hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Görling–Levy perturbation theory
Görling–Levy perturbation theory (GLPT) in Kohn–Sham (KS) density functional theory (DFT) is the analogue to what Møller–Plesset perturbation theory (MPPT) is in Hartree–Fock (HF) theory. Its basis is Rayleigh–Schrödinger perturbation theory (RSPT) and the adiabatic connection (AC). It describes electronic correlation effects. It is mostly used to second (GL2), rarely to third (GL3) or fourth (GL4) order, but becomes fast really increasingly computational expensive. It was published in 1993 and 1994 by Andreas Görling and Mel Levy.

Hartree equations
In solid-state physics and quantum chemistry, the Hartree equations or the self-consistent field approximation are a set of non-linear equations used to study many-electron systems inside a metal. These quantum mechanical equations are self-consistent, meaning that the solutions can be found by iteration. These approximation is the result of a mean-field theory that describes one electron interacting with a field that is the result of averaging the position of the rest of electrons. The equations are named after Douglas Hartree, who introduced them in 1927.

Hartree method is one of the main ingredients of Hartree–Fock method, which improves on Hartree equations by including the exchange interaction.
Reformed Congregations
The Reformed Congregations (in Dutch: Gereformeerde Gemeenten, abbreviated GerGem) is a conservative Reformed church with 152 congregations in the Netherlands, 1 in Randburg, South Africa and 1 congregation in Carterton, New Zealand. The denomination has approximately 107,015 members as of 1 January 2024. It is Calvinist in theology. It is affiliated with the North American Netherlands Reformed Congregations.

The denomination is also sometimes called the Reformed Congregations in the Netherlands and North America, which can be confused with the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands (in Dutch: Gereformeerde Kerken in Nederland, abbreviated GKN), which were formed 1892 and which merged with the Netherlands Reformed Church (in Dutch: Nederlands Hervormde Kerk, abbreviated NHK) in 2004.

Carterton, New Zealand
Carterton (Māori: Taratahi) is a small town in the Wellington Region of New Zealand and the seat of the Carterton District (a territorial authority or local government district). It lies in a farming area of the Wairarapa in New Zealand's North Island. It is located 14 km (8.7 mi) southwest of Masterton and 80 km (50 mi) northeast of Wellington. The town has a population of 5,930 (June 2025), out of a total district population of 10,300.

Carterton was founded in 1857. Originally known as Three Mile Bush, it served as housing for workers building the road between Wellington and Masterton. It was later renamed after Charles Carter, who was in charge of the building of the Black Bridge over the Waiohine River south of the town. The town describes itself as New Zealand's daffodil capital, holding a Daffodil Festival each year on the second Sunday in September, with the main event taking place at Middle Run along Gladstone Road.
ILP Contingent
The British Independent Labour Party sent a small contingent to fight in the Spanish Civil War. The contingent fought alongside the Workers' Party of Marxist Unification (POUM) and included George Orwell, who subsequently wrote about his experiences in his personal account Homage to Catalonia.

Confederación Nacional del Trabajo
The Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT; lit. 'National Confederation of Labor') is a Spanish anarcho-syndicalist trade union confederation.

Founded in 1910 in Barcelona from groups brought together by the trade union Solidaridad Obrera, it significantly expanded the role of anarchism in Spain, which can be traced to the creation of the Spanish chapter of the IWA in 1870 and its successor organization, the Federation of Workers of the Spanish Region. Despite several decades when the organization was illegal in Spain, the CNT continues to participate in the Spanish worker's movement, focusing its efforts on the principles of workers' self-management, federalism, and mutual aid.

Historically affiliated with the International Workers' Association (AIT), in 2018, the CNT and other unions founded the International Confederation of Labour (ICL-CIT).
Holzhausenschlösschen
The Holzhausenschlösschen (Little Holzhausen palace) is a moated former country house built by the patrician Holzhausen family on their farm, then just north of Frankfurt and now in the city's Nordend. The present building was completed in 1729, built for Johann Hieronymus von Holzhausen on the foundations of a moated castle from the Middle Ages after a  design by Louis Remy de la Fosse. Today, it serves as a venue for cultural events.

Nordend (Frankfurt am Main)
Nordend-West (German pronunciation: [ˈnɔʁtʔɛnt ˈvɛst]) and Nordend-Ost ([- ˈʔɔst]) are two quarters of Frankfurt am Main, Germany. The division into a western and an eastern part is mostly for administrative purposes, as the Nordend is generally considered an entity. Both city districts are part of the Ortsbezirk Innenstadt III.
Nee Sirithaal Deepavali
Nee Sirithaal Deepavali  (transl. If you smile, it is Diwali) is a 1990 Indian Tamil-language film directed by Malaysia Vasudevan, in his only directorial credit. The film stars Sivakumar, Harish Kumar and Daisy Sonia, supported by Nizhalgal Ravi and Janagaraj. It was released on 14 December 1990, and failed at the box office.

Janagaraj
Janagaraj is an Indian actor who has appeared in over 240 films predominantly in Tamil cinema as a comedian or in supporting roles. He has also starred in a few Malayalam, Telugu and Hindi films. He was one of the top comedians in the Tamil industry during 1980s and 90s.
Margaret L. Goldsmith
Margaret Leland Goldsmith (1894–1971) was an American journalist, historical novelist and translator who lived and worked primarily in England. She translated Erich Kästner's Emil and the Detectives for the first UK edition.

Erich Kästner
Emil Erich Kästner (German: [ˈeːʁɪç ˈkɛstnɐ] ⓘ; 23 February 1899 – 29 July 1974) was a German writer, poet, screenwriter and satirist, known primarily for his humorous, socially astute poems and for children's books including Emil and the Detectives and Lisa and Lottie. He received the international Hans Christian Andersen Award in 1960 for his autobiography When I Was a Little Boy. He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature in eight separate years.
1979 Borno State gubernatorial election
The 1979 Borno State gubernatorial election occurred on July 28, 1979. GNPP's Mohammed Goni won election for a first term to become Borno State's first executive governor, defeating main opposition NPN's Kam Salem in the contest.

Mohammed Goni emerged the GNPP candidate after being elected in absentia, defeating Abba Jiddum Gana over a wide margin. Goni polled 166 and Gana 18. Goni's running mate was Ibrahim Anas.

Great Nigeria People's Party
The Great Nigeria People's Party was one of the six major political parties that fielded candidates for elections in the Nigerian Second Republic. The party was formed by a splinter group from the Nigerian People's Party, the group was led by Waziri Ibrahim, a politician and businessman from Borno. Waziri was one of the leaders of the three associations that formed the nucleus of NPP. The original intention of NPP was to transcend the politics of ethnicity and to promote the cause of both the prominent ethnic groups and ethnic minorities. However, the entry of Nnamdi Azikiwe to NPP led to a power struggle in which Waziri lost. Waziri then led a group of minorities in the north and some southerners to form the Great Nigeria Peoples Party.

Though the original intentions of leaders of the party was to surpass ethnic and sectarian politics, the party's strength nevertheless lay in the northeast, among the Kanuris and some northern minorities.
Sakhiya
Sakhiya (transl. Companion) is a 2004 Telugu-language drama film written and directed by Jayanth C. Paranjee. This film starred Tarun, Nauheed Cyrusi, and Lakshmi in pivotal roles. The soundtrack of the film was composed by Mani Sharma.

Mani Sharma
Yanamandra Venkata Subrahmanyam (born 11 July 1964), professionally known as Mani Sharma, is an Indian composer and music producer known for his work primarily in Telugu cinema, along with contributions to Tamil, Kannada, and Hindi films.
Robert Barro
Robert Joseph Barro (born September 28, 1944) is an American macroeconomist and the Paul M. Warburg Professor of Economics at Harvard University. Barro is considered one of the founders of new classical macroeconomics, along with Robert Lucas Jr. and Thomas J. Sargent. He is currently a senior fellow at Stanford University's Hoover Institution and co-editor of the influential Quarterly Journal of Economics.

Robert Lucas Jr.
Robert Emerson Lucas Jr. (September 15, 1937 – May 15, 2023) was an American economist at the University of Chicago. Widely regarded as the central figure in the development of the new classical approach to macroeconomics, he received the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1995 "for having developed and applied the hypothesis of rational expectations, and thereby having transformed macroeconomic analysis and deepened our understanding of economic policy". N. Gregory Mankiw characterized him as "the most influential macroeconomist of the last quarter of the 20th century". In 2020, he ranked as the 10th most cited economist in the world.
This too shall pass
"This too shall pass" (Persian: این نیز بگذرد, romanized: īn nīz bogzarad; Turkish: Bu da geçer Ya Hu) is an adage of Persian origin about impermanence. It reflects the temporary nature, or ephemerality, of the human condition — that neither the negative nor the positive moments in life ever indefinitely last. The general sentiment of the adage is found in wisdom literature throughout history and across cultures, but the specific phrase seems to have originated in the writings of the medieval Persian Sufi poets.

Impermanence
Impermanence, also known as the philosophical problem of change, is a philosophical concept addressed in a variety of religions and philosophies. In Eastern philosophy it is notable for its role in the Buddhist three marks of existence. It is also an important element of Hinduism. In Western philosophy it is most famously known through its first appearance in Greek philosophy in the writings of Heraclitus and in his doctrine of panta rhei (everything flows). In Western philosophy the concept is also referred to as becoming.
Laz people in Germany
There are about 1,000 Laz people—a Kartvelian-speaking ethnic group indigenous to the Black Sea coast—in Germany (German: Lasen in Deutschland, Laz: ლაზეფე ჯერმანჲაშე Lazepe Cermanyaşe) refers to  coastal regions of Turkey and Georgia.

Laz people
The Laz people, or Lazi (Laz: ლაზი Lazi; Georgian: ლაზი, lazi; or ჭანი, ch'ani; Turkish: Laz), are a Kartvelian ethnic group native to the South Caucasus, who mainly live in Black Sea coastal regions of Turkey and Georgia. They traditionally speak the Laz language (which is a member of the Kartvelian language family) but have experienced a rapid language shift to Turkish.

Of the 103,900 ethnic Laz in Turkey, only around 20,000 speak Laz and the language is classified as threatened (6b) in Turkey and shifting (7) in Georgia on the Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale.
Jan-Erik Enestam
Jan-Erik Enestam (born 12 March 1947 in Västanfjärd) is a Finnish politician from the Swedish People's Party. He served as Minister of Defence from 1999 to 2003 under Prime Minister Paavo Lipponen and Minister of the Environment under Prime Ministers Anneli Jäätteenmäki and Matti Vanhanen from 2003 to 2006.

Enestam was the Municipal Director of Västanfjärd between 1978 and 1983 and a Project Chief at the Nordic Council of Ministers during the period 1983–1991. He was a member of Finland's parliament, the Eduskunta, from 1991 until 2007 and a member of the government between 1995 and 2006 in various posts.

He led the Swedish People's Party from 1998 until 2006. He was succeeded by Stefan Wallin as leader at the beginning of 2007.

Anneli Jäätteenmäki
Anneli Tuulikki Jäätteenmäki (born 11 February 1955) is a Finnish politician who was the first female and 39th prime minister of Finland from 17 April 2003 to 24 June 2003. From 2004 until 2019, she served as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from Finland.
Gayton, Northamptonshire
Gayton is a rural village and civil parish in West Northamptonshire, England, 5 miles (8 km) south-west of Northampton town centre. The village is situated on a hill close to the larger villages of Bugbrooke, Milton Malsor and Blisworth, with a linked public footpath network. At the 2011 Census, the population of the parish was 544.

Blisworth
Blisworth is a village and civil parish in West Northamptonshire, England. The West Coast Main Line, from London Euston to Manchester and Scotland, runs alongside the village partly hidden and partly on an embankment. The Grand Union Canal passes through the village and the north portal of the Blisworth Tunnel is near Stoke Road.

The village's name means 'Blith's enclosure'.
MV Clew Bay Queen
MV Clew Bay Queen is a car ferry at Clare Island. Built in 1972 as MV Kilbrannan for Caledonian MacBrayne, she operated mainly at Scalpay, Outer Hebrides until 1992. As Arainn Mhor, she then operated the Arranmore ferry in County Donegal.

Clare Island
Clare Island (Irish: Cliara or Oileán Chliara), also historically Inishcleer, is a mountainous island guarding the entrance to Clew Bay in County Mayo, Ireland. Historically part of the kingdom of Umhaill, it is famous as the home of the 16th century pirate queen Gráinne O'Malley. The population of the island is 138 according to the 2022 census.
To the south-west lies Inishturk (inhabited) and Caher Island (uninhabited), and to the north is Achill Island.
Paramesotriton labiatus
Paramesotriton labiatus is a species of newt in the family Salamandridae. It is endemic to Guangxi, China. In literature prior to 2011, this species may have been confused with Paramesotriton chinensis, Pachytriton granulosus, or Paramesotriton ermizhaoi (the last now in synonymy). This species has several vernacular names, including Unterstein's newt, spotless stout newt, spotless smooth warty newt, Zhao Ermi's smooth warty newt, and paddletail newt.

Spotted paddle-tail newt
The spotted paddle-tail newt (Pachytriton brevipes) is an amphibian native to southeastern China; it was named in 1876. A member of the family Salamandridae, it is closely related to the spotless paddle-tail newt (Pachytriton labiatus). The spotted paddle-tail newt lives in streams and is characterized by its long, paddle-shaped tail used for propulsion.
Wayne Cao
Wayne Cao (born Nguyễn Cảo; December 7, 1946) is a Canadian politician and former member of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta, where he represented the district of Calgary-Fort as a Progressive Conservative.  He was first elected in the 1997 provincial election and was re-elected four times.  He is perhaps best known as the sponsor of the legislation that led to the enshrining of "Alberta".  In April 2008, he elected as the Legislature's Deputy Speaker and Chair of Committees and served in that position for the 27th Legislature.  Mr. Cao also served as a member of the Standing Committee on Resource Stewardship.

Neil Brown (Canadian politician)
Roderick Neil Brown, Q.C. is a lawyer, biologist, Canadian politician and former Member of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta, representing the constituency of Calgary-Nose Hill as a Progressive Conservative.
M-497 Black Beetle
The M-497 (nicknamed Black Beetle by the press) was an experimental jet-powered railcar test bed of the New York Central Railroad, developed and tested in 1966 in the United States. Two second-hand General Electric J47-19 jet engines, originally used as boosters for the Convair B-36 Peacemaker intercontinental bomber, were mounted atop an existing Budd Rail Diesel Car, an RDC-3 of coach and baggage-mail configuration which had received a streamlined front cowling. The construct was then successfully sent on test runs over the existing tracks between Butler, Indiana, and Stryker, Ohio. The line had been chosen for its arrow-straight layout and good condition, but otherwise unmodified track. On July 23, 1966, the car reached a speed of 183.68 mph (295.6 km/h), an American rail speed record that stood until 1974 when the LIMRV went significantly faster.

Hovertrain
A hovertrain, also known as tracked hovercraft (UK) or tracked air-cushion vehicle (US), is a vehicle that is suspended on a cushion of air, similar to a hovercraft, but operates on a guideway. Unlike conventional trains, which use steel wheels on steel rails, hovertrains use air-based lifting systems and a smooth paved surface known as the track or guideway. The concept aims to eliminate rolling resistance and allow very high performance, while also simplifying the infrastructure needed to lay new lines. The first hovertrain was developed by Jean Bertin in the early 1960s in France, where they were marketed as the Aérotrain before being abandoned by the French government.
Ric Menello
Richard "Ric" Menello (August 20, 1952 – March 1, 2013) was an American filmmaker and screenwriter. Menello co-directed the landmark music video for the Beastie Boys' 1987 single, "(You Gotta) Fight for Your Right (To Party!)". His contributions to music during the era led MTV to call him, "one of the most influential visionaries behind the emergence of commercial hip-hop in the 1980s."

Menello's screenwriting credits include the 1988 Run–D.M.C. film, Tougher Than Leather, directed by Rick Rubin, and two films co-written with and directed by James Gray, Two Lovers (2008), starring Gwyneth Paltrow and Joaquin Phoenix, and The Immigrant, (2013), starring Marion Cotillard and Joaquin Phoenix.

Two Lovers (2008 film)
Two Lovers is a 2008 American romantic drama film, directed by James Gray, and starring Joaquin Phoenix, Gwyneth Paltrow, and Vinessa Shaw. The film takes its inspiration from Fyodor Dostoyevsky's 1848 short story "White Nights", which had already been turned into a film seven times, first by Luchino Visconti: Le Notti Bianche (1957). It is set in the largely Russian Jewish neighborhood Brighton Beach in New York City, as was Gray's first film Little Odessa. Two Lovers premiered in competition at the 2008 Cannes Film Festival in May. The film was Gray's third to enter the competition at this festival. It was released on February 13, 2009.
Érick Gutiérrez
Érick Gabriel Gutiérrez Galaviz (born 15 June 1995), also known as Guti,  is a Mexican professional footballer.

Gutiérrez began both his youth and professional career at Pachuca, winning the 2016 Clausura title and the 2016–17 CONCACAF Champions League in his five years with the club. During the 2015–2016 season, he was named captain of the team at the age of 20. In August 2018, he joined PSV Eindhoven, winning two KNVB Cups and one Johan Cruyff Shield before joining Guadalajara in 2023–24 season.

Gutiérrez has participated for various national youth teams, including the U-20 team and the U-23 side that played the 2016 Summer Olympics. At the senior level,  Gutiérrez has represented Mexico at the 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup, and won the 2019 edition of the CONCACAF Gold Cup.

Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics
The association football tournament at the 2016 Summer Olympics was held from 3 to 20 August in Brazil.

In addition to the Olympic host city of Rio de Janeiro, matches were played in Belo Horizonte, Brasília, Salvador, São Paulo, and Manaus. All six cities hosted matches during the 2014 World Cup, with the Estádio Olímpico João Havelange in Rio de Janeiro the only Olympic venue not to have been a World Cup venue.

Associations affiliated with FIFA might send teams to participate in the tournament. Men's teams were restricted to under-23 players (born on or after 1 January 1993) with a maximum of three overage players allowed, while there were no age restrictions on women's teams. The Games made use of about 400 footballs.
Melanie Cole
Melanie Cole Moffatt (born July 27, 1968) is a Canadian former competitive ice dancer. With Michael Farrington, she is the 1988 Golden Spin of Zagreb champion, 1988 Skate Canada International bronze medalist, and 1988 Canadian national bronze medalist. The two competed at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary, finishing 16th.

Figure skating at the 1988 Winter Olympics
Figure skating at the 1988 Winter Olympics took place at the Stampede Corral, the Olympic Saddledome and the Father David Bauer Olympic Arena in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. This was the last Olympic competition where compulsory figures were contested for the men's and ladies' events.
USS Castle Rock
USS Castle Rock (AVP-35) was a United States Navy Barnegat-class small seaplane tender in commission from 1944 to 1946 which saw service in the late months of World War II. After the war, she was in commission in the United States Coast Guard as the Coast Guard cutter USCGC Castle Rock (WAVP-383), later WHEC-383, from 1948 to 1971, seeing service in the Vietnam War during her Coast Guard career. Transferred to South Vietnam in 1971, she served in the Republic of Vietnam Navy as the frigate RVNS Trần Bình Trọng (HQ-05) and fought in the Battle of the Paracel Islands in 1974. When South Vietnam collapsed at the end of the Vietnam War in 1975, Trần Bình Trọng fled to the Philippines, where she served in the Philippine Navy from 1979 to 1985 as the frigate RPS (later BRP) Francisco Dagohoy (PF-10).

Battle of the Paracel Islands
The Battle of the Paracel Islands (Chinese: 西沙海战; pinyin: Xisha haizhan; Vietnamese: Hải chiến Hoàng Sa) was an engagement between the Chinese and South Vietnamese navies near the Paracel Islands from 19 to 20 January 1974. The battle was part of an attempt by the South Vietnamese navy to remove the Chinese navy from the area towards the end of the Vietnam War.

Prior to the conflict, part of the Paracel Islands was controlled by China and another part was controlled by South Vietnam. The battle resulted in a victory for China over South Vietnam. Consequently, China occupied the portion formerly controlled by South Vietnam and established full de facto control over the Paracels. The battle made South Vietnam conduct a campaign to station troops on unoccupied islands in the Spratlys from 30th.
Hausdorff maximal principle
In mathematics, the Hausdorff maximal principle is an alternate and earlier formulation of Zorn's lemma proved by Felix Hausdorff in 1914 (Moore 1982:168). It states that in any partially ordered set, every totally ordered subset is contained in a maximal totally ordered subset, where "maximal" is with respect to set inclusion.

In a partially ordered set, a totally ordered subset is also called a chain. Thus, the maximal principle says every chain in the set extends to a maximal chain.

The Hausdorff maximal principle is one of many statements equivalent to the axiom of choice over ZF (Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory without the axiom of choice). The principle is also called the Hausdorff maximality theorem or the Kuratowski lemma (Kelley 1955:33).

Subset
In mathematics, a set A is a subset of a set B if and only if all elements of A are also elements of B; B is then a superset of A. It is possible for A and B to be equal; if they are unequal, then A is a proper subset of B. The relationship of one set being a subset of another is called inclusion (or sometimes containment). A is a subset of B may also be expressed as B includes (or contains) A or A is included (or contained) in B. A k-subset is a subset with k elements.

When quantified,  is represented as

One can prove the statement  by applying a proof technique known as the element argument:

Let sets A and B be given. To prove that 
suppose that a is a particular but arbitrarily chosen element of A
show that a is an element of B.

The validity of this technique can be seen as a consequence of universal generalization: the technique shows  for an arbitrarily chosen element c. Universal generalisation then implies  which is equivalent to  as stated above.