hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Arthur Carter Denison
Arthur Carter Denison (November 10, 1861 – May 27, 1942) was a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit and the United States Circuit Courts for the Sixth Circuit and previously was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Western District of Michigan.

United States District Court for the Western District of Michigan
The United States District Court for the Western District of Michigan (in case citations, W.D. Mich.) is the federal district court with jurisdiction over the western portion of the state of Michigan, including the entire Upper Peninsula and the Lower Peninsula from Lansing westward.

Appeals from the Western District of Michigan are taken to the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit (except for patent claims and claims against the U.S. government under the Tucker Act, which are appealed to the Federal Circuit).

As of July 21, 2025, the United States attorney for the Western District of Michigan is Timothy VerHey.
Trinity Thomas
Trinity Lemyra Thomas (born April 7, 2001) is an American artistic gymnast and a four-time National Team member (2016–20). She was a member of the gold medal-winning team at the 2018 Pan American Gymnastics Championships, where she also won silver medals in the individual all-around and on the uneven bars, as well as the bronze medalist on balance beam and floor exercise at the 2017 national championships. She was a member of the Florida Gators women's gymnastics team. One of the most successful NCAA gymnasts in history, Thomas finished her collegiate career with a record-tying 28 perfect-10 scores and a record-breaking five Gym Slams (scores of perfect 10 on every apparatus).

Bridget Sloan
Bridget Elizabeth Sloan (born June 23, 1992) is an American artistic gymnast. She is the 2009 world champion in the all-around, the 2009 United States national champion, and a silver medalist with the American team at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing.

From 2012 to 2016, Sloan was a member of the University of Florida women's gymnastics team that won three consecutive NCAA National Championships titles. She was also the 2013 NCAA national champion in the all-around and on the balance beam, and the 2014 NCAA champion on the uneven bars. In 2015, she became the first University of Florida gymnast, and the seventh NCAA gymnast, to score a perfect 10 on each of the four events. At the 2016 NCAA Nationals, her final championship, she won titles in all-around, uneven bars, and balance beam.
Ruby Fields
Ruby Phillips, known professionally as Ruby Fields, is an Australian singer-songwriter and guitarist from Cronulla, New South Wales. In 2018, she released her debut EP Your Dad's Opinion for Dinner, followed by the singles "I Want", "P Plates", and "Ritalin". Her single "Dinosaurs" reached number nine on Triple J's Hottest 100 of 2018.

In 2019, she released her second EP Permanent Hermit, which contained the singles "Dinosaurs", "Climate", and "Trouble". Her debut album Been Doin' It for a Bit was released in September 2021 and debuted atop the ARIA Albums Chart.

Triple J's Hottest 100 of 2018
The 2018 Triple J Hottest 100 was announced on 27 January 2019. It is the 26th countdown of the most popular songs of the year, as chosen by listeners of Australian radio station Triple J. A record-breaking number of voters (2.758 million) participated by choosing their top ten songs of 2018.

Ocean Alley's "Confidence" was voted into first place. Ocean Alley also achieved four tracks in the countdown and became the second artist to be voted into No. 1 and No. 100 during the same countdown, after Powderfinger in 1999.
Franklin, Iowa
Franklin is a city in Lee County, Iowa, United States. Franklin is noted for its stone and brick Federal architecture, uncommon in Iowa.

The population was 131 at the time of the 2020 census. It is part of the Fort Madison–Keokuk, IA-IL-MO Micropolitan Statistical Area.

Fort Madison, Iowa
Fort Madison is a city in and a county seat of Lee County, Iowa, United States along with Keokuk. Of Iowa's 99 counties, Lee County is the only one with two county seats. The population was 10,270 at the time of the 2020 census. Located along the Mississippi River in the state's southeast corner, it lies between small bluffs along one of the widest portions of the river. Fort Madison is also the home of the Iowa State Penitentiary.
Leonard Burman
Leonard "Len" E. Burman (born 1953, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) is an American economist, tax policy expert, and author. He is currently an institute fellow at the Urban Institute, the Paul Volcker Chair in Behavioral Economics at the Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs at Syracuse University, and a senior research associate at Syracuse University's Center for Policy Research. He is, with Joel Slemrod, the author of Taxes in America: What Everyone Needs to Know. Burman is also a fellow of National Academy of Public Administration.

Urban Institute
The Urban Institute is a Washington, D.C.–based think tank that conducts economic and social policy research to "open minds, shape decisions, and offer solutions". The institute receives funding from government contracts, foundations, and private donors.

The Urban Institute has been categorized as "nonpartisan", "liberal", and "left-leaning". In 2020, the Urban Institute co-hosted the second annual Sadie T.M. Alexander Conference for Economics and Related Fields with The Sadie Collective in Washington, D.C.
Francisco León Franco
Francisco Javier León Franco (13 October 1832 – 10 August 1880) was Vice President of Ecuador in the administration of Gabriel García Moreno from 1869 to 1875, and acting President of Ecuador 6 August 1875 to 6 October 1875. He was President of the Chamber of Deputies in 1865.

Gabriel García Moreno
Gabriel Gregorio Fernando José María García Moreno y Morán de Butrón (24 December 1821 – 6 August 1875), was an Ecuadorian politician and aristocrat who twice served as President of Ecuador (1861–65 and 1869–75) and was assassinated during his second term after being elected to a third.

He has been described as a dictator and caudillo. García Moreno was a conservative and centralist who supported state building and strong executive power. He was involved in the Battle of Cuaspud (6 December 1863) alongside General Juan José Flores, where an unexpected Ecuadoran defeat ended their project of military and political consolidation, drastically reducing Ecuador’s army and weakening their centralization efforts.

He is noted for his conservatism, nationalism, Catholic religious perspective and rivalry with liberal strongman Eloy Alfaro.
Gordon Elliott (racehorse trainer)
Gordon Elliott (born 2 March 1978) is a County Meath-based National Hunt racehorse trainer. After riding as an amateur jockey, he took out a trainer's licence in 2006. He was 29 when his first Grand National entry, the 33 to 1 outsider Silver Birch, won the 2007 race.  In 2018 and 2019 he won the Grand National with Tiger Roll, ridden by Davy Russell and owned by Gigginstown House Stud, the first horse since Red Rum to win the race twice. In 2018 he also won the Irish Grand National, with General Principle. On two occasions, in 2017 and 2018, he was the top trainer at the Cheltenham Festival.

In March 2021 the Irish Horseracing Regulatory Board imposed a twelve-month ban (with six months suspended) on Elliott after a photograph surfaced of him sitting on a dead horse on his gallops in 2019.

Tillingdale
Tillingdale, originally Tillingdale Limited, is an Irish company based in Mullingar, Ireland. It was founded in 2000 to provide furniture management and horse breeding services under the name Gigginstown House Stud. Since 2003, Tillingdale has also operated under the name O'Leary Cabs, a provider of taxicab services.

The company is owned entirely by Michael O'Leary, CEO of the Irish airline Ryanair. During  2004, the company made a profit of approximately €500,000. In 2013 the company was converted from a limited company to a privately owned unlimited company, meaning that public accounts no longer needed to be filed.
Gaṯaru
Gaṯaru (Ugaritic: gṯr) or  Gašru (Akkadian: dgaš-ru, dga-aš-ru) was a god worshiped in Ugarit, Emar and Mari in modern Syria, and in Opis in historical Babylonia in Iraq. While he is relatively sparsely attested, it is known that in Ugarit he was associated with the underworld, while in Mesopotamia he was understood as similar in character to Lugalirra or Erra.

The name and cognates of it could also be used as an epithet of other deities, meaning "strong" or "powerful." The Ugaritic texts also attest the existence of dual and plural forms, Gaṯarāma and Gaṯarūma, used to refer to Gaṯaru himself in association with other deities, such as the moon god Yarikh and the sun goddess Shapash.

Cognate
In historical linguistics, cognates or lexical cognates are sets of words that have been inherited in direct descent from an etymological ancestor in a common parent language.

Because language change can have radical effects on both the sound and the meaning of a word, cognates may not be obvious, and it often takes rigorous study of historical sources and the application of the comparative method to establish whether lexemes are cognate.  It can also happen that words which appear similar, or identical, in different languages, are not cognate.

Cognates are distinguished from loanwords, where a word has been borrowed from another language.
Sportivo Las Parejas
Sportivo Atlético Club is an Argentine sports club, from the city of Las Parejas, in the Santa Fe Province. Although many sports are practised in the club, it is mostly known for its football and basketball teams. The football squad currently plays in the Torneo Argentino B, the regionalised 4th division of the Argentine football league system).

Argentine football league system
The Argentine football league system include tournaments organised by the Argentine Football Association. Clubs affiliated to the body compete in the tournaments, which are split into categories or divisions.

Rules establish a system of promotion and relegation, a process where teams are transferred between two divisions based on their performance for the completed season. The best-ranked team or teams in the lower division are promoted to the higher division for the next season, and the worst-ranked team or teams in the higher division are relegated to the lower division for the next season.
Erick Jones
Erick Christopher Jones Sr. is an industrial engineer and professor. He is an expert in radio-frequency identification (RFID), quality engineering, and Lean Six Sigma. Jones was the program director of The National Science Foundation's (NSF) Engineering Research Centers. He is currently Chair of the Supply Chain Technology Committee of International Supply Chain Education Alliance's (ISCEA) International Standards Board (IISB) and Editor in Chief of the International Supply Chain Technology Journal (ISCTJ).

Jones's background led him to be invited to the National Science Foundation as program officer for the largest engineering investment in the country, the Engineering Research Center (ERC). He also worked in the largest fellowship program in the country, the NSF's Graduate Research Fellowships Program (GRFP). Jones served as a rotating program director at the NSF.

Lean Six Sigma
Lean Six Sigma is a process improvement method that uses a collaborative team effort to improve performance by systematically removing operational waste and reducing process variation. It combines the many tools and techniques that form the "tool box" of Lean Management and Six Sigma to increase the velocity of value creation in business processes.
Rational set
In computer science, more precisely in automata theory, a rational set of a monoid is an element of the minimal class of subsets of this monoid that contains all finite subsets and is closed under union, product and Kleene star. Rational sets are useful in automata theory, formal languages and algebra.

A rational set generalizes the notion of rational (or regular) language (understood as defined by regular expressions) to monoids that are not necessarily free.

Union (set theory)
In set theory, the union (denoted by ∪) of a collection of sets is the set of all elements in the collection. It is one of the fundamental operations through which sets can be combined and related to each other. 
A nullary union refers to a union of zero (⁠⁠) sets and it is by definition equal to the empty set.

For explanation of the symbols used in this article, refer to the table of mathematical symbols.
The Wrecking Crew (2026 film)
The Wrecking Crew is a 2026 American buddy cop action comedy film directed by Ángel Manuel Soto and written by Jonathan Tropper. It stars Dave Bautista, Jason Momoa, Claes Bang, Temuera Morrison, Jacob Batalon, Frankie Adams, Miyavi, Stephen Root, and Morena Baccarin.

Frankie Adams
Frankie Adams (born 3 January 1994) is a Samoan New Zealand actress, best known for her roles as Bobbie Draper in the science fiction television series The Expanse and as Ula Levi in the prime-time soap opera Shortland Street.
Wifredo Lam
Wifredo Óscar de la Concepción Lam y Castilla (Chinese: 林飛龍; Jyutping: lam4 fei1lung4; December 8, 1902 – September 11, 1982), better known as Wifredo Lam, was a Cuban artist who sought to portray and revive the enduring Afro-Cuban spirit and culture. Inspired by and in contact with some of the most renowned artists of the 20th century, including Pablo Picasso, Henri Matisse, Frida Kahlo and Diego Rivera, Lam melded his influences and created a unique style, which was ultimately characterized by the prominence of hybrid figures. This distinctive visual style of his also influenced many artists. Though he was predominantly a painter, he also worked with sculpture, ceramics and printmaking in his later life.

Afro-Cubans
Afro-Cubans (Spanish: Afrocubano) or Black Cubans are citizens of Cuba who have ancestry from any of the Black racial groups originating from Africa. The term Afro-Cuban can also refer to historical or cultural elements in Cuba associated with this community, and the combining of native African and other cultural elements found in Cuban society, such as race, religion, music, language, the arts and class culture.
Aelurillus cretensis
Aelurillus cretensis is  a species of jumping spider in the genus Aelurillus that lives on Crete, after which it is named. It lives in the Lefka Ori mountain range living at an altitudes of up to 2,000 m (6,600 ft) above sea level. It is a small spider, with a carapace measuring between 2.9 and 3.2 mm (0.11 and 0.13 in) in length and an abdomen. between 2.3 and 3.6 mm (0.091 and 0.142 in) in length. The female is larger than the.male. It is generally dark brown, although the female has a brownish-grey abdomen, darker than related species. Its legs are brown or dark brown. It has distinctive copulatory organs, the male having a larger base to its embolus found between the cymbium and the palpal bulb. The female can be identified by the shape of its epigynal pocket.

Spider anatomy
The anatomy of spiders includes many characteristics shared with other arachnids. These characteristics include bodies divided into two tagmata (sections or segments), eight jointed legs, no wings or antennae, the presence of chelicerae and pedipalps, simple eyes, and an exoskeleton, which is periodically shed.

Spiders also have several adaptations that distinguish them from other arachnids. All spiders are capable of producing silk of various types, which many species use to build webs to ensnare prey. Most spiders possess venom, which is injected into prey (or defensively, when the spider feels threatened) through the fangs of the chelicerae. Male spiders have specialized pedipalps that are used to transfer sperm to the female during mating. Many species of spiders exhibit a great deal of sexual dimorphism.
The Lost Tapes 2
The Lost Tapes 2 is a compilation album by American rapper Nas, released on July 19, 2019 by Mass Appeal Records and Def Jam Recordings. It is the sequel to the compilation album The Lost Tapes, released in 2002. The Lost Tapes 2 features unreleased tracks from Nas’ last four studio albums: Hip Hop Is Dead (2006), Untitled (2008), Life Is Good (2012) and the album scrapped in favor of Nasir (2018). It includes production from producers such as RZA, Swizz Beatz, Pharrell Williams, Kanye West, No I.D., Pete Rock and The Alchemist, among others.

Untitled Nas album
The untitled ninth studio album  by American rapper Nas, commonly referred to as Nas, or simply Untitled, was released on July 15, 2008, by the Jones Experience, Columbia Records, and Def Jam Recordings. Its original title Nigger was omitted due to controversy surrounding the racial epithet. The album is distinguished for its political content, diverse sources of production, and provocative subject matter. The album features guest appearances from Chris Brown, Keri Hilson, Busta Rhymes, and the Game, among others.

The album debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200, becoming Nas' fifth to do so, and was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipments of over 500,000 copies in the United States. Upon its release, the album received generally positive reviews from critics.
Adam Frisch
Adam Bennett Frisch (born October 1, 1967) is an American politician and member of the Democratic Party. He served on the Aspen City Council from 2011 to 2019 and chaired Pitkin County's financial review committee from 2005 to 2011.

Frisch was the Democratic nominee for a house seat in Colorado's 3rd congressional district against Republican incumbent Lauren Boebert, which he lost by 554 votes and a margin of 0.16%. The narrow result was surprising to many political pundits who had expected Boebert to win by a larger margin. In February 2023, Frisch announced his second campaign for the same seat in 2024. Boebert switched districts and Frisch lost to Republican Jeff Hurd.

Pitkin County, Colorado
Pitkin County is a county in the U.S. state of Colorado. As of the 2020 census, the population was 17,358. The county seat and largest city is Aspen. The county is named for Colorado Governor Frederick Walker Pitkin. Pitkin County is included in the Glenwood Springs Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Edwards-Glenwood Springs Combined Statistical Area.
Vegas Oil and Gas
Vegas Oil and Gas S.A. is a company based in Egypt focusing on petroleum exploration and gas exploration.  It is headquartered in Athens, but mainly operates from the Cairo suburb of Maadi.

Vegas is wholly owned by the Vardinogiannis family.

Hydrocarbon exploration
Hydrocarbon exploration (or oil and gas exploration) is the search by petroleum geologists and geophysicists for hydrocarbon deposits, particularly petroleum and natural gas, in the Earth's crust using petroleum geology.
James Dillon (officer)
Sir James Dillon (c. 1600 – after 1669) was an officer in the armies of the Irish Confederate Catholic during the Irish Confederate Wars (1641–53) and an MP for County Westmeath in the Irish House of Commons. He was likely born at Kilfaughny, Athlone and lived in the vicinity.

Athlone
Athlone (/æθˈloʊn/; Irish: Baile Átha Luain, meaning 'The town of Luan's ford' [ˌbʲlʲɑː ˈl̪ˠuənʲ]) is a town on the border of County Roscommon and County Westmeath, Ireland. It is located on the River Shannon near the southern shore of Lough Ree. It is the second most populous town in the Midlands Region with a population of 22,869 in the 2022 census.

Most of the town lies on the east bank of the river, within the townland of the same name; however, by the terms of the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898, six townlands on the west bank of the Shannon, formerly in County Roscommon, were incorporated into the town, and consequently, into the county of Westmeath.

Around 100 km west of Dublin, Athlone is near the geographical centre of Ireland.
Song of Youth (novel)
Song of Youth (Chinese: 青春之歌) is a novel created by Chinese contemporary writer Yang Mo, published in 1958.

This book is a semi-autobiographical novel written based on her own experience. The novel takes place during the patriotic student movement from the Mukden Incident (Chinese: 九一八事变) through to the December 9th Movement (Chinese: 一二·九运动), which occurred during the Japanese invasion of China in the 1937 as the background. The novel constructs a classic narrative of revolutionary history through the growth story of the heroine Lin Daojing.

Mukden incident
The Mukden incident was a false flag event staged by Japanese military personnel as a pretext for the 1931 Japanese invasion of Manchuria.

On September 18, 1931, Lieutenant Suemori Kawamoto of the Independent Garrison Unit of the 29th Japanese Infantry Regiment detonated a small quantity of dynamite close to a railway line owned by Japan's South Manchuria Railway near Mukden (now Shenyang). The explosion was so weak that it failed to destroy the track, and a train passed over it minutes later. The Imperial Japanese Army accused Chinese dissidents of the act and responded with a full invasion that led to the occupation of Manchuria, in which Japan established its puppet state of Manchukuo five months later.
Felicja Masojada
Felicja Masojada (born Kołomyja, Volhynia, Russia, 18 May 1898; died Kisorycze, Poland, 15 June 1943) was a Polish resistance member during World War II, posthumously recognised by Yad Vashem as Righteous Among the Nations.

Righteous Among the Nations
Righteous Among the Nations (Hebrew: חֲסִידֵי אֻמּוֹת הָעוֹלָם ḥasidei ummot ha'olam) is an honorific used by the State of Israel to describe all of the non-Jews who, out of altruism, risked their lives in order to save Jews from being exterminated by Nazi Germany during the Holocaust. The term originates from the concept of ger toshav, a legal term used to refer to non-Jewish observers of the Seven Laws of Noah.

Recent research has complicated dominant historical narratives about rescue of Jews during the Holocaust. The vast majority of rescue was enabled by the exchange of money, goods, or services, while many survivors concealed complicating facts in applications of Yad Vashem.
SMS S16 (1912)
SMS S16 was a V1-class torpedo boat of the Imperial German Navy. The ship was built by Schichau-Werke, at their Elbing shipyard, completing in 1912. S16 served with the German High Seas Fleet during the First World War, taking part in the Battle of Jutland in 1916. She was sunk by a mine on 20 January 1918.

Schichau-Werke
The Schichau-Werke (F. Schichau, Maschinen- und Lokomotivfabrik, Schiffswerft und Eisengießerei GmbH) was a German engineering works and shipyard based in Elbing, Germany (now Elbląg, Poland) on the Vistula Lagoon of then-East Prussia. It also had a subsidiary shipyard in nearby Danzig (now: Gdańsk, Poland). Due to the Soviet conquest of eastern Germany, Schichau moved to Bremerhaven in March 1945, and its successors continued in business until 2009.