hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Step potential
In quantum mechanics and scattering theory, the one-dimensional step potential is an idealized system used to model incident, reflected and transmitted matter waves. The problem consists of solving the time-independent Schrödinger equation for a particle with a step-like potential in one dimension. Typically, the potential is modeled as a Heaviside step function.

Heaviside step function
The Heaviside step function, or the unit step function, usually denoted by H or θ (but sometimes u, 1 or 𝟙), is a step function named after Oliver Heaviside, the value of which is zero for negative arguments and one for positive arguments.  Different conventions concerning the value H(0) are in use. It is an example of the general class of step functions, all of which can be represented as linear combinations of translations of this one.

The function was originally developed in operational calculus for the solution of differential equations, where it represents a signal that switches on at a specified time and stays switched on indefinitely. Heaviside developed the operational calculus as a tool in the analysis of telegraphic communications and represented the function as 1.
National Project
The National Project (Spanish: Proyecto Nacional - PRONAL) was a Nicaraguan political party founded in 1995 by Antonio Lacayo, son-in-law of Violeta Barrios de Chamorro. Lacayo was prohibited from running in the 1996 elections by the Supreme Electoral Council (CSE) due to his family ties with President Chamorro. PRONAL ran instead with presidential candidate Benjamín Lanzas who pulled 0.53% (9,323 valid votes).

Antonio Lacayo
Antonio Lacayo Oyanguren (21 December 1947 – 17 November 2015) was a Nicaraguan politician who served as Minister of the Presidency from 1990 to 1996, during the government of Violeta Barrios de Chamorro. He was a central figure in the country’s transition to democracy. He was campaign manager for Chamorro’s 1990 run for the presidency that defeated FSLN incumbent Daniel Ortega. In 1991, he created the Nicaraguan currency, the Cordoba Oro.
The Seaside Where Dragon Boys Dwell
The Seaside Where Dragon Boys Dwell (汐風と竜のすみか, Shiokaze to Ryū no Sumika) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Asato Shima. It began serialization in Hakusensha's shōjo manga magazine LaLa in October 2024.

Hakusensha
Hakusensha, Incorporated (株式会社白泉社, Kabushiki-gaisha Hakusensha) is a Japanese publishing company. It is headquartered in Chiyoda, Tokyo.

The company mainly publishes manga magazines and is involved in series' productions in their games, original video animation, music, and their animated TV series.

The company is part of the Hitotsubashi Group.
Operation Shfifon
On May 13, 1948, a day before the state of Israel was proclaimed, the Haganah launched Operation Shfifon (Hebrew: מבצע שפיפון, lit. Operation Cerastes Cerastes) with the aim of capturing the British outposts in the Old City of Jerusalem and preventing the Arab forces from taking control of them first. Such an eventuality had long been anticipated, and plans prepared called Operation Shfifon ('horned viper'; some translate it as 'Serpent') and quickly followed by Operation Kilshon.

Operation Pitchfork
From 13–18 May 1948 Jewish forces from the Haganah and Irgun executed Operation Pitchfork (mivtza kilshon). Its aim was to capture the Jewish suburbs of Jerusalem, particularly Talbiya in central Jerusalem.
1993 NCAA Division III women's basketball tournament
The 1993 NCAA Division III women's basketball tournament was the 12th annual tournament hosted by the NCAA to determine the national champion of Division III women's collegiate basketball in the United States.

Central College defeated Capital in the championship game, 71–63, to claim the Dutch's first Division III national title.

The championship rounds were hosted by Central College in Pella, Iowa.

Central College (Iowa)
Central College is a private college in Pella, Iowa, United States. It is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission. Central has a student body of approximately 1,100 undergraduates and more than 60 academic programs.
Kai Ambos
Kai Ambos (born 29 March 1965) is a German jurist and judge. He holds the teaching chair at the University of Göttingen in criminal law, criminal procedure, comparative law and international criminal law. He served as a judge at the District Court for Lower Saxony between 2006 and 2017. In February 2017, he was appointed to serve as a judge on the Kosovo Specialist Chambers, a specialized hybrid criminal tribunal located in The Hague. He has authored and edited numerous publications on criminal law and procedure in Germany and internationally.

In 2011, he argued that the killing of Osama bin Laden was "both illegal and morally dubious".

International criminal law
International criminal law (ICL) is a body of public international law designed to prohibit certain categories of conduct commonly viewed as serious atrocities and to make perpetrators of such conduct criminally accountable for their perpetration. The core crimes under international law are genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and the crime of aggression.

Classical international law governs the relationships, rights, and responsibilities of states. After World War II, the Charter of the International Military Tribunal and the following Nuremberg trial revolutionized international law by applying its prohibitions directly to individuals, in this case the defeated leaders of Nazi Germany, thus inventing international criminal law. After being dormant for decades, international criminal law was revived in the 1990s to address the war crimes in the Yugoslav Wars and the Rwandan genocide, leading to the establishment of a permanent International Criminal Court in 2001.
Now 63
Now That's What I Call Music! 63 or Now 63 refers to at least two Now That's What I Call Music! series albums, including:

Now That's What I Call Music! 63 (UK series)

Now That's What I Call Music! 63 (U.S. series)

Now That's What I Call Music! discography
This is a list of available physical albums belonging to the official 1983 Now That's What I Call Music! UK series, comprising compact discs (CD), magnetic audio cassettes (AC), vinyl (LP), VHS tape, DVD and other short-lived formats. They are categorized by series (country), and then ordered by date. All countries apart from the United Kingdom have permanently ended their respective series.
2019 Netball World Cup Regional Qualifier – Europe
The 2019 Netball World Cup Regional Qualifier – Europe was a tournament organised by Netball Europe. It featured three teams playing a series of netball test matches in January 2018 at Perth College UHI. The hosts Scotland were joined by Northern Ireland and Wales. As well as being a 2019 Netball World Cup qualifier, the teams also played for World Netball Rankings points. England automatically qualified for the 2019 Netball World Cup as hosts. Scotland and Northern Ireland subsequently qualified for the main tournament with Wales missing out. The series was streamed live on BBC Sport and on Netball Europe's YouTube channel.

Wales national netball team
The Wales national netball team, also known as the Welsh Feathers, represents Wales Netball in international netball competitions such as the Netball World Cup, the Commonwealth Games, the Netball Europe Open Championships, Netball World Cup Qualifiers and the Netball Singapore Nations Cup. Since 2005–06, Wales has also effectively competed in the Netball Super League, initially playing as Celtic Dragons and more recently as Cardiff Dragons. As of 1 September 2025, Wales are listed 6th on the World Netball Rankings.
Gresham cat hostage taking incident
On August 21, 1994, an emotionally disturbed 28-year-old woman named Janet Marilyn Smith took her own pet Siamese cat hostage in a Fred Meyer store in Gresham, Oregon, United States.

Once officers from the Gresham Police Department officers arrived on the scene, Smith approached them while brandishing a kitchen knife. In reaction, one officer fatally shot her. The cat could not be found immediately after the incident but was later located hiding in the store. It was the first fatal shooting by Gresham police since the January 4, 1984, shooting of Mark R. Stomps after reports that he was on drugs, had a gun and was threatening to commit suicide.

Fred Meyer
Fred Meyer, Inc. is an American chain of hypermarket superstores and subsidiary of Kroger based in Portland, Oregon. The stores operate in the northwestern United States, with locations in Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and Alaska. The company was founded in 1922 by Fred G. Meyer in Portland. The chain was one of the first in the country to promote one-stop shopping, eventually combining a complete grocery supermarket with a drugstore, bank, clothing, jewelry, home decor, home improvement, garden, electronics, restaurant, shoes, sporting goods, and toys. Fred Meyer was acquired by Kroger in 1998, but the stores retained the Fred Meyer name.

Fred Meyer is the parent company of Fred Meyer Jewelers.
Raymond Merrick
Raymond F. Merrick (born October 18, 1939) is a Republican former member of the Kansas House of Representatives, representing district 27 from 2013 to 2017. He was elected Speaker of the Kansas House of Representatives in December 2012.

Kansas House of Representatives
The Kansas House of Representatives is the lower house of the legislature of the U.S. state of Kansas. Composed of 125 state representatives from districts with roughly equal populations of at least 19,000, its members are responsible for crafting and voting on legislation, helping to create a state budget, and legislative oversight over state agencies. Representatives are elected to two-year terms. The Kansas House of Representatives does not have term limits. The legislative session convenes at the Kansas State Capitol in Topeka annually.
Finally, Betty Carter
Finally, Betty Carter is a live album by Betty Carter. Though it was recorded in 1969, its release was delayed until 1975 because the master recording was stolen. A second album of material recorded from the same concert, Round Midnight, was released the same year.

Betty Carter
Betty Carter (born Lillie Mae Jones; May 16, 1929 – September 26, 1998) was an American jazz singer known for her improvisational technique, scatting and other complex musical abilities that demonstrated her vocal talent and imaginative interpretation of lyrics and melodies. Vocalist Carmen McRae once remarked: "There's really only one jazz singer—only one: Betty Carter.": xiv
Lew Moren
Lewis Howard "Hicks" Moren (August 4, 1883 – November 2, 1966) was a Major League Baseball pitcher. He pitched six seasons from 1903 to 1910: two seasons with the Pittsburgh Pirates and four seasons with the Philadelphia Phillies. In 1908, Moren was credited by the New York Press for inventing the knuckleball; however Eddie Cicotte is today more often cited as the inventor of the pitch.  Moren retired with a career record of 48 wins, 57 losses, and a 2.95 earned run average.

Moren committed suicide in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania by slitting his throat.

Eddie Cicotte
Edward Victor Cicotte (/ˈsiːkɒt/; June 19, 1884 – May 5, 1969), nicknamed "Knuckles", was an American right-handed pitcher in Major League Baseball best known for his time with the Chicago White Sox. He was one of eight players permanently ineligible for professional baseball for his alleged participation in the Black Sox scandal in the 1919 World Series, in which the favored White Sox lost to the Cincinnati Reds in eight games. The "fixing" of the 1919 World Series is the only recognized gambling scandal to tarnish a World Series.
Krishak Express
The 15007 / 15008 Krishak Express is an Indian Railways train of North Eastern Railway zone. It operates daily and covers a distance of 513 kilometres (319 mi) from Varanasi City to Lucknow Junction. Krishak Express reaches Lucknow Junction via Gorakhpur with total travel time of 12 Hours 45 Minutes while it completes the return journey to Varanasi City in 13 Hours 25 Minutes.

15007 - Starts Varanasi City at 17:00 Hrs and reach Lucknow Junction on 2nd day at 5:45 Hrs

15008 - Starts Lucknow Junction at 23:10 Hrs and reach Varanasi City on 2nd day at 12:35 Hrs

Lucknow Junction railway station
Lucknow Junction  (officially Lucknow NER, station code: LJN) is  a railway station in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. It is situated right next to Lucknow Charbagh railway station.

The station is part of the North Eastern Railway zone's Lucknow NER Division and the Lucknow-Kanpur Suburban Railway line.

It is also part of the Lucknow-Barabanki Suburban Railway, Lucknow-Moradabad line and Lucknow-Sitapur line.

This station is a (NSG 2)  category in North Eastern Railway. This station is situated in southern central part of Lucknow.

Nearby stations include Lucknow Charbagh (LKO) and Aishbagh (ASH).
Wayne Nunnely
Wayne Benjamin Nunnely (March 29, 1952 – February 16, 2021) was an American football coach. He served as the head football coach at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) from 1986 to 1989. He was later an assistant coach in the National Football League (NFL) with the New Orleans Saints, San Diego Chargers and Denver Broncos. Nunnely died on February 16, 2021.

University of Nevada, Las Vegas
The University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) is a public land-grant research university in Paradise, Nevada, United States. The 332-acre (134 ha) campus is about 1.6 mi (2.6 km) east of the Las Vegas Strip. It was formerly part of the University of Nevada from 1957 to 1969. It includes the Shadow Lane Campus, just east of the University Medical Center of Southern Nevada, which houses the School of Medicine and School of Dental Medicine. UNLV's law school, the William S. Boyd School of Law, is the only law school in the state.

It is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity". According to the National Science Foundation, UNLV spent $83 million on research and development in 2018, ranking it 165th in the nation.
Chennai City Gangsters
Chennai City Gangsters is a 2025 Indian Tamil-language comedy heist film written by Vikram Rajeshwar and directed along with Arun Keshav and produced by Bobby Balachandran under his BTG Universal banner. The film stars Vaibhav, Athulya Ravi and Manikandan Rajesh in the lead roles, alongside an ensemble cast including Anandaraj, Livingston, Rajendran, John Vijay, Redin Kingsley, and Ilavarasu in supporting roles. The film has music scored by D. Imman, cinematography handled by Tijo Tomy, and editing by Suresh A Prasad.

Chennai City Gangsters released in theatres on 20 June 2025.

Rajendran
Arunachalam Rajendran (born 1 June 1957), better known as Mottai Rajendran or Naan Kadavul Rajendran, is an Indian stunt double and actor working mainly in Tamil cinema. He debuted in 2003 with the Tamil film Pithamagan and has worked as a stunt double in over 500 South Indian films since then. He played the role of a villain in Naan Kadavul (2009) which won huge critical acclaim and fetched him the Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Villain. Since then, he has continued to play villainous and later humorous supporting characters in a number of Tamil films. He is noted for his rough voice and alopecia universalis, which he claims was the result of coming into contact with industrial waste during a stunt sequence.
Devin McGlamery
Jon Devin McGlamery (born June 9, 1982) is an American Christian music and Gospel Music recording artist and GMA Dove Award-winning artist. He is a former tenor member of Karen Peck and New River and former lead vocalist for the Dixie Melody Boys and Ernie Haase and Signature Sound.

GMA Dove Award
A Dove Award is an accolade by the Gospel Music Association (GMA) of the United States to recognize outstanding achievement in the Christian music industry. The awards ceremonies presented annually and have been held in Nashville, Tennessee except in 2011 and 2012 when they were held in Atlanta, Georgia. The ceremonies feature live musical performances and are broadcast on TBN.

The awards were established in 1969 and represent a variety of musical styles including rock, pop, hip hop, country, and urban.
Vesyoly, Vesyolovsky District, Rostov Oblast
Vesyoly (Russian: Весёлый) is a rural locality (a posyolok) in Vesyolovsky District of Rostov Oblast, Russia, located 100 kilometers (62 mi) (or 79 kilometers (49 mi) in a straight line) from Rostov-on-Don. Population: 9,175 (2010 Census); 8,820 (2002 Census).. It is also the administrative center of Vesyolovsky District.

Rostov Oblast
Rostov Oblast (Russian: Росто́вская о́бласть, romanized: Rostovskaya oblastʹ, IPA: [rɐˈstofskəjə ˈobləsʲtʲ]) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast), located in the Southern Federal District. The oblast has an area of 100,967 square kilometers (38,984 sq mi) and a population of 4,200,729 (2021 Census), making it the sixth most populous federal subject in Russia. Its administrative center is the city of Rostov-on-Don, which also became the administrative center of the Southern Federal District in 2002.
Rank of an abelian group
In mathematics, the rank, Prüfer rank, or torsion-free rank of an abelian group A is the cardinality of a maximal linearly independent subset. The rank of A determines the size of the largest free abelian group contained in A. If A is torsion-free then it embeds into a vector space over the rational numbers of dimension rank A. For finitely generated abelian groups, rank is a strong invariant and every such group is determined up to isomorphism by its rank and torsion subgroup. Torsion-free abelian groups of rank 1 have been completely classified. However, the theory of abelian groups of higher rank is more involved.

The term rank has a different meaning in the context of elementary abelian groups.

Linear independence
In linear algebra,  a set of vectors is said to be linearly independent if there exists no vector in the set that is equal to a linear combination of the other vectors in the set. If such a vector exists, then the vectors are said to be linearly dependent. Linear independence is part of the definition of linear basis.

A vector space can be of finite dimension or infinite dimension depending on the maximum number of linearly independent vectors.  The definition of linear dependence and the ability to determine whether a subset of vectors in a vector space is linearly dependent are central to determining the dimension of a vector space.
ENCODE
The Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) is a public research project which aims "to build a comprehensive parts list of functional elements in the human genome."

ENCODE also supports further biomedical research by "generating community resources of genomics data, software, tools and methods for genomics data analysis, and products resulting from data analyses and interpretations."

The current phase of ENCODE (2016-2019) is adding depth to its resources by growing the number of cell types, data types, assays and now includes support for examination of the mouse genome.

Human genome
The human genome is a complete set of DNA sequences for each of the 22 autosomes and the two distinct sex chromosomes (X and Y). A small DNA molecule is found within individual mitochondria. These are usually treated separately as the nuclear genome and the mitochondrial genome.

Human genomes include both genes and various other types of functional DNA elements. The latter is a diverse category that includes regulatory DNA scaffolding regions, telomeres, centromeres, and origins of replication. In addition, there are large numbers of transposable elements, inserted viral DNA, non-functional pseudogenes and simple, highly repetitive sequences. Introns make up a large percentage of the human genome.

Some of the genome is non-functional junk DNA, such as pseudogenes, but there is no firm consensus on the total amount of junk DNA.
Victory Road (2023)
The 2023 Victory Road was the 17th Victory Road professional wrestling event produced by Impact Wrestling. It took place on September 8, 2023, at the Westchester County Center in White Plains, New York, and aired on Impact Plus and YouTube.

Twelve matches were contested at the event, including two on the pre-show and one taped as a digital exclusive. In the main event, Josh Alexander defeated Steve Maclin. In other prominent matches, Trinity defeated Alisha Edwards to retain the Impact Knockouts World Championship, and The Rascalz (Trey Miguel and Zachary Wentz) defeated The Motor City Machine Guns (Alex Shelley and Chris Sabin) to retain the Impact World Tag Team Championship. Also at this event, it was announced that Mike Tenay and the late Don West would be inducted into the Impact Hall of Fame at Bound for Glory.

Trey Miguel
Trey McBrayer (born August 30, 1994), better known by his ring name Trey Miguel, is an American professional wrestler. He is signed to Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA), where he is the current TNA International Champion in his first reign. He is also a former two-time Impact X Division Champion and one-time Impact World Tag Team Champion. He also made appearances on WWE's NXT brand.
Armand Benneker
Armand Benneker (born 25 June 1969) is a Dutch former professional footballer who played as a defender. He is a first team scout for English club Manchester United. As a player, he appeared for MVV Maastricht in the Netherlands, Dundee United in Scotland and several Austrian clubs, including Austria Lustenau.

SC Austria Lustenau
Sportclub Austria Lustenau is a professional football club based in the town of Lustenau, Vorarlberg, Austria, that competes in the 2. Liga, the second tier of the Austrian football league system. Founded in 1914, it is affiliated to the Vorarlberg Football Association. The team plays its home matches at Reichshofstadion, where it has been based since 1951. The club's history includes several cup finals, numerous promotions and relegations, and some spells of sustained success.

The club won the 2021–22 Austrian Football Second League and returned to the Austrian Football Bundesliga for the 2022–23 season for the first time in 22 years.
William F. Bell
William Fraser Bell BA (November 10, 1938 – July 28, 2013) was former mayor of Richmond Hill, Ontario from 1988 to 2006, and Ward 3 councillor from 1981 to 1988.

Bell was born in Toronto, Ontario to William R. and Audrey Bell and grew up in North York, Ontario. After graduating for Earl Haig Secondary School Bell studied political science at the University of Toronto. Bell later moved to Richmond Hill, Ontario and before politics Bell was a buyer and purchasing director in the food services industry.

Bell died in Richmond Hill, Ontario on July 29, 2013 and survived by wife Jackie, daughters Kate and Julie.

Richmond Hill, Ontario
Richmond Hill (2021 population: 202,022) is a city in south-central York Region, Ontario, Canada. Part of the Greater Toronto Area, it is the York Region's third most populous municipality and the 27th most populous municipality in Canada. Richmond Hill is situated between the cities of Markham and Vaughan, north of Thornhill, and south of Aurora.

Richmond Hill has seen significant population growth since the 1990s. It became a city in 2019 after being a town since 1957. The city is home to the David Dunlap Observatory telescope, the largest telescope in Canada.
Wezup
Wezup is a village in the Netherlands that is a part of the Coevorden municipality in Drenthe.
North of Wezup is Wezuperbrug and to the east is Zweeloo.

Wezup is an esdorp which was first mentioned in 1284 as Wesepe, and means "brook through the meadow". In 1488, it became a boermarke, a communal and private land which was autonomous. In 1840, it was home to 168 people.

Zweeloo
Zweeloo is a village in the municipality of Coevorden, located in the province of Drenthe, in northeastern Netherlands.

Zweeloo was a separate municipality from 1819 to 1998, when it was merged with Coevorden. Zweeloo is known for its Reformed Church that was built back in 13th century.