hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
21 grams experiment
The 21 grams experiment refers to a study published in 1907 by Duncan MacDougall, a physician from Haverhill, Massachusetts. MacDougall hypothesized that souls have physical weight, and attempted to measure the mass lost by a human when the soul departed the body. MacDougall attempted to measure the mass change of six patients at the moment of death. One of the six subjects lost three-quarters of an ounce (21.3 grams).

MacDougall stated his experiment would have to be repeated many times before any conclusion could be obtained. The experiment is widely regarded as flawed and unscientific due to the small sample size, the methods used, as well as the fact only one of the six subjects met the hypothesis. The case has been cited as an example of selective reporting. Despite its rejection within the scientific community, MacDougall's experiment popularized the concept that the soul has weight, and specifically that it weighs 21 grams.

Reporting bias
In epidemiology, reporting bias is defined as "selective revealing or suppression of information" by subjects (for example about past medical history, smoking, sexual experiences).  In artificial intelligence research, the term reporting bias is used to refer to people's tendency to under-report all the information available.

In empirical research, authors may be under-reporting unexpected or undesirable experimental results, attributing the results to sampling or measurement error, while being more trusting of expected or desirable results, though these may be subject to the same sources of error. In this context, reporting bias can eventually lead to a status quo where multiple investigators discover and discard the same results, and later experimenters justify their own reporting bias by observing that previous experimenters reported different results. Thus, each incident of reporting bias can make future incidents more likely.
Olympus PEN E-PL3
The Olympus PEN E-PL3 announced on 30 June 2011 is Olympus Corporation's seventh camera that adheres to the Micro Four Thirds (MFT) system design standard.  The E-PL3 succeeds the Olympus PEN E-PL2, and was announced in concert with two other models, the Olympus PEN E-P3 (the flagship version), and the Olympus PEN E-PM1 (a new "Mini" version of the PEN camera line with similar features to the E-PL3).  The E-PL3 is commonly said to be the "Lite" (less full featured) version of the E-P3, much as the E-PL1 and E-PL2 were "Lite" versions of the E-P1 and E-P2, respectively.

Olympus PEN E-PL2
The Olympus PEN E-PL2, was announced in early January 2011 at the CES.  This is Olympus Corporation's fourth camera that uses the Micro Four Thirds mount after the Olympus PEN E-P1, Olympus PEN E-P2 and Olympus PEN E-PL1. At the time it was announced, it had a US dollar MSRP of $599.99. As with earlier PEN models, the E-PL2 is aimed in between the point-and-shoot (compact camera) and D-SLR markets.

Noteworthy changes from the Olympus PEN E-PL1 model include:

Arguably slightly improved in-body Image Stabilisation (IS) at 4EV equivalent.

Bulb (long exposure) with cable-release option (RM-UC1 remote cable) up to 30m

3" LCD higher resolution 460,000 pixel screen

1/4000s shutter speed
Shashthi Vrata
The Shashthi Vrata (Sanskrit: Ṣaṣṭhīvrata) is a Hindu fasting observance dedicated to Kartikeya. It is primarily observed by South Indian Hindus during the month of Ashvin. The fasting is observed for six days starting from the first day after Amavasya (new moon). It ends on the day of Shashthi tithi with the commemoration of Surasamharam.

Shashthi (day)
Shashthi (Sanskrit: षष्ठी, romanized: Ṣaṣṭhī) also referred to as Chhath is the sixth day of the lunar fortnight in the Hindu calendar. It is tithi (lunar day) of a paksha, the fourteen-day phase of the moon.
Mike Burns (actor)
Mike Burns (born 4 May 1952) is an English actor best known for his role as Colin Weatherby in the BBC leisure centre sitcom The Brittas Empire. His stage name was Michael Burns, from his first on-screen credit in 1977 until mid-1993, including in the first three series of The Brittas Empire, and Mike Burns from mid-1993 onward.

Born in Bradford, Burns played Colin Weatherby in the BBC leisure centre sitcom The Brittas Empire. It ran for 52 episodes in over 6 years on BBC1 from 3 January 1991 to 24 February 1997. He also appeared in Heartbeat, Lovejoy and Emmerdale Farm amongst many others. In October 2006 he appeared in Emmerdale once more, as a security expert.

Leisure centre
A leisure centre, sports centre, or recreation centre is a purpose-built building or site, usually owned and provided by the local government authority, where people can engage in a variety of sports and exercise, and keep fit.
Gord Mills
Gordon Lewis Mills (March 30, 1928 – June 4, 2004) was a politician in Ontario, Canada. He served as a New Democratic member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1990 to 1995 who represented the eastern Ontario riding of Durham East.

Durham East (provincial electoral district)
Durham East was a provincial electoral district in the Durham Region in Ontario, Canada that elected members to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. It contained parts of the towns of Oshawa, Whitby, Scugog, and Newcastle.

The riding first existed from 1867 to 1926, when it was distributed into the Durham riding. When Durham was split back into Durham East and Durham West, as well as Durham North in 1975, the riding existed until 1999 when it was redistributed into Durham, Whitby—Ajax and Haliburton—Kawartha Lakes—Brock.
The Hazelnut Child
"The Hazelnut Child" (German: Das Haselnusskind) is a Bukovinian fairy tale collected by the Polish-German scholar Heinrich von Wlislocki (1856–1907) in Märchen Und Sagen Der Bukowinaer Und Siebenbûrger Armenier (1891, Hamburg: Verlagsanstalt und Druckerei Actien-Gesellschaft). Andrew Lang included it in The Yellow Fairy Book (1894) and Ruth Manning-Sanders included it in A Book of Dwarfs (1964).

Ruth Manning-Sanders
Ruth Manning-Sanders (21 August 1886 – 12 October 1988) was an English poet and author born in Wales, known for a series of children's books for which she collected and related fairy tales worldwide. She published over 90 books in her lifetime.
Lee Kim Shin
Lee Kim Shin (simplified Chinese: 李景胜; traditional Chinese: 李景勝; pinyin: Lǐ Jǐngshèng; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Lí Kéng-sèng; born 28 February 1950), is a Sarawak politician who has served as Sarawak Minister of Transport in the Gabungan Parti Sarawak (GPS) administration under Premier Datuk Patinggi Abang Abdul Rahman Johari Abang Openg since August 2019 and Member of the Sarawak State Legislative Assembly (MLA) for Senadin since September 1996. He is a member of the Sarawak United Peoples' Party (SUPP), a component party of the ruling GPS coalition.

Senadin
Senadin is a state constituency in Sarawak, Malaysia, that has been represented in the Sarawak State Legislative Assembly since 1996.

The state constituency was created in the 1996 redistribution and is mandated to return a single member to the Sarawak State Legislative Assembly under the first past the post voting system.
Matty Lees
Matty Lees (born 4 February 1998) is an English professional rugby league footballer who plays as a prop for St Helens in the Super League and the England Knights and England at international level.

He has spent time on loan from Saints at the Sheffield Eagles in the Betfred Championship.

England Knights
England Knights is the feeder team for the England national rugby league team. The Knights play a key role in the development of emerging talent, allowing players to gain experience in an international environment and to compete for a place in the England first team.
Granuaile (album)
Granuaile is a blend of Classical and Irish Folk Music written by Shaun Davey for singer Rita Connolly.  It is based on the life and times of the 16th century Irish pirate queen Gráinne O'Mally, who was also known as Granuaile.  The album was recorded using a 35 piece chamber orchestra joined by uilleann pipe soloist Liam O'Flynn, acoustic guitar, Irish harp and percussion, and special guest Donal Lunny on bouzouki.

Liam O'Flynn
Liam O'Flynn, Óg Flynn (Irish: Liam Ó Floinn, 15 September 1945 – 14 March 2018) was an Irish uilleann piper and Irish traditional musician. In addition to a solo career and as a member of Planxty, O'Flynn recorded with: Christy Moore, Dónal Lunny, Andy Irvine, Kate Bush, Mark Knopfler, The Everly Brothers, Emmylou Harris, Mike Oldfield, Mary Black, Enya and Sinéad O'Connor.

O'Flynn was acknowledged as Ireland's foremost exponent of the uilleann pipes and brought the music of the instrument to a worldwide audience. In 2007, O'Flynn was named Musician of the Year at the TG4 Gradam Ceoil Awards, considered to be the foremost recognition given to traditional Irish musicians.
Shaban Jashari
Shaban Jashari (2 April 1924 – 5 March 1998) was a Kosovar Albanian farmer and patriarch of the Jashari family of Prekaz, Skenderaj. He is remembered for being killed, alongside dozens of relatives, during the Attack on Prekaz, an event considered a turning point in the Kosovo War.

Rifat Jashari
Rifat Jashari (born 1946) is a Kosovar Albanian public figure and patriarch of the Jashari family, known as the surviving brother of Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) commanders Adem Jashari and Hamëz Jashari. He is regarded as a symbol of resilience and national unity in Kosovo, having survived the 1998 Attack on Prekaz that killed 58 members of his extended family, including his wife and three daughters.
Technofantasy
Technofantasy is a subgenre of fantasy which has some elements of science and technology. However, the genre does not rationalize their use through scientific or quasi-scientific terms; this distinguishes technofantasy from science fiction and science fantasy. The less realistic and the more "technobabble" any explanation is, the closer the work is to technofantasy. The concept of technofantasy has been described as "destroying the difference between magic and science".

Planetary romance
Planetary romance (other synonyms are sword and planet, and planetary adventure) is a subgenre of science fiction or science fantasy in which the bulk of the action consists of adventures on one exotic alien — often technologically primitive — world, characterized by distinctive physical and cultural backgrounds. Some planetary romances take place against the background of a future culture where travel between worlds by spaceship is commonplace; others, particularly the earliest examples of the genre, do not, invoking flying carpets, astral projection, or other methods of getting between planets. In either case, it is the planetside adventures that are the focus of the story, not the mode of travel.
Impact of the Tirukkural
The Tirukkural (Tamil: திருக்குறள்), shortly known as the Kural, is a classic Tamil sangam treatise on the art of living. Consisting of 133 chapters with 1330 couplets or kurals, it deals with the everyday virtues of an individual. Authored by Valluvar between the first century BCE and 5th century CE, it is considered one of the greatest works ever written on ethics and morality and is praised for its universality and non-denominational nature.

The universality of the work is expressed by the various other names by which the text is given by, such as Tamiḻ maṟai (Tamil veda), Poyyāmoḻi (words that never fail), Vāyurai vāḻttu (truthful utterances), Ulaga pothumaṟai (The universal veda), and Deiva nūl (divine text). The Kural has been praised for its veracity over the millennia by intellects around the globe. This article lists the quotations on the Kural text by various notable individuals over the centuries.

Tirukkural translations
Tirukkural, also known as the Kural, an ancient Indian treatise on the ethics and morality of the commoner, is one of the most widely translated non-religious works in the world. Authored by the ancient Tamil poet-philosopher Thiruvalluvar, the work has been translated into 64 languages, with a total more than 350 individual translations, including 143 different renderings in the English language alone.
Moroccan Workers' Union
The Moroccan Workers' Union (UMT for Union marocaine du travail) is the oldest national trade union center in Morocco. It was formed in 1955 by Mahjoub Ben Seddik. With a membership of more than 306,000, UMT represents workers in both the private and public sectors of the economy.

In 1960, the General Union of Moroccan Workers (UGTM) split from the UMT. In 1963, UMT itself lapsed its membership in the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, after the formation of the All-African Trade Union Federation, as a result of the AATUF's opposition to African membership in non-African organisations.

In 1990, UMT re-affiliated itself to the ICFTU (now the International Trade Union Confederation).

General Union of Moroccan Workers
The General Union of Moroccan Workers (Arabic: الاتحاد العام للشغالين بالمغرب, UGTM) is a national trade union center in Morocco. It was formed March 20, 1960 and has a membership of 695,000.

The UGTM has its roots in the agricultural workers of Morocco, although it does have public and private sector workers as well. ICTUR reports that the UGTM is historically seen as less militant than other federations, but did participate in the demands for reform which occurred in the 1990s.

The UGTM is affiliated with the International Trade Union Confederation.
Ashokavanam
Ashokavanam is a 1978 Indian Malayalam film, directed by M. Krishnan Nair and produced by T. E. Vasudevan. The film stars Jagathy Sreekumar, MG Soman, Sudheer and Sukumaran in the lead roles. The film has musical score by V. Dakshinamoorthy.

Sudheer (Malayalam actor)
Sudheer (died 2004) was an Indian actor who predominantly worked in the Malayalam film industry. He was a lead actor during the 1970s. He acted in more than 100 movies. His role in the movie Chembarathy in 1972 was well noted. He won a Kerala State Film Award in 1975 for his performance in the movie Sathyathinte Nizhalil.

Sudheer has also played the second lead in the 1978 Rajinikanth starrer Bairavi and has played the lead role in Sonna Namba Mateengae.
Rubí Fernández
Rubí Milagros Fernández Vargas (born 22 June 2002) is a Peruvian para-badminton player who competes in international badminton competitions. She is a double World champion in the women's doubles with Giuliana Póveda and a Pan American champion in mixed doubles with Vitor Tavares. She competed at the 2024 Summer Paralympics but did not medal.

Vitor Tavares
Vitor Gonçalves Tavares (born 7 March 1999) is a Brazilian para badminton player who competes in international badminton competitions. He is a five-time World medalist and is a Parapan American Games champion. He competed at the 2020 Summer Paralympics where he reached the bronze medal match in the men's singles SH6 but lost to Krysten Coombs.
Chabad niggunim
Like many other Hassidic movements, Chabad-Lubavitch has its own unique niggunim, or traditional melodies. Chabad niggunim were either composed or taught by the Rebbe of Chabad or their Hassidim. Niggunim are used to aid for meditation during Chasidic prayer or Torah study, as well as during farbrengens. some of these ancient Chabad melodies have recently made their way into mainstream music.

Rebbe
A rebbe (Yiddish: רבי, romanized: rebe) or admor (Hebrew: אדמו״ר) is the spiritual leader in the Hasidic movement, and the personalities  of its dynasties. The titles of rebbe and admor, which used to be a general honorific even before the beginning of the movement, became, over time, almost exclusively identified with its Tzadikim.
The Wind (Kayhan Kalhor and Erdal Erzincan album)
The Wind is an album by Iranian kamancheh player Kayhan Kalhor and Turkish bağlama player Erdal Erzincan, recorded in Istanbul in November 2004, mixed at Rainbow Studio in Oslo in 2006 and released on ECM in September later that year. It was their first collaborative album and the result is a set of instrumental compositions that flow into each other like one continuous work.

Kayhan Kalhor
Kayhan Kalhor (Persian: کیهان کلهر, born on 24 November 1964) is an Iranian Kurdish kamancheh and setar player, and composer. He has received three Grammy Award for Best Traditional World Music Album nominations. Kalhor has also earned two nominations and won one Grammy Award for Best Global Music Album as a member of the Silk Road Ensemble.
Etchū-Miyazaki Station
Etchū-Miyazaki Station (越中宮崎駅, Etchū-Miyazaki-eki) is a railway station on the Ainokaze Toyama Railway Line in the town of Asahi,  Toyama Prefecture, Japan, operated by the third-sector railway operator Ainokaze Toyama Railway.

Ainokaze Toyama Railway
The Ainokaze Toyama Railway (あいの風とやま鉄道株式会社, Ainokaze Toyama Tetsudō Kabushiki-gaisha) is a Japanese third-sector railway operating company established in 2012 to operate passenger railway services on the section of the JR West Hokuriku Main Line within Toyama Prefecture when it was separated from the JR West network in March 2015, coinciding with the opening of the Hokuriku Shinkansen extension from Nagano to Kanazawa. The company was founded on 24 July 2012, and has its headquarters in Toyama in Toyama Prefecture.
Puerto Rican Volleyball Federation
The Puerto Rican Volleyball Federation (Spanish: Federación Puertoriqueña de Voleibol) is a non-profit organization that serves as the national governing body of volleyball in Puerto Rico.
The national federation is recognized by the Fédération Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB) and the Puerto Rican Olympic Committee

Puerto Rico Olympic Committee
The Puerto Rico Olympic Committee (IOC Code: PUR; Spanish: Comité Olímpico de Puerto Rico, COPUR) is the National Olympic Committee for Puerto Rico. It oversees Olympic-sports in Puerto Rico, and selects the Olympic team which represents the island. It was founded by Julio Enrique Monagas, and was officially recognized in 1948. The COPUR operates the Casa Olímpica, its headquarters in Old San Juan. Teams representing Puerto Rico have participated in every Summer Olympics since 1948. They have also participated at the 1984–2002 and 2018–2026 Winter Olympics.

Five Puerto Ricans have received the International Olympic Committee's (IOC) Olympic Order award. In 2012, Sara Rosario became the first woman to serve as President of the COPUR. Past presidents include the island's first native Governor, Jesús T. Piñero.
Luis A. Quintana
Luis A. Quintana (born January 29, 1960) is an American politician who served as Councilmember-at-Large of the Municipal Council of Newark, New Jersey, first elected in 1994. He served as Mayor of Newark from November 2013 to July 2014, after which he was re-elected to his council seat.

Sharpe James
Sharpe James (February 20, 1936 – May 11, 2025) was an American politician from New Jersey. A Democrat, he served as the 37th mayor of Newark from 1986 to 2006 and as a state senator for the 29th legislative district from 1999 to 2008. He was the longest-serving mayor in Newark's history and is a subject of the 2005 feature-film Street Fight, which depicts Newark's 2002 mayoral election in which James faced a closer-than-expected challenge from Cory Booker. Once a popular figure in New Jersey politics, his career effectively ended after he was convicted of high-profile corruption charges in 2008.
Nee Unnai Arindhaal
Nee Unnai Arindhaal (transl. If you know yourself) is a 2009 Indian Tamil language drama film directed by V. Rishiraj and Indian Bhaskar. The film stars Murali, V. Rishiraj, and newcomer Kushi, while Risha, T. K. Kala, and Dhadha Muthukumar playing supporting roles. The film, produced by Z. T. Choudhary, was released on 3 July 2009.

Murali (Tamil actor)
Murali Siddalingaiah (19 May 1964 – 8 September 2010), known professionally as Murali, was an Indian actor who worked predominantly in Tamil cinema, where he was known as Puratchi Nayagan. He has mainly acted in Tamil films as well as few Kannada films. He was famous for roles that portrayed him as a perceptive singer or a tragic lover. His son, Atharvaa, debuted as an actor in the 2010 film Baana Kaathadi.
Edmund Arthur Harvey
Edmund Arthur Harvey, also known as E.A. Harvey or Harvey (20 February 1907 – 23 May 1994) was an Australian artist. Known for his portraits and landscape art, he also taught painting, most notably at the National Art School in Sydney. In a career spanning 67 years, Harvey's works were shown in numerous exhibitions, and are included, among others, in the collections of the Art Gallery of New South Wales and the Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery.

Arthur Murch
Not to be confused with the 19th-century illustrator Arthur Murch (illustrator).

Arthur James Murch (8 July 1902, Croydon (Sydney) – 3 September 1989, Avalon (Sydney)) was an Australian artist who won the Archibald Prize in 1949 with a portrait of Bonar Dunlop. Dunlop was a New Zealand artist sculptor and illustrator.
Boys Are Easy
Boys Are Easy (Chinese: 追男仔; pinyin: zhuī nán zǐ) also known as Chasing Boys is a 1993 Hong Kong romantic comedy film directed by Wong Jing. It stars Brigitte Lin, Maggie Cheung, Chingmy Yau, Tony Leung Ka-fai, Jacky Cheung, Ekin Cheng, and Jimmy Lin. The film ran in theaters from 12 August 1993 until 1 September 1993. The film is separated into 3 different stories, a male prostitute falling in love with a violent police officer; a kind social worker falling in love with a gangster; a naive virgin falling in love with a doctor.

Tony Leung Ka-fai
Tony Leung Ka-fai (simplified Chinese: 梁家辉; traditional Chinese: 梁家輝; born 1 February 1958) is a Hong Kong actor who is a four-time winner of the Hong Kong Film Award for Best Actor.

As he is often confused with actor Tony Leung Chiu-wai, Tony Leung Ka-fai is known as "Big Tony", while Tony Leung Chiu-wai is known as "Little Tony", nicknames which correspond to the actors' respective age and physical statures.
Get Your Sandwiches Here
Get Your Sandwiches Here (Spanish: Acá las tortas) is a 1951 Mexican drama film directed by Juan Bustillo Oro and starring Sara García, Meche Barba and Carlos Orellana. It was shot at the Churubusco Studios in Mexico City. The film's sets were designed by the art director Javier Torres Torija.

Sara García
Sara Rita de la Luz García (3 September 1892 – 21 November 1980) was a Mexican actress and comedian who made her biggest mark during the "Golden Age of Mexican cinema". During the 1940s and 1950s, she often played the part of a no-nonsense but lovable grandmother in numerous Mexican films. In later years, she played parts in Mexican telenovelas.

García is remembered by her nickname, La Abuelita de México ("Mexico's Grandmother").
Oh Louise
"Oh Louise" is a single by English artist Junior, initially released as part of his third studio album, Acquired Taste, in 1985. The song was reissued in 1986, where it gained more success, becoming a top 15 hit on the R&B charts. Written by Junior Giscombe and Robin Smith, the song was also produced by Junior and was released through London Records.
for the week ending May 24, 1986. It also ranked 13 in sales and 15 in airplay.

Junior Giscombe
Norman Washington "Junior" Giscombe (born 6 June 1957) is an English singer often known as simply Junior who was one of the first British R&B artists to be successful in the United States. He is best known for his 1982 hit single, "Mama Used to Say".