hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Raffelstetten customs regulations
Raffelstetten customs regulations (Latin: Inquisitio de theloneis Raffelstettensis, literally: "Inquiry of the Raffelstetten Tolls") is a rare example of a legal regulation of customs in Early Medieval Europe, the text of which has been preserved until modern times. The regulation is only known from a single copy, a manuscript dated to the 1250s, which was preserved in a church at Passau. The critical edition of the manuscript was published in the Monumenta Germaniae Historica in 1897 by Alfred Boretius and Victor Krause. The incipit reads: "Noverit omnium fidelium orthodoxorum...".

Passau
Passau (German: [ˈpasaʊ] ⓘ; Central Bavarian: Båssa(u)) is a city in Lower Bavaria, Germany. It is also known as the Dreiflüssestadt ("City of Three Rivers"), as the river Danube is joined by the Inn from the south and the Ilz from the north.

Passau's population is about 50,000, of whom about 12,000 are students at the University of Passau, renowned in Germany for its institutes of economics, law, theology, computer science and cultural studies.
Berlin glass amphora from Olbia
The Berlin glass amphora from Olbia (German: Berliner Glasamphora aus Olbia) is a Hellenistic glass vessel in the shape of an amphora, which is now kept in the Antikensammlung Berlin. Presumably the glass amphora was commissioned by a rich citizen of the city of Olbia, where it was later found, in the second half of the second century. The uniquely shaped vessel was donated to the collection, with some other glass vessels, by Friedrich Ludwig von Gans in 1912 and is now displayed in the Altes Museum with the inventory number 30219, 254. It is, to date, the largest known piece of its kind - and one of the best preserved.

Altes Museum
The Altes Museum (English: Old Museum) is a listed building on the Museum Island in the historic centre of Berlin, Germany. Built between 1825 and 1830 by order of King Frederick William III of Prussia according to plans by Karl Friedrich Schinkel, it is considered a major work of German Neoclassical architecture. It is surrounded by the Berlin Cathedral to the east, the Berlin Palace to the south and the Zeughaus to the west. Currently, the Altes Museum houses the Antikensammlung and parts of the Münzkabinett. As part of the Museum Island complex, the Altes Museum was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1999, in recognition of its testimony to the development of the museum as a social and architectural phenomenon.
Edo Murtić
Edo Murtić (4 May 1921 – 2 January 2005) was a Croatian painter, best known for his lyrical abstraction and abstract expressionism style. He worked in a variety of media, including oil painting, gouache, graphic design, ceramics, mosaics, murals and theatrical set design. Murtić travelled and exhibited extensively in Europe and North America, gaining international recognition for his work, which can be found in museums, galleries and private collections worldwide. He was one of the founders of the group "March" (Mart) in 1956, and received many international awards. In 1958 Murtić participated in the three biggest events in the world of contemporary art: the Venice Biennale, the Carnegie Prize in Pittsburgh, and Documenta in Kassel. Interest in the art of Edo Murtić continues to grow, with retrospective exhibits in major museums.

Murtić was a member of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, and a member of the Croatian Helsinki Committee for Human Rights.

Helsinki Committee for Human Rights
Helsinki Committees for Human Rights exist in many European countries (and in the wider OSCE region) as volunteer, non-profit organizations devoted to the protection of human rights. Presumably named after the Helsinki Accords, they were formerly organized into the International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights (IHF), based in Vienna.
Parexocoetus mento
Parexocoetus mento; also known as the African sailfin flying fish, Cuvier's flying fish, the yellow belly flying fish or the short-winged flying fish; is a species of flying fish from the family Exocoetidae which is found in the Indo-pacific region and which has colonised the eastern Mediterranean.

Flying fish
The Exocoetidae are a family of saltwater ray-finned fish in the order Beloniformes, known colloquially as flying fish or flying cod, with about 64 species in seven genera. While they do not "fly" in the same way a bird does, flying fish can make powerful leaps out of the water where their long, wing-like paired fins act as aerofoils to generate lift and enable prolonged gliding for considerable distances above the water surface. The main reason for this behavior is thought to be to escape from underwater predators, which include swordfish, mackerel, tuna, and marlin, among others, though their periods of flight expose them to attack by aerial predators such as frigatebirds.

Barbados is known as "the land of the flying fish" and the fish is one of the national symbols of the country. The French Exocet anti-ship missile is also named after them, as the missile can be launched from underwater, and take a low, sea-skimming trajectory before striking the targets.
Gavroche
Gavroche (French pronunciation: [ɡavʁɔʃ]) is a fictional character in the 1862 novel Les Misérables by Victor Hugo. He is a boy who lives on the streets of Paris. His name has become a synonym for an urchin or street child. Gavroche plays a short yet significant role in the many adaptations of Les Misérables, sharing the populist ideology of the Friends of the ABC and joining the revolutionaries in the June 1832 rebellion. He figures in the 3rd, 4th, and 5th parts of the novel.

Patron-Minette
Patron-Minette was the name given to a street gang in Victor Hugo's 1862 novel Les Misérables and the musical of the same name. The gang consisted of four criminals:  Montparnasse, Claquesous, Babet, and Gueulemer/Brujon. They were well acquainted with the Thénardiers, who recruited them to assist in robbing Jean Valjean.

Hugo explains that the name "Patron-Minette" is an old-fashioned slang expression for the early dawn, "the hour at which their work ended, the dawn being the vanishing moment for phantoms and for the separation of ruffians".
Srinisha Jayaseelan
Srinisha Jayaseelan (born 26 September 1999) is an Indian playback singer. In 2009-2010, she participated in the reality show Airtel Super Singer Junior 2 as a contestant, which was telecasted on Star Vijay. She made her debut as a playback singer in the movie Amma Kanakku under the music composition of Ilaiyaraaja in 2016, and participated in the reality show Super Singer Champion of Champions.

Amma Kanakku
Amma Kanakku (transl. Mother's calculations) is a 2016 Indian Tamil language comedy drama film written and directed by Ashwiny Iyer Tiwari and produced by both Anand L. Rai and Dhanush. A remake of the director's Hindi film Nil Battey Sannata (2015), the film stars Amala Paul, Revathi, Yuva Lakshmi, and Samuthirakani in the lead roles. Principal photography of the film commenced on 7 January 2016 and wrapped in late February 2016. The film was released on 24 June 2016.
2002 Minnesota Attorney General election
The 2002 Minnesota Attorney General election was held on Tuesday, November 5, 2002, to elect the Minnesota Attorney General for a four-year term. Incumbent DFL Attorney General Mike Hatch ran for reelection and won. The election marked the ninth attorney general race in a row won by the DFL since 1970.

Mike Hatch
Michael Alan Hatch (born November 12, 1948) is an American politician and lawyer. He was the Attorney General of Minnesota from 1999 to 2007, commissioner of the Minnesota Department of Commerce from 1983 to 1989, and chair of the Minnesota DFL Party from 1980 to 1983.
Blind Adventure
Blind Adventure is a 1933 American Pre-Code mystery film directed by Ernest B. Schoedsack and starring Robert Armstrong, Helen Mack,  Ralph Bellamy, and Roland Young.  It was released by RKO Radio Pictures.

Robert Armstrong (actor)
Robert William Armstrong (November 20, 1890 – April 20, 1973) was an American film and television actor noted for playing Carl Denham in the 1933 version of King Kong by RKO Pictures. He delivered the film's famous final line: "It wasn't the airplanes. It was Beauty killed the Beast."
Champions (GOOD Music song)
"Champions" is a song by American rappers Kanye West, Gucci Mane, Big Sean, 2 Chainz, Travis Scott, Yo Gotti, Quavo, and Desiigner. It was originally intended to be released as the lead single from the scrapped GOOD Music compilation album Cruel Winter. The song was produced by West alongside Low Pros and Mike Dean, with co-production from Derek Watkins and Charlie Heat, and additional production from Noah Goldstein. A freestyle video was released by Teyana Taylor in September 2016.

Noah Goldstein
Noah Goldstein is an American record producer, songwriter, audio engineer, publisher and film composer. He is known for his work with artists  Frank Ocean, Jay-Z, Rosalía, Kanye West, and FKA Twigs.  He has produced, written, and engineered on albums including Lux, My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy, Motomami, Yeezus, The Life of Pablo, Blonde, Magdalene, Watch the Throne and many others.  He has won multiple Grammy awards for his work.
2021 Lansing mayoral election
The 2021 Lansing mayoral election was held on November 2, 2021, following a primary election on August 3, 2021. Incumbent Mayor Andy Schor ran for re-election to a second term. Schor originally faced a challenge from former Mayor Virgil Bernero, but following allegations of sexual harassment against Bernero, he dropped out of the race. Instead, Schor was challenged by two members of the City Council: Kathie Dunbar and Patricia Spitzley. Schor placed first in the primary election with 49 percent of the vote and advanced to the general election against Dunbar, who received 20 percent. Schor ended up defeating Dunbar by a wide margin, winning re-election 64–36 percent.

Andy Schor
Andy Schor (born March 20, 1975) is an American politician currently serving as the 52nd mayor of Lansing, Michigan. A member of the Democratic Party, Schor was previously a member of the Ingham County Board of Commissioners. He also represented the 68th district in the Michigan House of Representatives, which includes most of the City of Lansing and all of Lansing Township. Schor is the first Jewish mayor of Lansing.
Russian destroyer Emir Bukharsky
Emir Bukharsky (Russian: Эмир Бухарский) was the lead ship of her class of four destroyers built for the Imperial Russian Navy during the first decade of the 20th century. Completed in 1905, she served in the Baltic Fleet and participated in the First World War.

Emir Bukharsky-class destroyer
The Emir Bukharsky class (Russian: Эмир Бухарский) consisted of four destroyers built for the Imperial Russian Navy during the first decade of the 20th century. They served in the Baltic Fleet and participated in the First World War.
Ciarán Kelly (footballer, born 1998)
Ciarán Kelly (born 4 July 1998) is an Irish professional footballer who plays for EFL League One club Bradford City. He previously played for St Patrick's Athletic, the club where he started his professional career. He has also spent one season at Drogheda United as well as three seasons with Bohemians, where he was loaned out to NIFL Premiership side Ballymena United for 6 months.

NIFL Premiership
The NIFL Premiership, known as the Sports Direct Premiership for sponsorship purposes but most commonly called the Irish League and sometimes the Irish Premiership, is a professional association football league which operates as the highest division of the Northern Ireland Football League. The NIFL Premiership was established as the IFA Premiership in 2008 under the auspices of the Irish Football Association as the successor to the Irish Premier League, before the Northern Ireland Football League was created for the start of the 2013–14 season. At the end of the season, the champion club is presented with the Gibson Cup.

Linfield are the current champions, winning their 56th Irish League title in the 2024–25 season.
Crisfield Crabbers
The Crisfield Crabbers were a minor league baseball team based in Crisfield, Maryland. The Crisfield Crabbers teams played as exclusively as members of the Class D level Eastern Shore League from 1922 to 1928 and in 1937, winning the 1926 league championship. Crisfield hosted home minor league games at the Crisfield Ball Park and their final season at Clarke Park. The 1937 Crisfield Crabbers were a minor league affiliate of the New York Giants.

Cambridge Dodgers
The Cambridge Dodgers were a "Class D" Minor League Baseball team, based in Cambridge, Maryland that played in the Eastern Shore League from 1946 to 1949 as an affiliate of the Brooklyn Dodgers. Before World War II, they were an affiliate of the St. Louis Cardinals from 1937 to 1941 as the Cambridge Cardinals. A previous version of the team, the Cambridge Canners, played from 1922 to 1928.

Don Zimmer's first pro team were the 1949 Cambridge Dodgers; he remained in a baseball uniform until his death in 2014, most recently as a senior advisor to the Tampa Bay Rays. (Zimmer's teammate in Cambridge, Joe Pignatano, also played in the major leagues and was a coach for many years thereafter.)
Joseph C. McConnell
Joseph Christopher McConnell Jr. (30 January 1922 – 25 August 1954) was a United States Air Force fighter pilot who was the top American flying ace during the Korean War. A native of Dover, New Hampshire, Captain McConnell was credited with shooting down 16 MiG-15s while flying North American F-86 Sabres. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross,  Silver Star, and the Distinguished Flying Cross for his actions in aerial combat. McConnell was the first American triple jet-on-jet fighter ace and is still the top-scoring American jet ace.

Dover, New Hampshire
Dover is a city in Strafford County, New Hampshire, United States. The population was 32,741 at the 2020 census, making it the most populous city in the New Hampshire Seacoast region and the fifth most populous city in New Hampshire.

It is the county seat of Strafford County, and home to Wentworth-Douglass Hospital, the Woodman Institute Museum, and the Children's Museum of New Hampshire.
Záh (gens)
Záh (Zaah or Zách)  was the name of a gens (Latin for "clan"; nemzetség in Hungarian) in the Kingdom of Hungary. The clan was one of the 108 gentes during the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin and located in Nógrád County along with the Kacsics, Kartal, Kökényesradnót and Tomaj clans.

The gens provided several high dignitaries in the era of Árpáds, including Nicholas, son of Borsa who served as ispán (Count; comes) of Sopron County between 1221 and 1233. Conrad, son of Albős (c. 1240–1269) was ispán of Győr County and chief cellarer for the Queen. Job functioned as bishop of Pécs from 1252 until c. 1282 and ispán of Moson County since 1272. He was the uncle of Felician Záh.

The clan divided into two branches: the first one had estates in Transdanubia, Tolna, Somogy and Baranya Counties. The second one remained landowner in Nógrád County. Felician belonged to the Nógrád branch. He was a supporter of Matthew Csák.

Diocese of Pécs
The Diocese of Pécs (Hungarian: Pécsi Egyházmegye, Latin: Dioecesis Quinque Ecclesiensis) is a Latin Church diocese of the Catholic church in Hungary. The Cathedral of Pécs is dedicated to Saint Peter and Saint Paul.
Bahadoor
Padiyath Kochumoideen Kunjalu (1930 – 22 May 2000), better known by his stage name Bahadoor, was an Indian actor who appeared in Malayalam films, primarily in comedic roles. He and Adoor Bhasi were the two major comedians in Malayalam cinema in the 1960s and 1970s. Bahadoor also appeared in character roles and in professional plays.

Bahadoor won three Kerala State Film Awards, including two Second Best Actor and a Best Comedian.

Kerala State Film Awards
The Kerala State Film Awards  are the film awards for a motion picture made in Kerala. The awards were begun in 1969 by the Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala and since 1998 the awards have been bestowed by Kerala State Chalachitra Academy on behalf of the Department of Cultural Affairs.

The awardees are decided by an independent jury formed by the academy and the Department of Cultural Affairs, Kerala. The jury usually consists of eminent personalities from the film field. For the awards for literature on cinema a separate jury is formed. The academy annually invites films for the award and the jury analyses the films that are submitted before deciding the winners. The awards intend to promote films with artistic values and encourage artists, technicians and producers. The awards are declared by the Minister for Cultural Affairs and are presented by the Chief Minister of Kerala.
John Mystikos
John Mystikos (Greek: Ἰωάννης ὁ Μυστικός; fl. ca. 924–946) was a Byzantine official, who served as the chief minister (paradynasteuon) of the empire in the early reign of Romanos I Lekapenos. After being suspected of designs on the throne, he was deposed and sent to exile in a monastery. He eventually recovered a place at court, leading a three-year mission abroad in the 930s, and apparently regained his former high position with the rise of Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos to sole rule in 945. He is last mentioned as leading an embassy to Muhammad ibn Tughj al-Ikhshid in 946.

Paradynasteuon
The paradynasteuōn (Greek: παραδυναστεύων, "the one who rules beside") was a term used, especially in the Byzantine Empire, to designate a ruler's favorite, often raised to the position of chief minister. Probably deriving from Thucydides, it was used in the later Roman Empire for people with great authority. It was not an official title or position, but the term was extensively used by chroniclers such as Theophanes the Confessor or Theophanes Continuatus to designate an emperor's closest aide and chief minister. It gained greater currency during the Komnenian period and continued to be used by historians of the Palaiologan period, although the more technical term of mesazōn ("mediator"), which eventually came to correspond to an actual office, had largely replaced it.
Cannabis in Saskatchewan
Cannabis in Saskatchewan became legal when the national Cannabis Act went into force on 17 October 2018.

Cannabis in Canada has been legal for medicinal purposes since 2001 under conditions outlined in the Marihuana for Medical Purposes Regulations, later superseded by the Access to Cannabis for Medical Purposes Regulations, issued by Health Canada and seed, grain, and fibre production was permitted under licence by Health Canada.

The federal Cannabis Act, legalizing cannabis for recreational use, came into effect on 17 October 2018. Each province and territory set its own laws for various aspects, such as the legal age, whether householders can grow cannabis and the method of retail sales.

Cannabis Act (Canada)
The Cannabis Act (French: Loi sur le cannabis, also known as Bill C-45) is a law which legalized recreational cannabis use in Canada in combination with its companion legislation Bill C-46, An Act to Amend the Criminal Code. The law is a milestone in the legal history of cannabis in Canada, alongside the 1923 prohibition.

The bill was passed by the House of Commons in late November 2017, and in the Senate on June 7, 2018, and the House accepted some Senate amendments and sent the bill back to the Senate on June 18. The Senate then passed the final version of the bill on June 19, and it received Royal Assent on June 21. Canada is the second country in the world to legalize recreational cannabis nationwide after Uruguay.
Paul Scott (cricketer)
Stephen Paul Scott (born 18 February 1962) is an English former cricketer. Scott was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born in Newcastle upon Tyne, Northumberland and later studied at the University of Manchester.

Scott made his debut for Northumberland in the 1986 Minor Counties Championship against Hertfordshire. Scott played Minor counties cricket for Northumberland from 1986 to 1988, which included 9 Minor Counties Championship appearances and 2 MCCA Knockout Trophy matches. He made his List A debut against Essex in the 1986 NatWest Trophy. In this match, he took wickets of Chris Gladwin and Keith Pont for the cost of 55 runs from 12 overs. In the Northumberland innings, he wasn't required to bat. He made a further List A appearance, again against Essex, in the 1987 NatWest Trophy. He bowled 5 wicket-less overs in this match, while with the ended Northumberland's innings unbeaten on 0.

Keith Pont
Keith Rupert Pont (born 16 January 1953) is a former first-class cricketer who played for Essex from 1970 to 1986. He was born at Wanstead in London.

A 6-foot 2 inch seam bowling all rounder, he scored 6558 runs in 198 first-class games, with a best of 125* against Glamorgan among his 7 centuries, and took 96 wickets with a best of 5 for 17. He scored another 2894 runs and claimed 146 wickets in 249 one-day games.  His brother, Ian Pont, also played for the county.  He went on to become director of development at the England and Wales Cricket Board until 2005, and has since worked in sports goods marketing.
Willoughby on the Wolds
Willoughby on the Wolds is a small village in Nottinghamshire, England, on the border with Leicestershire. Its nearest neighbouring villages are Wysall, Widmerpool, Wymeswold and Keyworth, with the nearest towns and cities being Loughborough, Melton Mowbray, Nottingham and Leicester. According to the 2001 census it had a population of 484, increasing to 572 at the 2011 census, and 583 at the 2021 census.

The village has its own parish council and comes within the jurisdiction of the Nottinghamshire County Council. The area postcode for the village, however, is in Leicestershire (LE12).

The village is the approximate location of the minor civil war battle of Willoughby Field which took place in July 1648. It is also closely linked with the Roman encampment of Vernometum on the Fosse way which runs only a few hundred yards from the village.

Widmerpool
Widmerpool is a village and civil parish in Nottinghamshire, about 10 miles south-south-east of Nottingham and some 7.5 miles north-east of Loughborough. It is one of Nottinghamshire's oldest settlements and is just over a mile west of the A46 (the Fosse Way). Extensive dual carriageway road works along the A46 have now been completed. At the time of the 2001 census it had a population of 262, increasing to 339 at the 2011 census, and falling slightly to 327 residents at the 2021 census. Until the 1960s there had not been any building in the village for 100 years.

Widmerpool is also the surname of a disreputable character in Anthony Powell's twelve-volume sequence of novels A Dance to the Music of Time. The connexion between the village and the character can be explored at Kenneth Widmerpool.
Spectral theory
In mathematics, spectral theory is an inclusive term for theories extending the eigenvector and eigenvalue theory of a single square matrix to a much broader theory of the structure of operators in a variety of mathematical spaces. It is a result of studies of linear algebra and the solutions of systems of linear equations and their generalizations. The theory is connected to that of analytic functions because the spectral properties of an operator are related to analytic functions of the spectral parameter.

Decomposition of spectrum (functional analysis)
The spectrum of a linear operator  that operates on a Banach space  is a fundamental concept of functional analysis. The spectrum consists of all scalars  such that the operator  does not have a bounded inverse on .  The spectrum has a standard decomposition into three parts:

a point spectrum, consisting of the eigenvalues of ;

a continuous spectrum, consisting of the scalars that are not eigenvalues but make the range of  a proper dense subset of the space;

a residual spectrum, consisting of all other scalars in the spectrum.

This decomposition is relevant to the study of differential equations, and has applications to many branches of science and engineering. A well-known example from quantum mechanics is the explanation for the discrete spectral lines and the continuous band in the light emitted by excited atoms of hydrogen.