hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Glossary of calculus
Most of the terms listed in Wikipedia glossaries are already defined and explained within Wikipedia itself. However, glossaries like this one are useful for looking up, comparing and reviewing large numbers of terms together. You can help enhance this page by adding new terms or writing definitions for existing ones.

This glossary of calculus is a list of definitions about calculus, its sub-disciplines, and related fields.

Maximum and minimum
In mathematical analysis, the maximum and minimum of a function are, respectively, the greatest and least value taken by the function. Known generically as extrema, they may be defined either within a given range (the local or relative extrema) or on the entire domain (the global or absolute extrema) of a function. Pierre de Fermat was one of the first mathematicians to propose a general technique, adequality, for finding the maxima and minima of functions.

As defined in set theory, the maximum and minimum of a set are the greatest and least elements in the set, respectively. Unbounded infinite sets, such as the set of real numbers, have no minimum or maximum.

In statistics, the corresponding concept is the sample maximum and minimum.
Substomatal cavity
In plants, the substomatal cavity is the cavity located immediately proximal to the stoma. It acts as a diffusion chamber connected with intercellular air spaces and allows rapid diffusion of carbon dioxide and other gases (such as plant pheromones) in and out of plant cells.

Plant cell
Plant cells are the cells present in green plants, photosynthetic eukaryotes of the kingdom Plantae. Their distinctive features include primary cell walls containing cellulose, hemicelluloses and pectin, the presence of plastids with the capability to perform photosynthesis and store starch, a large vacuole that regulates turgor pressure, the absence of flagella or centrioles, except in the gametes, and a unique method of cell division involving the formation of a cell plate or phragmoplast that separates the new daughter cells.
Rodney Morris
Rodney Morris (born November 25, 1970, in Anaheim, California) is a professional pool player, nicknamed "the Rocket". In 2016, he was inducted into the Billiard Congress of America Hall of Fame. Morris won the 1996 U.S. Open Nine-ball Championship, 2003 World Pool League, 2006 UPA Pro Tour Championship (nine-ball), and 2013 U.S. Open Ten-ball Championship, among many other individual titles. In doubles play, he and Shane Van Boening took the 2008 World Cup of Pool. He has also been a member of the winning Team USA in the Mosconi Cup events of 2003–2005, and was the Mosconi Cup MVP in 2004.

World Pool League
The World Pool League (WPL) was a nine ball pool tournament promoted by Matchroom Sport and PartyGaming, and sanctioned by the World Pool-Billiard Association (WPA). All of the events were held in Warsaw, Poland, annually from 1999 to 2006. Six notable players were selected to participate in each event, which lasted for three days. Despite its name, the events were invitational tournaments, not a league in the usual sporting senses. The victor in the final event was Dennis Orcollo of the Philippines, 8–5 over Niels Feijen of the Netherlands, for a US$20,000 first-place prize.
2014 East Harlem gas explosion
On March 12, 2014, an explosion occurred at 9:31 a.m. in the East Harlem neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City, United States. The explosion leveled two apartment buildings located just north of 116th Street at 1644 and 1646 Park Avenue, killing eight people, injuring at least 70 others, and displacing 100 families. City officials initially pointed to a gas leak as the cause of the blast. In June 2015, the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) blamed the explosion on failures by Consolidated Edison and the city. The NTSB also agreed to review Whistleblower Gas Explosion Audit Findings from the 2009 Floral Park Queens gas explosion as part of their East Harlem Gas Explosion Investigation. The NTSB were unable to resolve these hazards found with merit by the New York State Public Service Commission (NYSPSC) and they remain a Public Safety Hazard today.

National Transportation Safety Board
The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) is an independent U.S. government investigative agency responsible for civil transportation accident investigation. In this role, the NTSB investigates and reports on aviation accidents and incidents, certain types of highway crashes, ship and marine accidents, pipeline incidents, bridge failures, and railroad accidents. The NTSB is also in charge of investigating cases of hazardous materials releases that occur during transportation. The agency is based in Washington, D.C. It has three regional offices, located in Anchorage, Alaska; Aurora, Colorado; and Federal Way, Washington. The agency also operated a national training center at its Ashburn facility.
Middelburg (House of Assembly of South Africa constituency)
Middelburg was a constituency in the Transvaal Province of South Africa, which existed from 1910 to 1948 and from 1966 to 1994. Named after the town of Middelburg, it covered a part of the eastern Transvaal along the border with Eswatini. Throughout its existence it elected one member to the House of Assembly and one to the Transvaal Provincial Council.

House of Assembly (South Africa)
The House of Assembly (known in Afrikaans as the Volksraad, or "People's Council") was the lower house of the Parliament of South Africa from 1910 to 1981, the sole parliamentary chamber between 1981 and 1984, and latterly the white representative house of the Tricameral Parliament from 1984 to 1994, when it was replaced by the current National Assembly. Throughout its history, it was composed exclusively of white members who were elected to office predominantly by white citizens, though until 1960 and 1970, respectively, some Black Africans and Coloureds in the Cape Province voted under a restricted form of suffrage.

The old House of Assembly chamber was severely damaged in a fire in January 2022.
Hakaru Miyagawa
Hakaru Miyagawa (宮川 量, Miyagawa Hakaru, January 26, 1905 – September 3, 1949) worked at Tama Zenshoen Sanatorium, Nagashima Aiseien Sanatorium, Okinawa Airakuen Sanatorium, Hoshizuka Keiaien Sanatorium and studied the history of leprosy.

Nagashima Aiseien Sanatorium
The Nagashima Aiseien Sanatorium (国立療養所長島愛生園), or the National Sanatorium Nagashima Aiseien, is a sanatorium on the island of Nagashima in Setouchi, Okayama, Japan founded in 1930 for the treatment of leprosy. Currently, only former leprosy patients reside there.
Pilar Khoury
Pilar Tony Khoury (Arabic: بيلار توني خوري; born 25 August 1994) is a professional football coach and former player who is the head coach of French club Metz's under-19 team.

A forward, Khoury played at the college level for the Ottawa Gee-Gees, the University of Ottawa's team; she left in 2016 as their all-time goal scorer with 58 goals. Khoury moved to France the same year, where she joined Albi in the Division 1 Féminine; she then played for Division 2 sides Grenoble, Saint-Étienne, Nantes and Strasbourg. Khoury helped the latter team gain promotion to the Première Ligue in 2024.

Born in Canada, Khoury is of Lebanese descent and played for the Lebanon national team between 2021 and 2025. She helped Lebanon finish runners-up at the 2022 WAFF Championship, in which she scored her first international goal.

Ottawa Gee-Gees
The Ottawa Gee-Gees (French: Gee-Gees d'Ottawa) are the athletic teams that represent the University of Ottawa in Ottawa, Ontario.

The Gee-Gees won the national football championship, the Vanier Cup, in 1975 and 2000, while also appearing in the game in the 1970, 1980, and 1997 seasons. The Gee-Gees women's rugby team won the national championship in 2017, and the women's soccer team were national champions in 1996 and 2018. The men's cross country team won three national titles, in 1986, 1987, and 1990.

The men's rugby team will host the 2024 Canadian University Men's Rugby Championship and are granted automatic entry as hosts. They are undefeated at home in 2023 and 2024, and are consistently ranked as a top 10 team in the country.

The men's hockey team will host the 2025 U Sports University Cup from March 20–23, 2025 and are granted automatic entry as hosts. The team finished the 2023–24 season 20–8.
Ojibwa Island
Ojibwa Island (formerly known as Squaw Island) is an island in Lake Michigan and is part of the Beaver Island archipelago. The island is about 75 acres in size, and is privately owned.   Ojibwa Island is located a little under two miles north east of Whiskey Island, and a little over three miles west of Garden Island.

The historic Squaw Island Light is located on the north point of the Island.

Whiskey Island (Lake Michigan)
Whiskey Island (also spelled Whisky Island) is an island in northern Lake Michigan, part of the Beaver Island archipelago.  It is about 3⁄8 sq mi (1 km2) in area. Although unininhabited, it is politically part of St. James Township, Charlevoix County, Michigan

A shoal off the island was the site of the loss of the schooner Chandler J. Wells on 20 November 1884.  She was carrying lumber from Manistique, Michigan to Buffalo, New York.
Douglas Century
Douglas Century is a Canadian-American investigative journalist and bestselling nonfiction author. He is author of the 2025 biography of Hannah Senesh, retelling her WWII paratrooper mission behind enemy lines; author of the 2022 biography of Boris Nayfeld; author of the 2009 biography of Barney Ross, and, coauthor of the 2012 autobiography of Ice T.

Boris Nayfeld
Boris Mikhailovich Nayfeld (Russian: Борис Михайлович Найфельд, Belarusian: Барыс Міхайлавіч Нейфелд) also known as Biba (Russian: Биба, Belarusian: Біба) is a former Belarusian/Russian mob boss and heroin trafficker, who operated out of Brighton Beach, New York City.
William H. Keith Jr.
William H. Keith (born August 8, 1950) is an American author mainly contributing to military science fiction and military fiction and related game design, who writes also under several pen names, such as Ian Douglas, Robert Cain and H. Jay Riker. His newer original works are written under the name of Ian Douglas.

Keith Laumer
John Keith Laumer ((1925-06-09)June 9, 1925 – (1993-01-23)January 23, 1993) was an American science fiction author. Prior to becoming a full-time writer, he was an officer in the United States Air Force and a diplomat in the United States Foreign Service. His older brother March Laumer was also a writer, known for his adult reinterpretations of the Land of Oz (also mentioned in Laumer's The Other Side of Time). Frank Laumer, their youngest brother, is a historian and writer.
Valdés family
The Valdés family is Spanish descent consisting of a number of famous comedians and singers.

Some notable members are:

Germán Valdés, a comedian (a.k.a. "Tin Tán").
Rosalía Valdés, an actress and singer daughter of Germán.

Manuel Valdés, a comedian brother of Germán (a.k.a. "el loco Valdés").
Cristian Castro, a famous singer son of Manuel and Verónica Castro (He has never used the name Valdés).
Marcos Valdés, an actor and singer son of Manuel.

Antonio Valdés, a comedian brother of Germán, Ramón and Manuel (a.k.a. "el ratón  Valdés").

Ramón Valdés, a comedian brother of Germán, Antonio and Manuel (a.k.a. "Moncho" or "Monchito").

Cristian Castro
Cristian Sáinz Castro (born 8 December 1974) is a Mexican pop singer. He is the son of actors Verónica Castro and Manuel "El Loco" Valdés, and nephew of actors Ramón Valdés (known for playing Don Ramón in El Chavo del Ocho) and Germán "Tin-Tan" Valdés. Castro has sold over 12 million records, making him one of the best-selling Latin music artists of all-time.

Juan Gabriel described Castro as "the man with the most faculties to sing in Mexico".
Makuṭa
The makuṭa (Sanskrit: मुकुट), variously known in several languages as makuta, mahkota, magaik, mokot, mongkut or chada (see § Etymology and origins below), is a type of headdress used as crowns in the Southeast Asian monarchies of today's Cambodia and Thailand, and historically in Indonesia (Java, Sumatra, and Bali), Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Laos and Myanmar. They are also used in classical court dances in Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri Lanka and  Thailand; such as khol, khon, the various forms of lakhon, as well as wayang wong dance drama. They feature a tall pointed shape, are made of gold or a substitute, and are usually decorated with gemstones. As a symbol of kingship, they are featured in the royal regalia of both Cambodia and Thailand.

Khon
Khon (Thai: โขน, pronounced [kʰǒːn]) is a dance drama genre from Thailand. Khon has been performed since the Ayutthaya Kingdom. Born from the harmonious blend of traditional Thai performing arts, Khon has flourished into a distinctive cultural treasure of Thailand.

It is traditionally performed solely in the royal court by men in masks accompanied by narrators and a traditional piphat ensemble. A variation of this genre with female performers is called khon phu ying (โขนผู้หญิง).
Robert Ugrina
Robert Ugrina (born 1974 in Zagreb) is a Croatian actor and comedian.

He is best known for his roles in the popular comedy series Bumerang (2005-2006), Zakon! (2009) and Ko te šiša (2016-2020). He has appeared in Sleep Sweet, My Darling, What Is a Man Without a Moustache? (both 2005), Metastases (2009), Josef (2011), Vegetarian Cannibal (2012) and Lavina (2017).

He is also known for an extensive stage and voice-acting career. He has provided voice-work for over a hundred animated feature films and Mr. Krabs in the Croatian-language version of SpongeBob SquarePants.

Metastases (film)
Metastases (Croatian: Metastaze) is a 2009 Croatian crime drama/comedy film about some of the most common problems in post-war Croatia, including football hooliganism, drug addiction and alcoholism. It was directed by Branko Schmidt.
Twem
Twem are a French pop duo made up of French-Moroccan and Algerian identical twins Samir (Sam BENI) and Mehdi (DiDi BENI) Beni Nouh (Arabic: سمير ومهدي بن نوح). They are known for appearances in a number of talent competitions including  Graines de Stars, Popstars and X Factor programs in both UK in 2010 and France 2011.

Popstars
Popstars is an international reality television franchise aimed to find new singing talent. Serving as a precursor to the Idol franchise, Popstars first began in New Zealand in 1999 when producer Jonathan Dowling formed the girl group TrueBliss. Despite all shows in the Popstars franchise having been off air in recent years, it remains one of the most successful TV show formats of all time with the format being sold to more than 50 countries and producing groups such as Girls Aloud that had success on the UK charts for the next ten years after winning. The show was the inspiration for Simon Fuller's Idol franchise.
Hårbølle
Hårbølle is a harbour village on the Danish island of Møn some 5 km (3 mi) south of Store Damme. It is located in the parish of Fanefjord in Vordingborg Municipality. Today it is a popular pleasure boat harbour and summer house resort.

Store Damme
Store Damme is a village in Fanefjord Parish on the western part of the Danish island of Møn, Vordingborg Municipality. With a population of 543 (1 January 2025) it is the second largest community on the island after Stege.

The village was the site of a rytterskole (English: rider school) from 1726.

Fanefjord Church is located about 2 kilometres south of Store Damme close to the inlet Fanefjord.

In 1992, thanks to the support of Karen Strand (1924–2000), the Danish Jewellery Museum (Danmarks Smykkemuseum) was inaugurated in Store Damme
Upper Witter Gulch, Colorado
Upper Witter Gulch is an unincorporated community and a census-designated place (CDP) located in and governed by Clear Creek County, Colorado, United States. The population was 347 at the 2020 census. The CDP is a part of the Denver–Aurora–Lakewood, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area. The Evergreen post office (Zip Code 80439) serves the area.

Evergreen, Colorado
Evergreen is an unincorporated community, a post office, and a census-designated place (CDP) located in and governed by Jefferson County, Colorado, United States. The CDP is a part of the Denver-Aurora-Centennial, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Front Range Urban Corridor. The Evergreen post office has the ZIP Codes 80439 and 80437 (for post office boxes). At the 2020 census, the population of the Evergreen CDP was 9,307. The Evergreen Metropolitan District provides services.
Aminatou Haidar
Aminatou Ali Ahmed Haidar (Arabic: أميناتو علي أحمد حيدر; born 24 July 1966), sometimes spelled as Aminetou, Aminatu or Aminetu, is a Sahrawi human rights activist and an advocate of the independence of Western Sahara. She is often called the "Sahrawi Gandhi" or "Sahrawi Pasionaria" for her nonviolent protests. She is the president of the Collective of Sahrawi Human Rights Defenders (CODESA). She was imprisoned from 1987 to 1991 and from 2005 to 2006 on charges related to her independence advocacy. In 2009, she attracted international attention when she staged a hunger strike in Lanzarote Airport after being denied re-entry into Moroccan Western Sahara. Haidar has won several international human rights awards for her work, including the 2008 Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award, 2009 Civil Courage Prize and 2019 Right Livelihood Award.

Lanzarote Airport
César Manrique-Lanzarote Airport (IATA: ACE, ICAO: GCRR) — commonly known as Lanzarote Airport and also known as Arrecife Airport — is an airport serving the island of Lanzarote in the Canary Islands. The airport is located in San Bartolomé, Las Palmas, 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) southwest of the island's capital, Arrecife. It handles flights to many European airports, with hundreds of thousands of tourists each year, as well as domestic flights to other Spanish airports. It handled 7,350,451 passengers in 2022.
Catherine Butler
Catherine Butler (born 25 January 1963 in Romsey, Hampshire; formerly Charles Cadman Butler) is an English academic and author of children's fiction.

Butler's most important academic work, Four British fantasists : place and culture in the children's fantasies of Penelope Lively, Alan Garner, Diana Wynne Jones, and Susan Cooper won the Mythopoeic Fantasy Award (2009) in the Mythopoeic Scholarship category and is in 236 libraries according to WorldCat, and has been reviewed in the standard book review sources and academic journals. Another academic work,   Teaching Children's Fiction is in 148 libraries. Of Butler's fiction, Timon's Tide is the most widely held and reviewed:  over 300 libraries & reviews. Among her other fiction,  Death of a Ghost, The Fetch of Mardy Watt, Calypso Dreaming, The Lurkers, are each in about 100 libraries and with journal reviews.

Susan Cooper
Susan Mary Cooper (born 23 May 1935) is an English author of children's books. She is best known for The Dark Is Rising, a contemporary fantasy series set in England and Wales, which incorporates British mythology such as the Arthurian legends and Welsh folk heroes. For that work, in 2012 she won the lifetime Margaret A. Edwards Award from the American Library Association, recognizing her contribution to writing for teens. In the 1970s two of the five novels were named the year's best English-language book with an "authentic Welsh background" by the Welsh Books Council. In 2024, the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers Association named her the 40th Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master in recognition of her significant contributions to the literature of science fiction and fantasy.
Jorge Lanata
Jorge Ernesto Lanata (12 September 1960 – 30 December 2024) was an Argentine journalist and author. He founded the newspaper Página 12 in 1987, and worked on several TV programs, newspapers, magazines and documentaries. He moved to the Clarín Group in 2012, and hosted Lanata sin filtro on Radio Mitre and Periodismo para todos on El Trece. He won several awards, including the Golden Martín Fierro Award. He was hospitalized in 2024 with several health problems, and after some months he died on 30 December 2024.

Radio Mitre
LR6 Radio Mitre is a radio station in the city of Buenos Aires, Argentina. It is owned and operated by Clarín Group.

It was created on August 16, 1925 under the name of The Nation Broadcasting LOZ.

During the government of Juan Domingo Perón, it was nationalized and eventually re-privatized in October 1983.

In 1985, it moved to its current facility in 2668 Mansilla, Recoleta. In 1992, it was acquired by Grupo Clarín.

Transmits on 790 kHz AM. There is a representative of the radio in the city of Cordoba called Mitre 810.
Barbara station
Barbara (French pronunciation: [baʁbaʁa]) is a station of the Paris Métro on Line 4 in Montrouge and Bagneux. The station was built as part of a two-station southward extension from Mairie de Montrouge to Bagneux–Lucie Aubrac. It opened in January 2022.

Mairie de Montrouge station
Mairie de Montrouge (French pronunciation: [mɛʁi d(ə) mɔ̃ʁuʒ]) is a station of the Paris Métro on line 4 situated in Montrouge. Opened in 2013, it was the first new station of Line 4 in almost one hundred years. The station served as the southern terminus of Paris Métro Line 4 until January 2022, when the southward extension towards Bagneux opened as part of phase two.
Sana Guermazi
Sana Guermazi (Arabic: سناء القرمازي; born 3 November 2001) is a professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Seconde Ligue club Le Mans. Born in France She plays for the Tunisia national football team.

Le Mans FC (women)
Le Mans Football Club (French: Le Mans Football Club féminines) commonly referred to as Le Mans FC or simply Le Mans, is a women's football club based in Le Mans, France. It's the women's section of Le Mans FC. Coached by Damien Bollini, the club competes in the Seconde Ligue.
Teun language
Teun (also rendered Teʼun) is an Austronesian language originally spoken on Teun Island (Mesa, Yafila and Wotludan villages) and Nila Island (Bumei village) in Maluku, Indonesia. Speakers were relocated to Seram due to volcanic activity on Teun.

Barat Daya Islands
The Barat Daya Islands (Indonesian: Kepulauan Barat Daya; Indonesian pronunciation: [kəpuˌlawan ˌbarat̚ ˈdaja]) are a group of islands in the Maluku province of Indonesia. The Indonesian phrase barat daya means 'south-west'.
CIE 1960 color space
The CIE 1960 color space ("CIE 1960 UCS", variously expanded Uniform Color Space, Uniform Color Scale, Uniform Chromaticity Scale, Uniform Chromaticity Space) is another name for the (u, v) chromaticity space devised by David MacAdam.

The CIE 1960 UCS does not define a luminance or lightness component, but the Y tristimulus value of the XYZ color space or a lightness index similar to W* of the CIE 1964 color space are sometimes used.

Today, the CIE 1960 UCS is mostly used to calculate correlated color temperature, where the isothermal lines are perpendicular to the Planckian locus. As a uniform chromaticity space, it has been superseded by the CIE 1976 UCS.

Chromaticity
Chromaticity is an objective specification of the quality of a color regardless of its luminance. Chromaticity consists of two independent parameters, often specified as hue (h) and colorfulness (s), where the latter is alternatively called saturation, chroma, intensity, or excitation purity. This number of parameters follows from trichromacy of vision of most humans, which is assumed by most models in color science.