hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Michael Shaeffer
Michael Shaeffer  is an English television and stage actor. He is especially known for his role as "Longcross" in the BBC political-thriller television series Bodyguard (2018).

He has also appeared in the television series Black Mirror (2013), The ABC Murders (2018) and The Salisbury Poisonings (2020), as well as the 2000 film adaptation of Jesus Christ Superstar.

He has also played smaller roles in television shows, including Game of Thrones and Chernobyl, and films such as Kingdom of Heaven and Rogue One.

Jesus Christ Superstar
Jesus Christ Superstar is a sung-through rock opera with music by Andrew Lloyd Webber and lyrics by Tim Rice. Loosely based on the Gospel accounts of the Passion, the work interprets the psychology of Jesus and other characters, with much of the plot centred on Judas, who is dissatisfied with how Jesus steers his disciples. Contemporary attitudes, sensibilities, and slang pervade the rock opera's lyrics, and ironic allusions to modern life are scattered throughout the depiction of political events; stage and film productions accordingly contain many intentional anachronisms.

Initially unable to get backing for a stage production, the composers released the score as a 1970 concept album, an immediate success which led to its Broadway stage debut in 1971. By 1980, the musical had grossed more than $237 million worldwide. Running over eight years in London between 1972 and 1980, the show held the record for longest-running West End musical until 1989 (overtaken by Cats).
Sattler's layer
Sattler's layer, named after Hubert Sattler, an Austrian ophthalmologist, is one of five (or six) layers of medium-diameter blood vessels of the choroid, and a layer of the eye. It is situated between the Bruch's membrane, choriocapillaris below, and the Haller's layer and suprachoroidea above, respectively. The origin seems to be related to a continuous differentiation throughout the growth of the tissue and even further differentiation during adulthood.

Bruch's membrane
Bruch's membrane or lamina vitrea is the innermost layer of the choroid of the eye. It is also called the vitreous lamina or Membrane vitriae, because of its glassy microscopic appearance. It is 2–4 μm thick.
Va tacito e nascosto
"Va tacito e nascosto" (Italian; translation, "Silently and stealthily goes") is an aria written for alto castrato voice in act 1 of George Frideric Handel's opera Giulio Cesare in Egitto, composed in 1724 to a libretto by Nicola Francesco Haym. Sung by the character Julius Caesar, it features extensive solos for natural horn.

Nicola Francesco Haym
Nicola Francesco Haym (6 July 1678 – 31 July 1729) was an Italian opera librettist, composer, theatre manager and performer, literary editor and numismatist. He is best remembered for adapting texts into libretti for the London operas of George Frideric Handel and Giovanni Bononcini. Libretti that he provided for Handel included those for Giulio Cesare, Ottone, Flavio, Tamerlano, Rodelinda, and several others; for Bononcini, he produced two, Calfurnia and Astianatte.
Hastings Yelverton
Admiral Sir Hastings Reginald Yelverton, GCB (born Hastings Reginald Henry; 21 March 1808 – 24 July 1878) was a Royal Navy officer. As a junior officer he took part in a major action against pirates off Candia in June 1826 and was involved in protecting British interests during the Portuguese Civil War during the early 1830s. He saw action in the Crimean War as Captain of one of the two ships that captured a Russian barque beneath the batteries at Ekenäs in Finland in May 1854. Then in July 1873 he took part in the suppression of the Cantonal Revolution in Cartagena. He became First Naval Lord in September 1876 and in that role implemented a series of economies demanded by the Disraeli ministry but was also involved in ordering the small, cheap and thoroughly unsuccessful ironclad Ajax-class battleships.

Liberal Wars
The Liberal Wars (Portuguese: Guerras Liberais), also known as the Portuguese Civil War (Guerra Civil Portuguesa) and the War of the Two Brothers (Guerra dos Dois Irmãos) was a civil war in Portugal that lasted from May 1828 to May 1834, fought between liberal progressive constitutionalists (led by former King Pedro IV) and conservative traditionalists (led by King Miguel I) over the country's system of government and royal succession. Embroiled parties included the Kingdom of Portugal, Portuguese rebels, the United Kingdom, France, the Catholic Church, Spain and Russia.
Louis-Albert Lefeuvre
Louis-Albert Lefeuvre (1845 in Paris – 1924 in Neuilly-sur-Seine) was a French sculptor.

He was a pupil of Auguste Dumont and Alexandre Falguière. From 1875, he exhibited his allegorical works, including Pour la patrie, La Muse des bois.

Alexandre Falguière
Jean Alexandre Joseph Falguière (French pronunciation: [ʒɑ̃ alɛksɑ̃dʁ ʒozɛf falɡjɛʁ]; also given as Jean-Joseph-Alexandre Falguière, or in short Alexandre Falguière) (7 September 1831 – 20 April 1900) was a French sculptor and painter.
Carnival of Binche
The Carnival of Binche (French: Carnaval de Binche) is an annual festival held in Binche, Hainaut, Belgium, during the Sunday, Monday, and Tuesday preceding Ash Wednesday.

The carnival's history dates back to approximately the 14th century, and it is today one of the best known of several that take place simultaneously in Wallonia, Belgium. Performers known as Gilles wear elaborate costumes in the national colours of red, black and yellow. During the parade, they throw oranges at the crowd.

Since 2003, the event has been recognised as a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO, and it is also listed as intangible heritage of the French Community of Belgium.

Intangible cultural heritage
Intangible cultural heritage (ICH)—as opposed to a place's tangible cultural heritage, cultural properties such as historic sites, monuments, and artefacts—comprises manifestations of intellectual wealth such as customs, beliefs, traditions, folklore, language, and knowledge, as expressed in particular through craftsmanship and performance.

Responding to the perceived over-representation of Western Europe among World Heritage Sites, to help valorize cultural diversity, and following on from earlier related measures in Japan (1950) and in South Korea (1962), in 2001, UNESCO made a survey among states and NGOs to try to agree on a definition, and the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage was drafted in 2003 for its protection and promotion.
Time and Again (Ms. Marvel)
"Time and Again" is the fifth episode of the American television miniseries Ms. Marvel, based on Marvel Comics featuring the character Ms. Marvel. It follows Kamala Khan, who time-travels from the present to 1947, and her great-grandmother Aisha before and during the partition of India. The episode is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), sharing continuity with the films of the franchise. It was written by Fatimah Asghar and directed by Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoy.

Iman Vellani stars as Kamala Khan, alongside Matt Lintz, Zenobia Shroff, Rish Shah, Samina Ahmad, Fawad Khan, Nimra Bucha, Mehwish Hayat, Adaku Ononogbo, and Aramis Knight. Obaid-Chinoy joined the series by September 2020 to direct two episodes.

"Time and Again" was released on Disney+ on July 6, 2022.

Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoy
Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoy (Urdu: شرمین عبید چنائے; born November 12, 1978) is a Pakistani journalist, filmmaker and political activist known for her work in films that highlight gender inequality against women. She is the recipient of seven Emmy Awards and two Academy Awards.
The Spirit of Christmas 2005
The Spirit of Christmas 2005 is the 12th compilation album of Christmas-associated tracks in the annual Spirit of Christmas series. It was released in Australia on 17 November 2005 with proceeds going to The Salvation Army's Red Shield Appeal, which supports at-risk children and youth throughout the country. The compilation has contributions from various Australian artists and was produced by Lindsay Field (also compiler) and Glenn Wheatley. It was issued on CD by Sony BMG and distributed at Myer Stores.

Glenn Wheatley
Glenn Dawson Wheatley (23 January 1948 – 1 February 2022) was an Australian musician, talent manager, tour promoter and radio entrepreneur. Wheatley was the founder and managing director of Talentworks.
3% Case
The 3% Case (Spanish: Caso 3 %), also called the Adigsa Case or the Convergència Case, was a political corruption scandal surrounding the Generalitat de Catalunya, under the control of the Convergence and Union (CiU) electoral alliance, illegally taking commissions on public works projects. It was first given attention by the then-President Pasqual Maragall in 2005, and was later shelved. Following Jordi Pujol's admission in 2014 that he and his family had maintained accounts in tax havens for three decades, the investigation was reopened. As of 2025, the case remains ongoing.

In January 2018, the CiU and its successor, the Catalan European Democratic Party, were charged with influencing trafficking, bribery and money laundering. The CiU folded in 2015 owing to internal division over its independence strategy,

Jordi Pujol
Jordi Pujol i Soley (Catalan pronunciation: [ˈʒɔɾði puˈʒɔl i suˈlɛj], born 9 June 1930) is a retired Catalan politician who was the leader of the party Convergència Democràtica de Catalunya (CDC) from 1974 to 2003, and President of the Generalitat de Catalunya from 1980 to 2003.

He was tried in 2025 for corruption, suspected of having received illegal commissions worth hundreds of million euros in exchange for political favors during his terms in office. Several of his children, who became businesspeople, are also said to have become considerably wealthy alongside him.
Quaternionic vector space
In noncommutative algebra, a branch of mathematics, a quaternionic vector space is a module over the quaternions. Since the quaternion algebra is division ring, these modules are referred to as "vector spaces". However, the quaternion algebra is noncommutative so we must distinguish left and right vector spaces. In left vector spaces, linear compositions of vectors  and  have the form  where , . In right vector spaces, linear compositions of vectors  and  have the form .

Similar to vector spaces over a field, if a quaternionic vector space has finite dimension , then it is isomorphic to the direct sum  of  copies of the quaternion algebra . In this case we can use a standard basis which has the form

In a left quaternionic vector space  we use componentwise sum of vectors and product of vectors over scalars

In a right quaternionic vector space  we also use componentwise sum of vectors and product of vectors over scalars

Noncommutative ring
In mathematics, a noncommutative ring is a ring whose multiplication is not commutative; that is, there exist a and b in the ring such that ab and ba are different. Equivalently, a noncommutative ring is a ring that is not a commutative ring.

Noncommutative algebra is the part of ring theory devoted to study of properties of the noncommutative rings, including the properties that apply also to commutative rings.

Sometimes the term noncommutative ring is used instead of ring to refer to an unspecified ring which is not necessarily commutative, and hence may be commutative. Generally, this is for emphasizing that the studied properties are not restricted to commutative rings, as, in many contexts, ring is used as a shorthand for commutative ring.

Although some authors do not assume that rings have a multiplicative identity, in this article we make that assumption unless stated otherwise.
Inscription of Yanran
45°10′40.3″N 104°33′14.7″E﻿ / ﻿45.177861°N 104.554083°E﻿ / 45.177861; 104.554083The Inscription on the Ceremonial Mounding of Mount Yanran (Chinese: 封燕然山銘; pinyin: Fēng Yānránshān Míng) is an inscription composed by the historian Ban Gu of the Eastern Han dynasty and carved by the general Dou Xian on a cliff in the Yanran Mountains (modern Delgerkhangai Mountains) in 89 AD, to commemorate Dou's victory against the nomadic Xiongnu Empire. The text is in the 5th-century official history Book of the Later Han, and the inscription was rediscovered by researchers in the Baruun Ilgen hills located south of Inil/Inel (modern Delgerkhangai) mountain, which is in the Gobi desert of Dundgovi Province, central Mongolia.

Book of the Later Han
The Book of the Later Han, also known as the History of the Later Han and by its Chinese name Hou Hanshu (Chinese: 後漢書), is one of the Twenty-Four Histories and covers the history of the Han dynasty from 6 to 189 CE, a period known as the Later or Eastern Han. The book was compiled by Fan Ye and others in the 5th century during the Liu Song dynasty, using a number of earlier histories and documents as sources.
Ren Zhu
Ren Zhu (Chinese: 任柱; died 1867), born in Mengcheng Anhui, China was an eminent military leader of the Nien Rebellion who was known during his military tenure as the King of Lu (魯王). He led Nien (捻軍) forces to many military victories. Li Hongzhang praised Ren Zhu's ability to command hundreds of thousands of cavalry. In May 1865, during a campaign against the Qing in Shandong, he shot the Qing general Sengge Rinchen during the Battle of Gaolouzhai, which sent a shock to the Qing Dynasty and resulted in the promotion of field marshal Zeng Guofan to commander of the Huai Army, Li Hongzhang.

In June 1865, he with Lai Wenguang, he commanded the Nien cavalry forces numbering 90,000 in surrounding and attacking the capital of Beijing, which was nearly successful. He died in battle in Ganyu, killed by the Qing dynasty general Liu Mingchuan.

Liu Mingchuan
Liu Mingchuan (traditional Chinese: 劉銘傳; ; pinyin: Liú Míngchuán) (1836–1896), courtesy name Xingsan, was a Chinese military general and politician during the late Qing dynasty. He was born in Hefei, Anhui. Liu became involved in the suppression of the Taiping Rebellion at an early age, and worked closely with Zeng Guofan and Li Hongzhang as he emerged as an important Huai Army officer. In the aftermath of the Sino-French War, succeeding Ding Richang he was appointed the first governor of the newly established Taiwan Province. Today he is remembered for his efforts in modernizing Taiwan during his tenure as governor, and several institutions have been given his name, including Ming Chuan University in Taipei.
Carl Kirwan
Carl Kirwan (born 21 March 1991) is an English rugby union player who plays for Nottingham in the RFU Championship.

Kirwan came through the Newcastle Falcons academy, previously spent two years at Rotherham Titans following a spell with hometown club Middlesbrough.

Kirwan made a significant impact during his campaigns at London Welsh previously captained the side, scoring eight tries in 24 Championship appearances and helped the club beat Bristol to win promotion to the Aviva Premiership, and was subsequently named Supporters Club Player of the Year.

On 16 June 2015, Kirwan left London Welsh to sign for Worcester Warriors in the Aviva Premiership from the 2015-16 season.

After a season at National League 1 side Chinnor he was signed by Nottingham in the RFU Championship where he will combine his rugby career with a career in construction.

Nottingham R.F.C.
Nottingham Rugby Club is a rugby union club based in Nottingham, England. The club's first team currently plays in the Champ Rugby, the second tier of the English rugby union system.

The first XV are nicknamed The Archers, in reference to the famous Robin Hood. Now situated in the Lady Bay area of Nottingham, the club was formerly based at Meadow Lane, the home ground of Notts County F.C. They previously played at Ireland Avenue in Beeston until the end of the 2005–06 season.
Bilge Qaghan
Bilge Qaghan (Old Turkic: 𐰋𐰃𐰠𐰏𐰀:𐰴𐰍𐰣, romanized: Bilgä Qaɣan; Chinese: 毗伽可汗; pinyin: píjiā kěhàn; 683 – 25 November 734), born Ashina Mojilian (Chinese:阿史那默棘連), was the fourth qaghan of the Second Turkic Khaganate. His accomplishments were described in the Orkhon inscriptions.

Khagan
Khagan or Qaghan (Kazakh: Қаған/Qağan, Middle Mongol:ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ; Khaan or Khagan; Old Turkic: 𐰴𐰍𐰣 Qaɣan) is a title of imperial rank in Turkic, Mongolic, and some other languages, equal to the status of emperor and someone who rules a khaganate (empire). The female equivalent is Khatun.

It may also be translated as "Khan of Khans", equivalent to King of Kings. In modern Turkic, the title became Khaan with the g sound becoming almost silent or non-existent; the ğ in modern Turkish Kağan is also silent. After the division of the Mongol Empire, monarchs of the Yuan dynasty and the Northern Yuan held the title of Khagan. Kağan, Hakan and Kaan, Turkish equivalents of the title are common Turkish names in Turkey.

The common western rendering as Great Khan (or Grand Khan), notably in the case of the Mongol Empire, is a translation of Yekhe Khagan (Great Emperor or Их Хаан).
1972 Swedish Pro Tennis Championships
The 1972 Swedish Pro Tennis Championships was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts. It was the 1st edition of Swedish Pro Tennis Championships, and was part of the 1972 World Championship Tennis circuit. It took place at the Scandinavium in Gothenburg, Sweden, from 30 October until 5 November 1972.

The singles line up featured Toronto, Las Vegas, St. Louis, Fort Worth, Alamo and Vancouver WCT winner John Newcombe, US Open runner-up, Louisville and Montreal WCT champion Arthur Ashe, and Chicago WCT finalist, Boston WCT and Stockholm finalist Tom Okker. Also competing were Cleveland WCT winner Mark Cox, Richmond, Miami, Las Vegas and Alamo WCT runner-up Cliff Drysdale, Marty Riessen, Robert Lutz and Nikola Pilić.

John Newcombe
John David Newcombe AO OBE (born 23 May 1944) is an Australian former professional tennis player. He was ranked as the world No. 1 in both men's singles and men's doubles. Newcombe won a combined 26 major titles: seven in singles, a former record 17 in men's doubles, and two in mixed doubles. He also contributed to five Davis Cup titles for Australia during an age when the Davis Cup was deemed as significant as the majors.
Superman: The Man of Tomorrow
Superman: The Man of Tomorrow (MOT) is a comic book series published by DC Comics that ran for 16 issues from 1995 to 1999, featuring the adventures of Superman. At the time, the four Superman titles (Action Comics, The Adventures of Superman, Superman, and Superman: The Man of Steel) were released weekly with an intertwining story. The Man of Tomorrow was created to fill the extra week in months with five weeks. At about this time, however, DC began its fifth week events, disrupting the schedule of The Man of Tomorrow, which was subsequently canceled with issue #15.

Issue #1,000,000 of the series was a part of the "DC One Million" storyline, which was a top vote-getter for the Comics Buyer's Guide Fan Award for Favorite Story for 1999.

Superman: The Man of Steel
Superman: The Man of Steel is a monthly American comic book series that ran for 136 issues from 1991 to 2003, featuring Superman and published by DC Comics. As a result of introducing this series alongside its already existing titles, DC Comics was able to publish a new Superman comic each week. Included in these 136 issues were two special issues: #0 (October 1994, published between issues #37 and #38) and #1,000,000 (November 1998, published between issues #83 and #84), which were tie-ins to Zero Hour: Crisis in Time and DC One Million, respectively.
Nurlan Nogaev
Nūrlan Asqarūly Noğaev (Kazakh: Нұрлан Асқарұлы Ноғаев; born 30 July 1967) is a Kazakh politician who has served as the Ambassador of Kazakhstan to Turkmenistan since 2024.

Nogaev previously served as the Äkim of Mangystau Region from 2021 to 2024, Minister of Energy from 2019 until 2021 and prior to that, he was the äkım of West Kazakhstan and Atyrau regions from 2012 to 2019.

Ministry of Energy (Kazakhstan)
The Ministry of Energy of the Republic of Kazakhstan (ME RK, Kazakh: Қазақстан Республикасы Энергетика министрлігі, romanized: Qazaqstan Respublikasy Energetika ministrlıgı, ҚР ЭМ; Russian: Министерство энергетики Республики Казахстан, МЭ РК) is an executive body of the Government of Kazakhstan, which carries out state administration in the field of energy. The Ministry was created during the reorganization of the government on 6 August 2014. The Ministry's functions and powers was from the Ministry of Oil and Gas, Ministry of Industry and New Technologies and the Ministry of Environment and Water.
Orbital railways in London
Orbital railways in London have existed since 1884, with the completion of the Circle Line jointly operated by the Metropolitan Railway and District Railway. Several other circular railways existed but were short-lived, including the Middle Circle and Super Outer Circle. The most recent orbital railway was completed in 2012, served by the London Overground's Windrush and Mildmay lines, combining the North, East, South and West London lines at Clapham Junction and Highbury & Islington to form a somewhat circular route.

Middle Circle
The Middle Circle was a Great Western Railway service in London that operated from 1872 to 1905. The route was from the District Railway station at Mansion House to Earl's Court, then via the West London Railway to Latimer Road on to the Hammersmith & City Railway and then via the Metropolitan Railway to the City of London. Although not a complete circuit, it was one of several 'circle' routes around London that opened at the same time, such as the 'inner circle' that is today's Circle line. Trains would run once every 30 minutes. In 1900 the service was cut back to run from Earl's Court to Aldgate, and ended in 1905.
Now Is the Time (Brenda Fassie album)
Now Is the Time is the eleventh studio album by South African singer Brenda Fassie. Released on August 4, 1996, by CCP Records, this is her eleventh album for the label. Now Is The Time features two duets with Congolese superstar Papa Wemba.

The album primarily incorporates Kwaito, gospel and Afropop music elements with lyrical themes of music industry experience and Fassie's faith in God.

Papa Wemba
Jules Shungu Wembadio Pene Kikumba ONH (14 June 1949 – 24 April 2016), known professionally as Papa Wemba (French pronunciation: [papa wɛmba]), was a Congolese singer and musician who played Congolese rumba, soukous, and ndombolo. Dubbed the "King of Rumba Rock", he was one of the most popular musicians of his time in Africa and played an important role in world music. He was also a fashion icon who popularized the Sape look and style through his musical group Viva la Musica, with whom he performed on stages throughout the world.
Edna Schechtman
Edna Schechtman (Hebrew: עדנה שכטמן) was an Israeli statistician, a professor emeritus of statistics at the Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev. She is best known for development (with Shlomo Yitzhaki) of statistical tools that utilize the Gini Mean Difference (GMD) (also known as the absolute mean difference and mean absolute difference) as the measure of association.

Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (BGU) (Hebrew: אוניברסיטת בן-גוריון בנגב, Universitat Ben-Guriyon baNegev) is a  public research university in Beersheba, Israel. Named after Israeli national founder David Ben-Gurion, the university was founded in 1969 and currently has five campuses; three in Beersheba, one in Sede Boqer and one in Eilat.

Ben-Gurion University has about 20,000 students. Some of its research institutes include the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, the Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, the Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research with the Albert Katz International School for Desert Studies, and the Ben-Gurion Research Institute for the Study of Israel and Zionism.