hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Frei-Chen operator
The Frei-Chen operator, sometimes called Frei and Chen operator, is used in image processing for edge detection. It was proposed by Werner Frei and Chung-Ching Chen, researchers at USC's Image Processing Institute, in 1977. The idea is to use a set of orthogonal basis vectors related to distinctive image features, which enable the algorithm to extract boundary elements effectively.

Edge detection
Edge detection includes a variety of mathematical methods that aim at identifying edges, defined as curves in a digital image at which the image brightness changes sharply or, more formally, has discontinuities. The same problem of finding discontinuities in one-dimensional signals is known as step detection and the problem of finding signal discontinuities over time is known as change detection. Edge detection is a fundamental tool in image processing, machine vision and computer vision, particularly in the areas of feature detection and feature extraction.
Dragan Dimitrovski
Dragan Dimitrovski (Macedonian: Драган Димитровски; born 26 July 1977 in Bitola, Yugoslavia) is a retired Macedonian footballer who last played as a forward for FK Pelister in the Macedonian First League. He has also played for the Macedonian national team.

North Macedonia national football team
The North Macedonia national football team (Macedonian: Фудбалска репрезентација на Македонија, romanized: Fudbalska reprezentacija na Makedonija) represents North Macedonia in men's international football. It is administered by the Football Federation of Macedonia. The team plays their home matches at the Toše Proeski National Arena in Skopje.

North Macedonia has reached Euro 2020 (its first major tournament) and the European qualifying play-off final of the 2022 World Cup (after defeating Germany in Duisburg and Italy in Palermo).
Fascia of Scarpa
The fascia of Scarpa is the deep membranous layer (stratum membranosum) of the superficial fascia of the abdomen. It is a layer of the anterior abdominal wall. It is found deep to the fascia of Camper and superficial to the external oblique muscle.

Fascia
A fascia (/ˈfæʃ(i)ə/; pl.: fasciae /ˈfæʃii/ or fascias; adjective fascial; from Latin  fascia 'band') is a generic term for macroscopic membranous bodily structures.: 42  Fasciae are classified as superficial, visceral or deep, and further designated according to their anatomical location.

The knowledge of fascial structures is essential in surgery, as they create borders for infectious processes (for example Psoas abscess) and haematoma. An increase in pressure may result in a compartment syndrome, where a prompt fasciotomy may be necessary. For this reason, profound descriptions of fascial structures are available in anatomical literature from the 19th century.
Canonba
Canonba is a locality in the Orana region of  New South Wales, Australia. There was also a village of the same name (sometimes spelt Canonbar or Cannonbar), which is now a ghost town. It lay on Duck Creek, a tributary of the Bogan River, approximately 30 km north-east of Nyngan. Since 1983, the old village site has been known officially as Old Canonba.

Nyngan
Nyngan (/ˈnɪŋɡən/) is a town in the centre of New South Wales, Australia, in the Bogan Shire local government area within the Orana Region of central New South Wales. At the 2016 census, Nyngan had a population of 1,988 people. Nyngan is situated on the Bogan River between Narromine and Bourke, on the junction of the Mitchell Highway and Barrier Highway, 656 km (408 mi) south of Charleville and 576 km (358 mi) north-west of Sydney by road. The Barrier Highway starts at Nyngan, and runs west to Cobar and on through Wilcannia and Broken Hill into South Australia.

Nyngan Airport is a small airport just north of the town centre. Nyngan also lies on the Main Western railway line of New South Wales but is no longer served by passenger trains. The line remains open to freight traffic.

About 70 km (43 mi) south of the town, a cairn was erected in 1988 marking the centre of NSW.
Persistent Repetition of Phrases
Persistent Repetition of Phrases (stylized as “Persistent repetition of phrases”) is the seventh studio album by the Caretaker, an alias of musician Leyland Kirby. Released on 1 April 2008, it was his first record to cover themes of Alzheimer's disease. The album was also the first Caretaker release to present looping of short segments within tracks. It marked Kirby's change of record labels from V/Vm Test to History Always Favours the Winners, which he felt might have helped with the record's success.

Persistent Repetition of Phrases has many track titles that reference memory disorders. The album began Kirby's history of using paintings by English painter Ivan Seal as album covers. A concept album, the record received a generally positive reception from music critics. The album's concepts would later influence Kirby on his next release as the Caretaker, An Empty Bliss Beyond This World.

V/Vm
V/Vm was an alias of English musician Leyland James Kirby, used for producing experimental music. Although starting out mainly in the style of noise music, most releases under the V/Vm alias were plunderphonics, with some original compositions. Most, but not all, of V/Vm's music was released under the V/Vm Test Records label. Alongside the work of the V/Vm project, Kirby also recorded as The Caretaker. He currently resides in Kraków.
1996 Barton Aerodrome disaster
The Barton Aerodrome disaster occurred on 21 July 1996 at the annually held Barton air show in Manchester, England. Nearing the end of its display, the de Havilland DH.98 Mosquito piloted by Kevin Moorhouse performed a steep climb into a wingover. The left engine then failed, at which point aircraft control was lost, crashing into woods near Barton Aerodrome. Both pilot in command Moorhouse and engineer Steve Watson were killed. The crash would mark the destruction of the last airworthy Mosquito until The People's Mosquito project, led by John Lilley, successfully returned another aircraft to the skies 26 years later.

Loss of control (aeronautics)
In aeronautics, loss of control (LOC) is the unintended departure of an aircraft from controlled flight and is a significant factor in several aviation accidents worldwide. In 2015 it was the leading cause of general aviation accidents. Loss of control may be the result of mechanical failure, external disturbances, aircraft upset conditions, or inappropriate crew actions or responses.
Area codes 916 and 279
Area codes 916 and 279 are telephone area codes in the North American Numbering Plan for Sacramento, the state capital of the U.S. state of California, and parts of five surrounding counties.

Area code 916 was one of the first three area codes established in California in October 1947, originally assigned to the most northern part, but remapped in 1950 to the northeast. Area code splits have reduced the numbering plan area to the greater Sacramento area.

Area code 279 began service in March 2018 in an overlay to relieve an exhausting supply of central office codes in 916.

Overlay complex
In telecommunications, an area code overlay complex is a telephone numbering plan that assigns multiple area codes to the same geographic numbering plan area (NPA). Area code overlays are implemented in territories of the North American Numbering Plan (NANP) to mitigate exhaustion of central office codes in growth areas. The method has been in use since 1992, and has been the exclusive method of area code relief since 2007.
Instruction selection
In computer science, instruction selection is the stage of a compiler backend that transforms its middle-level intermediate representation (IR) into a low-level IR. In a typical compiler, instruction selection precedes both instruction scheduling and register allocation; hence its output IR has an infinite set of pseudo-registers (often known as temporaries) and may still be – and typically is – subject to peephole optimization. Otherwise, it closely resembles the target machine code, bytecode, or assembly language.

For example, for the following sequence of middle-level IR code

a good instruction sequence for the x86 architecture is

For a comprehensive survey on instruction selection, see.

Peephole optimization
Peephole optimization is an optimization technique performed on a small set of compiler-generated instructions, known as a peephole or window, that involves replacing the instructions with a logically equivalent set that has better performance.

For example:

Instead of pushing a register onto the stack and then immediately popping the value back into the register, remove both instructions.

Instead of multiplying x by 2, do x << 1.

Instead of multiplying a floating-point register by 8, add 3 to the floating-point register's exponent.

The term peephole optimization was introduced by William Marshall McKeeman in 1965.
New Moscow constituency
The New Moscow constituency (No.202) is a Russian legislative constituency in Moscow. The constituency covers Novomoskovsky and Troitsky administrative okrugs, which Moscow added from Moscow Oblast in 2012, as well as outer Western Moscow.

The constituency has been represented since 2016 by United Russia deputy Dmitry Sablin, five-term State Duma member, businessman and Hero of Russia.

Troitsky Administrative Okrug
55°29′29″N 37°18′33″E﻿ / ﻿55.49139°N 37.30917°E﻿ / 55.49139; 37.30917

Troitsky Administrative Okrug (Russian: Троицкий административный округ) is one of the twelve administrative okrugs of Moscow. The okrug was founded on July 1, 2012.
Ana Olivera
Ana María Olivera Pessano (born 17 December 1953) is a Uruguayan politician of the Communist Party – Broad Front. She served as Intendant of Montevideo from 2010 to 2015, becoming the first woman to hold the position, and later as a National Representative in the 49th Legislature. She also served as Deputy Minister of Social Development in both administrations of President Tabaré Vázquez.

Communist Party of Uruguay
The Communist Party of Uruguay (Spanish: Partido Comunista del Uruguay, PCU) is a communist party in Uruguay, founded on 21 September 1920 by members of the Socialist Party who had endorsed the October Revolution and the Bolsheviks.

The current secretary-general of the PCU is Juan Castillo. It is a member of the Broad Front coalition.
Genba Hirayanagi
Tsutomu Hirayanagi (平柳 努, Hirayanagi Tsutomu; born March 9, 1980), better known by his ring name Genba Hirayanagi (平柳玄藩, Hirayanagi Genba), is a retired Japanese professional wrestler. He is best known for working for Pro Wrestling Noah.

Jado
Shoji Akiyoshi (秋吉 昭二, Akiyoshi Shōji) (born September 28, 1968) is a Japanese professional wrestler, manager and booker better known by the ring name Jado (邪道, Jadō). He is best known for his work in New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) as part of a tag team with his partner Gedo. Jado and Gedo's careers have largely paralleled each other, except for a brief period Jado spent in Universal Lucha Libre in 1993, a stint in Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling (FMW) in 1997 where they were on opposing sides, and Jado not having emulated Gedo's tour of North America with World Championship Wrestling. The World Class Tag team has held numerous championships in wrestling, including NJPW's IWGP Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship, the Universal Wrestling Association's UWA/UWF Intercontinental Tag Team Title, and Dragon Gate's International Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship, as well as having won NJPW's Super J Tag League once. Jado and Gedo are co-head bookers of NJPW.
KKFR
KKFR (98.3 FM) is a commercial radio station that is licensed to Mayer, Arizona, and serves the Phoenix metropolitan area. The station is owned and operated by Riviera Broadcast Group and airs a rhythmic radio format. KKFR broadcasts with an effective radiated power of 41 kW. The station's studios are located on 7th Street in Midtown Phoenix and its transmitter is located in Crown King, Arizona, producing a rimshot signal from 50 miles (80 km) northwest of Phoenix. KKFR is the flagship station of the nationally syndicated program Big Boy's Neighborhood.

KKFR primarily competes against mainstream top 40 stations KZZP and KALV-FM, and classic hip hop station KZCE. This marks the first time in many years that "Power" had significant competition with rival stations in the market.

Mayer, Arizona
Mayer is a census-designated place (CDP) in Yavapai County, Arizona, United States. The population was 1,408 at the 2000 census.  Mayer includes three sites listed on the National Register of Historic Places: the Mayer Apartments, the Mayer Business Block, and the Mayer Red Brick Schoolhouse.
Something for the Boys (film)
Something for the Boys is a 1944 musical comedy film directed by Lewis Seiler. It stars Carmen Miranda, Michael O'Shea, Vivian Blaine, Phil Silvers, Sheila Ryan and Perry Como.

The screenplay, based on a Broadway musical with songs by Cole Porter, follows three cousins who, during World War II, inherit a mansion. Chiquita Hart (Carmen Miranda), Harry (Phil Silvers), and Blossom (Vivian Blaine) decide to turn the place into a guesthouse for military wives, combining service with artistic performances.

Actress Judy Holliday, who would go on to win an Oscar for Best Actress six years later for Born Yesterday (1950), makes a brief appearance with just one line of dialogue.

Something for the Boys
Something for the Boys is a musical with music and lyrics by Cole Porter and a book by Herbert Fields and Dorothy Fields. Produced by Mike Todd, the show opened on Broadway in 1943 and starred Ethel Merman in her fifth Cole Porter musical.
Jeremy Lefroy
Jeremy John Elton Lefroy (born 30 May 1959) is a British Conservative Party politician. He was first elected as the Member of Parliament for the Stafford constituency in the 2010 general election and was re-elected in 2015 and 2017 before standing down ahead of the 2019 general election.

Stafford (UK Parliament constituency)
Stafford is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2024 by Leigh Ingham from the Labour Party.

The seat since its resurrection in 1983 has been of a bellwether being held always by the incumbent government.
Heavy Traffic (album)
Heavy Traffic is the twenty-fifth studio album by British rock band Status Quo, and their first to feature drummer Matt Letley. Released in 2002, it reached number 15 in the UK.

The album followed the reunion of Francis Rossi with writing partner Bob Young, who co-wrote many of the band's songs between 1968 and 1981. "I'm aware that the last couple of albums have upset some of our fans," remarked Rossi. "That's something that we do care about, and people's reaction to the new material has been incredible. Writing with Bob again has given me a whole new lease of life." "This new album's in a whole different league," added Rick Parfitt.
"It feels real again. A whole new era is about to begin."

Rick Parfitt
Richard John Parfitt, OBE (12 October 1948 – 24 December 2016) was an English musician, best known as a rhythm guitarist, singer and songwriter with rock band Status Quo.

Parfitt began his career in the early 1960s, playing in pubs and holiday camps. He joined Status Quo in 1967 when they were looking for an additional singer. He wrote songs for the band and remained with them for 49 years. He occasionally guested with other bands, and recorded an unreleased solo album in 1985. In 2016, Parfitt temporarily retired from touring with the band due to ill health, and died in December of that year. His only solo album, Over and Out, was released posthumously in 2018.
The Gobbledy Gooker
The Gobbledy Gooker is a professional wrestling turkey mascot originally portrayed by Héctor Guerrero. In the weeks leading up to the 1990 Survivor Series, the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE) hyped its debut by showcasing a large egg at live shows, causing much speculation among wrestling fans. Guerrero was jeered by fans in attendance when he hatched out of the egg and the character was quickly dropped by the promotion. It subsequently attained a legacy as being one of the worst characters in the history of professional wrestling. After a lengthy hiatus, WWE began sporadically using the character again and several other wrestlers have donned the Gobbledy Gooker costume.  Thirty years after its debut, it won the WWE 24/7 Championship at the 2020 Survivor Series.

Héctor Guerrero
Héctor Manuel Guerrero Llanes (born October 1, 1954) is a Mexican American former commentator and professional wrestler.  He is a part of professional wrestling's Guerrero family along with his father Gory, brothers Chavo, Mando, and Eddie, nephew Chavo Jr., and niece Raquel Diaz. During his career, Guerrero worked for most of the major North American wrestling promotions, most notably serving as Total Nonstop Action Wrestling's Spanish color commentator from 2007 to 2015.
Pharmaceutical industry in Gujarat
The Pharmaceutical industry in Gujarat ranks number one in India with a 33% share in drug manufacturing and a 28% share in drug exports. The state has 130 USFDA certified drug manufacturing facilities. Ahmedabad and Vadodara are considered as pharmaceutical hubs as there are many big and small pharma companies established in these cities.

Gujarat is one of the major states in India and has a significant presence in the pharmaceutical industry. The state is home to several large pharmaceutical companies: Sun Pharmaceuticals ,Cadila Pharmaceuticals, Torrent Pharmaceuticals, Alembic Pharmaceuticals, Intas Pharmaceuticals, Zydus Lifesciences, Amneal Pharmaceuticals, USV Pharmaceuticals, Baxter Healthcare and Outsuka Pharma more.

Pharmaceutical manufacturing
Pharmaceutical manufacturing is the process of industrial-scale synthesis of pharmaceutical drugs as part of the pharmaceutical industry.  The process of drug manufacturing can be broken down into a series of unit operations, such as milling, granulation, coating, tablet pressing, and others.
Vera van Pol
Vera Dorothea Wilhelmina van Pol (born 17 December 1993) is a Dutch artistic gymnast. She represented the Netherlands at the 2016 and 2020 Summer Olympics. She won a bronze medal with the Dutch team at the 2018 European Championships. She is the 2015 and 2018 Dutch all-around champion. She competed at the 2013, 2014, 2018, and 2021 World Championships.

2014 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships
The 2014 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships was held in Nanning, China at the Guangxi Gymnasium from 3–12 October 2014. The competition was the fourth time a World Artistic Gymnastics Championships has been held in the continent of Asia.
Aerotel Ltd v Telco Holdings Ltd
Aerotel v Telco and Macrossan's Application is a judgment by the Court of Appeal of England and Wales. The judgment was passed down on 27 October 2006 and relates to two different appeals from decisions of the High Court. The first case involved GB 2171877  granted to Aerotel Ltd and their infringement action against Telco Holdings Ltd and others. The second case concerned GB application 2388937  filed by Neal Macrossan but refused by the UK Patent Office (now operating as the UK Intellectual Property Office).

The reasoning in the judgment forms the basis for the current practice of the UK Intellectual Property Office, when assessing whether patent applications are for patentable subject matter.

The approach applied in the judgment has been criticized by a Board of Appeal of the European Patent Office (EPO) as being "irreconcilable with the European Patent Convention".

Appeal procedure before the European Patent Office
The European Patent Convention (EPC), the multilateral treaty instituting the legal system according to which European patents are granted, contains provisions allowing a party to appeal a decision issued by a first instance department of the European Patent Office (EPO). For instance, a decision of an Examining Division refusing to grant a European patent application may be appealed by the applicant. The appeal procedure before the European Patent Office is under the responsibility of its Boards of Appeal, which are institutionally independent within the EPO.
David Gruen (economist)
David William Gruen AO FASSA (born 31 August 1954) is an Australian statistician and mathematician. He is the current Australian Statistician at the Australian Bureau of Statistics serving since 11 December 2019. He previously served as Deputy Secretary, Economic and Australia's G20 Sherpa at the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. He previously held office as the executive director of the Macroeconomic group of Australian Treasury and was the head of the Economic Research Department of the Reserve Bank of Australia from 1998 to 2002.

Gruen was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia in the 2022 Australia Day Honours. He was elected a Fellow of the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia in 2023.

Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia
The Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia (ASSA) is an independent, non-governmental organisation devoted to the advancement of knowledge and research in the social sciences. It has its origins in the Social Science Research Council of Australia, founded in 1942.

The Academy was established in 1971 to recognise and champion excellence in the social sciences and to provide evidence-based advice on a range of social policy issues.

The Academy consists of an elected Fellowship of almost 700 distinguished Australian social science researchers and professionals who work together to:

Provide advice to governments on issues of national importance;

Promote understanding and awareness of the social sciences; and

Coordinate international cooperation and collaboration in the social sciences.
Albert Sale
Private Albert D. Sale (1850 – November 28, 1874) was an American soldier in the U.S. Army who served with the 8th U.S. Cavalry in the Arizona Territory during the Apache Wars. He was awarded the Medal of Honor for gallantry against a hostile band of Apache Indians, killing an Apache warrior in hand-to-hand combat and seizing his war pony at the Santa Maria River on June 29, 1869.

8th Cavalry Regiment
The 8th Cavalry Regiment is a regiment of the United States Army formed in 1866 during the American Indian Wars. The 8th Cavalry continued to serve under a number of designations, fighting in every other major U.S. conflict since, except World War I, when it was not deployed to Europe because it was already engaged in the Punitive Expedition in Mexico from 1916 to 1920. It is currently a component of the 1st Cavalry Division.
Nevin Shapiro
Nevin Karey Shapiro (born April 13, 1969) is an American fraudster who received a 20-year prison sentence for orchestrating a $930 million Ponzi scheme. The remainder of Shapiro’s sentence was commuted by President Biden in December 2024. According to interviews, he allegedly engaged in rampant violations of NCAA rules over eight years as a booster for University of Miami athletes. Shapiro allegedly provided football players cash, goods, prostitutes, and assorted favors.

Ponzi scheme
A Ponzi scheme (/ˈpɒnzi/, Italian: [ˈpontsi]) is a form of fraud that lures investors and pays profits to earlier investors with funds from more recent investors. Named after Italian con artist Charles Ponzi, this type of scheme misleads investors by either falsely suggesting that profits are derived from legitimate business activities (whereas the business activities are non-existent), or by exaggerating the extent and profitability of the legitimate business activities, using new investments to fabricate or supplement these profits. A Ponzi scheme can maintain the illusion of a sustainable business as long as investors continue to contribute new funds, and as long as most of the investors do not demand full repayment or lose faith in the non-existent assets they are purported to own.