hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
History of Sweden (800–1521)
Swedish pre-history ends around 800 AD, when the Viking Age begins and written sources are available. During the following centuries, Sweden gradually consolidated as a single nation. The Viking Age lasted until the mid-11th century. Scandinavia was formally Christianized by 1100 AD. The period 1050 to 1350—when the Black Death struck Europe—is considered the Older Middle Ages. The period from 1350 to 1523 is considered the Younger Middle Ages. The Kalmar Union between the Scandinavian countries was established in 1397 and lasted until King Gustav Vasa ended it upon seizing power during the Swedish War of Liberation, which concluded in 1523.

Kalmar Union
The Kalmar Union was a personal union in Scandinavia, agreed at Kalmar in Sweden as designed by Queen Margaret of Denmark. From 1397 to 1523, it joined under a single monarch the three kingdoms of Denmark, Sweden (then including much of present-day Finland), and Norway, together with Norway's maritime colonies (then including Iceland, Greenland, the Faroe Islands, and the Northern Isles of Orkney and Shetland).

The union was not quite continuous; there were several short interruptions. Legally, the countries remained separate sovereign states, but their domestic and foreign policies were directed by a common monarch. Gustav Vasa's election as King of Sweden on 6 June 1523, and his triumphant entry into Stockholm 11 days later, marked Sweden's final secession from the Kalmar Union. The Danish king formally renounced his claim to Sweden in 1524 at the Treaty of Malmö.
Kuroi Castle
Kuroi Castle (黒井城, Kuroi-jō) was a Sengoku period Japanese castle located in what is now the Kasuga-cho neighborhood of the city of Tamba Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan. It was also called Hogetsu Castle (保月城, Hogetsu-jō) or Hōzuki Castle (保築城, Hōzuki-jō). Famous as the birthplace of Lady Kasuga, the wet nurse of Tokugawa Iemitsu, it ruins have been protected as a National Historic Site since 1989.

Tokugawa Iemitsu
Tokugawa Iemitsu (徳川 家光; 12 August 1604 – 8 June 1651) was a Japanese samurai, daimyo and the third shōgun of the Tokugawa dynasty. He was the eldest son of Tokugawa Hidetada with Oeyo, and the grandson of Tokugawa Ieyasu. Lady Kasuga was his wet nurse, who acted as his political adviser and was at the forefront of shogunate negotiations with the Imperial court. Iemitsu ruled from 1623 to 1651; during this period he crucified Christians, expelled all Europeans from Japan and closed the borders of the country, a foreign policy that continued for over 200 years after its institution.
Iowa Highway 965
Iowa Highway 965 (Iowa 965) is a very short state highway in Coralville, Iowa that connects U.S. Highway 6 (US 6) to Interstate 80 (I-80) as there is no direct access between the two routes.  Prior to 2003, Iowa 965 was a much longer route, extending to Cedar Rapids along the former alignment of US 218 (which now follows the parallel I-380).

Cedar Rapids, Iowa
Cedar Rapids is a city in Linn County, Iowa, United States, and the county seat. The population was 137,710 at the 2020 census, and was estimated at 137,904 in 2024. making it the second-most populous city in Iowa. The city lies on both banks of the Cedar River, 20 miles (32 km) north of Iowa City and 128 miles (206 km) northeast of Des Moines, the state's capital.

Cedar Rapids is the economic hub of Eastern Iowa, located at the core of the Interstate 380 corridor. The population of the three-county Cedar Rapids metropolitan area, which includes the nearby cities of Marion and Hiawatha, was 276,520 in 2020. The Cedar Rapids metropolitan area is also part of a combined statistical area with the Iowa City metropolitan area.
Kate Thwaites
Kate Lynne Thwaites (born 19 January 1980) is an Australian politician. She is a member of the Australian Labor Party (ALP) and has been a member of the House of Representatives since the 2019 federal election, representing the Division of Jagajaga in Victoria. She is currently serving as the Special Envoy for Climate Change Adaptation and Resilience in the Albanese government. She was a journalist and public servant before entering parliament.

Jenny Macklin
Jennifer Louise Macklin AC (born 29 December 1953) is an Australian former politician. She was elected to federal parliament at the 1996 federal election and served as the deputy leader of the Australian Labor Party (ALP) from 2001 to 2006, under opposition leaders Simon Crean, Mark Latham and Kim Beazley. After the ALP won government at the 2007 election, she held ministerial office under Kevin Rudd and Julia Gillard, serving as Minister for Families, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs (2007–2013) and Minister for Disability Reform (2011–2013). She retired from parliament at the 2019 election.
MacKeeper
MacKeeper is a utility software for macOS that offers security, privacy, and performance optimization features. MacKeeper was first released in 2010, developed by ZeoBIT, later acquired by Kromtech, and is currently owned by Clario Tech, a security software development company.

MacKeeper had a troubled and litigious history under previous ownership. Zeobit settled a class action lawsuit over deceptive advertising and misleading claims, and Kromtech unsuccessfully sued MacKeeper critics. Some versions were difficult to uninstall, and flagged as undesirable by antivirus programs.

CleanMyMac
CleanMyMac is a macOS maintenance and optimisation utility developed by MacPaw, first released in 2008. The software is designed to optimize system performance by removing unnecessary files and managing disk space.

As of 2023, the software has been downloaded over 20 million times and has received multiple awards, including the Red Dot Design Award, iF Design Award and the UX Design Award.
Shopping in Kuala Lumpur
Kuala Lumpur is reputable for its vibrant shopping scene. Tourism is a big industry in Malaysia, raking in billions in tourist revenue annually, hence many malls have sprouted over the years. There are also a number of markets in Petaling Street, Kuala Lumpur's historic Chinatown that draw both locals and international tourists.

Petaling Street
3°08′40″N 101°41′51″E﻿ / ﻿3.144444°N 101.697500°E﻿ / 3.144444; 101.697500

Petaling Street (Malay: Jalan Petaling, Simplified Chinese: 茨厂街, Traditional Chinese: 茨廠街, pinyin: Cíchǎng Jiē, Cantonese jyutping: ci4 cong2 gaai1) is a Chinatown located in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The whole vicinity is also known as Chinatown KL. Haggling is a common sight here and the place is usually crowded with locals as well as tourists.

The area has dozens of restaurants and food stalls, serving local favourites such as Hokkien mee, Ikan Bakar (barbecued fish), asam laksa and curry noodles. Reggae Bar Chinatown is located here. 
Traders here are mainly Chinese but there are also Indian, Malay, and Bangladeshi traders. It is also known for street prostitution.
Race 2
Race 2  is a 2013 Indian Hindi-language neo-noir action crime film directed by Abbas–Mustan and written by Kiran Kotrial and Shiraz Ahmed. The film was produced by Ramesh S. Taurani under the Tips Industries banner, with UTV Motion Pictures serving as distributor and presenter. A sequel to the 2008 film, Race and the second installment of the Race film series. The film stars Saif Ali Khan, John Abraham, Anil Kapoor, Deepika Padukone, Jacqueline Fernandez and Ameesha Patel. The music of the film is composed by Pritam. The film was dubbed in Tamil and Telugu.

Made on a budget of ₹94 crore, Race 2 was released on 25 January (India) and 26 January (Worldwide). The film received mixed-to-positive reviews from critics and the audience. It grossed ₹173.36 crore worldwide.

Abbas–Mustan
Abbas–Mustan are an Indian filmmaker duo consisting of brothers Abbas Alibhai Burmawalla and Mustan Alibhai Burmawalla, working in Hindi cinema known for directing stylish suspense, action and romantic thrillers in  with dark-lighted themes.
SC Santa Maria
Sport Clube Santa Maria (also in Capeverdean Crioulos of ALUPEC or ALUPEK and Sal) is a football club that had played in the Premier division and plays in the Sal Island League in Cape Verde.  It is based in the town of Santa Maria in the southern part of the island of Sal. Santa Maria is the third successful football (soccer) club on the island, having won 10 official regional titles.

Cape Verdean Creole
Cape Verdean Creole is a Portuguese-based creole language spoken on the islands of Cape Verde. It is the native creole language of virtually all Cape Verdeans and is used as a second language by the Cape Verdean diaspora.

The creole has particular importance for creolistics studies since it is the oldest living creole. It is the most widely spoken Portuguese-based creole language.
Denver Pioneers football, 1920–1929
The Denver Ministers football program, 1920–1929 represented the University of Denver in college football during the 1920s as a member of the Rocky Mountain Conference. The program was led by four head coaches during the decade: Fred J. Murphy (1920–1922), Elmer McDevitt (1923–1924), Fred Dawson (1925–1928), and Jeff Cravath (1929–1931).

Highlights of the decade included:

The 1921 team compiled a 4–2–1 record and outscored opponents by a total of 133 to 78.

The 1922 team compiled a 6–1–1 record and outscored opponents by a total of 107 to 48.

The 1923 team compiled a 6–3 record and outscored opponents by a total of 117 to 99.

The 1927 team compiled a 5–2 record and outscored opponents by a total of 120 to 51.

The 1929 team compiled a 5–1–1 record and outscored opponents by a total of 92 to 33.

Fred J. Murphy
Frederick James Murphy (February 4, 1886 – December 17, 1956) was an American college football, college basketball, and college baseball player and coach and college athletics administrator. Murphy served as the head football coach at Northwestern University (1914–1918), University of Denver (1920–1922), and University of Kentucky (1924–1926), compiling a career college football head coaching record of 40–37–4. He was also the head basketball coach at Manhattan College (1912–1913) and at Northwestern (1914–1917), and the head baseball coach at Northwestern (1914–1916) and Kentucky (1925–1926). In addition, Murphy served as Northwestern's athletic director from 1913 to 1918.
Datamonitor
Datamonitor is an international company providing market intelligence, data analysis, and opinion via a worldwide network of in-house analysts. The company tracks Automotive, Consumer Markets, Energy & Utilities, Financial Services, Logistics & Express, Pharmaceutical & Healthcare, Retail, Technology, Sourcing and Telecommunications markets. Its website claims to have over 6,000 clients, which it helps make strategic and operational decisions. Datamonitor was acquired in 2007 by Informa for £513 million in cash.

Informa
Informa plc is a British publishing, business intelligence, and exhibitions group with headquarters in London, England. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. It has offices in 42 countries and around 14,000 employees. Informa owns numerous brands including Fan Expo, VidCon, Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity, CRC Press, Routledge, and Taylor & Francis.
Midtre Skagastølstindane
Midtre Skagastølstindane is one of the peaks constituting Skagastølstindane (lit. 'Skagastøl peaks') in the Hurrungane mountain range. The 2,284-metre (7,493 ft) tall mountain lies in the eastern part of Luster Municipality in Vestland county, Norway. The mountain lies in between Nordre Skagastølstindane, Vetle Skagastølstindane, and Storen. The mountains Styggedalstindane, Gjertvasstind, and Sentraltind all lie about 1 to 2 kilometres (0.62 to 1.24 mi) to the east of this mountain.  The village of Skjolden lies about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) to the west.

Styggedalstindane
Styggedalstindane is the fourth-highest summit in Norway. It is located within the Hurrungane mountains, which are part of the Jotunheimen mountain range. The mountain is located in the eastern part of Luster Municipality in Vestland county, Norway. This mountain sits directly between the mountains Sentraltind and Gjertvasstind.

There are two summits on the mountain:

The eastern summit is 2,387 metres (7,831 ft), with a primary factor of 170 metres (560 ft)

The western summit is 300 metres (980 ft) away from the eastern summit, and it is 2,370 metres (7,780 ft), with a primary factor of 37 metres (121 ft).
Bužim
Bužim (Serbian Cyrillic: Бужим) is a town and municipality located in the Una-Sana Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is situated in the Bosanska Krajina in the most northwestern part of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Una-Sana Canton
The Una-Sana Canton (Bosnian: Unsko-sanski kanton; Croatian: Unsko-sanska županija; Serbian: Унско-сански кантон, romanized: Unsko-sanski kanton) is a federated state and one of the ten cantons of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is located in the northwest of the country, a region known as Bosanska Krajina, and has been named after the rivers Una and Sana. Its cantonal seat is the city of Bihać.

The canton is bordered by Republika Srpska from the east, the Canton 10 from the southeast, and Croatia from the south, west, and north. The majority of the population is Bosniak (90%).
Rafi Ahmed Mir
Rafi Ahmad Mir is an Indian politician from Jammu and Kashmir. He was previously the General Secretary of Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party and held administrative position in Mehbooba Mufti's government as the Vice Chairman of Jammu and Kashmir Tourism Development Corporation with a ministerial status. He was one of close aides of Mufti with a popular public base in South Kashmir. Now associated with the newly formed Jammu and Kashmir Apni Party. Mir has been the key person behind Party's formation along with its founder President Syed Mohammad Altaf Bukhari. He lost to Altaf Ahmed Wani of National Conference in 2024 elections from Pahalgam by over 13,756 votes.

Jammu and Kashmir Apni Party
Jammu and Kashmir Apni Party (JKAP) is a political party established in March 2020 by Altaf Bukhari. The party focuses on regional development, addressing local issues, and advocating for the restoration of statehood to Jammu and Kashmir. It has positioned itself as an alternative to traditional political parties in the region, emphasizing a pragmatic approach to governance.
Mike Lynch (Colorado politician)
Michael Spencer Lynch is a former state representative from Wellington, Colorado. A Republican, Lynch most recently represented Colorado House of Representatives District 65, which includes parts of Weld and Larimer counties, including the communities of Windsor, Wellington, Severance, Tinmath, and Eaton. Prior to 2020 reapportionment, he represented District 49, which included portions of Larimer and Weld counties in northern Colorado.

Eaton, Colorado
The Town of Eaton is a statutory town located in Weld County, Colorado, United States. The town population was 5,802 at the 2020 United States census, a +32.92% increase since the 2010 United States census. Eaton is a part of the Greeley, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Front Range Urban Corridor.
Hylaeinae
Hylaeinae is a subfamily of plasterer bees found worldwide, with the greatest subgeneric and species-level diversity in Australia. Like bees in the Euryglossinae subfamily, Hylaeinae bees are relatively small and carry pollen internally in the crop.

Euryglossinae
Euryglossinae is a subfamily of plasterer bees endemic to Australia. Most of the 400+ species in the subfamily are very small, with the largest reaching 10 mm in length. Females of this subfamily carry pollen internally, in the crop.
Vhong Navarro
Ferdinand Hipolito "Vhong" Navarro (born January 4, 1977), is a Filipino comedian, actor, dancer, recording artist, and television host. He is known for his comedic performances in films such as Mr. Suave (2003), Gagamboy (2004), and Agent X44 (2007). Navarro is a regular host on ABS-CBN's noontime variety show It's Showtime (2009–present) and was previously a member of the dance group Streetboys, alongside fellow host Jhong Hilario.

Jhong Hilario
Virgilio "Jhong" Viernes Hilario Jr. (born August 11, 1976) is a Filipino actor, dancer, television host, and politician. He is a member of the Filipino dance group Streetboys. He served as a councilor of Makati from its 1st district from 2016 to 2025. He is widely known for his antagonist roles in television; as Gary David in the 2010 remake of Mara Clara (originally portrayed by Eruel Tongco from 1992 to 1996 and William Martinez for its movie version), and as Homer "Alakdan" Adlawan in FPJ's Ang Probinsyano. He currently appears as a regular host on ABS-CBN's noontime variety show It's Showtime.
D (Daryl Hall album)
D is the sixth solo album by American singer-songwriter Daryl Hall. Hall's first studio solo album after 11 years, it was released on June 21, 2024. Hall co-produced the album with former Eurythmics frontman Dave Stewart, who co-wrote seven of the nine songs. The album takes its name from Hall's nickname.

The album was recorded over a year and a half in Stewart's studio in Harbour Island, Bahamas, near where Hall has a house. The first single, "Can't Say No to You", was released on May 7, 2024.

Dave Stewart (Eurythmics)
David Allan Stewart (born 9 September 1952) is an English musician, songwriter and record producer, best known for Eurythmics, his successful professional partnership with Annie Lennox. He won Best British Producer at the 1986, 1987 and 1990 Brit Awards. Stewart (along with Lennox) was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2020 and the duo were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2022. Outside of Eurythmics, Stewart has written and produced songs for artists such as Ringo Starr, Stevie Nicks, Mick Jagger and Tom Petty.
Basil Hunnisett
Basil Hunnisett (5 July 1923 – 15 October 2013) was an English librarian, academic, lecturer and author specialising in steel engraving, historical bibliography, history of libraries and fine art librarianship. He wrote three books on steel engraving and was among the first to cover the subject in detail. He also contributed to the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, the Grove Dictionary of Art and several specialist arts magazines.

Grove Art Online
Grove Art Online is the online edition of The Dictionary of Art, often referred to as the Grove Dictionary of Art, and part of Oxford Art Online, an internet gateway to online art reference publications of Oxford University Press, which also includes the online version of the Benezit Dictionary of Artists. It is a large encyclopedia of art, previously a 34-volume printed encyclopedia first published by Grove in 1996 and reprinted with minor corrections in 1998. A new edition was published in 2003 by Oxford University Press.
P–P plot
In statistics, a P–P plot (probability–probability plot or percent–percent plot or P value plot) is a probability plot for assessing how closely two data sets agree, or for assessing how closely a dataset fits a particular model. It works by plotting the two cumulative distribution functions against each other; if they are similar, the data will appear to be nearly a straight line. This behavior is similar to that of the more widely used Q–Q plot, with which it is often confused.

Cumulative distribution function
In probability theory and statistics, the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of a real-valued random variable , or just distribution function of , evaluated at , is the probability that  will take a value less than or equal to .

Every probability distribution supported on the real numbers, discrete or "mixed" as well as continuous, is uniquely identified by a right-continuous monotone increasing function (a càdlàg function)  satisfying  and .

In the case of a scalar continuous distribution, it gives the area under the probability density function from negative infinity to . Cumulative distribution functions are also used to specify the distribution of multivariate random variables.
Bernard Lugan
Bernard Jean René Lugan (French pronunciation: [bɛʁnaʁ lyɡɑ̃]; born 10 May 1946) is a French historian who specialises in African history. He is a professor at the Institut des hautes études de défense nationale (IHEDN) and the editor of the journal L'Afrique réelle ("Real Africa"). Lugan previously taught at Jean Moulin University Lyon 3 and at the special military school of Saint-Cyr until 2015. He served as an expert witness for Hutu defendants involved in the Rwandan genocide at the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. Close to the far-right, Lugan is a self-declared monarchist and right-wing anarchist.

Definition of anarchism and libertarianism
Anarchism and libertarianism, as broad political ideologies with manifold historical and contemporary meanings, have contested definitions. Their adherents have a pluralistic and overlapping tradition that makes precise definition of the political ideology difficult or impossible, compounded by a lack of common features, differing priorities of subgroups, lack of academic acceptance, and contentious historical usage.
Zoom fatigue
Zoom fatigue is tiredness, worry, or burnout associated with the overuse of online platforms of communication, particularly videotelephony. Its name derives from the cloud-based videoconferencing and online chat software Zoom, but the term can be used to refer to fatigue from any videoconferencing platform (such as Google Meet or Microsoft Teams).

The term was popularized during the COVID-19 pandemic, during which the use of videoconferencing software became common due to the effects of isolation and widespread lockdowns.

The phenomenon of Zoom fatigue has been attributed to an overload of nonverbal cues and communication that are not normally present in face-to-face conversations, and the increased average size of groups in video calls.

Microsoft Teams
Microsoft Teams is a team collaboration platform developed by Microsoft as part of the Microsoft 365 suite. It offers features such as workspace chat, video conferencing, file storage, and integration with both Microsoft and third-party applications and services. Teams gradually replaced earlier Microsoft messaging and collaboration platforms, including Skype for Business, Skype, and Microsoft Classroom.

The platform saw significant growth during the COVID-19 pandemic, alongside competitors such as Zoom, Slack, and Google Meet, as organizations shifted to remote work and virtual meetings.

As of January 2023, Microsoft reported approximately 280 million monthly active users.