hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
J. Louis Engdahl
John Louis Engdahl (November 11, 1884 – November 21, 1932) was an American socialist journalist and newspaper editor. One of the leading journalists of the Socialist Party of America, Engdahl joined the Communist movement in 1921 and continued to employ his talents in that organization as the first editor of The Daily Worker. Engdahl was also a key leader of the International Red Aid (MOPR) organization based in Moscow, where he died in 1932.

William Z. Foster
William Z. Foster (born William Edward Foster; February 25, 1881 – September 1, 1961) was a radical American labor organizer and Communist politician, whose career included serving as  General Secretary of the Communist Party USA from 1945 to 1957. He was previously a member of the Socialist Party of America and the Industrial Workers of the World, leading the drive to organize packinghouse industry workers during World War I and the steel strike of 1919.
R. J. Webb
Ronald Coleman Webb Jr. (born August 24, 1987) is an American former football wide receiver and current area scout for the Buffalo Bills. After playing college football for the Furman University, he was signed by the Carolina Panthers as an undrafted free agent after going unselected in the 2013 NFL draft.

Furman University
Furman University is a private university in Greenville, South Carolina, United States. Founded in 1826 and named after Baptist pastor Richard Furman, the liberal arts university is the oldest private institution of higher learning in South Carolina. It became a secular university in 1992, while keeping Christo et Doctrinae (For Christ and Learning) as its motto. As of Fall 2021, it enrolls approximately 2,300 undergraduate students and 150 graduate students on its 750-acre (304 ha) campus.
Undine Bremer
Undine Bremer, née Hartmann (born 30 June 1961, in Magdeburg) is a retired East German sprinter who competed mainly in the 400 metres.

At the 1983 World Championships she won a gold medal in the 4 × 400 metres relay. Although it was Gesine Walther, Sabine Busch, Marita Koch and Dagmar Rübsam who ran in the final, Bremer had run in the qualifying round.

Bremer represented the sports club SC Magdeburg. Her personal best times were 11.35 in the 100 metres, achieved in May 1982 in Jena, 23.06 in the 200 metres, achieved in May 1982 in Erfurt and 51.40 in the 400 metres, achieved in May 1983 in Jena.

Bremer is 1.68 metres tall; during her active career she weighed 58 kg.

Marita Koch
Marita Koch (later Meier-Koch; born 18 February 1957) is a German former sprint track and field athlete. During her career she set 16 world records in outdoor sprints as well as 14 world records in indoor events. Her record of 47.60 in the 400 metres, set on 6 October 1985, still stands.
Snejina Michailova
Snejina Michailova FRSNZ (born 1965) is a New Zealand business academic. She is currently a full professor at the University of Auckland. In 2025, Michailova was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society Te Apārangi.

Royal Society of New Zealand
The Royal Society of New Zealand, branded as the Royal Society Te Apārangi, is a not-for-profit body in New Zealand providing funding and policy advice in the fields of sciences and the humanities. These fundings (i.e., Marsden grants and research fellowships) are provided on behalf of the New Zealand Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment.
Kalyani Group
Kalyani Group is an Indian multinational conglomerate, headquartered in Pune, India, founded in 1961. It operates in various key sectors including engineering, steel, automotive and non-automotive components, renewable energy and infrastructure, and specialty chemicals. The group has also expanded its operations into the defense manufacturing sector, which was showcased at the DefExpo 2020.

The group's annual turnover exceeded USD 2.5 billion as of 2011 and has established joint ventures with companies such as Alstom, Carpenter Technology Corporation, Iochpe-Maxion, Meritor, Sharp Corporation, and Rafael Advanced Defense Systems.

Meritor
Meritor, Inc. is an American corporation headquartered in Troy, Michigan, which manufactures automobile components for military suppliers, trucks, and trailers. Meritor is a Fortune 500 company.

In 1997, Rockwell International spun off its automotive business as Meritor. In 2000, Arvin Meritor was formed from the merger of Meritor Automotive, Inc., and Arvin Industries, Inc. On February 1, 2011, the company announced that it would revert its name to Meritor, Inc. in late March. The name change was successfully completed and launched on March 30, 2011. On February 22, 2022, Cummins announced to acquire Meritor for $3.7 billion. The acquisition closed on August 3 of that year.
Ned Casey
Edward Casey (8 July 1917 – 10 May 1991) was an Irish Gaelic footballer who played as a forward for club sides Macroom and Clonakilty, at inter-county level with the Cork senior football team and at inter-provincial level with Munster.

Macroom GAA
Macroom GAA is a Gaelic football and hurling club based in the town and surrounding parish of Macroom in County Cork, Ireland. The club is affiliated with Cork GAA county board and the Muskerry GAA divisional board. The club has been one of the most successful Gaelic football clubs in Cork, having won the Cork Senior Football Championship ten times and having contributed numerous players to Cork GAA football teams.
1992 Maceió Open
The 1992 Maceió Open (aka Chevrolet Classic or Chevrolet Open) was an ATP tournament played on clay courts. It was the only edition of the Maceió Open and was part of the ATP World Series of the 1992 ATP Tour. It was held in Maceió, Brazil at Praia da Pajuçara, from 3 February through 10 February 1992.

1992 ATP Tour
The IBM Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) Tour is the elite tour for professional tennis organized by the ATP tour. The IBM ATP Tour includes the Grand Slam tournaments (organized by the International Tennis Federation, ITF), the ATP Super 9, the ATP Championship Series, the ATP World Series, the ATP World Team Cup, the Davis Cup (organized by the ITF), the ATP Tour World Championships and the Grand Slam Cup (organized by the ITF).
Brett Riley (ice hockey)
Brett Riley (born January 25, 1991) is an American ice hockey coach and former player. He is currently the head coach at Ferris State and was previously head coach at Long Island and an assistant at Colgate.

Ferris State Bulldogs men's ice hockey
The Ferris State Bulldogs men's ice hockey team is an NCAA Division I college ice hockey program that represents Ferris State University. The Bulldogs are a member of the Central Collegiate Hockey Association (CCHA). They play at Ewigleben Arena in Big Rapids, Michigan.
Africans in Guangzhou
Africans in Guangzhou are African immigrants and African Chinese residents of Guangzhou, China.

Beginning in the late 1990s economic boom, an influx of thousands of African traders and business people, predominantly from West Africa, arrived in Guangzhou and created an African community in the middle of the southern Chinese metropolis.

Since 2014, the city's African population has significantly declined due to strict immigration enforcement by Chinese authorities and economic pressures in home countries, including depreciation of the Nigerian naira and Angolan kwanza.

Nigerian naira
The naira (sign: ₦; code: NGN; Yoruba: náírà, Hausa: نَيْرَ, romanized: naira, Igbo: naịra, Tyap: nera) is the currency of Nigeria. One naira is divided into 100 kobo.

The Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) is the sole issuer of legal tender money throughout the Federal Republic of Nigeria. It controls the volume of money supplied in the economy in order to ensure monetary and price stability. The Currency Operations Department of the CBN is in charge of currency management, through the designs, procurement, distribution and supply, processing, reissue and disposal or disintegration of bank notes and coins.

A major cash crunch occurred in February 2023 when the Nigerian government used a currency note changeover—delivering too few of the new notes into circulation—to attempt to force citizens to use a newly created government-sponsored central bank digital currency.  This led to extensive street protests.
Cross and Crown
The Cross and Crown (a cross passing through a crown) is a Christian symbol used by various Christian denominations. It has also been used in heraldry. The emblem is often interpreted as symbolizing the reward in heaven (the crown) coming after the trials in this life (the cross) (James 1:12).

Christian cross
The Christian cross, seen as symbolizing the crucifixion of Jesus, is a symbol of Christianity. It is related to the crucifix, a cross that includes a corpus (a representation of Jesus's body, usually three-dimensional) and to the more general family of cross symbols. The term cross is now detached from its original specifically Christian meaning, in modern English and many other Western languages.

The basic forms of the cross are the Latin cross with unequal arms and the Greek cross with equal arms; there are numerous variants, partly with confessional significance—such as the tau cross, the double-barred cross, triple-barred cross, and cross-and-crosslets—and many heraldic variants, such as the cross potent, cross pattée, and cross moline, cross fleury.
Mineralni Bani
Haskovski Mineralni Bani, officially known as Mineralni Bani (Bulgarian: Минерални бани, pronounced [minɛˈraɫni ˈbani]) is a spa village in central southern Bulgaria, part of Haskovo Province. It is the administrative centre of Mineralni Bani Municipality, which lies in the westernmost part of Haskovo Province. The village's name means "Haskovo Mineral Baths".

Mineralni Bani lies at the northern foot of the Eastern Rhodope Mountains, east of the Mechkovets ridge. Its former name was Meriçler.

41°56′N 25°21′E﻿ / ﻿41.933°N 25.350°E﻿ / 41.933; 25.350

Spa
A spa is a location where mineral-rich spring water (sometimes seawater) is used to give medicinal baths. Spa health treatments are known as balneotherapy. The belief in the curative powers of mineral waters and hot springs goes back to prehistoric times. Spa towns, spa resorts, and day spas are popular worldwide, but are especially widespread in Europe and Japan.
Higher Than a Kite
Higher Than a Kite is a 1943 short subject directed by Del Lord starring American slapstick comedy team The Three Stooges (Moe Howard, Larry Fine and Curly Howard). It is the 72nd entry in the series released by Columbia Pictures starring the comedians, who released 190 shorts for the studio between 1934 and 1959.

Moe Howard
Moe Howard (born Moses Harry Horwitz; June 19, 1897 – May 4, 1975) was an American comedian and actor. He is best known as the leader and straight man of The Three Stooges, the farce comedy team who starred in motion pictures, short films, and television for four decades. The group started out as Ted Healy and His Stooges, an act that toured the vaudeville circuit. Moe's distinctive hairstyle came about when he was a boy and cut off his curls with a pair of scissors, producing an irregular shape approximating a bowl cut.
2014 CS Volvo Open Cup
The 2014 CS Volvo Open Cup was a senior international figure skating competition held in November 2014 at the Volvo Ice Rink in Riga, Latvia. It was part of the 2014–15 ISU Challenger Series. Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dance.

Volvo Open Cup
The Volvo Open Cup is an annual international figure skating competition held in Riga, Latvia. In some years, the event is part of the ISU Challenger Series. Medals may be awarded in men's singles, women's singles, pair skating, and ice dance.
Ross McKitrick
Ross McKitrick (born 1965) is a Canadian economist specializing in environmental economics and policy analysis. He is a professor of economics at the University of Guelph, and a senior fellow of the Fraser Institute.

McKitrick has authored works about environmental economics and ones denying the scientific consensus on climate change, including co-authoring the book Taken by Storm: The Troubled Science, Policy and Politics of Global Warming, published in 2002. He is the author of Economic Analysis of Environmental Policy, published by the University of Toronto Press.

Fraser Institute
The Fraser Institute is a conservative Canadian public policy think tank registered as a charity. It is headquartered in Vancouver, with additional offices in Calgary, Toronto, and Montreal. It has links to think tanks worldwide through the Economic Freedom Network and is a member of the free-market Atlas Network.

In 2020, the University of Pennsylvania's Center for Think Tanks' Global Go To Think Tank Index Report ranked Fraser 14th on its "Top Think Tanks Worldwide" listing, and 1st on its list of "Top Think Tanks in Mexico and Canada".
Billy Scott (footballer, born 1882)
William Edward Scott (17 May 1882 – 16 August 1936) was an Irish footballer who played as a goalkeeper for, among others, Everton, Leeds City, Liverpool and Ireland. In 1913 Scott was a member of the Ireland team that beat England for the first time with a 2–1 win at Windsor Park.  His younger brother, Elisha Scott, was also a notable goalkeeper and also played for Liverpool and Ireland. It was Billy Scott who recognised his younger brother's potential and recommended him to Liverpool after an unsuccessful trial at Everton.

Leeds City F.C.
Leeds City Football Club was the leading professional club in Leeds, England, before the First World War. The club was highly successful in the wartime football league; however, it faced sanction for paying its players during wartime which had been made illegal. The club was dissolved in 1919 after the club's directors failed to co-operate with the subsequent FA inquiry. In 1919 Leeds United was established as a replacement.
Short Back 'n' Sides
Short Back 'n' Sides is the fifth studio album by Ian Hunter. He collaborated with Mick Ronson , Mick Jones, Topper Headon, Todd Rundgren, and Ellen Foley.

In 1995, Chrysalis released a 2 CD set with a remastered version of the album and bonus CD with outtakes of the Chrysalis period. The track "Noises" is an experimental track with many samples used as part of the song and "Theatre of the Absurd" is Ian's only reggae song, inspired by the Ladbroke Grove area of London.

Ellen Foley
Ellen Foley (born June 5, 1951) is an American singer and actress who has appeared on Broadway and television, where she co-starred in the hit NBC sitcom Night Court during its second season. In music, she has released five solo albums, but she is best known for her collaborations with rock singer Meat Loaf, particularly the 14× Platinum selling 1977 album Bat Out of Hell.
Neshani Andreas
Neshani Andreas (1964 – May 2011) was a Namibian writer, who had also worked as a teacher and for the American Peace Corps. She is best known for her novel The Purple Violet of Oshaantu, which made her the first Namibian to be included in Heinemann's African Writers Series. She died at the age of 46, having been diagnosed with lung cancer in early 2010.

Heinemann African Writers Series
The African Writers Series (AWS) is a collection of books written by African novelists, poets and politicians. Published by Heinemann, 359 books appeared in the series between 1962 and 2003.

The series has provided an international audience for many African writers, including Chinua Achebe, Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o, Steve Biko, Ama Ata Aidoo, Nadine Gordimer, Buchi Emecheta, and Okot p'Bitek.
Air-Walker
Air-Walker (Gabriel Lan) is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Stan Lee and artist John Buscema, the character first appeared (in android form) in Fantastic Four #120 (March 1972). Lan is a former member of the Nova Corps who became Galactus' herald. Following Lan's death, a robotic duplicate was created to house his consciousness.

John Buscema
John Buscema (/bjuːˈsɛmə/ bew-SEM-ə; born Giovanni Natale Buscema, Italian: [dʒoˈvanni naˈtaːle buʃˈʃɛːma]; December 11, 1927 – January 10, 2002) was an American comic book artist and one of the mainstays of Marvel Comics during its 1960s and 1970s ascendancy into an industry leader and its subsequent expansion to a major pop-culture conglomerate. His younger brother Sal Buscema was also a comic book artist.

Buscema is best known for his run on the series The Avengers and The Silver Surfer, and for over 200 stories featuring the sword-and-sorcery hero Conan the Barbarian. In addition, he pencilled at least one issue of nearly every major Marvel title, including long runs on two of the company's top magazines, Fantastic Four and Thor.

He was inducted into the Will Eisner Comic Book Hall of Fame in 2002. In October 2024, Buscema was inducted into the Harvey Awards Hall of Fame.
J. H. Meedeniya
Rajakaruna Senanayaka Panditha Herath Wasala Kuruppu Mudiyanse Ralahamillage Punchi Banda John Henry Meedeniya (known as J. H. Meedeniya Adigar ) (1867 - 1931) was a Ceylonese legislator and a headmen. He was the Kandyan Sinhalese member of the Legislative Council of Ceylon and elected member of the State Council of Ceylon for Ruwanwella. He was awarded the title of Adigar by the British Government of Ceylon.

State Council of Ceylon
The State Council of Ceylon was the unicameral legislature for Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), established in 1931 by the Donoughmore Constitution. The State Council gave universal adult franchise to the people of the colony for the first time. It replaced the Legislative Council of Ceylon, the colony's original legislative body.

There were only two State Councils: the First, elected in 1931, and the Second, elected in 1936. The 1947 Soulbury Constitution replaced the State Council with the Parliament of Ceylon, as part of a process of constitutional development leading up to independence, which took place on 4 February 1948.
Paul Crowe
Paul James Crowe (October 23, 1924 – December 13, 1989) was an American football player who played at the halfback and defensive back positions. He played college football for Saint Mary's military football for the 1944 Saint Mary's Pre-Flight Air Devils football team, and professional football for the San Francisco 49ers, Los Angeles Dons, and New York Yanks.

Los Angeles Dons
The Los Angeles Dons were an American football team in the newly formed football league the All-America Football Conference (AAFC) from 1946 to 1949, and played their home games in the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum. The Dons were the first professional football team to play a regular season game in Los Angeles, California, two weeks before the first game of the rival Los Angeles Rams of the National Football League, who had moved from Cleveland.
Vector generalized linear model
In statistics, the class of vector generalized linear models (VGLMs) was proposed to 
enlarge the scope of models catered for by generalized linear models (GLMs).
In particular, VGLMs allow for response variables outside the classical exponential family
and for more than one parameter. Each parameter (not necessarily a mean) can be transformed by a link function.
The VGLM framework is also large enough to naturally accommodate multiple responses; these are
several independent responses each coming from a particular statistical distribution with
possibly different parameter values.

Vector generalized linear models are described in detail in Yee (2015).
The central algorithm adopted is the iteratively reweighted least squares method,
for maximum likelihood estimation of usually all the model parameters. In particular, 
Fisher scoring is implemented by such, which, for most models,
uses the first and expected second derivatives of the log-likelihood function.

Iteratively reweighted least squares
The method of iteratively reweighted least squares (IRLS) is used to solve certain optimization problems with objective functions of the form of a p-norm:

by an iterative method in which each step involves solving a weighted least squares problem of the form:

IRLS is used to find the maximum likelihood estimates of a generalized linear model, and in robust regression to find an M-estimator, as a way of mitigating the influence of outliers in an otherwise normally-distributed data set, for example, by minimizing the least absolute errors rather than the least square errors.

One of the advantages of IRLS over linear programming and convex programming is that it can be used with Gauss–Newton and Levenberg–Marquardt numerical algorithms.
George Davis-Goff
Commodore George Raymond Davis-Goff CBE DSC* (24 September 1905 – 30 May 1987) was a senior officer in the Royal New Zealand Navy (RNZN).

Born in 1905, he joined the precursor to the RNZN, the New Zealand Division of the Royal Navy as a boy seaman in 1921. By 1941, he had been commissioned as an officer, the first New Zealander to be promoted from the ranks in the Royal Navy. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for his services during the latter stages of the Second World War, where he served aboard firstly HMNZS Leander and then HMNZS Gambia in the Pacific. He later commanded a RNZN frigate during the Korean War. He finished his military career in 1959 with the rank of commodore. He died in 1987 as a result of an accident at his home in Auckland.

HMNZS Leander
HMNZS Leander was a light cruiser which served with the Royal New Zealand Navy during World War II. She was the lead ship of the Leander class. The ship initially served as HMS Leander in the Royal Navy before her transfer to New Zealand in 1937. In 1945, the ship was returned to the Royal Navy as HMS Leander and was involved in the Corfu Channel incident. The ship was scrapped in 1950.
LocalLink 33 (BaltimoreLink)
LocalLink 33, formerly Route 58 is a bus route operated by the Maryland Transit Administration in Baltimore and its suburbs. The line's western terminus is the Reisterstown Plaza Metro Subway Station, and its eastern terminus is White Marsh Mall, though some peak hour trips make short turns in Overlea.  Route 58 serves the communities of Glen, Cheswolde, Fallstaff, a large section of Northern Parkway, and a portion of Belair Road in Baltimore County.

The western portion of this route is based on that of the former Route M-10, and is identical to most of the route that Route M-10 followed since 1992, and exactly like that which has been followed since 2005, with the exception of Greenspring Station service, which is now provided by Route 60. The eastern half of this route is based on that of the now defunct Route 66, which was discontinued in 1993.

White Marsh Mall
White Marsh Mall is a regional shopping mall in the unincorporated and planned community of White Marsh, Maryland. It is one of the largest regional malls in the Baltimore metropolitan area, with six anchor stores and 130+ specialty shops in 1,200,000 square feet (110,000 m2). The mall is anchored by Macy's, Macy's Home Store, Boscov's, JCPenney and Dave & Buster's. White Marsh Mall is the fourth largest mall in the Baltimore area, behind Towson Town Center, Arundel Mills Mall and Annapolis Mall. It is adjacent to an IKEA store and The Avenue at White Marsh shopping center. The mall is currently owned and managed by the Spinoso Real Estate Group, who acquired the mall from Brookfield Properties in November 2024.