hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Little Schuylkill Navigation, Railroad and Coal Company
The Little Schuylkill Navigation, Railroad and Coal Company (LSRR) was a railway company in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania in the 19th century. The main line ran from Port Clinton to Tamaqua, for a total of 28 miles (45 km).

Tamaqua, Pennsylvania
Tamaqua (/təˈmɑːkwə/, Delaware: tëmakwe) is a borough in eastern Schuylkill County in the Coal Region of Pennsylvania, United States. It had a population of 6,934 as of the 2020 U.S. census.

Tamaqua was established from territory from West Penn and Schuylkill Townships. The borough is part of the micropolitan statistical area of Pottsville.

Tamaqua is located 37.8 miles (60.8 km) northwest of Allentown, 87 miles (140 km) northwest of Philadelphia, and 125.5 miles (202.0 km) west of New York City.
Battle of Saragarhi
The Battle of Saragarhi was a last-stand battle fought before the Tirah Campaign between the British Indian Empire and Afghan tribesmen. On 12 September 1897, an estimated 12,000–24,000 Orakzai and Afridi tribesmen were seen near Gogra, at Samana Suk, and around Saragarhi, cutting off Fort Gulistan from Fort Lockhart. The Afghans attacked the outpost of Saragarhi where thousands of them swarmed and surrounded the fort, preparing to assault it. Led by Havildar Ishar Singh, the 21 soldiers in the fort—all of whom were Sikhs—refused to surrender and were wiped out in a last stand. The post was recaptured two days later by another British Indian contingent.

All of the 21 soldiers involved in the battle were posthumously awarded the Indian Order of Merit, which was the highest gallantry award that an Indian soldier could receive at the time. The Indian Army's 4th Battalion of the Sikh Regiment commemorates the battle every year on 12 September as Saragarhi Day.

Afridi
The Afrīdī (Pashto: اپريدی Aprīdai, plur. اپريدي Aprīdī; Urdu: آفریدی) are a Pashtun tribe present mostly in tribal areas in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

The Afridis are most dominant in the Spin Ghar range west of Peshawar in Tribal areas of modern-day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, covering most of the Khyber Pass and Maidan in Tirah which is their Native Tribal Territory. They are the closest to Orakzai in their language, culture and geographic areas.
Ajit Singh (politician, died 2004)
Ajit Singh (died September 4, 2004) was an Indian politician affiliated with the Bharatiya Janata Party. He served as a Member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council twice.

Ajit Singh came into the limelight in the late 1990s. His wife is currently zila panchayat adhyaksh from Unnao . He was inducted into the Bharatiya Janata Party by Rajnath Singh.

He was affiliated with the Samajwadi Party and the Bharatiya Janata Party. He served as a Member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council twice.

Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council
The Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council, also known as Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Parishad, is the upper house of the bicameral legislature of Uttar Pradesh, a state in India. Uttar Pradesh is one of the six states in India, where the state legislature is bicameral, comprising two houses: the Vidhan Sabha (Legislative Assembly) and the Vidhan Parishad (Legislative Council). The Legislative Council is a permanent house, consisting of 100 members.
I Dare You (Philippine TV series)
I Dare You is a Philippine television reality competition show broadcast by ABS-CBN. Originally hosted by Jericho Rosales, Iya Villania and Melai Cantiveros. It aired on the network's Kapamilya Gold line up from July 11, 2011 to October 21, 2011, and was replaced by Pinoy Big Brother: Unlimited. The show returned on the network's Yes Weekend line up from October 12, 2013 to December 28, 2013, replacing The Voice of the Philippines and was replaced by The Biggest Loser Pinoy Edition: Doubles. Cantiveros, Robi Domingo, John Prats and Deniesse Joaquin serve as the final hosts.

The Voice of the Philippines
The Voice of the Philippines is a Philippine television reality singing competition that aired on ABS-CBN, and is based on the Dutch television series The Voice of Holland. The show premiered on June 15, 2013 and was hosted by Toni Gonzaga and Robi Domingo. Sarah Geronimo, Bamboo Mañalac, Lea Salonga, and apl.de.ap serve as the four coaches and the judging panel of the show.

The show had aired two seasons and had produced two winners: Mitoy Yonting and Jason Dy.

It is the fourth national franchise in the Southeast Asian region after Vietnam, Thailand, and Indonesia.
Scality
Scality is a global technology provider of software-defined storage (SDS) solutions, specializing in distributed file and object storage with cloud data management. Scality maintains offices in Paris (France), London (UK), San Francisco and Washington DC (USA), and Tokyo (Japan) and has employees in 14 countries.

Amazon S3
Amazon Simple Storage Service (S3) is a service offered by Amazon Web Services (AWS) that provides object storage through a web service interface. Amazon S3 uses the same scalable storage infrastructure that Amazon.com uses to run its e-commerce network. Amazon S3 can store any type of object, which allows uses like storage for Internet applications, backups, disaster recovery, data archives, data lakes for analytics, and hybrid cloud storage. AWS launched Amazon S3 in the United States on March 14, 2006, then in Europe in November 2007.
My Type (Saweetie song)
"My Type" is a song by American rapper Saweetie, released as a single on June 11, 2019, by Warner Records and Artistry Worldwide. It was first released as part of her 2019 EP Icy, and a music video was released for the track in July 2019. It was the basis of a social media challenge, and also became Saweetie's first entry on the US Billboard Hot 100, debuting at number 81 before peaking at 21. The song was written by Saweetie and produced by London on da Track, and samples the production of "Freek-a-Leek" by Petey Pablo, produced by Lil Jon.

Petey Pablo
Moses Barrett III (born July 22, 1973), better known by his stage name Petey Pablo, is an American rapper. He is best known for his 2003 single "Freek-a-Leek," which peaked at number seven on the Billboard Hot 100 and received platinum certification by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Prior, he signed with Jive Records to release his 2001 single "Raise Up", which served as a tribute to his native Greenville and peaked at number 25 on the chart. The label released his first two albums: Diary of a Sinner: 1st Entry (2001) and Still Writing in My Diary: 2nd Entry (2004); the former was nominated for Best Rap Album at 45th Annual Grammy Awards, while the latter peaked at number four on the Billboard 200. His following releases have failed to yield any further commercial response.
Sandhinirmocana Sutra
The Ārya-saṃdhi-nirmocana-sūtra (Sanskrit) or Noble Sūtra of the Explanation of the Profound Secrets is a Mahāyāna Buddhist text and the most important sutra of the Yogācāra school. It contains explanations of key Yogācāra concepts such as the basal-consciousness (ālayavijñāna), the doctrine of appearance-only (vijñaptimātra) and the "three own natures" (trisvabhāva). Étienne Lamotte considered this sutra "the link between the Prajñāpāramitā literature and the Yogācāra Vijñānavāda school".

This sūtra was translated from Sanskrit into Chinese four times, the most complete and reliable of which is typically considered to be that of Xuanzang. It also was translated into Tibetan. The original Sanskrit text has not survived to the present day.

Étienne Lamotte
Étienne Paul Marie Lamotte (French pronunciation: [etjɛn pɔl maʁi lamɔt]; 21 November 1903 – 5 May 1983) was a Belgian priest and Professor of Greek at the Catholic University of Louvain, but was better known as an Indologist and the greatest authority on Buddhism in the West in his time. He studied under his pioneering compatriot Louis de La Vallée-Poussin and was one of the few scholars familiar with all the main Buddhist languages: Pali, Sanskrit, Chinese and Tibetan. His first published work was his PhD thesis: Notes sur le Bhagavad-Gita (Paris, Geuthner, 1929). -  In 1953, he was awarded the Francqui Prize in Human Science.
Maddie Madayag
Madeleine Yrenea Madayag (born February 7, 1998) is a Filipino volleyball player who currently plays for the Choco Mucho Flying Titans in the Premier Volleyball League of the Philippines. She was a member of the collegiate varsity women's volleyball team of Ateneo de Manila University. She is a current member of the Philippines national team.

Ateneo de Manila University
The Ateneo de Manila University (Filipino: Pamantasang Ateneo de Manila; Spanish: Universidad Ateneo de Manila), commonly referred to as the Ateneo de Manila or the Ateneo, is a private Catholic research university in Quezon City, Philippines. Established in 1859 by the Jesuits, it is among the oldest Jesuit-administered institutions of higher education in the Asia-Pacific.

The university offers primary and secondary education, as well as undergraduate and graduate programs in the humanities, social sciences, natural sciences, engineering, and business. The university provides professional degrees through the Graduate School of Business, the School of Government, the School of Medicine and Public Health, and the Ateneo Law School. It follows a Jesuit tradition of liberal arts education, emphasizing the humanities at all educational levels.
Obukhov Formation
The Obukhov Formation is a geologic formation in Belarus and Ukraine that dates to the Late Eocene; the Obukhov Formation is equivalent to the Prussian Formation of Russia.

Rovno amber is found in this formation, and 90% of amber collected from the Obukhov Formation is extracted illegally and the trade is controlled by armed organised crime groups, although the Ukrainian government has begun to oversee excavations since 1993.

Priabonian
The Priabonian is, in the ICS's geologic timescale, the latest age or the upper stage of the Eocene Epoch or Series. It spans the time between 37.71 and 33.9 Ma. The Priabonian is preceded by the Bartonian and is followed by the Rupelian, the lowest stage of the Oligocene.

Priabona, an extinct dipteran of Pipunculidae family, is named after Priabonian, the age of deposits from which this insect is known.
2024–25 İstanbul Başakşehir F.K. season
The 2024–25 season was the 35th season in the history of İstanbul Başakşehir, and the 11th consecutive season in the Süper Lig. In addition to the domestic league, the team participated in the Turkish Cup and the UEFA Conference League.

2024–25 Turkish Cup
The 2024–25 Turkish Cup (Turkish: Türkiye Kupası) was the 63rd edition of the tournament. Ziraat Bank was the main sponsor of the tournament, thus the sponsored name was Ziraat Turkish Cup. The winners of the cup qualified for the 2025–26 UEFA Europa League play-off round and the 2025 Turkish Super Cup.

Beşiktaş were the defending champions, after winning the cup in the previous edition, but they were eliminated in the quarter-finals by Göztepe.
Ghulam Ahmad (forester)
Shaikh Ghulam Ahmad (23 May 1923 – 20 September 2003) was a Pakistani forestry official Report on Pankora Valley forests and later managing director and chairman of Pakistan Chrome Mines Ltd, the largest and oldest chrome mining company in Pakistan.

In World War II he served in the Royal Indian Air Force as an Engineer Officer, Fighter Pilot and Military Engineer.

Royal Indian Air Force
The Indian Air Force (1932–1945) and the Royal Indian Air Force (1945–1950) were the air forces of British India. Granted the 'Royal' prefix in March 1945 during the final months of the Second World War, the Royal Indian Air Force continued as the air force of the Dominion of India until it became a republic in 1950, when the Indian president became India's head of state; replacing the British monarch. It was replaced by the Indian Air Force thereafter.

Alongside the Indian Army and the Royal Indian Navy, it comprised the armed forces of British India and the Dominion of India between 1932 and 1950.

The Royal Indian Air Force's first flight came into being on 1 April 1933 with six RAF-trained officers and 19 Havai Sepoys (air soldiers). The aircraft inventory consisted of four Westland Wapiti IIA army co-operation biplanes at Drigh Road, Karachi as the "A" Flight nucleus of the planned No.1 (Army Co-operation) Squadron.
German Quarter
The German Quarter (Russian: Немецкая слобода, romanized: Nemetskaya sloboda), also known as the Kukuy Quarter (Кукуйская слобода), was a neighbourhood in the northeast of Moscow, located on the right bank of the Yauza River east of the former Kukuy Creek (hence the name Kukuy Quarter), within the present-day Basmanny District of Moscow.

Its boundaries were defined by present-day Dobroslobodskaya Street and Bolshoy Demidovsky Lane (west, following the track of Kukuy creek), Spartakovskaya Street (north), and the Yauza River (south and east). Kukuy formed a wide pond west of present-day Elizavetinsky lane, on the site of the present-day Sokol stadium of Moscow State Technical University, which occupies the southern half of a former German settlement.

Bauman Moscow State Technical University
The Bauman Moscow State Technical University (BMSTU; Russian: Московский государственный технический университет им. Н. Э. Баумана, МГТУ им. Н. Э. Баумана), sometimes colloquially referred as the Bauman School or Baumanka (Бауманка), is a public technical university (polytechnic) located in Moscow, Russia. Bauman University offers B.S., M.S & PhD degrees in various engineering fields and applied sciences. In 2023, US News & World Report ranked it #1,758 in the world.
Bitou Local Municipality
Bitou Municipality (Afrikaans: Bitou Munisipaliteit; Xhosa: uMasipala wase Bitou), formerly known as Plettenberg Bay Municipality, is a local municipality within the Garden Route District Municipality, in the Western Cape province of South Africa. Its municipality code is WC047.

Xhosa language
Xhosa (/ˈkoʊsə/ KOH-sə, Xhosa: [ᵏǁʰôːsa] ⓘ), formerly spelled Xosa and also known by its local name isiXhosa, is a Bantu language, indigenous to Southern Africa and one of the official languages of South Africa and Zimbabwe.

Xhosa is spoken as a first language by approximately 8 million people and as a second language in South Africa, particularly in Eastern Cape, Western Cape, Northern Cape and Gauteng, and also in parts of Zimbabwe and Lesotho. It has perhaps the heaviest functional load of click consonants in a Bantu language (approximately tied with Yeyi), with one count finding that 10% of basic vocabulary items contained a click.
HMS Lyra (1910)
HMS Lyra was one of 20 Acorn class (later H-class) destroyers built for the Royal Navy that served in the First World War. The Acorn class were smaller than the preceding Beagle class but oil-fired and better armed. Launched in 1910, Lyra was part of the winning side in war games that took place the following year, although the destroyer sustained damage due to fast running. At the start of the war, the ship served with the Second Destroyer Flotilla of the Grand Fleet, and spent most of the war in anti-submarine warfare, mainly protecting merchant ships from attack. Despite being involved in many actions, the destroyer did not sink any enemy boats. Lyra ended the war in Gibraltar. After the Armistice, the destroyer was placed in reserve before being sold to be broken up in 1921.

Grand Fleet
The Grand Fleet was the main battlefleet of the Royal Navy during the First World War. It was established in August 1914 and disbanded in April 1919. Its main base was Scapa Flow in the Orkney Islands.
No. 13 Service Flying Training School RCAF
No. 13 Service Flying Training School RCAF was a RAF flight training unit flying Avro Ansons from RCAF Station St Hubert, Quebec and later from RCAF Station North Battleford, Saskatchewan. It was part of No. 3 Training Command RCAF carrying out British Commonwealth Air Training Plan ("BCATP") operations.

British Commonwealth Air Training Plan
The British Commonwealth Air Training Plan (BCATP), often referred to as simply "The Plan", was a large-scale multinational military aircrew training program created by the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and New Zealand during the Second World War. The BCATP remains one of the single largest aviation training programs in history and was responsible for training nearly half the pilots, navigators, bomb aimers, air gunners, wireless operators and flight engineers who served with the Royal Air Force (RAF), Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm (FAA), Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF), Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) and Royal New Zealand Air Force (RNZAF) during the war.

Trainees from many other countries attended schools under the Plan, including Rhodesia, Argentina, Belgium, Ceylon, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, Fiji, Free France, Greece, the Netherlands, Newfoundland, Norway, Poland, and the United States.

Canada was chosen as the primary location for the BCATP's training operations.
Nicholas F. Chilton
Nicholas Frederick Chilton is an Australian chemist and a Professor in the Research School of Chemistry at The Australian National University and The Department of Chemistry at The University of Manchester. His research is in the areas of magnetochemistry and computational chemistry, and includes the design of high-temperature single molecule magnets, molecular spin qubits for quantum information science, methods and tools for modelling magnetic calculations.

Magnetochemistry
Magnetochemistry is concerned with the magnetic properties of chemical compounds and elements. Magnetic properties arise from the spin and orbital angular momentum of the electrons contained in a compound. Compounds are diamagnetic when they contain no unpaired electrons. Molecular compounds that contain one or more unpaired electrons are paramagnetic. The magnitude of the paramagnetism is expressed as an effective magnetic moment, μeff. For first-row transition metals the magnitude of μeff is, to a first approximation, a simple function of the number of unpaired electrons, the spin-only formula. In general, spin–orbit coupling causes μeff to deviate from the spin-only formula. For the heavier transition metals, lanthanides and actinides, spin–orbit coupling cannot be ignored. Exchange interaction can occur in clusters and infinite lattices, resulting in ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism or ferrimagnetism depending on the relative orientations of the individual spins.
Shen Peiping
Shen Peiping (Chinese: 沈培平; pinyin: Shěn Péipíng; born February 1962) is a former Chinese politician from Yunnan province. Between 2013 and 2014 Shen served as the Vice Governor of Yunnan province. He also once served as the Mayor and then Party Secretary of Pu'er. He was investigated in March 2014 by the Communist Party's internal disciplinary organ.

Pu'er City
Pu'er is a prefecture-level city in southern Yunnan Province, China. Pu'er City governs 9 counties, 1 district, 103 townships (towns), and a total population of 2.65 million. The urban administrative center of Pu'er is Simao District, which is also the former name of the prefecture-level city itself. A major downturn in the price of tea in 2007 caused severe economic distress in the area. Tea prices have since recovered, and Pu'er tea, a type of dark tea, still contributes much to the income of the area. By the end of 2024, the resident population of the city will be 2.337 million.
Glanford Brigg Power Station
Glanford Brigg Power Station (also known as Brigg Power Station) is a gas-fired power station in North Lincolnshire, England. It is capable of firing diesel as a substitute of natural gas. It is situated on the River Ancholme, beside the Sheffield to Cleethorpes via Brigg Line, outside the town of Brigg, with its name coming from the former name for the town. It has a generating capacity of 240 megawatts (MW).

Opened in 1993, the station was originally operated by Finnish company Fortum. It is now operated by Centrica. There are currently plans to build a straw fuelled renewable energy plant alongside the station.

Fortum
Fortum Oyj is a Finnish state-owned energy company located in Espoo, Finland. It mainly focuses on the Nordic region. Fortum operates power plants, including co-generation plants, and generates and sells electricity and heat. The company also sells waste services such as recycling, reutilisation, final disposal solutions and soil remediation and environmental constructions services, and other energy-related services and products e.g. consultancy services for power plants and electric vehicle charging. Fortum is listed on the Nasdaq Helsinki stock exchange.

As of 2023 Fortum was the third-largest power generator in the Nordics.
Invariant differential operator
In mathematics and theoretical physics, an invariant differential operator is a kind of mathematical map from some objects to an object of similar type. These objects are typically functions on , functions on a manifold, vector valued functions, vector fields, or, more generally, sections of a vector bundle.

In an invariant differential operator , the term differential operator indicates that the value  of the map depends only on  and the derivatives of  in . The word invariant indicates that the operator contains some symmetry. This means that there is a group  with a group action on the functions (or other objects in question) and this action is preserved by the operator:

Usually, the action of the group has the meaning of a change of coordinates (change of observer) and the invariance means that the operator has the same expression in all admissible coordinates.

Exterior derivative
On a differentiable manifold, the exterior derivative extends the concept of the differential of a function to differential forms of higher degree. The exterior derivative was first described in its current form by Élie Cartan in 1899. The resulting calculus, known as exterior calculus, allows for a natural, metric-independent generalization of Stokes' theorem, Gauss's theorem, and Green's theorem from vector calculus.

If a differential k-form is thought of as measuring the flux through an infinitesimal k-parallelotope at each point of the manifold, then its exterior derivative can be thought of as measuring the net flux through the boundary of a (k + 1)-parallelotope at each point.
Leo Isaac
Leandro "Leo" Isaac (born February 2, 1961) is a Filipino former basketball player, commentator, and former head coach of the Blackwater Elite in the Philippine Basketball Association (PBA).

He is chief operating officer of the basketball league Sinag Liga Asya.

Junel Baculi
Edmundo "Junel" Baculi is a Filipino head basketball coach who formerly coached GlobalPort Batang Pier in the PBA.  In the PBL, he also coached the Hapee-PCU Dolphins and had many titles. Prior to coaching, Baculi played varsity basketball for the Mapua Cardinals.

He coached the Philippines national basketball team that participated at the 2007 Southeast Asian Games guiding the team to a gold medal finish. He is currently the basketball commissioner for the incoming UAAP Season 81.
Chen Long
Chen Long (Chinese: 谌龙; pinyin: Chén Lóng; Mandarin pronunciation: [ʈʂʰə̂n lʊ̌ŋ]; born 18 January 1989), is a Chinese former professional badminton player. He is the 2016 Olympic champion, two-time World champion, and an Asian champion.

Chen was a former World number 1, occupying the top men's singles ranking for 76 consecutive weeks from December 2014 to June 2016. He started his achievements in the international stage by winning the boys' singles title in the Asian and World Junior Championships in 2007, and then won his first professional tournament in the Philippines Open in 2009.

Affectionately known as "The Great Wall of China" by his fans, he is noted for his endurance, ability to dictate rallies and   resolute defence. He is considered one of the greats of men's singles badminton.

Philippines Open (badminton)
The Philippines Open Grand Prix Gold also known as the Philippine Open Badminton Championships in 2006 or simply as the Philippines Open, was an international badminton open held in the Philippines from 2006 to 2009.