hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Civil procedure in England and Wales
The rules of civil procedure in England and Wales that govern the conduct of litigation in the civil courts primarily stem from the Civil Procedure Rules adopted in 1999 as part of the Woolf Reforms, but also from the accompanying Practice Directions, other legislation and case law.

The rules that apply differ depending on the type of claim, but ultimately govern the entire cycle of a case before the courts, including the steps that must be undertaken before the claim is issued, service to the other parties, allocation of the case to the different tracks, adding or substituting parties to a claim, default judgment, summary judgment, striking out all or part of a claim, and disclosure of evidence. The rules also deal with how hearings are conducted both pre-trial and at trial, as well as the remedies (both interim and final) that the court can grant, how they are enforced or appealed, and the assessment of costs.

Service of process
Each legal jurisdiction has rules and discrete terminology regarding the appropriate procedures for serving legal documents on a person being sued or subject to legal proceedings. In the U.S. legal system, service of process is the procedure by which a party to a lawsuit gives an appropriate notice of initial legal action to another party (such as a defendant), court, or administrative body in an effort to exercise jurisdiction over that person so as to force that person to respond to the proceeding in a court, body, or other tribunal. Notice is furnished by delivering a set of court documents (called "process") to the person to be served.
Zhang Jun (Tang chancellor)
Zhang Jun (張濬) (died January 20, 904), courtesy name Yuchuan (禹川), was an official of the Chinese dynasty Tang dynasty, serving as a chancellor during the reigns of Emperor Xizong and Emperor Xizong's younger brother and successor Emperor Zhaozong.  Early in Emperor Zhaozong's reign, Zhang was a major advocate for the imperial campaign to regain power from the regional warlords, but was removed after commanding a disastrous campaign against warlord Li Keyong and forced into retirement.  Late in Emperor Zhaozong's reign, with Emperor Zhaozong physically controlled by another warlord, Zhu Quanzhong, who had designs on taking over the throne as emperor (and eventually did, founding Later Liang), Zhu, while formerly an ally of Zhang's, was concerned that Zhang would encourage other warlords into a coordinated campaign against Zhu to stop his takeover, and so had his ally Zhang Quanyi slaughter Zhang Jun and his household.

Later Liang (Five Dynasties)
Liang, known in historiography as the Later Liang (simplified Chinese: 后梁; traditional Chinese: 後梁; pinyin: Hòu Liáng) (1 June 907 – 19 November 923) or the Zhu Liang (Chinese: 朱梁), was an imperial dynasty of China and the first of the Five Dynasties during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. It was founded by Zhu Wen (Emperor Taizu), after he forced the last emperor of the Tang dynasty to abdicate in his favour (and then murdered him). The Later Liang would last until 923 when it was destroyed by the Later Tang dynasty.
Dancing on Ice series 16
The sixteenth series of Dancing on Ice began airing on ITV on 14 January 2024. During the finale of the fifteenth series, it was announced that Dancing on Ice had been renewed for another series. The series was once again filmed in the purpose-built studio at Bovingdon Airfield, which was set up for the tenth series.

In May 2023, Phillip Schofield who had presented the show since its inception, resigned from ITV after admitting to having had a relationship with a young male ITV employee, ultimately confirming his departure from both This Morning and Dancing on Ice. Stephen Mulhern, who previously stood in for Schofield as presenter during the fourteenth series, was announced as his replacement and co-hosted alongside Holly Willoughby. Ashley Banjo, Christopher Dean, Oti Mabuse, and Jayne Torvill all returned to the judging panel, though Banjo was replaced with Johnny Weir for three shows due to Diversity being on tour at the time.

Ashley Banjo
Ashley Modurotolu Banjo MBE (born 4 October 1988) is an English dancer, choreographer, and television personality. He is the leader of the street dance troupe Diversity who won the third series of the television talent show Britain's Got Talent in 2009. Banjo has been a judge on television dance competition shows, including Got to Dance (2009–2014), Dance Dance Dance (2017). and Dancing on Ice (2018–2025). In 2016, he was a co-presenter for the Saturday night BBC game show Can't Touch This.
Ronnie Moran
Ronald Moran (28 February 1934 – 22 March 2017) was an English footballer who played as a left-back for Liverpool, also captaining the side. He later twice served as caretaker manager for Liverpool in the early 1990s.

Having spent his entire playing career at the club, he then became a member of the Boot Room coaching staff with Bill Shankly, Bob Paisley, Joe Fagan and Reuben Bennett, and was the club's longest-serving employee when he retired in 1998.

Don Welsh
Donald Welsh (25 February 1911 – 2 February 1990) was an English football player and manager. As a player, he played at inside left for Charlton Athletic and for England, winning the FA Cup with Charlton in 1946–47.
Dixson (singer)
Darius Scott Dixson, also known as DIXSON, is an American singer, songwriter, producer, and multi-instrumentalist, best known for a Season 9 live playoffs appearance on The Voice (with Team Pharrell), and his co-written and co-produced Academy Award-nominated original song "Be Alive" alongside Beyoncé from the 2021 film King Richard. Scott has also co-written for Mariah Carey, Chance the Rapper, Kehlani, and Vic Mensa, among others, and is a graduate of the College of Wooster.

Academy Award for Best Original Song
The Academy Award for Best Original Song is one of the awards given annually to people working in the motion picture industry by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). It is presented to the songwriters who have composed the best original song written specifically for a film. The performers of a song are not credited with the Academy Award unless they contributed either to music, lyrics, or both in their own right. The songs that are nominated for this award are typically performed during the ceremony and before this award is presented.

The award category was introduced at the 7th Academy Awards, the ceremony honoring the best in film for 1934. Nominations are made by Academy members who are songwriters and composers, and the winners are chosen by the Academy membership as a whole. Fifteen songs are shortlisted before nominations are announced.
Underground House Colorado
The Underground House in Ward, Colorado, was a subterranean dwelling known for its architectural design, which embraced the concept of underground living. The house was designed by architect  Julian "Jay" Swayze (1923–1981) in the 1960s. The dwelling is an example of an unconventional approach to residential construction and integration with the natural environment. It was included in the Underground World Home exhibit at the 1964 New York World's Fair.

Underground World Home
The Underground World Home was an exhibit at the 1964 New York World's Fair of a partially underground house which doubled as a bomb shelter.  Designed by architect Jay Swayze, who made a specialty of underground homes, it was situated on the campus of the expo besides the Hall of Science and north of the expo's heliport in Flushing Meadows–Corona Park in Queens.
Anglican–Roman Catholic International Commission
The Anglican–Roman Catholic International Commission (ARCIC) is an organization created in 1969 which seeks to make ecumenical progress between the Anglican–Roman Catholic dialogue. The sponsors are the Anglican Consultative Council and the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity (formerly the Secretariat for Promoting Christian Unity).

ARCIC seeks to identify common ground between the two communions. Ecumenical relations have become strained, owing to the ordination of women within the Anglican Communion and, in more recent years, the Anglican communion has internally become increasingly more divided over issues concerning homosexuality.

Ordination of women
The ordination of women to ministerial or priestly office is an increasingly common practice among some contemporary major religious groups. It remains a controversial issue in certain religious groups in which ordination was traditionally reserved for men. Where laws prohibit sex discrimination in employment, exceptions are often made for clergy (for example in the United States) on grounds of separation of church and state. In some cases, women have been permitted to be ordained, but not to hold higher positions, such as (until October 2025) that of Archbishop of Canterbury in the Church of England.
Dormeshia Sumbry-Edwards
Dormeshia Sumbry-Edwards (born January 16, 1976, in Englewood, California) is an American tap dancer, choreographer, and instructor who has been called "the mastress of her generation." In 1998, she married fellow dancer Omar Edwards and opened a studio with him in Harlem; they have three children.

Gregory Hines
Gregory Oliver Hines (February 14, 1946 – August 9, 2003) was an American dancer, actor, choreographer, and singer. He is one of the most celebrated tap dancers of all time. As an actor, he is best known for History of the World, Part I (1981), Wolfen (1981), The Cotton Club (1984), White Nights (1985), Running Scared (1986), A Rage in Harlem (1991), The Gregory Hines Show (1997–1998), playing Ben on Will & Grace (1999–2000), and for voicing Big Bill on the Nick Jr. animated children's television program Little Bill (1999–2004).

Hines starred in more than 40 films and also appeared on Broadway. He received many accolades, including a Daytime Emmy Award, a Drama Desk Award, and a Tony Award, as well as nominations for a Screen Actors Guild Award and four Primetime Emmy Awards.
Eumycetozoa
Eumycetozoa (from Ancient Greek  εὖ (eû) 'true'  μύκης (múkēs) 'fungus' and  ζῷον (zôion) 'animal'), or true slime molds, is a diverse group of protists that behave as slime molds and develop fruiting bodies, either as sorocarps or as sporocarps. It is a monophyletic group or clade within the phylum Amoebozoa that contains the myxogastrids, dictyostelids and protosporangiids.

Sorocarp
A sorocarp (from the Greek word soros "a heap" + karpos "fruit") is the fruiting body characteristic of certain cellular slime moulds (e.g., Dictyosteliida).  Each sorocarp consists of both a sorophore (stalk) and a sorus. Sorocarps release spores.
Stephen Scott (jazz pianist)
Stephen Scott (born March 13, 1969) is an American jazz pianist.

Scott played piano from the age of five. While attending New York's High School of the Performing Arts, he was introduced to jazz by alto saxophonist Justin Robinson, in particular, the music of Wynton Kelly and Red Garland. Later, he took private lessons at the Juilliard School of Music.

In 1986, he received the Young Talent Award from the National Association of Jazz Educators, and within the year, was hired as accompanist to singer Betty Carter. Scott was soon playing with bands led by Kenny Barron, Terence Blanchard, Ron Carter, Lou Donaldson, Benny Golson, Craig Handy, Roy Hargrove, the Harper Brothers, Joe Henderson (appearing on the Grammy-winning tribute to Billy Strayhorn, Lush Life), Jon Hendricks, Bobby Hutcherson, Victor Lewis (appearing on Eeeyyess!), Branford Marsalis, Wynton Marsalis, Sonny Rollins, and Bobby Watson.

Betty Carter
Betty Carter (born Lillie Mae Jones; May 16, 1929 – September 26, 1998) was an American jazz singer known for her improvisational technique, scatting and other complex musical abilities that demonstrated her vocal talent and imaginative interpretation of lyrics and melodies. Vocalist Carmen McRae once remarked: "There's really only one jazz singer—only one: Betty Carter.": xiv
Bill Rose (footballer)
William John Rose (9 May 1931 – 10 October 2007) was an Australian rules footballer who played for Collingwood in the Victorian Football League (VFL) during the early 1950s.

Rose was a follower in Collingwood's 1953 premiership side, having been a back pocket in the team which lost the Grand Final a year earlier.

His brothers, Bob, Kevin and Ralph were also Collingwood players.

Kevin Rose (Australian rules footballer)
Kevin Thomas Rose OAM (born 4 June 1939) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for Collingwood in the VFL. He was one of four brothers who played for Collingwood with the most famous being his older brother Bob Rose.

Rose started his career as a half back flanker before becoming a ruck-rover. He was a Collingwood premiership player in 1958 and played in three losing grand final teams. He subsequently played for six years with Prahran on the Victorian Football Association. In 2003 he was selected in Prahran's Team of the Century.

After retiring as a player he took up coaching and was appointed senior coach of Fitzroy in 1975.

From 1996 to 1998 he was president of the Collingwood Football Club before being replaced by Eddie McGuire.

In 2015 Kevin Rose was awarded a Medal of the Order of Australia for "service to the community, and to Australian Rules football."
Sam Nelson
Sam Nelson (1896–1963) was an American film director who worked from the end of the silent era through the early 1960s. While most of his film work was in the assistant director role, he did direct over twenty films during the 1930s and 1940s, all of which were Westerns. As an assistant director, he worked on such productions as Pennies from Heaven, And Then There Were None, All the King's Men, the original 3:10 to Yuma, Some Like It Hot, A Raisin in the Sun, and Spartacus. In addition, he appeared in over a dozen films in small acting roles.

And Then There Were None (1945 film)
And Then There Were None is a 1945 film adaptation of Agatha Christie's 1939 mystery novel of the same name, directed by René Clair. It was released in the United Kingdom as Ten Little Indians, in keeping with the third United Kingdom title of Christie's novel. The film was released by 20th Century Fox and due to the lapsed copyright, it is now in the public domain. The film has been remastered multiple times and is freely available online.
Papyrus 49
Papyrus 49 (Gregory-Aland), designated by 𝔓49, is an early copy of the New Testament in Greek. It is a papyrus manuscript of the Epistle to the Ephesians, surviving in a fragmentary condition. The manuscript has been palaeographically assigned to the 3rd century. It was probably a part of the same manuscript as Papyrus 65. It came from Egypt and was purchased for the Yale University Library. Textually it is close to the Codex Sinaiticus and Codex Vaticanus. The text of the manuscript has been published several times.

Epistle to the Ephesians
The Epistle to the Ephesians is a Pauline epistle and the tenth book of the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It stands among the canonical writings that shaped early Christian identity and is traditionally grouped with the letters attributed to Paul the Apostle.

The text is traditionally believed to have been written by Paul around AD 62 during his imprisonment in Rome. It closely resembles Colossians and is thought to have been addressed to the church in Ephesus (now in Turkey), another Pauline epistle whose authorship is debated. As such, many  modern scholars dispute the attribution and date the work to AD 70–100 as a circular letter.

Ephesians sets out a theological vision of God's plan to unite all creation in Christ and exhorts the church to embody that unity through reconciliation across ethnic boundaries and holy conduct in everyday relationships.
Greatest Hits (Sylvia album)
Greatest Hits is a compilation album released by American country music artist Sylvia. It was released in 1987 via RCA Records was produced by various individuals, including Tom Collins and Brent Maher. It was the last album released by Sylvia while she was recording for the RCA record label. It also spawned one single, which became a minor hit on the Billboard country chart.

Brent Maher
Brent Maher is a producer, engineer, and songwriter currently residing in Nashville, Tennessee.  He has produced and engineered six Grammy Award-winning records and received awards from the CMA, ACM, CCMA, ASCAP, SOCAN and NSAI. Maher engineered classic recordings like Ike and Tina Turner’s “Proud Mary” and The 5th Dimension's "Age of Aquarius". He discovered  The Judds and produced all ten of their albums, writing many of their hit songs. Maher has also served two terms on the board of directors of the Academy of Country Music.
2016–17 SSC Napoli season
The 2016–17 season was Società Sportiva Calcio Napoli's 71st season in Serie A. The team competed in Serie A, the Coppa Italia, and the UEFA Champions League.

In the league, Napoli enjoyed an excellent campaign, finishing third but scoring a league-high 94 goals, led by Dries Mertens, converted from a winger into a centre-forward, who finished with 28 goals, only one behind capocannoniere Edin Džeko. The club was eliminated in the semi-finals of the Coppa Italia by eventual winners Juventus, and were knocked out of the Champions League in the round of 16 by eventual champions Real Madrid.

2016–17 Coppa Italia
The 2016–17 Coppa Italia, also known as TIM Cup for sponsorship reasons, was the 70th edition of the domestic national tournament. Juventus successfully defended its title by defeating Lazio 2–0 in the final, becoming the first team to win the title for three consecutive years and for a record-extending 12th title.
Delia Jarrett-Macauley
Delia Jarrett-Macauley FRSA, also known as Dee Jarrett-Macauley, is a London-based British writer, academic and broadcaster of Sierra Leonean heritage. Her debut novel, Moses, Citizen & Me, won the 2006 Orwell Prize for political writing, the first novel to have been awarded the prize. She has devised and presented features on BBC Radio, as well as being a participant in a range of programmes. As a multi-disciplinary scholar in history, literature and cultural politics, she has taught at Leeds University, Birkbeck, University of London, and other educational establishments, most recently as a fellow in English at the University of Warwick. She is also a business and arts consultant, specialising in organisation development.

Margaret Busby
Margaret Yvonne Busby, CBE, Hon. FRSL (born 1944), also known as Nana Akua Ackon, is a Ghanaian-born publisher, editor, writer and broadcaster, resident in the UK. She was Britain's youngest publisher as well as the first black female book publisher in the UK when she and Clive Allison (1944–2011) co-founded the London-based publishing house Allison and Busby (A & B) in the 1960s. She edited the anthology Daughters of Africa (1992), and its 2019 follow-up New Daughters of Africa. She is a recipient of the Benson Medal from the Royal Society of Literature. In 2020, she was voted one of the "100 Great Black Britons". In 2021, she was honoured with the London Book Fair Lifetime Achievement Award. In 2023, Busby was named as president of English PEN.
SpaceX Crew-3
SpaceX Crew-3 was the Crew Dragon's third NASA Commercial Crew operational flight, and its fifth overall crewed orbital flight. The mission successfully launched on November 11, 2021, at 02:03:31 UTC to the International Space Station. It was the maiden flight of Crew Dragon Endurance.

This launch brought the total number of humans who have been to space to more than 600 with Maurer (600) and Barron (601).

Crew Dragon Resilience
Crew Dragon Resilience (serial number C207) is the second operational Crew Dragon reusable spacecraft manufactured and operated by SpaceX, after Endeavour. It first launched on 16 November 2020 to the International Space Station (ISS) on the SpaceX Crew-1 mission, the first operational flight of NASA's Commercial Crew Program. It was subsequently used for three private spaceflight missions with all-civilian crews: Inspiration4 in 2021, Polaris Dawn in 2024, and Fram2 in 2025.
Red Cab to Manhattan
Red Cab to Manhattan is the third album by singer/songwriter Stephen Bishop and his first for Warner Bros. Unlike his previous two albums, Careless and Bish, none of its tracks nor the album itself cracked the top 100 on the Billboard singles or albums charts. Like his previous albums, Bishop had some big names help on the album. Notable contributors include Eric Clapton, Phil Collins and Art Garfunkel.

Bish (album)
Bish is the second album by singer/songwriter Stephen Bishop. The lead single, "Everybody Needs Love", peaked at No. 32 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart. and number five on the U.S. Adult Contemporary chart. It did better in Canada, reaching No. 29 and peaking at number two on the Canadian Adult Contemporary chart.  The album itself rose to No. 35 on the Billboard pop albums chart.

Notable contributors to the album include Art Garfunkel, Chaka Khan, Natalie Cole and Michael McDonald. At the end of the track "Vagabond from Heaven", a large group, "The Whistling Bishettes", is heard. The group includes several famous non-musicians: actress Carrie Fisher, film director John Landis and then-Rolling Stone writer Cameron Crowe.
Mand Miani Jhadduwala
Mand Miani Jhadduwala  is a village in Bhulath Tehsil in Kapurthala district of Punjab State, India. It is located 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) from Bhulath, 35 kilometres (22 mi) away from district headquarter Kapurthala.  The village is administrated by a Sarpanch who is an elected representative of village as per the constitution of India and Panchayati raj (India).

Kapurthala
Kapurthala (Punjabi pronunciation: [kə.puːɾ.t̪ʰə.läː]) is a city in the Punjab state of India. It is the administrative headquarters of the Kapurthala District. It was the capital of the Kapurthala State, a princely state in British India. It is an immediate neighbour of Jalandhar city proper, and a part of the Jalandhar Metropolitan Region. The aesthetic mix of the city, with its prominent buildings based on French and Indo-Saracenic architecture self-narrate its princely past. And for this reason, it has often been referred to as the “Paris of Punjab”. It is also known as the 'City of Palaces & Gardens'. According to the 2011 census, Kapurthala is the least populated city in India.
Roc de Fer
Roc de Fer (French: "iron rock") is a World Cup downhill Alpine skiing course in Méribel, France, which is part of the large interlinked ski area known as Les Trois Vallées in the Savoie department of France, near Mont Blanc. The course was originally created for the 1992 Winter Olympics and has since played host to the World Cup season finals in 2015 and 2022 and the 2023 FIS World Ski Championships, the latter two in conjunction with the L’Éclipse course in the neighboring town of Courchevel.

Roc de Fer is considered venue for 2030 Winter Olympics Alpine skiing events.

2014–15 FIS Alpine Ski World Cup
The 49th World Cup season began on 25 October 2014, in Sölden, Austria, and concluded on 22 March 2015 at the World Cup finals in Meribel, France. The defending overall champions from the 2014 season - Marcel Hirscher and Anna Fenninger, both of Austria, defended their titles successfully. The season was  interrupted by the World Championships in February, in the United States at Vail/Beaver Creek, Colorado. Combined events were not awarded as a discipline trophy.