hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Golden Urn
The Golden Urn is a method introduced by the Qing dynasty of China in 1793 for selecting Tibetan reincarnations by drawing lots or tally sticks from a golden urn. After the Sino-Nepalese War, the Qianlong Emperor promulgated the 29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet, which included regulations on selecting lamas. The Golden Urn was ostensibly introduced to prevent cheating and corruption in the process but it also positioned the Qianlong Emperor as a religious authority capable of adducing incarnation candidates. A number of lamas, such as the 8th and 9th Panchen Lamas and the 10th Dalai Lama, were confirmed using the Golden Urn. In cases where the Golden Urn was not used, the amban was consulted. Lhamo Dhondup was exempted from the Golden Urn to become the 14th Dalai Lama in 1940.

29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet
The 29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (Chinese: 欽定藏內善後章程二十九條), also called twenty-nine-article Imperial Ordinance, was an imperial decree concerning the governance of Tibet that was supposedly issued by the Qianlong Emperor of China's Qing dynasty in 1793.

There were three versions in the Tibetan language, and the original was not found. The corresponding text in Chinese was not listed as 29 articles, but parts and parcels of it were seen in various memorials to the throne and decrees.

In 1792, the Qianlong Emperor published The Discourse of Lama that described the history of lamas and the reincarnation system. In it he described how the Golden Urn system was invented and said it would be a more fair mechanism of selecting the Dalai Lama than choosing reincarnated lamas based on private designation, or based on one person's decision. It is also used to eliminate greedy families with multiple reincarnated rinpoches and lamas.
World War II Philippine war crimes trials
Between 1947 and 1949, 73 trials were conducted by the newly independent Republic of the Philippines against 155 members of the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy who committed war crimes during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines. This resulted in the conviction of 138 individuals and the death sentence of 79 by December 28, 1949. The trials became a political showcase of the Philippines in the international community to conduct a fair trial against war crimes.

Battle of Wawa Dam
The Battle of Wawa Dam (Filipino: Labanan sa Dam ng Wawa), also known as the Seizure of Wawa Dam (Filipino: Pag-agaw sa Dam ng Wawa), was a subsidiary action of the Battle of Manila to secure the vital water sources east of the capital. It was the longest continuous combat during the Liberation of the Philippines, lasting from February 20–May 31, 1945. It also proved critical in neutralizing the Imperial Japanese Army's Shimbu Group, which controlled the Sierra Madre mountain range east of Manila in Southern Luzon.
Scott A. McGregor
Scott A. McGregor (born 1956) is an American technology executive and philanthropist. He was the lead developer of Windows 1.0 (the first release of Microsoft Windows), he was the CEO of Philips Semiconductors from 2001 to 2004, and was the CEO of Broadcom from 2005 until its acquisition in 2016.

NXP Semiconductors
NXP Semiconductors N.V. is an   American-Dutch semiconductor manufacturing and design company with headquarters in Eindhoven, Netherlands. It is the third largest European semiconductor company by market capitalization as of 2024. The company employs approximately 34,000 people in more than 30 countries and it reported revenues of $12.61 billion in 2024. The company's origins date back to the 1950s as part of Philips and it became one of the world's largest semiconductor companies by the end of the 20th century. Philips spun off the company in 2006 and it has since operated independently.

The company's name is an abbreviation of Next eXPerience.
Vallon-Pont-d'Arc
Vallon-Pont-d'Arc (French pronunciation: [valɔ̃ pɔ̃ daʁk]; Occitan: Valon) is a village in southern France in the Ardèche Department.

The village is a gateway to one of the most beautiful tourist sites in France, the Ardèche Gorges, where the Ardèche river has carved a dramatic canyon through a limestone plateau. The village is named after the Pont d'Arc, a natural rock arch, which has been classified as a Great Site of France.

Vallon-Pont-d'Arc is also the location of a UNESCO World Heritage Site, the decorated cave of Pont d’Arc, known as Grotte Chauvet-Pont d’Arc., and its replica, Chauvet Cave 2. The cave contains some of the earliest known prehistoric paintings in the world and constitutes an exceptional testimony of prehistoric cave art.

In the center of the town is a château built in the 17th century, now the town hall, which is decorated with Aubusson tapestries, as well as the place couverte or old grain square, and the place du Verger.

Ardèche
Ardèche (French pronunciation: [aʁdɛʃ] ⓘ; Occitan: Ardecha, pronounced [aɾˈdet͡ʃɔ]; Arpitan: Ardecha) is a department in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Southeastern France. It is named after the river Ardèche and had a population of 328,278 as of 2019. Its prefecture is in Privas, but its largest city is Annonay.
José Velázquez de Medrano
José Velázquez de Medrano (1561–1622) was a Navarrese noble and artist from the House of Medrano in Logroño and the most significant silversmith and goldsmith of his time during the Spanish Golden Age.

Logroño
Logroño (UK: /lɒˈɡrɒnjoʊ/ ⓘ log-RON-yoh, US: /ləˈɡroʊnjoʊ, loʊˈ-/ lə-GROHN-yoh, loh-, Spanish: [loˈɣɾoɲo] ⓘ) is the capital of the autonomous community of La Rioja, Spain. Located in the north of the Iberian Peninsula, primarily in the right (South) bank of the Ebro River, Logroño has historically been a place of passage, such as the Camino de Santiago. Its borders were disputed between the Iberian kingdoms of Castille, Navarre and Aragon during the Middle Ages.

The population of the city in 2021 was 150,808 while the metropolitan area included nearly 200,000 inhabitants. The city is a centre of trade of Rioja wine, for which the area is noted, and manufacturing of wood, metal and textile products.
Nikon-Walkley Australian Press Photographer of the Year
The Nikon-Walkley Australian Press Photographer of the Year, or Nikon-Walkley Press Photographer of the Year is awarded to the photographer whose body of work is considered the best in the country for that year. It recognises newsworthiness, impact, technical superiority, creativity and originality in news photography.

The annual Nikon-Walkley Photographic Awards are the highest honour for Australian press photographers.
They represent the pinnacle of achievement and are judged by a panel of senior photographers and picture editors across the industry.

It was first awarded in 1969 as a separate award, but in 2000 merged with the Walkley Awards to create the current prize.

Partial list of winners:

Walkley Awards
The annual Walkley Awards are presented in Australia to recognise and reward excellence in journalism. They cover all media including print, television, documentary, radio, photographic and online media. The Gold Walkley is the highest prize and is chosen from all category winners. The awards are under the administration of the Walkley Foundation for Journalism.

The Nikon Photography Prizes are also awarded by the Walkley Foundation at the awards ceremony, on behalf of Nikon.
WCHT
WCHT (600 AM) is a conservative talk radio station licensed to Escanaba, Michigan, with a power output of 570 watts during the day and 134 watts night, covering much of the central Upper Peninsula of Michigan. The station is owned by AMC Partners, LLC, doing business as the Radio Results Network and broadcasts from studios on Ludington Avenue in Downtown Escanaba. Its programming is also simulcast on FM translator W228DQ, licensed to Escanaba at 93.5 MHz, with an effective radiated power of 250 watts.

Conservative talk radio
Conservative talk radio is a talk radio format in the United States and other countries devoted to expressing conservative viewpoints of issues, as opposed to progressive talk radio. The definition of conservative talk is generally broad enough that libertarian talk show hosts are also included. The format has become the dominant form of talk radio in the United States since the 1987 abolition of the fairness doctrine.

In the United States, the format has included personalities such as Rush Limbaugh, Mark Levin, Glenn Beck, Ben Shapiro, Sean Hannity, Charlie Kirk, Michael Savage, Larry Elder, Dennis Prager, Jim Quinn, Lars Larson, Joe Pags, Bill O'Reilly, Laura Ingraham, Michael Medved, Oliver North, Dan Bongino, Ken Matthews, and Jerry Doyle.
Kalman Ber
Rabbi Kalman Meir Ber (Hebrew: קלמן מאיר בר; born 24 December 1957) is the Ashkenazi Chief Rabbi of Israel and President of the Chief Rabbinate Council. Previously, he served as the rabbi of Netanya and a rabbi in Yeshivat Kerem B'Yavneh, among other positions.

Yeshivat Kerem B'Yavneh
Yeshivat Kerem B'Yavne (Hebrew: ישיבת כרם ביבנה, lit. Vineyard in Yavne Yeshiva) is a major yeshiva in southern Israel. Located near the city of Ashdod and adjacent to Kvutzat Yavne, it falls under the jurisdiction of Hevel Yavne Regional Council. In 2023, it had a population of 565.
Sclerodermataceae
The Sclerodermataceae are a family of fungi in the order Boletales, containing several genera of unusual fungi that little resemble boletes. Taxa, which include species commonly known as the ‘hard-skinned puffballs’, ‘earthballs’, or 'earthstars', are widespread in both temperate and tropical regions. The best known members include the earthball Scleroderma citrinum, the dye fungus Pisolithus tinctorius and the 'prettymouths' of the genus Calostoma.

Scleroderma (fungus)
Scleroderma is a genus of fungi, commonly known as earth balls, now known to belong to the Boletales order, in suborder Sclerodermatineae. The best known species are S. citrinum and S. verrucosum. They are found worldwide.
Various members of this genus are used as inoculation symbionts to colonize and promote the growth of tree seedlings in nurseries. The majority of species are not edible.

The name comes from the Greek sclera meaning hard and derma meaning skin.
José Manuel Jurado
José Manuel Jurado Marín (born 29 June 1986) is a Spanish former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.

He played for both major teams in Madrid during his career, Real and Atlético, albeit with no success for the former. He amassed La Liga totals of 186 games and 22 goals over eight seasons, also representing in the competition Mallorca and Espanyol.

In 2010, Jurado signed for Schalke 04, going on to appear in 71 competitive matches in two years and win two major trophies, including the 2011 German Cup. Additionally, he had spells in Russia with Spartak and England with Watford.

FC Spartak Moscow
FC Spartak Moscow (Russian: Футбольный клуб «Спартак» Москва, romanized: Futbolʹnyy klub «Spartak» Moskva, pronounced [spɐrˈtak mɐˈskva]) is a Russian professional football club based in Moscow. Having won 12 Soviet championships (second only to Dynamo Kyiv) and 10 Russian championships (a record jointly held with Zenit St Petersburg), it is the country's most successful club. They have also won a record 10 Soviet Cups, 4 Russian Cups and one Russian Super Cup. Spartak have also reached the semi-finals of UEFA Europa League, UEFA Champions League and the UEFA Cup Winner's Cup.
Jacqueline Phillips
Jacqueline Phillips is an American lawyer and politician. She is a Democratic member of the Colorado House of Representatives, representing District 31 since 2025. Phillips previously served on the Thornton City Council and has focused her career on issues such as affordable housing, education, and healthcare access.

Thornton, Colorado
Thornton is a home rule city located in Adams and Weld counties, Colorado, United States. The city population was 141,867, all in Adams County, at the 2020 United States census, an increase of 19.44% since the 2010 United States census. Thornton is the sixth-most-populous city in Colorado and the 191st-most-populous city in the United States. Thornton is 10 miles (16 km) north of the Colorado State Capitol in Denver and is a part of the Denver-Aurora-Greeley, CO Combined Statistical Area and the Front Range Urban Corridor.
Morchella esculenta
Morchella esculenta (commonly known as common morel, morel, yellow morel, true morel, morel mushroom, and sponge morel) is a species of fungus in the family Morchellaceae of the Ascomycota.

Each fruit body begins as a tightly compressed, grayish sponge with lighter ridges, and expands to form a large yellowish sponge with large pits and ridges raised on a large white stem. The pitted yellow-brown caps measure 2–7 centimetres (1–3 inches) broad by 2–10 cm (1–4 in) tall, and are fused to the stem at its lower margin, forming a continuous hollow. The pits are rounded and irregularly arranged. The hollow stem is typically 2–9 cm (1–3+1⁄2 in) long by 2–5 cm (1–2 in) thick, and white to yellow.

The fungus fruits under hardwoods and conifers during a short period in the spring, depending on the weather, and is also associated with old orchards, woods and disturbed grounds. It is one of the most readily recognized of all the edible mushrooms and highly sought after.

Morchella conica
Morchella conica is an old binomial name previously applied to species of fungi in the family Morchellaceae. It is one of three scientific names that had been commonly used to describe black morels, the others being M. angusticeps and M. elata. It was first introduced by mycologist Christian Hendrik Persoon in 1818, as a superfluous name for the old taxon Morchella continua. According to Richard and colleagues, Fries’ sanctioning applies only at the subgeneric level and the name is illegitimate.

Throughout the years, the name M. conica has been invariably applied to many different species by different authors, and DNA analysis in 2014 revealed that morels identified as "M. conica" indeed belonged to Morchella deliciosa, Morchella purpurascens, Morchella tridentina, and Morchella vulgaris.
Darren Miller
Darren Miller is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera EastEnders, played by Charlie G. Hawkins. He made his first appearance on 6 September 2004 and departed in the episode broadcast on 20 September 2011.

Owen Turner
Owen Turner is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera EastEnders, played by Lee Ross. He originally appeared in the show on 15 June 2006 and left the show in late 2006. In 2009, it was announced that Ross would return to the show; he appeared on 30 July 2009. Ross' character made his final appearance on 26 November 2009 after being murdered by his ex-wife's new fiancé - Lucas Johnson (Don Gilet).
New Nation (United States)
The New Nation was a weekly newspaper launched in Boston, Massachusetts in January 1891 by the American socialist writer Edward Bellamy. The paper served as a de facto national organ of the nationwide network of Nationalist Clubs and expounded upon their activities and political ideas, which derived from the best-selling 1888 novel Looking Backward.

The paper soon became an advocate of the policies of the fledgling People's Party before ceasing publication due to diminishing subscriptions in the aftermath of the Depression of 1893.

Panic of 1893
The Panic of 1893 was an economic depression in the United States. It began in February 1893 and officially ended eight months later. The Panic of 1896 followed. It was the most serious economic depression in history until the Great Depression of the 1930s. The Panic of 1893 deeply affected every sector of the economy and produced political upheaval that led to a political realignment and the presidency of William McKinley.

The panic climaxed with a run on gold from the United States Treasury. Unemployment rates in many states rose above 25%, and poverty became widespread.
Kombu (film)
Kombu (lit. 'Horn') is a 2020 Indian Tamil-language horror comedy film, written and directed by E Ibrahim. The film features Lollu Sabha Jeeva, Disha Pandey, Puvisha Manoharan, Pandiarajan, Ganja Karuppu, Swaminathan, Gayathri, Ambani Shankar, and Nellai Shiva. It was released on 11 December 2020.

Nellai Siva
Sivanathan Shanmugavelan Ramamoorthy (16 January 1952 – 11 May 2021), better known by his stage name Nellai Siva, was an Indian comedian and actor, who predominantly worked in Tamil cinema. He worked mostly in comedy scenes. His first film was Aan Paavam released in 1985. He appeared in popular movies like Mahaprabhu, Vetri Kodi Kattu, Kannum Kannum. His way of speaking in the movies is completely of Nellai slang, which shows him unique to other supporting actors. He has acted in over 500 films in his career.
Alexandra Kasser
Alex Mochary Kasser (born May 4, 1967) is an American politician, attorney and advocate who served as a member of the Connecticut State Senate for the 36th district from 2019 to 2021. Connecticut's 36th district covers Greenwich and parts of Stamford and New Canaan. She is a member of the Democratic Party and was the first Democrat to be elected to this seat since 1933.

Connecticut's 36th State Senate district
Connecticut's 36th State Senate district elects one member of the Connecticut State Senate. The district consists of the towns of Greenwich, North Stamford, and portions of Stamford, New Canaan, and Newfield-Westover-Turn of River. It has been represented by Ryan Fazio since 2021.
Sven Bergqvist
Sven Olof Lennart Bergqvist (20 August 1914 – 16 December 1996) was a Swedish football and ice hockey player, known for representing Hammarby IF in both sports. He also played bandy and handball. Bergqvist is one of only three athletes that has competed in the highest Swedish division in four different sports. He had 35 caps for the Sweden men's national football team between 1935 and 1943, and received the honorary award Stora Grabbars Märke from the Swedish Football Association. He played 55 games for the Sweden men's national ice hockey team at the World Championships and the 1936 Winter Olympics, and was inducted into the IIHF Hall of Fame in 1999.

1936 Winter Olympics
The 1936 Winter Olympics, officially known as the IV Olympic Winter Games (German: IV. Olympische Winterspiele) and commonly known as Garmisch-Partenkirchen 1936, were a winter multi-sport event held from 6 to 16 February 1936 in the market town of Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany. Later that year, the country also hosted the 1936 Summer Olympics, which were held in Berlin. It was the last year in which the Summer and Winter Games both took place in the same country (the cancelled 1940 Olympics would have been held in Japan, with Tokyo hosting the Summer Games and Sapporo hosting the Winter Games).

The 1936 Winter Games were organized on behalf of the German League of the Reich for Physical Exercise (DRL) by Karl Ritter von Halt, who had been named president of the committee for the organization of the Fourth Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen by Reichssportführer Hans von Tschammer und Osten.
Andre Lee
Andre Lee (born January 16, 1963) is a French-Canadian-Korean executive, entrepreneur and financier from New York City, New York. He is the chief executive officer of Snowflake Innovations and Technology Reserve. He formerly served as co-founder and managing director of the Invention Development Fund at Intellectual Ventures. Lee is best known for "largely pioneering the Asian junk bonds market" as the head of Peregrine's bond department. In 2011, Lee founded Snowflake Innovations, a private holding company focused on designing and spinning out new business models and strategic platforms in financing intangible assets. He blogs on a range of subjects related to innovation at Innovation Unleashed.

Intellectual Ventures
Intellectual Ventures is an American private equity company that centers on the development and licensing of intellectual property.  Intellectual Ventures is one of the top-five owners of U.S. patents, as of 2011.  Its business model focuses on buying patents and aggregating those patents into a large patent portfolio and licensing these patents to third parties. The company has been described as the country's largest and most notorious patent trolling company, the ultimate patent troll, and the most hated company in tech.

In 2009, the firm launched a prototyping and research laboratory,  Intellectual Ventures Lab, which attracted media controversy when the book SuperFreakonomics described its ideas for reducing global climate change. The firm also collaborates on humanitarian projects through its Global Good program.
Feather River School shooting
On December 4, 2024, a gunman attacked the Feather River School of the Seventh-day Adventists in Palermo, California.

Two boys, aged 5 and 6, were critically wounded. The gunman immediately shot and killed himself nearby. The shooter, Glenn Litton, 56, had a criminal history consisting mostly of theft and property crimes, had mental health complications and experienced homelessness. He stated that the shooting was a retaliation for the U.S. involvement in the "genocide and oppression of Palestinians along with the attacks towards Yemen".

Butte County, California Sheriff Kory Honea labeled the shooting a terrorist attack, as the attacker "intended to strike fear in the hearts of the parents".

Butte County, California
Butte County (/ˈbjuːt/ ⓘ) is a county located in the northern central part of the U.S. state of California. In the 2020 census, its population was 211,632. The county seat is Oroville.

Butte County comprises the Chico, California, metropolitan statistical area. It is in the California Central Valley, north of the state capital of Sacramento.

Butte County is drained by the Feather River and the Sacramento River. Butte Creek and Big Chico Creek are additional perennial streams, both tributary to the Sacramento. The county is home to California State University, Chico and Butte College.
Xisco Campos
Francisco Javier Campos Coll (born 10 March 1982), known as Xisco Campos, is a Spanish former professional footballer who played as a central defender or a right-back.

He spent most of his career with Gimnàstic, appearing in more than 200 competitive matches over six seasons, three spent in the Segunda División. He played 11 La Liga games with Mallorca in two separate spells.

Gimnàstic de Tarragona
Club Gimnàstic de Tarragona, commonly known as Gimnàstic Tarragona or sometimes just Nàstic, is a Spanish sports club based in Tarragona, in the autonomous community of Catalonia. Its football team plays in Primera Federación – Group 2.

The club was founded in 1886 and is one of the oldest football clubs in Spain. It has teams competing in athletics, basketball, tennis, gymnastics, table tennis and futsal, but a football team was not formed until 1914. The team enjoyed a three-year La Liga spell in its beginnings (1947–50).

Since 1972, the team has played home games at Nou Estadi Costa Daurada, which seats 14,591 spectators.
Otto Stadie
Otto Stadie (10 March 1897 – 28 July 1977) was a German nurse and member of the Action T4, the Nazi forced euthanasia programme. During the Holocaust in occupied Poland he kept the register of stolen gold and diamonds at the Treblinka extermination camp. He was convicted in the first Treblinka trial of 1965.

Treblinka trials
The two Treblinka trials concerning the Treblinka extermination camp personnel began in 1964. Held at Düsseldorf in West Germany, they were the two judicial trials in a series of similar war crime trials held during the early 1960s, such as the Jerusalem Adolf Eichmann trial (1961) and the Frankfurt Auschwitz trials (1963–65), as a result of which the general public came to realize the extent of the crimes that some two decades earlier had been perpetrated in occupied Poland by German bureaucrats and their willing executioners. In the subsequent years, separate trials dealt with personnel of the Bełżec (1963–65), Sobibor (1966), and Majdanek (1975–81) extermination camps.