km southeast of Heide. The place was first mentioned in 1281 under the name Aluerdesdorpe, meaning "village of the old custodian." Albersdorf is part of the Amt Mitteldithmarschen.

Kiel Canal
The Kiel Canal (German: Nord-Ostsee-Kanal, formerly Kaiser-Wilhelm-Kanal) is a 98-kilometer-long (61 mi) freshwater canal that links the North Sea to the Baltic Sea. It runs through the German state of Schleswig-Holstein, from Brunsbüttel, at the mouth of the Elbe, to Holtenau, on the Kiel Fjord. It was constructed between 1887 and 1895 and widened between 1907 and 1914. In addition to the two sea entrances, the canal is linked at Oldenbüttel to the navigable River Eider by the short Gieselau Canal.

The canal reduces the journey between the North and Baltic Seas by 460 km (290 mi) by allowing ships to bypass the Jutland peninsula and the Danish straits. It is one of the world's most frequented artificial waterways, with an annual average of 32,000 ships (90 daily), transporting approximately 100 million tonnes of goods.
2017 Rajbiraj municipal election
The  2017 Municipal election for Rajbiraj was held on 18 September 2017, to elect a mayor, a deputy mayor, sixteen ward chairperson and ward members. All positions were elected for a period of five years.
A secondary election was held for the municipal executives which elected five women from the elected ward members and three members from the Dalit and minority community. The electorate for this election was for the 82 members chosen by direct election.
Rastriya Janata Party Nepal mayoral candidate Shambhu Prasad Yadav was elected as a Mayor of Rajbiraj by securing 4,774 votes.

Rastriya Janata Party Nepal
The Rastriya Janata Party, Nepal, abbr. RJPN (Nepali: राष्ट्रिय जनता पार्टी, नेपाल,  translation: National People's Party, Nepal) was the fourth-largest political party in Nepal after the Nepali Congress, the Nepal Communist Party and the Samajbadi Party, Nepal. It was formed on 21 April 2017 after the merger of Tarai Madhes Loktantrik Party, led by the Mahantha Thakur, Terai Madhes Sadbhawana Party, led by the Mahendra Raya Yadav, Sadbhavana Party, led by the Rajendra Mahato, Nepal Sadbhawana Party, led by the Anil Kumar Jha, Madhesi Jana Adhikar Forum (Republican), led by Rajkishor Yadav and Rastriya Madhesh Samajwadi Party, led by Sharat Singh Bhandari. The party was founded with the ideology of democratic system.

On 22 April 2020, the party merged with Samajbadi Party, Nepal to form Janata Samajbadi Party, Nepal.
Vasile Șirli
Vasile Șirli (born 25 September 1948) is a Romanian musical composer and producer. A pianist, Șirli specialises in easy listening, film, incidental and classical music. He studied at the National University of Music Bucharest, was an editor at Editura Muzicală and became director at Electrecord and at Disneyland Paris. Șirli is a Megleno-Romanian.

National University of Music Bucharest
The National University of Music Bucharest (Romanian: Universitatea Națională de Muzică București, UNMB) is a university-level school of music located in Bucharest, Romania. Established as a school of music in 1863 and reorganized as an academy in 1931, it has functioned as a public university since 2001. It also offered training in drama until 1950, when this function was taken over by two institutes which were later reunited as the Caragiale National University of Theatre and Film (UNATC).
Joel F. Lubar
Joel F. Lubar (November 16, 1938 – February 9, 2024) was an American psychologist and neuroscientist who worked on the development of biofeedback and its application in treating attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Lubar served as a professor at the University of Tennessee, where his scientific work encompassed the fields of neuroscience, applied psychophysiology, and quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG).

Psychophysiology
Psychophysiology (from Greek ψῡχή, psȳkhē, "breath, life, soul"; φύσις, physis, "nature, origin"; and -λογία, -logia) is the branch of psychology that is concerned with the physiological bases of psychological processes. While psychophysiology was a general, broad field of research in the 1960s and 1970s, it has now become quite specialized, based on methods, topic of studies, and scientific traditions. Methods vary as combinations of electrophysiological methods (such as EEG), neuroimaging (MRI, PET), and neurochemistry. Topics have branched into subspecializations such as social, sport, cognitive, cardiovascular, clinical, and other branches of psychophysiology.
Van Rensselaer Island
Van Rensselaer Island was an island in the Hudson River opposite the city of Albany, New York. The island was also known as de Laet's Island, Kalebacker's Island, Boston Island and B&A Island, the last two names in reference to the Boston and Albany Railroad. The island stretched from Mill Creek north to the Livingston Avenue Bridge. Van Rensselaer Island is now connected to the City of Rensselaer, and is no longer an island.

Van Rensselaer Island was also a name given to Westerlo Island in Albany, today the Port of Albany-Rensselaer.

Boston and Albany Railroad
The Boston and Albany Railroad (reporting mark B&A) was a railroad connecting Boston, Massachusetts to Albany, New York, later becoming part of the New York Central Railroad system, Conrail, and CSX Transportation. The mainline is currently used by CSX for freight as the Berkshire Subdivision and Boston Subdivision. Norfolk Southern also has trackage rights to operate freight trains over the line. Passenger service is provided on the line by Amtrak, as part of their Lake Shore Limited service, and by the MBTA Commuter Rail system, which owns the section east of Worcester and operates it as its Framingham/Worcester Line.
Quest Nutrition
Quest Nutrition is an American food company that specializes in protein bars, protein shakes, protein powder, and various other high-protein foods. It was founded by Tom Bilyeu, Mike Osborn, and Ron Penna in 2010. In 2019, it was acquired by The Simply Good Foods Company, the parent company of Atkins Nutritionals.

Atkins Nutritionals
Atkins Nutritionals, Inc. was founded by Robert Atkins in order to promote the low-carbohydrate packaged foods of the Atkins diet. As of 2017, it is part of The Simply Good Foods Company. The company sells low-carbohydrate bars, shakes, and snacks.
In the Deep Woods
In the Deep Woods is a 1992 American made-for-television crime thriller film starring Rosanna Arquette, Anthony Perkins, Will Patton and D.W. Moffett. It was directed by Charles Correll and premiered on NBC on October 26, 1992. The film marked the final film role of Perkins, who died a month before its release.

Rosanna Arquette
Rosanna Lisa Arquette (/roʊˈzɑːnə ɑːrˈkɛt/ roh-ZAH-nə ar-KET; born August 10, 1959) is an American actress. She was nominated for an Emmy Award for her performance in the television film The Executioner's Song (1982) and won the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role for the film Desperately Seeking Susan (1985). Her other notable film credits include Baby It's You (1983), After Hours (1985), The Big Blue (1988), Nowhere to Run (1993), Pulp Fiction (1994), Crash (1996), The Whole Nine Yards (2000), and Joe Dirt (2001 film). She also directed the documentary Searching for Debra Winger (2002).
1959 in spaceflight (January–June)
This article lists orbital and suborbital launches during the first half of the year 1959.

For all other spaceflight activities, see 1959 in spaceflight. For launches in the second half of 1959 see List of spaceflight launches in July–December 1959.

1959 in spaceflight
Luna 1 was the first spacecraft to leave the gravitational influence of Earth. Also in 1959, Luna 2 was the first spacecraft to reach the surface of another celestial body, impacting the Moon, and Luna 3 returned the first images of the far side of the Moon.
Tintina (rock)
Tintina is a rock on the surface of Aeolis Palus, between Peace Vallis and Aeolis Mons (Mount Sharp), in Gale crater on the planet Mars.  The approximate site coordinates are: 4°35′S 137°26′E﻿ / ﻿4.59°S 137.44°E﻿ / -4.59; 137.44.

The rock was encountered by the Curiosity rover on the way from Bradbury Landing to Glenelg Intrigue in January 2013. The rover ran over the rock and broke it. revealing white surface area in the rock. This was the brightest material yet seen by MastCam up to that time.

When the broken white area was analyzed with the rover's MastCam, strong signals of mineral hydration, as indicated by a ratio of near infrared reflectance intensities, were found.  According to mission scientists, the mineral hydration signals were consistent with hydrated calcium sulfate, and a watery past on Mars.

Aeolis Palus
Aeolis Palus is a plain between the northern wall of Gale crater and the northern foothills of Aeolis Mons (Mount Sharp) on Mars. It is located at 4°28′S 137°25′E﻿ / ﻿4.47°S 137.42°E﻿ / -4.47; 137.42.

The NASA Mars Science Laboratory mission landed the Curiosity rover on Aeolis Palus in August 2012. Curiosity spent two (Earth) years exploring the plain as it drove towards Aeolis Mons. The rover left the plain in September 2014 when it reached the mountain's foothills.
Pas-de-Calais's 13th constituency
The 13th constituency of the Pas-de-Calais was a former French legislative constituency which existed until 2012. It was one of 14 French legislative constituencies in the Pas-de-Calais department (62) located in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region.

Pas-de-Calais
The Pas-de-Calais (French: [pɑ d(ə) kalɛ] ⓘ, 'strait of Calais'; Picard: Pas-Calés; Dutch: Nauw van Calais) is a department in northern France named after the French designation of the Strait of Dover, which it borders. It has the most communes of all the departments of France, with 887, and is the 8th most populous. It had a population of 1,465,278 in 2019. The Calais Passage connects to the Port of Calais on the English Channel. The Pas-de-Calais borders the departments of Nord and Somme and is connected to the English county of Kent via the Channel Tunnel.
German submarine U-569
German submarine U-569 was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II.

She carried out nine patrols, sank one ship of 984 gross register tons (GRT) and damaged one other of 4,458 GRT.

She was a member of 15 wolfpacks.

She was attacked by US carrier-borne aircraft from  USS Bogue in mid-Atlantic on 22 May 1943 and surrendered, but was scuttled and abandoned when help arrived.

Wolfpack (naval tactic)
The wolfpack (Rudeltaktik) was a convoy attack tactic employed in the Second World War. It was used principally by the U-boats of the Kriegsmarine during the Battle of the Atlantic, and by the submarines of the United States Navy in the Pacific War. The idea of a co-ordinated submarine attack on convoys had been proposed during the First World War but had had no success. In the Atlantic during the Second World War, the Germans had considerable successes with their wolfpack attacks but were ultimately defeated by the Allies of World War II. In the Pacific, the American submarine force was able to devastate the Japanese merchant marine, though this was not solely due to the wolfpack tactic. Wolfpacks fell out of use during the Cold War as the role of the submarine changed.
Lucas Achtschellinck
Lucas Achtschellinck (baptized 16 January 1626 – buried 12 May 1699) was a Flemish landscape painter. He is counted among the landscape painters active in Brussels referred to as the School of Painters of the Sonian Forest who all shared an interest in depicting scenes set in the Sonian Forest, which is located near Brussels.

Jacques d'Arthois
Jacques d'Arthois (12 October 1613 (baptised) – May 1686) was a Flemish painter and tapestry designer who specialized in wooded landscapes with figures.  He often depicted the woods around his native Brussels. Jacques d'Arthois was an influential painter and one of the few 17th century landscape painters from Brussels whose fame was remembered in the following centuries as his style was imitated and followed by many other landscape artists.
Electronic flight instrument system
In aviation, an electronic flight instrument system (EFIS) is a flight instrument display system in an aircraft cockpit that displays flight data electronically rather than electromechanically. An EFIS normally consists of a primary flight display (PFD), multi-function display (MFD), and an engine indicating and crew alerting system (EICAS) display. Early EFIS models used cathode-ray tube (CRT) displays, but liquid crystal displays (LCD) are now more common. The complex electromechanical attitude director indicator (ADI) and horizontal situation indicator (HSI) were the first candidates for replacement by EFIS. Now, however, few flight deck instruments cannot be replaced by an electronic display.

Attitude indicator
The attitude indicator (AI), also known as the gyro horizon or artificial horizon, is a flight instrument that informs the pilot of the aircraft orientation relative to Earth's horizon, and gives an immediate indication of the smallest orientation change. The miniature aircraft and horizon bar mimic the relationship of the aircraft relative to the actual horizon. It is a primary instrument for flight in instrument meteorological conditions.

Attitude is always presented to users in the unit degrees (°). However, inner workings such as sensors, data and calculations may use a mix of degrees and radians, as scientists and engineers may prefer to work with radians.
Natural logarithm of 2
In mathematics, the natural logarithm of 2 is the unique real number argument such that the exponential function equals two. It appears frequently in various formulas and is also given by the alternating harmonic series. The decimal value of the natural logarithm of 2 (sequence A002162 in the OEIS) truncated at 30 decimal places is given by:

The logarithm of 2 in other bases is obtained with the formula

The common logarithm in particular is (OEIS: A007524)

The inverse of this number is the binary logarithm of 10:

(OEIS: A020862).

By the Lindemann–Weierstrass theorem, the natural logarithm of any natural number other than 0 and 1 (more generally, of any positive algebraic number other than 1) is a transcendental number. It is also contained in the ring of algebraic periods.

On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences
The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences (OEIS) is an online database of integer sequences. It was created and maintained by Neil Sloane while researching at AT&T Labs. He transferred the intellectual property and hosting of the OEIS to the OEIS Foundation in 2009, and is its chairman.

OEIS records information on integer sequences of interest to both professional and amateur mathematicians, and is widely cited. As of November 2025, it contains over 390,000 sequences, and is growing by approximately 30 entries per day.

Each entry contains the leading terms of the sequence, keywords, mathematical motivations, literature links, and more, including the option to generate a graph or play a musical representation of the sequence. The database is searchable by keyword, by subsequence, or by any of 16 fields. There is also an advanced search function called SuperSeeker which runs a large number of different algorithms to identify sequences related to the input.
Edmond Foljambe
Edmond Walter Savile Foljambe DL (19 September 1890 – 22 August 1960) was an English first-class cricketer and British Army officer. Foljambe played first-class cricket for Oxford University and the Free Foresters in 1912, before serving in the First World War with the Rifle Brigade.

Rifle Brigade (The Prince Consort's Own)
The Rifle Brigade (The Prince Consort's Own) was an infantry rifle regiment of the British Army formed in January 1800 as the "Experimental Corps of Riflemen" to provide sharpshooters, scouts, and skirmishers. They were soon renamed the "Rifle Corps". In January 1803, they became an established regular regiment and were titled the 95th Regiment of Foot (Rifles). In 1816, at the end of the Napoleonic Wars, they were again renamed, this time as the "Rifle Brigade".

The unit was distinguished by its use of green uniforms in place of the traditional red coat. It also differed in being armed with the Baker rifle in place of smooth-bore muskets. The Rifle Brigade performed distinguished service in both the First and Second World Wars. Post war, in 1958 the regiment formed part of the Green Jackets Brigade as 3rd Green Jackets and was amalgamated with the 1st Green Jackets (43rd and 52nd) and the 2nd Green Jackets (King's Royal Rifle Corps) to form the Royal Green Jackets on 1 January 1966.
Eshwara Khandre
Eshwar Bheemanna Khandre (born 15 January 1962) is an Indian politician from Karnataka. He is serving as a cabinet minister in the Government of Karnataka since May 2023. He is also serving as the Working President of the Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee, since 2018. He is a Member of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly from Bhalki constituency since 25 May 2008.

Karnataka Legislative Assembly
The Karnataka Legislative Assembly (formerly the Mysore Legislative Assembly) is the lower house of the bicameral legislature of the southern Indian state of Karnataka. Karnataka is one of the six states in India where the state legislature is bicameral, comprising two houses: the Vidhan Sabha (lower house) and the Vidhan Parishad (upper house).

There are 224 Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) and are directly elected  through adult franchise. Karnataka is thus divided into 224 constituencies to elect members to the Assembly, each constituency electing one member. The assembly is elected using the simple plurality or "first past the post" electoral system. The elections are conducted by the Election Commission of India.