hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Upper Tribunal
The Upper Tribunal is a superior court of record and general tribunal in the United Kingdom.

It was created in 2008 as part of a programme, set out in the Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007, to rationalise the tribunal system, and to provide a common means of handling appeals against the decisions of lower tribunals. It is administered by His Majesty's Courts and Tribunals Service.

The Upper Tribunal is a superior court of record, giving it equivalent status to the High Court and meaning that it can both set precedents and can enforce its decisions (and those of the First-tier Tribunal) without the need to ask the High Court or the Court of Session to intervene. It is also the first (and only) tribunal to have the power of judicial review.

Judicial review
Judicial review is a process under which a government's executive, legislative, or administrative actions are subject to review by the judiciary.: 79  In a judicial review, a court may invalidate laws, acts, or governmental actions that are incompatible with a higher authority. For example, an executive decision may be invalidated for being unlawful, or a statute may be invalidated for violating the terms of a constitution. Judicial review is one of the checks and balances in the separation of powers—the power of the judiciary to supervise (judicial supervision) the legislative and executive branches when the latter exceed their authority.

The doctrine varies between jurisdictions, so the procedure and scope of judicial review may differ between and within countries. The judiciary in United States has been described as having unusually strong powers of judicial review from a comparative perspective.
Arnold Lippschitz
Arnold Lippschitz (1901–1952) was a German screenwriter. Born the son of the playwright Arthur Lippschitz, his young brother was the art director Herbert Lippschitz. He began his film career in 1918 at the end of the First World War. Of Jewish background, he fled Nazi Germany going on to work in the French film industry where he was credited as Arnold Lipp, working among other films on Yoshiwara (1937) by Max Ophüls. Following the German invasion of France he emigrated to America, working in Hollywood where he was credited as Arnold Phillips.

Max Ophüls
Maximillian Oppenheimer (6 May 1902 – 26 March 1957), known as Max Ophüls (AW-fəlss or OH-fəlss), was a German and French film director, screenwriter and art director. He was known for his opulent and lyrical visual style, with heavy use of tracking shots, and his melancholic, romantic themes. The Harvard Film Archive has called Ophüls "a supreme stylist of the cinema and a master storyteller".

A refugee from Nazi Germany, Ophüls worked in Germany (1931–33), France (1933–40 and 1950–57), and the United States (1947–50). He made nearly 30 films, the latter ones being especially notable: Letter from an Unknown Woman (1948), The Reckless Moment (1949), La Ronde (1950), Le Plaisir (1952), The Earrings of Madame de… (1953), and Lola Montès (1955).
Phineas Pemberton House
Phineas Pemberton House, also known as the Bolton Mansion, is a historic home located in Levittown, Bristol Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania. It consists of four connected structures built between 1687 and 1790.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.

Bucks County, Pennsylvania
Bucks County is in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. As of the 2020 census, the population was 646,538, making it the fourth-most populous county in Pennsylvania. Its county seat is Doylestown. The county is named after the English county of Buckinghamshire. The county is part of the Southeast region of the commonwealth.

The county represents the northern boundary of the Philadelphia–Camden–Wilmington, PA–NJ–DE–MD metropolitan statistical area.

To its southwest, Bucks County borders Montgomery County and Philadelphia, the nation's sixth-largest city. To its east, the county borders the Delaware River and U.S. state of New Jersey. To its north, the county borders Lehigh and Northampton counties in the state's Lehigh Valley region. The county is approximately 30 miles (48 km) southeast of Allentown, the state's third-largest city, and 40 miles (64 km) north of Philadelphia, the state's largest city.
The Leopard Lady
The Leopard Lady is a 1928 American silent horror film directed by Rupert Julian, written by Beulah Marie Dix, and starring Jacqueline Logan, Alan Hale and Robert Armstrong. The film, based on a play by Edward Childs Carpenter, is about a female animal trainer named Paula who goes undercover at a circus that has been beset by a number of unexplained horrific murders. A gorilla trained to kill people turns out to be the culprit, the simian being played by Charles Gemora (who made a career of playing apes in horror films, including 1932's Murders in the Rue Morgue). The cast boasted several name stars who went on to long acting careers, including Alan Hale, Robert Armstrong, and Richard Alexander (who appeared in numerous B-Westerns and serials). Rupert Julian directed this film late in his fading career, following it up with his final picture The Cat Creeps (1930), another lost film.

Robert Armstrong (actor)
Robert William Armstrong (November 20, 1890 – April 20, 1973) was an American film and television actor noted for playing Carl Denham in the 1933 version of King Kong by RKO Pictures. He delivered the film's famous final line: "It wasn't the airplanes. It was Beauty killed the Beast."
Rural Municipality of Gimli
The Rural Municipality of Gimli is a rural municipality located in the Interlake Region of south-central Manitoba, Canada, on the western shore of Lake Winnipeg. It is about 75 kilometres (47 mi) north of the provincial capital Winnipeg. The rural municipality's population in the 2016 Canadian Census was 6,181, making it the 12th largest rural municipality by population. The RM of Gimli has an area of 318.75 km2 (123.07 sq mi), making it the sixth smallest rural municipality by area.

The unincorporated community of Gimli and the surrounding district were once an Icelandic ethnic block settlement, and the area, known as New Iceland, is home to the largest concentration of people of Icelandic ancestry outside Iceland. It also has significant Ukrainian and German communities, at 12% and 6% respectively.

The Town of Winnipeg Beach lies adjacent to its southeast corner, on the shores of Lake Winnipeg, between it and the Rural Municipality of St. Andrews to the south.

Lake Winnipeg
Lake Winnipeg (French: Lac Winnipeg) is a 24,514-square-kilometre (9,465-square-mile) lake in North America, in the Canadian province of Manitoba. Its southern end is about 55 kilometres (34 miles) north of the namesake city, Winnipeg. It is the 12th largest lake on Earth, Canada's sixth-largest freshwater lake, and the third-largest freshwater lake contained entirely within Canada. It is relatively shallow, with a mean depth of 12 metres [39 feet]. Its deepest section is a narrow 36-metre (118-foot) deep channel between the northern and southern basins.

The lake's east side has pristine boreal forests and rivers that were inscribed in 2018 as Pimachiowin Aki, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The lake is 416 km (258 mi) from north to south, with remote sandy beaches, large limestone cliffs, and many bat caves in some areas. Manitoba Hydro uses the lake as one of the largest reservoirs in the world. There are many islands, most of them undeveloped.
Scion xD
The Scion xD (also known as the Toyota Ist in Japan, and, as the Toyota Urban Cruiser in Europe and Latin America) is a subcompact hatchback that was marketed in the U.S. and Canada by Japanese manufacturer Toyota beginning with the 2008 model year, as a five-door subcompact hatchback — replacing the xA. The Scion xD and the second generation xB were first shown to the public on February 8, 2007 at the Chicago Auto Show.

xD Sales began in mid-2007 in the USA and in 2011 for Canada and was discontinued in 2014 — reaching just over 100,000 total.

Hatchback
A hatchback is a car body configuration with a rear door that swings upward to provide access to the main interior of the car as a cargo area rather than just to a separated trunk. Hatchbacks may feature fold-down second-row seating, where the interior can be reconfigured to prioritize passenger or cargo volume.

While early examples of the body configuration can be traced to the 1930s, the Merriam-Webster dictionary dates the term itself to 1970. The hatchback body style has been marketed worldwide on cars ranging in size from superminis to small family cars, as well as executive cars and some sports cars. They are a primary component of sport utility vehicles.
Ekattor (TV series)
Ekattor is a Bengali-language streaming television series directed by Tanim Noor. It was released on OTT platform hoichoi on 26 March 2020, Independence Day of Bangladesh. The series stars Mostofa Monowar, Nusrat Imrose Tisha, Iresh Zaker, Rafiath Rashid Mithila, Mostafizur Noor Imran in the lead roles, along with Tariq Anam Khan, Shatabdi Wadud and Deepanwita Martin in significant roles.

Tariq Anam Khan
Tariq Anam Khan (born May 10, 1953) is a Bangladeshi actor, director, writer and producer in theatre, television, and film. He was awarded the Bangladesh National Film Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role for the film Desha: The Leader in 2014. Later in 2019, he was awarded the Best Actor award at the Bangladesh National Film Award for his performance in the film Abar Bosonto. He is the founding member and leader of the prominent Bangladeshi theatre group Natyakendra, where he holds the position of principal secretary.

Khan was a freedom fighter in the liberation war of Bangladesh in 1971.
Frank Mason III
Frank Leo Mason III (born April 3, 1994) is an American professional basketball player for Limoges CSP of the LNB Pro A. He played college basketball for the University of Kansas, where he was the starting point guard for the Jayhawks. For the 2016–17 season, he was the consensus National Player of the Year
 He was also a consensus All-American selection for his senior season at Kansas.

Mason was selected 34th overall in the 2017 NBA draft by the Sacramento Kings, where he spent two seasons before signing with the Milwaukee Bucks as a free agent in July 2019. He signed with the Orlando Magic in February 2021.

Orlando Magic
The Orlando Magic are an American professional basketball team based in Orlando, Florida. The Magic compete in the National Basketball Association (NBA) as a member of the Southeast Division of the Eastern Conference. The franchise was established in 1989 as an expansion franchise. Notable NBA stars as Shaquille O'Neal, Penny Hardaway, Grant Hill, Tracy McGrady, and Dwight Howard, have played for the club throughout its history. As of 2024, the franchise has played in the NBA playoffs 17 times in 35 seasons, and twice went to the NBA Finals, in 1995 and 2009, losing to the Houston Rockets and the Los Angeles Lakers, respectively.
Scarborough (East Indiaman)
Three vessels with the name Scarborough have served the British East India Company (EIC).

Scarborough (1734 EIC ship) was launched December 1734 and made two voyages for the EIC. The Royal Navy purchased her on 21 November 1739 to use as a storeship, but then used her as a hospital ship instead. The Navy sold her on 18 December 1744.

Scarborough (1740 EIC ship), launched c.1740, made four voyages for the EIC and gave her name to Scarborough Shoal after grounding there in 1748.

Scarborough (1782 ship), launched in 1782, carried convicts on the First Fleet to New South Wales, carried a cargo for the EIC from China back to Britain, and again carried convicts on the Second Fleet. Scarborough then made one more trip for the EIC between 1801 and 1802.

Scarborough (1740 EIC ship)
Scarborough was an East Indiaman launched in December 1740 that performed four trips to India and China for the British East India Company (EIC). She is most famous for giving her name to Scarborough Shoal (or Scarborough Reef), which she discovered by grounding there on 12 September 1748 under the leadership of Captain Philip D'Auvergne. She was sold for breaking up in 1753.
Rosecrans Hills
The Rosecrans Hills are a low range of hills in the Transverse Ranges, in the South Los Angeles region of Los Angeles County, California.

The Rosecrans Hills run north–south in the communities of West Athens and Westmont. They are bisected by the Century Freeway (I−105), and Western Avenue, between Century Boulevard and El Segundo Boulevard.

Interstate 105 (California)
Interstate 105 (I-105, locally referred to as the 105) is an east–west auxiliary Interstate Highway in the Greater Los Angeles urban area of Southern California. It runs from State Route 1 (SR 1) near El Segundo and Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) to Studebaker Road in the City of Norwalk. It is commonly known as the Century Freeway after Century Boulevard which it parallels, and also officially known as the Glenn Anderson Freeway after the late congressman Glenn M. Anderson who advocated for its construction.
Franz Bruno Hofmann
Franz Bruno Hofmann (24 November 1869, Skalka – 6 June 1926, Marburg) was an Austrian-German physiologist.

In 1894 he received his medical doctorate from the German University in Prague, and for several years worked as an assistant to physiologist Ewald Hering, first in Prague (1893–95), then afterwards at the University of Leipzig (1895–1905). At Leipzig, with ophthalmologist Alfred Bielschowsky, he conducted studies on fusion and cyclodeviation in paresis of the superior oblique muscle as well as on congenital hyperfunction of the superior oblique muscle.

In 1902 he became an associate professor at Leipzig, and three years later became a full professor of physiology at the University of Innsbruck. Later on, he served as a professor at the universities of Prague (from 1911), Königsberg (from 1913), Marburg (from 1916, rector in 1916/17), Bonn (1922/23) and Berlin (1923–26). In 1926 he became a member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences.

Ewald Hering
Karl Ewald Konstantin Hering (5 August 1834 – 26 January 1918) was a German physiologist who did much research in color vision, binocular perception, eye movements, and hyperacuity. He proposed opponent color theory in 1892.

Born in Alt-Gersdorf, Kingdom of Saxony, Hering studied at the University of Leipzig and became the first rector of the German Charles-Ferdinand University in Prague.
Rosdhu Queen
Rosdhu Queen (foaled 10 February 2010) is an Irish-bred, British-trained Thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare. In a racing career which lasted from July 2012 until August 2013 she won four of her eight races. As a two-year-old in 2012 she was one of the best fillies of her generation in Britain, winning all four of her races including the St Hugh's Stakes, Lowther Stakes and Cheveley Park Stakes. She failed to win in 2013 but finished fourth in the Fred Darling Stakes and produced arguably her best effort when finishing fifth in the Diamond Jubilee Stakes. At the end of her racing career she was sold to become a broodmare for the Coolmore Stud.

Queen Elizabeth II Jubilee Stakes
The Queen Elizabeth II Jubilee Stakes is a Group 1 flat horse race in Great Britain open to horses aged four years or older. Three-year-olds foaled in the Southern Hemisphere are also eligible. It is run at Ascot over a distance of 6 furlongs (1,207 metres), and it is scheduled to take place each year in June.
Antakshari (film)
Antakshari is a 2022 Indian Malayalam-language thriller film directed by Vipin Das. The film stars Saiju Kurup, Priyanka Nair, Sudhi Koppa, Sandeep Pradeep, Kottayam Ramesh, Binu Pappu, Sruthy Suresh and others. It was released on 22 April 2022, on SonyLIV platform. The film received mixed reviews from critics.

SonyLIV
Sony LIV is an Indian subscription video-on-demand over-the-top streaming service owned by Culver Max Entertainment. Sony LIV was introduced in 2013 as the first OTT service in India. As a streaming service, it provides live sports, original titles, other content titles from its own networks and content titles in India licensed from third-parties such as JioHotstar, Netflix among others. The Sony LIV content library includes films, TV shows and series, and sports.
Daria Svatkovskaya
Daria Dmitrievna Svatkovskaya (Russian: Дарья Дмитриевна Сватковская; born 4 December 1996 in Moscow) is a retired Russian individual rhythmic gymnast. She is the 2012 Russian National All-around silver medalist. She retired in August 2014, due to a serious back injury.

Back injury
Back injuries result from damage, wear, or trauma to the bones, muscles, or other tissues of the back.  Common back injuries include sprains and strains, herniated discs, and fractured vertebrae. The lumbar spine is often the site of back pain. The area is susceptible because of its flexibility and the amount of body weight it regularly bears. It is estimated that low-back pain may affect as much as 80 to 90 percent of the general population in the United States.
The Yellow Death
The Yellow Death (German: Der gelbe Tod) is a 1920 German silent thriller film directed by Carl Wilhelm and starring Eduard von Winterstein, Guido Herzfeld and Frida Richard. It was released in two parts, premiering at the Marmorhaus in Berlin.

The film's sets were designed by the art director Fritz Kraenke.

Eduard von Winterstein
Eduard Clemens Franz Anna Freiherr von Wangenheim (1 August 1871 – 22 July 1961), known as Eduard von Winterstein,  was an Austrian-German film actor who appeared in over one hundred fifty German films during the silent and sound eras. He was also a noted theater actor.
1889 U.S. National Championships (tennis)
The 1889 U.S. National Championships (now known as the US Open) was a tennis tournament that took place in June, August, and September of 1889.

The women's tournament was held from June 11 to June 15 on the outdoor grass courts at the Philadelphia Cricket Club in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.  The men's tournament was held from August 27 to September 3 on the outdoor grass courts at the Newport Casino in Newport, Rhode Island. The men's doubles event was played at the Staten Island Cricket Club in Livingston, Staten Island, New York. It was the 9th U.S. National Championships and the second Grand Slam tournament of the year.

This was the first edition of a doubles championship for women, with the event being held at the Philadelphia Cricket Club: Margarette Ballard and Bertha Townsend were the first women's doubles champions.

Margarette Ballard
Margarette Ballard (December 20, 1866 – unknown) was an American tennis player from the end of the 19th century.

In 1889, she won the first women's doubles at the U.S. Women's National Championship with Bertha Townsend.
Julius of Lyon
Julius of Lyon (French: Jules de Lyon) was the seventh bishop of Lyon. He succeeded Verus in the second half of the 3rd century.

We know very little about him and his life, except that it establishes Philetus as second Abbot of the Abbey of Île Barbe. His name is known to us from the various lists of the first bishops of Lyon and chronicles the history of the Church of Lyon. His episcopate is one of the dark periods of the religious history of Lyon after the first well most famous bishops.

Verus of Lyon
Verus of Lyon (French: Vère de Lyon) was the sixth bishop of Lyon. He succeeded Saint Faustin in the second half of the 3rd century.

Verus' name is known to us from the various lists of the first archbishops of Lyon and chronicles the history of the Church of Lyon. After the first six remarkable and canonized Bishops, Verus was the first bishop of a dark period for the Lyon religious history that extends to the episcopate of St. Just a century later.

His name means Glass.
Muslim Democratic Union
The Muslim Democratic Union (German: Muslimische Demokratische Union) or MDU, was a minor Islamist political party in Germany. The party was founded during 2010 in Osnabrück and aimed to partake in the municipal elections the following year. It was primarily active in Lower Saxony, in particular Osnabrück, but also had members in North Rhine-Westphalia. The party was categorized as extremist and Salafist by the Office for the Protection of the Constitution in Lower Saxony.

The MDU merged into the Alliance for Innovation and Justice in March 2014.

Office for the Protection of the Constitution of Lower Saxony
The Office for the Protection of the Constitution of Lower Saxony is the state authority for the protection of the constitution of Lower Saxony, based in Hanover. In organizational terms, it is Department 5 in the Lower Saxony Ministry of the Interior and Sport. Its tasks include the prevention of extremism and espionage, for which it also uses intelligence resources. To this end, it had almost 320 full-time staff units and almost 23 million euros at its disposal in 2019. The President of the Office for the Protection of the Constitution is Dirk Pejril..
Earth and Blood
Earth and Blood (French: La Terre et le Sang) is a 2020 French action thriller film directed by Julien Leclercq and starring Sami Bouajila, Eriq Ebouaney and Samy Seghir. The film is about  a violent showdown at an isolated sawmill that occurs when a young employee hides eight kilos of a gang's stolen cocaine at the mill. When the heavily armed gang members come to recover their drugs, the sawmill owner stages a last stand to protect his teenage daughter.

It was released on April 18, 2020, by Netflix.

Eriq Ebouaney
Eriq Ebouaney (born 3 October 1967) is a French actor. He is best known for his portrayal as the Congolese Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba in the 2000 film Lumumba, as "Blacktie" in Brian De Palma's Femme Fatale and as "Ice" in the 2008 action film Transporter 3 in which he starred opposite Jason Statham. Recently, Eriq appeared in the 2025 Indian-Malayalam film L2: Empuraan, playing the role of Kabuga.
2013–14 Segunda División
The 2013–14 Segunda División season (known as the Liga Adelante for sponsorship reasons) was the 83rd since its establishment. The season started on 17 August 2013 and the league phase of 42 rounds ended on 8 June 2014. The entire season ended on 22 June 2014 with the promotion play-off finals.

2012–13 Segunda División
The 2012–13 Segunda División season (known as the Liga Adelante for sponsorship reasons) was the 82nd since its establishment. The season started on 17 August 2012 and the league phase of 42 rounds ended on 9 June 2013. The entire season ended on 22 June 2013 with the promotion play-off finals.
Frank Sprogell
Francis Thomas Sprogell, Sr. (November 28, 1895 – July 31, 1978) was an American professional golfer who played in the early-to-mid 20th century. His best finish in a major championship was a tie for ninth place in the 1922 PGA Championship. He won the 1921 Tennessee Open and the 1925 Michigan PGA Championship.

Sprogell designed and built at least five golf courses in Michigan. In 2015 he was inducted into the Michigan PGA Section Hall of Fame. Sprogell died in Florida in 1978.

Tennessee Open
The Tennessee Open is the Tennessee state open golf tournament, open to both amateur and professional golfers. It is organized by the Tennessee Golf Association. It has been played annually since 1949 at a variety of courses around the state.
The Paranormal Diaries: Clophill
The Paranormal Diaries: Clophill (also stylized as Paranormal Diaries: Clophill) is a 2013 British horror film that was written and directed by Kevin Gates and co-directed by Michael Bartlett. The film had its world premiere on 24 August 2013 at the London FrightFest Film Festival. The Paranormal Diaries: Clophill, which contains both factual interviews and a written storyline, centers on the St Marys Church in Clophill and rumours that the church is the site of paranormal and occult activity. In September 2014, writer Kevin Gates released a book tie-in containing his research material for the film.

Clophill
Clophill is a village and civil parish clustered on the north bank of the River Flit, Bedfordshire, England. It is recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Clopelle. "Clop" likely means 'tree-stump' in Old English. However, it also has cognate terms for clay, with which the soil of mid Bedfordshire is rich.