hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Evolution of sex-determining mechanisms
The evolution of sex-determining mechanisms, characterized by the evolutionary transition to genetic sex determination or temperature-dependent sex determination from the opposite mechanism, has frequently and readily occurred among multiple taxa across a transitionary continuum.

Sex-determining mechanisms include genetic sex determination, where sex is determined by genes on sex chromosomes, and environmental sex determination/temperature-dependent sex determination, where sex is permanently fixed by environmental cues after fertilization. Evolutionary transitions between these mechanisms are frequently driven by sex reversal, a phenomenon where environmental overrides produce organisms with discordant genotypic and phenotypic sex.

Sex chromosome
Sex chromosomes (also referred to as allosomes, heterotypical chromosome, gonosomes, heterochromosomes, or idiochromosomes) are chromosomes that
carry the genes that determine the sex of an individual. The human sex chromosomes are a typical pair of mammal allosomes. They differ from autosomes in form, size, and behavior. Whereas autosomes occur in homologous pairs whose members have the same form in a diploid cell, members of an allosome pair may differ from one another.

Nettie Stevens and Edmund Beecher Wilson both independently discovered sex chromosomes in 1905. However, Stevens is credited for discovering them earlier than Wilson.
Home Is Where the Music Is
Home Is Where the Music Is (African Connection) is a 1972 jazz and Afrobeat double LP by Hugh Masekela issued by the joint American label Chisa/Blue Thumb Records. The album was included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.

Hugh Masekela
Hugh Ramapolo Masekela (4 April 1939 – 23 January 2018) was a South African trumpeter, flugelhornist, cornetist, singer and composer who was described as "the father of South African jazz". Masekela was known for his jazz compositions and for writing well-known anti-apartheid songs such as "Soweto Blues" and "Bring Him Back Home". He also had a number-one US pop hit in 1968 with his version of "Grazing in the Grass".
LMS Stanier Class 5 4-6-0 4932
LMS Stanier Class 5MT 4932, is a preserved British steam locomotive. It is one of 18 surviving members of the Black 5 class which had 842 members constructed by five manufacturers. 44932 is the sole remaining member of the class which was built at the LMS's Horwich Works.

LMS Stanier Class 5 4-6-0
The London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) Stanier Class 5 4-6-0, commonly known as the Black Five, is a class of 4-6-0 steam locomotives. It was introduced by William Stanier and built between 1934 and 1951. A total of 842 were built, initially numbered 4658-5499 then renumbered 44658-45499 by BR. Several members of the class survived to the last day of steam on British Railways in 1968, and eighteen are preserved.
Nigel Twiston-Davies
Nigel Twiston-Davies (born 16 May 1957, Crickhowell) is a British racehorse trainer specialising in National Hunt racing. He is based at stables at Naunton, Gloucestershire.

He began training in 1981 and sent out his first winner, Last of the Foxes, at Hereford Racecourse in 1982.

He has trained over 1000 winners under National Hunt rules including two winners of the Grand National with Earth Summit in 1998 and Bindaree in 2002, and the winner of the 2010 Cheltenham Gold Cup with Imperial Commander. He also trained Imperial Commander to win the Ryanair Chase at the 2009 Cheltenham Festival.

Ryanair Chase
The Ryanair Chase is a Grade 1 National Hunt steeplechase in Great Britain which is open to horses aged five years or older. It is run on the New Course at Cheltenham over a distance of about 2 miles and 4½ furlongs (2 miles 4 furlongs and 127 yards, or 4,139 metres), and during its running there are seventeen fences to be jumped. The race is scheduled to take place each year during the Cheltenham Festival in March.

It was one of several new races introduced at the Festival when a fourth day was added to the meeting in 2005. Prior to this there had been a similar event at the Festival called the Cathcart Challenge Cup, but this was restricted to first and second-season chasers only.

The registered (non-sponsored) title of the race is the Festival Trophy, and it was initially classed at Grade 2 level. The inaugural running was sponsored by the Daily Telegraph, and since then it has been backed by Ryanair. The event has held Grade 1 status since 2008.
David Barber (cricketer)
Sir Thomas David Barber, 3rd Baronet Barber of Greasley (born 18 November 1937) is an English former cricketer. Barber was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm off break. He was born at Carlton in Lindrick, Nottinghamshire.

Barber made a single first-class appearance for Nottinghamshire against Cambridge University in 1960 at Fenner's. Barber made scores of 3 in Nottinghamshire's first-innings before he was dismissed by Alan Hurd, while in their second-innings he was dismissed for a duck by David Kirby. His only first-class appearance for Nottinghamshire ended in a 161 runs defeat. Just after a month later he made a further appearance in first-class cricket, this time for the Free Foresters against Cambridge University at Fenner's. He ended the Free Foresters first-innings not out on 2, while he wasn't required to bat in their second-innings, with the Free Foresters winnings by 5 wickets.

His great-uncle William Barber was also a first-class cricketer.

David Kirby (cricketer)
David Kirby (18 January 1939 – 7 October 2021) was an English cricketer who had a short but intensive career in first-class cricket for Cambridge University and Leicestershire between 1959 and 1964 and was captain of both. After his cricket career, he taught at his former school, St Peter's School, York.
Martha Albertson Fineman
Martha Albertson Fineman (born 1943) is an American jurist, legal theorist and political philosopher. She is Robert W. Woodruff Professor of Law at Emory University School of Law. Fineman was previously the first holder of the Dorothea S. Clarke Professor of Feminist Jurisprudence at Cornell Law School. She held the Maurice T. Moore Professorship at Columbia Law School.

Fineman works in the areas of feminist legal theory and critical legal theory and directs the Feminism and Legal Theory Project, which she founded in 1984. Much of her early scholarship focuses on the legal regulation of family and intimacy, and she has been called "the preeminent feminist family theorist of our time." She has since broadened her scope to focus on the legal implications of universal dependency, vulnerability and justice. Her recent work formulates a theory of vulnerability. She is a progressive liberal thinker; she has been an affiliated scholar of John Podesta's Center for American Progress.

Feminism and Legal Theory Project
The Feminism and Legal Theory Project (FLT Project) is a project is to provide a forum for interdisciplinary feminist scholarship aimed at addressing issues relating to women and law. The project addresses the intersection of gender with issues relating to race, class, ability, and sexuality.  The project nurtures scholars from around the world, bringing them together to study and debate a wide range of topics related to feminist theory and law.

The FLT Project assists beginning feminist scholars by providing multiple opportunities to present papers at academic conferences and for publication in one of the anthologies which are periodically collected from work presented at FLT Project workshops. The project has resulted in the publication of several books on feminist legal theory.
Jérémy Desplanches
Jérémy Marc George Desplanches (born 7 August 1994) is a Swiss breaststroke and medley swimmer.

He competed at the 2015 World Aquatics Championships, at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro and was finalist at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships.

He won the men's 200m Individual Medley final at the Glasgow 2018 European Swimming Championships in Glasgow and got silver in men's 200m individual medley at the 18th FINA World Championships in Gwangju. He's the second male swimmer from Switzerland to claim a medal at the FINA World Championships, after Dano Halsall in the men's 50m freestyle in 1986.

He represented Switzerland at the 2020 Summer Olympics and won a bronze medal in the men's 200m individual medley.

Dano Halsall
Dano Halsall (born February 16, 1963) is a former freestyle swimmer from Switzerland, who competed in three Summer Olympics for his native country, starting in 1984.

Halsall was born in Geneva.  His mother is Swiss and his father was born in Jamaica.

Halsall broke the world record in the 50m Freestyle on July 21, 1985. The next year he won the silver medal in the same event at the 1986 World Aquatics Championships in Madrid, Spain. He retired after the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain.
Barcelona Metro 9000 Series
The 9000 Series is a series of heavy rail rolling stock that operates on lines 2, 4, 9 and 10 of the Barcelona Metro. Transports Metropolitans de Barcelona (TMB) awarded the contract for the construction of the 9000 series to Alstom in 2002. Constructed in Belgium, France and Spain, they are part of the Alstom Metropolis family of underground trains. Today, the 9000 series also operates in Latin America on the Santo Domingo Metro, Panama Metro, Lima Metro, and 18 three-car trains of this model on Line 3 of the Sistema de Tren Eléctrico Urbano.

Barcelona Metro line 9
Line 9 (Línia 9 in Catalan) is a rapid transit line of the Barcelona Metro network. A fully-automated line, it started operation on December 13, 2009. Part of the line is still under construction, with 24 stations currently in operation in Barcelona, El Prat de Llobregat, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, and Santa Coloma de Gramenet. The line is currently operated as two disconnected branches; the Aeroport T1 – Zona Universitària section is known as L9 South (L9 Sud in Catalan) while the La Sagrera – Can Zam portion is known as L9 North (L9 Nord in Catalan). The line's missing central section, expected to be completed by 2030, shares a significant portion of its tracks with Line 10.
Kristina Reiss
Kristina Reiss (born 1952) is a German mathematics educator. She is professor of mathematics education and Emerita of Excellence at the Technical University of Munich, where she held the Heinz Nixdorf Chair of Mathematics Education from 2009 until 2021.

Technical University of Munich
The Technical University of Munich (TUM or TU Munich; German: Technische Universität München) is a public research university in Munich, Bavaria, Germany. It specializes in engineering, technology, medicine, and applied and natural sciences.

Established in 1868 by King Ludwig II of Bavaria, the university now has additional campuses in Garching, Freising, Heilbronn, Straubing, Ottobrunn, and Singapore, with the Garching campus being its largest. The university is organized into seven schools, and is supported by numerous research centers. It is one of the largest universities in Germany, with 51,954 students and an annual budget of €2,171.0 million including the university hospital.

A University of Excellence under the German Universities Excellence Initiative, TUM is among the leading universities in the European Union. Its researchers and alumni include 19 Nobel laureates and 26 Leibniz Prize winners.
Grant Mokoena
Grant Mokoena (born 2 August 1987 in Soweto) is a South African cricketer. A right-handed batsman, Mokoena played for Gauteng and Highveld Lions in the South African domestic cricket competitions.

Mokoena represented South Africa in the 2006 U-19 Cricket World Cup in Sri Lanka. He was included in the North West cricket team squad for the 2015 Africa T20 Cup. In August 2017, he was named in Stellenbosch Monarchs' squad for the first season of the T20 Global League. However, in October 2017, Cricket South Africa initially postponed the tournament until November 2018, with it being cancelled soon after.

In September 2018, Mokoena was named in Northern Cape's squad for the 2018 Africa T20 Cup. He made his Twenty20 debut for Northern Cape in the 2018 Africa T20 Cup on 14 September 2018. In April 2021, he was named in Northerns' squad, ahead of the 2021–22 cricket season in South Africa.

Mzansi Super League
The Mzansi Super League (MSL) was a Twenty20 cricket (T20) franchise league held in South Africa. The competition was established in 2018 by Cricket South Africa (CSA) as a replacement for the failed T20 Global League, but only two editions were played before the competition was itself canceled. The SA20 competition, first held in 2023, could be seen as a successor to the MSL.

The first edition of the tournament took place in November and December 2018. The South African Broadcasting Corporation broadcast all matches domestically on free-to-air channels.

The league consisted of six franchise teams representing different South African cities. Two editions were played under this format before changes were proposed to reflect the wide structural changes that were announced for South African domestic cricket in 2021, but the competition did not run in 2020 or 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic and was then cancelled.
Centotheceae
Centotheceae is a small tribe of grasses with six species in two genera, distributed in Africa and Asia. It belongs to a group within the subfamily Panicoideae, sometimes referred to as "centothecoid clade", which consists of the tribes Thysanolaeneae, Cyperochloeae, Centotheceae, Chasmanthieae, Zeugiteae, Tristachyidae, and Steyermarkochloeae; this clade is sister to the remaining groups within Panicoideae. Unlike many other clades in the subfamily Panicoideae, they use the C3 photosynthetic pathway.

Tristachyideae
Tristachyideae is a tribe of the Panicoideae subfamily in the grasses (Poaceae), native to tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, Asia, and South America. There are around 70 species in eight genera. The tribe belongs to a group within the subfamily Panicoideae, sometimes referred to as "centothecoid clade", which consists of the tribes Thysanolaeneae, Cyperochloeae, Centotheceae, Chasmanthieae, Zeugiteae, Tristachyidae, and Steyermarkochloeae; this clade is sister to the remaining groups within Panicoideae.

Genera in the tribe were previously placed in tribes Arundinelleae or Paniceae, subfamily Arundinoideae, or the now-obsolete subfamily Centothecoideae. Species in this tribe use the C4 photosynthetic pathway.
Lisa Steane
Lisa Steane (born 21 January 1995) is a former Australian rules footballer who plays for West Coast in the AFL Women's (AFLW) and Subiaco in the WAFL Women's. She previously played for Sydney and Greater Western Sydney.

WAFL Women's
WAFL Women's (WAFLW) is an Australian rules football league based in Perth, Western Australia. The WAFLW is the premier women's football competition in Western Australia and is contested by nine teams, all of whom are owned and operated by clubs in the men's West Australian Football League (WAFL).

The league was established in 2018 by the West Australian Football Commission (WAFC) and West Australian Women's Football League (WAWFL), the latter having been the governing body and league for women's football in the state from 1987 to 2018. The competition has been singularly overseen by the WAFC after the WAWFL was dissolved in 2021.

The league runs from March to August, usually running partially concurrently with the AFL Women's (AFLW). It is the second primary women's football competition for West Australian footballers underneath the semi-professional national competition, and one of the three elite leagues in women's Australian rules football (the AFLW, SANFLW and WAFLW).
Katilon Ke Kaatil
Katilon Ke Kaatil (transl. "A Murderer's Murderer") is a 1981 Indian Hindi-language action thriller film, produced and directed by Arjun Hingorani. This film stars Dharmendra (who previously appeared in Hingorani's Kahani Kismat Ki), Rishi Kapoor, Zeenat Aman, Tina Munim, Nirupa Roy, Shakti Kapoor and Amjad Khan. The music is by Kalyanji Anandji. The film is known for its hit music and several exploitation film gimmicks, including the appearance of Bruce Lee lookalike Bruce Le (capitalizing on the Bruceploitation trend) as well as a character called Reecha who resembles General Ursus from Planet of the Apes.

Katilon Ke Katil was released on 11th December 1981, and was a critical and commercial success, becoming the 7th highest grossing film of 1981.

Shakti Kapoor
Shakti Kapoor (born Sunil Kapoor; 3 September 1952) is an Indian actor and comedian who appears in Bollywood films. Known for his villainous and comic roles in Hindi films, he has featured in over 700 films. In the 1980s and 1990s, Kapoor teamed up with actor Asrani and Kader Khan as the comical or evil team in over 100 films. He was a contestant in the Indian reality show Bigg Boss in 2011. He contested in Bigg Boss to prove to his children he can stay away from alcohol.
29 (Loïc Nottet song)
"29" is a song by Belgian singer Loïc Nottet, released for digital download on 5 June 2019 by Sony Music as the third single from his second studio album Sillygomania. It was written by Sacha Skarbek and Nottet, while the production was handled by the latter. A piano-driven ballad, the track builds to a "strong and explosive" chorus and features Nottet reaching high notes throughout. The autobiographical lyrics delve on the ending on a relationship and also approach themes of hopelessness, loneliness and struggle.

An accompanying music video for the track was uploaded to the singer's YouTube channel on 4 June 2019. Directed by Julien Hosmalin, the critically acclaimed clip depicts Nottet and his love interest, played by Fanny Sage, reaching for each other on top of a levitating Mercedes-Benz car. Commercially, the track charted in the Wallonia and Flanders regions of Belgium. It was also promoted by a live performance for MNM.

Loïc Nottet
Loïc Jean-Pierre Nottet (French pronunciation: [lɔik nɔtɛ]; born 10 April 1996) is a Belgian singer, songwriter and dancer. He began his career as a singer in the third season of The Voice Belgique in 2014 and represented Belgium in the Eurovision Song Contest 2015, where he placed fourth with his song "Rhythm Inside".

After the contest, he released "Million Eyes", the first single from his debut album Selfocracy, which later topped the charts in Belgium, reached number eight in France and number twenty in Switzerland. His second studio album Sillygomania was released on 29 May 2020.
A Day to Die
A Day to Die is a 2022 American heist action film directed, co-written and co-produced by Wes Miller. It stars Kevin Dillon, Bruce Willis, Gianni Capaldi, Brooke Butler, Leon, and Frank Grillo. The film was released on March 4, 2022, by Vertical Entertainment.

Vertical (film company)
Vertical (formerly Vertical Entertainment) is an American independent film distribution company founded by producers Rich Goldberg and Mitch Budin in 2012. Vertical releases films across all mediums, including theatrical, video on demand, physical media and streaming.
Levi Baker Vilas
Levi Baker Vilas (February 25, 1811 – February 6, 1879) was an American lawyer, banker, Democratic politician, and Wisconsin pioneer.  He was the 4th mayor of Madison, Wisconsin, and represented central Dane County for three terms in the Wisconsin State Assembly (1855, 1868, & 1873).  He was a major investor in the early development of the city of Madison, and was one of the founders of the company that became Madison Gas and Electric.

Before moving to Wisconsin, he was one of the leading Democrats in the state of Vermont during the 1830s and 1840s, serving two years in the Vermont Senate and six years in the Vermont House of Representatives, and serving as a candidate for U.S. House of Representatives in 1844 and U.S. Senate in 1848.

He was the father of William Freeman Vilas, who served as a U.S. senator from Wisconsin and became the 33rd United States Postmaster General and 17th U.S. Secretary of the Interior.

Vermont Senate
The Vermont Senate is the upper house of the Vermont General Assembly, the state legislature of the U.S. state of Vermont. The senate consists of 30 members elected from multi-member districts. Each senator represents at least 20,300 citizens. Senators are elected to two-year terms and there is no limit to the number of terms a senator may serve.

As in other upper houses of state and territorial legislatures and the U.S. Senate, the Vermont Senate has special functions, such as confirming or rejecting gubernatorial appointments to executive departments, the state cabinet, commissions, boards, and (for the first six-year term) the state's judiciary.

The Vermont Senate meets at the Vermont State House in the state capital of Montpelier.
Sheil Shukla
Sheil Shukla is an American board-certified internal medicine specialist. He is also a recipe developer, food photographer, and cookbook author, who explores the use of plant-based nutrition as preventative clinical medicine. His first cookbook, Plant-Based India, was nominated for the 2023  James Beard Foundation Award.

James Beard Foundation Award
The James Beard Foundation Awards are annual awards presented by the James Beard Foundation to recognize chefs, restaurateurs, authors and journalists in the United States. The James Beard Foundation Awards have been likened to the Academy Awards of the food world due to its prestige and recognition.

The awards are voted on by more than 600 culinary professionals, including previous award winners. Recipients receive a medallion etched with the image of James Beard and a certificate from the foundation.
Grant Anticevich
Grant Ryan Anticevich (born 14 April 1998) is an Australian-Croatian professional basketball player for Split of the Croatian League and the ABA League. He played five years of college basketball for the California Golden Bears before debuting in the National Basketball League (NBL) for the South East Melbourne Phoenix in 2022. He holds a Croatian passport.

National Basketball League (Australia)
The National Basketball League (NBL) is a men's professional basketball league in Australasia, currently composed of ten teams: nine in Australia and one in New Zealand. It is the premier professional men's basketball league in Australia and New Zealand. The league was played in the Australian winter until 1998 when it switched to summer seasons beginning with the 1998–99 season. The NBL's regular season runs from September to February, with each team playing 33 games. The league's finals extends into March to April, culminating with the Championship grand final series.
Photo (2006 film)
Photo is a 2006 Indian Telugu-language romantic thriller film directed by Siva Nageswara Rao and starring Anand, Anjali and Muktha. This film marks the film debut of Nandu (credited as Anand) and Anjali and the Telugu debut of Muktha. Photo is reportedly based on the 2004 Thai film Shutter.

This film is the first directorial venture of comedy director Nageswara Rao in the thriller genre. The film was released on 1 September 2006.

Siva Nageswara Rao
Siva Nageswara Rao is an Indian film director and screenwriter known for his work to Telugu cinema, particularly in the comedy genre. His notable films as a director include Money (1993), Money Money (1994), Lucky Chance (1994), Sisindri (1995), Pattukondi Chuddam (1997), Hands Up! (2000), Dhanalakshmi, I Love You (2002), Mr & Mrs Sailaja Krishnamurthy (2004), and Bhookailas (2007).