hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Barbara Scholz
Barbara Caroline Scholz (August 29, 1947 – May 14, 2011) was an American philosopher of science, with a particular focus on the philosophy of cognitive science and linguistics. She taught at the University of Toledo, at the University of California, Santa Cruz, and at San Jose State University. She was a fellow of the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University in 2005–2006. From 1994 until her death in 2011, she was married to linguist Geoff Pullum.

Cognitive science
Cognitive science is the interdisciplinary, scientific study of the mind and its processes. It examines the nature, the tasks, and the functions of cognition (in a broad sense). Mental faculties of concern to cognitive scientists include perception, memory, attention, reasoning, language, and emotion. To understand these faculties, cognitive scientists borrow from fields such as psychology, philosophy, artificial intelligence, neuroscience, linguistics, and anthropology. The typical analysis of cognitive science spans many levels of organization, from learning and decision-making to logic and planning; from neural circuitry to modular brain organization. One of the fundamental concepts of cognitive science is that "thinking can best be understood in terms of representational structures in the mind and computational procedures that operate on those structures."
Kells (County Kilkenny barony)
Kells (Irish: Ceanannas, meaning 'head fort, seat or residence') is a barony in the south-west of County Kilkenny, Ireland.   It is one of 12 baronies in County Kilkenny.   The size of the barony is 155.6 square kilometres (60.1 sq mi). There are 10 civil parishes in Kells, made up of 167 townlands. The chief town is Kells.

Kells lies to the south-west of the county, with the baronies of Callan and Shillelogher to the north (whose chief towns are Callan and Bennettsbridge), and the baronies of Iverk and Knocktopher to the south (whose chief towns are Piltown and  Knocktopher). It has a border with County Tipperary on the west.

The barony was part of the territory of the Ua Glóiairn clan of Callann, and in the historic kingdom of Osraige (Ossory). Kells Priory is located in the barony. Today it is part of the Roman Catholic Church diocese of Ossory and  the Church of Ireland diocese of Cashel and Ossory. Kells is currently administered by Kilkenny County Council.

Kells, County Kilkenny
Kells (Irish: Ceanannas) is a village in County Kilkenny in Ireland. It is about 15 km south of Kilkenny. It is situated on high ground to the south of the Kings River. The village is in a townland and civil parish of the same name.

Kells Priory, though in ruins, is one of the best preserved in Ireland.

The Cotterell family were the leading landowners in Kells in medieval times. One member of the family, Sir  John, was executed for treason in 1346. On the other hand, his cousin Walter Cotterell (who died after 1388) was a valued servant of the English Crown who frequently sat as an extra judge.

Kilree round tower and 9th century high cross, said to be the burial place of Niall Caille, is located 2 km south of Kells.

The champion racehorse Red Rum was bred at Rossenarra stud in Kells.

Olympian Michelle Smith de Bruin lives in Kells.
Perlis GSA F.C.
Perlis Guar Syed Alwi Football Club, also known as Perlis GSA, is a Malaysian football club from Kampung Guar Syed Alwi, Kangar, Perlis. They are playing in the second division of the Malaysian football, the Malaysia A1 Semi-Pro League, after promotion from the Malaysia A2 Amateur League.

Kangar
Kangar (Kedah Malay: Kangaq) is the state capital and the largest town in Perlis, Malaysia. It has a population of 48,898 and an area of 2,619.4 ha. It is located next to the Thailand border, in the northernmost point of Peninsular Malaysia. It is situated by the Perlis River.

The town is also a gathering centre for the paddy rice production of the surrounding district. Its municipal government is unified with that of the neighbouring communities of Arau and Kaki Bukit. The centre of Kangar is Sena Province. The town is the smallest state capital in Malaysia and its inhabitants are mostly farmers and civil servants. Its industries include cement, saw milling, rubber, paper, and processing of sugar and prawns.
Flora Crater
Flora Crater (April 19, 1914 – February 1, 2009) was a Virginia politician, lobbyist, and activist. Her causes included women's rights, school integration, collective bargaining, and minority rights. She most famously led the Virginia lobby for the Equal Rights Amendment and was the first president of the Virginia chapter of the National Organization for Women. She was the first woman to run for statewide office in Virginia.

National Organization for Women
The National Organization for Women (NOW) is an American progressive-left  feminist organization. Founded in 1966, it is legally a 501(c)(4) social welfare organization. The organization consists of 550 chapters in all 50 U.S. states and in Washington, D.C. It is the largest feminist organization in the United States with around 500,000 members. NOW is regarded as one of the main liberal feminist organizations in the US, and primarily lobbies for gender equality within the existing political system. NOW campaigns for constitutional equality, economic justice, reproductive rights, LGBTQIA+ rights and racial justice, and against violence against women.
Diarrhena
Diarrhena, or beakgrain, is a genus of Asian and North American plants in the grass family.

Species

Diarrhena americana P. Beauv.  - east-central United States (OK MO AR IL IN OH KY TN AL GA NC VA WV MD PA)

Diarrhena fauriei (Hack.) Ohwi - Shandong, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Japan, Korea, Primorye

Diarrhena japonica Franch. & Sav. - Japan, Jeju-do, Kuril, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Liaoning

Diarrhena mandshurica Maxim. - Jilin, Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Primorye, Amur, Khabarovsk, Korea, Hebei, Shanxi

Diarrhena obovata (Gleason) Brandenburg - Ontario, east-central United States (TX OK KS NE SD MN IA MO AR IL WI MI IN OH KY TN VA WV PA NY)

formerly included

see Ammophila Catabrosa Cutandia Sphenopus Vulpia

Cutandia
Cutandia is a genus of Asian and Mediterranean plant in the grass family. It grows from Portugal and Cape Verde to Pakistan and Kazakhstan.

Species

Cutandia dichotoma (Forssk.) Trab. - Asia + Africa from Algeria to Iran

Cutandia divaricata (Desf.) Benth.  - Canary Islands, Spain, Italy (incl Sicily + Sardinia), Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya

Cutandia maritima (L.) Benth. - Mediterranean, Canary Islands

Cutandia memphitica (Spreng.) Benth. - Spain, North Africa, Canary Islands, Cape Verde, Middle East, Caucasus, Arabian Peninsula, Iran, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Central Asia

Cutandia rigescens (Grossh.) Tzvelev - Caucasus, iran, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan

Cutandia stenostachya (Boiss.) Stace - Greece + Turkey including Aegean Islands

Former species

See Desmazeria and Vulpiella

Cutandia incrassata - Vulpiella stipoides

Cutandia philistaea - Desmazeria philistaea

Cutandia rohlfsiana - Desmazeria philistaea
Dah Sing Financial Centre
Dah Sing Financial Centre (formerly called Sunlight Tower, MLC Tower or CEF Life Tower ) is a 40-storey skyscraper located at 248 Queen's Road East, in the Wan Chai district of Hong Kong. It stands 156 metres (512 ft) tall and has 40 floors. Designed by Andrew Lee King Fun & Associates, it was completed in 1998.

The building is managed by Henderson Sunlight Asset Management, a subsidiary of Henderson Land Development Hong Kong, a company which also developed the International Finance center.

The MLC in the name stands for Mutual Life & Citizens Assurance Company - an Australian life insurance company formed in 1908. The building was renamed CEF Life tower when, in 1998, six floors of the building were leased out to CEF Life (Canadian Eastern Life assurance, renamed CEF Lend Lease, now owned by Axa Hong Kong), a company partly owned by Li Ka Shing's Cheung Kong holdings.

Queen's Road East
Queen's Road East (Chinese: 皇后大道東; Jyutping: wong4 hau6 daai6 dou6 dung1) is a street in Wan Chai, in the north of Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong, connecting Admiralty in the west to Happy Valley in the east. Queen's Road East is one of the four sections of Queen's Road, and historically included Queensway.
Lavender (2000 film)
Lavender (Chinese: 薰衣草; Jyutping: Fan Yi Cho) is a 2000 Hong Kong romantic film written and directed by Riley Yip Kam-Hung. The film stars Taiwanese actor singer Takeshi Kaneshiro, Hong Kong actress singer Kelly Chen and actor singer Eason Chan. The title of the film is derived from Kelly Chen's character Athena's deceased boyfriend favorite scent, which was lavender. The film is the third collaboration between Kaneshiro and Chen, the two previously co-starred together in 1996 Lost and Found and 1998 Anna Magdalena.

Takeshi Kaneshiro
Takeshi Kaneshiro (金城 武, Kaneshiro Takeshi; born October 11, 1973) is a Japanese actor and singer based in Taiwan. Beginning his career as a pop idol, he has since moved his focus from music to film. Kaneshiro has worked with renowned directors throughout East Asia, including Wong Kar-wai (Chungking Express and Fallen Angels), Peter Chan (Perhaps Love, The Warlords, and Dragon), Zhang Yimou (House of Flying Daggers) and John Woo (Red Cliff and The Crossing I and II), resulting in collaborations that have achieved both commercial success and critical acclaim. Kaneshiro is also well known in the gaming industry for being the model and voice for the samurai character Samanosuke Akechi in Capcom's Onimusha video game series.
Canadian Association of Industrial Mechanical and Allied Workers
The Canadian Association of Industrial Mechanical and Allied Workers (CAIMAW) was a trade union in Canada. Formed in Winnipeg, Manitoba, in 1964, it was a breakaway from the International Molders and Foundry Workers Union of North America. The Canadian Electrical Workers Union merged into CAIMAW in 1969. In 1971, the union joined the left-wing Council of Canadian Unions, which became the Confederation of Canadian Unions in 1973. CAIMAW was part of the larger trend of unionization in Canada which emphasized independence from the United States–dominated international union movement as well as increased organizational democracy. In 1991, it had a membership of approximately 6,500, which voted 82 per cent in favour of merging into the newly independent Canadian Auto Workers.

Canadian Auto Workers
The National Automobile, Aerospace, Transportation and General Workers Union of Canada, commonly known as the Canadian Auto Workers (CAW), was a major Canadian labour union that operated from 1985 until 2013. Established following a formal separation from the American-based United Auto Workers (UAW), the CAW represented workers in the automotive sector and later expanded into aerospace, transportation, and healthcare. On August 31, 2013, the organization concluded its independent existence by merging with the Communications, Energy and Paperworkers Union of Canada (CEP) to form Unifor, which became the largest private-sector union in Canada. The CAW was led by three successive presidents during its 28-year history:  Bob White (1985–1992), Buzz Hargrove (1992–2008), and Ken Lewenza 2008–2013).
1916 United States Senate election in Tennessee
The 1916 United States Senate election in Tennessee was held on November 7, 1916. Incumbent Democratic Senator Luke Lea ran for re-election to a second term, but was defeated for the Democratic nomination by U.S. Representative Kenneth McKellar. McKellar won the general election against Republican Governor of Tennessee Ben W. Hooper.

This was the first popular election for U.S. Senator held in Tennessee, following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. McKellar would go on to serve six terms in the Senate, becoming one of the longest serving members of either house of Congress.

Luke Lea (American politician, born 1879)
Luke Lea (April 12, 1879 – November 18, 1945) was an American attorney, politician and newspaper publisher. A Democrat, he was most notable for his service as a United States Senator from Tennessee from 1911 to 1917. Lea was the longtime publisher of The Tennessean newspaper in Nashville, and a United States Army veteran of World War I. In 1919 he led an unauthorized and unsuccessful attempt to kidnap the recently exiled German Kaiser Wilhelm II.
Muddayi
Muddayi (transl. Accused) is a 1987 Indian Telugu-language action film directed by K. S. R. Das who also wrote the screenplay. Chakravarthy scored and composed the film's soundtrack. Produced by Vadde Balaji Rao under Sri Balaji Art movies, Muddayi was released on 3 July 1987 to generally positive reviews.
 The film featured an ensemble cast of Krishna Ghattamaneni, Vijayashanti, Radha, Sharada, Sarath Babu and Tiger Prabhakar in the lead roles. The film was edited by P. Venkateswara Rao while Pushpala Gopi handled the cinematography. The movie is a remake of 1982 Kannada film Jimmy Gallu which was also later remade by the director in Hindi in 1988 as Mulzim.

Tiger Prabhakar
Tiger Prabhakar (30 March 1948 – 25 March 2001) was an Indian actor who predominantly worked in Kannada and Telugu cinema. He has also acted in a few Malayalam, Tamil and Hindi films. He was also known as Kannada Prabhakar.
William P. Barnett
William P. Barnett (born 1958) is an American organizational theorist, and is the Thomas M. Siebel Professor of Business Leadership, Strategy, and Organizations at the Stanford Graduate School of Business. He is the Chair of the Department of Environmental Social Sciences at the Stanford Doerr School of Sustainability; Senior Fellow, Woods Institute for the Environment at Stanford; Faculty Director of the Stanford Initiative on Business and Environmental Sustainability; Faculty Director of the Stanford Executive Program.

Stanford Graduate School of Business
The Stanford Graduate School of Business  is the graduate business school of Stanford University, a private research university in Stanford, California. For several years it has been the most selective business school in the United States, admitting only about 6% of applicants. It is part of the M7 group of business schools recognized as having strong MBA programs, that are often highly-ranked in US MBA rankings.

Stanford GSB offers a general management Master of Business Administration (MBA) degree, the MSx Program (MS in Management for mid-career executives), Stanford LEAD Online Business Program and a PhD program, along with joint degrees with other schools at Stanford, including Earth Sciences, Education, Engineering, Law, and Medicine.
Thomas J. Hudson
Thomas James Hudson, O.C., (born June 12, 1961) is a Canadian genome scientist noted for his leading role in the generation of physical maps of the human and mouse genomes and also his role in the International HapMap Project whose goal is to develop a haplotype map of the human genome.

As director of the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, which he established, Hudson and his team have made a number of discoveries in human genetics. These include genes mutated in rare diseases and genes involved in complex diseases such as asthma, type II diabetes and inflammatory bowel disease.

In July 2006, he was appointed president and scientific director of the Ontario Institute for Cancer Research. He is also editor-in-chief of the journal Human Genetics.

Thomas Hudson is married and has five children.

Inflammatory bowel disease
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of inflammatory conditions of the colon and small intestine, with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis (UC) being the principal types. Crohn's disease affects the small intestine and large intestine, as well as the mouth, esophagus, stomach and the anus, whereas UC primarily affects the colon and the rectum.
Anti–Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibody
Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCAs) are antibodies against antigens presented by the cell wall of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These antibodies are directed against oligomannose sequences α-1,3 Man (α-1,2 Man α-1,2 Man)n (n = 1 or 2). ASCAs and perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (pANCAs) are the two most useful and often discriminating biomarkers for colitis. ASCA tends to recognize Crohn's disease more frequently, whereas pANCA tend to recognize ulcerative colitis.

ASCA antibodies react to a yeast protein with mannans, a 200-kDa glycoprotein.

Colitis
Colitis is swelling or inflammation of the large intestine (colon). Colitis may be acute and self-limited or long-term. It broadly fits into the category of digestive diseases.

In a medical context, the label colitis (without qualification) is used if:

The cause of the inflammation in the colon is undetermined; for example, colitis may be applied to Crohn's disease at a time when the diagnosis is unknown, or

The context is clear; for example, an individual with ulcerative colitis is talking about their disease with a physician who knows the diagnosis.
Thomas A. Matthews
Thomas A. Matthews is an American astronomer.  He is credited with being one of the discoverers of the first quasar, 3C 48, in 1960 using a new interferometer at the Owens Valley Radio Observatory, along with Allan Sandage.

Matthews received his PhD from Harvard University in 1956.  His advisor was Bart Bok.

Allan Sandage
Allan Rex Sandage (June 18, 1926 – November 13, 2010) was an American astronomer. He was Staff Member Emeritus with the Carnegie Observatories in Pasadena, California. He determined the first reasonably accurate values for the Hubble constant and the age of the universe.
Jim Boyle (American football)
James Robert Boyle (born July 27, 1961) is an American former professional football offensive tackle who played two seasons with the Pittsburgh Steelers of the National Football League (NFL). Boyle was selected by the Miami Dolphins in the ninth round of the 1984 NFL draft after playing college football at Tulane University.

1984 NFL draft
The 1984 NFL draft was the procedure by which National Football League teams selected amateur college football players. It is officially known as the NFL Annual Player Selection Meeting. The draft was held May 1–2, 1984, at the Omni Park Central Hotel in New York City, New York. No teams elected to claim any players in the regular supplemental draft that year. However, the NFL did have a special supplemental draft for college seniors who had already signed with the USFL or CFL on June 5, 1984.

The 1984 draft was the first in ten years in which a quarterback was not selected in the first round; the first quarterback selected in 1984 was Boomer Esiason, who was selected by the Cincinnati Bengals in the second round with the 38th overall pick. The New England Patriots used the first overall pick of the draft to select wide receiver Irving Fryar.
Second Maratha invasion of Bengal
The Second Maratha invasion of Bengal was a military campaign from March to May 1743, during which Raghuji Bhonsle, instigated by Bhaskar, led a large army into Bengal Subah in February 1743 to enforce the chauth for Bengal, Bihar, and Odisha.

Concurrently, Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao, at Muhammad Shah's request, entered Bihar with another Maratha army to counter Raghuji. The Peshwa and Nawab Alivardi Khan met at Plassey, where Alivardi agreed to pay Shahu the chauth for Bengal and 22 lakh rupees to the Peshwa, who promised to prevent future invasions by Raghuji. The combined forces of the Nawab and the Peshwa defeated and expelled Raghuji, and both Maratha armies withdrew from Bengal by the end of May 1743.

Raghuji I
Raghuji I (Raghuji Bhonsle, Marathi pronunciation: [ɾəɡud͡ʒi bʱoːsəleː]; 1695 – 14 February 1755) was a Maratha general credited with the Maratha expansion into Gondwana, Odisha, and Bengal, establishing Maratha supremacy in these areas. He was granted the title of Senasaheb Subha, meaning "Lord of the Provinces and the Army", and a saranjam in the Vidarbha region by Shahu I. He is considered the founder of the Kingdom of Nagpur.
S13 highway (Georgia)
The S13 route (Georgian: საერთაშორისო მნიშვნელობის გზა ს13, Saertashoriso mnishvnelobis gza S13, road of international importance), also known as "Akhalkalaki-Kartsakhi", is a 36.5 kilometres (22.7 mi) highway route of "international importance" in southern Georgia from Akhalkalaki to the Turkish border near Kartsakhi. The route branches off from the S11/E691 highway on the northside of Akhalkalaki. It is a simple (two-lane) asphalt road through the highlands that are characteristic for the Samtskhe–Javakheti region. The road starts at 1700 m (5600 ft) above sea level and gradually climbs to 1970 m (6460 ft) before reaching the Turkish border at 1820 m (5970 ft), the 3rd highest border checkpoint in Georgia next to Georgia's 2nd largest lake (Kartsakhi Lake). After the Turkish border, the road continues to the Turkish D010 at Çıldır. It is the shortest route from Armenia to Turkey, shortcutting the E691 route.

Samtskhe–Javakheti
Samtskhe–Javakheti (Georgian: სამცხე-ჯავახეთი, [s̪ämt̪͡s̪ʰχe̞ d͡ʒäväχet̪ʰi], Armenian: Սամցխե-Ջավախեթի, romanized: Samts’khe-Javakhet’i) is a region (mkhare) in southern Georgia with a population of 147,400 (2023) and an area of 6,413 km2 (2,476 sq mi). The region has Akhaltsikhe as its administrative center. Samtskhe–Javakheti is made up of the historical Georgian provinces Meskheti, Javakheti and Tori.

The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan oil pipeline, the South Caucasus natural gas pipeline, and the Kars–Tbilisi–Baku railway pass through the region.

The population of the region is made up of Georgians and Armenians, as well as smaller numbers of Russians.
13th (Service) Battalion, Rifle Brigade
The 13th (Service) Battalion, Rifle Brigade, (13th RB) was an infantry unit recruited as part of 'Kitchener's Army' in World War I. It served on the Western Front from July 1915 until the Armistice, seeing action at the Somme where it was half-destroyed in its first attack, and later at the Ancre, at Arras and Ypres, against the German spring offensive, and in the victorious Hundred Days Offensive. The battalion won two Victoria Crosses in a single action in May 1918. It was finally disbanded in May 1919.

Hundred Days Offensive
The Hundred Days Offensive (8 August to 11 November 1918) was a series of massive Allied offensives that ended the First World War. Beginning with the Battle of Amiens (8–12 August) on the Western Front, the Allies pushed the Imperial German Army back, undoing its gains from the German spring offensive (21 March – 18 July).

The Germans retreated to the Hindenburg Line, but the Allies broke through the line with a series of victories, starting with the Battle of St Quentin Canal on 29 September. The offensive led directly to the Armistice of 11 November 1918 which ended the war with an Allied victory. The term "Hundred Days Offensive" does not refer to a planned Allied campaign, but rather the rapid series of Allied victories.