hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Expected value
In probability theory, the expected value (also called expectation, expectancy, expectation operator, mathematical expectation, mean, expectation value, or first moment) is a generalization of the weighted average.

The expected value of a random variable with a finite number of outcomes is a weighted average of all possible outcomes. In the case of a continuum of possible outcomes, the expectation is defined by integration. In the axiomatic foundation for probability provided by measure theory, the expectation is given by Lebesgue integration.

The expected value of a random variable X is often denoted by , , or , with E also often stylized as ,  or E.

Weighted average
Weighted average is a single number or value that best represents a set of data, when each data point is assigned different "weights" or importance. 
The most common weighted average is the weighted arithmetic mean, which is similar to an ordinary arithmetic mean except some data points contribute more than others. 
Other cases include the weighted geometric mean and weighted harmonic mean.
Felix Nussbaum
Felix Nussbaum (11 December 1904 – after 20 September 1944) was a German-Jewish surrealist painter. Nussbaum's paintings, including Self Portrait with Jewish Identity Card (1943) and Triumph of Death (1944), explore his experiences as a Jew during the Holocaust. His work is usually associated with the New Objectivity movement, and was influenced by the works of Giorgio de Chirico, Henri Rousseau, and Vincent van Gogh. He took refuge in Belgium after the Nazi rise to power, but was deported to Auschwitz along with his wife Felka Platek only a few months before the British liberation of Brussels on 3 September 1944.

Henri Rousseau
Henri Julien Félix Rousseau (French: [ɑ̃ʁi ʒyljɛ̃ feliks ʁuso]; 21 May 1844 – 2 September 1910) was a French post-Impressionist painter in the Naïve or Primitive manner. He was also known as Le Douanier (the customs officer), a humorous description of his occupation as a toll and tax collector. He started painting seriously in his early forties; by age 49, he retired from his job to work on his art full-time.

Ridiculed during his lifetime by critics, he came to be recognized as a self-taught genius whose works are of high artistic quality. Rousseau's work exerted an extensive influence on several generations of avant-garde artists.
Guadalupe Llori
Esperanza Guadalupe Llori Abarca (born 1962) is an Ecuadorian politician who was prefect of Orellana Province. She is a member of the Pachakutik Plurinational Unity Movement. She served as President of the National Assembly of Ecuador from May 2021 to May 2022.

Orellana Province
Orellana (Spanish pronunciation: [oɾeˈʝana]) is an inland province of Ecuador. The capital is Puerto Francisco de Orellana (also known as Coca). It was created on July 30, 1998, from part of Napo Province.

The name of the province derives from the explorer Francisco de Orellana who it is told to have sailed from somewhere near the town to the Atlantic Ocean.  He did this trip several times looking for the gold city of El Dorado and in search of a rumored Nutmeg forest which at the time was a very expensive spice.  During his voyages he met a ferocious tribe of Indians who attacked his ships and many among them were women.  This led to the naming of the river as the Amazon river.

On October 10th, 2024, the governors of four provinces, including Orellana Province, were replaced by president Daniel Noboa, per Executive Order 420. Alexandra Maricela Villavicencio Quezada, the current governor, was appointed to replace former governor Nuvia Vega.
2024 Brickyard 400
The 2024 Brickyard 400 presented by PPG was a NASCAR Cup Series race held on July 21, 2024, at Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway, Indiana.  Contested over 167 laps—extended from 160 laps due to an overtime finish, on the 2.5-mile (4.0 km) oval, it was the 22nd race of the 2024 NASCAR Cup Series season. It was the 31st annual running of NASCAR at Indianapolis, and first oval race here since 2020, making it the 28th running of the Brickyard 400 event. Kyle Larson won the race. Tyler Reddick finished 2nd, and Ryan Blaney finished 3rd. Christopher Bell and Bubba Wallace rounded out the top five, and Todd Gilliland, Austin Cindric, Daniel Suárez, Noah Gragson, and Chase Elliott rounded out the top ten.

Tyler Reddick
Tyler George Reddick (born January 11, 1996) is an American professional stock car racing driver. He competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series, driving the No. 45 Toyota Camry XSE for 23XI Racing. He is a two-time champion in the NASCAR Xfinity Series, winning consecutive titles in 2018 and 2019. In 2018, Reddick set a NASCAR record at Daytona for the closest finish in NASCAR Xfinity Series history as well as the closest finish in any of NASCAR’s top three series by 0.0004 seconds. He won the 2026 Daytona 500.
Blitterswijck
Blitterswijck (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈblɪtərsʋɛik]; Limburgish: Blitterswik [ˈblɪtəʀswɪk]) is a village in the Dutch province of Limburg. It is a part of the municipality of Venray, and lies about 20 km north of Venlo.

The village was first mentioned in 1242 as "Willem van Blitterswijck", and means "settlement of Blicter (person)". Blitterswijck developed along the Maas near a castle. In 1815, it became part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.

Castle Blitterswijck probably dated from the 14th century. In 1670, it was restored and redesigned in 1806. The castle was destroyed in 1944 and only ruins remain.

The Catholic Onze Lieve Vrouwe Church is a double aisled church and dated from around 1500. In 1944, it was severely damaged. The nave was restored between 1950 and 1951. In 1953,a larger tower was added. The Dutch Reformed church is an aisleless church founded by Barones Mackay in 1828.

Blitterswijck was home to 444 people in 1840. The village was severely damaged by war in 1944.

Venray
Venray or Venraij (pronounced [ʋɛnˈraːi] ⓘ; Limburgish: Venroj) is a municipality and a city in Limburg, the Netherlands.

The municipality of Venray consists of 14 towns over an area of 165 km2 (64 sq mi), with 43,494 inhabitants as of July 2016. About 30,000 of those inhabitants live in the city of Venray; the other 13,000 live in one of the 13 surrounding towns.
Lingdale
Lingdale is a village in the unitary authority of Redcar and Cleveland and the ceremonial county of North Yorkshire, England. The village was created with the advent of ironstone mining in the area, in the early 19th century.

Redcar and Cleveland
Redcar and Cleveland is a unitary authority area with borough status in the ceremonial county of North Yorkshire, England. Its council has been a unitary authority since 1996.

The borough was created in 1974 as Langbaurgh, and was one of four boroughs in the non-metropolitan county of Cleveland. It was renamed Langbaurgh-on-Tees in 1988, and given its present name when Cleveland was abolished in 1996; the borough was made a unitary authority in the same year. Redcar and Cleveland is part of the Tees Valley combined authority, which also includes the boroughs of Darlington, Middlesbrough, Hartlepool and Stockton-on-Tees; the latter three were also formerly in Cleveland County.

Its main settlement is the town of Redcar. Other notable towns and villages include South Bank, Eston, Brotton, Guisborough, Greater Eston, Loftus, Saltburn-by-the-Sea and Skelton.
John Gray (Oshawa politician)
John Gray (born March 20, 1959) is a politician in Ontario, Canada, who is currently the Councillor for Ward 5 in the City of Oshawa. He was formerly a councillor for the city of Oshawa and the Regional Municipality of Durham from 1994 to 2003. Gray then served as mayor of Oshawa from 2003 to 2010.

Regional Municipality of Durham
The Regional Municipality of Durham (/ˈdʊərəm/), informally referred to as Durham Region, is a regional municipality in Southern Ontario, Canada. Located east of Toronto and the Regional Municipality of York, it forms the east end of the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) and is part of the Golden Horseshoe region. It has an area of approximately 2,500 km2 (970 sq mi). The regional government is headquartered in Whitby.

The southern portion of Durham Region, on Lake Ontario, is primarily suburban in nature, forming the eastern end of the "905 belt" of suburbs around Toronto, while the northern portion comprises rural areas and small towns. The city of Pickering, town of Ajax, and the township of Uxbridge are part of the Toronto Census Metropolitan Area, while the communities of Oshawa, Whitby, and Clarington comprise the Oshawa Census Metropolitan Area.
Lovely Rivero
Gineb Macalinao, known professionally as Lovely Rivero, is a Filipino actress who started in the kiddie-show, Kaluskos Musmos in 1980 (second batch). She made a comeback in the late '80s as one of the mainstays of That's Entertainment and as a teenage actress in Baby Pascual and Associate's Chikas (1984) with Jaclyn Jose, Karla Kalua, Rachel Anne Wolfe and Tanya Gomez. Other film credit includes Sex Object (1985) with Stella "Pinky" Suarez Jr. and Julio Diaz.

In 1996–1998, she starred the time blocker soap Mukha Ng Buhay with Shintaro Valdez Pilar Pilapil and Bernadette Allyson for Vintage Television or Viva Television.

Julio Diaz (actor)
Mariano Calongje de Leon (born November 18, 1958), better known by his stage name Julio Diaz, is a Filipino film and television actor in the Philippines. Diaz is of Filipino Mexican background. He received the Best Actor Gawad Urian Award nomination for his performance in Takaw Tukso (1986).
Te Puna West
Te Puna West is a rural settlement in the Western Bay of Plenty District and Bay of Plenty Region of New Zealand's North Island. It is on a headland on the southern side of Tauranga Harbour, opposite Motuhoa Island, and on the eastern side of Te Puna Estuary, across from Plummers Point. The East Coast Main Trunk forms its southern boundary.

Waitui Reserve is a grassy area with a boat ramp at the point of the headland.

Plummers Point
Plummers Point is a rural settlement in the Western Bay of Plenty District and Bay of Plenty Region of New Zealand's North Island. It is on a headland on the southern side of Tauranga Harbour, opposite Motuhoa Island, and between Mangawhai Bay and Te Puna Estuary. The East Coast Main Trunk forms its southern boundary.

Ongarahu Pā is on 12 to 15 metre-high cliffs at the northern end. It is well-preserved and a tourist attraction.
Freedom fries
Freedom fries was a politically motivated renaming of french fries in the United States. The term was coined in February 2003 in a North Carolina restaurant, and was widely publicized a month later when the then Republican Chairman of the Committee on House Administration, Bob Ney, renamed the menu item in three Congressional cafeterias. The political renaming occurred in context of France's opposition to the proposed invasion of Iraq. Although some restaurants around the nation adopted the renaming, the term became unpopular, in part due to decreasing popularity of the Iraq War. After Ney's resignation as Chairman in 2006, the change of name in Congressional cafeterias was reverted.

French fries
French fries, or simply fries, also known as chips, and finger chips (Indian English), are batonnet or julienne-cut deep-fried potatoes of disputed origin. They are prepared by cutting potatoes into even strips, drying them, and frying them, usually in a deep fryer. Pre-cut, blanched, and frozen russet potatoes are widely used, and sometimes baked in a regular or convection oven, such as an air fryer.

French fries are served hot, either soft or crispy, and are generally eaten as part of lunch or dinner or by themselves as a snack, and they commonly appear on the menus of diners, fast food restaurants, pubs, and bars. They are typically salted and may be served with ketchup, vinegar, mayonnaise, tomato sauce, or other sauces. Fries can be topped more heavily, as in the dishes of poutine, loaded fries or chili cheese fries, and are occasionally made from sweet potatoes instead of potatoes.
SR Q class
The Q Class is a type of 0-6-0 steam locomotive designed by Richard Maunsell of the Southern Railway and constructed immediately  prior to the Second World War for use on medium-distance freight trains throughout the network.  Twenty locomotives were built by Maunsell's successor, Oliver Bulleid, in 1938. The design was relatively old-fashioned and the class was soon afterwards eclipsed by Bulleid's own more powerful Q1 class. Nevertheless the locomotives performed adequately and reliably on the tasks for which they had been designed, until their withdrawal in 1965. Only one has survived, and is preserved on the Bluebell Railway.

Oliver Bulleid
Oliver Vaughan Snell Bulleid CBE (19 September 1882 – 25 April 1970) was a British railway and mechanical engineer best known as the Chief Mechanical Engineer (CME) of the Southern Railway between 1937 and the 1948 nationalisation, developing a number of well-known locomotives.
Benji's Very Own Christmas Story
Benji's Very Own Christmas Story is a 1978 American Christmas television special featuring Benji and is one of two such Benji specials to have been nominated for an Emmy Award. Patsy Garrett and Cynthia Smith reprise their respective roles as Mary and Cindy. The special was broadcast on ABC on December 7, 1978.

Patsy Garrett
Virginia "Patsy" Garrett (May 4, 1921 – January 8, 2015) was an American actress and singer.  Beginning her career as a radio performer at the age of seven, Garrett is best known for her seven years on Fred Waring's Pleasure Time radio show during the 1940s, as well as for her recurring television and film roles; as nosy neighbor Mrs. Florence Fowler on Nanny and the Professor (1970–1971), school secretary Miss Hogarth on Room 222 (1972–1973), as Mary Gruber in the Benji series of motion pictures beginning in 1974, and as a commercial spokesperson for Purina Cat Chow cat food.
Josephine Park
Josephine Park (born 10 April 1987) is a Danish actress. She is known for her roles in a number of Danish films, including Attachment (Natten har øjne; 2022), as well as television series, including Dicte (2013) and Oxen (2023–).

Dicte (TV series)
Dicte (broadcast in the UK as Dicte – Crime Reporter) is a Danish series starring Iben Hjejle as crime reporter Dicte Svendsen, who has returned to her hometown of Aarhus following a divorce. The series is based on Danish author Elsebeth Egholm's series of novels about the title character. It is broadcast in Denmark on TV2 Danmark.

Season 1 was broadcast in Denmark in 2013, season 2 in 2014, and season 3 in 2016. In the UK the first season was broadcast on More4 in mid-2016 as five feature-length episodes under the title Dicte - Crime Reporter, followed by the second season in mid-2017, and the third starting July 2018. All three seasons are available on Netflix (US) since November 2016.
Naval Tata
Naval Hormusji Tata (30 August 1904 – 5 May 1989) was an Indian industrialist and philanthropist who worked for the Tata Group. He was the adopted son of Sir Ratan Tata, and the father of Ratan, Jimmy and Noel Tata.

Tata Group
The Tata Group (/ˈtɑːtɑː/) is an Indian  multinational conglomerate headquartered in Mumbai. Established in 1868, it is India's largest business conglomerate.

Tata Group comprises numerous affiliate companies, with Tata Sons as the holding company and promoter. As of August 2025, there are 29 publicly listed affiliate companies, with a combined market capitalisation of ₹37.84 trillion (US$446 billion).
Wood's anomaly
In optics, Wood's anomaly refers to the rapid variation of light intensity at diffracted spectral orders in metallic gratings. It was first observed by American physicist Robert W. Wood in 1902. Initially unexplained by conventional grating theories, the effect was later understood to arise partly from the excitation of surface plasmon polaritons at the grating surface and partly from the coupling of incident light into diffracted orders, one of which becomes evanescent at a grazing angle. The latter effect is also known as Rayleigh anomaly or Rayleigh–Wood anomaly,  after Lord Rayleigh's 1907 work on gratings.

Studies on Wood anomalies acted as a progenitor to the fields of plasmonics and metamaterials. Wood anomalies were also observed in acoustic gratings, where they were associated both with diffracted waves at a grazing incidence and surface acoustic waves.

Extraordinary optical transmission
In optics, extraordinary optical transmission (EOT) is the phenomenon of greatly enhanced transmission of light through a subwavelength aperture in an otherwise opaque metallic film which has been patterned with a regularly repeating periodic structure.  Generally when light of a certain wavelength falls on a subwavelength aperture, it is diffracted isotropically in all directions evenly, with minimal far-field transmission.  This is the understanding from classical aperture theory as described by Hans Bethe.  In EOT however, the regularly repeating structure enables much higher transmission efficiency to occur, up to several orders of magnitude greater than that predicted by classical aperture theory. It was first described in 1998.
Shola (film)
Shola (Punjabi: شعلہ, transl. Flame) is a 1978 Pakistani Punjabi-language film directed by Rehmat Ali. The lead cast includes Asif Khan, Najma, Mustafa Qureshi, Usman Pirzada, and Bindiya. It was an action thriller movie which won 4 Nigar Awards, including the Best Punjabi Film Award for the year.

Usman Peerzada
Usman Peerzada (Urdu: عثمان پیرزادہ) (born 24 May 1951) is a Pakistani actor, director, producer and screenwriter.

He has acted in many Punjabi and Urdu films and serials, including Beyond the Last Mountain and Kahi Un Kahi.

He is best known for portrayal of Prince Salim in drama Nangay Paoon.
2023 UC Davis Aggies football team
The 2023 UC Davis football team represented the University of California, Davis as a member of the Big Sky Conference during the 2023 NCAA Division I FCS football season. Led by seventh-year head coach Dan Hawkins, the Aggies played their home games at UC Davis Health Stadium in Davis, California. The UC Davis Aggies football team drew an average home attendance of 10,562 in 2023.

Davis, California
Davis is the most populous city in Yolo County, California, United States. Located in the Sacramento Valley region of Northern California, the city had a population of 66,850 in 2020, not including the on-campus population of the University of California, Davis, which was over 9,400 (not including students' families) in 2016. As of 2023, there were 40,850 students enrolled at the university, which is known as the biking capital of America.
Xavier Pintat
Xavier Pintat (born 15 March 1954 in Bordeaux, Gironde) is a member of the Senate of France, representing the Gironde department.  He is a member of the Union for a Popular Movement. He is the son of Jean-François Pintat, a politician.

Gironde
Gironde (/ʒɪˈrɒnd/ zhih-ROND, US usually /dʒɪˈ-/ jih-; French: [ʒiʁɔ̃d] ⓘ; Occitan: Gironda, pronounced [dʒiˈɾundɔ]) is the largest department in the southwestern French region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine. Named after the Gironde estuary, a major waterway, its prefecture is Bordeaux. In 2019, it had a population of 1,623,749. The famous Bordeaux wine region is in Gironde. It has six arrondissements, making it one of the departments with the most arrondissements (Nord also has six, while Pas-de-Calais has the most of any department, with seven).
Tabla!
tabla! is a weekly English language newspaper in Singapore, published by Tamil Murasu. Launched on 10 October 2008, it marked its third anniversary in October 2011 with the launch of the tabla! Community Champion Award. tabla! also presented the Taj Express, a Bollywood musical that made its world premiere here in Singapore, on June 7.

The paper is named after the popular two-piece Indian percussion instrument, tabla.
30,000 free copies of the newspaper are distributed every Friday, excluding public holidays. It is available at all 7-Eleven outlets in Singapore. It provides local news to the Singaporean-Indian community (and PRs) and includes stories on education, property and transport.

Tamil Murasu
Tamil Murasu (Tamil: தமிழ் முரசு) is a Singapore-based Tamil-language newspaper officially launched on 2 May 1936 by Thamizhavel G. Sarangapani, Tamil Murasu is Singapore's only Tamil-language newspaper. It is one of the sixteen newspapers in Singapore.
Matthew Bell (footballer, born 1992)
Matthew Bell (born 3 January 1992) is a former footballer who played as a midfielder.

Bell came through the youth team at Port Vale and has played for Mansfield Town, Stafford Rangers, Leek Town, Solihull Moors, Kidsgrove Athletic, Nantwich Town and Hanley Town. He represented the British Virgin Islands at international level.

Leek Town F.C.
Leek Town Football Club is an English football club based in Leek, Staffordshire, playing in the Northern Premier League Premier Division, the seventh tier of English football. The team, nicknamed "The Blues", play their home games at Harrison Park.

The club was founded in 1946 and played in a variety of local leagues including the Staffordshire County League, Manchester League, Mid-Cheshire League and Cheshire County League, before becoming a founder member of the North West Counties League in 1982 and from there progressing to the Northern Premier League in 1987. In 1997, they were Northern Premier League champions and gained promotion to the Football Conference, the highest level of English non-league football, spending two seasons at that level before being relegated.

Leek Town reached the final of the FA Trophy in 1990, having progressed all the way from the first qualifying round, but lost in the final at Wembley Stadium 3–0 to Barrow.
Manlio Sodi
Manlio Sodi, (22 January 1944) is an Italian priest, theologian and liturgist and is an Ordinary professor emeritus of the Salesian Pontifical University. He resides in the diocese of Montepulciano-Chiusi-Pienza. Sodi is the author of dictionaries, editor of series and periodicals, with numerous studies and articles published in Italian and foreign journals.

Salesian Pontifical University
The Salesian Pontifical University (Italian: Università Pontificia Salesiana; Latin: Pontificia Studiorum Universitas Salesiana) is a pontifical university in Italy run by the Salesians of Don Bosco. It has three campuses, one in Rome, one in Turin, and one in Jerusalem. The Salesian Pontifical University is an ordinary member of the International Federation of Catholic Universities, the European Federation of Catholic Universities, the European University Association and the International Association of Universities.
Mohamadreza Ghodousi
Mohamadreza Ghodousi (Persian: محمدرضا قدوسی), also written as Mohamad Reza Ghodousi, is an Iranian architect. He is the co-founder and principal architect of the Tehran-based architectural practice ZAV Architects.

Ghodousi won the Aga Khan Award for Architecture in 2025 for the design of Majara Residence. His other notable works include Type-less Building, Habitat for Orphan Girls, Farsh Film Studio, Baba Beski Tomb, and Pedari Guest House.

Aga Khan Award for Architecture
The Aga Khan Award for Architecture (AKAA) is an architectural prize established by Aga Khan IV in 1977. It aims to identify and reward architectural concepts that successfully address the needs and aspirations of Muslim societies in the fields of contemporary design, social housing, community development and improvement, restoration, reuse and area conservation, as well as landscape design and improvement of the environment.

The award is associated with the Aga Khan Trust for Culture (AKTC), an agency of the Aga Khan Development Network (AKDN).