hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Nicholas Senn
Nicholas Senn (October 31, 1844 – January 2, 1908) was a Swiss-born American surgeon, instructor, and founder of the Association of Military Surgeons of the United States. He served as the president of the American Medical Association in 1897–98 and as chief surgeon of the Sixth Army Corps in 1898, seeing service in Cuba during the Spanish–American War. He was involved in experimental research, particularly of acute pancreatitis, plastic surgery, head and neck oncology, the intestinal tract, and the treatment of leukaemia with x-rays.

Sixth Army Corps (Spanish–American War)
The Sixth Army Corps was a unit of the United States Army authorized during the Spanish–American War, but which was never organized. After the declaration of war, General Order 36 of May 7, 1898 approved the organization of eight "army corps," each of which was to consist of three or more divisions of three brigades each.

General Order 46 of May 16, 1898 assigned commanding officers and training camps to the new corps. Major General James H. Wilson was designated commander, with the corps to assemble at Camp Thomas, Georgia. For reasons that cannot be immediately determined—but which may have stemmed from the near-collapse of organization at Camp Thomas, which was also the mustering point for the First and Third corps—the Sixth Corps was never organized and Wilson was transferred to command of the First Division in the First Army Corps.
Evelyn Norris
Noel Evelyn Norris (25 December 1918 – 15 February 2014) was a Singaporean educator best known for her association with Raffles Girls' School. She was also the first principal of Crescent Girls' School. Norris was a volunteer in the Royal Air Force during World War II and later became a Major in the People's Defence Force in charge of the Singapore Women Auxiliary Corps.

Singapore Army
The Singapore Army is the land service branch of the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF). The largest of the four branches of the SAF, the Singapore Army traces its origins to the 1st Battalion, Singapore Infantry Regiment (1 SIR), which was formed in 1957, under British colonial rule. After Singapore's independence on 9 August 1965, the Singapore Army Bill was passed in Parliament on 23 December 1965, and National Service (NS) was subsequently introduced in 1967. Mostly made up of conscripts, the Singapore Army can mobilise all operationally-ready military reservists in the event of war or national exigencies.
Droughts and famines in Russia and the Soviet Union
Throughout Russian history famines, droughts and crop failures occurred on the territory of Russia, the Russian Empire and the USSR on more or less regular basis. From the beginning of the 11th to the end of the 16th century, on the territory of Russia for every century there were 8 crop failures, which were repeated every 13 years, sometimes causing prolonged famine in a significant territory. The causes of famine were different, from natural (crop failures due to drought or disease) and economic and political crises; for example, the Great Famine of 1931–1933, colloquially called the Holodomor, the cause of which was, among other factors, the collectivization policy in the USSR, which affected the territory of the Volga region in Russia, Ukraine and Kazakhstan.

Volga region
The Volga region, known as the Povolzhye (UK: /pəˈvɔːlʒeɪ/ pə-VAWL-zhay, US: /pəˈvoʊlʒeɪ/ pə-VOHL-zhay; Russian: Поволжье [pɐˈvoɫʐje] lit. 'Along the Volga'), is a historical region in Russia that encompasses the drainage basin of the Volga River, the longest river in Europe, in central and southern European Russia.
The Volga region is culturally separated into three sections:

■ Upper Volga Region – from the Volga River's source in Tver Oblast to the mouth of the Oka River in Nizhny Novgorod;

■ Middle Volga Region – from the mouth of the Oka River to the mouth of the Kama River south of Kazan;

■ Lower Volga Region – from the mouth of the Kama River to the Volga Delta in the Caspian Sea, in Astrakhan Oblast.

The geographic boundaries of the region are vague, and the term Volga region is used to refer primarily to the Middle and Lower sections, which are included in the Volga Federal District and Volga economic region.
Jainism in Haryana
Ancient idols of Jain Tirthankara (made of bronze and stone) were found in archaeological expeditions in Badli, Bhiwani (Ranila, Charkhi Dadri, Badhara village), Dadri, Gurgaon (Ferozepur Jhirka), Hansi,  Hisar (Agroha), Kasan, Nahad, Narnaul, Pehowa, Rewari, Rohad, Rohtak (Asthal Bohar) and Sonepat in Haryana. Agrawal Jain community traces its origins from Hisar. Guptisagar Dham Tirtha at Ganaur is a religious tourist spot in Haryana. It is named after the Jain Acharya Guptisagar.

Rohtak
Rohtak (Hindustani pronunciation: [roɦ.t̪ək] ⓘ) is a city and the administrative headquarters of the Rohtak district in the Indian state of Haryana. It lies 70 kilometres (43 mi) north-west of New Delhi and 250 kilometres (160 mi) south of the state capital Chandigarh on NH 9 (old NH 10). Rohtak forms a part of the National Capital Region (NCR) which helps the city in obtaining cheap loans for infrastructure development from the NCR Planning Board.

Rohtak is the third most populous city in Haryana as per the 2011 census with a population of 373,133.
Otangarei
Otangarei is a suburb of Whangārei, in Northland Region, New Zealand.

The New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage gives a translation of "place of [a] group of people leaping" for Ōtāngarei.

Te Kotahitanga Marae o Otangarei is the community's local marae. It is a meeting ground for the Ngāpuhi hapū of Uri o Te Tangata, and features Te Puawaitanga Hou meeting house.

Ngāpuhi
Ngāpuhi (also known as Ngāpuhi-Nui-Tonu or Ngā Puhi) is a Māori iwi associated with the Northland regions of New Zealand centred in the Hokianga, the Bay of Islands, and Whangārei.

According to the 2023 New Zealand census, the estimated population of Ngāpuhi is 184,470. This compares to 125,601 in 2001, 102,981 in 2006, 122,214  in 2013. and 165,201 in 2018. It is formed from 150 hapū or subtribes, with 55 marae.

Despite such diversity, the people of Ngāpuhi maintain their shared history and self-identity. Te Rūnanga ā Iwi o Ngāpuhi, based in Kaikohe, administers the iwi. The Rūnanga acts on behalf of the iwi in consultations with the New Zealand government. It also ensures the equitable distribution of benefits from the 1992 fisheries settlement with the government, and undertakes resource management and education initiatives.
Late Cenozoic Ice Age
The Late Cenozoic Ice Age, or Antarctic Glaciation, began 34 million years ago at the Eocene-Oligocene Boundary and is ongoing. It is Earth's current ice age or icehouse period. Its beginning is marked by the formation of the Antarctic ice sheets.

Six million years after the start of the Late Cenozoic Ice Age, the East Antarctic Ice Sheet had formed, and 14 million years ago it had reached its current extent.

In the last three million years, glaciations have spread to the northern hemisphere. It commenced with Greenland becoming increasingly covered by an ice sheet in late Pliocene (2.9-2.58 Ma ago) During the Pleistocene Epoch (starting 2.58 Ma ago), the Quaternary glaciation developed with decreasing mean temperatures and increasing amplitudes between glacials and interglacials. During the glacial periods of the Pleistocene, large areas of northern North America and northern Eurasia have been covered by ice sheets.

Glacial period
A glacial period (alternatively glacial or glaciation) is an interval of time (thousands of years) within an ice age that is marked by colder temperatures and glacier advances. Interglacials, on the other hand, are periods of warmer climate between glacial periods. The Last Glacial Period ended about 15,000 years ago. The Holocene is the current interglacial. A time with no glaciers on Earth is considered a greenhouse climate state.
Hannah Kudjoe
Hannah Esi Badu Kudjoe (née Hannah Dadson; December 1918 – 9 March 1986) was a prominent activist for Ghanaian independence in the 1940s and 1950s. She was one of the first high-profile female nationalists in the movement, and was the National Propaganda Secretary for the Convention People's Party. She was a political activist during the government of Dr. Kwame Nkrumah. She was also an active philanthropist and worked to improve women's lives in Northern Ghana.
Hannah had the ability to bring people together. She was able to convince others to support and fight for independence. She helped Kwame Nkrumah in bringing people to join the CPP and support it.
She once helped the Big Six when they were arrested by bringing people together to call for their release by the colonial government.

Convention People's Party
The Convention People's Party (CPP) is a socialist political party in Ghana based on the ideas of the first President of Ghana, Kwame Nkrumah. The CPP was formed in June 1949 after Nkrumah broke away from the United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC).
Armored Car (film)
Armored Car is a 1937 American crime film directed by Lewis R. Foster and written by Lewis R. Foster and Robert N. Lee. The film stars Robert Wilcox, Judith Barrett, Cesar Romero, Irving Pichel, David Oliver and William Lundigan. The film was released on June 1, 1937, by Universal Pictures.

Cesar Romero
César Julio Romero Jr. (February 15, 1907 – January 1, 1994) was an American actor. He was active in film, radio, and television for almost 60 years. His wide range of screen roles included Latin lovers, historical figures in costume dramas, characters in light domestic comedies, and the Joker on the live-action Batman television series of the mid-1960s, who was included in TV Guide's 2013 list of the 60 nastiest villains of all time. Romero was the first actor to play the character.
Eduardo Magnín
Eduardo José Magnín (born February 17, 1969) is an Argentine former football defensive player, mostly remembered for being dismissed by the English referee Gary Willard only after the showing of three yellow cards during a European club match.

Gary Willard
Gary S. Willard (3 September 1959 – 20 May 2024) was an English football referee. He officiated in the Football League and the Premier League, and for FIFA. He came from Worthing in Sussex. He maintained an involvement in top-class football after retiring in 2000. His other occupation was as an officer for the Inland Revenue.
Cabourne
Cabourne is a hamlet and civil parish in the West Lindsey district of Lincolnshire, England. It is situated on the A46 road, and just over 1 mile (1.6 km) east from the town of Caistor. In 2021 the parish had a population of 81.

The parish church is a Grade II* listed building dedicated to Saint Nicholas. The tower dates from the 11th century, the rest of the church being 15th-century, with a restoration in 1872. During restoration a Norman font was unearthed below the floor. A late 11th- or 12th-century grave marker lies against the east wall of the chancel.

An 1830 Grade II listed octagonal pump house exists here.

Pelham's Pillar is a 128 ft high Grade II listed tower, dating from 1840 to 1849 by E. J. Willson. A plaque above the door commemorates Charles Anderson Pelham, Lord Yarborough who planted 12,532,700 trees in Cabourne High Wood between 1787 and 1828. The column was begun by Pelham's son in 1840, and completed by his grandson in 1849.

Caistor
Caistor is a town and civil parish in the West Lindsey district of Lincolnshire, England. As its name implies, it was originally a Roman castrum or fortress. It lies at the north-west edge of the Lincolnshire Wolds, on the Viking Way, and just off the A46 between Lincoln and Grimsby, at the A46, A1084, A1173 and B1225 junction. It has a population of 2,601. Its name comes from the Anglo-Saxon ceaster ("Roman camp" or "town") and was given in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Castre.
The People Could Fly: The Picture Book
The People Could Fly: The Picture Book is a 2004 picture book by Virginia Hamilton and illustrated by Leo and Diane Dillon. It is a reissue, by the Dillons, of Hamilton's title story of her 1985 book The People Could Fly: American Black Folktales and is about a group of African-American slaves who call upon old magic to escape their oppression by flying away.

The People Could Fly
The People Could Fly: American Black Folktales is a 1985 collection of twenty-four folktales retold by Virginia Hamilton and illustrated by Leo and Diane Dillon. They encompass animal tales (including tricksters), fairy tales, supernatural tales, and tales of the enslaved Africans (including slave narratives).
Lucien Golvin
Lucien Camille Golvin (18 July 1905 – 6 July 2002) was a French university professor and specialist in Maghreb art. Beginning his career in Tunisia in 1929, he went on to direct arts and crafts institutions and founded museums in Sfax, Oran, and Constantine. In Algeria, he collaborated with Georges Marçais on archaeological research at Kalâa of Béni Hammad and later became professor of Islamic art and archaeology at the Université d'Aix-Marseille (1962–1977). His career combined museum curation, field research, and academic teaching, shaping the study of Islamic and Maghreb art.

Constantine, Algeria
Constantine (Arabic: قسنطينة, romanized: Qusanṭīnah), also spelled Qacentina or Kasantina, is the capital of Constantine Province in northeastern Algeria. During Roman times it was called Cirta and was renamed "Constantina" in honour of Emperor Constantine the Great. Located somewhat inland, Constantine is about 80 kilometres (50 miles) from the Mediterranean coast, on the banks of the Rhumel River.

Constantine is regarded as the capital of eastern Algeria and the commercial centre of its region and has a population of about 450,000 (938,475 with the agglomeration), making it the third largest city in the country after Algiers and Oran. There are several museums and historical sites located around the city. Constantine is often referred to as the "City of Bridges" because of the numerous picturesque bridges connecting the various hills, valleys, and ravines that the city is built on and around.

Constantine was named the Arab Capital of Culture in 2015.
2011–12 Dumbarton F.C. season
The 2011–12 season was Dumbarton's third consecutive season in the Scottish Second Division, having been promoted from the Scottish Third Division at the end of the 2008–09 season. Dumbarton also competed in the Challenge Cup, League Cup and Scottish Cup.

2011–12 Scottish Challenge Cup
The 2011–12 Scottish Challenge Cup, known as the Ramsdens Challenge Cup due to sponsorship reasons with Ramsdens, was the 21st season of the competition. It was competed for by 32 clubs, which included the 30 members of the Scottish Football League, and for the first time the top two clubs of the Highland Football League.

The defending champions were Ross County, who defeated Queen of the South in the 2010 final but were knocked out in the first round by Third Division side Elgin City. The tournament winners were Falkirk, who defeated Hamilton Academical in the final with Darren Dods scoring the only goal of the match in the 2nd minute.
William Merrifield
William Merrifield VC, MM (9 October 1890 – 8 August 1943) was an English-born Canadian recipient of the Victoria Cross (VC), the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. A soldier with Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War, he was awarded the VC for his actions on 1 October 1918, during the Battle of the Canal du Nord. Earlier in the war he had been awarded the Military Medal.

Canadian Expeditionary Force
The Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF; French: Corps expéditionnaire canadien) was the expeditionary field force of Canada during the First World War. It was formed on August 15, 1914, following Britain’s declaration of war on the German Empire, with an initial strength of one infantry division. The division subsequently fought at Ypres on the Western Front, with a newly raised second division reinforcing the committed units to form the Canadian Corps. The CEF and corps was eventually expanded to four infantry divisions, which were all committed to the fighting in France and Belgium along the Western Front. A fifth division was partially raised in 1917, but was broken up in 1918 and used as reinforcements following heavy casualties.
Powis Street
Powis Street is a partly pedestrianised shopping street in Woolwich in the Royal Borough of Greenwich, south-east London, England. It was laid out in the late 18th century and was named after the Powis brothers, who developed most of the land in this part of the town. The street has been rebuilt several times but has retained some notable examples of late-Victorian and Art Deco architecture. Since 2019 the street is part of a conservation area.

Conservation area (United Kingdom)
In the United Kingdom, the term conservation area almost always applies to an area (usually urban or the core of a village) of special architectural or historic interest, the character of which is considered worthy of preservation or enhancement. It creates a precautionary approach to the loss or alteration of buildings and trees, thus it has some of the legislative and policy characteristics of listed buildings and tree preservation orders. The concept was introduced in 1967, and by 2017 almost 9,800 had been designated in England.

As of 2019, 2.2% of England making up 2,938 km2 (1,134 sq mi) is a conservation area, 59% of which are rural, and 41% are in urban areas.
Jamshed Bhabha Theatre
The Jamshed Bhabha Theatre is a 1109-seater theatre inaugurated on 24 November 1999 within The National Centre for the Performing Arts premises in Mumbai, India. It was constructed on reclaimed land at Nariman Point, but a fire in December 1997 destroyed the nearly completed structure, prompting a full rebuild completed in two years. The theatre has since become one of India's premier large-format performance venues, hosting landmark productions such as Mughal‑e‑Azam (2016) and The Mirror Crack'd (2019). It features a 1,109-seat proscenium-style auditorium with finely tuned acoustics by Cyril Harris, designed to function without electronic amplification. A 100-year-old Carrara marble staircase from the demolished Petit Hall in Malabar Hill, whcich was donated by Petit family.

Nariman Point
Nariman Point is a prominent downtown area of Mumbai in Maharashtra, India. Located on the southern tip of the Mumbai peninsula, at the end of the Mumbai's Marine Drive, Nariman Point houses some of India's prestigious business headquarters. Because of this, it is seen as the business district of Mumbai.

It is bordered by Churchgate in North, Arabian Sea on West and South, by Colaba on East side. It is one of the tourist attractions of Mumbai due to its skyline, Arabian sea view, Marine drive and lots of luxury 5 star hotels, restaurants.
1869 Town of New Plymouth by-election
The 1869 Town of New Plymouth by-election was a by-election held  on 28 April 1869 in the Town of New Plymouth electorate during the 4th New Zealand Parliament.

The by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent, Harry Atkinson on 18 March 1869.

He was replaced by Thomas Kelly.

This by-election required a poll, unlike previous by-elections in the Town of New Plymouth (1862 by-election, 1863 by-election, 1864 by-election, 1865 by-election and 1867 by-election) when the sole candidate was unopposed and was declared the winner without a show of hands or poll.

Frederic Carrington, who came second, was described as the Father of New Plymouth.

After the returning officer had declared the result of the poll, the candidate Mr Upjohn asked if he could have the names of the 15 people who voted for him; the returning officer said he would have to ask for permission from the Government.

1864 Town of New Plymouth by-election
The 1864 Town of New Plymouth by-election was a by-election held  on 18 November 1864 in the Town of New Plymouth electorate during the 3rd New Zealand Parliament.

The by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent, Henry Hanson Turton on 21 October 1864.

He was replaced by Charles Brown.  Brown was the only nomination, so was declared elected unopposed.
Bruni Löbel
Bruni Löbel (born Brunhilde Melitta Löbel; 20 December 1920 – 27 September 2006) was a German stage, film and television actress. She was married to the composer Gerhard Bronner and the actor Holger Hagen. Löbel appeared in a number of television serials, including Timm Thaler, Storm of Love and Forsthaus Falkenau.

Storm of Love
Sturm der Liebe (pronounced [ˌʃtʊɐ̯m deːɐ̯ ˈliːbə], lit. "Storm of Love") is a German television soap opera created by Bea Schmidt for Das Erste. It premiered on 26 September 2005. It airs 50-minute episodes on weekdays (Monday through Friday) at 15:10. It was announced in May 2024 that Sturm der Liebe has been renewed until 2027 and that its runtime will be shortened to 25 minutes starting in 2025. In July 2024, it was announced the programme's running time would remain 50 minutes.
Sigma Delta Pi (fraternity)
Sigma Delta Pi (S.D.P.), also called Vitruvian, was an American college fraternity. It was established in 1858 at the Chandler Scientific School of Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire. It established three chapters before going inactive when the founding chapter joined Beta Theta Pi in 1889.

Hanover, New Hampshire
Hanover is a town located along the Connecticut River in Grafton County, New Hampshire, United States. As of the 2020 census, its population was 11,870. The town is home to the Ivy League university  Dartmouth College, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, and Hanover High School. The Appalachian Trail crosses the town, connecting with a number of trails and nature preserves.

Most of the population resides in the Hanover census-designated place (CDP)—the main village of the town. Located at the junctions of New Hampshire routes 10, 10A, and 120, the Hanover CDP recorded a population of 9,078 people at the 2020 census. The town is part of the Lebanon–Claremont micropolitan area and also contains the smaller villages of Etna and Hanover Center.
2014 Men's Hockey Investec Cup
The 2014 Men's Hockey Investec Cup was a men's field hockey tournament held at the Lee Valley Hockey and Tennis Centre. It took place between 9–13 July 2014 in London, England. A total of four teams competed for the title.

England won the tournament by defeating Ireland 4–2 in a penalty shoot-out following a 2–2 draw in the final. South Africa won the bronze medal by defeating Scotland 3–0 in the third and fourth playoff.

Scotland men's national field hockey team
The Scotland men's national field hockey team represents Scotland in men's international field hockey competitions, with the exception of the Olympic Games when Scottish players are eligible to play for the Great Britain men's national field hockey team. Prior to the formation of the Great Britain team in 1920, Scotland competed at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London, sharing the bronze medal with Wales.
Good Vibes (Philippine TV series)
Good Vibes is a 2011 Philippine teen dance musical drama anthology series broadcast by ABS-CBN. Directed by Theodore Boborol, Laurenti M. Dyogi and Nico Hernandez, it stars Sam Concepcion, Enrique Gil, Arron Villaflor, James Reid, Devon Seron, Ivan Dorschner, Yen Santos, Kazel Kinouchi, Coleen Garcia, Linn Oeymo, Heidi Reigo and Chikara Nawa. It aired on the network's Yes Weekend line up from April 3 to August 28, 2011 replacing Your Song and was replaced by Growing Up.

Arron Villaflor
Arron Lumba Villaflor (born July 5, 1990) is a Filipino actor, rapper, dancer, prayer leader and politician. He started his career in Philippines' showbiz industry in the second season of Star Circle Quest where he finished as the runner-up. He is currently managed by Cornerstone Entertainment and Viva Artist Agency.