hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Alfred Otto Gross
Alfred Otto Gross (April 8, 1883 – May 9, 1970) was an instructor, ornithologist, and professor of biology at Bowdoin College. He went on two Arctic expeditions to study birds in the region. He studied numerous North American bird species including the ruffed grouse, snowy owl, and goshawk but is best known for his studies of the last populations of the now-extinct heath hen.

Bowdoin College
Bowdoin College (/ˈboʊdɪn/ ⓘ BOH-din) is a private liberal arts college in Brunswick, Maine, United States. It was chartered in 1794.

In addition to its Brunswick campus, Bowdoin owns a 118-acre (48 ha) coastal studies center on Orr's Island and a 200-acre (81 ha) scientific field station on Kent Island in the Bay of Fundy.

The college was a founding member of its athletic conference, the New England Small College Athletic Conference, and the Colby-Bates-Bowdoin Consortium, an athletic conference and inter-library exchange with Bates College and Colby College. Bowdoin has over 30 varsity teams, and the school mascot was selected as a polar bear in 1913 to honor Robert Peary, a Bowdoin alumnus who claimed to have led the first successful expedition to the North Pole.
Radiation retinopathy
Radiation retinopathy is damage to retina due to exposure to ionizing radiation. Radiation retinopathy has a delayed onset, typically after months or years of radiation, and is slowly progressive. In general, radiation retinopathy is seen around 18 months after treatment with external-beam radiation and with brachytherapy. The time of onset of radiation retinopathy is between 6 months to 3 years.

An exposure to doses of 30-35 grays (Gy) or more is usually required to induce clinical symptoms, however, retinopathy may develop after as little as 15 Gy of external-beam radiation. A reported safe dose is 30 Gy (3,000 rad): 10 Gy (1,000 rad) per week in five fractions of 2 Gy (200 rad).

Diabetic retinopathy
Diabetic retinopathy (also known as diabetic eye disease) is a medical condition in which damage occurs to the retina due to diabetes. It is a leading cause of blindness in developed countries and one of the leading causes of sight loss in the world, even though there are many new therapies and improved treatments for helping people living with diabetes.

Diabetic retinopathy affects up to 80 percent of those who have had both type 1 and type 2 diabetes for 20 years or more. In at least 90% of new cases, progression to more aggressive forms of sight-threatening retinopathy and maculopathy could be reduced with proper treatment and monitoring of the eyes. The longer a person has diabetes, the higher their chances of developing diabetic retinopathy. Each year in the United States, diabetic retinopathy accounts for 12% of all new cases of blindness. It is also the leading cause of blindness in people aged 20 to 64.
The Untameable
The Untameable is a 1923 American silent drama film directed by Herbert Blaché and starring Gladys Walton, Malcolm McGregor, and John St. Polis. It is based on the 1907 novel The White Cat by Gelett Burgess.

Malcolm McGregor
Malcolm McGregor (October 13, 1892 – April 29, 1945) was an American actor of the silent era. McGregor appeared in more than 50 films between 1922 and 1936. He was born in Newark, New Jersey and died in Hollywood, California.

McGregor starred as the young whaling captain in the 1923 film version of Ben Ames Williams' All the Brothers Were Valiant, perhaps the highlight of a busy career that mostly found the handsome, clean-cut actor supporting such glamorous female stars as Corinne Griffith, Florence Vidor, and Evelyn Brent. Like so many of his contemporaries, McGregor's career quickly waned after the changeover to sound and he was reduced to playing second fiddle to Bela Lugosi in the 1932 Mascot serial The Whispering Shadow. McGregor retired after playing a gangster in a low-budget screen version of radio's Special Agent K-7 (1937). McGregor reportedly died from burns suffered in an accident in his home in Hollywood at the age of 52.
Becca Gilmore
Rebecca Gilmore (born February 15, 1998) is an American former ice hockey forward. She played professionally for the Boston Pride of the Premier Hockey Federation (PHF) and PWHL Ottawa of the  Professional Women's Hockey League (PWHL). She played college ice hockey at Harvard from 2017 to 2022.

Boston Pride
The Boston Pride were a professional ice hockey team based in Boston. It was one of the four charter franchises of the Premier Hockey Federation (PHF). The Pride played at Warrior Ice Arena, which is also the practice facility for the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League. The Pride won the inaugural Isobel Cup in 2016 and became the first professional women's ice hockey team to win three championship titles when they claimed consecutive victories in 2021 and 2022.

The team folded at the end of the 2023 season, when the PHF's assets were purchased and the league dissolved as part of the process of creating a new, unified, women's professional league.
Ciarán Fitzgerald
Ciarán Fitzgerald is an Irish former film and television actor. He is best known for his role as Ossie Reilly in the 1992 film Into the West, which earned him a Young Artist Award. He has also appeared in films, such as, Nothing Personal (1995), Some Mother's Son (1996), The Last of the High Kings (1996), The Boxer (1997), and The General (1998).

The Last of the High Kings
The Last of the High Kings, released under the title Summer Fling in some countries, is a 1996 Irish coming-of-age comedy-drama film directed by David Keating from a screenplay he co-wrote with Gabriel Byrne, based on the novel of the same name by Ferdia Mac Anna. It is set in 1970s Howth, Dublin, following teenaged friends becoming immersed in the emerging punk scene, against the backdrop of the death of Elvis Presley, and various teen drama. The film stars Catherine O'Hara, Jared Leto (in his first starring role), Christina Ricci, Byrne, Amanda Shun, Stephen Rea, and Colm Meaney.

The Last of the High Kings premiered at the Galway Film Fleadh on 11 July 1996, and was released in Ireland by First Independent Films on 22 November 1996.
Alberto Calderón
Alberto Pedro Calderón (September 14, 1920 – April 16, 1998) was an Argentine mathematician. His name is associated with the University of Buenos Aires, but first and foremost with the University of Chicago, where Calderón and his mentor, the analyst Antoni Zygmund, developed the theory of singular integral operators. This created the "Chicago School of (hard) Analysis" (sometimes simply known as the "Calderón-Zygmund School").

Calderón's work ranged over a wide variety of topics: from singular integral operators to partial differential equations, from interpolation theory to Cauchy integrals on Lipschitz curves, from ergodic theory to inverse problems in electrical prospection. Calderón's work has also had a powerful impact on practical applications including signal processing, geophysics, and tomography.

Alberto González Domínguez
Alberto González Domínguez (11 April 1904 in Buenos Aires – 14 September 1982 in Buenos Aires) was an Argentine mathematician working on analysis, probability theory and quantum field theory.

González Domínguez received his Ph.D. from the University of Buenos Aires in 1939 under the direction of Julio Rey Pastor. That same year, González Domínguez received a Guggenheim Fellowship and worked for two years with Jacob Tamarkin at Brown University. González Domínguez spent most of his career as a professor at the University of Buenos Aires.
What Are Words (album)
What Are Words is the debut album of the American singer Chris Medina. The album was released by Sony Music contains 11 pop-rock songs, some of them sensitive ballads, others more energetic and rocking.

Album included the title track "What Are Words", a touching track inspired by Chris Medina's  fiancé who had a serious brain injury after a car accident in 2009. Although "What Are Words" was only a minor hit in the United States, it was a big hit in Scandinavian countries topping both Norwegian VG-lista Singles Chart and the Swedish Sverigetopplistan Singles Chart. It stayed at #1 for 11 weeks in Norway and for 8 weeks in Sweden.

The follow-up single from the album is "One More Time" written by Medina. The album What Are Words was released in Sweden on 26 November 2011 and entered the Swedish Albums Chart straight in at #7 on Week 47 dated 2 December 2011.

What Are Words
"What Are Words" is a song written by Rodney Jerkins, Andre Lindal and Lauren Christy, and performed by American singer Chris Medina. It was released on February 25, 2011, the day after his elimination on the reality TV show American Idol. The song is a tribute to his fiancée who suffered a brain injury as the result of a car wreck and is about promises, commitment and keeping your word.
Let It Play
Let It Play  is the ninth studio album by Canadian musical artist David Usher. It was released on October 21, 2016, via David Usher's own music label, Evil Empire Inc. The album features English translations of French-Canadian songs, re-recorded originals from Usher's repertoire, as well as high-profile collaborations with artists such as Marie-Mai, Alex Nevsky, Monogrenade, Karim Ouellet, Dumas, Ingrid St-Pierre, Caracol, Daniel Lavoie, Dominique A, and Baden Baden.

Marie-Mai
Marie-Mai (born Marie-Mai Bouchard on July 7, 1984, in Varennes, Quebec) is a Canadian singer from Montreal. She was initially known as one of the finalists of the first season of the Quebec reality show Star Académie.
Carlos Llorens
Carlos Llorens Mestre (born 1 September 1969) is a Spanish former professional footballer who played as a left-back.

A player of attacking penchant, he was also a penalty kick specialist. He played for 11 teams during his career, amassing La Liga totals of 125 games and 11 goals with Rayo Vallecano, Osasuna and Alavés and retiring at the age of 40.

Rayo Vallecano
Rayo Vallecano de Madrid, S.A.D. (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈraʝo βaʎeˈkano ðe maˈðɾið]), often abbreviated to Rayo (Spanish for "thunderbolt"), is a Spanish professional football club based in the Puente de Vallecas district of Madrid. The club competes in La Liga, the top flight of Spanish football.

Founded on 29 May 1924, the club is known for its sociocultural tradition, recognized for representing the barrio-local culture and its working-class status. Its home matches have been played at the 14,708-capacity Campo de Fútbol de Vallecas stadium since 1976.

During its history, Rayo has spent 22 seasons in the top-flight, and has played in two European competitions, the UEFA Cup in the 2000–01 season and the 2025–26 UEFA Conference League. The club won the 2017–18 Segunda División. By historical performance, Rayo is the third best club in Community of Madrid, after Real Madrid and Atlético Madrid.
Musée d'Art et d'Histoire de Narbonne
The musée d'art et d'histoire de Narbonne is a museum in Narbonne. It displays the fine and decorative arts. It is particularly known for its ancient faïence collection and its remarkable collection of orientalist paintings. It and the Musée archéologique de Narbonne are the city's two main museums, both housed in the Palace of the Archbishops.

Its collections are not based on a previous collection but began to be formed from 1833 onwards through purchases, gifts, bequests and deposits.

Narbonne
Narbonne (/nɑːrˈbɒn/ nar-BON, US also /-ˈbɔːn, -ˈbʌn/ -⁠BAWN, -⁠BUN, French: [naʁbɔn] ⓘ; Occitan: Narbona [naɾˈβunɔ]; Latin: Narbo [ˈna(ː)rboː]; Late Latin: Narbona) is a commune and subprefecture in Southern France, located in the Occitanie region. It is located about 15 km (9 mi) from the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and was historically a prosperous port city. Narbonne lies 849 km (528 mi) from Paris in the Aude department, of which it is an arrondissement. From the 14th century onwards, it declined following a change in the course of the river Aude. While it is the largest commune in Aude, the capital of the Aude department is the smaller commune of Carcassonne.
Legendre transform (integral transform)
In mathematics, Legendre transform is an integral transform named after the mathematician Adrien-Marie Legendre, which uses Legendre polynomials  as kernels of the transform. Legendre transform is a special case of Jacobi transform.

The Legendre transform of a function  is

The inverse Legendre transform is given by

Jacobi transform
In mathematics, Jacobi transform is an integral transform named after the mathematician Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi, which uses Jacobi polynomials  as kernels of the transform 
.

The Jacobi transform of a function  is

The inverse Jacobi transform is given by
Doublesash butterflyfish
The doublesash butterflyfish, (Chaetodon marleyi), also known as the fourbanded butterflyfish or Marley's butterflyfish, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a butterflyfish belonging to the family Chaetodontidae. It is found in the southwestern Indian Ocean and the extreme southwestern Atlantic Ocean off southern Africa.

Butterflyfish
The butterflyfish are a group of conspicuous tropical marine fish of the family Chaetodontidae; the bannerfish and coralfish are also included in this group. The approximately 129 species in 12 genera are found mostly on the reefs of the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans.  A number of species pairs occur in the Indian and Pacific Oceans, members of the huge genus Chaetodon.

Butterflyfish look like smaller versions of angelfish (Pomacanthidae), but unlike these, lack preopercle spines at the gill covers. Some members of the genus Heniochus resemble the Moorish idol (Zanclus cornutus) of the monotypic Zanclidae. All three families belong to the order Acanthuriformes and share a similar habitat.
Etxerat
Etxerat (Basque: [e t͡ʃeɾat], meaning 'Homeward') is an association of family members of people who have been imprisoned or exiled because of their activity in support of the Basque National Liberation Movement. Most of those prisoners and exiles are members, or former members, of ETA, a terrorist organization seeking Basque independence. Others were not members of ETA but have been jailed for collaborating with it, or have been convicted of other crimes such as belonging to illegal organizations like SEGI or Gestoras pro Amnistía, belonging to or trying to rebuild banned political parties such as Batasuna and Askatasuna, participating in Kale borroka, or for the "public glorification of terrorism". Etxerat's primary activities are to support those family members and to advocate for relatives who are imprisoned for terrorism-related offenses or who have fled to avoid prosecution.

Basque National Liberation Movement
The Basque National Liberation Movement (Spanish: Movimiento de Liberación Nacional Vasco, MLNV; Basque: Euskal Nazio Askapenerako Mugimendua, "ENAM") was an umbrella term that comprised all social, political and armed organizations orbiting around the ideas of the illegal armed organisation Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA), proscribed internationally as a terrorist organisation.
Bento Gonçalves da Silva
Bento Gonçalves da Silva (23 September 1788 – 18 July 1847) was a Brazilian army officer, politician and rebel leader of the Riograndense Republic. He was the first President of the Riograndense Republic and, by all accounts, one of the most prominent figures in the history of Rio Grande do Sul.

Although a staunch monarchist, Gonçalves led the rebel forces in the Ragamuffin War. Radicals within the rebel ranks forced the rebellion to become republican, which Gonçalves opposed. Still, even though he fought against the Empire of Brazil, Gonçalves and his troops celebrated the birthday of the young emperor Pedro II of Brazil. After the conflict ended with the victory of the Empire, Gonçalves paid his respect to Pedro II by kissing his hand during the latter's trip to Rio Grande do Sul in December 1845.

His main companions in arms during the rebellion were Antônio de Sousa Neto and Giuseppe Garibaldi.

Antônio de Sousa Neto
General Antônio de Sousa Neto (Brazilian Portuguese pronunciation: [ɐ̃ˈtoni.u d(ʒi) ˈsowzɐ ˈnɛtu, ɐ̃ˈtonju -]; 11 February 1803 – 2 July 1866) was a Brazilian military leader of the Riograndense Republic during the Ragamuffin War. On 20 September 1836, Neto declared the independence of the Riograndense Republic.

He was a famous abolitionist and fought for the release of the slaves who had fought during the revolution.

The general's story is depicted in the 2001 movie Netto perde sua alma (Netto Loses His Soul), featuring Tiago Real, Werner Schünemann, Anderson Simões, Lisa Becker, Letícia Liesenfeld, Álvaro Rosa Costa, Fábio Neto, Laura Schneider, Márcia do Canto and João Máximo.
Asteroid laser ablation
Asteroid laser ablation is a proposed method for deflecting asteroids, involving the use of a laser array to alter the orbit of an asteroid. Laser ablation works by heating up a substance enough to allow gaseous material to eject, either through sublimation (solid to gas) or vaporization (liquid to gas). For most asteroids this process occurs between temperatures in the range of 2,700–3,000 K (2,430–2,730 °C; 4,400–4,940 °F). The ejecting material creates a thrust, which over an extended period of time can change the trajectory of the asteroid. As a proof of concept on a small scale, Travis Brashears, a researcher at UC Santa Barbara's Experimental Cosmology Lab, led by Dr. Philip Lubin, has already experimentally verified that laser ablation can de-spin and spin-up an asteroid.

Trajectory
A trajectory is the path an object takes through its motion over time. In classical mechanics, a trajectory is defined by Hamiltonian mechanics via canonical coordinates; hence, a complete trajectory is defined by position and momentum, simultaneously.

The object as a mass might be a projectile or a satellite. For example, it can be an orbit — the path of a planet, asteroid, or comet as it travels around a central mass.

In control theory, a trajectory is a time-ordered set of states of a dynamical system (see e.g. Poincaré map). In discrete mathematics, a trajectory is a sequence  of values calculated by the iterated application of a mapping  to an element  of its source.
Urbano González Serrano
Urbano González Serrano (Navalmoral de la Mata, 25 May 1848 — Madrid, 13 January 1904) was a Spanish philosopher, sociologist, psychologist, pedagogue, literary critic, and politician. Juan Antonio Garcia posited González was the principal developer of krausoposivitismo, a mixture of positivism and Krausism. These beliefs were determined by Yvan Lissorgues as an amalgamation of "abstract idealism of the Hegelian type and extrapolations of some philosophers and scientists".

Krausism
Krausism is a doctrine named after the German philosopher Karl Christian Friedrich Krause (1781–1832) that advocates doctrinal tolerance and academic freedom from dogma.

One of the philosophers of identity, Krause endeavoured to reconcile the ideas of a monotheistic singular God (as understood by faith) with a pantheistic or empirical understanding of the world. According to Krause, divinity, which is intuitively known by conscience, is not a personality (because personality implies limitations), but an all-inclusive essence (Wesen), which contains the universe within itself. This cosmology and theory of the nature of God, known as panentheism, is a combination of monotheism and pantheism. Krause's theory of the world and of humanity is a form of philosophical idealism.
Mesaba Airlines
Mesaba Aviation, Inc. (operating as Mesaba Airlines) was a regional airline in the United States that operated from 1944 until it merged with Pinnacle Airlines in 2012 to form Endeavor Air. It was based in Eagan, Minnesota. From 2010 to 2012, the airline was a wholly owned subsidiary of Pinnacle Airlines Corp. with code sharing flights operated as Delta Connection for Delta Air Lines and US Airways Express for US Airways. Previously, the airline operated code sharing service as Northwest Airlink and Northwest Jetlink on behalf of Northwest Airlines which subsequently merged with Delta. Mesaba also previously operated connecting flight services in association with Republic Airlines before this air carrier was subsequently merged into Northwest.  Mesaba Airlines effectively ceased operations on January 4, 2012, when all aircraft and personnel were transitioned to the Pinnacle Airlines operating certificate. Mesaba's operating certificate was surrendered on July 31, 2012.

US Airways Express
US Airways Express was the brand name for the regional affiliate of US Airways, under which a number of individually owned commuter air carriers and regional airlines operate short and medium haul routes. This code sharing service was previously operated as USAir Express.  Mainline carriers often outsource to regional airlines to operate services in order to increase frequency, serve routes that would not sustain larger aircraft, or for other competitive reasons. US Airways Express operations were conducted from smaller markets in the United States, Canada, and the Bahamas primarily centered on US Airways' major hubs and focus cities.

Upon the completion of US Airways' merger process with American Airlines, US Airways Express was rebranded as American Eagle on October 17, 2015.
Louis-Gustave Martin
Louis-Gustave Martin (August 22, 1846 – September 5, 1879) was an architect and political figure in Quebec. He represented Montcalm in the Legislative Assembly of Quebec from 1874 to 1878 as a Conservative.

He was born in Saint Jacques, Canada East, the son of Jean-Louis Martin and Céline Dupuis. He was educated at the Collège de l'Assomption and the École Polytechnique de Montréal. Martin was a member of the firm Poitras et Martin in Montreal. He designed the Sainte-Brigide de Kildare church Martin was elected to the legislative assembly in an 1874 by-election held after Firmin Dugas resigned his seat after it became illegal to hold seats in both the Quebec assembly and the House of Commons. Martin was reelected in 1875 but was defeated when he ran for reelection in 1878. He died in Saint-Jacques at the age of 33.

His brother Joseph-Alcide also represented Montcalm in the Quebec assembly.

Firmin Dugas
Firmin Dugas (March 8, 1830 – March 16, 1889) was a Quebec businessman and political figure. He was a Conservative member of the House of Commons of Canada representing Montcalm from 1871 to 1887 and in the Legislative Assembly of Quebec from 1867 to 1874.

He was born in Rawdon Township, Lower Canada in 1830 and studied at Collège de l'Assomption. Dugas owned and operated several sawmills and flour mills at Saint-Liguori. He was mayor of Saint-Liguori from 1860 to 1862. He was elected to the Quebec assembly in 1867; he was elected to the House of Commons in an 1871 by-election after Joseph Dufresne resigned his seat to accept a post as sheriff. Dugas resigned his seat in the Quebec assembly in 1874 when it became illegal to hold seats in both houses.

He died at Saint-Liguori in 1889.

His son Joseph-Louis-Euclide also later represented Montcalm in the House of Commons.