hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
System (stratigraphy)
A system in stratigraphy is a sequence of strata (rock layers) that were laid down together within the same corresponding geological period. The associated period is a chronological time unit, a part of the geological time scale, while the system is a unit of chronostratigraphy. Systems are unrelated to lithostratigraphy, which subdivides rock layers on their lithology. Systems are subdivisions of erathems and are themselves divided into series and stages.

Stage (stratigraphy)
In chronostratigraphy, a stage is a succession of rock strata laid down in a single age on the geologic timescale, which usually represents millions of years of deposition.  A given stage of rock and the corresponding age of time will by convention have the same name, and the same boundaries.

Rock series are divided into stages, just as geological epochs are divided into ages. Stages are divided into smaller stratigraphic units called chronozones or substages, and added together into superstages.

The term faunal stage is sometimes used, referring to the fact that the same fauna (animals) are found throughout the layer (by definition).
Religious policies of Constantius II
The religious policies of Constantius II were a mixture of toleration for some pagan practices and repression for other pagan practices. He also sought to advance the Arian or Semi-Arianian set of beliefs, now generally regarded as heresy, within Christianity. These policies may be contrasted with the religious policies of his father, Constantine the Great, whose Catholic orthodoxy was espoused in the Nicene Creed and who largely tolerated paganism in the Roman Empire. Constantius also sought to repress Judaism.

Religious policies of Constantine the Great
The religious policies of Constantine the Great have been called "ambiguous and elusive.": 120  Born in 273 during the Crisis of the Third Century (AD 235–284), Constantine the Great was thirty at the time of the Great Persecution. He saw his father become Augustus of the West and then shortly die. Constantine spent his life in the military warring with much of his extended family, and converted to Christianity sometime around 40 years of age. His religious policies, formed from these experiences, comprised increasing toleration of Christianity, limited regulations against Roman polytheism with toleration, participation in resolving religious disputes such as schism with the Donatists, and the calling of councils including the Council of Nicaea concerning Arianism.: 60  John Kaye characterizes the conversion of Constantine, and the Council of Nicea that Constantine called, as two of the most important things to ever happen to the Christian church.: 1
1 Mile to You
1 Mile to You is a 2017 American sports romantic drama film directed by Leif Tilden. It stars Billy Crudup, Graham Rogers, Liana Liberato, Stefanie Scott, Melanie Lynskey, Peter Coyote, and Tim Roth. It is based on Jeremy Jackson's 2002 novel, Life at These Speeds.

Liana Liberato
Liana Daine Liberato (born August 20, 1995) is an American actress. She played the younger version of the female lead in the 2014 film The Best of Me and starred in the drama films The Last Sin Eater (2007) and Trust (2010), the thriller films Trespass (2011) and Erased (2012), and the horrors Haunt (2013) and The Beach House (2019). In 2017, she was part of the ensemble cast of the drama Novitiate and in 2018 she starred in the comedy Banana Split.

From 2018 to 2019, Liberato starred in the leading role on the Hulu thriller series Light as a Feather as McKenna Brady, for which she received two nominations for a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Digital Daytime Drama Series (2019) and Outstanding Principal Performance in a Daytime Program (2020). In 2023, she would appear in Scream VI, Totally Killer, the Peacock comedy thriller series Based on a True Story, and Criminal Minds (2024).
Alwan Al-Showayea
Alwan al-Showayea (Arabic: علوان الشویع) was a singer from Ahwaz. He was the inventor of the Arabic singing style ʿAlwānīyah, a term derived from his name.  Alwan's music used the rabab, a traditional instrument of Ahwaz.

Rebab
Rebab (Arabic: ربابة, rabāba, variously spelled rebap, rubob, rebeb, rababa, rabeba, robab, rubab, rebob, etc) is the name of several related string instruments that independently spread via Islamic trading routes over much of North Africa, Middle East, Central Asia, Southeast Asia, and parts of Europe. The instrument is typically bowed, but is sometimes plucked. It is one of the earliest known bowed instruments, named no later than the 8th century, and is the parent of many bowed and stringed instruments.
The Best of Master P
The Best of Master P is a compilation album released by Priority Records containing the greatest hits of rapper Master P. It was released on October 4, 2005, and peaked at #61 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. On the same day, several related compilations were released, The Best of C-Murder, The Best of Silkk the Shocker and The Best of TRU.

The Best of Silkk the Shocker
The Best of Silkk the Shocker is a compilation album released by Priority Records containing the greatest hits of rapper Silkk the Shocker. It was released on October 4, 2005. It was rated four stars by AllMusic.
Commonwealth Heritage List in the Australian Capital Territory and Jervis Bay Territory
The Commonwealth Heritage List is a heritage register which lists places of historic, cultural and natural heritage on Commonwealth land or in Commonwealth waters, or owned or managed by the Commonwealth Government. To be listed, a place has to meet one or more of nine criteria. The Commonwealth Heritage List lists entries for both the Australian Capital Territory and the separate Jervis Bay Territory under the former.

Jervis Bay Territory
The Jervis Bay Territory (/ˈdʒɜːrvɪs, ˈdʒɑːr-/; "JBT") is an internal territory of Australia. It was established in 1915 by the transfer of jurisdiction from the state of New South Wales to the federal Commonwealth of Australia, in order to give the federal government control of a port in the vicinity of the landlocked Australian Capital Territory (ACT).
Risk It All (Ella Henderson, House Gospel Choir and Just Kiddin song)
"Risk It All" is a standalone single by English singer-songwriter Ella Henderson, the House Gospel Choir and producer Just Kiddin, released on 20 August 2021 through Major Tom's / Asylum Records and Warner Music Group. Described by critics as an uplifting euphoric dance and pop song, it features lyrics that speak of facing your fears in life and love, and giving a relationship a second chance.

The song was promoted with live performances on BBC Radio 2's Breakfast Show with Zoe Ball and the homecoming ceremony for Team GB's Paralympics Team Homecoming. Upon its release, "Risk It All" debuted and peaked at 100 on the UK Singles Chart.

Just Kiddin
Just Kiddin are a British electronic music production duo composed of Lewis Thompson and Laurie Revell. The duo is from Kettering, Northamptonshire, England, and formed in 2010. Just Kiddin have remixed the likes of Usher, Parachute Youth, and Theophilus London, and have released original material on labels such as HK, Top Billin, La Valigetta, Sweat It Out, and Nurvous. Just Kiddin have received BBC Radio 1 support from Annie Mac, Nick Grimshaw, B.Traits and Rob Da Bank.
Polyallylamine hydrochloride
Polyallylamine hydrochloride (CAS No. 71550-12-4) is a cationic polyelectrolyte prepared by the polymerization of allylamine.  It can be used in combination with an anionic polyelectrolyte like poly(sodium styrene sulfonate) to form a layer-by-layer adsorbed film of negatively and positively charged polymers.

Poly(allylamine hydrochloride) has many biomedical applications. The most prominent use of this polyelectrolyte is in the field of cell encapsulation. A layer by layer method is used by alternating positively and negatively charged polyelectrolytes to build a barrier between the cell and the harsher outside environment. Upon cell lysis, the capsule of layered polyelectrolytes maintains its structural integrity and can be used for purposes such as drug delivery.

Polystyrene sulfonate
Polystyrene sulfonates are a group of medications used to treat high blood potassium. Therapeutic effects generally appear hours to days after commencement of therapy. Common side effects include loss of appetite, gastrointestinal upset, constipation, and low blood calcium. Polystyrene sulfonates are given by mouth with a meal, or rectally by retention enema. Oral formulations often also contain the laxative sorbitol in order to lessen the risk of constipation which can be severe.

Polystyrene sulfonates are derived from polystyrene by the addition of sulfonate functional groups. Sodium polystyrene sulfonate was approved for medical use in the United States in 1958. A polystyrene sulfonate was developed in the 2000s to treat Clostridioides difficile associated diarrhea under the name Tolevamer, but it was never marketed.

Polystyrene sulfonates are also used in technical applications to remove potassium, calcium, and sodium from solutions.
Folk Next Door
The Folk Next Door was the name of a concert series and CD releases produced on by WWUH, the University of Hartford radio station in West Hartford, CT, USA.  There were nine concerts and CDs in all, one each year starting in 1991.  Featured artists included Sloan Wainright, Dar Williams, Hugh Blumenfeld, The Nields, Please and Thank You Band, Lui Collins, Dewey Burns, Bruce Pratt, Kate McDonnell and Freddie Tane, The Hartford Gospel All Stars, Catie Curtis, and Dave Drouillard.

The Nields
The Nields is a folk-rock band that started in 1991. As a five-piece band, they toured much of the United States, performing with artists such as Dar Williams, Moxy Früvous, 10,000 Maniacs, Ani DiFranco and Catie Curtis and appeared at many folk festivals. Two members, Katryna and Nerissa Nields, continue to tour as a folk duo. Full band performances still occur from time to time.
2019 synagogue vandalism
On September 19, 2019, members of neo-Nazi accelerationist paramilitary group The Base vandalized Beth Israel Sinai Congregation in Racine, Wisconsin, and Temple Jacob in Hancock, Michigan in the US, in a campaign the group dubbed "Operation Kristallnacht". Three members of The Base were arrested and subsequently found guilty.

The Base (neo-Nazi group)
The Base is an international neo-Nazi organization and paramilitary training network formed in 2018 by Rinaldo Nazzaro. The group espouses accelerationist and white nationalist ideology. It is active in the United States, Canada, Australia, South Africa, and Europe, and designated as a terrorist organization in Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, and the European Union.

The organization's founder was a former employee of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the Pentagon. The organization was originally based on Nazzaro's off-the-grid land in Washington state, but he soon migrated to Russia and started directing the group's activities from there.
Dil Ka Kya Kasoor
Dil Ka Kya Kasoor (transl. How is the heart at fault?) is a 1992 Indian Hindi-language musical melodrama film directed by Lawrence D'Souza. It stars Divya Bharti and debutant Prithvi with Sanam, Suresh Oberoi and Laxmikant Berde in supporting roles. The music of the film, from the duo Nadeem-Shravan, was an instant hit due to its catchy melodies.

Suresh Oberoi
Suresh Oberoi (born 17 December 1946) is an Indian actor and politician who appeared in Hindi films. He is a recipient of the 1987 National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor. He started his career in radio shows, modelling and later moving to Bollywood, making him a popular character actor in the 1980s and much of the 1990s. He is the father of actor Vivek Oberoi.
Operation Cerska '93
Operation "Cerska '93" (Serbo-Croatian: Operacija "Cerska '93", Операција "Церска '93") was a military operation carried out by the Army of Republika Srpska (VRS) in early 1993 during the Bosnian War. The goal of the operation was to recapture parts of the Podrinje region around Cerska and Srebrenica that had been taken by the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Cerska
Cerska (Serbian Cyrillic: Церска) is a small town in the municipality of Vlasenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina located 12 kilometers from the town of Vlasenica itself and 11 km from the Serbian border. According to the 1991 census, Cerska had a total population of 1,409, of whom 99% were Bosniaks and the remainder Serbs and Yugoslavs.

During the 1992-1995 war in Bosnia and Herzegovina the village found itself in the Srebrenica enclave. However, in early March 1993 the Bosnian Serb Army overran Cerska and the neighboring village of Velići, killing from dozens to as many as 250 Bosniaks, and expelling the population west to Tuzla and east to Srebrenica.
2002–03 Maltese First Division
The 2002–03 Maltese First Division season started on 7 September 2002 and finished on 4 May 2003. Naxxar Lions and Lija Athletic were relegated from Maltese Premier League. Msida Saint-Joseph and Senglea Athletic were promoted from Maltese Second Division.

Msida Saint-Joseph won the 2001 Championship and a year later they won the 2002 Championship; three consecutive promotions to get in the top level. Gozo and Xgħajra Tornados were relegated to Maltese Second Division. Msida Saint-Joseph won the 2003 Championship and Balzan Youths were promoted to Maltese Premier League.

Gozo F.C.
Gozo Football Club was a Maltese football club based on the island of Gozo. Gozo FC was founded in 1987. The club was disbanded following the end of the 2010-2011 season.

Gozo FC was run by the Gozo Football Association.  It represented the island of Gozo in the Maltese Leagues. Its squad was formed of Gozitan players who played their trade in the Gozitan Leagues, mainly in the First Division. Their home matches were held at the Gozo Stadium.
Siaka Tiéné
Siaka Tiéné (born 22 February 1982) is an Ivorian former professional footballer who primarily played as a left-back. Having begun at ASEC Mimosas in his native Ivory Coast and Mamelodi Sundowns in South Africa, he went on to spend most of his professional career in France.

He amassed 96 appearances scoring twice for the Ivory Coast national team and was part of the squads at seven Africa Cup of Nations tournaments (2002, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2013, and 2015) and at the 2010 FIFA World Cup.

2015 Africa Cup of Nations
The  2015 Africa Cup of Nations, known as the Orange Africa Cup of Nations, Equatorial Guinea 2015 for sponsorship reasons, was the 30th staging of the Africa Cup of Nations, the international men's football championship of Africa. It was organized by the Confederation of African Football (CAF) and was held from 17 January to 8 February.

The tournament was initially scheduled to be hosted by Morocco who later demanded postponement of the event because of the Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa; subsequently Morocco was ruled out as a host country and replaced by Equatorial Guinea.

Ivory Coast won the tournament for their second Africa Cup of Nations title, defeating Ghana 9–8 in a penalty shoot-out after the final finished goalless following extra time. The DR Congo came third and the hosts Equatorial Guinea fourth, while defending champions Nigeria had failed to qualify for the tournament.
Arrowhead Towne Center
Arrowhead Towne Center, often referred to by locals as Arrowhead Mall, is a super-regional shopping mall located in Glendale, Arizona (west suburban Phoenix). The mall is owned by Macerich & GIC Private Limited. The mall features Macy's, Dillard's, JCPenney, and Dick's Sporting Goods in addition to a 14-screen AMC Theatres, and Round 1. Arrowhead also serves as a transit center for Valley Metro Bus.

Dick's Sporting Goods
Dick's Sporting Goods, Inc. (stylized as DICK'S Sporting Goods) is an American chain of sporting goods stores founded in 1948 by Richard "Dick" Stack. It is the largest sporting goods retailer in the United States and is listed on the Fortune 500.
Squatting in Peru
Squatting in Peru (known in Spanish as okupa) is the occupation of unused or derelict buildings or land without the permission of the owner. From the 1940s onwards, Peru saw the illegal occupations of empty land, which created shanty towns known as barriadas and later pueblos jóvenes. Initially repressed, the Peruvian government eventually decided upon their toleration, and by 1998, it was estimated that 2.5 million inhabitants of Lima lived in such types of settlements. Similar slum tenements existed in the centre, known as solares or tugurios.

In upper-class districts of the city, a number of barriers (known by critics as the "walls of shame") have been built to separate the upper-class from lower-class areas of the city. During the COVID-19 pandemic, an increase in the occupation of land belonging to protected UNESCO World Heritage Sites, such as Caral and the Nazca Lines, was also reported.

COVID-19 pandemic in Peru
The COVID-19 pandemic in Peru has resulted in 4,533,436 confirmed cases of COVID-19 and 221,067 deaths. The virus spread to Peru on 6 March 2020, when a 25-year-old man who had travelled to Spain, France, and the Czech Republic tested positive. On 15 March 2020, President Martín Vizcarra announced a country-wide lockdown, closing borders, restricting domestic flights, and forbidding nonessential business operations, excluding health facilities, grocery stores, pharmacies, and banks. As of May 2023, Peru has the highest COVID-19 death rate in the world, with over 6,400 deaths per one million citizens.
Yohannes II
Yohannes II (Ge'ez: ዳግማዊ ዮሐንስ; 1699 – 18 October 1769) was Emperor of Ethiopia, and a member of the Solomonic dynasty. He was the son of Iyasu I, and brother of Emperors Tekle Haymanot I, Dawit III, and Bakaffa. During his brief reign of a little longer than five months, little of note happened. There are conflicting accounts of his death.

Bakaffa
Bakaffa (Ge'ez: በካፋ) birth name: Missah; throne name Aṣma Giyorgis  (Ge'ez: ዐፅመ ጊዮርጊስ), later Masih Sagad (Ge'ez: መሲሕ ሰገድ)  was  Emperor of Ethiopia from 18 May 1721 to 19 September 1730, and a member of the Solomonic dynasty. He was a son of Emperor Iyasu I and brother to Emperors Tekle Haymanot I and Dawit III.
Arizona Territory (film)
Arizona Territory is a 1950 American Western film directed by Wallace Fox and written by Adele Buffington. The film stars Whip Wilson, Andy Clyde, Nancy Saunders, Dennis Moore, John Merton and Carol Henry. It was released on July 2, 1950 by Monogram Pictures.

Andy Clyde
Andrew Allan Clyde (March 25, 1892 – May 18, 1967) was a Scottish and American film and television actor whose career spanned some 45 years. In 1921 he broke into silent films as a Mack Sennett comic, debuting in On a Summer Day. He was the fifth of six children of theatrical actor, producer and manager John Clyde. Clyde's brother David and his sister Jean also became screen actors.

Clyde worked as California Carlson in the Hopalong Cassidy movie series and starred in 79 comedy shorts for Columbia Pictures from 1934-1956. He also had recurring roles in two television series: the farmer Cully Wilson in CBS's Lassie and as the neighbor George MacMichael on ABC's The Real McCoys.
1963 San Diego mayoral election
The 1963 San Diego mayoral election was held on November 5, 1963, to elect the mayor for San Diego. Incumbent mayor Charles Dail did not stand for reelection. In the primary election, Frank Curran and Murray Goodrich received the most votes and advanced to the runoff. Curran was then elected mayor with a majority of the votes.

Charles Dail
Charles Calhoun Dail  (January 11, 1909 – July 13, 1968) was an American Democratic politician from San Diego, California. He served three terms on the San Diego City Council and two terms as the 27th mayor of San Diego.
Manta Ray (song)
"Manta Ray" is an original song composed by J. Ralph and Anohni and performed by Anohni. The song was released as the lead single from the soundtrack album of 2015 documentary Racing Extinction written by Anohni.

"Manta Ray" received critical acclaim and was nominated for Academy Award for Best Original Song at 88th Academy Awards for Anohni and J. Ralph.

Academy Award for Best Original Song
The Academy Award for Best Original Song is one of the awards given annually to people working in the motion picture industry by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). It is presented to the songwriters who have composed the best original song written specifically for a film. The performers of a song are not credited with the Academy Award unless they contributed either to music, lyrics, or both in their own right. The songs that are nominated for this award are typically performed during the ceremony and before this award is presented.

The award category was introduced at the 7th Academy Awards, the ceremony honoring the best in film for 1934. Nominations are made by Academy members who are songwriters and composers, and the winners are chosen by the Academy membership as a whole. Fifteen songs are shortlisted before nominations are announced.
Anting (behavior)
Anting is a maintenance behavior during which birds rub insects, usually ants, on their feathers and skin. A bird may hold a single ant in its beak to rub over the body, or lie in an area of high insect density and wallow as when dust bathing.  Ants secrete chemicals like formic acid to aid in their defense against bacteria and parasites. It has been hypothesized that formic acid may help birds avoid similar ailments by acting as a deterrent. Alternatively, anting could make the insects edible by removing the distasteful acid, or possibly supplement the bird's own preen oil. More than 200 species of bird are known to participate in this behaviour. Anting may have a similar function to the mammallian behaviour of self-anointing.

Formic acid
Formic acid (from Latin  formica 'ant'), systematically named methanoic acid, is the simplest carboxylic acid. It has the chemical formula HCOOH and structure H−C(=O)−O−H. This acid is an important intermediate in chemical synthesis and occurs naturally, most notably in some ants. Esters, salts, and the anion derived from formic acid are called formates. Industrially, formic acid is produced from carbon monoxide.
Ski jumping at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 1962
Ski jumping at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 1962 consisted of two individual competitions held between 21 and 25 February 1962 at ski jumping hills in Zakopane, Poland, as part of the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 1962. For the first time in the history of the championships, two individual ski jumping events were contested: one on the K-65 hill and another on the K-90 hill. Toralf Engan won the gold medal on the K-65 hill, with Antoni Łaciak earning silver and Helmut Recknagel taking bronze. Recknagel also claimed the gold medal on the K-90 hill, followed by Nikolay Kamenskiy with silver and Niilo Halonen with bronze.

This marked the 16th occasion that ski jumpers competed at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships, and the third time such events were held in Zakopane, following the championships in 1929 and 1939. A total of 70 athletes from 17 nations participated in the competitions.

Toralf Engan
Toralf Engan (born 1 October 1936) is a retired Norwegian ski jumper. At the 1964 Winter Olympics he won the  large hill and placed second in the new normal hill event. His other victories include the Four Hills Tournament, which he had won the preceding season, as well as the 1962 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in the individual normal hill (the first ever in that event). Engan won the ski jumping normal hill event at the 1962 Holmenkollen ski festival, the same year he won the Holmenkollen medal. Engan retired after the 1966 season. Later he worked as a national ski jumping coach in 1967–69, and settled in Trondheim with his family.