hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Secondary education in the United States
Secondary education is the last six or seven years of statutory formal education in the United States. It reaches the climax with twelfth grade (age 17–18). Whether it begins with sixth grade (age 11–12) or seventh grade (age 12–13) varies by state and sometimes by school district.

Secondary education in the United States occurs in two phases. The first, as classified by the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED), is the lower secondary phase, either called a middle school or junior high school. A middle school is for students sixth grade, seventh grade and eighth grade and a junior high school is only for students in seventh and eighth grade.

The second is the ISCED upper secondary phase, a high school or senior high school for students ninth grade through twelfth grade. There is some debate over the optimum age of transfer, and variation in some states; also, middle school often includes grades that are almost always considered primary school.

Ninth grade
Ninth grade (also 9th or Grade 9) is the ninth year of formal or compulsory education in some countries. It is generally part of high school or secondary school depending on the country. Students in ninth grade are usually 14–15 years old.
Pratham Singh
Pratham Singh (born 31 August 1992) is an Indian cricketer. He is a left-handed opening batter who plays for Railways in domestic cricket and was part of the Kolkata Knight Riders squad for the 2022 edition of the Indian Premier League.

He made his List A debut for Railways in the 2016–17 Vijay Hazare Trophy on 26 February 2017. He made his first-class debut for Railways in the 2017–18 Ranji Trophy on 9 November 2017. He made his Twenty20 debut for Railways in the 2018–19 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy on 21 February 2019. Pratham was appointed as the captain of the Railways squad for the 2024–25 Ranji Trophy season in 2024.

2024–25 Ranji Trophy
The 2024–25 Ranji Trophy also known as the IDFC First Bank Ranji Trophy for sponsorship reasons, was the 90th season of the Ranji Trophy taking place from 11 October to 26 February 2025.
 Mumbai were the defending champions.Vidarbha won the title by defeating Kerala.
North Stonington, Connecticut
North Stonington is a town in New London County, Connecticut. The town was split off from Stonington in 1724. The town is part of the Southeastern Connecticut Planning Region. The population was 5,149 at the 2020 census.

Ledyard, Connecticut
Ledyard (/ˈlɛdʒɜːrd/ LEH-jerd) is a town in New London County, Connecticut, United States, located along the Thames River. The town is named after Colonel William Ledyard, a Revolutionary War officer who was killed at the Battle of Groton Heights. The town is part of the Southeastern Connecticut Planning Region. The population was 15,413 at the 2020 census. The Foxwoods Resort Casino, owned and operated by the Mashantucket Pequot Tribe, is located in the northeastern section of Ledyard, on the reservation owned by the tribe.

Ledyard's zip code is 06339. Within the southwestern area of Ledyard is the district known as Gales Ferry, which has the postal code 06335. In the northeast is Mashantucket, with the postal code 06338.
Al Pfeifer
Alan Ross Pfeifer (December 27, 1928 – March 6, 2013) was an American professional football end who played six seasons in the Interprovincial Rugby Football Union (IRFU) with the Toronto Argonauts and Ottawa Rough Riders. He played college football at Fordham University, where he set school career records in receptions, receiving yards, and receiving touchdowns. He was selected by the New York Giants in the 16th round of the 1951 NFL draft but was later released. Pfeifer then played in the IRFU from 1951 to 1957. He was named an IRFU all-star in both 1951 and 1955 and led the league in several receiving categories during his career. He was named to the Argonauts all-time team in 1974.

1951 NFL draft
The 1951 NFL draft was held January 18–19, 1951, at the Blackstone Hotel in Chicago.

The Baltimore Colts folded after the 1950 season, and the NFL placed their players in the 1951 NFL draft. Twenty players appearing on the Colts' 1950 roster were subsequently selected, with future Hall of Fame quarterback Y. A. Tittle leading the list, going to the San Francisco 49ers with the third pick overall.

This was the fifth year that the first overall pick was a bonus pick determined by lottery, with the previous four winners (Chicago Bears in 1947, Washington Redskins in 1948, Philadelphia Eagles in 1949, and Detroit Lions in 1950) ineligible from the draw; it was won by the New York Giants, who selected halfback Kyle Rote.
Thomas Bowen (Wisconsin politician)
Thomas Smith Bowen (May 1, 1808 – October 20, 1883) was an American farmer, Democratic politician, and Wisconsin pioneer.  He was a member of the Wisconsin Senate, representing Green County during the 1852 and 1853 sessions.

Green County, Wisconsin
Green County is a county in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. As of the 2020 census, the population was 37,093. Its county seat is Monroe. Green County is included in the Madison, WI Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Haydar Mirza Safavi
Haydar Mirza Safavi (Persian: حیدر میرزا صفوی, also spelled Haidar Mirza Safavi) (18 September 1554 – 15 May 1576) was a Safavid prince who declared himself as the king (shah) of Iran on 15 May 1576, the day after his father Tahmasp I had died. He was, however, killed that same day by the Qizilbash tribes that favoured his brother Ismail Mirza Safavi as the successor of their father. His mother was Sultanzadeh Khanum, a Georgian lady.

Qizilbash
Qizilbash or Kizilbash were a diverse array of mainly Turkoman Shia militant groups that flourished in Azerbaijan, Anatolia, Kurdistan, the Armenian highlands, and the Caucasus from the late 15th century onwards, and contributed to the foundation of the Safavid dynasty in early modern Iran.

By the 18th-century, anyone involved with the Safavid state—militarily, diplomatically, or administratively—came to be broadly referred to as "Qizilbash". It was eventually applied to some inhabitants of Iran. In the early 19th-century, Shia Muslims from Iran could be referred as "Qizilbash", thus highlighting the influence of the distinctive traits of the Safavids, despite the Iranian shah (king) Fath-Ali Shah Qajar (r. 1797–1834) simultaneously creating a Qajar dynastic identity grounded in the pre-Islamic past.
Ghost Train (2025 film)
Ghost Train (Korean: 괴기열차) is a 2025 South Korean horror mystery film directed by Tak Se-woong and starring Joo Hyun-young, Jeon Bae-soo, and Choi Bo-min. The film depicts Da Kyung, a horror YouTuber hungry for attention, delves into the eerie mysteries of Gwanglim Station, a place plagued by a string of unexplained disappearances.

It was released theatrically on July 9, 2025 in South Korea.

Choi Bo-min (entertainer)
Choi Bo-min (born August 24, 2000), known mononymously as Bomin, is a South Korean singer, actor and host. He is a former member of Golden Child. He made his acting debut with a lead role in the web-drama A-Teen 2 (2019) and hosted the KBS music program Music Bank from July 5, 2019, to July 17, 2020.
Wrong No. 2
Wrong No. 2 (also written as Wrong Number 2) is a 2019 Pakistani romantic comedy film. It is a sequel to the 2015 film Wrong No., directed by Yasir Nawaz, produced by Sh Amjad Rasheed and Hassan Zia. It is the second installment in the Wrong No. film series. The film features Sami Khan and Neelam Muneer in leading roles. Supporting cast includes Jawed Sheikh, Mehmood Aslam, Ahmad Hassan and Danish Nawaz.

The film was released on Eid ul Fitr, 5 June 2019, and was distributed by Distribution Club and Eros International. The film emerged as a box-office success and became the third highest-grossing Pakistani film of 2019.

Wrong No.
Wrong No. (also written as Wrong Number) is a 2015 Pakistani romantic comedy film directed by Yasir Nawaz (in his feature directorial debut) and co-produced by Yasir Nawaz, Nida Yasir and Hassan Zia under the production banner YNH Films. It is the first installment in the Wrong No. film series. The film features Javed Sheikh, Danish Taimoor, Nadeem Jaffri, Danish Nawaz, Shafqat Cheema, Sohai Ali Abro and Janita Asma in lead roles.

The film was released by ARY Films in cinemas nationwide on 18 July 2015 (Eid ul-Fitr). In its opening weekend, it took in Rs. 251 crore (US$9.0 million) at the local box office.
Wood's anomaly
In optics, Wood's anomaly refers to the rapid variation of light intensity at diffracted spectral orders in metallic gratings. It was first observed by American physicist Robert W. Wood in 1902. Initially unexplained by conventional grating theories, the effect was later understood to arise partly from the excitation of surface plasmon polaritons at the grating surface and partly from the coupling of incident light into diffracted orders, one of which becomes evanescent at a grazing angle. The latter effect is also known as Rayleigh anomaly or Rayleigh–Wood anomaly,  after Lord Rayleigh's 1907 work on gratings.

Studies on Wood anomalies acted as a progenitor to the fields of plasmonics and metamaterials. Wood anomalies were also observed in acoustic gratings, where they were associated both with diffracted waves at a grazing incidence and surface acoustic waves.

Plasmonics
Plasmonics or nanoplasmonics refers to the generation, detection, and manipulation of signals at optical frequencies along metal-dielectric interfaces in the nanometer scale. Inspired by photonics, plasmonics follows the trend of miniaturizing optical devices (see also nanophotonics), and finds applications in sensing, microscopy, optical communications, and bio-photonics.
Spike Island (song)
"Spike Island" is a song by English rock band Pulp. It was released on 10 April 2025 through Rough Trade Records. Produced by James Ford, it marked the first new music from the band in 12 years. It preceded More, the band's first new album in 24 years.

The song was released alongside a music video made using a text-to-video model. Frontman Jarvis Cocker attempted to animate the photography from 1995's Different Class using the model, before constructing a video out of its hallucinations. The song was met with critical acclaim, with most critics noting it as a triumphant return for the band. A 7" with the song and a bonus track, "Open Strings", was released on 23 May.

Jarvis Cocker
Jarvis Branson Cocker (born 19 September 1963) is an English singer and musician. As the founder, frontman, lyricist and only consistent member of the band Pulp, he became a reluctant figurehead of the Britpop genre of the mid-1990s. Cocker has also pursued a solo career, and for seven years he presented the BBC Radio 6 Music show Jarvis Cocker's Sunday Service.
Toledo Island
Toledo Island (Bulgarian: остров Толедо, romanized: ostrov Toledo, IPA: [ˈɔstrof toˈlɛdo]) is the southern of two rocky islands in Smyadovo Cove on the west coast of Rugged Island in the South Shetland Islands.  The feature is 320 m (1,050 ft) long in east–west direction and 110 m (360 ft) wide.  It is separated from Rugged Island to the southeast and Prosechen Island to the north by 40 and 60 m (130 and 200 ft) wide passages respectively.  The area was visited by early 19th century sealers.

The island is named after Joaquín de Toledo y Parra (1780–1819), Captain of the Spanish warship San Telmo that sank with 644 men on board off the north coast of Livingston Island in September 1819.

Livingston Island
Livingston Island (Russian name Smolensk, 62°36′S 60°30′W﻿ / ﻿62.600°S 60.500°W﻿ / -62.600; -60.500) is an Antarctic island in the Southern Ocean, part of the South Shetlands Archipelago, a group of Antarctic islands north of the Antarctic Peninsula. It was the first land discovered south of 60° south latitude in 1819, a historic event that marked the end of a centuries-long pursuit of the mythical Terra Australis Incognita and the beginning of the exploration and utilization of real Antarctica. The name Livingston, although of unknown derivation, has been well established in international usage since the early 1820s.
Economy of the British Empire
The British Empire was the foremost economic power for most of the 19th century. As a result of the Industrial Revolution which began in the United Kingdom, Britain became the wealthiest country in the world by the late 18th century, and was a leading trading nation and manufacturing power.

Trading nation
A trading nation (also known as a trade-dependent economy, or an export-oriented economy) is a country where international trade makes up a large percentage of its economy.

Smaller nations (by population) tend to be more trade-dependent than larger ones. In 2022, the most trade-dependent OECD member was Luxembourg, where international trade was worth 384% of GDP, while the least trade-dependent was the United States, where international trade made up 26% of GDP.
The Body Shop
The Body Shop International Limited, trading as the Body Shop, is a British cosmetics, skin care, and perfume company founded in 1976 by Anita Roddick, who opened her first store in Brighton, England. The company is now based in London Bridge and Littlehampton, West Sussex, and is currently owned by Auréa Group.

The Body Shop operated under the French cosmetics company L'Oréal between 2006 and 2017. In September 2017, L'Oréal sold it to Brazil's Natura & Co for £880 million. In November 2023, Natura sold it to Aurelius.

On 13 February 2024, it was announced that Aurelius had put the UK business of the Body Shop into administration, that the chain would close up to half of its 198 stores in the UK, and that the number of staff at the chain's head office would be reduced by 40%. In March 2024, the company announced that it would shutter its operations in the United States and reorganise in Canada under bankruptcy protection. The Body Shop was acquired by Auréa Group in September 2024.

Aurelius Group
Aurelius is a global alternative investor with offices in Amsterdam, Chicago, London, Luxembourg, Malta, Milan, Munich, New York, and Stockholm. The company focuses on private equity, private debt and real estate investments.
Godfrey Estcourt Matthews
Brigadier-General Godfrey Estcourt Matthews, CB, CMG (17 June 1866 – 13 April 1917), known as Matthews Pasha in Egyptian service, was a British Royal Marines officer. After serving for sixteen years in Egypt and the Sudan, he commanded a battalion of the Royal Naval Division at Gallipoli, before being killed in France in 1917, while commanding the 198th (East Lancashire) Brigade.

198th (East Lancashire) Brigade
The 198th (2/1st East Lancashire) Brigade was an infantry brigade of the British Army that saw service during the First World War with the 66th (2nd East Lancashire) Division. It was reformed in the Second World War as the 198th Infantry Brigade and served with 54th (East Anglian) Infantry Division, where it remained in the United Kingdom throughout the war and was disbanded in late 1943.
2024 COSAFA U-20 Cup
The 2024 COSAFA U-20 Cup was the 29th edition of the COSAFA U-20 Challenge Cup, an international youth football tournament open to national associations of the COSAFA region. It took place between 26 September and 5 October 2024 in Mozambique. This competition served as the COSAFA qualifiers for the 2025 U-20 Africa Cup of Nations.

South Africa defeated defending champions Zambia 2-0 in the final. Both finalists qualified for the 2025 U-20 Africa Cup of Nations. South Africa scored 16 goals in the five matches played, with zero goals conceded against them.

Zambia national under-20 football team
Zambia national under-20 football team is the U-20 football team for Zambia also known as the Junior Chipolpolo as the senior side is known as Chipolopolo (Copper Bullets). They came in fourth place in the 2007 African Youth Championship, which meant they qualified for the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup where they were eliminated by U-20 Africa Cup of Nations 5-time winner Nigeria.

Zambia U20 soccer team has won the COSAFA U20 Cup 2022 in eSwatini
Phantom Tales of the Night
Phantom Tales of the Night (Japanese: ばけもの夜話づくし, Hepburn: Bakemono no Yawadukushi) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Matsuri. It was serialized in Media Factory's Monthly Comic Gene magazine from July 2016 to May 2019, before moving to Kadokawa Shoten's Comic Newtype website in June 2019, where it was serialized until November 2022. As of January 2023, the series' individual chapters have been collected into twelve volumes.

Media Factory
Media Factory (メディアファクトリー, Mediafakutorī), formerly known as Media Factory, Inc. (株式会社メディアファクトリー, Kabushiki gaisha Mediafakutorī), was a Japanese publisher and brand company of Kadokawa Future Publishing.
Branch River (New Hampshire)
The Branch River is an 11.9-mile (19.2 km) long river located in eastern New Hampshire in the United States. It is a tributary of the Salmon Falls River, part of the Piscataqua River watershed leading to the Atlantic Ocean.

The river begins at the outlet of Lovell Lake at Sanbornville, a village in the town of Wakefield, New Hampshire. The river turns south, paralleling New Hampshire Route 16, passes through the village of Union, and turns southeast to reach the Salmon Falls River in Northeast Pond, within the town of Milton.

A significant tributary is Jones Brook.

Salmon Falls River
The Salmon Falls River is a tributary of the Piscataqua River in the U.S. states of Maine and New Hampshire. It rises at Great East Lake, Newichawannock Canal, and Horn Pond and flows south-southeast for approximately 38 miles (61 km), forming the border between York County, Maine, and Strafford County, New Hampshire.

The Salmon Falls River joins the Cochecho River near Dover, New Hampshire, to form the Piscataqua River.

It provides hydroelectric power at the New Hampshire towns of Milton, North Rochester, East Rochester, New Hampshire, Somersworth, and Rollinsford, and in Maine at Berwick and South Berwick. The final three miles of the river, from South Berwick to the Piscataqua, are tidal.

Local Abenaki Indians called the river Newichawannock (New-ik-a-WAN-nok), meaning "river with many falls". See Newichawannock Canal
Buick Centurion
The Buick Centurion is a full-size car built from the 1971 through 1973 model years. Replacing the Wildcat as the sporty iteration of Buick's three full-size car lines, it was positioned between the LeSabre and Electra in the lineup. The Centurion name was inspired by a Buick concept car, the name coming from that of an officer in the Roman Army.  The car's emblem was not the traditional Buick tri-shield, but a side profile of a centurion.

The Centurion shared a trim package implementation shared with the Chevrolet Caprice, Pontiac Grand Ville and the Oldsmobile Delta 88 Royale as a hardtop coupe, sedan and convertible.

Concept car
A concept car (also known as a concept vehicle or show vehicle) is a car made to showcase new styling or new technology. Concept cars are often exhibited at motor shows to gauge customer reaction to new and radical designs which may or may not be produced.

General Motors designer Harley Earl is generally credited with inventing the concept car, and did much to popularize it through its traveling Motorama shows of the 1950s.

Concept cars never go into production directly. In modern times, all would have to undergo many changes before the design is finalized for the sake of practicality, safety, regulatory compliance, and cost. A "production-intent" prototype, as opposed to a concept vehicle, serves this purpose.
Christopher Ward (songwriter)
Christopher William Ward (born 28 July 1949) is a Canadian songwriter and broadcaster, known as a former long-standing on-air personality at MuchMusic, Canada's music video network, where he and J.D. Roberts were among the first video jockeys in 1984. Ward was a judge on The Next Star which was a Canadian reality television show on YTV.

As a recording artist, Ward charted several singles in Canada between 1976 and 1981.  As a songwriter, he achieved notable success with Alannah Myles' recording of "Black Velvet", which reached number 1 on the US charts in 1990.  He has also written songs recorded by Diana Ross, Backstreet Boys, Wynonna Judd, Amanda Marshall, Tina Arena, Peter Cetera, Anne Murray and Meredith Brooks, amongst others.

Meredith Brooks
Meredith Ann Brooks (born June 12, 1958) is an American singer-songwriter and guitarist. A member of the Oregon music scene, she received international acclaim with her solo album Blurring the Edges (1997) and its single, "Bitch", which reached the top 10 in many countries and earned her two Grammy Award nominations.
Domikan
Domikan (Russian: Домикан) is the name of several rural localities in Russia:

Domikan (village), a selo in Novospassky Selsoviet of Arkharinsky District of Amur Oblast

Domikan (station), a selo in Chernigovsky Selsoviet of Arkharinsky District of Amur Oblast

Arkharinsky District
Arkharinsky District  (Russian: Архари́нский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty in Amur Oblast, Russia. The area of the district is 14,355 square kilometers (5,542 sq mi). Its administrative center is the urban locality (a work settlement) of Arkhara. Population: 17,186 (2010 Census); 21,068 (2002 Census); 27,537 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Arkhara accounts for 55.8% of the district's total population.
Cuthbertson High School
Cuthbertson High School is a moderately sized high school in Waxhaw, North Carolina a part of Union County Public Schools. It was founded in August, 2009 under the administration of the then principal, Robert Jackson. The school was founded by pulling students from other area high schools including Parkwood High School, Marvin Ridge High School and Weddington High School. Its main feeder schools are New Town Elementary and Kensington Elementary. Cuthbertson High School is a recognized Honor School of Excellence in North Carolina. Honors for Cuthbertson High School include NC Accountability Model: Exceeded Growth, Graduation Rates: 98.5% for 2017–18 and UCPS International School: 2010; 2011; 2012; 2013; 2014; 2015

The current principal is Jeffery Stout.

Marvin Ridge High School
Marvin Ridge High School (commonly Marvin, Marvin Ridge, or MRHS) is a public high school in Marvin, North Carolina, United States serving students in grades 9–12. The school is part of the Union County Public School system. The school occupies a two-story building with a full auditorium and fully air-conditioned gym. Admission is based primarily on the location of students' homes and district lines. Marvin Ridge High was ranked 1st among the 300–399 cohort size for having a 99.3 percent graduation rate in North Carolina. It is ranked the 275th best high school in the country in 2017 by U.S. News & World Report.
Baleares-class frigate
The Baleares class were a group of five frigates built for the Spanish Navy in the late 1960s and 1970s. The ships were a modified version of the American Knox-class frigates. The key differences are the replacement of helicopter facilities by a medium-range surface-to-air missile system and associated radars. Constructed between 1968 and 1976, the Baleares class began entering service in 1973 and formed the 31 Escort Squadron, based at Ferrol. The five ships were upgraded several times during their service lives. The ships were retired beginning in the mid-2000s and replaced by the Álvaro de Bazán-class frigates  on a one-to-one basis.

Álvaro de Bazán-class frigate
The Álvaro de Bazán class, also known as the F100 class, is a class of Aegis combat system-equipped air defence frigates in service with the Spanish Navy. The vessels were built by Spanish shipbuilder Navantia in Ferrol, with the lead ship of the class named for Admiral Álvaro de Bazán.