hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Ramanujam–Samuel theorem
In algebraic geometry, the Ramanujam–Samuel theorem gives conditions for a divisor of a local ring to be principal.

It was introduced independently by Samuel (1962) in answer to a question of Grothendieck and by C. P. Ramanujam in an appendix to a paper by Seshadri (1963), and was generalized by Grothendieck (1967, Theorem 21.14.1).

Pierre Samuel
Pierre Samuel (12 September 1921 – 23 August 2009) was a French mathematician, known for his work in commutative algebra and its applications to algebraic geometry. The two-volume work Commutative Algebra that he wrote with Oscar Zariski is a classic. Other books of his covered projective geometry and algebraic number theory.
Human relations movement
Human relations movement refers to the researchers of organizational development who study the behaviour of people in groups, particularly in workplace groups and other related concepts in fields such as industrial and organizational psychology. It originated in the 1930s' Hawthorne studies, which examined the effects of social relations, motivation and employee satisfaction on factory productivity. The movement viewed workers in terms of their psychology and fit with companies, rather than as interchangeable parts, and it resulted in the creation of the discipline of human relations management.

Group dynamics
Group dynamics is a system of behaviors and psychological processes occurring within a social group (intragroup dynamics), or between social groups (intergroup dynamics). The study of group dynamics can be useful in understanding decision-making behavior, tracking the spread of diseases in society, creating effective therapy techniques, and following the emergence and popularity of new ideas and technologies. These applications of the field are studied in psychology, sociology, anthropology, political science, epidemiology, education, social work, leadership studies, business and managerial studies, as well as communication studies.
Haigakura
Haigakura (ハイガクラ) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Shinobu Takayama. It was initially serialized in Ichijinsha's shōjo manga magazine Comic Zero Sum WARD from January 2008 to May 2015, when the magazine ceased publication, and was later transferred to the Zero-Sum Online manga website in September 2015. Its chapters have been collected in seventeen tankōbon volumes as of October 2024.

An anime television series adaptation produced by Typhoon Graphics aired from October 2024 to September 2025.

Typhoon Graphics
Typhoon Graphics Co., Ltd. (Japanese: 株式会社颱風グラフィックス) is a Japanese animation studio founded on May 1, 2014. The studio was founded by former Anime International Company (AIC) animation producer and editor Takashi Sakurai. Some of the studio's employees include ex-members from AIC's post-production department.
Exit 57
Exit 57 is a 30-minute sketch comedy series that aired on the American television channel Comedy Central from 1995 to 1996; its original timeslot was Sundays at 10:00 p.m., but was later moved to Tuesdays at 9:00 p.m. The cast was composed of comedians Stephen Colbert, Paul Dinello, Jodi Lennon, Mitch Rouse, and Amy Sedaris, all of whom had previously studied improv at The Second City in Chicago. In 1999 Sedaris, Dinello, Colbert and Rouse also created the Comedy Central show Strangers with Candy.

All of the sketches in the series are implied to take place in the fictionalized suburban setting of the Quad Cities.

Quad Cities
The Quad Cities is a region of five cities in the U.S. states of Iowa and Illinois: Davenport and Bettendorf in southeastern Iowa, and Rock Island, Moline, and East Moline in northwestern Illinois. These cities are the center of the Quad Cities metropolitan area, a region within the Mississippi River Valley, which as of 2023, had a population estimate of 467,817 and a Combined Statistical Area (CSA) population of 474,019, making it the 90th-largest CSA in the nation.
Victoria Clarke (psychologist)
Victoria Clarke is a UK-based chartered psychologist and an Associate Professor in Qualitative and Critical Psychology at the University of the West England, Bristol. Her work focuses on qualitative psychology and critical psychology, and her background and training is in the fields of women studies, feminist psychology, LGBTQ psychology, and qualitative methods. She is particularly known for her ongoing collaboration with Professor Virginia Braun around qualitative methods. Braun and Clarke developed a widely cited approach to thematic analysis in 2006 and have published extensively around thematic analysis since then. They have also collaborated on an award-winning qualitative research textbook and more recently have published around the qualitative story completion method with the Story Completion Research Group.

LGBTQ psychology
LGBTQ psychology is a field of psychology surrounding the lives of LGBTQ+ individuals, in particular the diverse range of psychological perspectives and experiences of these individuals. It covers different aspects such as identity development including the coming out process, parenting and family practices and support for LGBTQ+ individuals, as well as issues of prejudice and discrimination involving the LGBTQ community.
Velestino-Kalampaka railway
The Velestino–Kalambaka railway (Greek: Σιδηροδρομική γραμμή Βελεστίνου - Καλαμπάκας, romanized: Sidirodromikí grammí Velestino - Kalambákas) was an unelectrified Metre-gauge single-track railway regional railway line that connected Velestino in Central Greece, with Kalampaka. The Line has been converted to standard gauge (1435 mm), however, several stations have since closed, and while the line is still (mostly) operational, trains no longer connect Velestino with Kalampaka, via Palaiofarsalos.

Larissa–Volos railway
The railway from Larissa to Volos (Greek: Σιδηροδρομική γραμμή Λαρίσης - Βόλου, romanized: Sidirodromikí grammí Lárisas - Vólou) is a standard-gauge railway that connects Larissa with the coastal port city of Volos in Thessaly, Greece. It is Thessaly's most important regional line after the Palaiofarsalos–Kalambaka railway. As a branch line of the Piraeus–Platy railway, its western terminus at Larissa provides connections to Athens and Thessaloniki.
Escargot de Quimper
Elona quimperiana, common name the escargot de Quimper ("Quimper snail"), is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Elonidae.

Elona is a monotypic genus, i.e. it contains only one species, Elona quimperiana. The specific name comes from the city of Quimper in Brittany, France.

This snail is mentioned in annexes II and IV of the Habitats Directive.

Quimper
Quimper (US: /kæ̃ˈpɛər/, French: [kɛ̃pɛʁ] ⓘ; Breton: Kemper [ˈkẽmpəʁ]; Latin: Civitas Aquilonia or Corisopitum) is a commune and prefecture of the Finistère department of Brittany in northwestern France.
Ardian Syaf
Ardian Syaf is an Indonesian comic book artist. He has worked for DC Comics, Marvel Comics, and Dynamite Entertainment.

In April 2017 he became embroiled in controversy for inserting hidden anti-semitic and anti-Christian messages in X-Men Gold #1, for which his contract with Marvel Comics was terminated.

X-Men Gold
X-Men: Gold is a comic book series published by Marvel Comics and initially created by writer Marc Guggenheim and artist Ardian Syaf. This series builds off of plot points established in X-Men Prime. The first issue was released April 5, 2017, with the last issue released on September 19, 2018.
Salisu Buhari
Salisu Buhari (born 3 January 1970) is a former Speaker of the House of Representatives of Nigeria. In 1999, he resigned from office over allegations of certificate forgery. He was later convicted of certificate forgery and sentenced to two years in prison with an option of a fine. He paid the fine and was later pardoned by President Olusegun Obasanjo.

House of Representatives (Nigeria)
The House of Representatives (also called Green Chamber) is the lower chamber of Nigeria's bicameral National Assembly. The Senate is the upper chamber.

The Green Chamber has 360 members who are elected in single-member constituencies using the plurality (or first-past-the-post) system, most recently in 2023. Members serve four-year terms. The presiding officer of the house is the Speaker, currently Tajudden Abbas (as of May 2024).
Michael Eury
Michael "Mike" Eury (born September 28, 1957) is an editor and writer of comic books, and of reference works pertaining to comic books and other aspects of pop culture. He has worked for DC Comics, Dark Horse Comics and Comico Comics, having worked on books including Maze Agency and The Legion of Super-Heroes, originating practices such as the loose leaf format of DC's Who's Who in the DC Universe reference series.

In 2002 he began workin for TwoMorrows Publishing, and since 2003, has edited the retrospective magazine Back Issue! He is also an advisor for the Overstreet Comic Book Price Guide, and as of 2018, he has written over two dozen books examining aspects of pop culture.

Eury was diagnosed with otosclerosis in 1994, and wears dual hearing aids. He is an advocate for the rights of people with hearing loss.

Maze Agency
The Maze Agency is an American mystery comic book series created by Mike W. Barr and first professionally published in 1988. It revolves around a pair of detectives (Jennifer Mays and Gabriel Webb) and their adventures solving puzzling murders. The Maze Agency was a 1989 nominee for the Will Eisner Comic Industry Awards for Best New Series.
1992 Albanian Supercup
The 1992 Albanian Supercup was the fourth edition of the Albanian Supercup since its establishment in 1989. The match was contested between the Albanian Cup 1992 winners KS Elbasani and the 1991–92 Albanian Superliga champions KS Vllaznia.

KS Elbasani won 3-2 in extra time.

1991–92 Albanian Cup
1991–92 Albanian Cup (Albanian: Kupa e Shqipërisë) was the fortieth season of Albania's annual cup competition. It began in August 1991 with the First Round and ended in May 1992 with the Final match. The winners of the competition qualified for the 1992-93 first round of the UEFA Cup. Partizani were the defending champions, having won their twelfth Albanian Cup last season. The cup was won by Elbasani.

The first round was played in a single round-robin matches within 8 qualifying groups. The other rounds were played in a one-legged format similar to those of European competitions. If the number of goals was equal, the match was decided by extra time and a penalty shootout, if necessary.
Edgar Rubin
Edgar John Rubin (September 6, 1886 – May 3, 1951) was a Danish psychologist/phenomenologist, remembered for his work on figure-ground perception as seen in such optical illusions like the Rubin vase.

Born to Jewish parents, Rubin was born and raised in Copenhagen. Enrolling at the University of Copenhagen in 1904, he majored in psychology and finished his magister artium examination in philosophy in 1910.

Figure–ground (perception)
Figure–ground organization is a type of perceptual grouping that is a vital necessity for recognizing objects through vision. In Gestalt psychology it is known as identifying a figure from the background. For example, black words on a printed paper are seen as the "figure", and the white sheet as the "background".
Clearnet (networking)
Clearnet is a term that typically refers to the publicly accessible Internet. Sometimes "clearnet" is used as a synonym for "surface web"—excluding both darknets and the deep web. The World Wide Web is one of the most popular distributed services on the Internet, and the surface web is composed of the web pages and databases that are indexed by traditional search engines.

"Clearnet" can be seen as the opposite of the term "darknet", which typically describes the services built on Tor or other anonymity networks, the connection to which is encrypted and anonymized. Because the darknet is not publicly accessible, it is part of the deep web. The term "deep web", describes those parts of the Internet that are not indexed, whether or not they are publicly accessible. It includes web portals to databases that require text searches, and interactive web sites that require more user input than simply clicking hyperlinks.

Tor (network)
Tor is a free overlay network for enabling anonymous communication. It is built on free and open-source software run by over seven thousand volunteer-operated relays worldwide, as well as by millions of users who route their internet traffic via random paths through these relays. This technique is called onion routing.

Using Tor makes it more difficult to trace a user's internet activity by preventing any single point on the internet (other than the user's device) from being able to view both where traffic originated from and where it is ultimately going to at the same time. This conceals a user's location and usage from anyone performing network surveillance or traffic analysis from any such point, protecting the user's freedom and ability to communicate confidentially.
Habronattus mexicanus
Habronattus mexicanus is a species of jumping spider in the genus Habronattus. The species was first identified in 1896 in Mexico, after which it is named, originally allocated to the genus Habrocestum. The species has subsequently been identified in locations in North and Central America, as well as islands in the Caribbean Sea. The spider is small, but displays one of the most complex sexual displays, including sophisticated vibratory song patterns.

Jumping spider
Jumping spiders are spiders in the family Salticidae, with almost 700 genera and around 7,000 described species, making it the largest family of spiders – comprising 13% of spider species. Jumping spiders have some of the best vision among arthropods — being capable of stereoptic color vision — and use sight in courtship, hunting, and navigation.

Although they normally move unobtrusively and fairly slowly, most species are capable of very agile jumps, notably when hunting, but sometimes in response to sudden threats or crossing long gaps. Both their book lungs and tracheal system are well-developed, and they use both systems (bimodal breathing). Jumping spiders are generally recognized by their eye pattern. All jumping spiders have four pairs of eyes, with the anterior median pair (the two front middle eyes) being particularly large.
2004 Chūetsu earthquake
The Chūetsu earthquake (中越地震, Chūetsu jishin) occurred in Niigata Prefecture, Japan, at 17:56:00 JST (08:56:00 UTC) on 23 October 2004. The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) officially named it the "Heisei 16 Niigata Prefecture Chūetsu Earthquake" (平成16年新潟県中越地震, Heisei ju-roku-nen Niigata-ken Chuetsu Jishin).  The reverse-faulting shock achieved a maximum JMA seismic intensity of Shindo 7 and Modified Mercalli intensity of XI–XII (Extreme). It caused widespread destruction and casualties in Niigata Prefecture, while also causing damage and injuries in Fukushima, Gunma, Saitama and Nagano Prefectures.

At least 68 people were killed, of which 52 were disaster-related deaths aggravated by illnesses and stress attributed to the earthquake and its effects. More than 131,600 houses were damaged in four prefectures, of which 17,700 partially or fully collapsed. It caused economic losses of US$40 billion, which made it the second costliest natural disaster in history at the time.

Gunma Prefecture
Gunma Prefecture (群馬県, Gunma-ken; Japanese pronunciation: [ɡɯꜜm.ma, ɡɯm.maꜜ.keɴ]) is a landlocked prefecture of Japan located in the Kantō region of Honshu. Gunma Prefecture has a population of 1,937,626 (1 October 2019) and has a geographic area of 6,362 square kilometres (2,456 sq mi). Gunma Prefecture borders Niigata Prefecture and Fukushima Prefecture to the north, Nagano Prefecture to the southwest, Saitama Prefecture to the south, and Tochigi Prefecture to the east.

Maebashi is the capital and Takasaki is the largest city of Gunma Prefecture, with other major cities including Ōta, Isesaki, and Kiryū. Gunma Prefecture is one of only eight landlocked prefectures, located on the northwestern corner of the Kantō Plain with 14% of its total land being designated as natural parks.
Bishopric of Havelberg
The Bishopric of Havelberg (German: Bistum Havelberg) was a Catholic diocese founded by King Otto I of Germany in 946, from 968 a suffragan to the Archbishops of Magedeburg. A Prince-bishopric (Hochstift) from 1151, Havelberg as a result of the Protestant Reformation was secularised and finally annexed by the margraves of Brandenburg in 1598.

Prince-bishop
A prince-bishop is a bishop who is also the civil ruler of some secular principality and sovereignty, as opposed to Prince of the Church itself, a title associated with cardinals. Since 1951, the sole extant prince-bishop has been the Bishop of Urgell, Catalonia, who has remained ex officio one of two co-princes of Andorra, along with the French president.
Jonas Brothers Live 2013
The Jonas Brothers Live 2013 was the ninth concert tour by American pop/rock band, the Jonas Brothers, before their split on October 29, 2013. This tour included cities in the United States and Canada to promote their unreleased album V after their fourth studio album, Lines, Vines and Trying Times (2009).

On October 9, 2013, the group cancelled their highly anticipated comeback tour days before it was slated to start, citing a "deep rift within the band" over "creative differences", later announcing their break-up as a band on October 29, 2013. After their split, the band released their second live album after the tour ended, which is composed of live performances from their Los Angeles and Uncasville shows and five original studio recordings that would've been on V.

Live (Jonas Brothers album)
LiVe is the second live album by American pop rock band Jonas Brothers, released on November 26, 2013, in the US exclusively on their website. The record marks their last release as a band before their break-up in 2013.

The album was stylized with an uppercase "V" for the number five in the Roman numeral, a reference to the original cancelled fifth studio album that was due for release in late 2013. It was recorded between July 23 and August 16, 2013, at Mohegan Sun Arena and Gibson Amphitheatre during their final tour before the band's breakup.
Zhejiangcun
Zhejiang (Chinese: 浙江村; pinyin: Zhèjiāngcūn "Zhejiang Village") was a community of migrant workers around the Nanyuan-Dahongmen area, within Fengtai District, Beijing. These workers originated from Zhejiang, with most of them from Wenzhou.

Dahongmen Subdistrict
Dahongmen Subdistrict (Chinese: 大红门街道; pinyin: Dàhóngmén Jiēdào) is a subdistrict on the east side of Fengtai District, Beijing, China. It borders Xiluoyuan Subdistrict to the north, Xiaohongmen Township to the east, Nanyuan Township to the south, Majiabao Subdistrict to the west, and contains exclaves of Nanyuan Township within. The result of the 2020 Census determined the population to be at 177,946.

This subdistrict's name (Chinese: 大红门; lit. 'Big Red Gate') referred to a former gate of Imperial Garden that once existed in this region during the Ming and Qing dynasty.
Dole pri Polici
Dole pri Polici (pronounced [ˈdoːlɛ pɾi pɔˈliːtsi]) is a settlement northwest of Polica in the Municipality of Grosuplje in central Slovenia. The area is part of the historical region of Lower Carniola. The municipality is now included in the Central Slovenia Statistical Region.

Polica, Grosuplje
Polica (pronounced [pɔˈliːtsa]; German: Politz) is a settlement in the Municipality of Grosuplje in central Slovenia. The area is part of the historical region of Lower Carniola. The municipality is now included in the Central Slovenia Statistical Region.
Cuisine of Wisconsin
The cuisine of Wisconsin is a type of Midwestern cuisine found throughout the state of Wisconsin in the United States. Known as "America's Dairyland", Wisconsin is famous for its cheese as well as other dairy products, such as cheese curds and frozen custard. Other notable foods common to the region include bratwursts, beer, brandy Old Fashioned cocktails, butter burgers, fish fries and fish boils, cranberries, and booyah stew.

Fish boil
A fish boil is a culinary tradition in areas of Wisconsin and along the coastal Upper Great Lakes, with large Scandinavian populations. Fish boils enjoy a particularly strong presence in Door County, Port Wing and Port Washington, Wisconsin. The meal most often consists of Lake Michigan or Lake Superior whitefish (though lake trout or salmon can be used), with other ingredients.
Robo Machine
Robo Machine was a European transforming robot toyline released by Bandai from 1982 to 1988. Robo Machines was a short-lived revival from late 1992 to 1993. The line was initially a European release of the Machine Robo line, before gradually becoming the counterpart to Tonka’s Gobots line. The line appeared in the UK, France and Germany, amongst others.

Tonka
Tonka is an American brand and former manufacturer of toy trucks. The company was founded in 1946 and operated as an independent manufacturer of popular steel toy construction type trucks and machinery, until its sale to Hasbro in 1991.
Mason Mount
Mason Tony Mount (born 10 January 1999) is an English professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Premier League club Manchester United.

Mount began his senior club career with Chelsea, and joined Vitesse Arnhem and Derby County on consecutive loans between 2017 and 2019. He established himself as an integral player for Chelsea in the following years, and won the UEFA Champions League, the UEFA Super Cup, and the FIFA Club World Cup in 2021. He was named Chelsea Player of the Year in the 2020–21 and 2021–22 seasons. Mount left Chelsea in July 2023, and was signed by Manchester United for an initial transfer fee of £55 million.

Mount won the UEFA European Under-19 Championship with the England national under-19 team in 2017. He made his senior debut in 2019, aged 20, and was part of the England team at UEFA Euro 2020 and the 2022 FIFA World Cup.

UEFA European Under-19 Championship
The UEFA European Under-19 Championship, or simply the Euro Under-19, is an annual football competition, contested by the European men's under-19 national teams of the UEFA member associations.

Spain is the most successful team in this competition, having won twelve titles. Netherlands are the current champions.
Afrobeata firma
Afrobeata firma is  a species of jumping spider in the genus Afrobeata that lives in Yemen. The species was first described in 1994 by Wanda Wesołowska and Antonius van Harten. The spider has a carapace measuring between 2.9 and 3.6 mm (0.11 and 0.14 in) long and an abdomen between 2.9 and 4.2 mm (0.11 and 0.17 in) long. It is generally dark brown, although the underside is lighter. The male has a pattern of chevrons and spots on its abdomen. The female has shiny scales. The male also has distinctively-shaped teeth to the rear of the chelicerae while the female has a single bicuspid tooth. The front legs of the male are longer than the rest. The female copulatory organs are similar to the related Afrobeata latithorax but the seminal ducts are distinctive. They are complex and coiled, surrounding the heavily sclerotized spermathecae. The male has a small tooth-like appendage on its palpal tibia, or tibial apophysis, and a very long thin embolus that circles the round palpal bulb.

Palpal bulb
The two palpal bulbs – also known as palpal organs and genital bulbs – are the copulatory organs of a male spider. They are borne on the last segment of the pedipalps (the front "limbs" of a spider), giving the spider an appearance often described as like wearing boxing gloves. The palpal bulb does not actually produce sperm, being used only to transfer it to the female. Palpal bulbs are only fully developed in adult male spiders and are not completely visible until after the final moult. In the majority of species of spider, the bulbs have complex shapes and are important in identification.