hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Endocentric and exocentric
In theoretical linguistics, a distinction is made between endocentric and exocentric constructions. A grammatical construction (for instance, a phrase or compound) is said to be endocentric if it fulfils the same linguistic function as one of its parts, and exocentric if it does not. The distinction reaches back at least to Bloomfield's work of the 1930s, who based it on terms by Pāṇini and Patañjali in Sanskrit grammar. Such a distinction is possible only in phrase structure grammars (constituency grammars), since in dependency grammars all constructions are necessarily endocentric.

Leonard Bloomfield
Leonard Bloomfield (April 1, 1887 – April 18, 1949) was an American linguist who led the development of structural linguistics in the United States during the 1930s and '40s. He is considered to be the father of American distributionalism. His influential textbook Language, published in 1933, presented a comprehensive description of American structural linguistics. He made significant contributions to Indo-European historical linguistics, the description of Austronesian languages, and description of languages of the Algonquian family.

Bloomfield's approach to linguistics was characterized by its emphasis on the scientific basis of linguistics and emphasis on formal procedures for the analysis of linguistic data. The influence of Bloomfieldian structural linguistics declined in the late 1950s and 1960s as the theory of generative grammar developed by Noam Chomsky came to predominate.
Ghosh–Pratt identity
In mathematical statistics, the Ghosh-Pratt identity is a theorem that establishes a formal relationship between the expected volume of a confidence set and its probability of false coverage. It is a cornerstone of optimal estimation, as it allows the problem of finding the shortest confidence interval to be framed as a problem of maximizing the power of a statistical test.

The identity was independently discovered and published in 1961 by the Indian statistician Jayanta Kumar Ghosh and the American statistician John Winsor Pratt.

Statistical hypothesis test
A statistical hypothesis test is a method of statistical inference used to decide whether the data provide sufficient evidence to reject a particular hypothesis. A statistical hypothesis test typically involves a calculation of a test statistic. Then a decision is made, either by comparing the test statistic to a critical value or equivalently by evaluating a p-value computed from the test statistic. Roughly 100 specialized statistical tests are in use and noteworthy.
Reformatory
A reformatory or reformatory school is a youth detention center or an adult correctional facility popular during the late 19th and early 20th centuries in Western countries. In the United Kingdom and United States, they came out of social concerns about cities, poverty, immigration, and gender following industrialization, as well as from a shift in penology to reforming instead of punishing the criminal. They were traditionally single-sex institutions that relied on education, vocational training, and removal from the city. Although their use declined throughout the 20th century, their impact can be seen in practices like the United States' continued implementation of parole and the indeterminate sentence.

Prison reform
Prison reform is the attempt to improve conditions inside prisons, improve the effectiveness of a penal system, reduce recidivism or implement alternatives to incarceration. It also focuses on ensuring the reinstatement of those whose lives are impacted by crimes.

In modern times, the idea of making living spaces safe and clean has extended from the civilian population to include prisons, based on ethical grounds. It is recognized that unsafe and unsanitary prisons violate constitutional prohibitions against cruel and unusual punishment. In recent times prison reform ideas include greater access to legal counsel and family, conjugal visits, proactive security against violence, and implementing house arrest with assistive technology.
Tianjin dialect
The Tianjin dialect (simplified Chinese: 天津话; traditional Chinese: 天津話; pinyin: Tiānjīnhuà) is a Mandarin dialect spoken in the city of Tianjin, China. It is largely comprehensible to speakers of other varieties Mandarin, especially those who also know Standard Mandarin, though its greatest deviation from the others lies in the specific values of the tones, the way tones affect each other, and the lack of retroflex consonants. These regional characteristics make the variety an important part of the identity of the people of Tianjin, and sharply contrasts with the variety spoken in nearby Beijing, despite relatively similar phonology.

Tone sandhi
Tone sandhi is a phonological change that occurs in tonal languages. It involves changes to the tones assigned to individual words or morphemes, based on the pronunciation of adjacent words or morphemes. This change typically simplifies a bidirectional tone into a one-directional tone. Tone sandhi is a type of sandhi, which refers to fusional changes, and is derived from the Sanskrit word for "joining."
Mansa Sakura
Sakura (Arabic: ساكورة, romanized: Sākūra; French: Sakoura; fl. 13th–14th century) was a mansa of the Mali Empire who reigned during the late 13th century, known primarily from an account given by Ibn Khaldun in his Kitāb al-ʻIbar.  Sakura was not a member of the ruling Keita dynasty, and may have been formerly enslaved. He usurped the throne following a period of political instability and led Mali to considerable territorial expansion. During his reign, trade between the Mali Empire and the rest of the Muslim world increased. He was killed in the early 1300s while returning from the hajj and the Keita dynasty was restored to power.

Uli I of Mali
Mansa Uli, also known as Yérélinkon, was the second mansa of the Mali Empire. He was the son and successor of Sunjata.

Uli was one of the greatest rulers of Mali. The 20th-century historian Nehemia Levtzion suggested that Uli may have been the first mansa of Mali to extend his rule to Walata, Timbuktu, and Gao, though Timbuktu and Gao are usually regarded as later additions to the empire.
Radha Vinod Raju
Radhavinod Raju (27 July 1949 – 21 June 2012) was an Indian Police Service (IPS) officer. He joined the police service in 1975 as Jammu and Kashmir cadre batch. The character Sethurama Iyer, who is the main protagonist of CBI film series in Malayalam films, portrayed by Mammootty is said to have been inspired by Radha Vinod Raj.

Indian Police Service
The Indian Police Service (IPS) is a civil service under the All India Services. It replaced the Indian Imperial Police in 1948, a year after India became independent from the British Empire.

Along with the Indian Administrative Service (IAS) and the Indian Forest Service (IFS), the IPS is part of the All India Services – its officers are employed by both the Union Government and by individual states governments.

The service provides leadership to various state and central police forces, including the Central Armed Police Forces (BSF, SSB, CRPF, CISF, and ITBP), the National Security Guard (NSG), Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB), National Disaster Response Force (NDRF), Intelligence Bureau (IB), Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW), Special Protection Group (SPG), National Investigation Agency (NIA), and the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI).
Maria Malyjasiak
Maria Malyjasiak is a Polish Judoka, submission grappler and Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ) black belt competitor.

A former Poland National Judo Team and Poland National Grappling Team member, Malyjasiak is a BJJ black belt Pan-American (gi and no-gi) Champion, European Open Champion and a World IBJJF and ADCC Submission Fighting World Championship medallist. Malyjasiak is ranked No. 4 in the heavyweight 2022-2023 IBJJF Gi Ranking.

European IBJJF Jiu-Jitsu Championship
The European IBJJF Jiu-Jitsu Championship (also: European Championship or European Open) is the most prestigious and largest Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu tournament held in Europe by the International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation (IBJJF). The tournament is an open championship accepting competitors from all countries and is considered one of the most important competitions in the lead-up to the Worlds.
2025 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Men's 60 metres
The men's 60 metres at the 2025 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held on the short track of Omnisport in Apeldoorn, Netherlands, on 8 March 2025. This was the 36th time the event was contested at the European Athletics Indoor Championships. Athletes qualified by achieving the entry standard or by their World Athletics Ranking in the event.

Omnisport Apeldoorn
The Omnisport Apeldoorn, also known as the Omnisportcentrum or simply called Omnisport, is a velodrome and multisport indoor arena in Apeldoorn, the Netherlands.

Designed by FaulknerBrowns Architects the facility opened in 2008, it is divided into two halls: a cycling hall containing 250 m (820 ft) cycling track and 200 m (660 ft) athletics track, and a volleyball hall. The cycling hall has a capacity for 5,000 spectators and the volleyball hall for 2,000. The complex has been operated by Libéma since 2012.
II ANZAC Corps Mounted Regiment
The II ANZAC Corps Mounted Regiment was a combined mounted unit made up of Australian and New Zealand troops during the First World War. The regiment served on the Western Front between 1916 and 1918. For the most part, the regiment undertook rear area duties, although it undertook more mobile operations in early 1917 during the German withdrawal to the Hindenburg Line. In November 1917, the regiment was redesignated as the XXII Corps Mounted Regiment when II ANZAC Corps was converted into XXII Corps. During early 1918, the regiment played a defensive role during the German spring offensive and then supported French operations during the Second Battle of the Marne. The regiment continued operations throughout the remainder of 1918, supporting the Allied Hundred Days Offensive until the end of the war.

Second Battle of the Marne
The Second Battle of the Marne (French: Seconde Bataille de la Marne; 15 – 18 July 1918) was the last major German offensive on the Western Front during the First World War. The attack failed when an Allied counterattack, led by French forces and supported by several hundreds of Renault FT tanks, overwhelmed the Germans on their right flank, inflicting severe casualties. The German defeat marked the start of the relentless Allied advance which culminated in an armistice with Germany about 100 days later.
Ishiyakushi-juku
Ishiyakushi-juku (石薬師宿, Ishiyakushi-juku) was the forty-fourth  of the fifty-three stations (shukuba) of the Tōkaidō connecting Edo with Kyoto in Edo period Japan. It was  located in former Ise Province in what is now part of the city of Suzuka, Mie Prefecture, Japan.

Shukuba
Shukuba (宿場) were staging post stations during the Edo period in Japan, generally located on one of the Edo Five Routes or one of its sub-routes. They were also called shuku-eki (宿駅). These stage stations, or "stage station towns (宿場町, shukuba-machi)" developed around them, were places where travelers could rest on their journey around the nation. They were created based on policies for the transportation of goods by horseback that were developed during the Nara and Heian periods.
2018–19 Jordanian Pro League
The 2018–2019 Jordanian Pro League (known as the Al-Manaseer Jordanian Pro League, named after Ziad AL-Manaseer Companies Group for sponsorship reasons) was the 67th season of Jordanian Pro League since its inception in 1944. The season started on 15 August 2018 and finished in May 2019.

Al-Wehdat are the defending champions of the 2017–18 season. Al-Salt and Al-Sareeh joined as the promoted clubs from the 2017–18 League Division 1. They replaced Mansheyat Bani Hasan and Al-Yarmouk who were relegated to the 2019 Jordan League Division 1.

Jordanian Pro League
The Jordanian Pro League (Arabic: الدوري الأردني للمحترفين) is a Jordanian professional league for men's football clubs and represents the top flight of Jordanian football. The championship consists of twelve competing teams in a home and away league system. 
The league was not held in the years:
1948, 1953, 1957, 1958,
1967, 1968, 1969, and not finished in 1998. In 2002, the league changed calendar to a fall spring season, and in 2020 the league returned to a spring fall season. From the 2023-24 season, the JFA decided to return to the fall spring calendar to match the date of the league with the Asian championships.
2011 Fed Cup Americas Zone Group I – play-offs
The play-offs of the 2011 Fed Cup Americas Zone Group I were the final stages of the Group I Zonal Competition involving teams from the Americas. Using the positions determined in their pools, the eight teams faced off to determine their placing in the 2011 Fed Cup Americas Zone Group I, the top countries of each pool played for first to second, while the bottom two of each pool competed for fifth to eighth. The top team advanced to World Group II play-offs, and the bottom two teams were relegated down to the Americas Zone Group II for the next year.

2011 Fed Cup World Group II play-offs
The 2011 World Group II play-offs were four ties which involved the losing nations of the World Group II and four nations from the three Zonal Group I competitions. Nations that won their play-off ties entered the 2012 World Group II, while losing nations joined their respective zonal groups.
Tuborg Bottle
The Tuborg Bottle (Danish: Tuborgflasken) is a 26 metres tall landmark shaped as a Tuborg bottle located close to Tuborg's former brewery site, now Tuborg Havn, Hellerup, in the northern suburbs of Copenhagen, Denmark.

Tuborg Brewery
Tuborg (Danish pronunciation: [ˈtsʰuːˌpɒˀ]) is a Danish brewing company founded in 1873 on a harbour in Hellerup, to the north of Copenhagen, Denmark. Since 1970 it has been part of the Carlsberg Group. The brewery's flagship product, the Tuborg pilsner, was brewed for the first time in 1880.
Krystle Sands
Krystle Sands was a proposed 45-story condo hotel that was to be built on the Las Vegas Strip in Winchester, Nevada. Reservations for the project's condominium units began in 2004, and construction was scheduled to start later that year, with the opening planned for 2006.

Krystle Sands would have replaced the Algiers Hotel, although the project was canceled in March 2005, when developer F.W. "Freddie" Schinz sold the property to Turnberry Associates. Several people who bought units in the project filed lawsuits against Schinz and Turnberry over the cancellation. The land later became the site of Turnberry's Fontainebleau resort.

Las Vegas Strip
The Las Vegas Strip is a stretch of Las Vegas Boulevard in Clark County, Nevada, that is known for its concentration of resort hotels and casinos. The Strip, as it is known, is about 4.2 mi (6.8 km) long, and is immediately south of the Las Vegas city limits in the unincorporated towns of Paradise and Winchester, but is often referred to simply as "Las Vegas".

Many of the largest hotel casino and resort properties in the world are on the Strip. Its hotels, casinos, restaurants, residential high-rises, entertainment offerings, and skyline have established the Strip as one of the most popular and iconic tourist destinations in the world and is one of the driving forces for Las Vegas's economy. Most of the Strip has been designated as an All-American Road, and the North and South Las Vegas Strip routes are classified as Nevada Scenic Byways and National Scenic Byways.
Chanreet Bassi
Chanreet Bassi (born November 27, 2001) is a Canadian professional ice hockey forward playing for Linköping HC of the Swedish Women's Hockey League (SDHL). She played five seasons of U Sports hockey with the UBC Thunderbirds, graduating as a four-time Canada West All-Star and tying the program record for regular-season points. Bassi was selected by Vancouver in the sixth round, 48th overall, of the 2025 PWHL Draft, becoming the first UBC player—and the first South Asian player—ever drafted into the PWHL.

Vancouver Goldeneyes
The Vancouver Goldeneyes are a professional ice hockey team based in Vancouver that competes in the Professional Women's Hockey League (PWHL). They are the league's first announced expansion franchise and joined in the 2025–26 season, part of the league's first round of expansions alongside the Seattle Torrent. Their home games are played at the Pacific Coliseum.
2006 ANAPROF
ANAPROF 2006 is the 2006 season of the Panamanian football (soccer) league, ANAPROF.  The season (officially "Torneo Apertura 2007") started on February 3, 2006 with the "Torneo Apertura 2006" and finalized on November 25, 2006 with the Torneo Clausura 2006. The Apertura champion was San Francisco F.C. and the Clausura champion was Tauro F.C., on December 3, 2006 the ANAPROF 2006 final was played and San Francisco was crowned champion over Tauro.

Tauro F.C.
Tauro Fútbol Club is a professional football club based in the district of Pedregal, Panama City, Panama. It was founded on 22 September 1984 and has participated in the Panamanian Football League (LPF) since 1988. Its founder, Giancarlo Gronchi, was a fan of Juventus and for that reason the colours of the club are black and white. They have won thirteen championships between 1989 and 2017, making them the most successful club in the league. Their traditional rival has been Plaza Amador. Their meetings are known as the "El Clásico" in Panama.
Liam Kinsella
Liam Mark Kinsella (born 23 February 1996) is a professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Northern Premier League Premier Division club Hednesford Town. He has represented the Republic of Ireland at U19 level and U21 level.

Republic of Ireland national under-21 football team
The Republic of Ireland national under-21 football team is a representative team of Irish football players. It is governed by the Football Association of Ireland and represents them at Under-21 level against the national teams of other national associations. The team played its first match in 1978 and has competed in the UEFA European Under-21 Championship since 1988.
Oregon Route 540
Oregon Route 540 (OR 540) is an Oregon state highway running from North Bend to Cape Arago State Park.  OR 540 is known as the Cape Arago Highway No. 240 (see Oregon highways and routes).  It is 14.20 miles (22.85 km) long and runs northeast to southwest, entirely within Coos County.

OR 540 was established in 2003 as part of Oregon's project to assign route numbers to highways that previously were not assigned.  It was signed at its intersection with US 101 in 2013.

North Bend, Oregon
North Bend is a city in Coos County, Oregon, United States with a population of 10,317 as of the 2020 census. North Bend is surrounded on three sides by Coos Bay, an S-shaped water inlet and estuary where the Coos River enters Coos Bay and borders the city of Coos Bay to the south. North Bend became an incorporated city in 1903.
Gleision Colliery mining accident
The Gleision Colliery mining accident was a mining accident which occurred on 15 September 2011 at the Gleision Colliery, a drift mine at Cilybebyll in Neath Port Talbot, in Wales. The accident occurred while seven miners were working with explosives on a narrow coal seam. Following a blasting operation into a separate disused flooded mine network to increase air-circulation, the tunnel in which the miners were working began to fill with water. Three of the miners escaped, with one being taken to hospital with life-threatening injuries, while the others were trapped underground. A search and rescue operation was launched to locate the four remaining miners, but they were found deceased the following day. The incident is the worst mining disaster to occur in Wales for three decades.

Tarenni Colliery
The Tarenni Colliery (Welsh: Gloddfa Tarenni) and its associated workings, are a series of coal mines and pits located between the villages of Godre'r Graig and Cilybebyll located in the valley of the River Tawe, in Neath Port Talbot county borough, South Wales.
Lyangcha
Lyangcha, Langcha (Bengali: ল্যাংচা), or Lemcha, is an Indian sweet dish prepared in West Bengal, Jharkhand, Odisha, Bihar, Assam, Tripura and also throughout Bangladesh. It is made from flour and milk powder by frying it and dipping it into sugar syrup for a long time. The origin of the sweet is in Bardhaman, West Bengal, India. The Government of West Bengal has begun the process of registering Geographical indication (GI) for Lyangcha.

Bardhaman
Bardhaman (/ˈbɔːrdəˌmɑːn/, Bengali: [ˈbɔrˌd̪ʱo.man]), officially Bardhaman Sadar, is a city and  municipality located on the northern bank of the Damodar river in the state of West Bengal, India. It is the headquarters of Purba Bardhaman district, having become a district capital during the period of British rule. Burdwan, an alternative name for the city, has remained in use since then.
Tornado outbreak of April 17–19, 1970
From April 17–19, 1970, a tornado outbreak occurred across parts of the Midwestern and Southern United States. At least 33 tornadoes occurred, 17 of which were significant—F2 or greater—in intensity. April 17 produced many strong tornadoes, four of them violent and long-lived, in New Mexico, western Texas, and the Texas Panhandle. More tornadoes hit East Texas and Oklahoma on April 18, and additional tornadoes affected the Mississippi Valley and Midwest regions on April 19. The deadliest tornado of the outbreak, a long-lived F4, killed at least 16 people in Texas, followed by another F4, also in Texas, that killed five; both belonged to tornado families. A third F4 family along the Mississippi–Tennessee state line claimed four lives as well.

Fujita scale
The Fujita scale (F-Scale; /fuˈdʒiːtə/), or Fujita–Pearson scale (FPP scale), is a scale for rating tornado intensity, based primarily on the damage tornadoes inflict on human-built structures and vegetation. The official Fujita scale category is determined by meteorologists and engineers after a ground or aerial damage survey, or both; and depending on the circumstances, ground-swirl patterns (cycloidal marks), weather radar data, witness testimonies, media reports and damage imagery, as well as photogrammetry or videogrammetry if motion picture recording is available. The Fujita scale, named for the meteorologist Ted Fujita, was replaced with the Enhanced Fujita scale (EF-Scale) in the United States in February 2007. In April 2013, Canada adopted the EF-Scale over the Fujita scale along with 31 "Specific Damage Indicators" used by Environment Canada (EC) in their ratings.
Nicol Camacho
Nicol Julieth Camacho Ariza (Vélez, Santander, 24  October 1999) is a Colombian professional soccer, who plays as midfielder in the Turkish Women's Football Super League for the İzmir-based club Konak Belediyespor. She was a member of the Colombia women's U-20 team.

Colombia women's national under-20 football team
The Colombia women's national under-20 football team represents Colombia in international women's football at under-20 competitions and are controlled by the Colombian Football Federation. They are a member of the CONMEBOL.
Jean Talouzian
Jean Arshak Talouzian (Arabic: جان أرشاك طالوزيان) is a Lebanese politician who has served as a member of the Parliament of Lebanon since 2018, in a seat reserved for members of the Armenian Catholic Church. He is an independent who has sat with the Lebanese Forces and Strong Republic parliamentary blocs.

Born in Achrafieh, Talouzian was educated at Saint Joseph University of Beirut and served in the military, where he rose to become a brigadier general. In the 2018 election he was elected to parliament as part of the Beirut First list.

2018 Lebanese general election
General elections were held in Lebanon on 6 May 2018. Although originally scheduled for 2013, the election was postponed three times in 2013, 2014 and 2017 for various reasons, including the security situation, the failure of the Parliament to elect a new President, and the technical requirements of holding an election. A new electoral law adopted in 2017 provides a proportional representation system for the first time.