hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Trigenus
In low-dimensional topology, the trigenus of a closed 3-manifold is an invariant consisting of an ordered triple .  It is obtained by minimizing the genera of three orientable handle bodies — with no intersection between their interiors— which decompose the manifold as far as the Heegaard genus need only two.

That is, a decomposition  with

for  and being  the genus of .

For orientable spaces, ,
where  is 's Heegaard genus.

For non-orientable spaces the   has the form  
depending on the
image of the first Stiefel–Whitney characteristic class  under a Bockstein homomorphism, respectively for

It has been proved that the number  has a relation with the concept of Stiefel–Whitney surface, that is, an orientable surface  which is embedded in , has minimal genus and represents the first Stiefel–Whitney class under the duality map , that is, . If  then , and if 
then .

3-manifold
In mathematics, a 3-manifold is a topological space that locally looks like a three-dimensional Euclidean space. A 3-manifold can be thought of as a possible shape of the universe. Just as a sphere looks like a plane (a tangent plane) to a small and close enough observer, all 3-manifolds look like our universe to a small enough observer. This is made more precise in the definition below.
Brett Pawlak
Brett Pawlak is an American cinematographer known for his work on independent and mainstream films. A frequent collaborator of director Destin Daniel Cretton, he gained recognition for his cinematography on Short Term 12 (2013), where he used handheld camerawork and natural lighting to create a realistic aesthetic.

In 2016, he served as the cinematographer for the pilot episode of This Is Us, establishing the show's visual style. Pawlak later reunited with Cretton for Just Mercy (2019), which featured a character-driven cinematographic approach. In 2023, he was announced as the director of photography for Marvel Studios' Wonder Man.

Destin Daniel Cretton
Destin Yori Daniel Cretton (born November 23, 1978) is an American filmmaker. He is best known for directing the drama films Short Term 12 (2013), The Glass Castle (2017), Just Mercy (2019) as well as the Marvel Studios films Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings (2021) and the upcoming Spider-Man: Brand New Day (2026).
Khirlepposi
55°43′55″N 46°39′35″E﻿ / ﻿55.73194°N 46.65972°E﻿ / 55.73194; 46.65972

Khirlepposi or Khirleppos' Melesh (Russian: Хирлеппоси; Chuvash: Хирлеппуç Мĕлĕш, Hirleppuś Mĕlĕş) is a rural locality (a village) in Tautovskoye Rural Settlement of Alikovsky District of the Chuvash Republic, Russia, located 6 kilometers (3.7 mi) west of Alikovo, the administrative center of the district. Population: 245 (2006 est.), mostly females; 539 (1926); 482 (1907); 141 (1859).

Chuvash language
Chuvash (UK: /ˈtʃuːvɑːʃ/ CHOO-vahsh, US: /tʃʊˈvɑːʃ/ chuu-VAHSH; Чӑваш чӗлхи, Чӑвашла, translit. Çăvaşla, IPA: [tɕəʋaʃˈla]) is a Turkic language spoken in Volga-Ural region of Russia, primarily in the Chuvash Republic and adjacent areas. It is the only surviving member of the Oghur branch of Turkic languages, one of the two principal branches of the Turkic family.

The writing system for the Chuvash language is based on the Cyrillic script, employing all of the letters used in the Russian alphabet and adding four letters of its own: Ӑ, Ӗ, Ҫ and Ӳ.
Linda Page
Linda Page (February 24, 1963 – October 3, 2011) was an American basketball player who spent her career in Spain and Sweden. Before going outside of the United States, Page had more than 2,380 overall points while at Dobbins Technical School during the 1980s. At Dobbins, she broke multiple records held by Wilt Chamberlain. With the NC State Wolfpack women's basketball team, Page held season records for the school and the Atlantic Coast Conference between 1982 and 1985. During this time period, Page was named Most Valuable Player several times while she accumulated 2307 points.

Outside of her playing career, Page worked in law between the 1990s and 2000s. She primarily worked in probation and with at-risk students while also briefly working in bail. During the early to mid-2000s, Page was a basketball coach at Dobbins. NC State retired Page's number in 2000 before Page was named into the Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame in 2013.

Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame
The Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame is a nonprofit organization in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania that was established in May 2002 to honor individuals and groups who are either area natives who became prominent in the field of sports or who became prominent in the field of sports in the region.

The Hall of Fame's address is 2701 Grant Avenue in Philadelphia.

From 2004 to 2010, the organization also presented an annual Pride of Philadelphia Award to a team or individual.
Canton of Lillebonne
The Canton of Lillebonne is a former canton situated in the Seine-Maritime département and in the Haute-Normandie region of northern France. It was disbanded following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015. It had a total of 27,873 inhabitants (2012).

Upper Normandy
Upper Normandy (French: Haute-Normandie, IPA: [ot nɔʁmɑ̃di] ⓘ; Norman: Ĥâote-Normaundie) is a former administrative region of France. On 1 January 2016, Upper and Lower Normandy merged becoming one region called Normandy.
Copynorms
As used by copyright theorists, the term copynorm  (or more frequently copynorms) is used to refer to a normalized social standard regarding the ethical issue of duplicating copyrighted material.

Questions about the ethics of copying came to public attention as a result of peer-to-peer file sharing systems, such as Napster, Gnutella, KaZaA, BitTorrent and Direct Connect.  Survey research indicates that most users of filesharing systems do not believe that it is wrong to download MP3 files of copyrighted music, even though such downloading may be unlawful.

These questions are important to legal theory, because the ability of copyright law to control the copying of digital material may depend more on voluntary compliance than on hypothetical criminal or civil actions against individuals.

Kazaa
Kazaa Media Desktop (/kəˈzɑː/ ka-ZAH; once stylized as "KaZaA", but later usually written "Kazaa") was a peer-to-peer file sharing application using the FastTrack protocol licensed by Joltid Ltd. and operated as Kazaa by Sharman Networks. Kazaa was subsequently under license as a legal music subscription service by Atrinsic, Inc., which lasted until August 2012.

Kazaa Media Desktop was commonly used to exchange MP3 music files and other file types, such as videos, applications, and documents over the Internet. The Kazaa Media Desktop client could be downloaded free of charge; however, it was bundled with adware and for a period there were "No spyware" warnings found on Kazaa's website. During the years of Kazaa's operation, Sharman Networks and its business partners and associates were the target of copyright-related lawsuits, related to the content distributed via Kazaa Media Desktop on the FastTrack protocol.

By August 2012, the Kazaa website was no longer active.
Flaminio Avet
Flaminio Avet was a World War I flying ace credited with eight aerial victories. Although born in Nice, France, he served in the Italian military as Italy entered World War I. After a transfer from Lancers to aviation, he trained as a pilot. He began his aerial combat career on 27 November 1918, and would stake a dozen victory claims, eight of which would be verified. He ended the war having won the Silver Medal for Military Valor three times. He returned to Nice postwar, and died there on 21 August 1928.

Medal of Military Valor
The Medal of Military Valor (Italian language: Medaglia al valor militare) is an Italian medal, originally established as a Sardinian award. It is awarded to military personnel, units above the level of company, and civilians for exceptional valor in the face of the enemy.

The medal has three levels:

The Gold Medal of Military Valor, established on 21 May 1793 by King Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia.

The Silver Medal of Military Valor, established on 21 May 1793 by King Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia.

The Bronze Medal of Military Valor, established in 1887 by King Umberto I of Italy.

Below the medal, the War Cross of Military Valor is awarded, established in 1922 by King Victor Emmanuel III.
3 Deewarein
3 Deewarein (transl. 3 Walls) is a 2003 Indian Hindi-language crime film written, directed, and co-starred by Nagesh Kukunoor. Juhi Chawla, Jackie Shroff, Naseeruddin Shah, Gulshan Grover, and Sujata Mehta form the rest of the cast. The film narrates the story of three prisoners and a documentary filmmaker who, while filming their reformation story in the prison, finds redemption with her own troubled marriage. The film was showcased among the Indian Panorama section, at the 2003 International Film Festival of India.

The film was also premiered at the Kolkata Film Festival. After having been screened at the Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles, where it was well received, the film was screened at the Commonwealth Festival in Manchester, where it was nominated as one of the top five films, at the gala presentation. Nagesh Kukunoor has also received the Filmfare Award for Best Story.

Naseeruddin Shah
Naseeruddin Shah (born 20 July 1950) is an Indian actor who works primarily in Hindi films. He was notable in Indian parallel cinema and has starred in various international productions. He has won numerous awards in his career, including three National Film Awards, three Filmfare Awards and the Volpi Cup for Best Actor at the Venice Film Festival. The Government of India honoured him with the Padma Shri and the Padma Bhushan awards for his contributions to Indian cinema.

In 1982, he married his second wife, actress Ratna Pathak, daughter of actress Dina Pathak, with whom he has two sons. His sister-in-law is actress Supriya Pathak, who is married to actor Pankaj Kapur.
Patricia A. King
Patricia A. King (born June 12, 1942) is an American lawyer, educator and civil rights activist who is a professor of law emeritus at Georgetown University Law Center and an adjunct professor in the School of Hygiene and Public Health at Johns Hopkins University. Her expertise lies at the intersection of law, medicine, ethics, and public policy. In 1979, she became the first African-American woman law professor to receive tenure at Georgetown.

Georgetown University Law Center
Georgetown University Law Center is the law school of Georgetown University, a private research university in Washington, D.C., United States. It was established in 1870 and is the largest law school in the United States by enrollment, with over 2,000 students. It frequently receives the most full-time applications of any law school in the United States. Georgetown is considered part of the T14, an unofficial designation in the legal community of the best 14 law schools in the United States.

The school's campus is less than a mile from the U.S. Capitol Building and U.S. Supreme Court. Prominent alumni include 11 current members of the United States Congress, federal and state judges, billionaires, and diplomats.
Flo Hyman Award
The Flo Hyman Memorial Award was conferred annually between 1987 and 2004 by the Women's Sports Foundation in Washington, D.C., United States, on the organization's National Girls and Women in Sports Day to the female sportsperson, irrespective of nationality or sport contested, adjudged to have capture[d] [best]...the dignity, spirit, and commitment to excellence of American indoor volleyballer Flo Hyman, an advocate for gender equality in sport and for the passage of Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1988 who died suddenly and unexpectedly in January 1986.  The award was given with respect both to athletic performance and to charitable activism, especially in the context of [increasing] sports opportunities for all girls and women.

Women's Sports Foundation
The Women's Sports Foundation (WSF) is a 501(c)(3) educational nonprofit charity focused on female involvement in sports. Founded in 1974 by tennis player Billie Jean King and initially supported by Olympic athletes Donna de Varona and Suzy Chaffee,  its stated mission statement is "To advance the lives of girls and women through sports and physical activity."
Makkin Salih
Makkin Salih (1923 – 24 May 2003) was a cricketer who played first-class cricket for Ceylon from 1947 to 1955.

An opening batsman for the Moors Sports Club in Colombo, Salih made his first-class debut for Ceylon Cricket Association against Southern India in 1946–47, scoring 98 and sharing century partnerships with Fredrick de Saram and Mahadevan Sathasivam. He toured Pakistan in 1949-50 with the Ceylon team.

Salih set a batting record for the Sara Trophy, Ceylon's leading domestic competition, when he scored 237 for Moors in 1952. The record stood until 1970, when A. C. M. Lafir scored 255 for Nomads Sports Club.

Salih and his wife Sithy Suada (the sister of the Ceylon cricketer Abu Fuard) had four children.

Mahadevan Sathasivam
Mahadevan "Satha" Sathasivam (Tamil: மகாதேவன் சதாசிவம்) (18 October 1915, Ceylon – 9 July 1977 in Colombo, Sri Lanka), or Satha as he was known, is one of the greatest batsmen from Sri Lanka whom Garry Sobers called "the greatest batsman ever on earth,"  and Frank Worrell called him "the best batsman he had ever seen". He was the first, and probably the only, man to captain three national teams.  Sathasivam played cricket in the 1940s through the 1960s. He was captain of the Ceylon team in 1948, and then captain of the Singapore team, and finally captain of the Malaysian team. He was accused and acquitted of murdering his wife, which gained much attention in Ceylon.
Kurt Tippett
Kurt Anthony Tippett (born 8 May 1987) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the Adelaide Football Club and the Sydney Swans in the Australian Football League (AFL).

Tippett represented Queensland in under-18 basketball before transferring to Australian rules football and playing for the Southport Football Club in the Queensland Australian Football League (QAFL). He was selected by Adelaide in the 2006 AFL draft.

2006 AFL draft
The 2006 AFL draft is a recent national draft of the Australian Football League.  The AFL draft is the annual draft of talented players by Australian rules football teams that participate in the main competition of that sport, the Australian Football League.

The 2006 AFL draft is noted as being the second "superdraft" since the draft system's inception, due to the wealth and depth of talent.

The AFL pre-season draft, rookie draft and trade week also occurred during the 2006/07 Australian Football League off-season.
St Benet's Church, Sunderland
St Benet's Church is a Catholic church in Monkwearmouth in Sunderland. It was built in 1889 and designed by Archibald Matthias Dunn and Edward Joseph Hansom. It is located on the corner of Thomas Street North and George Street North, half a kilometre east of the Stadium of Light. From 1900 to 2011, the Redemptorists served the parish. The church is now once again served by priests from the Diocese of Hexham and Newcastle. When it was built, it was the first Catholic church in Sunderland to be built north of the River Wear in the nineteenth century.

Roman Catholic Diocese of Hexham and Newcastle
The Diocese of Hexham and Newcastle (Latin: Dioecesis Hagulstadensis et Novocastrensis) is a Latin Catholic diocese of the Catholic Church, centred on St Mary's Cathedral, in the city of Newcastle upon Tyne, in England. The diocese is one of the six suffragan sees in the ecclesiastical province of Liverpool and covers the historic boundaries of County Durham and Northumberland.
Chuxiongosaurus
Chuxiongosaurus (meaning "Chuxiong lizard") is a genus of basal sauropodomorph dinosaur which lived during the Early Jurassic Period. Fossils of this genus have been found in the Lower Lufeng Formation, Yunnan Province, southern China. Identified from the holotype CMY LT9401 a nearly complete skull (including a lower jaw) with some similarities to Thecodontosaurus, it was described as the "first basal sauropod dinosaur from the Early Jurassic of China," more basal than Anchisaurus. It was named by Lü Junchang, Yoshitsugu Kobayashi, Li Tianguang and Zhong Shimin in 2010, and the type species is Chuxiongosaurus lufengensis. It is a possible junior synonym of Jingshanosaurus.

Jingshanosaurus
Jingshanosaurus (meaning "Jingshan lizard") is a genus of sauropodomorph dinosaurs from the early Jurassic period (201.4 to 196.5 million years ago, Hettangian age) of China. The type and only species is Jingshanosaurus xinwaensis. Its maximum weight was around 4.3 t (4.7 short tons) with an adult femur length of 845 mm (33.3 in). The genus grew up to 5 m (16 ft) long.
Continuous function (set theory)
In set theory, a continuous function is a sequence of ordinals such that the values assumed at limit stages are the limits (limit suprema and limit infima) of all values at previous stages. More formally, let γ be an ordinal, and  be a γ-sequence of ordinals.  Then s is continuous if at every limit ordinal β < γ,

and

Alternatively, if s is an increasing function then s is continuous if s: γ → range(s) is a continuous function when the sets are each equipped with the order topology. These continuous functions are often used in cofinalities and cardinal numbers.

A normal function is a function that is both continuous and strictly increasing.

Normal function
In axiomatic set theory, a function f : Ord → Ord is called normal (or a normal function) if it is continuous (with respect to the order topology) and strictly monotonically increasing. This is equivalent to the following two conditions:

For every limit ordinal γ (i.e. γ is neither zero nor a successor), it is the case that f (γ) = sup{f (ν) : ν < γ}.

For all ordinals α < β, it is the case that f (α) < f (β).
Say You'll Be Mine (Steps song)
"Say You'll Be Mine" is a song by British dance-pop group Steps, released as a double A-side with a cover version of Kylie Minogue's "Better the Devil You Know". Steps' cover of "Better the Devil You Know" was later included as the opening track on their third studio album, Buzz (2000), but did not serve as a lead single. A limited-edition single was released as a digipack that was included with a doubled-sided poster in the sleeve. The song is the first to feature all five members on lead vocals.

"Say You'll Be Mine" / "Better the Devil You Know" was released on 13 December 1999 and reached number four on the UK Singles Chart in January 2000. The double A-side also reached the top 40 in Australia and Ireland. A new Matt Pop's Old Skool Mix was included on the remix album Stomp All Night: The Remix Anthology as the first track on the second disc.

Heartbeat (Steps song)
"Heartbeat" is a song by British pop group Steps, from their debut studio album Step One (1998). Issued as a double A-side with their cover of the 1979 Bee Gees single "Tragedy", it was released on 9 November 1998 as the fourth single off the album. "Heartbeat" was solely written by Jackie James. While promoting the 2012 Hit Factory Live event, Pete Waterman revealed that the song had sat in a drawer for years before he gave it to the band to record.

"Heartbeat" / "Tragedy" reached number one in the United Kingdom and New Zealand. In the UK, it did not reach number one until January 1999, nearly two months after its release, and it sold more copies than the three previous Steps singles combined, with 1.21 million copies sold in the UK. The music video for the song features the band trying to rescue member Ian "H" Watkins from the Ice Queen.
Memoirs of an Invisible Man (film)
Memoirs of an Invisible Man is a 1992 American comedy-drama film directed by John Carpenter and starring Chevy Chase, Daryl Hannah, Sam Neill, Michael McKean and Stephen Tobolowsky. The film is loosely based on Memoirs of an Invisible Man, a 1987 novel by H.F. Saint. According to screenwriter William Goldman's book Which Lie Did I Tell?, the film was initially developed for director Ivan Reitman; however, this version never came to fruition, due to disagreements between Reitman and Chase.

Starman (film)
Starman is a 1984 American science fiction romance drama film directed by John Carpenter and written by Bruce A. Evans and Raynold Gideon, with Dean Riesner making uncredited rewrites. It tells the story of a relationship between recently widowed Jenny Hayden (Karen Allen) and Starman, a non-corporeal alien who has come to Earth and cloned the human body of her deceased husband Scott (portrayed by Jeff Bridges), in response to the invitation found on the gold phonograph record installed on the Voyager 2 space probe.

The film received positive reviews but faltered in its initial box office debut. Bridges was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor for his role. It inspired the short-lived Starman television series in 1986.
Mayamalavagowla
Mayamalavagowla (pronounced māyāmāḻavagauḻa) is a raga of Carnatic music (musical scale of South Indian classical music). It is classified as 15th melakarta raga under Venkatamakhin's melakarta system. Originally known as malavagowla, "maya" was prefixed to it after the advent of the scheme of the 72 melas. The number 15 was assigned to it following the Katapayadi sankhya system. This is a morning raga.

Melakarta
Mēḷakartā is a collection of fundamental musical scales (ragas) in Carnatic music (South Indian classical music). Mēḷakartā ragas are parent ragas (hence known as janaka ragas) from which other ragas may be derived. A melakarta raga is sometimes referred as mela, karta or sampurna as well, though the latter usage is inaccurate, as a sampurna raga need not be a melakarta (take the raga Bhairavi, for example).

In Hindustani music the thaat is the rough equivalent of Melakartā. There are 10 thaats in Hindustani music, though the commonly accepted melakarta scheme has 72 ragas.
Stu Kulak
Stuart Alan Kulak (born March 10, 1963) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey right wing who spent parts of four seasons in the National Hockey League between 1982 and 1989. Selected by the Vancouver Canucks in the 1981 NHL Entry Draft, he played for the Canucks, Edmonton Oilers, New York Rangers, Quebec Nordiques, and Winnipeg Jets, as well as several teams in the minor leagues.

1981 NHL entry draft
The 1981 NHL entry draft was the 19th NHL entry draft. It was held at the Montreal Forum in Montreal, Quebec. The National Hockey League (NHL) teams selected 211 players eligible for entry into professional ranks, in the reverse order of the 1980–81 NHL season and playoff standings. This is the list of those players selected.

The last active player in the NHL from this draft class was Chris Chelios, who retired after the 2009–10 season.