hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Robert Halliday Gunning
Robert Halliday Gunning FRSE PRPSE FSA LLD (12 December 1818 – 22 March 1900) was a Scottish surgeon, entrepreneur and philanthropist. He did much to improve social conditions in Brazil and also became rich there. He endowed numerous prizes and awards including the Gunning Victoria Jubilee Prizes. The University of Edinburgh provides scholarships under the title of Gunning Victoria Jubilee Bursaries. He was a close friend of both Thomas Chalmers and Robert Christison.

John Hutton Balfour
John Hutton Balfour FRSE FRS FRCSE FLS MWS (15 September 1808 – 11 February 1884) was a Scottish botanist. Balfour became a Professor of Botany, first at the University of Glasgow in 1841, moving to the University of Edinburgh and also becoming the 7th Regius Keeper of the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh and Her Majesty's Botanist in 1845. He held these posts until his retirement in 1879. He was nicknamed Woody Fibre.
Cosmic Family
Cosmic Family is an adventure video game developed by Ubisoft Barcelona and published by Ubisoft for the Wii. This game is geared towards younger children, and acts as an interactive tour of the Cosmic family's ship where the players have a chance to interact with the family itself through 15 mini-games.  An Xbox 360 version was planned but cancelled.

Ubisoft
Ubisoft Entertainment SA (/ˈjuːbisɒft/; French: [ybisɔft]; formerly Ubi Soft Entertainment SA) is a French video game publisher headquartered in Saint-Mandé with development studios across the world. Its video game franchises include Anno, Assassin's Creed, Driver, Far Cry, Just Dance, Prince of Persia, Rabbids, Rayman, Tom Clancy's, and Watch Dogs.

Ubisoft is led by chairman and CEO Yves Guillemot. The company first achieved commercial and critical success with their 1995 platform game Rayman. In 1996, the company began to expand to other parts of the world, opening studios in Shanghai, Montreal and Milan. In recent years, Ubisoft has struggled financially, reporting a strong decline in revenue in 2024 and laying off 700 employees in 2025.
Ministry of Commerce (Thailand)
The Ministry of Commerce (Abrv: MOC; Thai: กระทรวงพาณิชย์, RTGS: Krasuang Phanit) is a cabinet ministry in the government of Thailand. The Minister of Commerce is a member of the Cabinet of Thailand. The ministry is responsible for trade, prices of important agricultural goods, consumer protection, entrepreneurship, insurance, intellectual property protection, exports, and representing Thailand at the World Trade Organization. The Ministry of Commerce was established by royal command of King Vajiravudh (Rama VI) on August 20, 1920, by raising the Department of Commerce and Statistics in the Ministry of Finance to a ministry called the Commerce Dissemination Council. Prince Kitiyakara Voralaksana, the older half-brother of King Vajiravudh was appointed as the first president of the council, with a status equivalent to that of a minister. The ministry moved to its present premises in Nonthaburi in 1989.

Cabinet of Thailand
The cabinet of Thailand (formally, the Council of Ministers of Thailand; Thai: คณะรัฐมนตรี; RTGS: Khana Ratthamontri) is a body composed of thirty-five of the most senior members of the government of the Kingdom of Thailand. The cabinet is the primary organ of the executive branch of the Thai government. Members of the cabinet are nominated by the prime minister and formally appointed by the King of Thailand.  Most members are governmental department heads with the title of "minister of state" (Thai: รัฐมนตรี; RTGS: Ratthamontri).  The cabinet is chaired by the Prime Minister of Thailand. The cabinet is often collectively called "the government" or "the Royal Thai Government".
Gale Cincotta
Gale Cincotta (December 28, 1929 – August 15, 2001),  a community activist from the Austin neighborhood of Chicago, led the national fight for the US federal Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA) of 1975 and the Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) of 1977. The CRA requires banks and savings and loans to offer credit throughout their entire market areas and prohibits them from targeting only wealthier neighborhoods with their lending and services, a practice known as redlining.  She was a co-founder with Shel Trapp of the National People's Action in Chicago, a coalition of some 300 community organizations throughout the United States, and served as its executive director and chairperson from 1973 until her death in 2001.

Home Mortgage Disclosure Act
The Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (or HMDA, pronounced HUM-duh) is a United States federal law that requires certain financial institutions to provide mortgage data to the public.  Congress enacted HMDA in 1975.
Denmark in the Eurovision Song Contest 2024
Denmark was represented at the Eurovision Song Contest 2024 with the song "Sand", written by Jonas Thander, Melanie Wehbe, and Pil Kalinka Nygaard Jeppesen, and performed by Saba. The Danish participating broadcaster, the Danish Broadcasting Corporation (DR), organised the national final Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 2024 in order to select its entry for the contest.

Denmark in the Eurovision Song Contest 2022
Denmark was represented at the Eurovision Song Contest 2022 with the song "The Show" performed by the band Reddi. The Danish broadcaster DR organised the national final Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 2022 in order to select the Danish entry. Eight songs competed in a televised show where "The Show" performed by Reddi was the winner as decided upon through two rounds of public voting.

Denmark was drawn to compete in the first semi-final of the Eurovision Song Contest which took place on 10 May 2022. Performing during the show in position 12, "The Show" was not announced among the top 10 entries of the first semi-final and therefore did not qualify to compete in the final. It was later revealed that Denmark placed thirteenth out of the 17 participating countries in the semi-final with 55 points.
Melba Curls
Melba J. Curls (born October 3, 1941) is a former American Democratic politician who served in the Missouri House of Representatives.  She was married to former Missouri state senator Phil Curls.

Born in Kansas City, Kansas, she formerly served on the board of the National Kidney Foundation.  Curls also attended the University of Missouri.

Phil Curls
Phil B. Curls, Sr. (April 2, 1942 – May 4, 2007) was an American Democratic politician. He served in the Missouri House of Representatives from 1972 to 1982, and in the Missouri Senate from 1984 to 1998.
Maa Nannaku Pelli
Maa Nannaku Pelli (transl. My father is getting married) is a 1997 Telugu-language drama film directed by E. V. V. Satyanarayana and written by Janardhana Maharshi. The film features Krishnam Raju, Srikanth, Simran and Ambika in the lead roles. It was the first film to be shot entirely at Ramoji Film City. The film also marked a breakthrough in the career of actor M. S. Narayana. It received two Nandi Awards.

Nandi Awards
The Nandi Awards were annual awards presented by the Government of Andhra Pradesh to recognise excellence in Telugu cinema, theatre, and television, as well as lifetime achievements in Indian cinema. The awards were named after the monolithic sculpture of the sacred bull in Hinduism, Nandi, at Lepakshi, a cultural and historical symbol of the Telugu people.

The Nandi Awards were categorised into four levels: Swarnam (Gold), Rajatam (Silver), Kamsyam (Bronze), and Raagi (Copper). In addition to film and television awards, the government also presented the Nandi Natakotsavam Awards to honour outstanding contributions in social, mythological, and poetic dramas in Telugu theatre.
Group-velocity dispersion
In optics, group-velocity dispersion (GVD) is a characteristic of a dispersive medium, used most often to determine how the medium affects the duration of an optical pulse traveling through it. Formally, GVD is defined as the derivative of the inverse of group velocity of light in a material with respect to angular frequency,

where  and  are angular frequencies, and the group velocity  is defined as . The units of group-velocity dispersion are [time]2/[distance], often expressed in fs2/mm.

Equivalently, group-velocity dispersion can be defined in terms of the medium-dependent wave vector  according to

or in terms of the refractive index  according to

Angular frequency
In physics, angular frequency (symbol ω), also called angular speed and angular rate, is a scalar measure of the angle rate (the angle per unit time) or the temporal rate of change of the phase argument of a sinusoidal waveform or sine function (for example, in oscillations and waves).
Angular frequency (or angular speed) is the magnitude of the pseudovector quantity angular velocity.

Angular frequency can be obtained by multiplying rotational frequency, ν (or ordinary frequency, f) by a full turn (2π radians): ω = 2π rad⋅ν.
It can also be formulated as ω = dθ/dt, the instantaneous rate of change of the angular displacement, θ, with respect to time, t.
Casa Manila
Casa Manila is a museum in Intramuros depicting a colonial lifestyle during the Spanish colonization of the Philippines.

The museum part is an imposing stone-and-wood structure, built c. 1850, one of three grand houses in Barrio San Luis (one of  the four original villages of Intramuros) and located across the historic San Agustin Church and bounded by Calle Real, General Luna, Cabildo and  Urdaneta streets. The other two grand houses in the barrio are the Los Hidalgos, c. 1650, and Cuyugan Mansion, c. 1890.

Casa Manila is a copy of the 1850s San Nicolas House that was once located in Calle Jaboneros. The architect of Casa Manila was J. Ramon L. Faustmann.
It was reconstructed by Imelda Marcos during the 1980s, modeled on Spanish colonial architecture.

San Agustin Church (Manila)
The Archdiocesan Shrine of Our Lady of Consolation and Cincture, also known as the Church of Saint Augustine and Immaculate Conception Parish, is a Roman Catholic church under the auspices of the Order of Saint Augustine located inside the historic walled city of Intramuros in Manila, Philippines. Completed in 1607, it is the oldest stone church in the country.

In 1993, San Agustin Church was one of four Philippine churches constructed during the Spanish colonial period to be designated as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO, under the collective title Baroque Churches of the Philippines. It was named a National Historical Landmark by the Philippine government in 1976.
Reimund Bieringer
Reimund Bieringer (born 1957) is a German theologian, biblical scholar, Professor Emeritus (with formal duties) of New Testament Exegesis at the Faculty of Theology and Religious Studies, KU Leuven, Belgium, and a Roman Catholic priest of the Diocese of Speyer in Germany. The main areas of his research include the Second Letter to the Corinthians (exegesis and theology), the Gospel of John (Anti-Judaism and the Gospel of John; Mary Magdalene and the Noli me tangere), and biblical hermeneutics (normativity of the future).

Didier Pollefeyt
Didier Pollefeyt (Menen, November 18, 1965) is a Belgian Roman Catholic theologian, full professor at the Faculty of Theology and Religious Studies and vice rector for education policy at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven.
Nick Moran
Nick Moran (born 23 December 1969)  is an English actor and filmmaker.  His roles include Eddie the card sharp in Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels (1998) and Scabior in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 (2010) and Part 2 (2011).

Con O'Neill (actor)
Con O'Neill (born Robert O'Neill on 15 August 1966) is an English actor. He started his acting career at the Everyman Theatre and became primarily known for his performances in musicals. He received critical acclaim and won a Laurence Olivier Award in 1988 for his performance as Michael "Mickey" Johnstone in the musical Blood Brothers. When the production was staged on Broadway in 1993, he was nominated for a Tony Award and a Drama Desk Award for the same role. He has also appeared in many films and television series, including Chernobyl, The Batman and Our Flag Means Death.
Małgorzata Ławrynowicz
Malgorzata Lawrynowicz (born 15 December 1988 in Wejherowo) is a Polish group rhythmic gymnast representing her nation at international competitions.

She participated at the 2004 Summer Olympics in the all-around event together with Justyna Banasiak, Martyna Dąbkowska, Alexandra Wójcik, Anna Mrozińska and Aleksandra Zawistowska finishing 10th.
She competed at world championships, including at the 2005 and 2007 World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships.

Anna Mrozińska
Anna Mrozińska (born 25 November 1985) is a retired Polish rhythmic gymnast who competed at the 2004 Olympics and the 2003 Gymnastic World Championship She retired from her professional career in 2006.
Pasarit Promsombat
Pasarit Promsombat (born 5 March 1983) is a Thai racing driver currently competing in the TCR International Series and TCR Thailand Touring Car Championship. Having previously competed in the Thailand Super Series and Honda Pro Cup Thailand amongst others.

TCR International Series
The TCR International Series was an international touring car championship. The championship was promoted by World Sporting Consulting (WSC), founded by former World Touring Car Championship manager Marcello Lotti. It was marketed as a cost-effective spin-off of the WTCC, targeted at C-segment hatchbacks production-based touring cars. The title TCR follows the naming convention now used by the FIA to classify the cars that compete in touring car racing, with TC1 referring to the top tier as used by the FIA WTCC and TC2 referring to the legacy cars which principally compete in the FIA ETCC.

On 6th December 2017, FIA's World Motorsport Council announced that the series will merge with World Touring Car Championship and European Touring Car Cup starting in 2018.
Topicality (policy debate)
Topicality is a resolution issue in policy debate which pertains to whether or not the plan affirms the resolution as worded. To contest the topicality of the affirmative, the negative interprets a word or words in the resolution and argues that the affirmative does not meet that definition, that the interpretation is preferable, and that non-topicality should be a voting issue.  "Interpretation" is a low-level standard argued by high school debaters but not quibbled verbatim, "interpretation", by seasoned debaters beyond college.  The difference is between what is said ("text") and what is allowed ("treaty" or "d'accord" or agreement or advocacy, etc.).

Structure of policy debate
In all forms of policy debate, the order of speeches is as follows:

1. AFF constructive 1 (1AC)

a. Cross-examination (by NEG speaker 2)

2. NEG constructive 1 (1NC)

a. Cross-examination (by AFF speaker 1)

4. AFF constructive 2 (2AC)

a. Cross-examination (by NEG speaker 1)

5. NEG constructive 2 (2NC)

a. Cross-examination (By AFF speaker 2)

6. First Negative Rebuttal (1NR)

7. First Affirmative Rebuttal (1AR)

8. Second Negative Rebuttal (2NR)

9. Second Affirmative Rebuttal (2AR)

In high school, all four constructive speeches are generally eight minutes long and all four rebuttal speeches are four or five minutes in length depending on the region; in college they are nine and six minutes long respectively. All cross-examination periods are three minutes long in high school and in college.
Jakub Arbes
Jakub Arbes (12 June 1840, in Prague (Smíchov) – 8 April 1914) was a Czech writer and intellectual. He is best known as the creator of the literary genre called romanetto and spent much of his professional life in France.

Jan Neruda
Jan Nepomuk Neruda (Czech: [ˈjan ˈnɛpomuk ˈnɛruda]; 10 July 1834 – 22 August 1891) was a Czech journalist, writer, poet and art critic; one of the most prominent representatives of Czech Realism and a member of the "May School".
Bart 'N' Frink
"Bart 'N' Frink" is the sixth episode of the thirty-seventh season of the American animated television series The Simpsons, and the 796th episode overall. It aired in the United States on Fox on November 9, 2025, and first aired in the UK on November 17, 2025 on Disney+. The episode was written by  Brian Kelley and directed by Rob Oliver.

In this episode, Bart becomes Professor Frink's assistant, and the Simpsons accompany Frink to his college reunion. Maggie Simpson does not appear in the episode, which has no couch gag. Glenn Howerton and Danny Pudi are billed as "Special Guest Voices". The episode received positive reviews.

Glenn Howerton
Glenn Franklin Howerton III (born April 13, 1976) is an American actor, writer, and producer. He is best known for playing Dennis Reynolds on the FX/FXX sitcom It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia (2005–present), which he co-developed and on which he serves as an executive producer and writer alongside the other main cast members.

Howerton's other notable performances include Cliff Gilbert on The Mindy Project (2012–2017), Don Chumph on the first season of Fargo (2014), Jack Griffin on A.P. Bio (2018–2021), and Jim Balsillie in the film BlackBerry (2023). He also co-hosted The Always Sunny Podcast (2021–2023) with his fellow Always Sunny co-stars and co-creators Rob Mac and Charlie Day.
Walham
Walham is a hamlet in Longford parish, north of Gloucester, England. It lies on the banks of the River Severn and north of the A40 road. It is a suburb of Gloucester, which is to its south.

A National Grid substation, providing power to half a million homes and the Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ), is situated at Walham. The substation came to national prominence in July 2007, when it was threatened by a major flood. The fire service and military stopped the flood waters two inches below the height at which the plant would flood. This struggle with nature was dubbed the "Battle for Walham" in national newspapers.

National Grid (Great Britain)
The National Grid is the high-voltage electric power transmission network supporting the UK's electricity market, connecting power stations and major substations, and ensuring that electricity generated anywhere on the grid can be used to satisfy demand elsewhere. The network serves the majority of Great Britain and some of the surrounding islands. It does not cover Northern Ireland, which is part of the Irish single electricity market.

The National Grid is a wide area synchronous grid operating at 50 hertz and consisting of 400 kV and 275 kV lines, as well as 132 kV lines in Scotland. It has several undersea interconnectors: an AC connector to the Isle of Man, and HVDC connections to Northern Ireland, the Shetland Islands, the Republic of Ireland, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Norway, and Denmark.
Fanny Hill (TV serial)
Fanny Hill is a BBC adaptation of John Cleland's controversial 1748 novel Fanny Hill, written by Andrew Davies and directed by James Hawes. This is the first television adaptation of the novel. Fanny Hill was broadcast in October 2007 on BBC Four in two episodes. Fanny Hill tells the story of a young country girl (Rebecca Night) who is lured into prostitution in 18th-century London.

Andrew Davies (writer)
Andrew Wynford Davies (/ˈdeɪvɪs/; born 20 September 1936) is a Welsh screenwriter and novelist, best known for his television adaptations of To Serve Them All My Days, House of Cards, Middlemarch, Pride and Prejudice, Bleak House, War & Peace, and Les Misérables, and his original serial A Very Peculiar Practice. He was made a BAFTA Fellow in 2002.
Erich de Jager
Erich Estiaan de Jager (born (1996-02-29)29 February 1996) is a South African professional rugby union player for the New England Free Jacks of Major League Rugby (MLR). His regular position is prop. His nickname is "Tarzan" started by his teammates.

He previously played for the Griffons in the Currie Cup.

Currie Cup
The Currie Cup (Afrikaans: Curriebeker) is South Africa's premier domestic rugby union competition featuring teams representing either entire provinces or substantial regions within provinces. The Currie Cup dates back to 1891.
The Hunt (Gleizes)
The Hunt (French: La Chasse) is a painting created in 1911 by the French artist Albert Gleizes. The work was exhibited at the 1911 Salon d'Automne (no. 610); Jack of Diamonds, Moscow, 1912; the Salon de la Société Normande de Peinture Moderne, Rouen, summer 1912; the Salon de la Section d'Or, Galerie La Boétie, 1912 (no. 37), Le Cubisme, Musée National d'Art Moderne, Paris, 1953 (no. 64 bis), and several major exhibitions during subsequent years.

In 1913 the painting was reproduced in Les Peintres Cubistes, Méditations esthétiques by Guillaume Apollinaire.

Executed in a highly dynamic Cubist style, with multiple faceted views, the work nevertheless retains recognizable elements relative to its subject matter.

Musée National d'Art Moderne
The Musée National d'Art Moderne (French pronunciation: [myze nɑsjɔnal daʁ mɔdɛʁn]; "National Museum of Modern Art") is the national museum for modern art of France. It is located in the 4th arrondissement of Paris and is housed in the Centre Pompidou. In 2021 it ranked 10th in the list of most visited art museums in the world, with 1,501,040 visitors. It is one of the largest museums for modern and contemporary art in the world.
Alison Spittle
Alison Spittle (born 14 June 1989) is an Irish comedian, comedy writer, radio producer and actor. She has worked for iRadio, RTÉ Radio 1 and Newstalk and created sketches for Republic of Telly and has written and starred in her RTÉ Two sit-com Nowhere Fast in 2017. She is the host and creator of the Alison Spittle Show podcast hosted by HeadStuff Podcast Network.

Newstalk
Newstalk (formerly NewsTalk 106) is a national independent radio station in Ireland. It is operated by News 106 Limited, a subsidiary of Bauer Media Audio Ireland, and broadcasts under a sound broadcasting contract with the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland ( which since 2024 has been renamed Commusiun Na Mean)

Newstalk is Ireland's only commercial all-talk station, broadcasting opinion, analysis, entertainment and sport.
Tunku Iskandar Abdul Jalil Abu Bakar Ibrahim
Tunku Iskandar ibni Tunku Ismail (Jawi: تونكو إسكندر ابن تونكو إسماعيل; né Tunku Iskandar Abdul Jalil Abu Bakar Ibrahim ibni Tunku Ismail, born 14 October 2017) is a member of the Johor royal family who is the Raja Muda of Johor (Deputy Crown Prince of Johor). He is the first son and second child of the current Pemangku Sultan (Regent) and Tunku Mahkota (Crown Prince) of Johor, Tunku Ismail ibni Sultan Ibrahim and his consort, Che’ Puan Mahkota Khaleeda Johor. As his father is the heir apparent, upon his birth, Tunku Iskandar becomes second in line of succession to the throne of Johor.

He is the eldest grandson of the current Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King) of Malaysia and the Sultan of Johor, Sultan Ibrahim of Johor and the current Raja Permaisuri Agong (Queen) of Malaysia and also the Permaisuri of Johor, Raja Zarith Sofiah. Additionally, he is the great-grandson of the late Sultan Iskandar of Johor and the late Sultan Idris Shah II of Perak.

Raja Zarith Sofiah
Raja Zarith Sofiah binti Almarhum Sultan Idris Shah (Jawi: راج زاريث صوفية بنت المرحوم سلطان إدريس شاه‎; born 14 August 1959) is Queen of Malaysia and Permaisuri of Johor as the wife of Sultan Ibrahim ibni Almarhum Sultan Iskandar. She was born as a member of the Perak royal family. While still attending Somerville College, Oxford, she married the heir to the throne of Johor. Now a mother of six, she participates in the work of non-governmental organisations and universities, and writes a periodical column for a newspaper.