hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Robert White (judge)
Robert White (March 29, 1759 – March 9, 1831) was a distinguished early American military officer, lawyer, judge, and politician in the U.S. state of Virginia.

White represented Frederick County in the Virginia House of Delegates (1789–1792) and served as a judge of the General Court of Virginia (1793–1831). Prior to his political and law careers, White served in the Virginia militia and Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War.

White was the grandson of Virginia pioneer settler and physician Dr. Robert White (1688–1752) and thus a member of the prominent White political family of Virginia and West Virginia. He was the nephew of United States House Representative Alexander White (1738–1804) and the brother of United States House Representative Francis White (1761–1826).

Virginian militia
The Virginia militia is an armed force composed of all citizens of the Commonwealth of Virginia capable of bearing arms.  The Virginia militia was established in 1607 as part of the English militia system. Militia service in Virginia was compulsory for all free males. The main purpose of the Crown's militia was to repel invasions and insurrections and to enforce the laws of the colony.
Combs method
The Combs method is a rule base reduction method of writing fuzzy logic rules described by William E. Combs in 1997. It is designed to prevent combinatorial explosion in fuzzy logic rules.

The Combs method takes advantage of the logical equality .

Combinatorial explosion
In mathematics, a combinatorial explosion is the rapid growth of the complexity of a problem due to the way its combinatorics depends on input, constraints and bounds. Combinatorial explosion is sometimes used to justify the intractability of certain problems. Examples of such problems include certain mathematical functions, the analysis of some puzzles and games, and some pathological examples which can be modelled as the Ackermann function.
TIM San Marino
TIM San Marino S.p.A. (originally Intelcom S.p.A. and later Telecom Italia San Marino S.p.A.) is a Sammarinese telecommunications company, subsidiary of TIM S.p.A., mainly focused on VoIP services and other telephony services primarily targeted to ethnic and immigrant populations.

It offer also fixed and mobile telephony services, Internet access, and is also the official Domain Name Registry for .sm, the top-level domain of San Marino.

Founded in 1992, it offers its customers a continuous service without additional costs also in Italy. In fact, the operator uses the Italian numbering to offer an offer specifically designed for the Sammarinese market, although based on the international prefix +39 for Italy.

Service (economics)
A service is an act or use for which a consumer, company, or government is willing to pay. Examples include work done by barbers, doctors, lawyers, accountants, mechanics, banks, finance, insurance companies, and so on. Public services are those that society (nation state, fiscal union or region) as a whole pays for, such as hospitals,  elementary schools, or libraries. Using resources, skill, ingenuity, and experience, service providers give benefit to service consumers. Services may be defined as intangible acts or performances whereby the service provider provides value to the customer.
Rick Lynch
Rick Lynch (born 1955) is a retired United States Army officer. A 1977 graduate of the United States Military Academy at West Point, he served from 1977 until retiring in 2012. He attained the rank of lieutenant general, and his command assignments included: 1st Battalion, 8th Cavalry Regiment; 1st Brigade, 4th Infantry Division; 3rd Infantry Division; III Armored Corps; and United States Army Installation Management Command. He is a veteran of the Iraq War, and his awards include the two awards of the Army Distinguished Service Medal, two awards of the Defense Superior Service Medal, two awards of the Legion of Merit, two awards of the Bronze Star Medal, the Defense Meritorious Service Medal, the Joint Service Commendation Medal, and two awards of the Army Achievement Medal.

Defense Meritorious Service Medal
The Defense Meritorious Service Medal (DMSM) is an award bestowed upon members of the United States military by the United States Department of Defense. In the order of precedence of the United States Armed Forces, it is worn between the Purple Heart and the Meritorious Service Medal. The medal is awarded in the name of the Secretary of Defense to members of the Armed Forces who, while serving in a joint activity, distinguish themselves by meritorious service, but not of a degree to warrant award of the Defense Superior Service Medal.

The medal is not the same as the Meritorious Service Medal, which is a separate federal military decoration. Both have virtually identical award criteria, but the DMSM is awarded to service members assigned to joint, multi-service organizations, while the MSM is awarded to service members in traditional military units within their respective individual services.
Apex graph
In graph theory, a branch of mathematics, an apex graph is a graph that can be made planar by the removal of a single vertex. The deleted vertex is called an apex of the graph. It is an apex, not the apex because an apex graph may have more than one apex; for example, in the minimal nonplanar graphs K5 or K3,3, every vertex is an apex. The apex graphs include graphs that are themselves planar, in which case again every vertex is an apex. The null graph is also counted as an apex graph even though it has no vertex to remove.

Apex graphs are closed under the operation of taking minors and play a role in several other aspects of graph minor theory: linkless embedding, Hadwiger's conjecture, YΔY-reducible graphs, and relations between treewidth and graph diameter.

Closure (mathematics)
In mathematics, a subset of a larger set is closed under a given operation on the larger set if performing that operation on members of the subset always produces a member of that subset. For example, the natural numbers are closed under addition, but not under subtraction: 1 − 2 is not a natural number, although both 1 and 2 are.

Similarly, a subset is said to be closed under a collection of operations if it is closed under each of the operations individually.

The closure of a subset is the result of a closure operator applied to the subset. The closure of a subset under some operations is the smallest superset that is closed under these operations. It is often called the span (for example linear span) or the generated set.
Hamiet Bluiett
Hamiet Bluiett (BLUE-et; September 16, 1940 – October 4, 2018) was an American jazz saxophonist, clarinetist, and composer. His primary instrument was the baritone saxophone, and he was considered one of the finest players of this instrument. A member of the World Saxophone Quartet, he also played (and recorded with) the bass saxophone, E-flat alto clarinet, E-flat contra-alto clarinet, and wooden flute.

Sam Rivers (jazz musician)
Samuel Carthorne Rivers (September 25, 1923 – December 26, 2011) was an American jazz musician and composer. Though most famously a tenor saxophonist, he also performed on soprano saxophone, bass clarinet, flute, harmonica, piano and viola.

Active in jazz since the early 1950s, he earned wider attention during the mid-1960s spread of free jazz. With a thorough command of music theory, orchestration and composition, Rivers was an influential and prominent artist in jazz music.
Stăruința Oradea
Stăruinţa Oradea (Hungarian: Nagyváradi Törekvés; English: Perseverance) was a Romanian football club from Oradea. They reached the final round of the Romanian football championship five times in the 1920s.

Stăruinţa Oradea was founded in Austria-Hungary in 1912, and originally competed in the Hungarian national championship. The team reached in 1922 for the first time as the winner of the Oradea Region finals to the Romanian football championship. There, the club was eliminated by eventual runners-up Victoria Cluj in a replay part of quarterfinals.

Their main rival was CA Oradea, a team with more performances then Stăruinţa Oradea.
Stăruinţa reached the final again in 1926. There, the club initially played against Olimpia Satu Mare, but then played to the dominant Romanian club of that time Chinezul Timişoara who beat them. Between 1928 and 1930, Stăruinţa dominated the regional championship and always reached the finals.

FC Victoria Cluj
ACS Supporter 2.0, but mostly known as Fotbal Club Victoria Cluj (due to Victoria Cluj brand legal own), also known as Victoria Cluj or simply as Victoria, was a Romanian amateur football club based in Cluj-Napoca, Cluj County, Romania, founded in 1920, dissolved in 1947, refounded in 2019, just to be dissolved again in 2022.
Bocas del Toro Archipelago
The Bocas del Toro Archipelago is a group of tropical islands in the Caribbean Sea in the north-west of Panama, within the province of Bocas del Toro, with a biodiverse ecosystem of coral reefs, mangrove and seagrass meadows.

Solarte Island
Solarte Island (in Spanish: Isla Solarte), also known as Nancy's Cay, (in Spanish: Cayo Nancy) is an 8 km2 island located only 1 mile east of Bocas del Toro, in the  Bocas del Toro Province, Panama. The two hundred Ngöbe Buglé fishing community lives on the island without electricity or telephone system, capturing water from a well.

A medical facility, later known as Hospital Point (in Spanish: Punta Hospital), was built upon a hill on the western end of the island by the United Fruit Company for treatment of patients with yellow fever and malaria in 1899 but it was decommissioned and moved to Almirante in 1920.
Undercover High School
Undercover High School (Korean: 언더커버 하이스쿨) is a 2025 South Korean action comedy spy television series written by Im Young-bin, directed by Choi Jung-in, and starring Seo Kang-joon, Jin Ki-joo, and Kim Shin-rok. The series depicts a man who is an NIS agent goes undercover as a high school student. It aired on MBC TV from February 21, to March 29, 2025, every Friday and Saturday at 21:50 (KST). It is also available for streaming on TVING and Wavve in South Korea, and on Viu, Kocowa and Viki in selected regions.

Wavve
Wavve (Korean: 웨이브) is a South Korean subscription video on-demand, over-the-top, streaming television service operated by SK Telecom. Wavve distributes television series, specials, variety shows, films, documentaries, animations, and sports.
Double X: The Name of the Game
Double X: The Name of the Game (also known as Double X and The Name of the Game) is a 1992 British thriller film directed by Shani Grewal and starring Norman Wisdom, William Katt, Gemma Craven, Simon Ward, Bernard Hill and Chloë Annett. The screenplay was by Grewal based  on the short story Vengeance by David Fleming.

William Katt
William Theodore Katt (born February 16, 1951) is an American actor and musician. He is best known for his starring role as Ralph Hinkley/Hanley on the ABC television series The Greatest American Hero (1981–1983).

Katt first became known for playing Tommy Ross, the prom date of Carrie White in the original film version of Carrie (1976). He subsequently starred in films such as First Love (1977), Big Wednesday (1978) and Butch and Sundance: The Early Days (1979).  Between 1985 and 1988, he starred in nine Perry Mason television films alongside his mother Barbara Hale, who reprised her role as Della Street from the television series Perry Mason.
2020 Q School
The 2020 Q School was a series of three snooker tournaments held at the start of the 2020–21 snooker season. An event for amateur players, it served as a qualification event for a place on the professional World Snooker Tour for the following two seasons. The events took place in August 2020 at the English Institute of Sport in Sheffield, England with a total 12 players qualifying via the three tournaments.

UK Sports Institute
The UK Sports Institute, previously known as the  English Institute of Sport (EIS), established in May 2002, is an organisation which provides sport science and medical support services to elite athletes through a nationwide network of expertise and facilities, working with Olympic and Paralympic summer and winter sports, as well as English and a number of professional sports.
Pam Ferris
Pamela Ferris (born 11 May 1948) is a Welsh actress. She starred in the British television series Connie (1985), The Darling Buds of May (1991–1993), Where the Heart Is (1997–2000), Rosemary & Thyme (2003–2006), and Call the Midwife (2012–2016). In film, she played Miss Trunchbull in Matilda (1996). For her role as Peggy Snow in Where the Heart Is, Ferris was nominated three times for Most Popular Actress at the National Television Awards.

Ferris portrayed Marge Dursley in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (2004), Miriam in Children of Men (2006), Mrs. Bevan in Nativity! (2009) and Nativity 2: Danger in the Manger (2012), voiced Mrs. Bennett / Aunty Betty in Ethel & Ernest (2016) and played Mrs. Faulkner in Tolkien (2019). In theatre, her performance as Phoebe Rice in The Entertainer at The Old Vic in London saw Ferris being nominated for the 2007 Laurence Olivier Award for Best Performance in a Supporting Role.

The Entertainer (play)
The Entertainer is a three-act play by John Osborne, first produced in 1957. His first play, Look Back in Anger, had attracted mixed notices but a great deal of publicity. Having depicted an "angry young man" in the earlier play, Osborne wrote at Laurence Olivier's request about an angry middle-aged man in The Entertainer. Its main character is Archie Rice, a failing music-hall performer. Years later, Tony Richardson, who directed The Entertainer's premiere season, described Archie as  "the embodiment of a national mood ... Archie was the future, the decline, the sourness, the ashes of old glory, where Britain was heading". The first performance was given on 10 April 1957 at the Royal Court Theatre, London. This theatre was well known for its commitment to new and non-traditional drama, and the inclusion of a West End star such as Olivier in the cast caused much interest.
Turn Back Time (Sub Focus song)
"Turn Back Time" is a song by British DJ and record producer Sub Focus, featuring uncredited vocals from British singer Yola. It was released independently on 20 December 2013 as the sixth single from his second studio album Torus. However, the song charted prior to independent release and continued to rise, peaking at number 10 on the UK Singles Chart for the week of 25 January 2014. Along with "Endorphins", it is his joint highest-charting single to date.

Endorphins (song)
"Endorphins" is the fourth single by British DJ and record producer Sub Focus, released from his second studio album Torus. The song features vocals from British singer Alex Clare. The song has reached number 10 on the UK Singles Chart and number seven on the UK Dance Chart.
Haystack
The haystack is a type of construction which is a feature typical of the calid European countries. It consists of a central wooden pole with stacked hay layers around it, forming a heap for later transfer to the barn.

A small wall used to be built around the haystack to prevent the cattle approaching it to eat the hay. At present, with the use of machinery, such storage has been replaced by "bales" of straw.

Barn
A barn is an agricultural building usually  on farms and used for various purposes. In North America, a barn refers to structures that house livestock, including cattle and horses, as well as equipment and fodder, and often grain. As a result, the term barn is often qualified e.g. tobacco barn, dairy barn, cow house, sheep barn, potato barn. In the British Isles and in Europe, the term barn is restricted mainly to storage structures for unthreshed cereals and fodder, the terms byre or shippon being applied to cow shelters, whereas horses are kept in buildings known as stables. In mainland Europe, however, barns were often part of integrated structures known as byre-dwellings (or housebarns in US literature). In addition, barns may be used for equipment storage, as a covered workplace, and for activities such as threshing.
Protein C inhibitor
Protein C inhibitor (PCI, SERPINA5) is a serine protease inhibitor (serpin) that limits the activity of protein C (an anticoagulant).

An N-terminal fragment of PCI is a possible serum biomarker for prostate cancer.

Protein C inhibitor is activated by heparin against thrombin.

Protein C inhibitor (PCI) is serine protease inhibitor of serpin type that is found in most tissues and fluids, including blood plasma, seminal plasma and urine of human. It is a 52kD glycoprotein and belongs to serine protease inhibitor ( Serpin) super family of protein. In the beginning protein C Inhibitor (PCI) was identified as an inhibitor of activated protein C (APC), it is currently clear that this inhibitor has an expansive specificity, inhibiting several blood coagulation enzymes counting thrombin and factor Xa.

Thrombin
Thrombin (factor IIa, EC 3.4.21.5) is a serine protease that converts fibrinogen into strands of insoluble fibrin, as well as catalyzing many other coagulation-related reactions.

Prothrombin (coagulation factor II) is encoded in the human by the F2 gene. It is proteolytically cleaved during the clotting process by the prothrombinase enzyme complex to form thrombin.
Rachel Hollivay
Rachel Hollivay (born October 24, 1993) is an American former professional basketball player. She was drafted in the second round of the 2016 WNBA draft by the Atlanta Dream and spent two years playing for them. She played college basketball at Rutgers.

2016 WNBA draft
The 2016 WNBA draft is the league's draft for the 2016 WNBA season. It was held on April 14 at Mohegan Sun Arena in Uncasville, Connecticut.

The draft was most notable for Connecticut producing the top three picks, with #1 pick Breanna Stewart followed by Moriah Jefferson and Morgan Tuck. This is the first time in history that the top three draft picks came from the same school.
Algiers Accords (2015)
The Algiers Accords, officially referred to as the Accord for Peace and Reconciliation in Mali, is a 2015 agreement to end the Mali War. The agreement was signed on May 15 and June 20, 2015, in Bamako, following negotiations in Algiers between the Republic of Mali and Coordination of Azawad Movements (CMA). The agreement was eventually terminated by the Malian government on January 25, 2024, amid open conflict with the CMA that sprung from the withdrawal of MINUSMA peacekeepers and presence of Wagner Group forces.

United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali
The United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (French: Mission multidimensionnelle intégrée des Nations Unies pour la stabilisation au Mali, MINUSMA) was a United Nations peacekeeping mission in Mali. MINUSMA was established on 25 April 2013 by United Nations Security Council Resolution 2100 to stabilise the country after the Tuareg rebellion of 2012, and was terminated over a decade later on 30 June 2023. Officially deployed on 1 July 2013, MINUSMA was the UN's deadliest peacekeeping mission. While UNIFIL, the mission in Lebanon, has lost more peacekeepers overall, by incident type the majority of those deaths at 135 are officially listed as "accidents." At 175 deaths by "malicious act," MINUSMA was officially the deadliest Peacekeeping mission of all time.

During MINUSMA's existence, there were two further international peace operations in Mali. These were the European Union missions EUCAP Sahel Mali and EUTM Mali.
Mark Simmons (police officer)
Mark Simmons QPM is a retired senior UK police officer.

Simmons joined the Metropolitan Police as a constable on 6 September 1982, becoming Borough Commander for Tower Hamlets and in February 2012 receiving the Queen's Police Medal. In March 2016 he was the subject of an Independent Police Complaints Commission inquiry He was Deputy Assistant Commissioner and Head of Local Policing until December 2018, when he was appointed Assistant Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police's Frontline Policing.

He announced his retirement in February 2020 before postponing it due to the COVID-19 pandemic. He finally retired in August 2020.

Organisation and structure of the Metropolitan Police
The Metropolitan Police of Greater London, England is organised into five main directorates, each headed by an Assistant Commissioner, and four civilian-staffed support departments previously under the umbrella of Met Headquarters, each headed by a Chief Officer, the equivalent civilian grade to Assistant Commissioner. Each business groups or directorate has differing responsibilities. The commands are Frontline Policing (formerly Territorial Policing), Met Operations (formerly Specialist Crime & Operations), Specialist Operations and Professionalism.

The Management Board, responsible for the strategic direction of the MPS, is composed of the senior police leadership including the Commissioner, Deputy Commissioner, the five Assistant Commissioners (for Met Operations, Frontline Policing, Specialist Operations and Professionalism) and four Chief Officers.
Shire of Tammin
The Shire of Tammin is a local government area in the Wheatbelt region of Western Australia. Its seat of government is the town of Tammin, about 80 kilometres (50 mi) west of Merredin and about 180 kilometres (112 mi) east of Perth, the state capital.

Shire of Cunderdin
The Shire of Cunderdin is a local government area in the Wheatbelt region of Western Australia, about 105 kilometres (65 mi) west of Merredin and about 155 kilometres (96 mi) east of Perth, the state capital. The Shire covers an area of 1,864 square kilometres (720 sq mi), and its seat of government is the town of Cunderdin.
Bernardo da Venezia
Bernardo da Venezia was an Italian architect and sculptor of the Renaissance. Active in Lombardy as an architect, stonemason and wood carver, at the end of the fourteenth century and the beginning of the fifteenth. He was commissioned by Gian Galeazzo Visconti to build the Certosa di Pavia, Santa Maria del Carmine in Pavia, and Santa Maria del Carmine in Milan.

Gian Galeazzo Visconti
Gian Galeazzo Visconti (16 October 1351 – 3 September 1402), was the first duke of Milan (1395) and ruled that late-medieval city just before the dawn of the Renaissance. He also ruled Lombardy jointly with his uncle Bernabò. He was the founding patron of the Certosa di Pavia, completing the Visconti Castle at Pavia begun by his father and furthering work on the Duomo of Milan. He conquered a large area in the Po valley of northern Italy. He threatened war with France in relation to the transfer of Genoa to French control as well as issues with his beloved daughter Valentina. When he died of fever in the Castello of Melegnano, his children fought with each other and fragmented the territories that he had ruled.