hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Calculation of glass properties
The calculation of glass properties (glass modeling) is used to predict glass properties of interest or glass behavior under certain conditions (e.g., during production) without experimental investigation, based on past data and experience, with the intention to save time, material, financial, and environmental resources, or to gain scientific insight. It was first practiced at the end of the 19th century by A. Winkelmann and O. Schott. The combination of several glass models together with other relevant functions can be used for optimization and six-sigma procedures. In the form of statistical analysis, glass modeling can aid with accreditation of new data, experimental procedures, and measurement institutions (glass laboratories).

Statistical inference
Statistical inference is the process of using data analysis to infer properties of an underlying probability distribution. Inferential statistical analysis infers properties of a population, for example by testing hypotheses and deriving estimates. It is assumed that the observed data set is sampled from a larger population.

Inferential statistics can be contrasted with descriptive statistics. Descriptive statistics is solely concerned with properties of the observed data, and it does not rest on the assumption that the data come from a larger population. In machine learning, the term inference is sometimes used instead to mean "make a prediction, by evaluating an already trained model"; in this context inferring properties of the model is referred to as training or learning (rather than inference), and using a model for prediction is referred to as inference (instead of prediction); see also predictive inference.
Caribou, California
Caribou (formerly Cariboo) is a census-designated place located in Plumas County, California, United States.  As of the 2010 Census, the town had a population of 0, however, as of 2020, the population had risen to 1. Caribou is located on the North Fork Feather River, 9.5 miles (15.3 km) south of Almanor. The closest communities are Belden to the southwest, Twain to the southeast, Canyondam to the north, and Greenville to the east.

Greenville, California
Greenville (Northeast Maidu: Kotassi) is an unincorporated community in Plumas County, California, United States, on the north-west side of Indian Valley. Most of the buildings were destroyed by the Dixie Fire in August 2021. The population was 1,026 at the 2020 census, down from 1,129 at the 2010 census. For statistical purposes, the United States Census Bureau has defined Greenville as a census-designated place (CDP). According to the Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 8.0 square miles (21 km2), all of it land.
Andy Tillson
Andy Tillson (born 30 June 1966) is an English football coach and former player who was head coach at Team Bath. Following Team Bath's decision to disband at the end of the 2008–09 season, Tillson was initially appointed as Weymouth's assistant manager, but on 15 June 2009 it was announced that he would instead join Exeter City as First Team Coach under manager Paul Tisdale.

He was signed for Queens Park Rangers by Don Howe in 1990 from Grimsby Town along with Darren Peacock to cover a major injury crisis at Loftus Road and made his debut in the 1–1 draw with Derby County.

He was a central defender and his chances were limited once Alan McDonald, Danny Maddix and Paul Parker returned from injury. He made just 29 appearances for QPR scoring 2 goals before being signed by Bristol Rovers for a club record fee of £370,000 in 1992. He became the club captain of Bristol Rovers and made over 250 league appearances for the club before joining Walsall and then Rushden & Diamonds.

Danny Maddix
Daniel Shawn Maddix (born 11 October 1967) is a former professional footballer who played as a defender, notably in the Premier League for Queens Park Rangers, having come through the academy at Tottenham Hotspur. He also had spells in the English Football League for Southend United, Sheffield Wednesday and Barnet before finishing his career in non-league with Grays Athletic. Whilst with Barnet in 2004, Maddix was temporarily appointed as caretaker manager. He has since worked away from the professional game and has coached at amateur level.
Dragolj Code
Dragolj Code or Miscellany by Dragolj (Serbian: Зборник попа Драгоља, romanized: Zbornik popa Dragolja) is a 1259 Serbian Orthodox manuscript by Serbian priest Dragolj (Presbyter Vasilije). It is written in the Old Serbian with characteristics of Zeta and Hum dialects. The code contains the "Adaptation of Kozma`s Sermon against Bogomils".

It was found in 1875 by a P. Srećković in a Serbian village in Albania kept by seventeen generations of the Serbian Orthodox priests from the same family. In 1902, the manuscript was obtained by the Ministry of Education for the National Library of Serbia. It disappeared during evacuation and retreat of the Serbian Army in the World War I in 1915. It was returned with the 13th-century Belgrade Prophetologion to the National Library after being purchased from the Federal Republic of Germany in 1969.

Belgrade Prophetologion
Belgrade Prophetologion or Parimejnik (Serbian: Београдски паримејник, romanized: Beogradski parimejnik) is an early 13th-century Serbian Orthodox Prophetologion (Old Testament lectionary). of an unknown scribe.

It is written in Old Serbian (Old Church Slavonic) with mainly Rascian orthography and some orthographic features connecting it to Zeta and Hum manuscripts and Macedonian antecedents. Only fragments of this paroimoia have been preserved. It disappeared during evacuation and retreat of the Serbian Army in the Balkan Wars in 1915. It was returned to the National Library of Serbia collection after being purchased from the Federal Republic of Germany in 1969.
Tom Lowrie (professor)
Professor Tom Lowrie was appointed a Centenary Professor at the University of Canberra, Australia, in 2014. He has an established international research profile in the discipline area of STEM education and mathematics education.

Mathematics education
In contemporary education, mathematics education (known in Europe as the didactics or pedagogy of mathematics) is the practice of teaching, learning, and carrying out scholarly research into the transfer of mathematical knowledge.

Although research into mathematics education is primarily concerned with the tools, methods, and approaches that facilitate practice or the study of practice, it also covers an extensive field of study encompassing a variety of different concepts, theories and methods. National and international organisations regularly hold conferences and publish literature in order to improve mathematics education.
Warren Britz
Warren Kenneth Britz (born 7 November 1973) is a South African former rugby union international.

Britz grew up in Natal and attended Port Shepstone High School, south of Durban.

A Natal Sharks player, Britz was capped in one Test match for the Springboks, as a flanker against Wales at Free State Stadium in 2002. He had previously played for the national rugby seven team, including for the 2001 World Cup.

Britz left South Africa in 2003 to take up a contract with the Newcastle Falcons and played in the 2003–04 Powergen Cup-winning side. After two years in England, Britz returned home and in 2007 was a member of the Sharks side which were beaten by the Bulls in the Super 14 final, to a Bryan Habana injury-time try. He finished his playing career with two seasons at Montpellier in the Top 14, then became the French club's head coach.

Bryan Habana
Bryan Gary Habana OIS (born 12 June 1983) is a South African former professional rugby union player. Playing mainly as a wing, he is widely considered to be one of the greatest players in the history of the sport. He played for the Golden Lions, the Blue Bulls and Western Province in South Africa, for the Bulls and the Stormers in Super Rugby, and for Toulon in the French Top 14, and won 124 caps for the South Africa national team.

Habana was part of the South Africa team that won the 2007 Rugby World Cup and was one of the stars of the tournament, his eight tries equalling the record for a single tournament set by Jonah Lomu in 1999. He was subsequently named the 2007 IRB Player of the Year. During the 2015 Rugby World Cup Habana equalled Lomu's career record of 15 tries in World Cups. He is in second place among all time test try scorers, with 67 tries.
The Gun Runner (1928 film)
The Gun Runner is a 1928 American silent adventure film directed by Edgar Lewis and starring Ricardo Cortez, Nora Lane and Gino Corrado. The film was based on the 1909 novel of the same title by Arthur Stringer. It was made and released by Tiffany Pictures during John M. Stahl's period as head of production for the studio.

Nora Lane
Nora Lane (September 12, 1905 – October 16, 1948) was an American film actress. She appeared in more than 80 films between 1927 and 1944.

Lane was born in Chester, Illinois. She and her family moved to St. Louis when she was 10 years old. She attended schools there and worked there as a model in women's clothing shops. During a visit to Hollywood in 1925, meeting a casting director led to a screen test for her. The test resulted in work as an extra in films, then a bit part in Paris and a small part in Upstage. Her first lead role was in Arizona Nights.

She committed suicide in 1948, one month after her husband died from a heart attack. She was 43.
Billboard
A billboard (also called a hoarding in the UK and many other parts of the world) is a large outdoor advertising structure (a billing board), typically found in high-traffic areas such as alongside busy roads. Billboards present large advertisements to passing pedestrians and drivers. Typically brands use billboards to build their brands or to push for their new products.

The largest ordinary-sized billboards are located primarily on major highways, expressways, or principal arterials, and command high-density consumer exposure (mostly to vehicular traffic). These afford the greatest visibility due not only to their size, but because they allow creative "customizing" through extensions and embellishments.

Posters are another common form of billboard advertising, located mostly along primary and secondary arterial roads. Posters are in a smaller format and are viewed primarily by residents and commuter traffic, with some pedestrian exposure.

Poster
A poster is a large sheet, usually made of some type of paper or plastic, that is placed either on a public space to promote something or on a wall as decoration. Typically, posters include both textual and graphic elements, although a poster may be either wholly graphical or wholly text. Posters are designed to be both eye-catching and informative. Posters may be used for many purposes. They are a frequent tool of advertisers (particularly of events, musicians, and films), propagandists, protestors, and other groups trying to communicate a message. Posters are also used for reproductions of artwork, particularly famous works, and are generally low-cost compared to the original artwork. The modern poster, as we know it, however, dates back to the 1840s and 1850s when the printing industry perfected colour lithography and made mass production possible.
Pakistan Army women's football team
Pakistan Army women's football team is a Pakistani women's football team which competes in the National Women Football Championship (NWFC). It is a departmental team run by Pakistan Army. As of March 2021, it is a two-time NWFC defending champion, having won the 2018 and 2019–2020 titles. They have also placed third in the NWFC in the 2013 and 2014 editions.

National Women's Football Championship (Pakistan)
The National Women's Football Championship is the top cup competition for women's football clubs in Pakistan. It was started in 2005 by the Pakistan Football Federation.

Young Rising Stars has been the most successful team in the history of the competition, winning it five times (including four consecutive wins from 2010 to 2013). The most recent champion is Karachi City, which won in the 2024 edition.
2025 City of London Corporation election
The 2025 City of London Corporation election was held on 20 March 2025, prior to most other 2025 United Kingdom local elections, to elect Commoners to the Court of Common Council of the City of London Corporation.

The City of London is the oldest continuously-running municipal democracy in the world.

2022 City of London Corporation election
The 2022 City of London Corporation election took place on 24 March 2022 to elect members of the Court of Common Council in the City of London Corporation, England. The election was postponed for a year due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Jesse LaFollette
Jesse LaFollette (c. 1781 - 1843) was the grandfather of Robert Marion La Follette, Sr., William La Follette, and Harvey Marion LaFollette. His family lived next to the Knob Creek Farm, Kentucky owned by Thomas Lincoln during Abraham Lincoln's boyhood years. LaFollette is shown in one of the limestone panels at the Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial in Lincoln City, Indiana.

Thomas Lincoln
Thomas Lincoln Sr. (January 6, 1778 – January 17, 1851) was an American farmer and carpenter. His son Abraham Lincoln was the 16th president of the United States. Unlike some of his ancestors, Thomas could not write. He struggled to make a successful living for his family and faced difficult challenges in Kentucky real estate boundary and title disputes, the early death of his first wife, and the integration of his second wife's family into his own family, before making his final home in Illinois.
Laxman Mahadeo Chitale
Laxman Mahadeo Chitale, (1892-1960) was an Indian architect, author and one of the first Indian associates of the Royal Institute of British Architects. He was the architect of several landmark buildings in India such as the Life Insurance Corporation of India building, Chennai, Ram Mohan Palace, Kochi which was once the seat of the High Court of Kerala, Subramania Bharati Monument, Ettayapuram, Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Adyar and the Reserve Bank of India building, Nagpur. The Government of India honoured him in 1957, with the award of Padma Shri, the fourth highest Indian civilian award for his services to the nation.

Central Leather Research Institute
Central Leather Research Institute or CLRI is the world's largest leather research institute in terms of research papers and patents. The institute located in Chennai, Tamil Nadu was founded on 24 April 1948 as a constituent laboratory under the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research.
Noordwolde, Friesland
Noordwolde (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈnoːrtˌʋɔldə]; West Frisian: Noardwâlde) is a village in Weststellingwerf in the province of Friesland, the Netherlands. It had a population of around 3,600 as of 2017. Noordwolde-Zuid, the settlement to the south of Noordwolde is considered a separate village.

Noordwolde lies north of Steenwijk and east of Wolvega close to the tri-point of provinces Friesland, Drenthe, and Overijssel, in an enclosed landscape with the forests and heathlands of Drenthe to the south and east, and the Linde valley and the wider watery province of Friesland to the west.

There is a restored windmill in the village, Windlust.
The National Museum of Weaving is located in the village. There is a natural lake, the Spokedam, which is partly surrounded by a beach, on the outskirts of Noordwolde. There are several camp sites near the lake such as "Hanestede" and the bungalow park "The Bosmeer".

Weststellingwerf
Weststellingwerf (Dutch: [ˈʋɛststɛlɪŋˌʋɛr(ə)f] ⓘ; Stellingwarfs: Weststellingwarf or Stellingwarf-Westaende) is a municipality in the province of Friesland in the northern Netherlands. It borders both Drenthe and Overijssel. It is one of the municipalities of Friesland where the spoken language is not West Frisian; instead, Stellingwerfs, a dialect of Dutch Low Saxon, is spoken here.
Hamilton Beach Brands
Hamilton Beach Brands Holding Company is an American designer, marketer and distributor of home appliances and commercial restaurant equipment marketed primarily in the United States, Canada, and Mexico, including blenders, mixers, toasters, slow cookers, clothes irons, and air purifiers.

Until sometime in the 1980s the company's products were marketed under the brand name "Hamilton Beach Scovill", reflecting a merger that occurred in 1923. In 1990, the company merged with Proctor Silex, another household appliance manufacturer. Key market competitors include Cuisinart, Black & Decker,  Salton, De'Longhi, Sunbeam, and Zojirushi.

Salton Inc.
Salton, Inc. (briefly Russell Hobbs, Inc.), was an American company based in Florida which manufactured home appliances, most notably the George Foreman grill, Russell Hobbs and Black & Decker kitchen appliances. In June 2010, Russell Hobbs, Inc. was taken over by and became part of Spectrum Brands.
Nocturne (Siouxsie and the Banshees album)
Nocturne is a live double album and video by English rock band Siouxsie and the Banshees, released on 25 November 1983 by Polydor Records. Co-produced by Mike Hedges, Nocturne features performances recorded at two shows at the Royal Albert Hall in London, on 30 September and 1 October 1983, featuring Robert Smith (of the Cure) on guitar.

Most of the material is from 1981's Juju and 1982's A Kiss in the Dreamhouse. It also features a few B-sides ("Pulled to Bits" and "Eve White/Eve Black") as well as a live version of the Beatles' "Dear Prudence", a song the Banshees had recorded in the studio in Stockholm earlier that year and issued as a single in September.

The music heard in the introduction before "Israel" is an excerpt from The Rite of Spring, composed in 1913 by Igor Stravinsky.

Juju (Siouxsie and the Banshees album)
Juju is the fourth studio album by the British rock band Siouxsie and the Banshees. It was recorded at Surrey Sound studio with Nigel Gray as co-producer, and was released on 19 June 1981 by Polydor Records. Two singles were released from Juju: "Spellbound" and "Arabian Knights".

The album was commercially successful in the UK. It was acclaimed by critics upon its release, with praise given particularly to John McGeoch's unconventional guitar playing and Siouxsie's vocal performances. It remains a critical favourite and is seen as a landmark album of post-punk.
16 Most Requested Songs (Johnny Mathis album)
16 Most Requested Songs is a compilation album by American pop singer Johnny Mathis that was released in 1986 by Columbia Records and features 12 tracks representing his time with the label from 1956 to 1963, including his Billboard top 10 hits "Chances Are", "It's Not for Me to Say", "The Twelfth of Never", "Gina", and "What Will Mary Say" as well as his signature song, "Misty". The remaining four selections ("Evergreen (Love Theme from A Star Is Born)", "Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet (A Time for Us)", "(Where Do I Begin) Love Story", and "Didn't We") were recorded with Columbia between 1969 and 1977.

On August 4, 2000, the album received Gold certification from the Recording Industry Association of America for sales of 500,000 copies.

What Will Mary Say
"What Will Mary Say", also recorded as "What Will My Mary Say", is a popular song written by Eddie Snyder and Paul Vance that was recorded by Johnny Mathis in 1962. His recording reached the top ten charts in the US and Hong Kong and was also a hit in the UK.
Badadunguriguda
Badadungiriguda is a village in Odisha, India. It is located in the Karlamunda block of the Kalahandi district. It comes under the administration of the Gajabahal gram panchayat.

The village is 83 km from Bhawanipatna, the district headquarters of Kalahandi, 50 km from Balangir, and 450 km from the state capital Bhubaneswar.

Balangir
Balangir also known as Bolangir, is a town  and a municipality, the headquarters of Balangir district in the state of Odisha, India. Balangir's cultural heritage makes it one of the finest places for tourists in  Odisha. Balangir municipality is divided into 21 wards.  It is spread over an area of 12,200 acres (4,900 ha).
.25 Stevens Short
The .25 Stevens Short was an American rimfire rifle cartridge, introduced in 1902.

Developed by J. Stevens Arms & Tool Company, it was intended to be a lower cost, less potent variant of the .25 Stevens, on which it was based. It initially used a 4.5 to 5 gr (0.29 to 0.32 g) black powder charge; this was later replaced by smokeless. It was offered in Stevens, Remington, and Winchester rifles, and could be used in any .25 Stevens rifle, also (in the way the .38 Special can be fired in weapons chambered for .357 Magnum).

It was more powerful than the .22 Short, as well as less expensive, but more costly than the .22 Long Rifle and offering no edge in performance. It was also inferior to its parent cartridge. As a result, it was not a popular hunting round.

The cartridge continued to be commercially available until 1942.

.22 long rifle
The .22 Long Rifle, also known as the .22 LR or 5.7×15mmR, is a long-established variety of .22 caliber rimfire ammunition originating from the United States. It is used in a wide range of firearms including rifles, pistols, revolvers and submachine guns.  It is a well-established small game round, but is not typically used for hunting larger game as it lacks the necessary stopping power.

In terms of quantities sold, the .22 Long Rifle is by far the most common ammunition that is currently manufactured and sold in the world. Common uses include hunting and shooting sports. Ammunition produced in .22 Long Rifle is effective at short ranges, has little recoil, and is inexpensive to purchase, making it ideal for plinking and marksmanship training.
Neverland (F.T. Island song)
"Neverland" is a song by South Korean rock band F.T. Island. It is their seventh single under Warner Music Japan and tenth single overall in Japan. The song was written by Junji Ishiwatari and composed by Youwhich, Daichi and Choi Jong Hun. It was released on April 18, 2012, in three editions: CD and DVD, CD-only and Lawson Edition. The single debuted at number 10 on the Oricon weekly chart and at number 13 on the Billboard Japan Hot 100. The single went on to sell over 30,500 copies in Japan.

Choi Jong-hoon
Choi Jong-hoon (Korean: 최종훈; born March 7, 1990) is a South Korean former musician and actor who was convicted in 2019 for gang rape and illegally filming and distributing videos of his crimes.

He served as the leader, guitarist, and keyboardist of rock band F.T. Island from its debut in 2007 until his exit from the entertainment industry in March 2019 after admitting to secretly filming and sharing sexual videos of women without their consent. He was convicted in November 2019 for the gang rape of two different women on two occasions together with Jung Joon-young.

Choi subsequently retired from the entertainment industry after being involved in bribery and sharing of illicit sex videos and pictures, a part of the Jung Joon-young KakaoTalk chatrooms, first revealed in the Burning Sun scandal. On November 29, 2019, Choi was found guilty of rape and sentenced to five years in prison.
Alcis (gods)
The Alcis or Alci (Proto-Germanic *alhiz ~ *algiz) were a pair of divine young brothers worshipped by the Naharvali, an ancient Germanic tribe from Central Europe. The Alcis are solely attested by Roman historian and senator Tacitus in his ethnography Germania, written around 98 AD.

Ashvins
The Ashvins (Sanskrit: अश्विन्, lit. 'horse possessors', IAST: Aśvin), also known as the Ashvini Kumaras and Asvinau, are Hindu twin gods associated with medicine, health, healing, sciences, and the twilight. In the Rigveda, they are described as youthful divine twin horsemen, travelling in a chariot drawn by horses that are never weary, and portrayed as guardian deities that safeguard and rescue people by aiding them in various situations.

There are varying accounts, but Ashvins are generally mentioned as the sons of the sun god Surya and his wife Sanjna. In the epic Mahabharata, the Pandava twins Nakula and Sahadeva were the children of the Ashvins.