hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Battle of Noukouma
The Battle of Noukouma was fought on 21 March 1818 between a small force of jihadists led by Seku Amadu and a Bamana force led by General Jamogo Séri. It was the first and most significant battle of Seku Amdadu's jihad and saw an unexpected jihadist victory against the numerically superior Bamana army. The victory was interpreted as a divine miracle by many and allowed Seku Amadu to rapidly expand his army to over 40,000.

Seku Amadu
Sheikhu Ahmadu (Arabic: شيخ أحمد بن محمّد لبّو, romanized: Shaykh Aḥmadu bin Muḥammadu Lobbo; Fula: Seeku Aamadu; ) (c. 1776 – 20 April 1845) was the Fulbe founder of the Massina Empire (Diina of Hamdullahi) in the Inner Niger Delta, now the Mopti Region of Mali. He ruled as Almami from 1818 until his death in 1845, also taking the title sisse al-Masini.
Binary space partitioning
In computer science, binary space partitioning (BSP) is a method for space partitioning which recursively subdivides a Euclidean space into two convex sets by using hyperplanes as partitions. This process of subdividing gives rise to a representation of objects within the space in the form of a tree data structure known as a BSP tree.

Binary space partitioning was developed in the context of 3D computer graphics in 1969. The structure of a BSP tree is useful in rendering because it can efficiently give spatial information about the objects in a scene, such as objects being ordered from front-to-back with respect to a viewer at a given location. Other applications of BSP include: performing geometrical operations with shapes (constructive solid geometry) in CAD, collision detection in robotics and 3D video games, ray tracing, virtual landscape simulation, and other applications that involve the handling of complex spatial scenes.

Recursion
Recursion occurs when the definition of a concept or process depends on a simpler or previous version of itself. Recursion is used in a variety of disciplines ranging from linguistics to logic. The most common application of recursion is in mathematics and computer science, where a function being defined is applied within its own definition. While this apparently defines an infinite number of instances (function values), it is often done in such a way that no infinite loop or infinite chain of references can occur.

A process that exhibits recursion is recursive. Video feedback displays recursive images, as does an infinity mirror.
The Wrecking Crew (Frank book)
The Wrecking Crew: How Conservatives Rule (August 2008) is a book written by American journalist and historian Thomas Frank, which explores the contemporary state of conservative-governed Washington, D.C. Frank summarized the message of his book: "Bad government is the natural product of rule by those who believe government is bad."  Frank argues that certain elements of the Republican Party intentionally dismantled the government by many means, including turning public policy into a private-sector feeding frenzy. Frank describes the state of the federal government of the United States as analogous to a large group of privatized pigs feeding at the public trough, which was brought on by the privatization schemes engineered by the Republicans. This book follows Frank's New York Times bestseller, What's the Matter with Kansas?

What's the Matter with Kansas? (book)
What's the Matter with Kansas? How Conservatives Won the Heart of America (2004) is a book by American journalist and historian Thomas Frank, which explores the rise of populist and anti-elitist conservatism in the United States, centering on the experience of Kansas, Frank's native state. In the late 19th century, says Frank, Kansas was known as a hotbed of the left-wing populist movement, but in recent decades, it has become overwhelmingly conservative. The book was published in Britain and Australia as What's the Matter with America?

What's the Matter with Kansas? spent 18 weeks on the New York Times Bestseller List.
RAPTA
RAPTA (ruthenium arene PTA) is a class of experimental cancer drugs.  They consist of a central ruthenium(II) atom complexed to an arene group, chlorides, and 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane (PTA) forming an organoruthenium half-sandwich compound.  Other related ruthenium anti-cancer drugs include NAMI-A, KP1019 and BOLD-100.

KP1019
KP1019, or  indazole trans-[tetrachlorobis(1H-indazole)ruthenate(III)], is one of four ruthenium anti-cancer drugs to enter into phase I clinical trials, the others being BOLD-100, NAMI-A and TLD-1433. Research into ruthenium-based drugs has provided novel alternatives for platinum-based chemotherapeutics such as Cisplatin and its derivatives.  KP1019 is useful for metastatic tumors and cis-platin resistant tumors.  It exhibits potent cytotoxicity against primary tumors, particularly in colorectal cancer.
Chaoite
Chaoite, or white carbon, is a mineral described as an allotrope of carbon, whose existence is disputed. It was discovered in shock-fused graphite gneiss from the Ries crater in Bavaria. It has been described as slightly harder than graphite, with a reflection colour of grey to white. From its electron diffraction pattern, the mineral has been considered to have a carbyne structure, the linear acetylenic carbon allotrope of carbon. A later report has called this identification, and the very existence of carbyne phases, into question, arguing that the new reflections in the diffraction pattern are due to clay impurities.

Gneiss
Gneiss (/naɪs/ NYSE) is a common and widely distributed type of metamorphic rock. It is formed by high-temperature and high-pressure metamorphic processes acting on formations composed of igneous or sedimentary rocks. This rock is formed under pressures ranging from 2 to 15 kbar, sometimes even more, and temperatures over 300 °C (572 °F). Gneiss nearly always shows a banded texture characterized by alternating darker and lighter colored bands and without a distinct cleavage.

Gneisses are common in the ancient crust of continental shields. Some of the oldest rocks on Earth are gneisses, such as the Acasta Gneiss.
Am Universum
Am Universum is the fifth studio album by Finnish progressive metal band Amorphis. This album was a departure from the doom/stoner metal influence on their previous album, Tuonela, featuring more of a vocal-driven hard rock sound. This is the first album to feature Niklas Etelävuori on bass who would remain in the band until 2017 and the last album with drummer Pekka Kasari who left in 2002.

The song "Alone" is also on the live DVD, Forging the Land of Thousand Lakes. The edited version of the song is on the single itself, and is also on Amorphis' greatest hits compilation album, Chapters. The DVD and the compilation both have the music video for the song. Other songs that are also on the compilation are "Too Much to See", which is also on the "Alone" single and "Drifting Memories".

Tuonela (album)
Tuonela is the fourth studio album by Finnish progressive metal band Amorphis.

This marks the first album by the band to feature Santeri Kallio on keyboards who performed as a session member and joined the band after in 1998. The album is named from Tuonela, the realm of the dead in Finnish mythology.  The album also shares inspiration with many of the band's productions in the text and themes of the Kalevala, or Finnish Epic.

This album was the last release with original and long time bassist, Olli-Pekka Laine, until his return on 2018's Queen of Time.  Laine quit a year after this release in 2000, because of musical differences and to focus on his family.
Tandragee Rovers F.C.
Tandragee Rovers Football Club is an intermediate-level amateur football club playing in the Intermediate A division of the Mid-Ulster Football League in Northern Ireland. The club is based in Tandragee, County Armagh. It won a "treble" in the 2000–01 season, winning the Bob Radcliffe Cup, Bass Bowl Trophy and Premier Cup. They are a part of the Mid-Ulster Football Association.

Mid-Ulster Football League
The Daily Mirror Mid-Ulster Football League, or simply referred to as the Mid-Ulster League, is an association football league in Northern Ireland. The league is overseen by the Mid-Ulster Football Association. It contains 9 divisions. These comprise two intermediate sections: the Intermediate A and Intermediate B divisions; three junior sections: Division 1, Division 2 and Division 3; and four reserve sections: Reserve 1, Reserve 2 and Reserve 3 and Reserve 4. The current champions are Crewe United.
Esperança Cladera
Esperança Cladera Gil (born 14 May 2002) is a Spanish sprinter. In 2025, she won the Spanish Indoor Athletics Championships over 200 metres. She was a member of the Spanish 4 x 100 metres relay team which set new Spanish national records whilst running at the 2025 World Athletics Relays and the 2025 European Team Championships.

2025 World Athletics Relays
The 2025 World Athletics Relays (Chinese: 2025世界田联接力赛) was held at the Guangdong Olympic Stadium in Guangzhou, China, on 10 and 11 May 2025. It was the 7th edition of the World Athletics Relays and the first time the event was held in China.

The 2025 edition was the first edition to feature a mixed 4 × 100 metres relay.
Frndly TV
Frndly TV, stylized as FrndlyTV, is an American streaming television service that offers live TV, on demand video and cloud-based DVR for over 40 live television networks. Frndly TV has a channel lineup with a focus on family-friendly programming, and includes U.S. networks Hallmark Channel, The Weather Channel, A&E, History, Lifetime, MeTV, Story Television, MeTV+, MeTV Toons, Up TV and Aspire.

Story Television
Story Television is an American digital broadcast television network owned by Weigel Broadcasting that airs programming which is related to history, normally older programs which are licensed from other networks.

The formation of the network was announced on February 14, 2022. Weigel president Neal Sabin stated: “As we looked at the landscape, we looked at what genre works really well for advertisers and viewership that isn’t currently on the air right now." The genre which was chosen would be history-oriented programming. The name "Story" directly came from "history", the word that will play in the shows' taglines.

The network was launched on March 28, 2022 on stations owned by Weigel, Hearst Television, Maranatha Broadcasting Company, Marquee Broadcasting and others, along with national cable distribution through providers such as Spectrum where no affiliate exists.
That's So Raven season 2
The second season of That's So Raven aired on Disney Channel from October 3, 2003, to September 24, 2004. The season deals with the Baxter family, Raven (Raven-Symoné), Cory (Kyle Massey), Tanya Baxter (T'Keyah Crystal Keymáh) and Victor Baxter (Rondell Sheridan) as they continue to manage with Raven and her ability to see into the future. Orlando Brown and Anneliese van der Pol co-star as Raven's best friends, Eddie Thomas and Chelsea Daniels.

Guest stars for this season included: Rose Abdoo, Paula Abdul, Adrienne Bailon, Patrick Bristow, Haylie Duff, Ashley Eckstein, Judyann Elder, David Henrie, Amy Hill, Lawrence Hilton-Jacobs, Jonathan McDaniel, Faizon Love, Wesley Mann, Tom Virtue, and Debra Wilson.

In 2004, this season's original opening was replaced with season three's opening for daytime network rebroadcasts and subsequent syndication without any explanation, making the original opening rare. The original opening was retained for Disney+.

Anneliese van der Pol
Anneliese Louise van der Pol (born September 23, 1984) is a Dutch actress and singer based in the United States. She is best known for her portrayal of Chelsea Daniels on the Disney Channel series That's So Raven (2003–2007) and its spin-off Raven's Home (2017–2022). In association with Disney Channel, van der Pol has recorded several songs, including "Over It", which was featured on the Stuck in the Suburbs soundtrack.

Beyond her involvement with Disney Channel, van der Pol has had an extensive theater career, most notably appearing as Belle in the Broadway production of Beauty and the Beast.
Japanese-American life before World War II
People from Japan began emigrating to the U.S. in significant numbers following the political, cultural, and social changes stemming from the 1868 Meiji Restoration. Japanese immigration to the Americas started with immigration to Hawaii in the first year of the Meiji era in 1868.

Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907
The Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907 (日米紳士協約, Nichibei Shinshi Kyōyaku) was an informal agreement between the United States of America and the Empire of Japan whereby Japan would not allow further emigration of laborers to the United States and the United States would not impose restrictions on Japanese immigrants already present in the country. The goal was to reduce tensions between the two Pacific nations such as those that followed the Pacific Coast race riots of 1907 and the segregation of Japanese students in public schools. The agreement was not a treaty and so was not voted on by the United States Congress. It was superseded by the Immigration Act of 1924.
Alfred Jaretzki III
Alfred Jaretzki III (August 11, 1919 – May 29, 2014) was an American surgeon and medical professor. Early in his career, he co-authored a seminal journal article on developing synthetic vascular glands, which informed the growth of practices in aortic aneurysm surgery. Jaretzki served as a professor of clinical surgery at the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, a lecturer at the Columbia Presbyterian Hospital, and led the task force of the Medical Scientific Advisory Board of the Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America.

NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital
The NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital (abbreviated as NYP) is a nonprofit academic medical center in New York City. It is the primary teaching hospital for Weill Cornell Medicine and Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons. The hospital includes nine campuses located throughout the New York metropolitan area. The hospital's two flagship medical centers, Columbia University Irving Medical Center and Weill Cornell Medical Center, are located on opposite sides of Upper Manhattan.

As of 2022, the hospital is ranked the seventh-best hospital in the United States and second-best in the New York City metropolitan area by U.S. News & World Report. The hospital has more than 6,500 affiliated physicians, 20,000 employees and operates 4,000+ beds in total. It is one of the largest hospitals in the world. NYPH annually treats about 310,000 patients in its emergency department and delivers about 15,000 babies.
Topaze (1951 film)
Topaze  is a 1951 French comedy film directed by Marcel Pagnol and starring Fernandel, Hélène Perdrière and Marcel Vallée. It is based on Pagnol's own 1928 play of the same name, which has been adapted for the screen  a number of times including a 1936 film directed by Pagnol.

It was shot at the Saint-Maurice Studios in Paris. The film's sets were designed by the art director Robert Giordani.

Fernandel
Fernand Joseph Désiré Contandin (French pronunciation: [fɛʁnɑ̃ ʒozɛf deziʁe kɔ̃tɑ̃dɛ̃]; 8 May 1903 – 26 February 1971), better known as Fernandel ([fɛʁnɑ̃dɛl]), was a French comic actor. Born in Marseille, France, to Désirée Bedouin and Denis Contandin, originating in Perosa Argentina, a town located in the province of Turin, Italy, he became a comedy star, first gaining popularity in French vaudeville, operettas, and music-hall revues. His stage name originated from his marriage to Henriette Manse, the sister of his best friend and frequent cinematic collaborator Jean Manse. So attentive was he to his wife that his mother-in-law amusingly referred to him as Fernand d'elle ("Fernand of her").
A Family Man
A Family Man (previous title The Headhunter's Calling) is a 2016 American drama film directed by Mark Williams, in his directorial debut, and written by Bill Dubuque. The film tells the story of Dane Jensen, a Corporate Recruiter from Chicago, who must balance his career aspirations and his increasingly complex family life. The film stars Gerard Butler, Willem Dafoe, Anupam Kher, Alfred Molina, Alison Brie, and Gretchen Mol. Principal photography began on October 26, 2015 in Toronto. It screened at the 2016 Toronto International Film Festival.

Mark Williams (filmmaker)
Mark Williams is an American film director, writer, and producer.

He is best known as the creator of the television show, Ozark. He was nominated for three Emmys in 2019, 2020, and 2022 for his work on the show. He was also written and directed for film, including the 2020 film Honest Thief and the 2022 film Blacklight.
Keith Blount
Admiral Sir Keith Edward Blount, KCB, OBE, FRAeS (born 22 June 1966) is a senior Royal Navy officer and pilot, who since July 2023 serves as NATO's Deputy Supreme Allied Commander Europe. He was Assistant Chief of Naval Staff (Aviation, Amphibious Capability and Carriers) and head of the Fleet Air Arm from 2015 to 2019. He served as Commander Allied Maritime Command, NATO, from 2019 to 2023.

Supreme Allied Commander Europe
The Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR) is the commander of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization's (NATO) Allied Command Operations (ACO) and head of ACO's headquarters, Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE). The commander is based at SHAPE in Casteau, Belgium. In effect, SACEUR is the second-highest military position within NATO, below only the Chair of the NATO Military Committee in terms of precedence. There is another Supreme Allied Commander in NATO, Supreme Allied Commander Transformation (SACT), titularly equal, but whose duties are less operational. SACT, in Norfolk, Virginia, has responsibility for capability development rather than operations.

SACEUR has always been held by a U.S. military officer, and the position is dual-hatted with that of Commander of United States European Command.

The current SACEUR is General Alexus G. Grynkewich of the US Air Force.
Mississippi Highway 611
Mississippi Highway 611 (MS 611), also known as Industrial Road, is a 4.2-mile-long (6.8 km) north–south state highway in the southeastern corner of the city of Pascagoula, in the Mississippi Gulf Coast region of Mississippi. It serves to connect the city's main industrial park, including an oil refinery, with U.S. Highway 90 (US 90), MS 63, and the rest of the city. A second, 0.7-mile-long (1.1 km) segment also exists in central Pascagoula that is unsigned and maintained by the city.

Pascagoula, Mississippi
Pascagoula (/pæskəɡulə/ PASS-kuh-GOOL-uh) is a city in and the county seat of Jackson County, Mississippi, United States. It is the principal city of the Pascagoula metropolitan area, and is part of the Gulfport–Biloxi–Pascagoula combined statistical area and the Gulfport-Biloxi metropolitan area. Its population was 22,010 at the 2020 census, down from 22,392 at the 2010 census and 26,200 at the 2000 census.

The city is served by three airports: Mobile Regional Airport, 34 miles (55 km) to the northeast in Alabama; Gulfport-Biloxi International Airport, about 40 miles (64 km) west of Pascagoula; and the Trent Lott International Airport, 9 miles (14 km) to the north in Jackson County. Amtrak service also began serving the city when the Mardi Gras Service debuted on August 18, 2025.
Senzangakhona
Senzangakhona kaJama (c. 1762 – 1816) was the king of the Zulu Kingdom, and primarily notable as the father of three Zulu kings who ruled during the period when the Zulus achieved prominence, led by his oldest son King Shaka.

Dingiswayo
King Dingiswayo (Zulu pronunciation: [diŋɡisʷaːjo]; c. 1760 – 1817), born as Godongwana, was a king of the Mthethwa Kingdom, well known in history for his mentorship over a young Zulu general, Shaka kaSenzangakhona, who rose to become one of the most influential of the Zulu Kings. His father was the Mthethwa King, Jobe kaKayi.

It was under Dingiswayo that the Mthethwa rose to prominence, mostly employing diplomacy and assimilation of nearby chiefdoms to strengthen his power base.  According to Mthethwa (1995), the Mthethwas are descended from the Nguni peoples of northern Natal and the Lubombo Mountains, whose modern identity dates back some 700 years.
Cecil Brooks III
Cecil Brooks III (born 1959) is an American jazz drummer and record producer who has worked with Arthur Blythe, Russell Gunn, John Hicks, Andrew Hill, Etta Jones, Houston Person, Roseanna Vitro, Hannibal Lokumbe, and Jimmy Ponder.

A native of the Homewood neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Brooks released a number of albums for Muse and Savant. The jazz club that he started in West Orange NJ – Cecil's – closed in 2012 after 10 years.

Etta Jones
Etta Jones (November 25, 1928 – October 16, 2001) was an American jazz singer. Her best-known recordings are "Don't Go to Strangers" and "Save Your Love for Me". She worked with Buddy Johnson, Oliver Nelson, Earl Hines, Barney Bigard, Gene Ammons, Kenny Burrell, Milt Jackson, Cedar Walton, and Houston Person.
Warren Weir
Warren Weir (born 31 October 1989) is a retired Jamaican sprinter who specialized in the 200 metres. He was the bronze medallist in the event at the 2012 London Olympics, helping Jamaica sweep the event. In 2013, at the Moscow World Championships, Warren Weir won the silver medal equalling his personal best. He finished behind Usain Bolt, who set a world leading time. His personal best is 19.79 seconds, set at the National Stadium in his home country Jamaica. He has since equalled his personal best in Moscow, in the World Championship final. He trained with the Glen Mills-coached Racers Track Club, alongside Usain Bolt and Yohan Blake.

Glen Mills
Glen Mills OD (born 14 August 1949) is a sprinting athletics coach from Jamaica. He was the head coach of the Jamaican Olympic athletics team between 1987 and 2009. He is currently head coach of the Racers Track Club which includes world and Olympic record holder Usain Bolt and the 100-metre World Champion Yohan Blake. Other athletes that he has coached in the past include Kim Collins, and Ray Stewart.
Jeff Hooker
Jeff Hooker (born March 21, 1965) is a retired U.S. soccer forward who coached the University of Denver women's soccer team.  Hooker earned twelve caps, scoring one goal, with the U.S. national team between 1984 and 1987 and was a member of the 1984 U.S. Olympic soccer team.  He played professionally in the Western Soccer Alliance and American Professional Soccer League.

Western Soccer Alliance
The Western Soccer Alliance was a professional soccer league featuring teams from the West Coast of the United States and Western Canada.  The league began in 1985 as the Western Alliance Challenge Series.  In 1986, it became the Western Soccer Alliance.  In 1989, it existed for a single year as the Western Soccer League before merging with the American Soccer League to form the American Professional Soccer League in 1990.
Seera Puranam
Seera Puranam (Tamil: சீறாப்புராணம்) is a 17th-century Tamil literary work written by the Rowther Tamil poet Umaru Pulavar, which narrates the life and teachings of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. It is regarded as a significant contribution to Tamil Islamic literature and is known for its poetic rendition of religious themes.
It is considered one of the earliest Islamic literary works in Tamil, exemplifying the synthesis of Tamil and Islamic literary traditions that characterized South Indian literature during the medieval period.

Umaru Pulavar
Umaru Pulavar  (4 December 1642 – 28 July 1703) was a Tamil Muslim Rowther poet from Tamil Nadu, India. Umaru Pulavar was born in 1642 in the town of Ettayapuram in Thoothukudi district. He is celebrated as one of the greatest Islamic poets of India.