hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Vectorization (mathematics)
In mathematics, especially in linear algebra and matrix theory, the vectorization of a matrix is a linear transformation which converts the matrix into a vector. Specifically, the vectorization of a m × n matrix A, denoted vec(A), is the mn × 1 column vector obtained by stacking the columns of the matrix A on top of one another:

Here,  represents the element in the i-th row and j-th column of A, and the superscript  denotes the transpose. In other words, vec(A) is a vector containing the entries of A in column-major order.

Vectorization expresses, through coordinates, the isomorphism  between these (i.e., of matrices and vectors) as vector spaces.

For example, for the 2×2 matrix , the vectorization is .

The connection between the vectorization of A and the vectorization of its transpose is given by the commutation matrix.

Transpose
In linear algebra, transposition is an operation that flips a matrix over its diagonal; that is, transposition switches the row and column indices of the matrix A to produce another matrix, called the transpose of A and often denoted AT (among other notations).

The transpose of a matrix was introduced in 1858 by the British mathematician Arthur Cayley.
Oxford to London coach route
The Oxford to London coach route is an express coach route between Oxford and London along the M40 motorway. Operated by Stagecoach West under the brand name Oxford Tube, there are up to five coaches an hour via Lewknor, High Wycombe Coachway, Hillingdon, Shepherd's Bush and Baker Street terminating on Buckingham Palace Road, Victoria.

The former X90 route, which was operated by the Oxford Bus Company, ran up to two coaches an hour via Baker Street, also terminating on Buckingham Palace Road. This service was withdrawn in January 2020, with the reasons stated being reducing passenger numbers, traffic congestion, and competition from railway services.

Baker Street
Baker Street is a street in the Marylebone district of the City of Westminster. It is named after builder William Baker. The area was originally high class residential, but now is mainly occupied by commercial premises.

The street is referenced in multiple popular works. Fictional detective Sherlock Holmes lived at 221B Baker Street, a fictional address on the north of the street. A 1978 hit song by Gerry Rafferty was titled "Baker Street".
Bristoliinae
The Bristoliinae is an extinct subfamily of trilobites, fossil marine arthropods, with species of small to average size. Species belonging to this subfamily lived during the Botomian and Toyonian stage (Olenellus-zone), 522-513 million years ago, in the former continent of Laurentia, including what are today Mexico, the Appalachian Mountains and the south-western United States, and Canada (Northwest Territories).

Laurentia
Laurentia or the North American craton is a large continental craton that forms the ancient geological core of North America. Many times in its past, Laurentia has been a separate continent, as it is now in the form of North America, although originally it also included the cratonic areas of Greenland and the Hebridean terrane in northwest Scotland. During other times in its past, Laurentia has been part of larger continents and supercontinents and consists of many smaller terranes assembled on a network of early Proterozoic orogenic belts. Small microcontinents and oceanic islands collided with and sutured onto the ever-growing Laurentia, and together formed the stable Precambrian craton seen today.
Yusuf H. Shirazi
Yusuf H. Shirazi (1929–2020) was a Pakistani industrialist, civil servant, and writer. He founded Atlas Group.

Yusuf H. Shirazi Complex at the Lahore University of Management Sciences is named after him.

Atlas Group
Atlas Group is a group of companies headquartered in Lahore, Pakistan. The group was founded by Yusuf H. Shirazi who was the chairman of Atlas Group. He was also the founder member of Karachi Stock Exchange, Lahore Stock Exchange and International Chamber of Commerce and Industry. Mr Yousaf Shirazi died on 20 October 2019.

Atlas Group has its operations in power generation, engineering, financial services and trading fields. The group expanded internationally with ventures in Dubai, named Atlas Worldwide and Atlas Ventures, and an office in China.
Cameron Measurement Systems
Cameron Measurement Systems (formerly NuFlo Measurement Systems) was an American subsidiary that designed, manufactured and distributed measurement, quality, and control instrumentation for the global oil and gas and process control industries.

NuFlo became a division of Cameron International in 2005 and has since become part of Schlumberger with the Cameron brand and sub brands retained for some of its products.

SLB
SLB, formerly known as Schlumberger (French: [ʃlumbɛʁʒe, ʃlœ̃b-]), is an American multinational oilfield services company. Founded in France in 1926, the company is now incorporated as SLB N.V. in Willemstad, Curaçao, with principal executive offices in four cities: Paris, France; Houston, Texas, United States; London, UK; and The Hague, Netherlands. As of 2022, it is both the world's largest offshore drilling company and the world's largest offshore drilling contractor by revenue.

Also known as SLB Limited, the company trades on the New York Stock Exchange and formerly traded on Euronext Paris, the London Stock Exchange and SIX Swiss Exchange. In 2022, the Forbes Global 2000 ranked SLB the 349th largest company in the world.
Sailor Be Good
Sailor Be Good is a 1933 American Pre-Code comedy film directed by James Cruze and written by Ethel Doherty, Viola Brothers Shore and Ralph Spence. Starring Jack Oakie, Vivienne Osborne, George E. Stone, Max Hoffman Jr. and Lincoln Stedman, the film was released on March 7, 1933, by RKO Pictures.

Jack Oakie
Jack Oakie (born Lewis Delaney Offield; November 12, 1903 – January 23, 1978) was an American actor, starring mostly in films, but also working on stage, radio and television. He portrayed Napaloni in Chaplin's The Great Dictator (1940), receiving a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor.
Eleutherocercus
Eleutherocercus was a genus of glyptodonts that lived during the Late Miocene and Early Pliocene in South America. Fossils of the genus have been found in the Huayquerian Ituzaingó Formation (E. paranensis) and the Montehermosan Monte Hermoso Formation (E. antiquus) in Argentina.

Ituzaingó Formation
The Ituzaingó Formation (Spanish: Formación Ituzaingó), in older literature also described as Entre Ríos or Entrerriana Formation, is an extensive geological formation of Late Miocene (Tortonian, or Huayquerian in the SALMA classification) age in the Paraná Basin of the Corrientes, Santa Fe and Entre Ríos Provinces in Mesopotamia, northeastern Argentina. The formation comprises mudstones, cross-bedded sandstones and conglomerates deposited in a fluvio-deltaic environment and is renowned for the preservation of a rich fossil assemblage, including many mammals, birds, reptiles, fish, bivalves, foraminifera, ichnofossils and flora.
3 Park Avenue
3 Park Avenue is a mixed-use office building and high school erected in 1973 on Park Avenue in Manhattan, New York City. The building, surrounded on three sides by a plaza, is categorized as a Midtown South address in the Kips Bay, Manhattan, Murray Hill, and Rose Hill neighborhoods. It is located between East 33rd and 34th Streets, close to the 33rd Street subway station (served by the 4, ​6, and <6> trains), an entrance to which is built into the building.

Park Avenue
Park Avenue is a boulevard in New York City that carries north and southbound traffic in the boroughs of Manhattan and the Bronx. For most of the road's length in Manhattan, it runs parallel to Madison Avenue to the west and Lexington Avenue to the east. Park Avenue's entire length was formerly called Fourth Avenue; the title still applies to the section between Cooper Square and 14th Street. The avenue is called Union Square East between 14th and 17th streets, and Park Avenue South between 17th and 32nd streets.
Fernando de Castro
Fernando de Castro (c. 1380 – April 1440 or 1441, off Cape St. Vincent) was a 15th-century Portuguese nobleman, diplomat and military figure. Fernando de Castro was the 1st Lord of Paúl de Boquilobo. He was a member of the royal council of John I of Portugal, and governor of the household of Prince Henry the Navigator.

Cape St. Vincent
Cape St. Vincent (Portuguese: Cabo de São Vicente, Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈkaβu ðɨ sɐ̃w viˈsẽtɨ]) is a headland in the municipality of Vila do Bispo, in the Algarve, southern Portugal. It is the southwesternmost point of Portugal and of mainland Europe.
Miss World Ecuador 2017
Miss World Ecuador 2017 was the 5th Miss World Ecuador pageant, held at the Juan Montalvo Park in Machala, El Oro, Ecuador, on July 16, 2017.

Mirka Cabrera of El Oro crowned Romina Zeballos Avellán of Guayas as her successor at the end of the event. The contest was directed by Tahíz Panús, and Julián Pico was the general producer. A guest star was Yaritza Reyes, who represented the Dominican Republic at Miss World 2016 in Washington, D.C. in 2016.

El Oro Province
El Oro (Spanish pronunciation: [el ˈoɾo] ⓘ; oro = gold) is the southernmost of Ecuador's coastal provinces. It was named for its historically important gold production. Today it is one of the world's major exporters of bananas. The capital is Machala.
And Can It Be
"And Can It Be That I Should Gain?" is a Christian hymn written by Charles Wesley in 1738 to celebrate his conversion, which he regarded as having taken place on 21 May of that year. The hymn celebrates personal salvation through the death and resurrection of Jesus, and is one of the most popular Methodist hymns today.

Salvation
Salvation (from Latin: salvatio, from salva, 'safe, saved') is the state of being saved or protected from harm or a dire situation. In religion and theology, salvation generally refers to the deliverance of the soul from sin and its consequences. The academic study of salvation is called soteriology.
Actinic cheilitis
Actinic cheilitis  is cheilitis (lip inflammation) caused by long term sunlight exposure. Essentially it is a burn, and a variant of actinic keratosis which occurs on the lip. It is a premalignant condition, as it can develop into squamous cell carcinoma (a type of mouth cancer).

Cheilitis
Cheilitis also called and known as chapped lips, is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the lips. The inflammation may include the perioral skin (the skin around the mouth), the vermilion border, or the labial mucosa. The skin and the vermilion border are more commonly involved, as the mucosa is less affected by inflammatory and allergic reactions.

Cheilitis is a general term, and there are many recognized types and different causes. According to its onset and course, cheilitis can be either acute or chronic. Most cheilitis is caused by exogenous factors such as dryness (chapping) and acute sun exposure. Allergic tests may identify allergens that cause cheilitis.
Jan Peterson
Janet Anderson Craig Peterson (born May 3, 1937) is a Scottish-Canadian non-fiction writer, historian, artist, and journalist known for her work on the history of Vancouver Island.

Janet Anderson Craig Peterson (born on May 3, 1937, in Strathaven, Lanarkshire, Scotland) is a Scottish-Canadian non-fiction writer, historian, artist, and journalist. She has written books about Vancouver Island, including those about the cities of Nanaimo and Port Alberni. Peterson has been featured in the Times Colonist  and Tofino-Ucluelet Westerly News.

Nanaimo
Nanaimo (/nəˈnaɪmoʊ/ nə-NY-moh) is a city on the east coast of Vancouver Island, in British Columbia, Canada. "The Harbour City" was previously known as the "Hub City", which was attributed to its original layout design with streets radiating from the shoreline like the spokes of a wagon wheel, and to its relatively central location on Vancouver Island. Nanaimo is the headquarters of the Regional District of Nanaimo.

Nanaimo is served by the Island Highway along the east coast, the BC Ferries system, and its regional airport. It is also on the dormant Island Rail Corridor.
Gordon Thomas (politician)
Gordon L. Thomas (December 4, 1914 – October 15, 1997) was the mayor of East Lansing, Michigan, from 1961 to 1971. He was a Democratic candidate for delegate to a constitutional convention to rewrite the Michigan Constitution during 1961 and 1962 from Ingham County's second district.

His service as mayor of East Lansing in the 1960s was amid college-town student civil rights and anti-war protests. He was president of the Michigan Municipal League and served as a member of the executive board of the National League of Cities.

National League of Cities
The National League of Cities (NLC) is an American advocacy organization that represents the country's 19,495 cities, towns, and villages along with 49 state municipal leagues. Created in 1924, it has evolved into a membership organization providing education, research, support, and advocacy to city leaders across America. Based in Washington, D.C., it is considered part of the 'Big Seven', a group of organizations that represent state and local governments in the United States. NLC provides training and other resources to municipal officials, holds conferences, and conducts federal advocacy efforts on behalf of cities, towns and villages.

Today, NLC represents nearly 2,800 member cities as a convening organization, support network, and representative in federal affairs. Leading priorities for the group include the economy, infrastructure, public safety, technology, education, and families.
Tom Walsh (shot putter)
Tomas Walsh (born 1 March 1992) is a New Zealand athlete who competes mainly in the shot put. He is the current national record holder both outdoors and indoors for the event. His personal best of 22.90 m (75 ft 1+1⁄2 in), set in Doha, 5 October 2019, is also the Oceanian record and makes him the seventh best shot putter in history.

Walsh was the bronze medallist at the 2014 IAAF World Indoor Championships, the silver medallist at the 2014 Commonwealth Games, 4th at the 2015 World Championships in Athletics, winner of the 2016 IAAF World Indoor Championships, the bronze medallist at the 2016 Summer Olympics, the gold medallist at the 2017 World Championships and the bronze medallist at the 2019 World Championships, 2022 World Athletics Indoor Championships and the 2020 Summer Olympics, and gold medallist at the 2022 Commonwealth Games.

2022 World Athletics Indoor Championships
The 18th World Athletics Indoor Championships were held from 18 to 20 March 2022 in Belgrade, Serbia.

Ethiopia headed the medal table, with 4 gold medals. United States won the most medals, with 19, as well as getting the second highest number of golds, with 3.
Johan Verstreken
Johan Laurent Alfons Verstreken (born 11 June 1964 in Ostend) is a Flemish politician, who has served as a member of CD&V party since 2004. He started his career back in 1989 as a TV presenter and announcer for the Flemish Broadcaster VRT.

During his time on VRT, he worked with presenters such as Luc Appermont, Dana Winner, Bart Peeters and Michel Follet. He also hosted editions of the show Blokken, when Ben Crabbé was unavailable to host.

In 2004 he resigned from his 25 years on Television and joined the CD&V, for which he currently serves as a Member of the Flemish Parliament. Since 2013 he is also a Community Senator.

He outed himself publicly as gay in his own book in 2015, his first experience was in recent years.

Christian Democratic and Flemish
Christian Democratic and Flemish (Dutch: Christen-Democratisch en Vlaams, pronounced [ˌkrɪstə(n)deːmoːˈkraːtis ɛɱ ˈvlaːms] ⓘ; CD&V) is a Flemish Christian-democratic political party in Belgium. The party has historical ties to both trade unionism (ACV) and trade associations (UNIZO) and the Farmer's League. Until 2001, the party was named the Christian People's Party (Christelijke Volkspartij [ˈkrɪstələkə ˈvɔlkspɑrˌtɛi], CVP).

It was traditionally the largest political party of Flanders, until it was overtaken by the New Flemish Alliance (N-VA) in the 2010s. CD&V participated in most governments and has generally the largest number of mayors. Most prime ministers of Belgium and minister-presidents of Flanders have been CD&V politicians. Herman Van Rompuy, the president of the European Council from 2009 to 2014, is one of the leading politicians of CD&V.

CD&V is a member of the European People's Party (EPP) and Centrist Democrat International.
Bay Shipbuilding Company
Bay Shipbuilding Company (BSC) is a shipyard and dry dock company in Sturgeon Bay, Door County, Wisconsin. As of 2015, Bay Ships was a subsidiary of Fincantieri Marine Group and produces articulated tug and barges, OPA-90 compliant double hull tank ships and offshore support vessels. It also provides repair services to the lake freighter fleet. In the past the shipyard located in Sturgeon Bay has operated under several different names and traces its history back to 1918.

The company also built 40,000 ton Lake freighters in the 1970s and 1980s. While capable of producing large freighters, the yard had not built a freighter over 20,000 tons since 1987 until the MV Mark W. Barker, launched in 2022. Former names of the shipyards at the 2015 location of Bay Shipbuilding are: Sturgeon Bay Shipbuilding, Leathem D. Smith Shipbuilding Company and Christy Corporation.

Platform supply vessel
A platform supply vessel (PSV) is a ship specially designed to supply offshore oil and gas platforms and other offshore installations. They typically range from 50 to 100 metres (160 to 330 ft) in length and are distinguished by the large open deck area used to store supplies and house equipment and to allow for efficient loading and offloading. The primary function for most of these vessels is logistic support and transportation of goods, tools, equipment, and personnel to and from their destination.

They belong to the broad category of offshore vessels (OSVs) which includes Service Operation Vessels  (SOVs), Construction Support Vessels (CSVs), well stimulation vessels (WSVs) and anchor handling tug supply vessels (AHTSVs).
IIII (album)
IIII is the fourth studio album by German DJ and record producer Robin Schulz, released on 26 February 2021 through Warner Music. Schulz wrote around 50 songs over the span of four years for the album, which features collaborations conducted online due to the COVID-19 pandemic. IIII was supported by the singles "Speechless", "All This Love", "Rather Be Alone", "In Your Eyes", "Alane", and "All We Got". A seventh single, "One More Time" with Felix Jaehn, was released the same day as the album. The album's release was promoted by a drone light show in the Netherlands.

Rather Be Alone
"Rather Be Alone" is a song by German DJ Robin Schulz, Greek DJ Nick Martin and American singer Sam Martin. It was released on 13 September 2019 through Warner Germany. The production assistants consist of German band Junkx and American band the Monsters and the Strangerz.
Chiktong Tangwang Line
The Chiktong T'an'gwang Line, or Chiktong Colliery Line, is an electrified standard-gauge secondary line of the Korean State Railway in South P'yŏngan Province, North Korea, running from Taegŏn Station at the junction of the Taegŏn and Ŭnsan lines to Chiktong T'an'gwang. The line serves the Pusan Aluminium Factory at Pusalli, as well as the large 8 February Chiktong Ch'ŏngnyŏn Colliery at Chiktong T'an'gwang.

Taegon Line
The Taegŏn Line is an electrified standard-gauge secondary line of the Korean State Railway in South P'yŏngan Province, North Korea. It runs from Sillyŏnp'o Station on the P'yŏngra Line via Taegŏn on the Ŭnsan Line to Pongch'ang station.
Richard W. Pollack
Richard W. Pollack (born July 2, 1950) is a former Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Hawaii. He was nominated by Governor Neil Abercrombie in 2012 to replace outgoing Justice James E. Duffy, Jr. His nomination was approved in the Hawaii State Senate by a vote of 24–1, and he was appointed on August 6, 2012. He retired on July 2, 2020, when he reached the mandatory retirement age of 70.

James E. Duffy Jr.
James Earl Duffy Jr. (born June 4, 1942) is a retired associate justice of the Hawaii State Supreme Court.  He served on the court from 2003 to 2013.  He also is a former federal judicial nominee to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.
Vannes OC
Vannes Olympique Club (Breton: Klub Olimpek Gwened; commonly referred to as simply Vannes) is a French professional football club based in Vannes, Brittany. The club was formed in 1998 as a result of the merger of Véloce vannetais founded in 1911 and FC Vannes known before 1991 as UCK Vannes founded in 1946 and currently competing in Championnat National 3, the fifth level of French football. Vannes plays its home matches at the Stade de la Rabine, located within the city.

In 2002, the club hired Stéphane Le Mignan as manager, reaching the quarter-finals of the Coupe de France in 2007, the Championnat National title in 2008, the Coupe de la Ligue final in 2009 and three seasons of Ligue 2 from 2008 to 2011. He was dismissed in 2012 and the club filed for bankruptcy in 2014, reforming in the seventh tier and achieving three promotions in four years.

Championnat National
The Championnat National (English: French National Championship), commonly referred to as simply National or Division 3, is the third division of the French football league system behind Ligue 1 and Ligue 2. Contested by 18 clubs, the Championnat National operates on a system of promotion and relegation with Ligue 2 and the Championnat National 2, the fourth division of French football.

Seasons run from August to May, with teams playing 34 games each, totalling 306 games in the season. Most games are played on Fridays and Saturdays, with a few games played during weekday evenings. Play is regularly suspended the last weekend before Christmas for two weeks before returning in the second week of January.
Spoken For (song)
"Spoken For" is a song by Christian rock band MercyMe. Written by Bart Millard, Nathan Cochran, Mike Scheuchzer, Jim Bryson, Robby Shaffer, and Pete Kipley. "Spoken For" has been described as "haunting", and as having a "strong lyrical hook".

Spoken For was released in 2002 as the lead single from MercyMe's 2002 album of the same title. It attained success on Christian radio, peaking atop the Radio & Records Christian AC and INPSO charts, as well as at No. 6 on the Radio & Records Christian CHR chart. It was nominated for Song of the Year at the 34th GMA Dove Awards.

34th GMA Dove Awards
The 34th Annual GMA Dove Awards were held on April 10, 2003 recognizing accomplishments of musicians for the year 2002. The show was held at the Gaylord Entertainment Center in Nashville, Tennessee, and was hosted by CeCe Winans and Steven Curtis Chapman.

The 34th Annual Dove Awards were broadcast on April 19, 2003 on PAX TV.  The Trinity Broadcasting Network also rebroadcast the awards show.