hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Classification of sleep disorders
Classification of sleep disorders comprises systems for classifying medical disorders associated with sleep. Systems have changed, increasingly using technological discoveries to advance the understanding of sleep and recognition of sleep disorders.

Three systems of classification are in use worldwide: the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), and the International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD). The ICD and DSM lump different disorders together, while the ICSD tends to split related disorders into multiple discrete categories. There has, over the last 60 years, occurred a slow confluence of the three systems of classification. The validity and reliability of various sleep disorders are yet to be proved and need further research within the ever-changing field of sleep medicine.

Reliability (statistics)
In statistics and psychometrics, reliability is the overall consistency of a measure. A measure is said to have a high reliability if it produces similar results under consistent conditions:

It is the characteristic of a set of test scores that relates to the amount of random error from the measurement process that might be embedded in the scores. Scores that are highly reliable are precise, reproducible, and consistent from one testing occasion to another. That is, if the testing process were repeated with a group of test takers, essentially the same results would be obtained. Various kinds of reliability coefficients, with values ranging between 0.00 (much error) and 1.00 (no error), are usually used to indicate the amount of error in the scores.

For example, measurements of people's height and weight are often extremely reliable.
Itihasa-Purana
In Hinduism, Itihasa-Purana, also called the fifth Veda, refers to the traditional accounts of cosmogeny, myths, royal genealogies of the lunar dynasty and solar dynasty, and legendary past events, as narrated in the Itihasa (Mahabharata and the Ramayana) and the Puranas. They are highly influential in Indian culture, and many classical Indian poets derive the plots of their poetry and drama from the Itihasa. The Epic-Puranic chronology derived from the Itihasa-Purana is an influential frame of reference in traditional Indian thought.

Lunar dynasty
The Lunar dynasty (IAST: Candravaṃśa) is a lineage or dynasty which claims to be descended from Chandra or Soma (the Hindu lunar deity).

According to the Shatapatha Brahmana, Pururavas was the son of Budha (himself often described as the son of Soma) and the gender-switching deity Ila (born as the daughter of Manu). Pururavas's great-grandson was Yayati, who had five sons named Yadu, Turvasu, Druhyu, Anu, and Puru. These seem to be the names of five Vedic tribes as described in the Vedas.

According to the Mahabharata, Lunar dynasty's progenitor Ila ruled from Prayaga, and had a son Shashabindu who ruled in the country of Bahli. The son of Ila and Budha was Pururavas, who became the first Chandravamsha, emperor of all of the earth. Ila's descendants were also known as the Ailas.
Bukit Batok Town Park
Bukit Batok Town Park is a nature park located in the precinct of Guilin in the town of Bukit Batok, Singapore. The park was created from a disused granite quarry. As such, it has a resemblance to the granite rock formations in Guilin, China. Hence it is also known as Little Guilin or Xiao Guilin (Chinese: 小桂林) among the Chinese.

Guilin
Guilin (Standard Zhuang: Gveilinz), formerly romanized as Kweilin, is a prefecture-level city in the northeast of China's Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. It is situated on the west bank of the Li River and borders Hunan to the north. Its name means "forest of sweet osmanthus", owing to the large number of fragrant sweet osmanthus trees located in the region. The city has long been renowned for its scenery of karst topography.

Guilin is one of China's most popular tourist destinations, and the epithet "By water, by mountains, most lovely, Guilin" (山水甲天下) is often associated with the city. The State Council of China has designated Guilin a National Famous Historical and Cultural City, doing so in the first edition of the list.
Charles W. Famous
Charles W. Famous (March 16, 1875 – October 17, 1938) was an American politician and physician from Maryland. He served as a member of the Maryland House of Delegates, representing Harford County in 1912.

Harford County, Maryland
Harford County is a county located in the U.S. state of Maryland. As of the 2020 census, the population was 260,924. Its county seat is Bel Air. Harford County is part of the Baltimore metropolitan area and the Washington–Baltimore combined statistical area. The county is part of the Central Maryland region of the state.
Something New (Axwell & Ingrosso song)
"Something New" is a song by Swedish dance music duo Axwell & Ingrosso. The song was released on 27 November 2014 (9 December worldwide) via digital download as the first single from their debut studio album More Than You Know, through Def Jam Recordings. In the US, "Something New" went to number one on the US Dance chart.

Def Jam Recordings
Def Jam Recordings (also simply known as Def Jam) is an American multinational record label owned by Universal Music Group. It is based in Manhattan, New York City, specializing predominantly in hip-hop, contemporary R&B, soul and pop.

The label has a London-based, UK arm known as 0207 Def Jam (formerly Def Jam UK in the 1990s until the mid-2000s) and is currently operated through EMI Records. It has a Johannesburg, South Africa and Lagos, Nigeria-based arm known as Def Jam Africa.
Where the Trail Divides
Where the Trail Divides is a 1914 American  silent Western film directed by James Neill and written by William Otis Lillibridge. The film stars Robert Edeson, Theodore Roberts, J. W. Johnston, Winifred Kingston, James Neill and Constance Adams. The film was released on October 12, 1914, by Paramount Pictures.

Winifred Kingston
Winifred Kingston (11 November 1894 – 3 February 1967) was a British-born American silent film actress.

Kingston was educated in Scotland and Belgium. She acted on stage in England before she began acting in the United States.

On Broadway, Kingston portrayed Crobyle in Thais (1911), Juliette Corton in The Matrimonial Bed (1927), and Helen Farquhar in Caste (1927).

She married actor Dustin Farnum on August 24, 1924, in Los Angeles, and they had a daughter, Estelle. Kingston appeared with her husband often onscreen most notably in The Squaw Man and The Virginian. After Farnum's death in 1929, she married oil executive Carman R. Runyon.

On February 3, 1967, Kingston died at her home in La Jolla.
R. Cengiz Ertekin
R. Cengiz Ertekin  is a professor of Marine Hydrodynamics and Ocean Engineering. He currently holds a guest professor position at Harbin Engineering University of China. He is best known for his contributions to the development of nonlinear water wave theories, hydroelasticity of very large floating structures (VLFS), wave energy, and tsunami and storm impact on coastal bridges. He is also the co-developer, along with Professor H. Ronald Riggs of the University of Hawaiʻi, of the computer program HYDRAN for solving linear fluid-structure interaction problems of floating and fixed bodies.

Harbin Engineering University
Harbin Engineering University (HRBEU; 哈尔滨工程大学) is a public science and engineering university in Harbin, Heilongjiang, China. It is affiliated with the Ministry of Education, and co-funded by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Ministry of Education, the Heilongjiang Provincial People's Government, the Harbin Municipal People's Government, and the People's Liberation Army Navy. The university is part of the Double First-Class Construction and Project 211.

The university was established in 1970 based on the Department of Naval Engineering of the then Chinese People's Liberation Army Military Engineering College. It received the national accreditation to confer master's degrees and doctorates in 1981. The university now offers more than 150 degree programs, among them 48 are conducted in English.
Srb
Srb (Serbian Cyrillic: Срб) is a village located in the southeastern part of Lika, in Croatia, till 2011 administratively divided into Donji Srb (population 255, census 2001) and Gornji Srb (population 79, census 2001). Srb lies in the Una River valley, on the road from Donji Lapac to Knin, and is east of Gračac. It is currently part of the Gračac municipality and the Zadar County.

Gračac
Gračac (pronounced [grǎtʃats]; listenⓘ) is a municipality in the southern part of Lika, Croatia. The municipality is administratively part of Zadar County.

Gračac is located south of Udbina, northeast of Obrovac, northwest of Knin and southeast of Gospić.
Limnotrochus
Limnotrochus is a monotypic genus in the family Paludomidae containing the single species Limnotrochus thomsoni, a tropical freshwater snail with gills and an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusk. It is endemic to Lake Tanganyika.

The specific name thomsoni is in honor of Scottish explorer Joseph Thomson.

Lake Tanganyika
Lake Tanganyika (/ˌtæŋɡənˈjiːkə, -ɡæn-/ TANG-gən-YEE-kə, -⁠gan-; Kirundi: Ikiyaga ca Tanganyika) is an African Great Lake. It is the world's second-largest freshwater lake by volume and the second deepest, in both cases after Lake Baikal in Siberia. It is the world's longest freshwater lake. It is also the 6th largest lake by area. The lake is shared among four countries—Tanzania, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (the DRC), Burundi, and Zambia—with Tanzania (46%) and the DRC (40%) possessing the majority of the lake. It drains via the Lukuga River into the Congo River system, which ultimately discharges at Banana, Democratic Republic of the Congo into the Atlantic Ocean.
Bhavanisagar
Bhavanisagar is a panchayat town in Sathyamangalam taluk of Erode district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is located in the north-western part of the state. Spread across an area of 5.83 km2 (2.25 sq mi), it had a population of 7,710 individuals as per the 2011 census.

Sathyamangalam taluk
Sathyamangalam taluk is a taluk of Erode district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The headquarters of the taluk is the town of Sathyamangalam. Recently, this taluk has been bifurcated to form the new Thalavadi taluk in 2016, for the betterment of tribal people living in Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve
 It comes under Gobichettipalayam Revenue Division.
Jay Desai
Jaykumar Dineshchandra Desai (born 30 January 1987) is an Indian cricketer who plays for Gujarat in the Ranji Trophy and the Vijay Hazare Trophy. He also additionally plays for the Lone Star Athletics in Minor League Cricket.

Gujarat cricket team
The Gujarat cricket team is one of the three first-class cricket teams based in the Indian state of Gujarat (the other two being the Baroda cricket team and the Saurashtra cricket team).

Led by Parthiv Patel, Gujarat won their maiden Ranji Trophy title in the 2016–17 season, beating Mumbai in the final at Indore. In that match they made the highest successful run-chase in the final of the Ranji Trophy.

It is in the Elite Group of the Ranji Trophy although it has had very little success. There have, however, been many cricketers that have passed through its ranks and gone on to play for the Indian cricket team. It falls under the West Zone in the Duleep Trophy.
Them (TV series)
Them is an American horror series, created by Little Marvin and executive produced by Lena Waithe. The series stars an ensemble cast, which consists of Deborah Ayorinde, Ashley Thomas, Alison Pill, and Ryan Kwanten in the first season, and Pam Grier, Luke James, Joshua J. Williams and Jeremy Bobb in the second season, with Ayorinde returning in a new lead role.

The first season,  entitled Them: Covenant, premiered on Amazon Prime Video on April 9, 2021, and the second season, Them: The Scare, premiered on April 25, 2024. The first season polarized critics and audience. Criticism was generally for the handling of the series' subject matter, which some called  "exploitative" and "unnecessarily graphic", while Ayorinde and Thomas received praise for their performances.

Jeremy Bobb
Jeremy Bobb (born May 13, 1981) is an American actor who has appeared on stage, television and in feature films. He had a recurring role in CBS's 2013 drama Hostages as White House Chief of Staff Quintin Creasy and co-starred as Herman Barrow in the Cinemax TV series The Knick. In 2014, he played Stevie in the crime-drama film The Drop. In 2017 he played morally flexible frontier newspaperman A.T. Grigg in the Godless miniseries on Netflix. In 2019, Bobb appeared in the Netflix series Russian Doll. In 2023, he appeared as Detective Mayhew in the Peacock mini series The Continental.

He attended Otterbein University and received a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in 2003.
Calibre (film)
Calibre is a 2018 British psychological thriller film written and directed by Matt Palmer. After a debut at the Edinburgh International Film Festival, it was released on 29 June 2018 on Netflix. It also had a limited release in select Curzon Cinemas in the UK from 21 October to 16 November 2018. The film stars Jack Lowden and Martin McCann, two hunters who are embroiled in a traumatising incident while on a hunting trip in the Scottish highlands and must escape the local village without arousing suspicion. The film received critical acclaim.

Edinburgh International Film Festival
The Edinburgh International Film Festival (EIFF), established in 1947, is the world's oldest continually running film festival.

EIFF presents both UK and international films (all titles are World, international, European or UK Premieres), in all genres and lengths. It also presents themed retrospectives and other specialized programming strands.
Flint Cross
52°04′01″N 0°03′14″E﻿ / ﻿52.067°N 0.054°E﻿ / 52.067; 0.054

Flint Cross is a hamlet and crossroads in South Cambridgeshire, in the English county of Cambridgeshire. It is in the south of the district, where the east–west A505 road meets the B1368 road, which leads north to Fowlmere and south to Barley, Hertfordshire. In both main definitions of parish, in England, it is in Melbourn.

Fowlmere
Fowlmere is one of the southernmost villages in Cambridgeshire, England. The population of the civil parish at the 2011 Census was 1,206. It is very close to the Imperial War Museum Duxford, and 9 miles (14 km) southwest of the city of Cambridge.
Japanese destroyer Numakaze
Numakaze (沼風, Marsh Wind) was third and final vessel in the Nokaze sub-class, an improvement to the Minekaze-class 1st class destroyers, built for the Imperial Japanese Navy immediately following World War I. Advanced for their time, these ships served as first-line destroyers through the 1930s, but were considered obsolescent by the start of the Pacific War.

Minekaze-class destroyer
The Minekaze class (峯風型駆逐艦, Minekazegata kuchikukan) was a class of fifteen 1st-class destroyers built for the Imperial Japanese Navy. Obsolete by the beginning of the Pacific War, the Minekaze-class ships were then relegated to mostly secondary roles, serving throughout the war as patrol vessels, high speed transports, target control vessels, and as kaiten (suicide torpedo) carriers. Most ultimately were lost to U.S. and British submarines. The basic design of the Minekaze was used for the next three classes of Japanese destroyers, a total of 36 ships.
Responses to the Venezuelan presidential crisis
During the Venezuelan presidential crisis concerning the legitimate President of Venezuela, reactions and responses to the crisis were greatly divided.

On 10 January 2019, Venezuela's opposition-majority National Assembly declared that incumbent Nicolás Maduro's 2018 reelection was invalid, and its president, Juan Guaidó, said that he was prepared to assume the acting presidency. On 23 January 2019, Guaidó and the National Assembly declared he was acting president, who took the presidential oath. By vote of the opposition coalition that had previously supported Guaidó's claim, the Guaidó interim government dissolved on 5 January 2023.

Some countries and organizations recognized Guaidó as acting president, while others recognized Maduro; some expressed neutrality, and some supported the National Assembly without endorsing Guaidó.

Lima Group
The Lima Group (GL; Spanish and Portuguese: Grupo de Lima, French: Groupe de Lima) is a multilateral body that was established following the Lima Declaration on 8 August 2017 in the Peruvian capital of Lima, where representatives of 12 countries met in order to establish a peaceful exit to the ongoing crisis in Venezuela.

Among other issues, the group demands the release of political prisoners, the end of human rights violations, calls for free elections, offers humanitarian aid and criticizes the breakdown of democratic order in Venezuela under Nicolás Maduro.

Since its founding, multiple  member states have left the organization.
Charles L. Weltner
Charles Longstreet Weltner (December 17, 1927 – August 31, 1992) was an American jurist and politician from the U.S. state of Georgia. From 1963 to 1967, he served two terms in the U.S. House of Representatives.

Fletcher Thompson
Standish Fletcher Thompson (February 5, 1925 – September 13, 2022) was an American lawyer, World War II veteran and Republican politician who served as a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1967 to 1973 from the 5th congressional district of Georgia.
Debosyon
Debosyon (transl. Devotion) is a 2013 Filipino film written and directed by Alvin Yapan, starring Mara Lopez and Paulo Avelino. The film was an official entry to the 9th Cinemalaya Independent Film Festival, where it was in competition in the New Breed category but lost to Hannah Espia's Transit.  It was later featured at the ReelWorld Film Festival in Toronto, where it won Honorable Mention for Outstanding International Feature.

Paulo Avelino
Michael Paulo Lingbanan Avelino (born May 13, 1988) is a Filipino actor, singer, model, and film producer. He has starred in multiple hit television series such as Walang Hanggan (2012), Bridges of Love (2015), The General's Daughter (2019) and Linlang (2023-2024). In films, one of his best known works is his portrayal of Gregorio del Pilar in the Philippine war epic Heneral Luna (2015), which he reprised in a title role for its sequel, Goyo: Ang Batang Heneral (2018). Avelino's other prominent films include Pagpag: Siyam na Buhay.
O'Malley of the Mounted (1921 film)
O'Malley of the Mounted is a 1921 American silent Western film directed by Lambert Hillyer and written by Hillyer and William S. Hart. The film stars William S. Hart, Eva Novak, Leo Willis, Alfred Allen, Bert Sprotte, and Antrim Short. The film was released on February 6, 1921, by Paramount Pictures.

Antrim Short
Mark Antrim Short (July 11, 1900 – November 24, 1972) was an American stage and film actor, casting director and talent agent. As a juvenile he enjoyed some success on the Broadway stage, notably appearing as a boy with Mrs. Fiske and Holbrook Blinn in Salvation Nell by Edward Sheldon in 1908. While in his teens he appeared in silent films playing the kind of roles that were made popular by Jack Pickford.

Short was born to two actors, Lew and Estella Short, and his sister was silent actresses Gertrude Short. They were cousins of Blanche Sweet. Short was married to Frances Morris, who is best remembered by TV fans as George Reeves's Earth mother Sarah Kent in The Adventures of Superman.

Short died in Los Angeles November 24, 1972.
ORP Gardno
ORP Gardno (631) is a Polish coastal minesweeper with a displacement of 191 tons, built during the Cold War as the first serial unit of the Gardno-class. Launched on 23 June 1983 at the Polish Navy Shipyard in Gdynia, the vessel was commissioned into the Polish Navy on 31 March 1984. Extensively used and bearing the hull number 631, ORP Gardno initially served with the 13th Minesweeper Squadron of the 9th Coastal Defence Flotilla in Hel, before being reassigned to the 12th Minesweeper Squadron of the 8th Coastal Defence Flotilla in Świnoujście. Over its long service, the ship has participated in numerous NATO and Polish Armed Forces counter-mine exercises and manoeuvres. As of 2018, ORP Gardno remains in active service with the Polish Navy.

Hel, Poland
Hel (Kashubian: Hél; German: Hela) is a seaside resort city in Puck County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, located on the tip of the Hel Peninsula, some 33 kilometres (21 miles) from the Polish mainland.
Mąstautai
Mąstautai (formerly Russian: Мостовты, Polish: Mostowty) is a village in Kėdainiai district municipality, in Kaunas County, in central Lithuania. According to the 2011 census, the village had a population of 9 people. It is located 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) from Pajieslys village, in the Pajieslys Geomorphological Sanctuary.

Pajieslys
Pajieslys (formerly Russian: Поесли, Polish: Pojeśle) is a village in Kėdainiai district municipality, in Kaunas County, in central Lithuania. According to the 2011 census, the village had a population of 254 people. It is located 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) from Krakės, by the Jiesla rivulet, nearby its confluence with the Šušvė. There is a wooden Catholic church of St. Mary (built in 1913), a library, and a school. The Pajieslys Geomorphological Sanctuary is located nearby. Pajieslys hosts an ISKCON community.
Ted Lindsay
Robert Blake Theodore Lindsay (July 29, 1925 – March 4, 2019) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player who played as a forward for the Detroit Red Wings and Chicago Black Hawks of the National Hockey League (NHL). Lindsay scored over 800 points in his Hockey Hall of Fame career, won the Art Ross Trophy in 1950, and won the Stanley Cup four times. Often referred to as "Terrible Ted", Lindsay helped to organize the first attempt at a Players' Association in the late 1950s, an action which led to his trade to Chicago. In 2017, Lindsay was named one of the 100 Greatest NHL Players in history. Lindsay played a pivotal role in improving the lives of NHL players. After his retirement, he worked a variety of jobs, serving as a sports broadcaster on NBC before becoming general manager of the Red Wings. He also served as head coach for the Hillsdale College Chargers from 1976 to 1977 and also coached the Red Wings for a time.

1949–50 NHL season
The 1949–50 NHL season was the 33rd season of the National Hockey League. Six teams played 70 games each. The Detroit Red Wings defeated the New York Rangers in seven games for the Stanley Cup. It was the Red Wings' fourth championship.
2016–17 Ranji Trophy Group B
The 2016–17 Ranji Trophy is the 83rd season of the Ranji Trophy, the first-class cricket tournament in India. It is being contested by 28 teams divided into three groups. Groups A and B comprise nine teams and Group C comprises ten teams. The round 1 fixture between Rajasthan and Saurashtra was moved from Chennai to Vizianagaram because of the senior women's one-day league. The round 2 fixture between Jharkhand and Karnataka was moved from Tamil Nadu to Greater Noida because of the Kaveri River water dispute.

Karnataka, Jharkhand and Odisha all qualified for the knockout stage of the tournament, with Odisha qualifying for the knockout stage for the first time since the 2000–01 tournament. Jharkhand finished top of the table after winning their final match by an innings and 93 runs.

Karnataka cricket team
Karnataka cricket team represents the Indian state of Karnataka in domestic cricket competitions. It has traditionally been one of the strongest teams in the domestic circuit and has produced many of Indian cricket team's iconic players. It was known as Mysore cricket team before the state of Mysore was officially renamed as Karnataka in 1973. It has won the Ranji Trophy eight times and been runners-up six times (including twice as the Mysore team). The team's home ground is the M. Chinnaswamy Stadium in Bengaluru. There was a major push in cricketing infrastructure in 2010s and as of now, grounds in Bengaluru, Mysuru, Hubballi are constantly used in Ranji Trophy, Vijay Hazare Trophy & Karnataka Premier League