hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Contact tension
Contact tension (also known as the contact electromotive force) is a force suggested by Alessandro Volta in 1800 to explain how electricity is generated in an electric battery or, as it was then called, the Voltaic pile. The validity of this model versus one based upon chemical reactions was debated for much of the 19th century in what has been called the Galvani-Volta controversy. While it was not the appropriate explanation for batteries, this model (which is now called the contact or Volta potential) is valid science. It plays an important role in contact electrification as well as in many areas of semiconductor physics such as p–n junctions. This only became apparent much later after a more complete understanding of phenomena such as work functions evolved based upon quantum mechanics.

Work function
In solid-state physics, the work function (sometimes spelled workfunction) is the minimum thermodynamic work (i.e., energy) needed to remove an electron from a solid to a point in the vacuum immediately outside the solid surface. Here "immediately" means that the final electron position is far from the surface on the atomic scale, but still too close to the solid to be influenced by ambient electric fields in the vacuum.
The work function is not a characteristic of a bulk material, but rather a property of the surface of the material (depending on crystal face and contamination).
Teresa Alonso-Rasgado
Maria Teresa Alonso-Rasgado is a professor of mechanical engineering and dean for global engagement in the faculty of science and engineering at Queen Mary University of London. She was awarded the Ohtli Award in 2016, the most significant honour of the Mexican Secretariat of Foreign Affairs. In 2019 she was awarded the Lázaro Cárdenas medal for academic excellence.

Ohtli Award
The Ohtli Award or Reconocimiento Ohtli is granted by the Institute of Mexicans Living Abroad (IME, by its acronym in Spanish) from the Mexican Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and its purpose is to strengthen relations with the Mexican diaspora.
Lillian Bonsignore
Lillian Bonsignore (born 1968 or 1969) is an American emergency medical services administrator serving as New York City Fire Commissioner since 2026. A 31-year veteran of the department, she was the chief of Emergency Medical Services (EMS) from 2019 to 2022. Bonsignore is the first openly gay person and the first uniformed woman to serve as FDNY commissioner.

Emergency medical services in the United States
In the United States, emergency medical services (EMS) provide out-of-hospital acute medical care and/or transport to definitive care for those in need. They are regulated at the most basic level by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, which sets the minimum standards that all states' EMS providers must meet, and regulated more strictly by individual state governments, which often require higher standards from the services they oversee.

Wide differences in population density, topography, and other conditions can call for different types of EMS systems; consequently, there is often significant variation between the Emergency Medical Services provided in one state and those provided in another.
Brian Robb
Brian Robb (7 May 1913 – 1979) was a painter, illustrator, and cartoonist. He worked for Shell and London Transport, designing posters and advertisements, and as a cartoonist for Punch. During World War II, he served as a camouflage officer in the Western Desert. He taught at Chelsea College of Art before and after the war, before becoming head of illustration at the Royal College of Art.

Geoffrey Barkas
Geoffrey Barkas (born Geoffrey de Gruchy Barkas, 27 August 1896 – 3 September 1979) was an English filmmaker active between the World War I and World War II. Barkas led the British Middle East Command Camouflage Directorate in the Second World War. His largest "film set" was Operation Bertram, the army-scale deception for the battle of El Alamein in October 1942.
Drama Shower
Drama Shower (Japanese: ドラマシャワー, Hepburn: Dorama Shawā) was a Japanese programming block on MBS. The programming block was a collaboration between MBS and Kadokawa's boys' love programming label, Tunku, to broadcast boys' love television drama series published by the latter. Drama Shower was broadcast on Fridays from 1:29 AM to 1:59 AM JST. On March 11, 2024, MBS announced that they would be replacing Drama Shower with the programming block Drama Phil, beginning in April 2024.

Japan Standard Time
Japan Standard Time (日本標準時, Nihon Hyōjunji; JST), or Japan Central Standard Time (中央標準時, Chūō Hyōjunji; JCST), is the standard time zone in Japan, 9 hours ahead of UTC (UTC+09:00). Japan does not observe daylight saving time, though its introduction has been debated on several occasions. During World War II, the time zone was often referred to as Tokyo Standard Time.

Japan Standard Time is equivalent to Korean Standard Time, Pyongyang Time (North Korea), Eastern Indonesia Standard Time, East-Timorese Standard Time, Palau Time, and Yakutsk Time (Russia).
HMS Zulu (F124)
HMS Zulu (F124) was a Tribal-class frigate of the Royal Navy in service from 1964 to 1984. She was the third ship bearing the name of HMS Zulu, having been named after an ethnic group located primarily in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa. Zulu was built by Alexander Stephen and Sons, of Govan.  She was launched on 3 July 1962 and commissioned on 17 April 1964.

She was sold to the Indonesian Navy in 1984 and renamed KRI Martha Khristina Tiyahahu (331).

Alexander Stephen and Sons
Alexander Stephen and Sons Limited, often referred to simply as Alex Stephens or just Stephens, was a Scottish shipbuilding company based in Linthouse, Glasgow, on the River Clyde and, initially, on the east coast of Scotland.
Berom language
Berom or Birom (Cèn Bèrom or Lêm Bèrom) is the most widely spoken Plateau language in Nigeria. The language is locally numerically important and is consistently spoken by Berom of all ages in rural areas. However, the Berom are shifting to Hausa in cities. The small Cen and Nincut dialects may be separate languages. Approximately 1 million (2010) people speak in this language.

Berom is spoken in a large area extending from some precolonial settlements embedded within the Jos metropolitan Metropolitan Area to the south of Jos city to Barkin Ladi and Riyom in Plateau State, Nigeria. The Berom population distribution culminates at the edge of the Jos plateau in Sopp chiefdom of Riyom Local Government Area.

Nincut language
Nincut (Aboro) is a Plateau language of Kaduna State, Nigeria belonging to the Beromic branch. Blench estimates 5,000 speakers in 2003. It is spoken 7 km north of Fadan Karshe in Kaduna State. Nincut is not recorded in Ethnologue or Glottolog.
Duisburg Schlenk station
Duisburg Schlenk station is a station in city of Duisburg in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. It is at the intersection of the streets of Im Schlenk and Sternstraße. It is on the Cologne–Duisburg railway and it is classified by Deutsche Bahn as a category 5 station. The station was opened in 1970 or 1971.

The station is served by Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn line S 1 (Dortmund–Solingen) on week days every 30 minutes during the day between Essen and Düsseldorf.

It is also served by bus route 930 and 931, operated by Duisburger Verkehrsgesellschaft at 30-minute intervals.

Dortmund Hauptbahnhof
Dortmund Hauptbahnhof is the main railway station in Dortmund, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The station's origins lie in a joint station of the Köln-Mindener Eisenbahn and Bergisch-Märkische Eisenbahn which was built north of the city centre in 1847. That station was replaced by a new station, erected in 1910 at the current site. It featured raised embankments to allow a better flow of traffic.  At the time of its opening, it was one of the largest stations in Germany. It was, however, destroyed in an Allied air raid on 6 October 1944.

The main station hall was rebuilt in the year 1952 in a contemporary style. Its stained glass windows feature then-common professions of Dortmund.

The station has 190,000 passengers passing through each day.
Hearts and Spangles
Hearts and Spangles is a 1926 American silent drama film directed by Frank O'Connor and starring Wanda Hawley, Robert Gordon and Frankie Darro. A medical student is expelled from college and disowned by his father, and goes to join the circus.

Frankie Darro
Frankie Darro (born Frank Johnson Jr.; December 22, 1917 – December 25, 1976) was an American actor and later in his career a stuntman. He began his career as a child actor in silent films, progressed to lead roles and co-starring roles in adventure, western, dramatic, and comedy films, and later became a character actor and voice-over artist. He is perhaps best known for his role as Lampwick, the unlucky boy who turns into a donkey in Walt Disney's second animated feature, Pinocchio (1940). In early credits, his last name was spelled Darrow.
2. deild karla (basketball)
2. deild karla (English: Men's Second Division) or D2 is the third-tier basketball competition among clubs in Iceland. It is organized by the Icelandic Basketball Federation (Icelandic: Körfuknattleikssamband Íslands – KKÍ).
It consists of 11 teams and the season consists of a home-and-away schedule of 20 games. The top four non-reserve teams meet in a playoff for the victory in the league and promotion to 1. deild karla.

Icelandic Basketball Association
The Icelandic Basketball Association (Icelandic:Körfuknattleikssamband Íslands - KKÍ) is the national governing body of basketball in Iceland and is a member of the continental association FIBA Europe and the global International Basketball Federation (FIBA). It directs and oversees all of the national basketball teams of Iceland, including both the junior and senior national teams of both men and women.

It was founded on January 29, 1961 and its first chairman was Bogi Þorsteinsson, but current chairman is Kristinn Albertsson.
Spanish sloop Jorge Juan
Jorge Juan was a Jorge Juan-class sloop of the Spanish Navy commissioned in 1877. She spent her career on colonial service in the Caribbean, seeing action in the Ten Years' War and the Cuban War of Independence. Decommissioned and hulked in 1897, she was sunk off Cuba in 1898 during the Spanish–American War.

Jorge Juan was named for the Spanish naval officer, mathematician, scientist, astronomer, and engineer Jorge Juan y Santacilia (1713–1773), generally regarded as one of the most important scientific figures of the Enlightenment in Spain. As a naval officer, he undertook sensitive diplomatic missions for Spain and contributed to the modernization and professionalization of the Spanish Navy.

Cuban War of Independence
The Cuban War of Independence, fought from 1895 to 1898, was the last of three liberation wars that Cuba fought against Spain, the other two being the Ten Years' War (1868–1878) and the Little War (1879–1880). During the war, Spain sent 220,285 soldiers to Cuba—according to the Library of Congress, the largest army to cross the Atlantic until World War II. The final three months of the conflict escalated to become the Spanish–American War, with United States forces being deployed in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines against Spain. Historians disagree as to the extent that United States officials were motivated to intervene for humanitarian reasons but agree that yellow journalism exaggerated atrocities attributed to Spanish forces against Cuban civilians.
Comedy Slapdown
Comedy Slapdown is an Australian television improvised comedy program produced by FremantleMedia, that first aired on The Comedy Channel from 8 November 2008 at 7:30pm. The show is hosted by H.G. Nelson and features a variety of comedians participating in theatresports Matt Parkinson heads up the judging panel which includes one other celebrity judge and one judge selected from the audience. Notable guest comedians include Corinne Grant, Tom Gleeson, Natalie Garonzi, Matt Tilley and Julia Zemiro.

The premise of the show can be compared to the popular improvisational comedy program 'Whose Line Is It Anyway?' with various improvisational comedy games played as the teams compete against each other.

Julia Zemiro
Julia Zemiro (/zəmɪəroʊ/; born c. 1967) is an Australian television presenter, radio host, actress, singer, writer, and comedian. She is best known as the host of the music quiz and live performance show RocKwiz. Zemiro, who was born in France, is a fluent English and French speaker and has acted in French.
David Bradstreet
David Bradstreet (born London, England) is a Canadian-based musician. He spent his childhood in Oakville, Ontario and began his music career in the late 1960s. He is best known for his song "Renaissance" ("Let’s Dance That Old Dance Once More") that was performed by Canadian country and folk musician Valdy. He won a Juno Award in 1978 for "most promising male vocalist" and was nominated three more times for best instrumental album.

Valdy
Paul Valdemar Horsdal, CM (born 1 September 1945), commonly known as Valdy, is a Canadian folk and country musician whose solo career began in the early 1970s. He is known for "Rock and Roll Song", his first mainstream single. Valdy is the winner of two Juno Awards for Folk Singer of the Year and Folk Entertainer of the Year and has received seven additional Juno nominations. His fourteen albums, including four which are certified gold, have achieved sales of nearly half a million copies.
Healthcare in Wiltshire
Healthcare in Wiltshire, England, is the responsibility of the Bath and North East Somerset, Swindon and Wiltshire integrated care board (ICB), which covers the local authority areas of Bath and North East Somerset, Swindon and Wiltshire.

Bath and North East Somerset
Bath and North East Somerset (B&NES) is a unitary authority area in the ceremonial county of Somerset, South West England. As its name suggests, it comprises the north-east part of Somerset including  the city of Bath, which is its administrative headquarters. It has an area of 136 square miles (352 km2).

The area was created on 1 April 1996 as part of the abolition of the county of Avon, and covers the same area as the former Avon districts of Wansdyke and Bath. Legally, it comprises a non-metropolitan county and a non-metropolitan district with identical boundaries. The area is governed by Bath and North East Somerset Council, which was created on the same date and which is constituted as a non-metropolitan district council with the responsibilities of a non-metropolitan county council. In addition to its headquarters in Bath, it also has offices in Keynsham. Other settlements in the area include Midsomer Norton, Radstock, Westfield, and Saltford.
Cyprien and Daphrose Rugamba
Cyprien (c. 1935 – 7 April 1994) and Daphrose Rugamba (c. 1944 – 7 April 1994) were a married couple from Rwanda, who introduced the Catholic Charismatic Renewal and the Emmanuel Community to their country in 1990. Cyprien, of the Hutu ethnic group, was a writer, choreographer, composer, and museum curator, and Daphrose was a Tutsi school teacher. They were both murdered in the Rwandan genocide of 1994. The cause for their canonization in the Catholic Church was opened in 2015.

Tutsi
The Tutsi (/ˈtʊtsi/ TUUT-see), also called Watusi, Watutsi or Abatutsi (Kinyarwanda pronunciation: [ɑ.βɑ.tuː.t͡si]), are an ethnic group established primarily in Rwanda and Burundi. They are a Bantu-speaking people and the second-largest of three main ethnic groups in Rwanda and Burundi, the other two being the Hutu and Twa.

Historically, the Tutsi were pastoralists and filled the ranks of the warrior caste. Before 1962, they regulated and controlled Rwandan society, which consisted of Tutsi aristocrats and Hutu commoners under a clientship structure. The Tutsi occupied the dominant positions in the sharply stratified society and constituted the ruling class.
Moloch: or, This Gentile World
Moloch: or, This Gentile World is a semi-autobiographical novel written by Henry Miller in 1927-28, initially under the guise of a novel written by his wife, June. The book went unpublished until 1992, 65 years after it was written and 12 years after Miller's death. It is widely considered to be of interest more as a study of Miller's artistic growth than as a worthy piece of fiction.

Tropic of Capricorn (novel)
Tropic of Capricorn is a semi-autobiographical novel by Henry Miller, first published by Obelisk Press in Paris in 1939. A prequel of sorts to Miller's first published novel, 1934's Tropic of Cancer, it was banned in the United States until a 1961 Justice Department ruling declared that its contents were not obscene.
Exchange Place station (Hudson–Bergen Light Rail)
Exchange Place station is a light rail station in Jersey City, New Jersey. Located on Hudson Street between York and Montgomery Streets, the station services trains of New Jersey Transit's Hudson–Bergen Light Rail between Bayonne and North Bergen. Exchange Place station is located near the PATH station of the same name. The station consists of two platforms, an island platform for trains in both directions, along with a side platform that services northbound trains only. The next station to the south is Essex Street station, while the next station to the north is Harborside.

The station marked the terminus of the original opening segment of the Hudson–Bergen Light Rail from 34th Street station in Bayonne and West Side Avenue in Jersey City. In 2017, the platforms at the station were extended by 25 feet (7.6 m) to their current length of 190 feet (58 m). The work was done to accommodate new "extended" cars that were introduced to ease overcrowding during peak periods of ridership.

Harborside station
Harborside station (formerly named Harborside Financial Center station) is a station on the Hudson–Bergen Light Rail (HBLR) located east of Greene Street, between Morgan and Steuben Streets, in Exchange Place section of Jersey City, New Jersey and named for the adjacent Harborside office complex. There are two tracks and an island platform.

The station opened on November 18, 2000, and is served by the West Side–Tonnelle and 8th Street–Hoboken lines at all times and the Bayonne Flyer during the weekday rush.

In October 2017, New York Waterway initiated connecting ferry service at Harborside Financial Center.
Nowshera, Srinagar
Nowshera, also spelled as Noushera, is a notified area in Srinagar, in the Srinagar district of the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India. It lies in the northern sector of the Srinagar metropolitan area and is one of the older settled localities of the city, with historical associations dating back to the medieval period and the reign of Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin. It is located about 9.9 km towards North from the commercial center of Kashmir.

Lal Chowk
Lal Chowk (lit. 'Red Square') is a city square in Srinagar, in the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir.

The square was given its name by left-wing activists who were inspired by the Russian Revolution as they fought the princely state Maharaja, Hari Singh. It has traditionally served as a place for political meetings, with Jawaharlal Nehru (the first prime minister of India) and Sheikh Abdullah of Jammu and Kashmir, respectively, as well as other prominent political leaders having addressed the people from it. The clock tower at Lal Chowk was built in 1980.
DTN (company)
44°47′50″N 93°15′23″W﻿ / ﻿44.7973°N 93.2564°W﻿ / 44.7973; -93.2564

DTN, previously known as Telvent DTN, Data Transmission Network and Dataline, is a private company based in Bloomington, Minnesota that specializes in subscription-based services for the analysis and delivery of real-time weather, agricultural, energy, and international trade markets information.  As of 2018 the company has approximately 600,000 subscribers, mostly in the United States. DTN is known for its accurate  meteorological forecasting and large network of weather stations, its market analysis services, and its early use of radio and satellite systems to transmit reports to its Midwestern consumers. DTN also operates The Progressive Farmer magazine. DTN was previously owned by Telvent and Schneider Electric, and since 2017 has been owned by Zürich-based TBG.

Schneider Electric
Schneider Electric SE is a French multinational corporation that specializes in energy technology, covering electrification, automation, and digitalization for industry and homes.

Registered as a Societas Europaea, Schneider Electric is a Fortune Global 500 company, publicly traded on the Euronext Exchange, and is a component of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index. In fiscal year 2024, the company posted revenues of €38.15 billion.

Schneider Electric is the parent company of Square D, APC, AVEVA, and others. It is also a research company.

Schneider Electric was recognized as the most sustainable company in Corporate Knights's The Global 100 index in 2025.
Wilanów III
Wilanów III, known coloquailly as the Bay of Red Pigs (Polish: Zatoka czerwonych świń), is a housing estate in Warsaw, Poland, within the Wilanów district. It has an area of 11 ha, and is located within the City Information System area of Wilanów Wysoki, between Królowej Marysieński Street, Kosiarzy Street, Wilanowska Avenue, and Lentza Street. The neighbourhood is a mid- and high-rise residential area, predominantly consisting of apartment buildings constructed large panel system technique. It was developed in the 1980s by the Council of Ministers Office, with its apartments being mostly assigned to the politicians of the Polish United Workers' Party.

Wilanów
Wilanów (Polish pronunciation: [vʲiˈlanuf] ⓘ) is a district of the city of Warsaw, Poland. It is home to historic Wilanów Palace, the "Polish Versailles," and second home to various Polish kings. Wilanów is home to many villas and, despite being relatively far away from the city center, the district ranks among the most expensive in Warsaw.
Lautaro Murúa
Lautaro Murúa (Spanish pronunciation: [lawˈtaɾo muˈɾu.a]; 29 December 1926 – 3 December 1995) was a Chilean-Argentine actor, film director, and screenwriter. He is considered one of the most recognized figures in Argentine cinema.

Born in Tacna, Chile (now part of Peru), Murúa moved to Argentina in the early 1950s. Before entering the film industry, he studied architecture and fine arts. Although best known for his work as an actor—appearing in over 80 films between 1949 and 1995—he also directed several notable films, including Shunko, Alias Gardelito, and La Raulito, which often addressed social issues.

Murúa was an active participant in the revival of Argentine cinema during the 1960s, working with directors such as Leopoldo Torre Nilsson, Rodolfo Kuhn, Manuel Antín, and David José Kohon.

In the 1970s, he relocated to Spain but returned periodically to Argentina to continue working in film. He died of lung cancer in Madrid in 1995.

Rodolfo Kuhn
Rodolfo Kuhn (29 December 1934 – 3 January 1987) was an Argentine film director, screen writer and producer.

Kuhn was born in Buenos Aires.

He directed and wrote the script to the 1967 popular Brazilian film, El ABC del amor with Eduardo Coutinho near the beginning of his career. The film was entered into the 17th Berlin International Film Festival.

Kuhn was head of the jury at the 24th Berlin International Film Festival in 1974.

He died in Mexico.