hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Malcolm D. Graham
Malcolm Daniel Graham (July 6, 1827 – October 6, 1878) was a Confederate politician. Born in Alabama and a lawyer by profession, he moved to Texas in 1854 and was a state senator there at the start of the American Civil War. He represented Texas at the First Confederate Congress and served in the Confederate Army, being captured by the Union Army and imprisoned on Johnson's Island. After the war, he moved back to Alabama as he was not allowed to practice law in Texas, and died in Montgomery.

Johnson's Island
Johnson's Island is a 300-acre (120 ha) island in Sandusky Bay, located on the coast of Lake Erie, 3 miles (4.8 km) from the city of Sandusky, Ohio. It was the site of a prisoner-of-war camp for Confederate officers captured during the American Civil War. Initially, Johnson's Island was the only Union prison camp exclusively for Confederate officers but eventually it held privates, political prisoners, persons sentenced to court martial, and spies. Civilians who were arrested as guerrillas, or bushwhackers, were also imprisoned on the island. During its three years of operation, more than 15,000 men were incarcerated there.

The island was named after L. B. Johnson, the owner of the island beginning about 1852. It was initially named 'Bull's Island' around 1809 by its first owner, Epaphras W. Bull (later misspelled "Epaproditus" Bull, by local historians.)
Love's Deadly Triangle: The Texas Cadet Murder
Love's Deadly Triangle: The Texas Cadet Murder, released on video as Swearing Allegiance, is a 1997 American crime drama television film directed by Richard A. Colla and written by Steve Johnson, about the real-life 1995 murder of Adrianne Jones by Diane Zamora and David Graham in Texas. The film stars Holly Marie Combs as Zamora, David Lipper as Graham, Cassidy Rae as Jones, Dee Wallace, Gary Grubbs, Kurt Fuller, and Joanna Garcia. It was based on "The Killer Cadets", a 1996 Texas Monthly article by Skip Hollandsworth, and aired on NBC on February 10, 1997.

Cassidy Rae
Cassidy Rae Joyce (born June 7, 1976) is a retired American actress.

Rae starred in the made-for-television movie Crowned and Dangerous with Yasmine Bleeth in 1997. She is best known for her roles as Sarah Owens on Models Inc. (1994) and as Trudy Tucker on Hyperion Bay (1998).
Battle of Bagavan
The Battle of Bagavan (also spelled Bagawan), Battle of Dzirav (Armenian: Ձիրավի ճակատամարտ, romanized: Dziravi chakatamart) or the Battle of Vagabanta was fought in 371 near the settlement of Bagavan, in the district of Bagrevand in Greater Armenia, between a joint Roman-Armenian force and a Sasanian army, with the Romans and Armenians emerging victorious. It is recorded by the Roman historian Ammianus Marcellinus, as well as the Armenian historian Faustus of Byzantium.

The Armenian historian Movses Khorenatsi and several later Armenian historians following him place the battle in a field called Dzirav, and so the battle is called the Battle of Dzirav in some Armenian sources. In the view of historians Hakob Manandian and Nina Garsoïan, this is an error by Khorenatsi or a conflation of the Battle of Bagavan with the battle at Gandzak described in the next chapter of Faustus's history.

Ganzak
Ganzak is an ancient town founded in northwestern Iran. The city stood somewhere south of Lake Urmia, and it has been postulated that the Persian nobleman Atropates chose the city as his capital. The exact location, according to Minorsky, Schippmann, and Boyce, is identified as being the ruins (37.011555°N, 46.193187°E) at Leylan, Malekan County in the Miandoab plain.
Darryl Milburn
Darryl Wayne Milburn (born October 25, 1968) is an American former gridiron football defensive end. He played college football for the Grambling State Tigers and was selected in the ninth round of the 1991 NFL draft by the Detroit Lions; he appeared in two games for the team. Milburn played for the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League (CFL) in 1992 and 1993, before spending time with the New Orleans Saints and Arizona Cardinals in 1994. He then moved on to the Arena Football League (AFL), playing for the Anaheim Piranhas in 1996 and 1997, then as a member of the Tampa Bay Storm in 1998.

Anaheim Piranhas
The Anaheim Piranhas were a professional arena football team that played in the Arena Football League from 1994 to 1997. They played their home games at Arrowhead Pond in Anaheim, California. The team was originally known as the Las Vegas Sting, prior to moving to Anaheim in 1996. The team was owned by future Arena Football League commissioner C. David Baker.
Sicodelico Jr.
Aaron Rodríguez (born June 13, 1976) is a Mexican-American professional wrestler, better known by his ring name Sicodelico Jr. Rodríguez is the son of Sicodelico and the nephew of Mil Máscaras and Dos Caras, and the cousin of Alberto Del Rio (Dos Caras Jr.).

Blue Demon Jr.
Blue Demon Jr. (born July 19, 1966) is a Mexican professional wrestler. He is the adopted son of the original Blue Demon and is the first Mexican and second masked wrestler to win the NWA World Heavyweight Championship thus making him a one-time world champion. His government name has never been officially disclosed to the public, as is often the case with masked wrestlers in Mexico where their on-stage personas are kept separate from their personal lives.
Ian Watkin
Ian Watkin (25 January 1940 – 18 May 2016) was a New Zealand actor known for the films Braindead and Sleeping Dogs.

Watkin grew up in Greymouth, and started his career in theatre and radio plays, and working as a magazine editor before emigrating to Australia in 1999  where he continued to appear in numerous television and theatre roles and also became a wine broker. He was also known as Mr. Big Cheese due to a television commercial in which he appeared.

After having appeared in Pukemanu, he featured in an episode of Ngaio Marsh Theatre in 1977. His later roles included Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones and Charlotte's Web in 2006.

Sleeping Dogs (1977 film)
Sleeping Dogs is a 1977 New Zealand action thriller film directed by Roger Donaldson. It is based on the book Smith's Dream by C.K. Stead,  and is notable for being the first feature-length 35 mm film produced entirely in New Zealand. The film stars Sam Neill, Clyde Scott and Warren Oates. It was a major success critically and commercially, and launched the career of Sam Neill.

A political thriller with action film elements, it follows the lead man alone character Smith (Neill) as New Zealand plunges into a police state as a fascist government institutes martial law after industrial disputes flare into violence. Smith gets caught between the special police and a growing resistance movement, and reluctantly becomes involved. Often named one of the best New Zealand films of all time, it is considered a classic and a landmark in the new wave of New Zealand cinema that flourished in the 1970s and 80s.
Vicente Barros
Vicente Rico Barros (July 27, 1887 – May 2, 1966) was a Filipino U.S. Army major who played a major role in the formation of the first federalized army of the Philippines at the end of World War I (1917–18). Barros was formerly an officer of the Philippine Scouts (a defunct division of the U.S. Army). He was a decorated soldier and a veteran of the Philippine Constabulary (1907–1911) during the Moro Rebellion before being absorbed by the U.S. Army's Philippine Division. Former Governor General of the Philippines Francis B. Harrison cited Barros for his role in a brief history of the Philippine National Guard, "The Division was commanded by Brigadier-General F.R. Day, U.S.A.; all officers above the grade of Major, by insistence of the army, were Americans, except Lieutenant-Colonel Vicente R. Barros, a West Point graduate."

Moro Rebellion
The Moro Rebellion (1902–1913) was an armed conflict between the Moro people and the United States military during the Philippine–American War. The rebellion occurred after the conclusion of the conflict between the United States and First Philippine Republic, and saw the US move to impose its authority over the Muslim states in Mindanao, Jolo and the neighboring Sulu Archipelago.
Battle of Pulukunawa
The Battle of Pulukunawa took place during the Sri Lankan Civil War. It occurred on 11 December 1996 in which the LTTE militants attacked and overran the Special Task Force detachment at Pulukunawa in Ampara.

Special Task Force (Sri Lanka)
The Special Task Force (STF) (Sinhala: විශේෂ කාර්ය බලකාය Visesha Karya Balakaya; Tamil: சிறப்பு அதிரடிப் படை) is a police tactical unit of the Sri Lanka Police specialising in anti-irregular military, apprehension of armed and dangerous criminals, clandestine and covert operations, combat and patrolling in urban areas, counterterrorism and hostage rescue crisis managements, crowd control, executive protection, high-risk tactical law enforcement situations, indirect fire for support operations, irregular warfare, operating in difficult to access terrain, protecting high-level meeting areas, search and rescue people who are in distress or imminent danger from disaster, support crowd control and riot control, tactical special operations, and other tasks requiring special training. It was formed in 1983 not as a military force, but rather as a highly specialised armed police unit.
History of combinatorics
The mathematical field of combinatorics was studied to varying degrees in numerous ancient societies.  Its study in Europe dates to the work of Leonardo Fibonacci in the 13th century AD, which introduced Arabian and Indian ideas to the continent.  It has continued to be studied in the modern era.

Fibonacci
Leonardo Bonacci (c. 1170 – c. 1240–50), commonly known as Fibonacci, was an Italian mathematician from the Republic of Pisa, considered to be "the most talented Western mathematician of the Middle Ages".

The name he is commonly called, Fibonacci, is first found in a modern source in a 1838 text by the Franco-Italian mathematician Guglielmo Libri and is short for filius Bonacci ('son of Bonacci'). However, even as early as 1506, Perizolo, a notary of the Holy Roman Empire, mentions him as "Lionardo Fibonacci".

Fibonacci popularized the Indo–Arabic numeral system in the Western world primarily through his composition in 1202 of Liber Abaci (Book of Calculation)  and also introduced Europe to the sequence of Fibonacci numbers, which he used as an example in Liber Abaci.
Richard Tapper Cadbury
Richard Tapper Cadbury (1768 – 13 March 1860) was an English draper, abolitionist and philanthropist. He came to Birmingham in 1794 and started a linen draper's business in partnership with a fellow Quaker. His children included John Cadbury, who was given help to start a tea and coffee business that would develop into Cadbury's. Successive later members of the family became important in the manufacturing and charity sectors, chiefly from their wealth and innovations in chocolate.

Abolitionism in the United Kingdom
Abolitionism in the United Kingdom was the movement in the late 18th and early 19th centuries to end the practice of slavery, whether formal or informal, in the United Kingdom, the British Empire and the world, including ending the Atlantic slave trade. It was part of a wider abolitionism movement in Western Europe and the Americas. It spanned over a century and involved a wide range of activists, politicians, religious groups, and former slaves.

The trade of slaves was abolished throughout the British Empire by 1937, with Nigeria and Bahrain being the last British territories to abolish slavery.
Vanavarayan Vallavarayan
Vanavarayan Vallavarayan is a 2014 Indian Tamil-language romantic comedy film written and directed by Rajamohan. It stars Krishna, Monal Gajjar, Ma Ka Pa Anand and Niharika Kareer. The title of this film is derived from the characters played by Rajinikanth and Napoleon respectively (the former being Vanavarayan and the latter being Vallavarayan) in the film Yajaman composed by Yuvan Shankar Raja's father. The film is set in the backdrop of rural Coimbatore. The film, features musical score by Yuvan Shankar Raja. It was released on 12 September 2014 to mixed reviews from critics.

Napoleon (actor)
Kumaresan Duraisamy (born 2 December 1963), known professionally by his stage name Napoleon, is an Indian actor, entrepreneur and former politician. He was the Minister of State for Social Justice and Empowerment in Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh's cabinet. He has acted predominately in Tamil films apart from some Telugu, Malayalam, Kannada and English movies.
High Voltage (2018 film)
High Voltage is a 2018 American science fiction horror film written and directed by Alex Keledjian and starring David Arquette, Allie Gonino, Ryan Donowho, Perrey Reeves and Luke Wilson. The film was also known as Hollow Body.

Perrey Reeves
Perrey Reeves (born 1970 or 1971) is an American film and television actress. She is best known for her recurring role as Melissa Gold on the television series Entourage from 2004 to 2011 and Marissa Jones in the 2003 comedy Old School.
Jared Ian Goldman
Jared Ian Goldman is an American film and television producer. He is known for his work on the Justin Timberlake starrer Palmer, Antonio Campos' adaptation of The Devil All the Time starring Tom Holland, the film adaptation of Shirley Jackson's masterpiece, We Have Always Lived in the Castle starring Taissa Farmiga, Alexandra Daddario, Sebastian Stan and Crispin Glover, Craig Johnson's Alex Strangelove, the Sundance hit Ingrid Goes West, the Sundance hit The Skeleton Twins, and the Academy Award-nominated Loving. He also produced the second season of The Punisher for the Marvel Cinematic Universe. Other projects include Craig Johnson's adaptation of Daniel Clowes Wilson, Kill Your Darlings starring Daniel Radcliffe, Solitary Man starring Michael Douglas, Rob Reiner's And So It Goes starring Michael Douglas and Diane Keaton, The Wackness, and the Sundance Grand Jury Prize winning documentary Manda Bala (Send a Bullet).

And So It Goes (film)
And So It Goes is a 2014 American comedy drama film directed by Rob Reiner and written by Mark Andrus. The film stars Michael Douglas, Diane Keaton and Sterling Jerins.

Self-absorbed realtor Oren enlists the help of his neighbor Leah when he is suddenly left in charge of Sarah, the granddaughter he suddenly meets, when his estranged son Luke drops her off at his home. In the process, the pair is able to heal emotionally.

The film was released on July 25, 2014, received mostly negative reviews from critics, and performed modestly at the box office. The film was the second collaboration between Reiner and Douglas, after The American President (1995). This film was also Frances Sternhagen's final feature film role before her death on November 27, 2023.
Nate Robinson (American football)
Nathaniel Robinson (born January 18, 1985) is an American former football defensive tackle. He was signed by the New York Giants as an undrafted free agent in 2008. Once a heralded high school athlete, Robinson was an underachiever during his college football career at Rutgers and Akron.

Rutgers Scarlet Knights football
The Rutgers Scarlet Knights football program represents Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey in the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). Rutgers competes as a member of the Big Ten Conference. Prior to joining the Big Ten, the Scarlet Knights were a member of the American Athletic Conference (formerly the Big East Conference) from 1991 to 2013. Rutgers plays its home games at SHI Stadium, in Piscataway, New Jersey. The team is currently led by head coach Greg Schiano. The Scarlet Knights football team is also notable for playing in the first college football game in 1869, in which the Scarlet Knights won by the score 6–4.
1950 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship final
The 1950 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship final was the 63rd All-Ireland Final and the deciding match of the 1950 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship, an inter-county Gaelic football tournament for the top teams in Ireland, between Mayo and Louth.
The referee for the 1950 final was Simon Deignan, who played for Cavan in the 1947 and 1948 finals.

This was the first of two consecutive All-Ireland football titles won by Mayo. They have not won an All-Ireland football title since 1951.

The attendance of 76,174 was the third highest on record in a final at that time.

1951 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship final
The 1951 All-Ireland Senior  Football Championship final was the 64th All-Ireland Final and the deciding match of the 1951 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship, an inter-county Gaelic football tournament for the top teams in Ireland. Mayo and Meath met to decide the destination of the Sam Maguire Cup.
Henry V's expedition to Poland
This is the 1109 German-Polish War. For a list of all Polish-German Wars, see Polish-German Wars.

The Henry V's expedition to Poland, also known as the 1109 German-Polish War, was a conflict between Bolesław III Wrymouth and Henry V, the reason for the war was the exile from Poland of Bolesław's brother Zbigniew who sought support from the German Emperor to restore his power in the country. Henry V, Zbigniew and Bohemian Duke Svatopluk set out on an armed expedition into Poland, where they besieged the border town of Głogów, which they failed to conquer, but were also defeated in the Battle of Hundsfeld. The war ended with the defeat of German-Bohemian forces.

Svatopluk, Duke of Bohemia
Svatopluk (Czech: Svatopluk Olomoucký; died 21 September 1109) was Duke of Bohemia from 1107 until his assassination in 1109. His rule was overshadowed by the fierce conflict around the Bohemian throne in the 12th century.
Revolver (DC Comics)
Revolver is a graphic novel created, written, and drawn by Matt Kindt. It was first published in a hardcover format by the Vertigo imprint of DC Comics in July 2010. Kindt's intent was to craft a comic book story in a way that made it unfilmable. Images were created using only blue and brown lines.

In the story, Sam is a man who lives each day twice: first in a normal world, and then again in an alternate world which is suffering many types of disasters simultaneously. Sam finds some commonalities between the two worlds and must eventually choose which one to live in.

Critics drew comparisons between Revolver and popular films and novels like Inception and Fight Club. Opinions were mixed in regards to both the story and the art, and critics were divided on whether or not the execution of Revolver was an improvement over Kindt's previous published works.

Fight Club (novel)
Fight Club is a 1996 novel by Chuck Palahniuk. It was Palahniuk's first published novel, and follows the experiences of an unnamed protagonist struggling with insomnia. The protagonist finds relief by impersonating a seriously ill person in several support groups, after his doctor remarks that insomnia is not "real suffering" and that he should find out what it is really like to suffer. The protagonist then meets a mysterious man named Tyler Durden and establishes an underground fighting club as radical psychotherapy.

In 1999, director David Fincher adapted the novel into a film of the same name, starring Brad Pitt and Edward Norton. Despite underperforming financially, the film acquired a cult following; it also heightened the profile of the novel.
Jew Clause (Norway)
The Jew clause (Norwegian: Jødeparagrafen) is the colloquial name of the second paragraph of the Constitution of Norway from 1814 to 1851 and from 1942 to 1945. The clause, in its original form, banned Jews from entering Norway, and also forbade Jesuits and monastic orders. An exception was made for so-called Portuguese Jews. The penultimate sentence of the same paragraph is known as the Jesuit clause (Norwegian: Jesuittparagrafen).

The clause originally reads:

Christian Magnus Falsen, Georg Sverdrup and Nicolai Wergeland were the central delegates behind the wording of the section's final paragraph. The wording was adopted on May 4, 1814. Those behind the law were highly educated and among the country's most well-read men. This paragraph was finalized in Constitutional Committee and adopted after discussion, but without changes in the plenary.

Spanish and Portuguese Jews
Spanish and Portuguese Jews, also called Western Sephardim, Iberian Jews, or Peninsular Jews, are a distinctive sub-group of Sephardic Jews who are largely descended from Jews who lived as New Christians in the Iberian Peninsula during the few centuries following the forced expulsion of unconverted Jews from Spain in 1492 and from Portugal in 1497. They should therefore be distinguished both from the descendants of those expelled in 1492 and from the present-day Jewish communities of Spain and Portugal.

The main present-day communities of Spanish and Portuguese Jews exist in the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, the United States and Canada, and several other Jewish communities in the Americas have Spanish and Portuguese Jewish roots though they no longer follow the distinctive customs of the Spanish and Portuguese Jews.
North Caucasus Economic Region
North Caucasus Economic Region (Се́веро-Кавка́зский экономи́ческий райо́н; tr.: Severo-Kavkazskiy ekonomicheskiy rayon) is one of 12 economic regions of Russia. It comprises the whole of the North Caucasian Federal District and the western federal subjects of the Southern Federal District.

In this area, descending northward from the principal chain of the Caucasus Mountains to a level plain, are found rich deposits of oil, natural gas, and coal. Major cities include Krasnodar, Rostov-on-Don, Makhachkala, Stavropol, Grozny, Vladikavkaz and Novorossiysk. Sochi is a popular resort city. Farm machinery, coal, petroleum, and natural gas are the chief products. The Kuban River region, a fertile black-earth area, is one of the chief granaries of Russia. Wheat, sugar beets, tobacco, rice, and sunflower seeds are grown, and cattle are raised. Other rivers include the Don, the Kuma, and the Terek, and the Volga–Don Canal is a major transportation route.

North Caucasian Federal District
43°42′41″N 44°48′22″E﻿ / ﻿43.7114°N 44.8061°E﻿ / 43.7114; 44.8061

The North Caucasian Federal District (Russian: Северо-Кавказский федеральный округ, IPA: [ˌsʲevʲɪrə kɐfˈkasːkʲɪj fʲɪdʲɪˈralʲnɨj ˈokrʊk]) is one of the eight federal districts of Russia. It is located in extreme southern Russia, in the geographical area of the North Caucasus. The federal district was split from the Southern Federal District on 19 January 2010. The population of the federal subjects comprising the federal district was 10,171,434 according to the 2021 Census, living in an area of 170,400 square kilometers (65,800 sq mi). The current Envoy is Yury Chaika.
Kathrin Maurer
Kathrin Maurer is professor for culture and technology at the University of Southern Denmark. She is known for her research on surveillance technology, drones, discourses of war, and visual culture. She has also published work on nineteenth-century visual culture in Germany.

University of Southern Denmark
The University of Southern Denmark (Danish: Syddansk Universitet, lit. 'South Danish University', abbr. SDU) has campuses located in Southern Denmark and on Zealand. It offers a number of joint programmes in co-operation with the University of Flensburg and the University of Kiel. Contacts with regional industries and the international scientific community are strong.

With its 29,674 enrolled students (as of 2016), the university is both the third-largest and, given its roots in Odense University, the third-oldest Danish university (fourth if one includes the Technical University of Denmark). Since the introduction of the ranking systems in 2012, the University of Southern Denmark has been ranked between 36th (2012 ), 38th (2013 ), 37th (2014), and 44th (2015 ) in the world by the Times Higher Education World University Rankings in the Top 100 Universities Under 50 List. It is also one of the Top 50 Universities Under 50 according to QS World University Rankings from 2012-2015.