hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Giuliano Di Baldassarre
Giuliano Di Baldassarre is a professor of hydrology at Uppsala University. His interdisciplinary research focuses on human-water interactions, droughts and floods. He has been the recipient of several awards, including the International Hydrology Prize, i.e. Volker Medal, by the International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS) in 2025, the Plinius Medal by the European Geosciences Union (EGU) in 2021, and the Whiterspoon Lecture Award by the American Geophysical Union (AGU) in 2020

American Geophysical Union
The American Geophysical Union (AGU) is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization of Earth, atmospheric, ocean, hydrologic, space, and planetary scientists and enthusiasts that according to their website includes 130,000 people (not members). AGU's activities are focused on the organization and dissemination of scientific information in the interdisciplinary and international fields within the Earth and space sciences. The geophysical sciences involve four fundamental areas: atmospheric and ocean sciences; solid-Earth sciences; hydrologic sciences; and space sciences. The organization's headquarters is located on Florida Avenue in Washington, D.C.
E with macron (Cyrillic)
E with macron (Э̄ э̄; italics: Э̄ э̄) is a letter of the Cyrillic script.

E with macron is used in the Aleut (Bering dialect), Evenki, Mansi, Nanai, Negidal, Orok, Ulch, Kildin Sami, Selkup and Chechen languages.

Macron (diacritic)
A macron (/ˈmækrɒn, ˈmeɪ-/ MAK-ron, MAY-) is a diacritical mark: it is a straight bar ¯ placed above a letter, usually a vowel. Its name derives from Ancient Greek μακρόν (makrón) 'long' because it was originally used to mark long or heavy syllables in Greco-Roman metrics. It now more often marks a long vowel. In the International Phonetic Alphabet, the macron is used to indicate a mid-tone; the sign for a long vowel is instead a modified triangular colon ⟨ː⟩.

The opposite is the breve ⟨˘⟩, which marks a short or light syllable or a short vowel.
Office of the Law Revision Counsel
The Office of the Law Revision Counsel of the United States House of Representatives prepares and publishes the United States Code, which is a consolidation and codification by subject matter of the general and permanent laws of the United States. The Office was created in 1974 when the provisions of Title II, sec. 205, of H.Res. 988, 93rd United States Congress, were enacted by Pub. L. 93–554, 88 Stat. 1777.

United States Statutes at Large
The United States Statutes at Large, commonly referred to as the Statutes at Large and abbreviated Stat., are an official record of Acts of Congress and concurrent resolutions passed by the United States Congress.

Each act and resolution of Congress is originally published as a slip law, which is classified as either public law (abbreviated Pub.L.) or private law (Pvt.L.), and designated and numbered accordingly. At the end of a congressional session, the statutes enacted during that session are compiled into bound books, known as "session law" publications. The United States Statutes at Large is the name of the session law publication for U.S. Federal statutes. The public laws and private laws are numbered and organized in chronological order.

U.S. Federal statutes are published in a three-part process, consisting of slip laws, session laws (Statutes at Large), and codification (United States Code).
Mary Scrope
Mary Scrope (died 25 August 1548) was an English courtier. She was the granddaughter of Henry Scrope, 4th Baron Scrope of Bolton, and the sister of Elizabeth Scrope (d. 1537), wife of John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford, and Margaret Scrope (d. 1515), wife of Edmund de la Pole, 3rd Duke of Suffolk. She is said to have been in the service at court of King Henry VIII's first four wives. As the wife of Sir William Kingston, Constable of the Tower of London, she was in attendance on Anne Boleyn during the Queen's brief imprisonment in the Tower in May 1536, and both she and her husband were among those who walked with the Queen to the scaffold. By her first husband, Edward Jerningham, she was the mother of Sir Henry Jerningham, whose support helped to place Queen Mary I on the throne of England in 1553, and who became one of Queen Mary's most favoured courtiers.

Henry Scrope, 4th Baron Scrope of Bolton
Henry Scrope, 4th Baron Scrope of Bolton (1418–1459) was a member of the English peerage in Yorkshire in the 15th century.

Born 4 June 1418 to Richard Scrope, 3rd Baron Scrope of Bolton and Margaret Neville, he was still a minor when his father died in 1420. As such, his lands and marriageability were in the keeping of his uncle Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury until the young Scrope was 21. He appears to have remained living with his mother, who undertook not to marry him off (being held to a £1,000 bond not to do so). His inheritance was the subject of a brief feud between Richard Neville and Marmaduke Lumley, later Bishop of Carlisle, who had been patronised by Richard Scrope. Lumley's claim was, however, "successfully resisted" by Neville. Henry Scrope received seisin of his estates on 2 February 1439, and two years later he was summoned to parliament as a knight.
2006 Iraqi government formation
This article concerns the formation process of the Al Maliki I Government of Iraq in the aftermath of the Iraq National Assembly being elected on December 15, 2005. Due to disputes over alleged vote-rigging the results of the election were only certified by the Independent Electoral Commission of Iraq on February 10, 2006.

Under the constitution of Iraq, the first meeting of the Assembly should have taken place by March 12, 2006, one month after certification of the election. The Assembly should have elected the Speaker in its first session, the President no more than fifteen days later, the Prime Minister no more than fifteen days after the President, and the Cabinet no more than thirty days after the Prime Minister.

If any of these deadlines were not met a new election should have been held.  However, similar deadlines have been missed before in Iraq — for example with the drafting of the constitution of Iraq — without the legal consequence occurring.

Council of Representatives of Iraq
The Council of Representatives is the de facto unicameral legislature of Iraq. According to the Constitution of Iraq, it is the lower house of the bicameral legislature of the country. The Federation Council is the unconvened de jure upper house.

As of 2020, the Council of Representatives comprises 329 seats and meets in Baghdad inside the Green Zone.
SPARK (rocket)
SPARK, or Spaceborne Payload Assist Rocket - Kauai, also known as Super Strypi, is an American expendable launch system developed by the University of Hawaii, Sandia and Aerojet Rocketdyne. Designed to place miniaturized satellites into low Earth and Sun-synchronous orbits, it is a derivative of the Strypi rocket which was developed in the 1960s in support of nuclear weapons testing. SPARK is being developed under the Low Earth Orbiting Nanosatellite Integrated Defense Autonomous System (LEONIDAS) program, funded by the Operationally Responsive Space Office of the United States Department of Defense.

Sun-synchronous orbit
A Sun-synchronous orbit (SSO), also called a heliosynchronous orbit, is a nearly polar orbit around a planet, in which the satellite passes over any given point of the planet's surface at the same local mean solar time. More technically, it is an orbit arranged so that it precesses through one complete revolution each year, so it always maintains the same relationship with the Sun.
Chewing gum industry
Two multi-national companies, Wrigley and Cadbury, together account for some 60% market share of the worldwide chewing gum market. The global market shares for the top five chewing gum companies are estimated to be:

35% Wrigley Company (US)

26% Cadbury Trebor Bassett (UK)

14% Lotte (South Korea + Japan)

6% Perfetti Van Melle (Italy)

2% Hershey's (US)

The remaining 17% of the global market is provided by an estimated 200 to 250 smaller gum companies, some of which are listed below.

The worldwide chewing gum industry in 2012 is estimated to be worth $26 billion in sales, and has grown by more than 14% in the last three years.

Chewing gum accounts for 85% of global sales, and bubble gum the other 15%.

Perfetti Van Melle
Perfetti Van Melle is an Italian–Dutch multinational company of confectionery and gum. It was formed in 2001 of the merger of the Italian-based company Perfetti SpA and the Dutch-based company Van Melle NV. Perfetti Van Melle is owned by the Italian Perfetti family and the Dutch Van Melle family, and also Perfetti Van Melle is headquartered in Lainate, Italy, and Breda, Netherlands.

Perfetti Van Melle is the sixth-largest confectionery manufacturer in the world. It employs 17,000 people via 30 subsidiary companies and distributes its products in over 159 countries.
Li Ju (Jin dynasty)
Li Ju (died c.July 325), courtesy name Shihui, was a Chinese military general and warlord of the Jin dynasty (266–420). During and after the fall of Western Jin, he was a wuzhu (塢主; literally "castle master") in the northern Henan region who fought for control with the Han-Zhao and Later Zhao states over the former Jin capital, Luoyang, which had been lost after the Disaster of Yongjia in 311. He had much success initially, even briefly recovering the city at one point, but was eventually overwhelmed and forced to withdraw. While attempting to join the Eastern Jin dynasty at Jiankang in 325, he was involved in a horse riding accident and died from his injuries.

Disaster of Yongjia
The Disaster of Yongjia (simplified Chinese: 永嘉之乱; traditional Chinese: 永嘉之亂) occurred in July 311 CE, when forces of the Han-Zhao dynasty captured and sacked Luoyang, the capital of the Western Jin dynasty. The Han's army committed a massacre of the city's inhabitants, killing the Jin crown prince, a host of ministers, and over 30,000 civilians. They also burnt down the palaces and dug up the Jin dynasty's mausoleums. Though the Western Jin would survive for a few more years, this event is often seen as one of the worst disasters in Chinese history, as both the emperor and one of the ancient capitals fell to the hands of "barbarian" forces.
Vermilion border
The vermilion border (sometimes spelled vermillion border), also called margin or zone, is the normally sharp demarcation between the lip and the adjacent normal skin. It represents the change in the epidermis from highly keratinized external skin to less keratinized internal skin. It has no sebaceous glands, sweat glands, or facial hair.

It has a prominence on the face, creating a focus for cosmetics (it is where lipstick is sometimes applied) and is also a location for several skin diseases. Its functional properties, however, remain unknown.

Keratin
Keratin (/ˈkɛrətɪn/) is one of a family of structural fibrous proteins also known as scleroproteins. It is the key structural material making up scales, hair, nails, feathers, horns, claws, hooves, and the outer layer of skin in tetrapod vertebrates. Keratin also protects epithelial cells from damage or stress. Keratin is extremely insoluble in water and organic solvents. Keratin monomers assemble into bundles to form intermediate filaments, which are tough and form strong unmineralized epidermal appendages found in reptiles, birds, amphibians, and mammals.  Excessive keratinization participate in fortification of certain tissues such as in horns of cattle and rhinos, and armadillos' osteoderm. The only other biological matter known to approximate the toughness of keratinized tissue is chitin.
Keratin comes in two types: the primitive, softer forms found in all vertebrates and the harder, derived forms found only among sauropsids (reptiles and birds).
Erika Marín-Spiotta
Erika Marín-Spiotta is a biogeochemist and ecosystem ecologist. She is currently Professor of Geography at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. She is best-known for her research of the terrestrial carbon cycle and is an advocate for underrepresented groups in the sciences, specifically women.

Biogeochemistry
Biogeochemistry is the scientific discipline that involves the study of the chemical, physical, geological, and biological processes and reactions that govern the composition of the natural environment (including the biosphere, the cryosphere, the hydrosphere, the pedosphere, the atmosphere, and the lithosphere). In particular, biogeochemistry is the study of biogeochemical cycles, the cycles of chemical elements such as carbon and nitrogen, and their interactions with and incorporation into living things transported through earth scale biological systems in space and time. The field focuses on chemical cycles which are either driven by or influence biological activity. Particular emphasis is placed on the study of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, iron, and phosphorus cycles. Biogeochemistry is a systems science closely related to systems ecology.
Muhammad Alhamid
Muhammad Alhamid (Arabic: محمد الحامد, romanized: Muḥammad al-Ḥāmid, Arabic pronunciation: [(ʔ)mʊˈħæmmæd al-ħaːmid]; born September 17, 1971) is an Indonesian professor, academic, lecturer, and civil servant. Muhammad was the chairman of the Election Supervisory Agency (Bawaslu) for the period 2012–2017, after completing his duties as chairman of the Bawaslu, he was later appointed as a member of the Election Organization Ethics Council of the Republic of Indonesia (DKPP RI) for the period 2017–2022 and was inaugurated on 12 June 2017 by Indonesian President Joko Widodo.

As an academic, he completed his doctoral education at Airlangga University in 2007. Three years later, he was appointed chairman of the Political Science Department of the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences of the Hasanuddin University from 2010 to 2012. On February 28, 2015, he was confirmed as a professor in the field of Sociology in the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Hasanuddin University.

President of Indonesia
The president of the Republic of Indonesia (Indonesian: Presiden Republik Indonesia) is the head of state and head of government of the Republic of Indonesia. The president is the leader of the executive branch of the Indonesian government and the commander-in-chief of the Indonesian National Armed Forces and the Indonesian National Police. Since 2004, the president and vice president have been directly elected to a five-year term, once renewable, allowing for a maximum of ten years in office.

The current president is Prabowo Subianto, who assumed office on 20 October 2024.
Rashi Bunny
Rashi Bunny is an Indian theatre and cinema actress. She has performed in Bhisham Sahni's Madhavi, Manjula Padmanabhan's Hidden Fires, and Antoine de Saint-Exupéry's The Little Prince with director Arvind Gaur. Rashi Bunny was selected as "one of the 50 Icons: Emerging personality of India" by the Sahara India group with Rahul Gandhi. Rashi Bunny is also known for the "I have a dream" theatre workshop for self-exploration and creative expression.

She worked with Living Theatre Academy under Ebrahim Alkazi. She is guest faculty member at National Institute of Fashion Technology (NIFT) and has lectured widely in schools, colleges, and institutes of repute in India and abroad. Rashi organized theatre workshops for children in schools and worked with  NGOs on social issues.

Manjula Padmanabhan
Manjula Padmanabhan (born 23 June 1953) is an Indian playwright, journalist, comic strip artist, and children's book author. Her works explore science, technology, gender, and international inequalities.
Andrew Stevenson
Andrew Stevenson (January 21, 1784 – January 25, 1857) was an American politician, lawyer and diplomat. He represented Richmond, Virginia in the Virginia House of Delegates and eventually became its speaker before being elected to the United States House of Representatives; its members subsequently elected him their Speaker. Stevenson also served in the Jackson administration for four years as the U.S. ambassador to the United Kingdom before retiring to his slave plantation in Albemarle County. He also served on the board of visitors of the University of Virginia and briefly as its rector before his death.

Albemarle County, Virginia
Albemarle County is located in the Piedmont region of the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States. Its county seat is Charlottesville, which is an independent city entirely surrounded by the county. Albemarle County is part of the Charlottesville Metropolitan Statistical Area. As of the 2020 census, the population was 112,395.

Albemarle County was created in 1744 from the western portion of Goochland County, though portions of Albemarle were later carved out to create other counties. Albemarle County was named in honor of Willem Anne van Keppel, 2nd Earl of Albemarle. Its most famous inhabitant was Thomas Jefferson, who built his estate home, Monticello, in the county.
Carlos Bustos
Carlos Julio Bustos (born 16 April 1966) is an Argentine professional football manager and former player who played as a defender. He is the current manager of Peruvian club UTC.

Bustos played as a central defender for the Argentinian teams Talleres, Deportivo Español, San Lorenzo, River Plate, Argentinos Juniors, Independiente, and Huracán. He played internationally for Pachuca and Morelia in two stints, the latter being his last team before retirement.

Bustos is the former manager of Talleres, the Argentine team where he began his football career. His coaching career developed primarily in México, where he coached Neza, Morelia, Guadalajara, Dorados de Sinaloa, Atlético San Luis, and Cafetaleros de Tapachula. In Peru he coached Universidad San Martín, Melgar and Alianza Lima.

Atlético San Luis
Club Atlético de San Luis is a Mexican professional football club based in San Luis Potosí. It competes in Liga MX, the top division of Mexican football, and plays its home matches at the Estadio Alfonso Lastras. Founded in 2013, after the dissolution of San Luis FC, but not as a direct successor. It competed in the second level division until 2019, when they won promotion to Liga MX.

The club earned promotion to top division, after automatically winning the Campeón de Ascenso 2019 as champions of both tournaments of the season (Apertura 2018 and Clausura 2019).
In March 2017, Spanish football club Atlético Madrid acquired a controlling stake in the team.
Cormac Murphy-O'Connor
Cormac Murphy-O'Connor (24 August 1932 – 1 September 2017) was a British Catholic prelate who served as Archbishop of Westminster from 2000 to 2009. He was also president of the Catholic Bishops' Conference of England and Wales. He was made a cardinal in 2001.

By virtue of his position as Archbishop of Westminster, Murphy-O'Connor was sometimes referred to as the Catholic Primate of England and Wales. However, the title of primate has never been used by the de facto leaders of the Catholic Church in England and Wales.

Primate (bishop)
Primate (/ˈpraɪmət/; Latin: Primas) is a title or rank bestowed on some important archbishops in certain Christian churches. Depending on the particular tradition, it can denote either jurisdictional authority (title of authority) or (usually) ceremonial precedence (title of honour).
Mr. India (1961 film)
Mr. India is a 1961 film about a naive unemployed youth who is mistaken for a look-alike gangster. I.S. Johar stars as Gullu, and Geeta Bali portrays Miss Bembi. This is G.P Sippy's last film as a Director.

I. S. Johar
Indra Sen Johar (16 February 1920 – 10 March 1984) was an Indian actor, writer, producer and director, who excelled in comedic roles and is best known to international audiences for portraying Gasim in the epic film classic Lawrence of Arabia.
Cry (The Sundays song)
"Cry" is a song by English alternative rock band the Sundays. Written and produced by guitarist David Gavurin and lead singer Harriet Wheeler, the song was recorded for the band's third and final studio album, Static & Silence (1997), and released on 10 November 1997 as the second single from the album. The song reached number 43 on the UK Singles Chart.

The Sundays
The Sundays were an English alternative rock band. The band's lineup consisted of lead vocalist Harriet Wheeler, guitarist David Gavurin, bassist Paul Brindley, and drummer Patrick Hannan.

Having met while attending Bristol University, Wheeler and Gavurin formed the band in 1988. The Sundays secured a recording contract with Rough Trade Records. Their debut single was "Can't Be Sure". Their first album, Reading, Writing and Arithmetic, was released in 1990 and became a UK top 5 hit. The album's lead single "Here's Where the Story Ends" was a number one hit on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart in the United States.

The Sundays' next single, "Goodbye", did not emerge until 1992. Their next album, Blind, arrived the same year, reaching the UK top 15. The single "Love" reached number 2 on the US Modern Rock charts. In 1997, their third and final album, Static & Silence, was followed by the release of their most successful single, "Summertime", which made the UK top 15.
Mikhail Anashkin
Mikhail Borisovich Anashkin (Russian: Михаи́л Бори́сович Ана́шкин; 19 November 1901 – 23 January 1951) was a Red Army lieutenant general and a Hero of the Soviet Union.

Rising to junior command positions during the Russian Civil War, Anashkin held command and staff positions. He was arrested during the Great Purge but released, and after Operation Barbarossa began became a division chief of staff. He commanded the 160th Rifle Division from late 1941 to mid-1942 and the 159th Rifle Division in the Battle of Stalingrad. The latter was converted into the 61st Guards for its actions and Anashkin rose to corps command, leading the 19th, 33rd, and 64th Rifle Corps until early 1944. For the rest of the war, he commanded the 129th Rifle Corps, and was made a Hero of the Soviet Union for his leadership of it in the Vistula–Oder Offensive during early 1945. Ill health resulted in his early retirement after the end of the war.

19th Rifle Corps
The 19th Rifle Corps was a corps of the Soviet Red Army.

The 1st Pacific Rifle Division was shifted into the 19th Rifle Corps of the Siberian Military District in June 1929 after the 5th Red Banner Army of the RSFSR was disbanded. In August 1929 the 1st Pacific Rifle Division was transferred again, to the Special Far Eastern Army.

The 19th Rifle Corps was part of the 23rd Army. After June 1941 it fought again the German invasion (Operation Barbarossa).
Urošica
Urošica (Serbian Cyrillic: Урошица[a]; fl. 1285 – before 1316) was a Serbian prince and Orthodox monk, a member of the Nemanjić dynasty. He was the younger son of Stefan Dragutin, King of Serbia 1272–1282 and Syrmia 1282–1316. Dragutin kept Syrmia after passing the rule to Stefan Milutin in 1282. Through mother Catherine of the Hungarian Árpád dynasty, the elder son Stefan Vladislav II was the Duke of Slavonia from 1292 and the King of Syrmia from 1316 until 1325. Urošica took monastic vows as Stefan (Стефан), and is venerated as a saint by the Serbian Orthodox Church on November 11 [O.S. November 24].

Realm of Stefan Dragutin
The Realm of Stefan Dragutin[a] (Serbian: Област Стефана Драгутина, romanized: Oblast Stefana Dragutina) was a medieval Serbian kingdom. Initially, it was a vassal kingdom of the Kingdom of Hungary, but subsequently became an independent kingdom, after the collapse of the central power in the Kingdom of Hungary. It was ruled by the Serbian kings Stefan Dragutin (1282–1316) and his son Stefan Vladislav II (1316–1325). The kingdom was centered in the region of Lower Syrmia (today known as Mačva) and its first capital was Debrc (between Belgrade and Šabac), while residence of the king was later moved to Belgrade.