hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Handlebody
In the mathematical field of geometric topology, a handlebody is a decomposition of a manifold into standard pieces. Handlebodies play an important role in Morse theory, cobordism theory and the surgery theory of high-dimensional manifolds. Handles are used to particularly study 3-manifolds.

Handlebodies play a similar role in the study of manifolds as simplicial complexes and CW complexes play in homotopy theory, allowing one to analyze a space in terms of individual pieces and their interactions.

Morse theory
In mathematics, specifically in differential topology, Morse theory enables one to analyze the topology of a manifold by studying differentiable functions on that manifold. According to the basic insights of Marston Morse, a typical differentiable function on a manifold will reflect the topology quite directly. Morse theory allows one to find CW structures and handle decompositions on manifolds and to obtain substantial information about their homology.

Before Morse, Arthur Cayley and James Clerk Maxwell had developed some of the ideas of Morse theory in the context of topography. Morse originally applied his theory to geodesics (critical points of the energy functional on the space of paths). These techniques were used in Raoul Bott's proof of his periodicity theorem.

The analogue of Morse theory for complex manifolds is Picard–Lefschetz theory.
Minimol Abraham
Minimol Abraham, also known as Minomol Abraham (born 27 March 1988), is a former Indian female volleyball player of the India women's national volleyball team. Minimol also plays for the domestic volleyball club Indian Railways in domestic league matches. She is considered one of the finest women volleyball players to have emerged from the state of Kerala along with Aswani Kiran, Poornima and Princy Joseph.

Aswani Kiran
Aswani Kiran (born 15 May 1985) is a former Indian female volleyball player who has also captained the India women's national volleyball team internationally. She was selected to represent India at the 2010 Asian Games, captained the national team at the 2010 Asian Games and was part of the squad which finished 9th in the women's team event.
History of Post-Communist Albania
In 1991, the Socialist Party of Albania, with specific social democratic ideology took control of the country through democratic elections. One year later the Democratic Party of Albania won the new elections. After 1990, Albania has been seeking a closer relationship with the West. What followed were deliberate programs of economic and democratic reform, but the implementation of capitalism led to the proliferation of pyramid schemes. Chaos in late 1996 to early 1997, as a result of the collapse of these pyramid schemes, alarmed the world and prompted the influx of international peacekeeping forces. In 1995, Albania was accepted into the Council of Europe and requested membership in NATO (obtained in 2009) and is a potential candidate country for accession to the European Union. The workforce of Albania has continued to emigrate to Western countries, especially Greece and Italy.

Pyramid scheme
A pyramid scheme is a business model which, rather than earning money (or providing returns on investments) by sale of legitimate products to an end consumer, mainly earns money by recruiting new members with the promise of payments (or services). As the number of members multiplies, recruiting quickly becomes increasingly difficult until it is impossible, and therefore most of the newer recruits do not make a profit. As such, pyramid schemes are unsustainable. The unsustainable nature of pyramid schemes has led to most countries outlawing them as a form of fraud.

Pyramid schemes have existed since at least the mid-to-late 19th century in different guises. Some multi-level marketing plans have been classified as pyramid schemes.
James Cellan Jones
Alan James Gwynne Cellan Jones (13 July 1931 – 30 August 2019) was a British television and film director. From 1963, he directed over 50 television series and films, specialising in dramas.

He was particularly associated with the "Classic Serial" during the golden age of BBC drama, and some of his most significant work was in televising late 19th-century and 20th-century British literary works. Two of his most ambitious and successful directorial adaptations were the miniseries  The Forsyte Saga (1967), which became a national and international hit, and Fortunes of War (1987); and he was also known for his award-winning productions of Jennie: Lady Randolph Churchill (1974) and Harnessing Peacocks (1993).

Cellan Jones was Head of Plays at BBC Television, chairman of BAFTA, and chairman of the Directors Guild of Great Britain.

Directors Guild of Great Britain
The Directors Guild of Great Britain (DGGB) was a professional organization that represented directors across all media, including film, television, theatre, radio, opera, commercials, music videos, corporate film/video and training, documentaries, multimedia and "new technology". It had evolved to become an independent trade union and a non-profit limited company, asset-linked to the Directors Guild Trust, the charity arm of the Guild. The Guild closed in 2015 and ceased operations in March 2017. The Directors Charitable Foundation continues the charity work of the Guild.
Snd (band)
snd are Mark Fell and Mat Steel, a pair of Sheffield DJs and musicians whose work has been described as glitch. Naming their project after the extension often used for computer sound files, Fell and Steel are both computer programmers. During 1998-99, they debuted with the "Tplay" single and Newtables EP on their own .snd label. In July 1999, Mille Plateaux released the debut album, Makesnd Cassette, with Stdiosnd Types following one year later. Their most recent album, Atavism, was released in 2009 by Raster-Noton. In 2014, snd self published an extended and remastered version of their debut release Tplay.

Raster-Noton
Raster-Noton was a German electronic music record label. It was established in 1999 in Chemnitz, Germany. By the mid 2010s, it had become known as "one of Europe’s most revered and reliable hubs for experimental electronic music, IDM and audio-visual art."

Raster-Noton emerged from the fusion of Rastermusik, founded by Olaf Bender and Frank Bretschneider in 1996, and Noton (Archiv für Ton und Nichtton), a sub-label that was run by Carsten Nicolai.

The label focused on the overlapping border areas of pop, art, and science, releasing music albums, publications, and installation works focused on rhythmic, minimal electronic music.

In 2017, the label split into two entities: Raster, to be run by Bender, and Noton, focusing on Nicolai's output.
El Laberinto de Alicia (Chilean TV series)
El Laberinto de Alicia (lit: Alicia's Labyrinth)  is a Chilean action television series created by Nona Fernández, that aired on the main channel of Televisión Nacional de Chile from March 14, to October 5, 2011, starring Sigrid Alegría, Francisco Reyes, Marcelo Alonso, Amparo Noguera, Bastián Bodenhöfer, and Mauricio Pesutic.

Bastián Bodenhöfer
Bastián Lorenzo Bodenhöfer Alexander (Santiago, July 1, 1961) is a Chilean actor, theater director, musician and cultural manager. He served as cultural attaché of the Chile embassy in France between 2000 and 2002, during the government of president Ricardo Lagos. Bodenhöfer established himself as a renowned actor in the telenovela Ángel Malo in 1986. During the 1990s, due to his physical attractiveness, his solid presence and his talent, he became the highest paid male lead in Televisión Nacional de Chile.
1996 British Touring Car Championship
The 1996 Auto Trader RAC British Touring Car Championship season marked the arrival of Audi to the sport with their four wheel drive A4s. The title was won by Frank Biela, with Swiss driver Alain Menu again finishing in second place and Swede Rickard Rydell in third.

Frank Biela
Frank Stanley Biela (born 2 August 1964) is a German auto racing driver, mainly competing in touring cars and sportscar racing. He has raced exclusively in cars manufactured by the Audi marque since 1990.
1984 U.S. Clay Court Championships
The 1984 U.S. Clay Court Championships (also known as the 1984 U.S. Open Clay Courts) was a men's Grand Prix and a women's Championship Series tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts in Indianapolis in the  United States. It was the 16th edition of the tournament and was held from August 4 through August 12, 1984. Andrés Gómez and Manuela Maleeva won the singles titles.

Andrés Gómez
Andrés Gómez Santos (Latin American Spanish: [anˈdɾes ˈɣomes ˈsantos]; born 27 February 1960) is an Ecuadorian former professional tennis player. He was ranked as high as world No. 4 in singles and world No. 1 in doubles. Gómez won 21 singles titles and 33 doubles titles during his career, including a singles major at the 1990 French Open, and two doubles majors at the 1986 US Open and the 1988 French Open.

Andrés Gómez is the current director of the Guayaquil Challenger and the former director of the Salinas Challenger.
Robotech (comics)
Robotech comics first officially appeared in print in 1985, though Comico published the first issue of its license from Harmony Gold USA under the Macross name.

When Harmony Gold was releasing the first few episodes of its original Macross dub in 1984, it was discovered that Revell already had a Robotech Defenders line of scale model kits that included the transformable Macross mecha. The potential for brand confusion caused concern that Harmony Gold would have problems selling its own transformable Macross toys. Harmony Gold and Revell were able to come to a co-licensing agreement — when producer Carl Macek had the idea to combine Macross with Southern Cross and Mospeada to create an 85-episode television series, he chose to use Revell's pre-existing Robotech name and logo to strengthen the title's brand recognition.

Super Dimension Fortress Macross
Super Dimension Fortress Macross (Japanese: 超時空要塞マクロス, Hepburn: Chōjikū Yōsai Makurosu) is a Japanese science fiction anime television series. It is the first part of the Super Dimension trilogy and the Macross franchise. The series aired in Japan from October 1982 to June 1983. According to co-creator Shoji Kawamori, it depicts "a love triangle against the backdrop of great battles" during the first human-alien war.

Macross features mechanical designs by Kazutaka Miyatake and Shoji Kawamori (both of Studio Nue) and character designs by Haruhiko Mikimoto of Artland. Macross also created one of the first anime idols Lynn Minmay, turning her voice actress Mari Iijima into an instant celebrity, and launching her musical career. Most of its animation (with edited content, story changes and revised dialogue) was adapted in the United States for the first saga of Robotech.
Chapter & Verse (film)
Chapter & Verse is a 2016 American drama film directed by Jamal Joseph and starring Daniel Beaty, Omari Hardwick, Loretta Devine and Selenis Leyva. Antoine Fuqua served as an executive producer of the film.

Loretta Devine
Loretta Devine (born August 21, 1949) is an American actress. She is known for numerous roles across stage and screen. Her most high profile roles include Lorrell Robinson in the original Broadway production of Dreamgirls (1981), Gloria Matthews in the film Waiting to Exhale (1995), and her recurring role as Adele Webber on the medical drama Grey's Anatomy, for which she won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series. Devine also played Juanita Sims in the film adaptation of For Colored Girls (2010). She is also known for her roles as Stevie Rallen on NBC's A Different World during its first season and for her portrayal Marla Hendricks on the television series Boston Public (2000–2004).
Carla Cáceres
Carla Cáceres is a professor at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign known for her research in population, community and evolutionary ecology, focusing on the origins, maintenance, and functional significance of biodiversity within ecosystems. She is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the Ecological Society of America, and the Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography

Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography
The Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography (ASLO), formerly known as the Limnological Society of America and the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, is a scientific society established in 1936 with the goal of advancing the sciences of limnology and oceanography. With approximately 4,000 members in nearly 60 countries, ASLO is the largest scientific society, worldwide, devoted to either limnology or oceanography or both.
Cuttyhunk Island
Cuttyhunk Island is the outermost of the Elizabeth Islands in Massachusetts.  A small outpost for the harvesting of sassafras was occupied for a few weeks in 1602, arguably making it the first English settlement in New England. Cuttyhunk is located between Buzzards Bay to the north and Vineyard Sound to the south. Penikese Island and Nashawena Island are located to the north and east respectively.

The island has a land area of 580 acres (0.91 sq mi; 2.3 km2), and an estimated population of 10 residents, swelling to around 400 in the summer months.  It is the fourth largest in area of the Elizabeth Islands and home to the village of Cuttyhunk. It lies entirely within the town of Gosnold.

Penikese Island
Penikese Island is a 75-acre (0.117 mi2) island off the coast of Massachusetts, United States, in Buzzards Bay. It is one of the Elizabeth Islands, which make up the town of Gosnold, Massachusetts.  Penikese is located near the west end of the Elizabeth island chain.
HMS Coureuse
HMS Coureuse was a schooner launched in about 1785 at New York, that the French Navy acquired at Cayenne and armed and commissioned at Lorient in 1794. The British captured her in 1795 and the Royal Navy briefly used her as a dispatch vessel in the Mediterranean. The Admiralty sold her in 1799.

Cayenne
Cayenne (/keɪˈɛn/; French pronunciation: [kajɛn] ⓘ; Guianese Creole French: Kayenn) is the prefecture and capital city of French Guiana, an overseas region and department of France located in South America.  The city stands on a former island at the mouth of the Cayenne River on the Atlantic coast.  The city's motto is "fert aurum industria", which means "work brings wealth". Cayenne is the largest Francophone city of the South American continent.

In the 2023 census, there were 153,884 inhabitants in the metropolitan area of Cayenne (as defined by INSEE), 62,675 of whom lived in the city (commune) of Cayenne proper.
Richard Stone (politician)
Richard Bernard Stone (September 22, 1928 – July 28, 2019) was an American lawyer and politician who served as a Democratic United States Senator from Florida from 1975 to 1980 and later served as Ambassador at Large to Central America and Ambassador to Denmark. Before running for the U.S. Senate, he served as Florida Secretary of State.

In 1980, Stone lost renomination to Bill Gunter, the Treasurer, Insurance Commissioner and Fire Marshal of Florida.

Ambassador-at-large
An ambassador-at-large is a diplomat, a secretary, or a minister of the highest rank who is accredited to represent a country and its people internationally.

Unlike an ambassador-in-residence, who is usually limited to a country or embassy, the ambassador-at-large is entrusted to operate in several usually neighboring countries, a region or sometimes hold a seat in an international organization like the United Nations and the other international organizations. In some cases, an ambassador-at-large may even be specifically assigned a role to advise and assist the state or a government in particular issues. Historically, presidents or prime ministers have designated special diplomatic envoys for specific assignments, primarily overseas but sometimes also within the country as an ambassador-at-large.
Glycidyl methacrylate
Glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) is an ester of methacrylic acid and glycidol. Containing both an epoxide and an acrylate group, the molecule is bifunctional. It is a common monomer used in the production of epoxy resins. While typical home epoxies contain diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA),  glycidyl methacrylate is instead used to provide epoxy functionalization to polyolefins and other acrylate resins. Glycidyl methacrylate is produced by several companies worldwide, including Dow Chemical.  It is used to prepare a range of composites.

Glycidol
Glycidol is an organic compound with the formula HOCH2CHOCH2.  The molecule contains both epoxide and alcohol functional groups.  Being simple to make and bifunctional, it has a variety of industrial uses.  The compound is a colorless, slightly viscous liquid that is slightly unstable and is not often encountered in pure form.
The Gordian Knot (film)
The Gordian Knot is a 1911 American silent romantic comedy film directed by R. F. Baker (*Richard Foster Baker) and produced by the Essanay Studios. It starred Francis X. Bushman and was distributed by the General Film Company.

Francis X. Bushman
Francis Xavier Bushman (January 10, 1883 – August 23, 1966) was an American film actor and director. His career as a matinee idol started in 1911 in the silent film His Friend's Wife. He gained a large female following and was one of the biggest stars of the 1910s and early '20s.

Bushman, like many of his contemporaries, broke into the moving picture business via the stage. He rose to fame at Essanay Studios in Chicago, where he was first noticed for his muscular, sculpted frame. He appeared in nearly 200 feature film roles—more than 175 films before 1920, and 27 in his screen debut year of 1911 alone. He also worked for the Vitagraph studio before signing with Metro in 1915. He later went into radio and television.
A Holiday with Piroschka
A Holiday with Piroschka (German: Ferien mit Piroschka) is a 1965 comedy film directed by Franz Josef Gottlieb and starring Marie Versini, Götz George, and Dietmar Schönherr. It was a co-production between Austria, Hungary and West Germany. Despite their similar names, the film has little in common with the 1955 I Often Think of Piroschka.

Dietmar Schönherr
Dietmar Otto Schönherr (German: [ˈdiːtmaʁ ˈʃøːnhɛʁ] ⓘ; 17 May 1926 – 18 July 2014) was an Austrian film actor. He appeared in 120 films between 1944 and 2014. He was famous for playing the role of Major Cliff Allister McLane in the German science fiction series Raumpatrouille. He was born in Innsbruck, Austria. He was married to the Danish actress Vivi Bach from 1965 until her death in 2013. In 2011 he was awarded with the Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art, 1st class.
1963–64 Israel State Cup
The 1963–64 Israel State Cup (Hebrew: גביע המדינה, Gvia HaMedina) was the 25th season of Israel's nationwide football cup competition and the 10th after the Israeli Declaration of Independence.

For this edition, which began on 21 September 1963, the IFA experimented with the competition's format, holding just one preliminary round, before entering all the teams, including Liga Leumit and Liga Alef teams into the competition in the second round. This move brought high scoring results in matches in which top-tier teams met lower tier opponents, including a record 20–0 result in the match between Hapoel Ramat Gan and Liga Gimel team Beitar Ein Karem.

The final, between Maccabi Tel Aviv and Hapoel Haifa, took two replays to be settled, the first two matches ending with a 1–1 draw. Maccabi Tel Aviv won the third match 2–1 to win its 11th cup. International edición vs Argentine Clubs.

1963–64 Liga Leumit
The 1963–64 Liga Leumit season saw Hapoel Ramat Gan win their first, and to date only championship. They were the first club to win the title the season after being promoted, having been in Liga Alef the previous season.

Maccabi Jaffa's Israel Ashkenazi was the league's top scorer with 21 goals, whilst Hapoel Lod were relegated at the end of their first season in the top division.
Deoghar district
Deoghar district (pronounced, Devo ka ghar) is one of the twenty-four districts of Jharkhand state in eastern India. Deoghar, the central city of the district, is also its administrative headquarters. This district is known for the Baidyanath Jyotirlinga shrine and is a part of the Santhal Pargana division. Deoghar is a Hindi word meaning abode ('ghar') of the Gods and Goddesses ('dev'). Deoghar is also known as "Baidyanath Dham", and "Baba Dham",.

All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar (AIIMS Deoghar) is a prestigious medical university and hospital located in Deoghar, Jharkhand, India. It is also one of the All India Institutes of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) that started operation in 2019. The Institute operates autonomously under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare of Government of India under the Pradhan Mantri Swasthya Suraksha Yojna (PMSSY) and also among the Institutes of National Importance in India.
Nicktoons (Dutch TV channel)
Nicktoons is a Dutch pay television channel broadcasting in the Netherlands and Belgium. It launched together with Nick Hits (now NickMusic) on 2 August 2007. It mostly airs animated programs dubbed in the Dutch language. The Global feed has also been available since 2017.

NickMusic EMEA
NickMusic (formerly Nick Hits until 2017) was a specialised music video channel owned by Paramount Networks EMEAA that was the international version of the US NickMusic. The channel mainly featured modern pop music, but aimed at younger people.
Greater occipital nerve
The greater occipital nerve is a nerve of the head. It is a spinal nerve, specifically the medial branch of the dorsal primary ramus of cervical spinal nerve 2. It arises from between the first and second cervical vertebrae, ascends, and then passes through the semispinalis muscle. It ascends further to supply the skin along the posterior part of the scalp to the vertex. It supplies sensation to the scalp at the top of the head, over the ear and over the parotid glands.

Vertex (anatomy)
In arthropod and vertebrate anatomy, the vertex (or cranial vertex) is the highest point of the head.

In humans, the vertex is formed by four bones of the skull: the frontal bone, the two parietal bones, and the occipital bone. These bones are connected by the coronal suture between the frontal and parietal bones, the sagittal suture between the two parietal bones, and the lambdoid suture between the parietal and occipital bones. Vertex baldness refers to a form of male pattern baldness in which the baldness is limited to the vertex, resembling a tonsure. In childbirth, vertex birth refers to the common head-first presentation of the baby, as opposed to the buttocks-first position of a breech birth.

In entomology, the color and shape of an insect's vertex and the structures arising from it are commonly used in identifying species.