hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Observed information
In statistics, the observed information, or observed Fisher information, is the negative of the second derivative (the Hessian matrix) of the "log-likelihood" (the logarithm of the likelihood function). It is a sample-based version of the Fisher information.

Likelihood function
A likelihood function (often simply called the likelihood) measures how well a statistical model explains observed data by calculating the probability of seeing that data under different parameter values of the model. It is constructed from the joint probability distribution of the random variable that (presumably) generated the observations. When evaluated on the actual data points, it becomes a function solely of the model parameters.

In maximum likelihood estimation, the model parameter(s) or argument that maximizes the likelihood function serves as a point estimate for the unknown parameter, while the Fisher information (often approximated by the likelihood's Hessian matrix at the maximum) gives an indication of the estimate's precision.

In contrast, in Bayesian statistics, the estimate of interest is the converse of the likelihood, the so-called posterior probability of the parameter given the observed data, which is calculated via Bayes' rule.
Rathmell Academy
Rathmell Academy was a Dissenting academy set up at Rathmell, North Yorkshire, and was the oldest non-conformist seat of learning in the north of England. The academy was established in 1670 by Richard Frankland M.A. (Christ's College, Cambridge), and which was carried on, in spite of much persecution and many changes of venue, for nearly 30 years.

Rathmell
Rathmell is a village and civil parish in the county of North Yorkshire, England. The population of the civil parish in the 2011 census was 305. It is close to the River Ribble and about three miles south of Settle. Other towns and villages nearby include Wigglesworth, Tosside, Giggleswick and Long Preston.

Until 1974 it was part of the West Riding of Yorkshire. From 1974 to 2023 it was part of the district of Craven, it is now administered by the unitary North Yorkshire Council.
Yaw bearing
The yaw bearing is the most crucial and cost intensive component of a yaw system found on modern horizontal axis wind turbines. The yaw bearing must cope with enormous static and dynamic loads and moments during the wind turbine operation, and provide smooth rotation characteristics for the orientation of the nacelle under all weather conditions. It has also to be corrosion and wear resistant and extremely long lasting. It should last for the service life of the wind turbine) while being cost effective.

Torque
In physics and mechanics, torque is the rotational correspondent of linear force. It is also referred to as the moment of force, or simply the moment. Just as a linear force is a push or a pull applied to a body, a torque can be thought of as a twist applied to an object with respect to a chosen axis. For example, driving a screw uses torque to force it into an object. The torque is applied by the screwdriver, rotating around its axis, to the drive on the head of the screw.

Torque is generally referred to using different vocabulary depending on geographical location and field of study, with torque generally being associated with physics and moment being associated with engineering. This article follows the definition used in US physics in its usage of the word torque.

Torque is typically represented mathematically using  the lowercase Greek letter tau (). When being referred to as moment of force, it is commonly denoted by M.
NSTG Aussig
NSTG Aussig was an ethnically-German football club from what was known as the town of Aussig, Sudetenland and is today Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic. The team played in the regional top-flight Gauliga Sudetenland through most of World War II.

Ústí nad Labem
Ústí nad Labem (Czech pronunciation: [ˈuːsciː nad ˈlabɛm] ⓘ; German: Aussig) is a city in the Czech Republic. It has about 91,000 inhabitants and is the capital of the Ústí nad Labem Region. It is a major industrial centre and, besides being an active river port, is an important railway junction.
Wildflower season 2
The second season of Wildflower, a Philippine revenge drama television series on ABS-CBN, premiered on May 29, 2017 on ABS-CBN's Primetime Bida evening block and worldwide on The Filipino Channel and concluded on August 11, 2017, with a total of 54 episodes. The series stars the Dance Princess Maja Salvador, as Lily Cruz and Ivy Aguas, together with an ensemble cast consisting of Tirso Cruz III, Aiko Melendez, Sunshine Cruz, Wendell Ramos, Vin Abrenica, RK Bagatsing, and Joseph Marco.

Joseph Marco
Joseph Cecil Marco (born October 4, 1988) is a Filipino actor and model who played the role of Santi Domingo in the GMA Network Philippine drama series La Vendetta and who is currently a Star Magic artist in the ABS-CBN, who appeared in Sabel, Honesto, Pasión de Amor and played Diego Torillo in Wildflower. Before this, he used to appear on several commercials like E-Aji Dip Snax, Downy and Head & Shoulders. On September 15, 2007, he was launched as part of the 15 new discoveries of GMA Artist Center, and was one of the first few who was quickly given a project via La Vendetta.
Baaj Adebule
Baaj Adebulelistenⓘ (born 25 October 1988) is a Nigerian actor, model, and filmmaker from Ogun State in Southwestern Nigeria.

He has appeared in Nollywood films since 2012. He began his career on M-Net's soap opera Tinsel and appeared in movies and TV series such as Hush, The Men's Club, Payday, Zena, Uncloaked, The Governor, The Missing, A Soldier's Story 1 & 2, Omo Wa, Beast Within, and The Moles.

Tinsel (TV series)
Tinsel is a Nigerian soap opera that began airing in August 2008. On 23 May 2013, the show's 1000th episode aired. It has been called "the most successful television drama on Nigerian television in recent times". On 23 April 2015, the show aired its 1500th episode.On 23 March 2017, the show aired the 2000th episode of the series.On 21 February 2019, the show aired its 2500th episode.On 21 Jan 2021, the show's 3000th episode aired. On 21 December 2022, the show aired a special 3500th documentary. On 21 November 2024 the show hit 4000 episodes.
Herb Zarrow
Herbert Gershen Zarrow (November 4, 1925 – May 11, 2008) was an American magician influential in the profession for his inventions of unique sleight of hand and card tricks. The inventor of the Zarrow shuffle, his skills were held in the highest regard in professional magicians' circles.

Sleight of hand
Sleight of hand (also known as prestidigitation or legerdemain (listenⓘ) comprises fine motor skills used by performing artists in different art forms to entertain or manipulate. It is closely associated with close-up magic, card magic, card flourishing and stealing. Because of its heavy use and practice by magicians, sleight of hand is often confused as a branch of magic; however, it is a separate genre of entertainment and many artists practice sleight of hand as an independent skill. Sleight of hand pioneers with worldwide acclaim include Dan and Dave, Ricky Jay, Derek DelGaudio, David Copperfield, Yann Frisch, Norbert Ferré, Dai Vernon, Jerry Sadowitz, Cardini, Tony Slydini, Helder Guimarães, Tom Mullica, and Jason Ladanye.
Mike Glyer
Mike Glyer (born February 16, 1953) is both the editor and publisher of the long-running science fiction fan newszine File 770. He has won the Hugo Award 12 times in two categories: File 770 won the Best Fanzine Hugo in 1984, 1985, 1989, 2000, 2001, 2008, 2016 and 2018. Glyer won the Best Fan Writer Hugo in 1984, 1986, 1988, and 2016. The 1982 World Science Fiction Convention (Worldcon) committee presented Glyer a special award in 1982 for "Keeping the Fan in Fanzine Publishing."

Worldcon
The World Science Fiction Convention, branded as Worldcon, is a science fiction convention and the annual convention of the World Science Fiction Society (WSFS). It has been held each year since 1939 (except for the years 1942 to 1945, during World War II). The members of each Worldcon are the members of WSFS, and vote both to select the site of the Worldcon two years later, and to select the winners of the annual Hugo Awards, which are presented at each convention.
Merlo Partido
Merlo is a partido of Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. It is located in Greater Buenos Aires, Argentina, west of the city of Buenos Aires. Its capital is the city of Merlo.

The region of the present-day partido was colonized shortly after the second, and permanent founding of Buenos Aires (1580). In 1730 an interim parish was founded near the estancia (landholding) of Francisco de Merlo. In 1755 Merlo founded the town of Villa San Antonio del Camino, which was renamed later in his honour. For many years, the development of Merlo lagged behind the growth of nearby Morón. In 1865 the region was officially declared a partido.

Reconquista River
The Reconquista River (Spanish, Río Reconquista) is a small river in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Together with the Riachuelo, it is one of the most contaminated watercourses in the country.

The Reconquista is part of the Río de la Plata basin. It originates in Marcos Paz, Buenos Aires Province, and flows across 18 municipalities, emptying into the Luján River. Its drainage basin has an area of 1,670 square kilometres (640 sq mi) and is populated by around 4 million people.

The river carries about 33 percent of the total pollution drained by the  estuary of the Río de la Plata, taking into account both industrial and domestic waste. There are about 12,000 industries in its basin, 700 of which dump their waste into the watercourse without controls.

Studies have found nitrites, nitrates, ester-phenols, PCB, and heavy metals. These pollutants can cause hepatitis, skin reactions, gastrointestinal problems and eye infections.
Marcia Gallo
Marcia M. Gallo (born c. 1951) is an American historian and author. She is professor emerita at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. Her 2016 non-fiction book, No One Helped, won the Judy Grahn Award for Lesbian Nonfiction and Lambda Literary Award for LGBT Nonfiction.

Lambda Literary Award for Nonfiction
The Lambda Literary Award for Nonfiction is an annual literary award, presented by the Lambda Literary Foundation, that awards LGBT-themed nonfiction books whose intended audience is "general readers, as opposed to those targeted primarily to scholarly audiences." Anthologies and memoirs are not included as they have their own categories (i.e., Anthology, Gay Memoir, Lesbian Memoir, Bisexual Literature, and Transgender Literature).
Bill Large
William Large (2 July 1937 – 15 March 2006) was an English professional golfer. He was born in Liverpool, where his father, Bill Large, Sr., was professional at the Allerton Municipal course. His father had won the Northern Professional Championship in 1928.

Large's first important win was in the Honda Foursomes Tournament in 1966 where he and his partner, Jimmy Hitchcock, beat the experienced pair of Peter Alliss and Christy O'Connor Snr in the final. He was joint winner of two individual tournaments, the 1966 Martini International and the 1968 Alcan International.

Honda Foursomes Tournament
The Honda Foursomes Tournament was a professional golf tournament played at Mere Golf Club in Mere, Cheshire, England. The event was held just once, from 28 September to 2 October 1965, and had total prize money of £10,000. The event was sponsored by Honda.

Over 100 pairs played in the event. All matches were over 18 holes with extra holes played in the event of a tie. The first round on 28 September reduced the field to 64 pairs. The second round was played on 29 September, the third round on 30 September, the fourth round and quarter-finals on 1 October with the semi-final and final on 2 October.  There was also a match for third and fourth places.
Sue McAllister
Sue McAllister CB is a British ombudsman and former prison officer and governor. McAllister was the Director General of the Northern Ireland Prison Service between 2012 and 2016; and was the first woman to hold the post. Prior to this, she was Governor of HM Prison Gartree and HM Prison Onley. McAllister served as the Prisons and Probation Ombudsman for England and Wales between 2018 and 2023; and as the Chief Inspector of Probation between 2023 and 2024.

HM Prison Onley
HM Prison Onley is a Category C men's prison, operated by His Majesty's Prison Service. The prison is named after the lost village of Onley, which is located next to the prison.

Onley Prison is in the county of Northamptonshire close to its border with Warwickshire in England. The prison is in the parish of Barby in Northamptonshire. However the postal address of the prison is Willoughby, Warwickshire, therefore most sources list the prison as in Willoughby, Warwickshire. It is next to HMP Rye Hill and Rainsbrook Secure Training Centre south of Rugby.
Broadmeadow Locomotive Depot
Broadmeadow Locomotive Depot (NSW depot number 2) was a large locomotive depot consisting of two roundhouse buildings and associated facilities constructed by the New South Wales Government Railways adjacent to the marshalling yard on the Main Northern line at Broadmeadow. Construction of the locomotive depot at Broadmeadow commenced in 1923 to replace the existing crowded loco sheds at Woodville Junction at Hamilton, with the depot opening in March 1924. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

Railway roundhouse
A railway roundhouse is a building with a circular or semicircular shape used by railways for servicing and storing locomotives. Traditionally, though not always the case today, these buildings contained or were adjacent to a turntable.
Kanal (unit)
A kanal is a unit of area used in northern parts of South Asia. It is primarily used in northern India and Pakistan.

Under British rule, the marla and kanal were standardized so that one Kanal equals 20 marlas or 605 square yards or 1⁄8 Acre.

Katha (unit)
Katha or Biswa (also spelled kattha or cottah; Hindi: कट्ठा, Assamese: কঠা, Bengali: কাঠা) is a unit of area mostly used for land measurement in India, Nepal, and Bangladesh. After metrication in the mid-20th century by these countries, the unit became officially obsolete. But this unit is still in use in much of Bangladesh, Northern India, Eastern India and Nepal. The measurement of katha varies significantly from place to place.

In Purvanchal, 1 Katha = 1,361.25 square feet (126.464 m2) or 151.25 square yard. One Bigha is made up of 5 to 20 Katha. Katha is divided into 20 Dhur and Dhur is subdivided into 20 Dhurki.
Michelle Yeoh (socialite)
Michelle Yeoh is a Malaysian heiress, socialite, model and fashion influencer. She and her twin sister were the first Malaysians to debut at Queen Charlotte's Ball. She rose to prominence walking for Dolce & Gabbana at Milan Fashion Week. She served on the advisory committee for the British Fashion Council.

Milan Fashion Week
Milan Fashion Week (Italian: Settimana della moda di Milano) is a clothing trade show held semi-annually in Milan, Italy. Upcoming autumn/winter fashions are showcased in February/March of each year, and upcoming spring/summer fashions are showcased in September/October of each year. Many designers showcase new designs and upcoming collections. Milan Fashion Week is one of the "Big Four" global fashion weeks alongside New York, Paris, and London.
Ulmus 'Jacqueline Hillier'
The 'dwarf' elm cultivar Ulmus 'Jacqueline Hillier'  ('JH') is an elm of uncertain origin. It was cloned from a specimen found in a private garden in Selly Park, Birmingham, England, in 1966. The garden's owner told Hillier that it might have been introduced from outside the country by a relative. Hillier at first conjectured U. minor, as did Heybroek (2009). Identical-looking elm cultivars in Russia (if they are not imported 'JH') are labelled forms of Siberian Elm, Ulmus pumila, which is known to produce 'JH'-type long shoots. Melville considered 'JH' a hybrid cultivar from the 'Elegantissima' group of Ulmus × hollandica. Uncertainty about its parentage has led most nurserymen to list the tree simply as Ulmus 'Jacqueline Hillier'. 'JH' is not known to produce flowers and samarae, or (when grown from cuttings) root suckers.

Not to be confused with Ulmus × hollandica 'Hillieri', an older miniature elm from the same nursery.

Ulmus pumila
Ulmus pumila, the Siberian elm, is a tree native to Asia. It is also known as the Asiatic elm and dwarf elm, but sometimes mistakenly called the "Chinese" elm (Ulmus parvifolia). U. pumila has been widely cultivated throughout Asia, North America, Argentina, and southern Europe, becoming naturalized in many places, notably across much of the United States.
Naushah Ganj Bakhsh
Haji Muhammad Naushāh Ganj Bakhsh (21 August 1552 – 18 May 1654) was a Punjabi Muslim Sufi saint and scholar from Gujrat in Punjab. He was the founder of the Naushahiah branch of the Qadiriyya Sufi order, and his successors came to be known as Naushāhiyyas.

Gujrat District
Gujrat (Punjabi, Urdu: ضلع گجرات) is a district of Gujrat Division in the Pakistani province of Punjab. The Gujrat District was created by the British Government in 1846. According to the 2023 Pakistani census, the population of the Gujrat District is 3,219,375.
Atlanta History Center
The Atlanta History Center is a history museum and research center located in the Buckhead district of Atlanta, Georgia. The Museum was founded in 1926, and has a large campus featuring historic gardens and houses, including Swan House, Smith Farm, and Wood Family Cabin. Atlanta History Center's Midtown Campus includes the Margaret Mitchell House & Museum. Atlanta History Center holds one of the largest collections of Civil War artifacts in the United States.

Margaret Mitchell House and Museum
The Margaret Mitchell House is a historic house museum located in Atlanta, Georgia. The structure was the home of author Margaret Mitchell in the early 20th century. It is located in Midtown, at 979 Crescent Avenue. Constructed by Cornelius J. Sheehan as a single-family residence in a then-fashionable section of residential Peachtree Street, the building's original address was 806 Peachtree Street. The house was known as the Crescent Apartments when Mitchell and her husband lived in Apt. 1 on the ground floor from 1925 to 1932. While living there, Mitchell wrote the bulk of her Pulitzer Prize-winning 1936 novel, Gone with the Wind.

The house is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is also designated as a historic building by the City of Atlanta.

This house serves as the heart of Atlanta History Center's Midtown Campus and it houses permanent exhibitions that focus on various topics surrounding the building's history.
Thomas L. James
Thomas L. James (c. 1968) is a retired United States Army lieutenant general who served as the deputy commander of the United States Space Command. He previously served as the acting commander of Combined Joint Task Force–Space Operations. He is the first Army space operations officer to reach the rank of major general.

Space Operations Badge
The Space Operations Badge is an occupational badge for guardians of the United States Space Force and space airmen of the United States Air Force while the United States Army (USA) version of the badge, known as the Space Badge, is a special skills badge for soldiers who qualify as space professionals.
Mauri Pekkarinen
Reijo Mauri Matias Pekkarinen (born 6 October 1947, in Kinnula, Finland) is a Finnish politician. He most recently served as a Member of European Parliament for Finland between 2019 and 2024. He is the Centre Party of Finland (Suomen Keskusta) deputy and secretary, having served in various cabinet position in the Finnish government, including as  Minister of Economic Affairs, Minister of Trade and Industry, and Minister of the Interior, as well as a member of parliament. He is known by the nickname "The Parliament Terrier".

Kinnula
Kinnula is a municipality of Finland.

It is located in the Central Finland region. The municipality has a population of 1,492 (30 June 2025) and covers an area of 495.71 square kilometres (191.39 sq mi) of which 35.48 km2 (13.70 sq mi) is water.  The population density is 3.24 inhabitants per square kilometre (8.4/sq mi).

Neighbouring municipalities are Kivijärvi, Lestijärvi, Perho, Pihtipudas, Reisjärvi and Viitasaari.

The municipality is unilingually Finnish.
Teacher (Jethro Tull song)
"Teacher" is a song by the British rock band Jethro Tull, first released as the B-side to the January 1970 single "The Witch's Promise", on the Chrysalis label. Written by the band's frontman Ian Anderson, the song is a comment on the corruption of self-styled gurus who used their followers for their own gain.

After its release on the "Witch's Promise" single, an alternate re-recorded version of the song later appeared on the US release of the album Benefit. This version would become a radio hit in the US and appear on several compilation albums.

Ian Anderson
Ian Scott Anderson MBE (born 10 August 1947) is a British musician best known for being the chief vocalist, flautist, and acoustic guitarist of the British rock band Jethro Tull. He is a multi-instrumentalist who also plays harmonica, keyboard, bass guitar, bouzouki, balalaika, saxophone, and a variety of whistles. His solo work began with Walk into Light in 1983; since then he has released another five albums, including the sequel to the 1972 Jethro Tull album Thick as a Brick, titled TaaB 2: Whatever Happened to Gerald Bostock? (2012).
Siege of Adoni (1556)
The Siege of Adoni was a military conflict when Rama Raya’s brothers, Timraj and Govindraj, took control of Adoni and nearby areas while Rama Raya was away. After returning, Rama Raya tried to make peace, but they refused. Unable to defeat them alone, he asked the Sultan of Golconda for help. The Sultan Ibrahim Qutub Shah Wali sent a large army led by Qubul Khan and other generals. They joined forces with Vijayanagara troops and laid siege to the fort of Adoni. The rebels fought bravely, and the battle lasted six months with heavy fighting. Finally, the rebels surrendered. Rama Raya thanked the Golconda generals, and Sultan Ibrahim Qutub Shah Wali gave Qubul Khan the title Mujahid Khan Ainu’l-Mulk for his success.

Rama Raya
Rama Raya (1484 – 23 January 1565) was a statesman of the Vijayanagara Empire, the son-in-law of Emperor Krishna Deva Raya and the progenitor of the Aravidu dynasty of Vijayanagara Empire, the fourth and last dynasty of the empire. As a regent, he was the de facto ruler of the empire from 1542 to 1565, although legally the emperor during this period was Sadasiva Raya, who was merely a puppet ruler. Rama Raya was killed at the Battle of Talikota, after which the Vijayanagara Empire got fragmented into several semi-independent principalities paying only nominal allegiance to the empire.