hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Acousto-optic modulator
An acousto-optic modulator (AOM), also called a Bragg cell or an acousto-optic deflector (AOD), uses the acousto-optic effect to diffract and shift the frequency of light using sound waves (usually at radio-frequency).  They are used in lasers for Q-switching, telecommunications for signal modulation, and in spectroscopy for frequency control.  A piezoelectric transducer is attached to a material such as glass. An oscillating electric signal drives the transducer to vibrate, which creates sound waves in the material.  These can be thought of as moving periodic planes of expansion and compression that change the index of refraction.  Incoming light scatters (see Brillouin scattering) off the resulting periodic index modulation and interference occurs similar to Bragg diffraction.  The interaction can be thought of as a three-wave mixing process resulting in sum-frequency generation or difference-frequency generation between phonons and photons.

Q-switching
Q-switching, sometimes known as giant pulse formation or Q-spoiling, is a technique by which a laser can be made to produce a pulsed output beam. The technique allows the production of light pulses with extremely high (gigawatt) peak power, much higher than would be produced by the same laser if it were operating in a continuous wave (constant output) mode. Compared to mode locking, another technique for pulse generation with lasers, Q-switching leads to much lower pulse repetition rates, much higher pulse energies, and much longer pulse durations. The two techniques are sometimes applied together.

Q-switching was first proposed in 1958 by Gordon Gould, and independently discovered and demonstrated in 1961 or 1962 by R.W. Hellwarth and F.J. McClung at Hughes Research Laboratories using electrically switched Kerr cell shutters in a ruby laser. Optical nonlinearities such as Q-switching were fully explained by Nicolaas Bloembergen, who won the Nobel Prize in 1981 for this work.
Daphne sophia
Daphne sophia, also known as Sophia's daphne or Altai daphne, is a shrub of the family Thymelaeaceae.  It is a relict endemic species with a fragmented range, found only in the Belgorod region of Russia and the Kharkiv region of Ukraine within the Central Russian Upland.

Belgorod
Belgorod (Russian: Белгород, pronounced [ˈbʲelɡərət]) is a city that serves as the administrative center of Belgorod Oblast, Russia, located on the Seversky Donets River, approximately 40 kilometers (25 mi) north of the border with Ukraine. It has a population of 339,978 (2021 census).

It was founded in 1596 as a defensive fort on the southern border of Russia. Contested by various Russian and Ukrainian factions during World War I and the Russian Civil War, the city served as the temporary Soviet Ukrainian capital at the turn of 1918 and 1919.
Eric Walters (newsreader)
Eric Walters (4 July 1937 – 18 August 2010) was an Australian journalist, media trainer and former television presenter.  He was best known for his long-running stint as early morning anchor for the Nine Network, both on the Today and National Nine Early Morning News.

Today (1982 TV program)
Today (also referred to as The Today Show) is an Australian breakfast television news and current affairs program, with an infotainment base, hosted by Karl Stefanovic and Sarah Abo and includes news and weather updates. It broadcast weekdays on the Nine Network, as part of Nine's News Division. The show also has a weekend edition called Weekend Today.

Today airs each weekday after Today Early News and runs from 5:30 am to 9:00 am before Today Extra, an extended light entertainment program, hosted by David Campbell and Sylvia Jeffreys. The show is broadcast from the Nine Network TCN studios in North Sydney, a suburb located on the North Shore of New South Wales. Although not affiliated with, the program shares a similar infotainment format and title of the long running American program of the same name.
Benoît Le Coffre
Benoît Le Coffre (1671 – 1722) was a Danish painter of French descent. He became King Frederick IV's Court Painter in 1700 and is considered the earliest representative of light Rococo painting in Denmark.

Frederick IV of Denmark
Frederick IV (Danish: Frederik; 11 October 1671 – 12 October 1730) was King of Denmark and Norway from 1699 until his death. Frederick was the son of Christian V of Denmark-Norway and his wife Charlotte Amalie of Hesse-Kassel.
Vivien Gribble
Vivien Massie Gribble Doyle-Jones (1888 – 6 February 1932) was an English wood engraver who was active at the beginning of the 20th century. She was a pupil of Noel Rooke at the Central School of Arts and Crafts and exhibited regularly with the Society of Wood Engravers.

Central School of Art and Design
The Central School of Art and Design was a school of fine and applied arts in London, England. It offered foundation and degree level courses. It was established in 1896 by the London County Council as the Central School of Arts and Crafts.
Lamine Diatta
Lamine Diatta (born 2 July 1975) is a Senegalese former professional footballer who played as a defender. He works as team coordinator of Senegal, appointed by head coach Aliou Cissé in 2015.

During his 14-year professional career, Diatta played for clubs in France, Turkey, England, Scotland, Qatar and Tunisia.

Aliou Cissé
Aliou Cissé (born 24 March 1976) is a Senegalese professional football coach and former player who is the head coach of the Libya national team. Cissé is best known for captaining the Senegal team which reached the 2002 Africa Cup of Nations Final and for being the first Senegal manager to win the tournament in 2022 after reaching the final in 2019.

Having begun his career in France, he later played for English clubs Birmingham City and Portsmouth. Cissé was a defensive midfielder who also, on occasion, played at centre-back.

Cissé was the head coach of Senegal from 2015 to 2024, having briefly taken charge of them following Amara Traoré's sacking, in a caretaker role in 2012. He was also the assistant coach of the under-23 side from 2012 to 2013, becoming head coach from 2013 to 2015.
Joe Raby
William "Joe" Raby (3 July 1873 – 18 December 1954) was an English footballer who scored 44 goals from 156 appearances in the Football League playing for Lincoln City (in two spells), Gainsborough Trinity (in three spells), Stockport County and Doncaster Rovers. He played as an inside forward. He also played in the Midland League for Gainsborough and Wellingborough, and in the Southern League for Tottenham Hotspur.

Midland Football League (1889)
The Midland Football League was a semi-professional football league in England. It acted as a feeder league to the Football League for many years before merging with the Yorkshire League in 1982 to form the Northern Counties East League.
1786 Connecticut gubernatorial election
The 1786 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on April 13, 1786, in order to elect the Governor of Connecticut. Incumbent Nonpartisan Lieutenant Governor Samuel Huntington won a plurality of the vote in his gubernatorial election bid against other candidates including incumbent Governor Matthew Griswold. However, as no candidate received a majority of the total votes cast as was required by Connecticut law, the election was forwarded to the Connecticut legislature, who chose Huntington as governor.

Connecticut General Assembly
The Connecticut General Assembly (CGA) is the state legislature of the U.S. state of Connecticut. It is a bicameral body composed of the 151-member House of Representatives and the 36-member Senate.  It meets in the state capital, Hartford. There are no term limits for members of either chamber.

During even-numbered years, the General Assembly is in session from February to May.  In odd-numbered years, when the state budget is completed, session lasts from January to June. The governor has the right to call for a special session after the end of the regular session, while the General Assembly can call for a "veto session" after the close in order to override gubernatorial vetoes.
Etc (band)
Etc... is a Czech rock band from Prague, formed in 1974 by singer and guitarist Vladimír Mišík. Various musicians have rotated through the group's ranks, including violist Jan Hrubý (Framus Five), bassist Jiří Veselý (Stromboli, Žlutý pes), guitarist Petr "Kulich" Pokorný (Framus Five, Žlutý Pes), drummer Ivan Kadaňka, bassist/cellist Jaroslav Olin Nejezchleba, as well as bassists Vladimír Padrůněk and Vladimír Guma Kulhánek.

Between 1982 and 1985, the group was banned from performing by the Communist government.

In 2010, Etc... was inducted into the Beatová síň slávy (Beat Hall of Fame) and released the album Ztracený podzim.

In 2011, the group, minus Vladimír Mišík, released a collaboration album with Vladimír Merta, titled Ponorná řeka.

Framus Five
Framus Five is a Czech rock band founded in Prague in 1963 and led by singer and guitarist Michal Prokop. The band also includes guitarist Luboš Andršt and violinist Jan Hrubý. The group disbanded in 1971 but reunited in 1978 under the slightly altered name Framus 5. They again ceased activity in 1990, due to Prokop's involvement in politics. They regrouped once more in 2000 and continue to play to this day.
Goin' Off
Goin' Off is the debut album by American rapper Biz Markie. It was released by Cold Chillin' Records and produced by Marley Marl. Big Daddy Kane wrote the lyrics of the album's first five songs. The album also showcased Markie's talent as a human beatbox on the song "Make the Music with Your Mouth, Biz", and his skill in the game of dozens on the track "Nobody Beats the Biz". One of his most widely known songs, "Vapors", was on the album.

Some reissues from 1995 onwards replace the Marley Marl remix of "Make the Music with Your Mouth" with the original 12-inch version, the album version of "Vapors" with the remix, and the original "This Is Something for the Radio" with the remix. In 2006, the album was re-released by Traffic Entertainment Group with a bonus disc. It restores the original album versions of "Vapors" and "This Is Something for the Radio" as well as the Marley Marl remix of "Make the Music" that appeared on the original LP.

Make the Music with Your Mouth, Biz
Make the Music with Your Mouth, Biz is an EP by Biz Markie. It was released in 1986 on Prism Records on 12" and cassette and was produced by Marley Marl. An expanded edition was released on CD and 2xLP in 2006 on Cold Chillin' Records/Traffic Entertainment Group.
Battle of Two Rivers
The Battle of Two Rivers was fought between the Picts and Northumbrians in the year 671. The exact battle site is unknown. It marked the end of the Pictish rebellion early in the reign of Ecgfrith, with a decisive victory for the Northumbrians. Attestation of the battle is limited to the account in Stephen of Ripon's Vita Sancti Wilfrithi.

Vita Sancti Wilfrithi
The Vita Sancti Wilfrithi or Life of St Wilfrid (spelled "Wilfrid" in the modern era) is an early 8th-century hagiographic text recounting the life of the Northumbrian bishop, Wilfrid. Although a hagiography, it has few miracles, while its main concerns are with the politics of the Northumbrian church and the history of the monasteries of Ripon and Hexham. It is one of a collection of historical sources from the late 7th- and early 8th-centuries, along with the anonymous Vita Sancti Cuthberti, the works of Bede and Adomnán's Vita Sancti Columbae, that detail the Christianisation of Great Britain and make the period the best documented period in English history before the age of Alfred the Great.
Sunset Pass (1946 film)
Sunset Pass is a 1946 American Western film directed by William Berke from a screenplay by Norman Houston, based upon the novel of the same name by Zane Grey. The film stars James Warren, Nan Leslie, John Laurenz as Chito Rafferty, Jane Greer, Robert Barrat, Harry Woods, Robert Clarke, Steve Brodie, and Harry Harvey.

Jane Greer
Jane Greer (born Bettejane Greer; September 9, 1924 – August 24, 2001) was an American film and television actress best known for her role as femme fatale Kathie Moffat in the 1947 film noir Out of the Past. In 2009, The Guardian named her one of the best actors never to have received an Academy Award nomination.
Billiluna (Mindibungu)
Billiluna, also known as Mindibungu and Kururrungku, is a medium-sized Aboriginal community, located approximately 150 km (93 mi) south of Halls Creek in the Kimberley region of Western Australia, within the Shire of Halls Creek. In the 2016 census, Billiluna had a total population of 150 predominantly Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.

Shire of Halls Creek
The Shire of Halls Creek is one of the four local government areas in the Kimberley region of northern Western Australia, covering an area of 143,030 square kilometres (55,224 sq mi), most of which is sparsely populated. The Shire's seat of government is the town of Halls Creek. Many Aboriginal communities are located within the shire.

The Purnululu National Park, home to part of the Bungle Bungle Range, and Gregory Lake are within the Shire, as is the Wolfe Creek Meteorite Crater National Park.
Evelyn Nwabuoku
Evelyn Nwabuoku (born 14 November 1985) is a Nigerian footballer who plays as a midfielder. She is the captain of the national side. Nwabuoku played previously for BIIK Kazygurt in the Kazakhstani women's football championship and for  Bayelsa Queens and Rivers Angels in the Nigerian Women's Championship.

BIIK Shymkent
BIIK Shymkent (Kazakh: БИІК-Қазығұрт, romanized: BİIK-Qazyğūrt) is a women's football club based in   Shymkent, Kazakhstan competing in the Kazakhstan Championship. Formerly established in Almaty as Alma-KTZh, the team won five championships in a row between 2004 and 2008 under this name and represented Kazakhstan in the European Cup, making it into the last 16 on four occasions. It was subsequently surpassed by SShVSM Almaty, but following its refoundation it won the 2010 national cup and the 2011 national championship. The team has played some seasons in the UEFA Women's Champions League.
Marcialonga
Marcialonga is a cross-country ski race which is arranged for the last Sunday in January in Trentino in Italy. It was first held in 1971 and is part of the international Worldloppet federation of ski marathons.

The run begins in Moena, where the skiers first go further up Fassa Valley and along Canazei, passing Moena on its way alongside Cavalese in the Fiemme Valley.

Marcialonga runs in classic style, and is 70 km long, but in 2007, 2015 and 2017, it was shortened to 57 km due to snow problems. In 1975, 1989 and 1990 it was cancelled due to the total lack of snow on the track.  A shorter race, Marcialonga light, is 45 km, and goes from Moena to Predazzo.

Official Tour Operators to Marcialonga for English speaking skiers are Globalrunners based in Europe and Lumi Experiences based in Vermont, USA.

Maria Canins won the Marcialonga 10 times from 1979 until 1988.

Predazzo
Predazzo (Italian pronunciation: [preˈdaːttso], lit. 'big meadow') is a village and comune in the province of Trento,  northern Italy. Predazzo is located about 58 kilometres northeast of Trento in Val di Fiemme.

It is one of the main centers of Val di Fiemme (the other is Cavalese), being the most populous and widespread of the valley. It is an important road junction and trade between the valleys of Fiemme and Fassa and the area of Primiero.
Urfi (film)
Urfi is an Indian Marathi language romantic thriller film directed by Vikram Pradhan. The film starring Prathamesh Parab, Mitali Mayekar and Upendra Limaye. Music by 
Chinar–Mahesh. The film was released on 23 October 2015.

Upendra Limaye
Upendra Limaye (born 8 November 1969) is an Indian actor, who won the National Film Award and Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Actor for his role in the Marathi film Jogwa.
On the centenary of Indian cinema in April 2013, Forbes included Limaye's performance in the film Jogwa on its list, "25 Greatest Acting Performances of Indian Cinema."
Hunter Lab
Hunter Lab (also known as Hunter L,a,b) is a color space defined in 1948 by Richard S. Hunter.  
It was designed to be computed via simple formulas from the CIEXYZ space, but to be more perceptually uniform.  Hunter named his coordinates L, a and b. 
Hunter Lab was a precursor to CIELAB, created in 1976 by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE), which named the coordinates for CIELAB as L*, a*, b*  to distinguish them from Hunter's coordinates.

Adams chromatic valence color space
Adams chromatic valence color spaces are a class of color spaces suggested by Elliot Quincy Adams. Two important Adams chromatic valence spaces are CIELUV and Hunter Lab.

Chromatic value/valence spaces are notable for incorporating the opponent process model and the empirically-determined 2+1⁄2 factor in the red/green vs. blue/yellow chromaticity components (such as in CIELAB).
1924 Great Britain Lions tour
The 1924 Great Britain Lions tour was a tour by the Great Britain national rugby league team of Australia and New Zealand which took place between May and August 1924. The tour involved a schedule of 27 games; 18 in Australia, including a three-test series against Australia for the Ashes and a further nine in New Zealand, including a three-test series against New Zealand.

Captained by Jonty Parkin, the Lions returned home having won 21, and lost six games. They won the Ashes against Australia by two tests to one, but lost two out of three tests against New Zealand.

Despite being classed as Great Britain with the presence of Welsh players, the team actually played the tour listed as England.

Jonty Parkin
Jonathan "Jonty" Parkin (1894–1972) was an English professional rugby league footballer who played the 1910s, 1920s and 1930s. One of the nine inaugural inductees of the Rugby Football League Hall of Fame, he toured Australia three times, twice as captain of Great Britain, earning 17 Test caps. Parkin played at stand-off or scrum-half, and also captained England for whom he made 12 appearances, as well as 17 for Yorkshire. Parkin gave the Wakefield Trinity club seventeen years' service, including victory in the 1924–25 Yorkshire Cup.
Biido
Biida (Chimini: Biidda, Somali: Biida) or Biido are a clan confederacy based in Baraawe, South West State of Somalia and make up one of the groups part of the "todobo Tol" (roughly translates to 7 clans) also known as Bravanese people. Member clans of this clan umbrella can also be found in other confederacies further up the coast in Marka and Mogadishu.

Giovanni Piazza and Munye Abdallah in Baraawe

Barawa
Barawa (Somali: بَراوِّ Barāwe, Maay: Barawy, Swahili: بَرَأَاوٖ Baraawe, Arabic: ﺑﺮﺍﻭة Barāwa, Italian: Brava), also known as Barawe and Brava, is the capital of the South West State of Somalia. It functions as a port town in the southwestern Lower Shebelle region of Somalia. Facing the Indian Ocean, Barawa serves as the main port of South West State.
Het Slaakhuis
Het Slaakhuis, or Slaakhuys, is a monumental building in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. It was the former offices of the socialist newspaper Het Vrije Volk. The building is a six-storey office block located on a street called Slaak and was squatted in May 2003. The snooker centre next door, which hosted greats such as Ronnie O'Sullivan was also later squatted. In 2011, the complex was evicted and by 2017 it had become a hotel and a Lidl supermarket.

Lidl
Lidl (LEE-dəl, German: [ˈliːdl̩] ⓘ) is a trademark used by two German international discount supermarket chains that operates over 12,950 stores. LD Stiftung operates the stores in Germany and Lidl Stiftung & Co. KG in 30 other countries. LD Stiftung is headquartered in Bad Wimpfen and the Lidl Stiftung & Co. KG in Neckarsulm, both in the state of Baden-Württemberg. Both sister companies belong to the Schwarz Group, which also includes hypermarket chain Kaufland.

Lidl is the chief competitor of the German discount chain Aldi in several markets.
Percy Legard
Percy Legard (17 June 1906 – 16 February 1980) was a British Army officer and sportsman. Legard competed as an Olympian in both Summer and Winter disciplines. He was, respectively, a modern pentathlete and a Nordic combined skier. He also took part in the demonstration of the winter pentathlon as an Olympic sport. In addition, he took part in the inaugural meeting of the Badminton Horse Trials. He was a regular officer in the British Army and during the Second World War he served in the Commandos, where he was the initial Commanding Officer of No.4 Commando.

Nordic combined
Nordic combined is a winter sport in which athletes compete in cross-country skiing and ski jumping. The Nordic combined at the Winter Olympics has been held since the first Winter Olympics in 1924, while the FIS Nordic Combined World Cup has been held since 1983. Many Nordic combined competitions use the Gundersen method, where placement in the ski jumping segment results in time (dis)advantages added to the contestant's total in the cross-country skiing segment (e.g. the ski jumping winner starts the cross-country skiing race at 00:00:00 while the one with the lowest jumping score starts with the longest time penalty).
Phase curve (astronomy)
In astronomy, a phase curve describes the brightness of a reflecting body as a function of its phase angle (the arc subtended by the observer and the Sun as measured at the body). The brightness usually refers the object's absolute magnitude, which, in turn, is its apparent magnitude at a distance of one astronomical unit from the Earth and Sun.

The phase curve is useful for characterizing an object's regolith (soil) and atmosphere. It is also the basis for computing the geometrical albedo and the Bond albedo of the body. In ephemeris generation, the phase curve is used in conjunction with the distances from the object to the Sun and the Earth to calculate the apparent magnitude.

Hapke parameters
The Hapke parameters are a set of parameters for an empirical model that is commonly used to describe the directional reflectance properties of the airless regolith surfaces of bodies in the Solar System. The model has been developed by astronomer Bruce Hapke at the University of Pittsburgh.

The main parameters are:

— Single scattering albedo. This is the ratio of scattering efficiency to total light extinction (which includes also absorption), for small-particle scattering of light. That is, , where  is the scattering coefficient, and  is the absorption coefficient

— The width of the opposition surge.

or  — The strength of the opposition surge.

or g — The particle phase function parameter, also called the asymmetry factor.

— The effective surface tilt, also called the macroscopic roughness angle.

The Hapke parameters can be used to derive other albedo and scattering properties, such as the geometric albedo, the phase integral, and the Bond albedo.
Looking for Alaska (miniseries)
Looking for Alaska is an American teen drama television miniseries created by Josh Schwartz. It is based on the 2005 novel of the same name by John Green. After a film adaptation was repeatedly delayed at Paramount Pictures, Hulu finalized a deal and ordered an eight-episode limited series. It stars Charlie Plummer and Kristine Froseth in the two lead roles as Miles Halter and Alaska Young, respectively. The miniseries premiered on Hulu on October 18, 2019. It received acclaim from critics and fans of the book, with praise geared toward its writing, acting, and faithfulness to the source material.

Josh Schwartz
Joshua Ian Schwartz (born August 6, 1976) is an American screenwriter and television producer. He is best known for creating and executive producing the Fox teen drama series The O.C. which ran for 4 seasons. Schwartz is also known for developing The CW's series Gossip Girl based on the book of the same name and for co-creating NBC's action-comedy-spy series, Chuck.

At 26, he became one of the youngest people in network history to create a series and run its day-to-day production when he ran The O.C.