hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Upstep
In linguistics, upstep is a phonemic or phonetic upward shift of tone between the syllables or words of a tonal language. It is best known in the tonal languages of Sub-Saharan Africa. Upstep is a much rarer phenomenon than its counterpart, downstep.

The symbol for upstep in the International Phonetic Alphabet is a superscript upward arrow [ꜛ] ([↑]). However, it is common, especially in the early research, to find a superscript (or sometimes subscript) inverted exclamation mark [ꜞ] ([¡]) or [¡], because of typographical constraints.

Hausa has upstep because of the interaction of tones when they are placed in context:

[túránꜛtʃí nè]

It's English.

Upstep is superficially similar to pitch reset, which is nearly universal in the prosody of the world's languages. The most common prosodic contours occur in chunks with gradually declining pitch (here transcribed as a global fall, [↘]). Between such chunks, the pitch resets:

Been there. Done that.

[ꜛbɪn ðɛɹ↘ ꜛdɐn ðæt↘ ]

Hausa language
Hausa (/ˈhaʊsə/; in Hausa: Harshen/Halshen Hausa listenⓘ /hawˈsa/; Ajami: هَرْشٜىٰن هَوْسَا‎) is a Chadic language spoken primarily by the Hausa people in Niger (where it is the sole official language, having replaced French in 2025) and in the northern parts of Nigeria, Ghana, Cameroon, Benin and Togo and the southern parts of Chad. It is also spoken by a significant minority in Ivory Coast and a small number of speakers in Sudan.

Hausa is a member of the Afroasiatic language family and is the most widely spoken language within the Chadic branch of that family. Hausa is tonal, using relative pitch both to distinguish words, and mark grammatical categories. Ethnologue estimated that it was spoken as a first language by some 58 million people and as a second language by another 36 million, bringing the total number of Hausa speakers to an estimated 94 million.

In Nigeria, the Hausa film industry is known as Kannywood.
Schistocephalus solidus
Schistocephalus solidus is a tapeworm of fish, fish-eating birds and rodents. This hermaphroditic parasite belongs to the Eucestoda subclass, of class Cestoda. This species has been used to demonstrate that cross-fertilization produces a higher infective success rate than self-fertilization.

Autogamy
Autogamy or self-fertilization refers to the fusion of two gametes that come from one individual. Autogamy is predominantly observed in the form of self-pollination, a reproductive mechanism employed by many flowering plants. However, species of protists have also been observed using autogamy as a means of reproduction. Flowering plants engage in autogamy regularly, while the protists that engage in autogamy only do so in stressful environments.
Animals (Kevin Ayers song)
"Animals" was a Kevin Ayers Spanish single release. It was issued on the Columbia imprint of EMI shortly after his 1980 album, That's What You Get Babe. In 1978 Ayers had relocated to Deià, Spain where he found the more relaxed audiences suited his somewhat delicate sensibilities. "Animals" uses a Noah's Ark metaphor to take an aggressive swing at the oncoming 1980s consumerism, "Ain't you just like the animals / You do as you're told."

Kevin Ayers
Kevin Ayers (16 August 1944 – 18 February 2013) was an English singer-songwriter who was active in the English psychedelic music movement. Ayers was a founding member of the psychedelic band Soft Machine in the mid-1960s, and was closely associated with the Canterbury scene. He recorded a series of albums as a solo artist and over the years worked with Brian Eno, Syd Barrett, Bridget St John, John Cale, Elton John, Robert Wyatt, Andy Summers, Mike Oldfield, Nico and Ollie Halsall, among others. After living for many years in Deià, Mallorca, he returned to the United Kingdom in the mid-1990s before moving to the south of France. His last album, The Unfairground, was released in 2007. The British rock journalist Nick Kent wrote: "Kevin Ayers and Syd Barrett were the two most important people in British pop music. Everything that came after came from them."
The Masque at Kenilworth
Kenilworth, A Masque of the Days of Queen Elizabeth (commonly referred to as "The Masque at Kenilworth"), is a cantata with music by Arthur Sullivan and words by Henry Fothergill Chorley (with an extended Shakespeare quotation) that premiered at the Birmingham Festival on 8 September 1864.

In 1575, Queen Elizabeth visited Robert Dudley at Kenilworth Castle, where he presented her with lavish entertainments over a period of 19 days in an attempt to persuade her to marry him. This piece attempts to recreate the sort of masque that might have been performed for the queen's pleasure. The text is based partly on the description of the queen's visit in the 1821 novel Kenilworth, by Sir Walter Scott and on other contemporary accounts and fiction.

Masque
The masque was a form of festive courtly entertainment that flourished in 16th- and early 17th-century Europe, though it was developed earlier in Italy, in forms including the intermedio (a public version of the masque was the pageant). A masque involved music, dancing, singing and acting, within an elaborate stage design, in which the architectural framing and costumes might be designed by a renowned architect, to present a deferential allegory flattering to the patron. Professional actors and musicians were hired for the speaking and singing parts. Masquers who did not speak or sing were often courtiers: the English queen Anne of Denmark frequently danced with her ladies in masques between 1603 and 1611, and Henry VIII and Charles I of England performed in the masques at their courts. In the tradition of masque, Louis XIV of France danced in ballets at Versailles with music by Jean-Baptiste Lully.
Pennsylvania Route 846
Pennsylvania Route 846 (PA 846) is a 12.41-mile-long (19.97 km) state highway located in Mercer County, Pennsylvania.  The southern terminus is at PA 718 in Hermitage.  The northern terminus is at PA 18 in Greenville.

Greenville, Pennsylvania
Greenville is a borough with home rule status in northwestern Mercer County, Pennsylvania, United States. Located along the Shenango River, it lies roughly 80 miles from both Pittsburgh and Cleveland. It is 1.89 square miles in area, and had a population of 5,541 as of the 2020 census.

Incorporated as the Borough of West Greenville in 1836, it changed its name to the Borough of Greenville in 1865 and began to operate under a home rule charter on January 1, 2020, under the name of the "Town of Greenville." The origin of the name is speculated to have come from East Greenville, Pennsylvania. Greenville is part of the Hermitage micropolitan area.

It was home to the Werner Company, the world's largest manufacturer of step and extension ladders. Bail USA, a national bail bond company, and Anderson Coach & Travel, a prominent regional bus company, are based in Greenville.
Silicon isotope biogeochemistry
Silicon isotope biogeochemistry is the study of environmental processes using the relative abundance of Si isotopes. As the relative abundance of Si stable isotopes varies among different natural materials, the differences in abundance can be used to trace the source of Si, and to study biological, geological, and chemical processes. The study of stable isotope biogeochemistry of Si aims to quantify the different Si fluxes in the global biogeochemical silicon cycle, to understand the role of biogenic silica within the global Si cycle, and to investigate the applications and limitations of the sedimentary Si record as an environmental and palaeoceanographic proxy.

Isotope-ratio mass spectrometry
Isotope-ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) is a specialization of mass spectrometry, in which mass spectrometric methods are used to measure the relative abundance of isotopes in a given sample.

This technique has two different applications in the earth and environmental sciences. The analysis of 'stable isotopes' is normally concerned with measuring isotopic variations arising from mass-dependent isotopic fractionation in natural systems. On the other hand, radiogenic isotope analysis involves measuring the abundances of decay-products of natural radioactivity, and is used in most long-lived radiometric dating methods.
Baltic states synchronization with CESA
The three Baltic states (Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia) undertook the synchronization of their electric power transmission infrastructure with the Continental Europe Synchronous Area (CESA), a project known as Baltic Synchro. Managed by ENTSO-E, this initiative aimed to disconnect from the IPS/UPS system, previously governed by the 2001 BRELL Agreement with Belarus and Russia. The project was successfully completed on 9 February 2025.

2024 Estlink 2 incident
On 25 December 2024 at 12:26 EET, the Estlink 2 submarine power cable had an unplanned failure, reducing the Estonia–Finland cross-border capacity from  1,016 to 358 MW. Concerns about potential sabotage immediately arose due to other recent outages in the Baltic Sea region.

On the evening of the same day authorities were informed of disruptions to four telecommunications cables. Two cables belonging to the Finnish telecommunications company Elisa had been completely severed until Elisa finished their repairs on 6 January 2025. Repairs to the power cable itself are expected to take months and cost tens of millions of euros.

Finnish authorities are investigating the incident and suspect that the oil tanker Eagle S, believed to be part of the Russian shadow fleet, had intentionally caused the cable ruptures by dragging its anchor. The ship is being suspected of aggravated vandalism, an aggravated regulatory offense and aggravated communication interference.
2016 Guernsey general election
The 2016 Guernsey general election was held on 27 April 2016 to elect 38 members of the States of Guernsey, serving until 2020.

There was a by-election in October 2016 to fill a vacancy in the district of Vale.

2016 Vale by-election
The 2016 Vale by-election was held in the States of Guernsey district of Vale on 19 October 2016 following the death of deputy Dave Jones in July 2016. Nominations closed on 23 September. Neil Inder was elected as the new deputy.
Steve Bulen
Steve Bulen is an American voice actor.

Bulen has been doing voices for many animated films and television shows for Walt Disney Animation Studios and Hanna-Barbera as well several video games and anime titles such as Doomed Megalopolis, Giant Robo, Outlaw Star, Street Fighter II V and Rave Master.

He has also worked as looping director on several feature films and wrote several episodes of Bob in a Bottle, Maya the Bee, Jungle Tales, Bumpety Boo, Saban's Adventures of Pinocchio, The Littl' Bits and Samurai Pizza Cats.

He also goes under the names Steve Buelen, Steve Bulin, Stevie Beeline, and Scott Ponsov.

The Genie Family
The Genie Family (ハクション大魔王, Hakushon Daimaō) is a Japanese anime television series produced by Tatsunoko Production. It aired from October 5, 1969 to September 27, 1970, with a total of 52 episodes on Fuji Television and its affiliates. It tells the story of a boy who finds a bottle with a mysterious power - each time its user sneezes or yawns, a genie will come up and must grant the user's wish. A 1992 Saban Entertainment English dub called Bob In A Bottle was shown internationally and has later spanned into two other spin-off series featuring the show's characters and a sequel titled Genie Family 2020.
Telia Company
Telia Company AB is a Swedish multinational telecommunications company and mobile network operator present in Sweden, Finland, Norway, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.

Telia used to own TV4 Media which includes TV4 in Sweden, MTV Oy in Finland, and C More Entertainment after acquiring them in 2019. Telia sold TV4 Media to Schibsted in 2025 for 6.55 Million Krona.

The company is headquartered in Solna and its stock is traded on the Stockholm Stock Exchange and on the Helsinki Stock Exchange.

The company has been linked to corruption scandals in its dealings with the regimes in Uzbekistan and Azerbaijan. Telia's bribery scandal in relation to the Ilham Aliyev regime in Azerbaijan has been described as "possibly the largest bribery in Swedish history."

C More Entertainment
C More Entertainment AB was a pay television company that previously operated under the brand name Canal+. The company targeted the Nordic countries and operated separate channels in each market, including C More Film in Sweden.

The main competitors of C More Entertainment were Viasat Film and Viasat Sport, both of which became part of the Nordic Entertainment Group (NENT) in 2018.

After 30 October 2012, the C More channels in Finland were bundled with MTV Oy's premium channels. The combined package was initially branded as MTV3 Total (later MTV Total) before reverting to the C More name in 2017.
Sam Esmail
Sam Esmail (born September 17, 1977) is an American film and television producer, director, and screenwriter who runs the production company Esmail Corp. He is best known as the creator, writer, and director of the award-winning USA Network television series Mr. Robot (2015–2019), starring Rami Malek. He wrote and directed the feature films Comet (2014) and Leave the World Behind (2023). He produced and directed the first season of the acclaimed Amazon Prime Video psychological thriller Homecoming (2018–2020), starring Julia Roberts and Janelle Monáe, and produced USA's Briarpatch (2020), Starz's Gaslit (2022), and Peacock's Angelyne (2022) and The Resort (2022).

Esmail's work often centers on the themes of alienation, technology, and American society.

The Resort (TV series)
The Resort is an American dark comedy mystery television series created for Peacock by Andy Siara. The series stars Cristin Milioti and William Jackson Harper as a married couple on vacation at a holiday resort for their 10th anniversary, where they are drawn into a mystery that took place fifteen years before. It premiered on Peacock on July 28, 2022.
Melchiade Gabba
Melchiade Gabba (20 August 1874 – 17 November 1952) was an Italian general during the Fascist period, who served as commander of the Royal Corps of Colonial Troops of Eritrea and Chief of Staff of the East Africa High Command during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War. From 27 July 1943 to 24 February 1944 he was Minister of Italian Africa of the Badoglio I Cabinet. He was also a Senator of the Kingdom of Italy from 1939 to 1944.

Ministry of the Colonies (Italy)
The Ministry of the Colonies (Ministero delle colonie) was the ministry of the government of the Kingdom of Italy responsible for the governing of the country's colonial possessions and the direction of their economies. It was set up on 20 November 1912 by Royal Decree n. 1205, turning the Central Direction of Colonial Affairs within the Ministry for Foreign Affairs into a separate ministry. Royal Decree n. 431 of 8 April 1937 renamed it the Ministry of Italian Africa (Ministro per l'Africa italiana) after the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, which resulted in the Italian annexation of the Ethiopian Empire and the birth of Italian East Africa. It was suppressed on 19 April 1953 by law n. 430.
Dinant
Dinant (French pronunciation: [dinɑ̃] ⓘ) is a city and municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Namur, Belgium. On the shores of river Meuse, in the Ardennes, it lies 90 kilometres (56 mi) south-east of Brussels, 30 kilometres (19 mi) south-east of Charleroi and 30 kilometres (19 mi) south of the city of Namur. Dinant is situated 20 kilometres (12 mi) north of the border with France.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Anseremme, Bouvignes-sur-Meuse, Dinant, Dréhance, Falmagne, Falmignoul, Foy-Notre-Dame, Furfooz, Lisogne, Sorinnes and Thynes.

Namur
Namur (French: [namyʁ] ⓘ; Walloon: Nameur; Dutch: Namen [ˈnaːmə(n)] ⓘ) is a city and municipality in Wallonia, Belgium. It is the capital both of the province of Namur and of Wallonia, hosting the Parliament of Wallonia, the Government of Wallonia and its administration.

Namur stands at the confluence of the rivers Sambre and Meuse and straddles three different regions – Hesbaye to the north, Condroz to the south-east, and Entre-Sambre-et-Meuse to the south-west. The city of Charleroi is located to the west. The language spoken is French.

The municipality consists of the following sub-municipalities: Beez, Belgrade, Boninne, Bouge, Champion, Cognelée, Daussoulx, Dave, Erpent, Flawinne, Gelbressée, Jambes, Lives-sur-Meuse, Loyers, Malonne, Marche-les-Dames, Namur proper, Naninne, Saint-Servais, Saint-Marc, Suarlée, Temploux, Vedrin, Wépion, and Wierde.
Bagor railway station
Bagor Station (station code: BGR) is a third-class railway station in Paron, Bagor, Nganjuk Regency, East Java, Indonesia, operated by Kereta Api Indonesia. 120 m (390 ft) south of  Nganjuk–Caruban Road, it is the westernmost railway station in Nganjuk Regency. It has four tracks (two main lines and two passing tracks), and its new building has been in operation since the Nganjuk–Babadan double track segment was activated on 30 April 2019.

Before Saradan railway station, there is Wilangan railway station that has been deactivated since the double-track activation.

Wilangan railway station
Wilangan Station (Indonesian: Stasiun Wilangan, station code: WLG) is a defunct third-class railway station in Wilangan, Wilangan, Nganjuk Regency, East Java, Indonesia, operated by Kereta Api Indonesia. This railway station is at the most western railway station in Nganjuk Regency. This railway station is located near Nganjuk Regency and Madiun Regency border.

This railway station has been deactivated since Nganjuk–Babadan double-track segment activation on 30 April 2019.
Helsinki Seagulls
The Helsinki Seagulls are a professional basketball team, based in Helsinki, Finland. The club plays in the Korisliiga, the highest tier of basketball in Finland.

The Seagulls were founded in 2013 and made its debut in the Korisliiga in 2014, after promoting in its first season. The team has won the Finnish Cup three times. Seagulls won their first Korisliiga championship to date during the 2022–23 season.

Finnish Basketball Cup
The Finnish Basketball Cup (Finnish: Koripallon Suomen Cup) is the highest level national domestic basketball cup competition of Finland. It is the second most important basketball competition in the country, after the top-tier level Finnish national domestic league, the Korisliiga. From 2014 to 2018, the competition was not contested.
Ray Branighan
Ray Branighan (born 5 December 1947) is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer, a star wing and Centre of the 1970s for the South Sydney Rabbitohs, the Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles, as well as New South Wales state and Australian national representative sides.

New South Wales rugby league team
The New South Wales rugby league team has represented the Australian state of New South Wales in rugby league football since the sport's beginnings there in 1907. Also known as the Blues due to their sky blue jerseys, the team competes in the annual State of Origin series against Queensland. The team is currently coached by Laurie Daley and captained by Isaah Yeo, and is administered by the New South Wales Rugby League.

Prior to 1980 when the "state of origin" selection criteria was introduced, the New South Wales team, in addition to playing annually against Queensland, played matches against foreign touring sides and occasionally toured overseas themselves. Their home stadium is  Accor Stadium in Sydney, the largest stadium in the state, having been constructed for the 2000 Summer Olympics.
Hunter Woodhall
Hunter Woodhall (born February 17, 1999) is an American track and field athlete. He won a gold medal in Men's 400 m T62 at the 2024 Summer Paralympics, following a bronze medal in the same event at the 2020 Summer Paralympics.

He made his international debut in 2015 with a silver and bronze medal at the 2015 IPC Athletics World Championships and later won a bronze and silver medal at the 2016 Summer Paralympics. After graduating from Syracuse High School, he became the first double amputee to earn an NCAA Division I scholarship.

2015 IPC Athletics World Championships
The 2015 IPC Athletics World Championships were a Paralympic track and field meet organized by the World Para Athletics subcommittee of the International Paralympic Committee. The event was the 7th edition of what is now known as the World Para Athletics Championships, held from 21 to 31 October 2015 at the Suheim Bin Hamad Stadium in Doha, Qatar. It featured 119 men's events and 91 women's events. The Marathon events which are traditionally part of the world championships were separated from the competition and instead held on 26 April as part of the London Marathon.
Joint Agency Coordination Centre
The Joint Agency Coordination Centre (JACC) is an Australian government agency which was established on 30 March 2014 to coordinate search and recovery operations for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370, which disappeared on 8 March 2014 and was soon thereafter determined to have ended in the Southern Indian Ocean, within Australia's concurrent aeronautical and maritime search and rescue regions. The JACC is an agency within Australia's Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development, headed by Judith Zielke. It does not perform any search, recovery, or investigation activities, but coordinates the search effort and serves as a primary point of contact for information about the search for media and families of Flight 370 passengers.

Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development
The Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development was an Australian Government department that existed between September 2013 and December 2017. Matters dealt with by the department included: infrastructure planning and coordination; transport safety; land transport; civil aviation and airports; maritime transport including shipping; administration of Australian territories; constitutional development of the Northern Territory and the Australian Capital Territory; regional programs; regional development; local government matters; and regional policy.

The head of the department was the secretary of the Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development, who reported to the minister for Infrastructure and Transport, the minister for Regional Development and the minister for Territories, Local Government and Major Projects.

The department was headquartered in the Canberra central business district at Infrastructure House and the neighbouring building to Infrastructure House.
Hidden Hills, California
Hidden Hills is a city and gated community in the Santa Monica Mountains region of Los Angeles County, California. It is located next to the cities of Los Angeles and Calabasas. The population was 1,725 as of 2020.

Santa Monica Mountains
The Santa Monica Mountains are a coastal mountain range in Southern California, next to the Pacific Ocean. It is part of the Transverse Ranges. The Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area protects nearly all of this mountain range, and extends beyond it in places. Because of its proximity to densely populated regions, it is one of the most visited natural areas in California.
Differently (album)
Differently is the only album by Australian singer Cassie Davis and was released on 14 August 2009. Davis herself wrote and produced most of the album, with the help of producers Printz Board, Rodney Jerkins and Wayne Wilkins.

Printz Board
Priese Prince Lamonte "Printz" Board (born September 11, 1982) is an American record producer, songwriter, and singer best known for his work with Black Eyed Peas and being a member of the production group Bucky Jonson. In addition, Board has worked with DJ Mustard, Katy Perry, CeeLo Green, Mark Ronson, Fergie, BTS, Smallpools and John Legend, Kim Dotcom among others.