hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
First-difference estimator
In statistics and econometrics, the first-difference (FD) estimator is an estimator used to address the problem of omitted variables with panel data. It is consistent under the assumptions of the fixed effects model. In certain situations it can be more efficient than the standard fixed effects (or "within") estimator, for example when the error terms follows a random walk.

The estimator requires data on a dependent variable, , and independent variables, , for a set of individual units  and time periods . The estimator is obtained by running a pooled ordinary least squares (OLS) estimation for a regression of  on .

Random walk
In mathematics, a random walk, sometimes known as a drunkard's walk, is a stochastic process that describes a path that consists of a succession of random steps on some mathematical space.

An elementary example of a random walk is the random walk on the integer number line  which starts at 0, and at each step moves +1 or −1 with equal probability. Other examples include the path traced by a molecule as it travels in a liquid or a gas (see Brownian motion), the search path of a foraging animal, or the price of a fluctuating stock and the financial status of a gambler. Random walks have applications to engineering and many scientific fields including ecology, psychology, computer science, physics, chemistry, biology, economics, and sociology. The term random walk was first introduced by Karl Pearson in 1905.

Realizations of random walks can be obtained by Monte Carlo simulation.
Washington Nationals Radio Network
The Washington Nationals radio network is a United States radio network airing Washington Nationals baseball games in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States.  The Washington Nationals Radio Network consists of 18 full-powered stations (15 AM, 3 FM) supplemented by 8 analog AM-to-FM translators and 3 digital HD subchannels.  The flagship is WJFK-FM/106.7.

The Nationals' broadcast team consists of play-by-play announcer Charlie Slowes and color announcer Dave Jageler.  Additionally, Byron Kerr hosts "Nats Insider", and Phil Wood hosts "Nats Talk Live".

WJFK-FM
WJFK-FM (106.7 MHz "106.7 The Fan") is a commercial radio station licensed to Manassas, Virginia, and serving the Washington metropolitan area. WJFK-FM airs a sports radio format and is owned and operated by Audacy, Inc.

WJFK-FM's studios are located on Half Street SE near the Navy Yard in Southeast Washington. The transmitter is located in Falls Church, Virginia, near the intersection of Lee Highway (U.S. Route 29) and the Capital Beltway.

WJFK-FM broadcasts in the HD Radio format. It carries two co-owned local sports stations on its subchannels, WTEM and WJFK (AM). WTEM simulcasts WJFK-FM part-time on weekends.
Epiphragm
An epiphragm (from the Ancient Greek ἐπί,  epi  " upon, on, over " and φράγμα,  -phrágma  "fence") is a temporary structure which can be created by many species of shelled, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks. It can also be created by freshwater snails when temporary pools dry up.

In most species, the epiphragm is made of dried mucus, and although it is elastic, it is fairly easily torn when forcibly removing a snail from its substrate. In a few species, the epiphragm is thick and quite rigid, being reinforced with calcium carbonate. This kind of epiphragm is very strong and may be difficult to break.

Calcium carbonate
Calcium carbonate is a chemical compound with the chemical formula CaCO3. It is a common substance found in rocks as the minerals calcite and aragonite, most notably in chalk and limestone, eggshells, gastropod shells, shellfish skeletons and pearls. Materials containing much calcium carbonate or resembling it are described as calcareous. Calcium carbonate is the active ingredient in agricultural lime.  Limescale is calcium carbonate produced when calcium ions in hard water react with carbonate ions. Calcium carbonate has medical use as a calcium supplement or as an antacid, but excessive consumption can be hazardous and cause hypercalcemia and digestive issues.
FIBT World Championships 2013
The FIBT World Championships 2013 took place at the St. Moritz-Celerina Olympic Bobrun in St. Moritz, Switzerland, for the record twenty-second time, after hosting the event previously in 1931 (Four-man), 1935 (Four-man), 1937 (Four-man), 1938 (Two-man), 1939 (Two-man), 1947, 1955, 1957, 1959, 1965, 1970, 1974, 1977, 1982, 1987, 1989 (Skeleton), 1990 (Bobsleigh), 1997 (Bobsleigh), 1998 (Skeleton), 2001 (Men's bobsleigh), and 2007.

Switzerland was scheduled to host the 2012 World Championships, but the 2012 location was switched to Lake Placid, New York, in December 2010. The FIBT switched the locations to accommodate a shorter trip for athletes and equipment to Sochi, Russia in 2013 so that athletes will gain practice time on the 2014 Olympic track in Sochi.

FIBT World Championships 1998
The FIBT World Championships 1998 took place in St. Moritz, Switzerland for the record nineteenth time. The Swiss city had hosted the event previously in 1931 (Four-man), 1935 (Four-man), 1937 (Four-man), 1938 (Two-man), 1939 (Two-man), 1947, 1955, 1957, 1959, 1965, 1970, 1974, 1977, 1982, 1987, 1989 (Skeleton), 1990 (Bobsleigh), and 1997 (Bobsleigh). This championship event was an extraordinary event since skeleton was not included in the program at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan.
Mercedes Ron
Mercedes Ron López (born 1 June 1993) is an Argentine-born Spanish author. She is known for the Culpables Saga, a trilogy that became known through Wattpad. The first book of the trilogy, Culpa Mía, was adapted into a movie in 2023. The sequel, Culpa Tuya, was adapted into a movie and released on 27 December 2024. The third and final instalment, Culpa Nuestra, was released in 2025.

An English remake titled My Fault: London was released on Amazon Prime Video on 13 February 2025.

She currently resides in Seville, Spain.

Wattpad
Wattpad is a popular website for both reading and publishing original fiction and connecting with fellow writers and readers. Its most popular genres are romance, teen fiction, and fan fiction. As of September 2023, Wattpad has a global audience of more than 90 million users, the majority of whom are younger women. There are over 665 million story uploads in total.

Some stories originally published on Wattpad have been adapted into mainstream novels, TV series, and films, including After and The Kissing Booth series. In January 2019, Wattpad launched its own publishing division, Wattpad Books, to simplify publishing for authors. In January 2021, The Coumpany, Naver Corporation announced that it would acquire Wattpad, and the deal was completed in May 2021.
Ihor Bezohlyuk
Ihor Bezohlyuk (Ukrainian: Ігор Анатолійович Безоглюк; March 14, 1972 – September 26, 2022) was a Ukrainian military serviceman, lieutenant colonel of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, and participant in the Russian-Ukrainian war. He was a recipient of the Order of Bohdan Khmelnytsky 3rd class (2022).

Order of Bohdan Khmelnytsky
The Order of Bohdan Khmelnytsky (Ukrainian: Орден Богдана Хмельницького, romanized: Orden Bohdana Khmelnytskoho) is a Ukrainian military award named after  Bohdan Khmelnytsky, Hetman of the Ukrainian Cossacks. The award was established on May 3, 1995 by Ukrainian president Leonid Kuchma to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the end of the Second World War in Europe.
Magnus Chrona
Magnus Chrona (born 28 August 2000) is a Swedish professional ice hockey goaltender for the Milwaukee Admirals in the American Hockey League (AHL) while under contract to the Nashville Predators of the National Hockey League (NHL). He was drafted 152nd overall in the fifth round of the 2018 NHL entry draft by the Tampa Bay Lightning, and has previously played for the San Jose Sharks.

2018 NHL entry draft
The 2018 NHL entry draft was the 56th entry draft for the National Hockey League. It was held on June 22–23, 2018, at the American Airlines Center in Dallas, Texas.

The 2018 NHL entry draft was the second of two professional sports drafts to be held in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex during the calendar year, as the Dallas Cowboys hosted the 2018 NFL draft in April.

The first three selections were Rasmus Dahlin by the Buffalo Sabres, Andrei Svechnikov by the Carolina Hurricanes, and Jesperi Kotkaniemi by the Montreal Canadiens.

The 2018 draft featured both the first player trained in the United Kingdom to be drafted in Liam Kirk and the first Jamaican-born player drafted in Jermaine Loewen.

As of 2025 there are 65 active NHL players from this draft.
Trinity Episcopal Church (Iowa City, Iowa)
Trinity Episcopal Church is a parish church in the Episcopal Diocese of Iowa. The church is located in Iowa City, Iowa, United States. It was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. In 2021, the building was included as a contributing property in the Iowa City Downtown Historic District.

Episcopal Diocese of Iowa
The Episcopal Diocese of Iowa is the diocese of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America which covers all of Iowa. It is in Province VI. Its offices are in Des Moines, and it has two cathedrals: the Cathedral Church of St. Paul in Des Moines and Trinity Cathedral in Davenport.

In 2024, the diocese reported average Sunday attendance (ASA) of 1,609 persons, down from 2,886 in 2020. Plate and pledge income for the 57 filing congregations of the diocese in 2024 was $4,585,405.
Robert Aaron Dean
Robert Aaron Dean (December 29, 1836  – November 19, 1912) was an American politician and farmer. He served in both houses of the Mississippi Legislature, and was the President Pro Tempore of the Mississippi State Senate from 1890 to 1896. He represented Lafayette County.

Lafayette County, Mississippi
Lafayette County is a county in the U.S. state of Mississippi. At the 2020 census, the population was 55,813. Its county seat is Oxford. The local pronunciation of the name is "la-FAY-et." The county's name honors Marquis de Lafayette, a French military hero and American general who fought during the American Revolutionary War.

The Oxford, MS Micropolitan Statistical Area includes all of Lafayette County. The county is policed by the Lafayette County Sheriff's Department.

Lafayette County is often regarded as the inspiration for Yoknapatawpha County, the fictional setting of many of William Faulkner's works.
Bert Gosnell
Albert Arthur Gosnell (10 February 1880 – 6 January 1972) was an England international footballer who played in two FA Cup finals for Newcastle United in the early 20th century and later managed Norwich City.

An outside-left, he began his career with local club Colchester Town before joining Newcastle United following spells with New Brompton and Chatham. He featured in the 1905 and 1906 FA Cup finals, both of which ended in defeat. During his time at Newcastle, the club won the First Division title three times: 1904–05, 1906–07 and 1908–09. In 1910, he had a brief spell at Tottenham Hotspur before moving on to Darlington. He ended his career after spending the 1912–13 season with Port Vale. During his time with Newcastle, he won one cap for England in February 1906.

He took his first and only management job at Norwich City in 1921. He took charge of 233 games in five years, maintaining a winning record of just over 25%.

Chatham Town F.C.
Chatham Town Football Club is an English association football club based in Chatham, Kent. It currently plays in the Isthmian Premier Division and is nicknamed The Chats.

Former Premier League club Portsmouth and current Premier League club West Ham United played their first competitive matches against Chatham.
Athletics at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's long jump
The men's long jump was an athletics event at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia, United States. There were 54 competitors from 41 nations, with one athlete not starting. The maximum number of athletes per nation had been set at 3 since the 1930 Olympic Congress. The event was won by 21cm by Carl Lewis of the United States, the nation's fourth consecutive and 20th overall gold medal in the men's long jump. Lewis himself had won the four straight victories, becoming the third Olympian to win the same event four times in a row (after Al Oerter and Paul Elvstrøm, counting the latter's wins in the Firefly and Finn sailing classes as the same event) as well as the only man to win four long jump medals. It was the ninth and final Olympic gold of Lewis's career. James Beckford earned Jamaica's first medal in the event. Joe Greene matched his bronze from 1992, becoming the ninth two-medal winner in the event.

Al Oerter
Alfred Oerter Jr. (/ˈɔːrtər/; September 19, 1936 – October 1, 2007) was an American athlete and a four-time Olympic Champion in the discus throw. He was the first athlete to win a gold medal in the same individual event in four consecutive Olympic Games. Oerter is an inductee of the IAAF Hall of Fame.
Gerald Arthur
Gerald Charles Arthur (25 July 1913 – 9 November 2008) was an Australian cricketer who played three first-class matches as a middle-order batsman and wicket-keeper for Western Australia in 1937. Arthur played one match for the Western Australia Colts against New South Wales in 1935 as a wicket-keeper. All of his first-class matches came on a tour of the Eastern states of Australia during the 1937–38 season. On debut against Victoria he scored 4 and 27, batting at #4 in both innings. In his second match, also against Victoria, he played as a wicket-keeper, effecting four dismissals – three catches and a stumping – as well as being involved in two run outs. Arthur was replaced by the usual keeper Ossie Lovelock for the final tour match, against South Australia at the Adelaide Oval. He made 10 and four batting at eight and nine in each innings respectively.

Ossie Lovelock
Oswald Ifould Lovelock (28 August 1911 – 1 August 1981) was an Australian sportsman and sports administrator. He represented Western Australia at cricket and baseball, and also played football for West Perth in the West Australian National Football League (WANFL). In later life, he took up golf, winning several tournaments at clubs in Western Australia, and went on to serve as president of the Subiaco Football Club.
Theo Lemon
Theophulis D. Lemon (born July 23, 1957) is an American football coach and former player. He served as the head football coach at Central State University in 2005, and at Savannah State University from 2006 to 2007; he was also the interim head coach at Kentucky State University for the final three games of the 1984 season.

Central State University
Central State University (CSU) is a public, historically black land-grant university in Wilberforce, Ohio, United States. Founded in 1887, it enrolls over 5,000 students across its five constituent colleges. It is a member-school of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund, the University System of Ohio, and the Strategic Ohio Council for Higher Education (SOCHE).

Established by the state legislature as a two-year program for teacher and industrial training, CSU was originally part of the four-year private Wilberforce University. It was known as the Combined Normal and Industrial Department. The college gained a four-year curriculum in 1941, independent status in 1947, and was renamed as Central State College in 1951. With further development, it gained university status in 1965. In 2014, Central State University received designation as a land-grant university.
Cachée River (Mauvaise River tributary)
The rivière Cachée (English: Hidden River) is a tributary of the Mauvaise River flowing in the town of Saint-Raymond, in the Portneuf Regional County Municipality, in the administrative region of Capitale-Nationale, in Quebec, in Canada.

The Cachée river valley is served by a few forest roads for the needs of forestry and recreational tourism activities.

The main economic activities in the sector are forestry; recreotourism activities, second.

The surface of the Hidden River (except the rapids areas) is generally frozen from the beginning of December to the end of March, but safe circulation on the ice is generally made from the end of December to the beginning of March. The water level of the river varies with the seasons and the precipitation; the spring flood occurs in March or April.

Portneuf Regional County Municipality
Portneuf (French pronunciation: [pɔʁnœf]) is a regional county municipality (RCM) in the Capitale-Nationale administrative region of Quebec, Canada. RCM of Portneuf has been established on January 1, 1982. It is composed of 21 municipalities: nine cities, seven municipalities, two parishes and three unorganized territories. The county seat is located in Cap-Santé.
Krugersdorp (House of Assembly of South Africa constituency)
Krugersdorp was a constituency in the Transvaal Province of South Africa, which existed from 1910 to 1994. It covered a part of the West Rand centred on the town of Krugersdorp. Throughout its existence it elected one member to the House of Assembly and one to the Transvaal Provincial Council.

House of Assembly (South Africa)
The House of Assembly (known in Afrikaans as the Volksraad, or "People's Council") was the lower house of the Parliament of South Africa from 1910 to 1981, the sole parliamentary chamber between 1981 and 1984, and latterly the white representative house of the Tricameral Parliament from 1984 to 1994, when it was replaced by the current National Assembly. Throughout its history, it was composed exclusively of white members who were elected to office predominantly by white citizens, though until 1960 and 1970, respectively, some Black Africans and Coloureds in the Cape Province voted under a restricted form of suffrage.

The old House of Assembly chamber was severely damaged in a fire in January 2022.
Mone Pore Aajo Shei Din
Mone Pore Aajo Shei Din (Bengali: মনে পড়ে আজও সেই দিন; English: I remember that day) is a Bengali language romantic drama film directed by Ajay Singh and Sudipto Ghatak. The family entertainer is a love story with a twist. The title of the movie is based on its musical drama content. The soundtrack of the film was composed by Indradeep Dasgupta, with one song by Dev Sen. The film stars Joy Kumar Mukherjee, and Sayantika Banerjee in the lead roles.

Sayantika Banerjee
Sayantika Banerjee is an Indian actress and politician who is known for her work in Bengali cinema. She has been praised by the critics for her acting and dance skills. In 2012 she was in the Bengali film Awara, which was commercially successful.
Bevu Bella (1963 film)
Bevu Bella (pronunciationⓘ) is a 1963 Indian Kannada film directed by C. P. Jambulingam and produced by T. S. Gopalakrishna. The film stars Udaykumar, Raja Shankar, Leelavathi and H. Ramachandra Shastry in the lead roles. The musical score was composed by P. S. Diwakar.

H. Ramachandra Shastry
H. Ramachandra Shastry (1906 – 1992) was an Indian Carnatic flautist. He belonged to the bani (music school) of Sarabha Sastri and learned music from Palladam Sanjiva Rao, a direct disciple of Sastri].

Shastry taught Carnatic flute at Kalakshetra until 1992. G. S. Rajan, Ludwig Pesch and T Sashidhar are some of his disciples.
Cunninghamella echinulata
Cunninghamella echinulata is a fungal species in the genus Cunninghamella. It is an asexually reproducing fungus and a mesophile, preferring intermediate temperature ranges. C. echinulata is a common air contaminant, and is currently of interest to the biotechnology industry due to its ability to synthesize γ-linolenic acid as well as its capacity to bioconcentrate metals. This species is a soil saprotroph that forms rhizoids, preferring soils enriched in nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. It has been reported occasionally an agent of mucormycosis following the inhalation of fungal spores. Czapek's agar is a suitable growth medium for the propagation of C. echinulata.

Γ-Linolenic acid
γ-Linolenic acid or GLA (INN: gamolenic acid) is an n−6, or omega-6, fatty acid found primarily in seed oils. When acting on GLA, arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase produces no leukotrienes and the conversion by the enzyme of arachidonic acid to leukotrienes is inhibited.
Shalom
Shalom (Hebrew: שָׁלוֹם šālōm) is a Hebrew word meaning peace and can be used idiomatically to mean hello and goodbye.

As it does in English, it can refer to either peace between two entities (especially between a person and God or between two countries), or to the well-being, welfare or safety of an individual or a group of individuals. The word shalom is also found in many other expressions and names. Its equivalent cognate in Arabic is salaam, sliem in Maltese, Shlama in Neo-Aramaic dialects, and sälam in Ethiopian Semitic languages from the Proto-Semitic root Š-L-M.

Cognate
In historical linguistics, cognates or lexical cognates are sets of words that have been inherited in direct descent from an etymological ancestor in a common parent language.

Because language change can have radical effects on both the sound and the meaning of a word, cognates may not be obvious, and it often takes rigorous study of historical sources and the application of the comparative method to establish whether lexemes are cognate.  It can also happen that words which appear similar, or identical, in different languages, are not cognate.

Cognates are distinguished from loanwords, where a word has been borrowed from another language.
Mohammad Reza Rahimi
Mohammad Reza Rahimi (Persian: محمدرضا رحيمی, born on 11 January 1949) is an Iranian politician who served as the fifth first vice president from 13 September 2009 until 3 August 2013. His previous posts included governor of the Kurdistan province and vice president for parliamentary affairs.

On 15 February 2015, Rahimi was convicted of corruption and is currently jailed in Evin Prison. He was allegedly head of the "Fatemi Circle".

Ahmad Tavakkoli
Ahmad Tavakkoli (Persian: احمد توکلی; 5 March 1951 – 23 July 2025) was an Iranian conservative and principlist politician and journalist. He was a member of the Expediency Discernment Council. Also he was the managing-director of Alef news website and founder of the corruption watchdog, non-governmental organization Justice and Transparency Watch.

Tavakkoli was a representative of Tehran, Rey, Shemiranat and Eslamshahr electoral district in the parliament and the director of the Majlis Research Center.
Giorgio Cavedon
Giorgio Cavedon (17 December 1930 – 14 October 2001) was an Italian publisher, cartoonist and screenwriter. Cavedon was most associated with his adult comics he wrote with Renzo Barbieri. His first comic, Isabella was Italy's first openly erotic fumetto.

Renzo Barbieri
Renzo Barbieri (10 March 1940 – 23 September 2007) was an author and editor of Italian comics as well as the founder of the publishing house Edifumetto. In 1980 he wrote Il Manuale del Playboy (Manual for Playboys), a textbook about where European playboys live, what cars they drive, and other lifestyle tips.
Twelve Forever
Twelve Forever is an American animated television series created by Julia Vickerman for Netflix. Vickerman had previously worked on Clarence and The Powerpuff Girls. Twelve Forever premiered in the United States on July 29, 2019.

Clarence (American TV series)
Clarence is an American animated television series created by Skyler Page for Cartoon Network. The series revolves around the titular character and his two best friends, Jeff and Sumo. Page, a former storyboard artist for Adventure Time and revisionist for Secret Mountain Fort Awesome, developed the series at Cartoon Network Studios as part of their shorts development program in 2012.

The pilot aired after the 2014 Hall of Game Awards show on February 17, 2014. Clarence officially premiered on April 14, 2014, and was seen by approximately 2.3 million viewers, outperforming shows in its same demographic in the time slot. The series' pilot was nominated for a Creative Arts Emmy Award. It completed its five-year run on June 24, 2018, after three seasons and 130 episodes.