hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Rates in Hong Kong
A property tax known as "rates" has been levied in Hong Kong since 1845. The tax applies to all domestic and commercial properties unless exempted, and is based upon the rental value of the property, re-assessed each year. Formerly part of the revenue went to the Urban Council and, from 1986, the Regional Council, but since 2000 the whole amount goes to the Hong Kong Government.

The valuation process is the responsibility of the Commissioner of Rating and Valuation, to whom appeals or objections may be submitted. The findings of various legal cases have clarified some aspects of rating law.

Urban Council
The Urban Council (UrbCo) was a municipal council in Hong Kong responsible for municipal services on Hong Kong Island and in Kowloon (including New Kowloon). These services were provided by the council's executive arm, the Urban Services Department. Later, the equivalent body for the New Territories was the Regional Council.

The council was founded as the Sanitary Board in 1883. It was renamed the Urban Council when new legislation was passed in 1936 expanding its mandate. In 1973 the council was reorganised under non-government control and became financially autonomous. Originally composed mainly of ex-officio and appointed members, by the time the Urban Council was disbanded following the Handover it was composed entirely of members elected by universal suffrage.
Chioma Ubogagu
Chioma Grace UbogaguListenⓘ (born 10 September 1992) is an English professional footballer who plays as a forward for USL Super League club Dallas Trinity. A former United States youth international, she represented England at senior level.

She previously played for Orlando Pride, Brisbane Roar, Houston Dash, Arsenal, Real Madrid, and Tottenham Hotspur. Ubogagu played collegiate soccer for Stanford University and was capped at various youth levels for the United States, winning the 2012 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup. She chose to represent the England national team at the senior level in 2018, earning three caps.

Houston Dash
The Houston Dash are an American professional soccer team based in Houston, Texas, that competes in the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL). The Dash began play in the 2014 season. The team plays its home games at Shell Energy Stadium.
CHIJ Saint Nicholas Girls' School
CHIJ St. Nicholas Girls' School (SNGS) is a government-aided autonomous Catholic girls' school in Ang Mo Kio, Singapore. The school is one of 11 Convent of the Holy Infant Jesus (CHIJ) schools in Singapore and one of the designated Special Assistance Plan (SAP) schools. It offers a six-year primary education in its primary school section and a four-year secondary education in its secondary school section. Since 2013, it has partnered with Eunoia Junior College for a six-year Integrated Programme, which allows its secondary school students to skip the Singapore-Cambridge GCE Ordinary Level examinations and proceed to Eunoia for Years 5 and 6 and take the Singapore-Cambridge GCE Advanced Level examinations at the end of Year 6.

Special Assistance Plan
The Special Assistance Plan (SAP; Chinese: 特别辅助计划; pinyin: Tèbié Fǔzhù Jìhuà) is a programme in Singapore introduced in 1979 which caters to academically strong students who excel in both their mother tongue as well as English. It is available only in selected primary and secondary schools. In a SAP school, several subjects may be taught in the mother tongue, alongside other subjects that are taught in English. Although SAP schools can theoretically be in any of the mother tongues of Singapore, only those catering to those studying Mandarin as their mother tongue currently exist.
Pavlo Naumenko
Pavlo Naumenko (Ukrainian: Павло Олегович Науменко; 9 September 1965 – 11 January 2023) was a Ukrainian aerospace engineer.

Naumenko was awarded the Best Employer of 2003 as the General Director of Kharkiv State Aircraft Manufacturing Company (KSAMC) in 2004. Laureate of "Aviation Week and Space Technology" (US) Award for successes on the international market in promotion of An-140 – first passenger aircraft designed and produced in the independent Ukraine. He held a Ukrainian PhD in Sciences, Full member (Academician) of the Engineering Academy of Ukraine docent of the National Aerospace University – Kharkiv Aviation Institute.

Naumenko was author of numerous academic works and inventions in the area of developing and manufacturing of piloted and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), which received Ukrainian, Russian and Iranian patents.

Aviation Week & Space Technology
Aviation Week & Space Technology, often abbreviated Aviation Week or AW&ST, is the flagship magazine of the Aviation Week Network, a division of Informa. The weekly magazine is available in print and online, reporting on the aerospace, defense and aviation industries, with a core focus on aerospace technology. It has a reputation for its contacts inside the United States military and industry organizations.

Aviation Week was a favorite conduit for defense-related companies and labs to leak information to the public as part of their policy by press release efforts. This led to it being informally referred to "Aviation Leak and Space Mythology".
Barbara Johnson
Barbara Ellen Johnson (October 4, 1947 – August 27, 2009) was an American literary critic and translator, born in Boston.  She was a Professor of English and Comparative Literature and the Fredric Wertham Professor of Law and Psychiatry in Society at Harvard University. Her scholarship incorporated a variety of structuralist and poststructuralist perspectives—including deconstruction, Lacanian psychoanalysis, and feminist theory—into a critical, interdisciplinary study of literature.  As a scholar, teacher, and translator, Johnson helped make the theories of French philosopher Jacques Derrida accessible to English-speaking audiences in the United States at a time when they had just begun to gain recognition in France. Accordingly, she is often associated with the "Yale School" of academic literary criticism.

Structuralism
Structuralism is an intellectual current and methodological approach, primarily in the social sciences, that interprets elements of human culture by way of their relationship to a broader system. It works to uncover the structural patterns that underlie all things that humans do, think, perceive, and feel.

Alternatively, as summarized by philosopher Simon Blackburn, structuralism is:

"The belief that phenomena of human life are not intelligible except through their interrelations. These relations constitute a structure, and behind local variations in the surface phenomena there are constant laws of abstract structure."
TV4 (Guanajuato)
TV4 is the state-owned public broadcaster serving the Mexican state of Guanajuato. It broadcasts on 30 total transmitters statewide and is operated by the Television Unit of Guanajuato (UTEG), which under its stated mission, provides educational programming, social and cultural television and healthy entertainment for children, youth and adults. It also airs programming from BBC, the Deutsche Welle, Canal Once and Canal 22.

TV4 is available statewide, covering 98% of the territory of Guanajuato in addition to statewide cable television carriage and satellite distribution via Mexicanal and Canal SUR.

In some form, TV4 programming reaches more than 3 million viewers both in Mexico and abroad, including in the United States.

Mexicanal
Mexicanal is a Mexican-based Spanish-language pay television network launched on August 23, 2005 by Castalia Communications and Innokap. The network's studios and broadcast center is based in the Mexican city of San Luis Potosí.
Hangman's Noose
Hangman's Noose (French: Le collier de chanvre) is a 1940 French mystery film directed by Léon Mathot and starring Jacqueline Delubac, André Luguet and Annie Vernay. It is based on the 1932 novel Rope to Spare by Philip MacDonald about the detective Anthony Gethryn and is set in England. The film's sets were designed by the art director Émile Duquesne.

André Luguet
André Luguet (15 May 1892 – 24 May 1979) was a French stage and film actor. He appeared in more than 120 films between 1910 and 1970. He was born in Fontenay-sous-Bois, France, and died in Cannes, France. His daughter Rosine Luguet became an actress.
Pyramid Canyon
Pyramid Canyon is the canyon on the Colorado River where Davis Dam was built on the state line between Nevada and Arizona.  The canyon is located on the Colorado River, between Cottonwood Valley on the north and the Mohave Valley to the south.  To the west of the canyon are the Newberry Mountains, and to the east are the Black Mountains of Arizona.  Originally a deep canyon between the two ranges containing the free flowing Colorado River, Pyramid Canyon is now filled by the lower reach of Lake Mohave a reservoir formed by Davis Dam.

Lake Mohave
Lake Mohave is a reservoir on the Colorado River between the Hoover Dam and Davis Dam in Cottonwood Valley defining the border between Nevada and Arizona in the United States. This 67-mile (108 km) stretch of the Colorado River flows past Boulder City, Nelson, Searchlight, Cottonwood Cove, Cal-Nev-Ari, and Laughlin to the west in Nevada and Willow Beach and Bullhead City to the east in Arizona. A maximum width of 4 miles (6.4 km) wide and an elevation of 647 feet (197 m), Lake Mohave encompasses 28,260 acres (114.4 km2) of water. As Lake Mead lies to the north of the Hoover Dam, Lake Mohave and adjacent lands forming its shoreline are part of the Lake Mead National Recreation Area administered by the U.S. National Park Service.
Research funding in the United Kingdom
Research funding in the United Kingdom is divided mainly among  Non-Departmental Government Bodies: UK Research and Innovation ('UKRI'), and 'Higher Education Funding Bodies'. The budgets of both the UK Research Councils (which later merged into UKRI) and the Higher Education Funding Bodies budgets were set by the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills prior to 2016, at which point Department was succeeded by the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy. UK research funding follows the government policy, the 'Haldane principle', this means research is evaluated by scientists themselves through peer review, not politicians.

Department for Business, Innovation and Skills
The Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (BIS) was a ministerial department of the Government of the United Kingdom. It was created by the Gordon Brown premiership on 5 June 2009 by the merger of the Department for Innovation, Universities and Skills and the Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform. It was disbanded by the Theresa May premiership on the creation of the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy on 14 July 2016.
Precision Castparts Corp.
45°29′21″N 122°40′22″W﻿ / ﻿45.4891271°N 122.6728299°W﻿ / 45.4891271; -122.6728299

Precision Castparts Corp. is an American industrial goods and metal fabrication company that manufactures investment castings, forged components, and airfoil castings for use in the aerospace, industrial gas turbine, and defense industries. In 2009 it ranked 362nd on the Fortune 500 list, and 11th in the aerospace and defense industry. In 2015 it ranked 322nd overall and 9th in the aerospace and defense industry. In 2014 it ranked 133rd on the S&P 500 based on market capitalization. In January 2016, the company became a wholly owned subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway. Before that event, it used to be one of the three Fortune 500 companies headquartered in Oregon.

Aerospace
Aerospace refers to the technology and industry involved with the atmosphere and outer space collectively. Aerospace activity is very diverse, with a multitude of commercial, industrial, and military applications. Aerospace engineering consists of aeronautics and astronautics. Aerospace organizations research, design, manufacture, operate, maintain, and repair both aircraft and spacecraft.

The border between space and the atmosphere has been proposed as 100 kilometres (62.1 mi) above the ground according to the physical explanation that the air density is too low for a lifting body to generate meaningful lift force without exceeding orbital velocity. This border has been called the Kármán line.
2012 New South Wales local elections
The 2012 New South Wales local elections were held on 8 September 2012 to elect the councils of 150 of the 152 local government areas (LGAs) of New South Wales, Australia. Several councils also held mayoral elections and/or referendums.

The elections were conducted by the New South Wales Electoral Commission, with the exception of 14 councils who chose to conduct their own elections or use the services of the private Australian Election Company.

No elections were held in Shellharbour or Wollongong as electors had voted a year prior in 2011, following the sackings of both councils in 2008.

The Liberal Party chose not to contest the elections in Fairfield and Penrith, leading to Liberal councillors running as Independent Liberals.

More than 16 wards across the state were uncontested.

Local government areas of New South Wales
This is a list of local government areas (LGAs) in New South Wales, sorted by region. As of September 2024 there were 128 local government areas in New South Wales, there are 33 local government areas in Greater Sydney and 95 local government areas amongst 12 regions of Regional New South Wales. All councils are listed below in alphabetical order by region. There is also the Unincorporated Far West Region which is not part of any local government area, in the sparsely inhabited Far West, and Lord Howe Island, which is also unincorporated but self-governed by the Lord Howe Island Board.

Norfolk Island Regional Council is also subject to the state-level legislation of New South Wales.

Local elections are held in New South Wales every four years. The most recent elections were held in September 2024.
Photoshop contest
A Photoshop contest, or sometimes Photoshop battle (often abbreviated to PS Battle), is an online game, in which a website or user of an Internet forum will post a starting image — usually a photograph — and ask others to manipulate the image using some graphics editing software, usually Adobe Photoshop, however other editors are commonly allowed, such as Corel Photo-Paint, GIMP, PaintShop Pro, Paint.NET or even Microsoft Paint. People can also use video editing software to create these images, such as Adobe Premiere Pro, Kdenlive, OpenShot, or NCH VideoPad.

While Photoshop is the industry standard image editing program, Adobe Systems, the publisher of Photoshop, discourages use of "Photoshop" to refer to anything other than their photo editing software, to prevent their trademark from becoming generic.

GIMP
The GNU Image Manipulation Program, commonly known by its acronym GIMP (/ɡɪmp/ ⓘ GHIMP), is a free and open-source raster graphics editor.

It is commonly used for photo retouching, image editing, free-hand drawing, and converting between different image file formats.

GIMP is freely available on Microsoft Windows, Linux and macOS. It is licensed under the GNU General Public License (GPL 3.0 or later). The project is a non-profit supported by a community of volunteers. Users are encouraged to contribute.

GIMP supports plugins and scripting, allowing users to extend its features and automate tasks.  While it is not primarily designed for drawing, some artists and creators still use it for that purpose.
Roger Johnson (TV presenter)
Roger Johnson is an English television journalist, newsreader and presenter, currently working as the main presenter for the regional news programme BBC North West Tonight, as well as a regular weekend presenter of BBC Breakfast and other national BBC News platforms.

BBC Breakfast
BBC Breakfast is a British television breakfast news programme, produced by BBC News and broadcast on BBC One every morning from 6:00am. It is also broadcast on the UK feed of BBC News channel on weekends. The simulcast is presented live, originally from the BBC Television Centre, London before moving in 2012 to MediaCityUK in Salford, Greater Manchester. The programme is broadcast daily and contains a mixture of news, sport, weather, business and feature items. When BBC Breakfast is  not broadcast on BBC One, it is transmitted via BBC Two.
Walter Baldwin Spencer
Sir Walter Baldwin Spencer KCMG FRS (23 June 1860 – 14 July 1929), commonly referred to as Sir Baldwin Spencer, was a British-Australian evolutionary biologist, anthropologist and ethnologist. He is known for his fieldwork with Aboriginal peoples in Central Australia, contributions to the study of ethnography, and academic collaborations with Frank Gillen. Spencer introduced the study of zoology at the University of Melbourne and held the title of Emeritus Professor until his death in 1929. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1900 and knighted in 1916.

Robert Ranulph Marett
Robert Ranulph Marett (13 June 1866 – 18 February 1943) was a British ethnologist and a proponent of the British Evolutionary School of cultural anthropology. Founded by Marett's older colleague, Edward Burnett Tylor, it asserted that modern primitive societies provide evidence for phases in the evolution of culture, which it attempted to recapture via comparative and historical methods. Marett focused primarily on the anthropology of religion. Studying the evolutionary origin of religions, he modified Tylor's animistic theory to include the concept of mana. Marett's anthropological teaching and writing career at Oxford University spanned the early 20th century before World War Two. He trained many notable anthropologists. He was a colleague of John Myres, and through him, studied Aegean archaeology.
Jake Christiansen (coach)
Jacobi Melius Alton Christiansen (February 2, 1900 – January 21, 1992) was an American football and basketball player and coach. He served as the head football coach at Valparaiso University from 1929 to 1940 and at Concordia College in Moorhead, Minnesota from 1941 to 1968, compiling a career college football record of 175–92–15. Christiansen's 1964 Concordia team tied with Sam Houston State in the NAIA National title game. Christiansen is one of the few college football coaches to have coached in a stadium named after himself.

Moorhead, Minnesota
Moorhead (/ˈmɔːrhɛd/ MOR-hed) is a city in and the county seat of Clay County, Minnesota, United States, on the banks of the Red River of the North. Located in the Red River Valley, an extremely fertile and active agricultural region, Moorhead is home to several corporations and manufacturing industries. Across the river from Fargo, North Dakota and next to Dilworth, Minnesota, Moorhead forms part of the core of the Fargo–Moorhead ND-MN Metropolitan Area. The population was 44,505 at the 2020 census. Moorhead is a hub of higher education in Minnesota, home to Minnesota State University Moorhead, Concordia College, and a campus of Minnesota State Community and Technical College.

Platted in 1871, the city was named for William Galloway Moorhead, an official of the Northern Pacific Railway.
Shuangqiaohe
Shuangqiaohe Town (simplified Chinese: 双桥河镇; traditional Chinese: 雙橋河鎮; pinyin: Shuāngqiáohé Zhèn) is a town situated in the northern portion of Jinnan District, Tianjin, China. It shares a border with Jinqiao and Junliangcheng Subdistricts in the north, Wuxia Subdistrict and Gegu Town in the east, Xiaozhan and Beizhakou Towns in the south, as well as Xianshuigu Town in the west. Its population is determined to be 37,193 as of 2010.

The name "Shuangqiaohe" can be literally translated as "Two Bridge River".

Xiaozhan
Xiaozhan Town (simplified Chinese: 小站镇; traditional Chinese: 小站鎮; pinyin: Xiǎozhàn Zhèn) is a town situated on the southeast of Jinnan District, Tianjin, China. It shares border with Shuangqiaohe and Gegu Towns to its north, Gulin and Dagang Subdistricts to its east, Zhongtang and Balitai Towns to its southwest, and Beizhakou Town to its northwest. In 2010 its population is 82,582.

The name "Xiaozhan" literally means "Small Station".
Gundagai wine region
Gundagai is an Australian Geographical Indication for a wine region centred on the town of Gundagai in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is part of the Southern New South Wales zone. The region includes Tumut on the northwestern slopes of the Snowy Mountains, Cootamundra in its north and extends west to Junee and almost to Wagga Wagga. Junee is on the boundary to the Riverina wine region (which also includes Wagga Wagga). Gundagai is also bounded on the northeast by Hilltops, the east by Canberra District and the south by Tumbarumba.

The Gundagai region has a range of altitude, temperature and rainfall in the three key areas surrounding the towns of Tumut, Junee and Cootamundra. The altitude ranges from 210 metres (690 ft) at Junee to 320 metres (1,050 ft) at Cootamundra while growing season rainfall ranges from 240 millimetres (9.4 in) at Junee to 420 millimetres (17 in) at Tumut. Tumut is much cooler and the harvest is later than the rest of the region.

Cootamundra
Cootamundra, nicknamed Coota, is a town in the South West Slopes region of New South Wales, Australia and within the Riverina. It is within the Cootamundra-Gundagai Regional Council. It is located on the Olympic Highway at the point where it crosses the Muttama Creek, between Junee and Cowra. Its railway station is on the Main Southern line, part of the Melbourne-to-Sydney line.

Cootamundra is the birthplace of Sir Donald Bradman AC, an Australian cricketer universally regarded as the greatest batsman of all time. It is also known for being the site of Cootamundra Domestic Training Home for Aboriginal Girls, an institution housing Aboriginal girls who were forcibly taken from their families.

It is also the home of the Cootamundra wattle.  Every year there is a large "Wattle Time" Festival held at the time the wattle starts to bloom, with an art show and festivities.
Aye Musht-e-Khaak
Aye Musht-E-Khaak (Urdu: اے مُشتِ خاک, lit. 'Oh Fistful of Dust') is a Pakistani television series produced by Abdullah Kadwani and Asad Qureshi under banner 7th Sky Entertainment, directed by Aehsun Talish. The serial airs on Geo Entertainment. Maha Malik is the writer of this drama. It features Feroze Khan and Sana Javed in leading roles in their fourth project together with Asad Siddiqui, Iffat Rahim and Danial Afzal Khan in prominent roles.

Abdullah Kadwani
Abdullah Kadwani  (Urdu: عبدالله کادوانی) is a Pakistani actor, producer, and director.

As of 2019, he holds the position of group managing director at Geo Entertainment, a leading television network in Pakistan. He is currently responsible for "Geo Entertainment Holdings of TV channels: Geo Films, Geo Kahani, Fire Records, and all Geo Entertainment properties."

A Daily Times article reported that Abdullah Kadwani was among the esteemed panel of judges from around the world for the prestigious Rose d'OR Awards.

As an actor, director and producer, Kadwani has an experience of more than 25 years in the film and TV industry of Pakistan. He has produced and created several popular award-winning drama serials, including Meri Zaat Zarra e Benishan (2009), Daam (2010), Doraha (2008), Shehr e Zaat (2012), Khaani (2017), Khuda Aur Mohabbat (season 3) (2021) and Tere Bin (2022).