hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
2025 in spaceflight
Spaceflight in 2025 followed the 2020s trend of record-breaking numbers of orbital launches with 317 successes and new developments in low-Earth orbit human spaceflight (Fram2, Cygnus XL, HTV-X). Spaceflight in 2025 included numerous private companies' launches using reusable launch vehicles (Falcon 9 and for the first time also New Glenn). Three private robotic landers attempted landing on the Moon, resulting in one full (Blue Ghost M1) and one partial success (IM-2).

Among the year's highlights in Solar system science were launches and innovative operations of seven heliophysics and space weather missions by NASA, NOAA, and ESA (PUNCH, TRACERS, IMAP, SWFO-L1, Carruthers, PROBA-3, and Solar Orbiter). In 2025, humanity got the first close-up view of one new Solar system object, the main belt asteroid Donaldjohanson visited by the NASA probe Lucy. CNSA launched the Tianwen-2 asteroid sample return mission and NASA launched the twin ESCAPADE spacecraft to study the atmosphere of Mars.

Tianwen-2
Tianwen-2 (Chinese: 天问二号) is a Chinese asteroid sample return and comet exploration mission that launched on 28 May 2025. The China National Space Agency  (CNSA) plans for the probe to  return samples from 469219 Kamoʻoalewa—a near-Earth asteroid that is currently a quasi-satellite of Earth—in 2027. After the mothership drops off the sample return vessel to Earth, it is planned to rendezvous with the main-belt comet 311P/PanSTARRS and explore it with its 11 onboard instruments.
The Hangman of London
The Hangman of London (German: Der Henker von London) is a 1963 West German mystery crime film directed by Edwin Zbonek and starring Hansjörg Felmy, Maria Perschy and Dieter Borsche. It is based on the novel The White Carpet by Bryan Edgar Wallace. The film was shot at the Spandau Studios in West Berlin and on location in London. The film's sets were designed by the art directors Hans Jürgen Kiebach and Ernst Schomer. It was produced at the same time as Rialto Film were enjoying great success with their series of films based on the works of Edgar Wallace, Bryan's father. It is also known by the alternative title The Mad Executioners, by which it was released by Paramount Pictures in the United States in 1965.

Hansjörg Felmy
Hansjörg Felmy (born Hans-Jörg Hellmuth Felmy; 31 January 1931 – 24 August 2007) was a German actor.

He appeared in 50 films and television shows between 1957 and 1995. Films like Der Stern von Afrika and Wir Wunderkinder made him a well-known actor in the late 1950s. He starred in the film The Marriage of Mr. Mississippi (1961), which was entered into the 11th Berlin International Film Festival. In the popular German television crime series Tatort he played police investigator Heinz Haferkamp from 1974 to 1980. In an international film appearance, he played the Stasi officer Heinrich Gerhard in Alfred Hitchcock's Torn Curtain (1966) who hunts the leading characters played by Julie Andrews and Paul Newman.

In his last years he suffered from osteoporosis. He died in Eching near Munich. Felmy was the son of the German airforce general Hellmuth Felmy (1885 - 1965).
Splendour in the Grass
Splendour in the Grass (commonly referred to as Splendour) was an annual Australian music festival held at the North Byron Parklands in Yelgun, New South Wales. Since its inauguration, the festival has also been held in various locations near Byron Bay, New South Wales, and Woodford, Queensland.

Yelgun, New South Wales
Yelgun is a locality in Byron Shire in the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales, Australia. It is located 25.5 kilometres (15.8 mi) north of the regional centre of Byron Bay and is 9.3 kilometres (5.8 mi) from Brunswick Heads.

The traditional owners of this land are the Minjungbal people of the Bundjalung nation.
I Thank God
"I Thank God" is a song performed by American contemporary worship groups Maverick City Music and Upperroom featuring Dante Bowe and Aaron Moses. It was released by Tribl Records as a track on their collaborative extended play, Move Your Heart, on January 29, 2021. The song was written by Jesse Cline, Maryanne J George, Dante Bowe, Aaron Moses, Enrique Holmes, Jonathan Traylor, and Chuck Butler. Jonathan Jay, Tony Brown, and Oscar Gamboa produced the song.

"I Thank God" debuted at No. 29 on the US Hot Christian Songs chart, and No. 7 on the Hot Gospel Songs chart.

Hot Christian Songs
Hot Christian Songs is a music chart published weekly by Billboard magazine in the United States. It ranks the popularity of Christian songs using the same methodology developed for the Billboard Hot 100, the magazine's flagship songs chart, by incorporating data from the sales of downloads, streaming data, and airplay across all monitored radio stations.

From its inception in June 2003 through November 2013, the Hot Christian Songs chart ranked the top songs only by overall audience impressions of songs played on contemporary Christian music radio stations. Beginning with the chart dated December 7, 2013, the chart follows the same methodology used for the Hot 100 to compile its rankings. The Christian Airplay chart was created in unison with the change to continue to monitor airplay of songs on Christian radio.

The current number-one song on the chart as of the issue dated February 28 is "Hard Fought Hallelujah" by Brandon Lake.
11′09″01 September 11
11′09″01 September 11 (French: 11 minutes 9 secondes 1 image) is a 2002 international anthology film. It comprises 11 short films from 11 filmmakers, each from a different country, offering differing perspectives on the 9/11 terrorist attacks on the Twin Towers in New York City in 2001. The original concept and production of the film was by French producer Alain Brigand. The film has been released internationally with several titles. The filmmakers included Ken Loach, Claude Lelouch, Danis Tanović, Youssef Chahine, Samira Makhmalbaf, and Sean Penn.

Danis Tanović
Danis Tanović (Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic: Данис Тановић; born 20 February 1969) is a Bosnian film director and screenwriter. He is the recipient of numerous accolades, including an Academy Award and a Golden Globe Award, as well as nominations for the Golden Bear and the Palme d'Or.

Tanović is known for having directed and written the script for the film No Man's Land (2001), which won him many awards, including an Academy Award and a Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film. He has also written and directed the award-winning films An Episode in the Life of an Iron Picker (2013) and Death in Sarajevo (2016).
Emilio M. Garza
Emilio Miller Garza (born August 1, 1947) is a former United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit and former United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Western District of Texas.

United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit
The United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit (in case citations, 5th Cir.) is one of the 13 United States courts of appeals. It has appellate jurisdiction over the U.S. district courts in the following federal judicial districts:

Eastern District of Louisiana

Middle District of Louisiana

Western District of Louisiana

Northern District of Mississippi

Southern District of Mississippi

Eastern District of Texas

Northern District of Texas

Southern District of Texas

Western District of Texas

The Fifth Circuit has 17 active judgeships, and is headquartered at the John Minor Wisdom United States Court of Appeals Building in New Orleans, Louisiana, with the clerk's office located at the F. Edward Hebert Federal Building in New Orleans.

Originally, the Fifth Circuit also included the federal district courts in Alabama, Georgia, and Florida. In 1981, the district courts for those states were transferred to the newly created U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit.
3Music Awards 2022
The 5th 3Music Awards was held on 26 March 2022 at the Grand Arena of the Accra International Conference Centre, in Accra to recognize the works of artists in the year under review. It was broadcast by TV3, 3MUSIC TV, DGN and HD +. The ceremony's theme was ''More Than Music'', and was held in-person with an audience following the previous year's virtual ceremony.

The nominees were announced on 15 February 2022 during a ceremony at the Teelande Tea Garden in Accra, Ghana. Kuami Eugene received the most nominations with 16, followed by Sarkodie who had 13 and KiDi who received 10 nominations.

On 14 March, Boomplay was announced as an official partner of the awards. The media steaming service sponsored three main categories of the awards; The Artiste of the Year, African Song of the Year and Breakthrough Act of the Year.

The artist of the year was won by KiDi for the second consecutive year.

KiDi
Dennis Nana Dwamena (born 18 August 1993), known by his stage name KiDi (which translates to "rhythm"), is a Ghanaian singer-songwriter. He is known for his contributions to the genres of afrobeats and high-life.
Dream 6
Dream 6: Middle Weight Grandprix 2008 Final Round was a mixed martial arts event  promoted by Fighting and Entertainment Group's mixed martial arts promotion Dream on September 23, 2008. The event hosted the crowning of Dream's first Middleweight Champion, Gegard Mousasi, after the conclusion of the Middleweight Grand Prix.

Dynamite!! 2008
Dynamite!! 2008 was the annual kickboxing and mixed martial arts event held by K-1 & DREAM on New Year's Eve, Wednesday, December 31, 2008, at the Saitama Super Arena in Saitama, Japan. It featured eleven DREAM mixed martial arts rules fights in a variety of weight classes, four K-1 rules fights, and the inaugural K-1 KOSHIEN Under 18 high school tournament.
Battle of Xiangjiang River
Battle of Xiangjiang River (Chinese: 血战湘江) is a 2017 Chinese war film directed by Chen Li, written by Liu Jianwei, Bai Tiejun and Xiang Xiaomi, and starring Wang Ying, Xu Jian, Dong Yong, Bao Jianfeng, Sun Weimin and Zhang Yishan. The film picks up the story of the 34th division of the Red Army officers and soldiers paid great sacrifice to cover the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party through Xiangjiang River, and successfully broke through the blockade of the Kuomintang, during the early months of the Long March.

Zhang Yishan
Zhang Yishan (Chinese: 张一山, born 5 May 1992) is a Chinese actor. He rose to fame as a child star for his role of Liu Xing in the sitcom Home with Kids (2004). He is also known for his roles in the TV series Yu Zui (2016) and The Deer and the Cauldron (2020).
Gédéon Rochon
Gédéon Rochon (1877 – February 11, 1917) was a lawyer and political figure in Quebec. He represented Terrebonne in the House of Commons of Canada from 1915 to 1917 as a Conservative.

He was born in Saint-Jérôme, Quebec, the son of David Rochon and Célina Nantel, and was educated at the Séminaire de Sainte-Thérèse and the Université Laval. Rochon was called to the Quebec bar in 1902 and practised law at Saint-Jérôme. In 1909, he married Victorine Prévost. He was elected to the House of Commons in a 1915 by-election held after his uncle Wilfrid Bruno Nantel was named Railway Commissioner. Rochon died in office in Saint-Jérôme at the age of 40.

Another uncle Guillaume-Alphonse Nantel also served in the House of Commons.

Guillaume-Alphonse Nantel
Guillaume-Alphonse Nantel (November 4, 1852 – June 3, 1909) was a Canadian lawyer, journalist, author, newspaper owner, and politician.  Born in Saint-Jerome, Canada East, he was elected to the House of Commons of Canada as a Conservative candidate in the Quebec riding of Terrebonne in the 1882 federal election. He resigned less than two months later to allow Joseph-Adolphe Chapleau, the Secretary of State of Canada, to run for office.

In an August 1882 by-election, he was acclaimed to the Legislative Assembly of Quebec in the riding of Terrebonne. He was re-elected in 1886 and 1890. He was acclaimed again in 1892 and re-elected in 1897. He was the commissioner of public works in the cabinets of Charles-Eugène Boucher de Boucherville and Louis-Olivier Taillon. He was also the commissioner of crown lands in the cabinet of Edmund James Flynn. He was defeated in the 1900 elections.

He died in Montreal in 1909. His brother, Wilfrid Bruno Nantel, was also a politician.
Tipflation
Tipflation and tip creep are terms to describe the United States' recent widespread expansion of gratuity to more industries, as opposed to being traditionally only prevalent in full-service restaurants. Tipflation's origins are likely the COVID-19 pandemic and the 2021–2023 inflation surge. Touch-screen digital payment systems run by companies like Clover and Square include gratuity prompts that are often visible to nearby members of the public and the service worker. The social pressure created from such systems is often separately mentioned as guilt-tipping, and tipflation has also been seen as causing tipping fatigue, which is the resentment that American consumers generally feel from tipping culture.

Clover Network
37°23′11.76″N 122°1′54.07″W﻿ / ﻿37.3866000°N 122.0316861°W﻿ / 37.3866000; -122.0316861

Clover is a cloud-based Android point of sale (POS) platform that was launched in April 2012. The company is headquartered in Sunnyvale, California, United States. As of the quarter ended September 2020, Clover processed $133 billion of annualized card transactions worldwide, making it the largest U.S. cloud POS firm.

Clover was acquired on December 28, 2012, by First Data Corporation, which itself was acquired by Fiserv, the world's largest merchant acquirer, on July 29, 2019. Bank of America Merchant Services was the first to announce it would sell Clover to its merchant base in October 2013. PNC Merchant Services was the second to announce it would sell Clover to its merchant base.
CFAV Grizzly
CFAV Grizzly is the name of the following ships of the Royal Canadian Navy:

CFAV Grizzly (YAG 306), an auxiliary vessel in service 1954–2007

CFAV Grizzly (PCT 60), an Orca-class patrol vessel launched in 2008

Orca-class patrol vessel
The Orca-class patrol vessels are a class of eight steel-hulled training and surveillance vessels in service with the Royal Canadian Navy (RCN) at Patrol Craft Training Unit (PCTU) Canadian Forces Base (CFB) Esquimalt. Based on the Australian Pacific-class patrol boat design, all of the Orca vessels were constructed by Victoria Shipyards between November 2004 and November 2008. In addition to carrying the RCN designation of patrol craft training (PCT), the Orca class are not formally commissioned in the RCN and as such do not possess the His Majesty's Canadian Ship (HMCS) prefix.
Science China (journal)
Science China (simplified Chinese: 中国科学; traditional Chinese: 中國科學; pinyin: Zhōngguó Kēxué), also known as "Science in China " or "Scientia Sinica" in Latin, is an academic journal jointly sponsored by the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the National Natural Science Foundation of China. Founded in 1950 as a quarterly in Chinese, the journal has developed into a series of monthly peer-reviewed journals in Chinese and English languages, covering the major disciplines in natural sciences and engineering. It is published by the Science China Press in cooperation with Springer Nature, and indexed in SCI and Scopus. Science China has published many important scientific research results from China, such as the artificial synthesis of crystalline bovine insulin by the Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry, and Chen Jingrun's research on Goldbach's conjecture. However, since the 1990s, Science China has faced a shortage of high-quality manuscripts.

National Natural Science Foundation of China
The National Natural Science Foundation of the People's Republic of China (NSFC; 国家自然科学基金委员会) is a vice-ministerial institution under the Ministry of Science and Technology responsible for managing the National Natural Science Fund, the country’s primary funding mechanism for basic research.
Carl-Fredrik Algernon
Rear Admiral Carl-Fredrik Robert Algernon (9 October 1925 – 15 January 1987) was a Swedish Navy officer. Algernon served as War Materials Inspector and head of the National Swedish War Materials Inspectorate from 1981 to 1987.

Swedish Navy
The Swedish Navy (Swedish: Svenska marinen) is the maritime service branch of the Swedish Armed Forces. It is composed of surface and submarine naval units – the Fleet (Flottan), formally sometimes referred to as the Royal Navy (Kungliga Flottan) – as well as marine units, the Amphibious Corps (Amfibiekåren).

Founded under King Gustav Vasa in 1522, the Swedish navy is one of the oldest continuously serving navies in the world, celebrating its 500th anniversary in 2022.
The Almond and the Seahorse
The Almond and the Seahorse is a 2022 British drama film directed by Celyn Jones and Tom Stern and written by Jones and Kaite O'Reilly, based on O'Reilly's 2008 stage play of the same name. It stars Rebel Wilson, Charlotte Gainsbourg, Trine Dyrholm, Jones, Alice Lowe, Ruth Madeley, and Meera Syal. The story follows the lives of two couples who deal with their loved ones who suffer from anterograde amnesia.

The film premiered at the Zurich Film Festival on 26 September 2022.

Alice Lowe
Alice Eva Lowe (born 3 April 1977) is an English actress, writer, director, and comedian. She has appeared as Dr. Haynes in Black Mirror: Bandersnatch and Madeleine Wool/Liz Asher in Garth Marenghi's Darkplace. She wrote, directed, and starred in the 2016 film Prevenge and starred in and co-wrote the 2012 film Sightseers. She also starred in the educational children's television series Horrible Histories.
Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton
Augustus Henry FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton (28 September 1735 – 14 March 1811), styled Earl of Euston between 1747 and 1757, was a British Whig statesman of the Georgian era. He is one of a handful of dukes who have served as prime minister.

He became prime minister in 1768 at the age of 33, leading the supporters of William Pitt, and was the youngest person to hold the office until the appointment of William Pitt the Younger 15 years later. However, he struggled to demonstrate an ability to counter increasing challenges to Britain's global dominance following the nation's victory in the Seven Years' War. He was widely attacked for allowing France to annex Corsica, and stepped down in 1770, handing over power to Lord North.

John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute
John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute (/bjuːt/; 25 May 1713 – 10 March 1792), styled Lord Mount Stuart between 1713 and 1723, was a British Tory statesman who served as the Prime Minister of Great Britain from 1762 to 1763 under George III. He became the first Tory to hold the position and was arguably the last important royal favourite in British politics. He was the first prime minister from Scotland following the Acts of Union in 1707. He was also elected as the first president of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland when it was founded in 1780.
Hlersu language
Hlersu (Lesu 勒苏), or Sansu (Shansu 山苏/散苏), is a Loloish language of Yunnan Province, China.  It is spoken in Xinping, Jinping, Zhenyuan, Eshan (as Shansu 山苏), and (as Sansu) Yuanjiang County.

A deprecated ISO 639-3 code sca was assigned to Sansu of Yuanjiang County and Myanmar, but was later merged with Hlersu (hle).

Yuanjiang Hani, Yi and Dai Autonomous County
Yuanjiang Hani, Yi and Dai Autonomous County (Chinese: 元江哈尼族彝族傣族自治县; pinyin: Yuánjiāng Hānízú Yízú Dǎizú Zìzhìxiàn; Hani: Lalsa Haqniqssaq Haqhholssaq Aqcaoqssaq Ziiqziifxeif) is a county of south-central Yunnan province, People's Republic of China. The county seat is the town of Lijiang (澧江镇), while the county itself is under the administration of Yuxi City. It derives its name from the Red River (Asia), which is known as the Yuan River (元江) in Yunnan, and is an important provincial crossroads for access to Southeast Asia.

Yuanjiang borders Shiping County to the east, Honghe County to the south, Mojiang County to the west and Xinping County to the north.
Steve Neuhaus
Stefan Michael Neuhaus (born November 15, 1973) is an American politician, member of the Republican Party, and the current County Executive of Orange County, New York. When first elected in 2013, Neuhaus was the youngest County Executive in the county's history. He previously served as the Town Supervisor of Chester, New York, from 2007 until 2013. He is also an active member of the United States Navy Reserve and has been deployed internationally four times, two of which were during his time as county executive.

Chester, Orange County, New York
Chester is a town in Orange County, New York, United States. The population was 12,646 at the 2020 census.  Chester contains a village, also called Chester.

Chester is the birthplace of Philadelphia-style cream cheese.
Operator 13
Operator 13 is a 1934 American  pre-Code romance film directed by Richard Boleslawski and starring Marion Davies, Gary Cooper, and Jean Parker.

Based on stories written by Robert W. Chambers, the film is about a Union spy who impersonates a black maid in the early days of the Civil War, but complications arise when she falls in love with a Confederate officer. George J. Folsey received an Academy Award nomination for Best Cinematography.

The film features the Four Mills Brothers and Davies performing musical numbers and the supporting cast includes Ted Healy, Douglas Dumbrille as Jeb Stuart, Sidney Toler as Allan Pinkerton, Fuzzy Knight, and an uncredited Sterling Holloway as a wounded Union soldier.

Allan Pinkerton
Allan Pinkerton (August 21, 1819 – July 1, 1884) was a Scottish-American detective, spy, abolitionist, and cooper best known for creating the Pinkerton National Detective Agency in the United States and his claim to have obstructed the plot in 1861 to assassinate then president-elect Abraham Lincoln. During the Civil War, he provided the Union Army – specifically General George B. McClellan of the Army of the Potomac – with military intelligence, including extremely inaccurate enemy troop strength numbers. After the war, his agents played a significant role as strikebreakers – in particular during the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 – a role that Pinkerton men would continue to play after the death of their founder.
George Foster Pierce
George Foster Pierce (1811–1884) was an American bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South who served as the first president of Wesleyan College (then known as Georgia Female College) and was also president of Emory University (then known as Emory College).

Wesleyan College
Wesleyan College is a private, liberal arts women's college in Macon, Georgia, United States. Founded in 1836, Wesleyan was the first college in the world chartered to grant degrees to women.  It opened in 1839, two years after the opening of Mount Holyoke College.
Salt Lake City Weekly
Salt Lake City Weekly is a free alternative weekly tabloid newspaper published in Salt Lake City, Utah. It began in 1984 as a monthly newsletter called Private Eye.

City Weekly is published and dated for every Thursday by Copperfield Publishing Inc. of which John Saltas is majority owner and president.

Tabloid (newspaper format)
A tabloid is a newspaper format characterized by its compact size, smaller than a broadsheet. The term originates from the 19th century, when the London-based pharmaceutical company Burroughs Wellcome & Co. used the term to describe compressed pills, later adopted by newspapers to denote condensed content. There are two main types of tabloid newspaper: red tops and compact, distinguished by editorial style.

Red top tabloids are distinct from broadsheet newspapers, which traditionally cater to more affluent, educated audiences with in-depth reporting and analysis. However, the line between tabloids and broadsheets has blurred in recent decades, as many broadsheet newspapers have adopted tabloid or compact formats to reduce costs and attract readers.

Globally, the tabloid format has been adapted to suit regional preferences and media landscapes. In countries like Germany and Australia, tabloids such as Bild and The Daily Telegraph have significant readerships and political clout.