hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Calkin–Wilf tree
In number theory, the Calkin–Wilf tree is a tree in which the vertices correspond one-to-one to the positive rational numbers. The tree is rooted at the number 1, and any rational number q expressed in simplest terms as the fraction ⁠a/b⁠ has as its two children the numbers ⁠1/1+1/q⁠ = ⁠a/a + b⁠ and q + 1 = ⁠a + b/b⁠. Every positive rational number appears exactly once in the tree. It is named after Neil Calkin and Herbert Wilf, but appears in other works including Kepler's Harmonices Mundi.

The sequence of rational numbers in a breadth-first traversal of the Calkin–Wilf tree is known as the Calkin–Wilf sequence. Its sequence of numerators (or, offset by one, denominators) is Stern's diatomic series, and can be computed by the fusc function.

Herbert Wilf
Herbert Saul Wilf (June 13, 1931 – January 7, 2012) was an American mathematician, specializing in combinatorics and graph theory.  He was the Thomas A. Scott Professor of Mathematics in Combinatorial Analysis and Computing at the University of Pennsylvania.  He wrote numerous books and research papers. Together with Neil Calkin he founded  The Electronic Journal of Combinatorics in 1994 and was its editor-in-chief until 2001.
George Mullin (VC)
George Harry Mullin VC, MM (15 August 1891 – 5 April 1963) was an American-Canadian soldier in the Canadian army. Mullin was a recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

Military Medal
The Military Medal (MM) was a military decoration awarded to personnel of the British Army and other arms of the armed forces, and to personnel of other Commonwealth countries, below commissioned rank, for bravery in battle on land. The award was established in 1916, with retrospective application to 1914, and was awarded to other ranks for "acts of gallantry and devotion to duty under fire". The award was discontinued in 1993, when it was replaced by the Military Cross, which was extended to all ranks, while other Commonwealth nations instituted their own award systems in the post war period.
Kate Bronfenbrenner
Kate Bronfenbrenner (born March 23, 1954) is an American labor historian who is the Director of Labor Education Research at the Cornell University School of Industrial and Labor Relations.  She is a leading authority on successful strategies in labor union organizing, and on the effects of outsourcing and offshoring on workers and worker rights.

New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations at Cornell University
The New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations at Cornell University (ILR) is an industrial relations school and one of Cornell University's statutory colleges. The school has five academic departments which include: Labor Economics, Human Resource Management, Global Labor and Work, Organizational Behavior, and Statistics & Data Science.

Established by the state legislature in 1945, the school is a statutory or contract college through the State University of New York (SUNY) system and receives funding from the State of New York. It was the world's first school for college-level study in workplace issues and remains as one of the leading institutions for industrial relations. In addition to its undergraduate curriculum, the school offers professional and doctoral degrees, as well as executive education programs.
CSM Flacăra Moreni
Club Sportiv Municipal Flacăra Moreni, (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈflakəra moˈrenʲ]), commonly known as Flacăra Moreni or simply as Flacăra, is a Romanian football club based in Moreni, Dâmbovița County currently playing in the Liga III.

The team was founded by English and Dutch engineers from the local oil rig as Astra-Română Moreni in 1922. During the communist period, Flacăra was taken over by the Securitate with the involvement of director Tudor Postelnicu, who had previously worked as an iron lathe operator in the city.

In the 1988–89 season, the club finished fourth in the top flight and earned a place in the UEFA Cup. Flacăra lost 1–4 to Porto on aggregate in the first round, and at the end of that campaign was relegated as a result of the fall of communism. It has since only played in the lower leagues.

1988–89 Divizia A
The 1988–89 Divizia A was the seventy-first season of Divizia A, the top-level football league of Romania. The Dinamo versus Steaua football derby match played on 3 December 1988 was the subject of the 2014 Romanian documentary film The Second Game (Romanian: Al doilea joc) directed by Corneliu Porumboiu.
Gothic War in Spain (416–418)
The Gothic War in Spain was a military operation of the Visigoths commissioned by the West Roman Empire. This operation consisted of multiple campaigns that took place between 416 and 418 and were directed against the Vandals and the Alans to restore Roman power in the Spanish provinces of Betica, Lusitania and Cartaginense. As far as is known, the Roman field army was not involved in the battles, only foederati units fought on the side of the Romans. According to 
Thompson the Hasdingi in Gallaecia played  a dubious role in this war.

E. A. Thompson
Edward Arthur Thompson FBA (22 May 1914 – 1 January 1994) was an Irish-born British Marxist historian of classics and medieval studies. He was professor and director of the classics department at the University of Nottingham from 1948 to 1979, and a fellow of the British Academy. Thompson was a pioneer in the study of late antiquity, and was for decades the most prominent British scholar in this field. He was particularly interested in the relations between Ancient Rome and "barbarian" peoples such as the Huns and Visigoths, and has been credited with revitalizing English-language scholarship on the history of early Germanic peoples. Thompson's works on these subjects have been highly influential.
Sanjay Puran Singh Chauhan
Sanjay Puran Singh Chauhan is an Indian film director and screenwriter, who is most known for his works mainly in Hindi cinema. He won the Indira Gandhi Award for Best Debut Film of a Director at the 2009 National Film Award. In 2021, he won the National Film Award for Best Direction for the film 72 Hoorain.

National Film Award for Best Debut Film of a Director
The National Film Award for Best Debut Film of a Director is one of the National Film Awards presented annually by the National Film Development Corporation of India. It is one of several awards presented for feature films and awarded with Golden Lotus (Swarna Kamal).

The award was instituted in 1980, at 28th National Film Awards and has been awarded annually for films produced in the year across the country, in all Indian languages; Hindi (11 Awards), Bengali and Malayalam (9 Awards each), Tamil (5 Awards), Marathi (4 Awards), Assamese, English and Telugu (2 each), Haryanvi, Jasari, Karbi and Ladakhi (1 Each).

The award includes 'Golden Lotus Award' (Swarna Kamal) and cash prize. Until 69th edition, the award was given to director and producer. The name was shortened to Best Debut Film of a Director since 70th National Film Awards, and the director alone is awarded. The prize money was increased to ₹3,00,000.
Jesse Hawley (American football)
Jesse Barnum Hawley Jr. (March 25, 1887 – March 21, 1946) was an American football coach, inventor, and president of Hawley Products Company. He was the head coach at the University of Iowa from 1910 to 1915 and at Dartmouth College from 1923 to 1928, compiling a career college football record of 63–28–1. Hawley was the tenth head coach in Iowa football history and led Dartmouth to a national championship in 1925. In 1935, Hawley developed a tropical pressed fiber sun helmet that was adopted in 1940 by the United States military. Approximately 250,000 of Hawley's military sun helmets were produced during World War II by Hawley Products Company and the International Hat Company.

Iowa Hawkeyes football
The Iowa Hawkeyes football program represents the University of Iowa in college football. The Hawkeyes compete in the Big Ten Conference. Iowa joined the Conference (then known as the Western Conference or Big Nine) in 1899 and played their first Conference football season in 1900. They are a Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). The Hawkeyes play their home games in Iowa City, Iowa, at Kinnick Stadium, with a capacity of 69,250. The Hawkeyes are coached by Kirk Ferentz, who is in his 27th season as the head coach and is the longest current tenured head coach in NCAA Division I FBS. The Hawkeyes have won 13 conference championships (including 11 in the Big Ten). Iowa has been ranked #1 in the AP and Coaches Poll 15 times.
India women's national under-20 football team
The India women's national under-20 football team represents India in international women's under-20 football in the AFC U-20 Women's Asian Cup and the FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup. It is controlled by the AIFF.

AFC U-20 Women's Asian Cup
The AFC U-20 Women's Asian Cup is an association football tournament for women's national teams under the age of 20, organized by the Asian Football Confederation (AFC) every two years, and serves as a qualifying competition for the FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup. It was first played in 2002 as the AFC U-19 Women's Championship with an upper age limit of 19. Starting from the 2022 edition, the age limit was raised to 20. Moreover, the tournament was rebranded from the "AFC U-19 Women's Championship" to the "AFC U-20 Women's Asian Cup".

The current champion is North Korea, which won the 2024 final 2–1 against Japan. Japan is also the most successful team in the tournament, having won six times.
Roads and freeways in metropolitan Detroit
The Detroit metropolitan area in southeast Michigan is served by a comprehensive network of roads and highways. Three primary Interstate Highways pass through the region, along with three auxiliary Interstates, and multiple state and U.S. Highways. These are supplemented by the Mile Road System, a series of local roads spaced one mile apart on a perpendicular grid.

Many of the grid's east-west roads are known by numbers, such as 8 Mile Road, the system's baseline and Detroit's northern border. Intersecting this grid are five diagonal spokes, major arterial roads which travel from downtown to the suburbs. Most major roads in the city and suburbs follow this grid, though streets in some areas (particularly within Detroit, and near Lake St. Clair and other lakes) deviate.

Jefferson Avenue (Detroit)
Jefferson Avenue is a 63.71-mile-long (102.53 km) scenic road along the eastern part of the Detroit metropolitan area in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of Michigan. It travels alongside Lake Erie, the Detroit River, and Lake St. Clair. This road also provides access to many recreational facilities in the area. West Jefferson Avenue is primarily commercial, while East Jefferson Avenue contains a historic residential district.
Abdullahi Baffa Bichi
Abdullahi Baffa Bichi (born 1969) is a Nigerian academician and politician who served as the Executive Secretary of the Tertiary Education Trust Fund TETFund from year of 2016 to 2019. He also served as the Secretary to the State Government of Kano State from year of 2023 to December 2024 under the administration of Governor Abba Kabir Yusuf.

Tertiary Education Trust Fund
The Tertiary Education Trust Fund (TETFund), is a scheme established by the Federal Government of Nigeria in 2011 to disburse, manage, and monitor the funding of government-owned tertiary education in Nigeria.

Before the establishment of the scheme, public tertiary education had become ineffective as a result of poor funding. The scheme was designed to improve the sector.
Territorial Prelature of Schneidemühl
The Territorial Prelature of Schneidemühl or Territorial Prelature of Piła (German: Freie Prälatur Schneidemühl, Latin: Territorialis Praelatura Schneidemuhlensis, Polish: Niezależna Prałatura Pilska) was a Roman Catholic territorial prelature in first Germany (Nazi Germany as of 1933) and then Poland. It covered the territory of the Prussian Province of the Frontier March of Posen-West Prussia, but also the territories of the Lauenburg and Bütow (Lębork and Bytów) Land and the former Starostwo of Draheim (Drahim), which were parts of the Province of Pomerania at the time. It was named after its seat in Schneidemühl (Piła) and belonged to the Eastern German Ecclesiastical Province under the Breslau/Wrocław Metropolia since 1930.

Lauenburg and Bütow Land
Lauenburg and Bütow Land (German: Länder or Lande Lauenburg und Bütow, Kashubian: Lãbòrskò-bëtowskô Zemia, Polish: Ziemia lęborsko-bytowska) formed a historical region in the western part of Pomerelia (Polish and papal historiography) or in the eastern part of Farther Pomerania (German historiography). It was composed of two districts centered on the towns of Lauenburg (Lębork) and Bütow (Bytów). The land is today part of the Polish Pomeranian Voivodeship.
Viroplasm
A viroplasm, sometimes called "virus factory" or "virus inclusion", is an inclusion body in a cell where viral replication and assembly occurs. They may be thought of as viral factories in the cell. There can be many viroplasms in one infected cell, where they appear dense to electron microscopy. Very little is understood about the mechanism of viroplasm formation.

Viral replication
Viral replication is the formation of biological viruses during the infection process in the target host cells.  Viruses must first get into the cell before viral replication can occur.  Through the generation of abundant copies of its genome and packaging these copies, the virus continues infecting new hosts.  Replication between viruses is greatly varied and depends on the type of genes involved in them. Most DNA viruses assemble in the nucleus while most RNA viruses develop solely in cytoplasm.
Lord Mengchang
Lord Mengchang (simplified Chinese: 孟尝君; traditional Chinese: 孟嘗君; pinyin: Mèngchángjūn; died 279 BC), born Tian Wen, was an aristocrat and statesman of the Qi Kingdom of ancient China, one of the famed Four Lords of the Warring States period. He was a son of Tian Ying and grandson of King Wei of Qi. He succeeded to his father's fief in Xue. Lord Mengchang is well known for the size of his entourage. According to the Records of the Grand Historian, he had up to three thousand people in his retinue. Lord Mengchang would eventually become the Chancellor of Qi and of Wei.

Qi (state)
Qi, or Ch'i in Wade–Giles romanization,  was a regional state of the Zhou dynasty in ancient China, whose rulers held titles of Hou (侯), then Gong (公), before declaring themselves independent Kings (王). Its capital was Linzi, located in present-day Shandong. Qi was founded shortly after the Zhou conquest of Shang, c. 1046 BCE. Its first monarch was Jiang Ziya (Lord Tai; r. 1046–1015 BCE), minister of King Wen and a legendary figure in Chinese culture. His family ruled Qi for several centuries before it was replaced by the Tian family in 386 BCE. Qi was the final surviving state to be annexed by Qin during its unification of China.
The Bang Bang Club (film)
The Bang Bang Club is a 2010 Canadian-South African biographical drama film written and directed by Steven Silver and stars Ryan Phillippe as Greg Marinovich, Malin Åkerman as Robin Comley, Taylor Kitsch as Kevin Carter, Frank Rautenbach as Ken Oosterbroek and Neels Van Jaarsveld as João Silva. They portray the lives of four photojournalists active within the townships of South Africa during the apartheid period, particularly between 1990 and 1994, from when Nelson Mandela was released from prison to the 1994 elections.

It is a film adaptation of the book The Bang-Bang Club: Snapshots from a Hidden War co-written by Greg Marinovich and João Silva who were part of the group of four photographers known as the Bang-Bang Club, the other two members being Kevin Carter and Ken Oosterbroek.

João Silva (photographer)
João Silva (born 9 August 1966) is a Portuguese-born South African war photographer. He is the last working member of the Bang-Bang Club, a group of photographers who covered South Africa from the time of Nelson Mandela's release from prison in 1990, to the country's first multiracial elections in 1994. He has worked in Africa, the Balkans, Central Asia, Russia, and the Middle East.

In October 2010, Silva stepped on a land mine while on patrol with invading US soldiers in Kandahar, Afghanistan and lost his left leg below the knee, and his right leg from just above it. After recovery and receiving two prostheses, his first assignment out of Walter Reed Army Medical Center for The New York Times was at the White House. He now works as staff photographer for The New York Times in Africa.
Battle of Khadki
The Battle of Khadki, also known as or the Battle of Ganeshkhind and Battle of Kirkee, took place at modern day Khadki, India, on 5 November 1817 between the forces of the British East India Company and the Maratha Confederacy under the leadership of Appasaheb Bhonsle. The forces of the East India Company achieved a decisive victory, with Khadki later becoming a military cantonment under British rule.

Mudhoji II of Nagpur
Mudhoji II (1796 – 15 July 1840), also known as Appa Sahib, of the Bhonsale dynasty, ruled the Kingdom of Nagpur in central India from 1816 to 1818. His reign coincided with the Third Anglo-Maratha War between the Maratha Empire and the British East India Company, which ended with the defeat of the Marathas.
John George Egnatoff
John George Egnatoff, CM (August 18, 1914 – August 12, 2005) was an educator and political figure in Saskatchewan. He represented Melfort from 1948 to 1952 in the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan as a Liberal.

He was born near Perdue, Saskatchewan. He worked as a teacher and school administrator in rural Saskatchewan, Nigeria and Saskatoon from 1935 to 1978. He was defeated by Clarence George Willis when he ran for election in the newly created riding of Melfort-Tisdale in 1952. Egnatoff ran for the leadership of the Saskatchewan Liberal Party in 1954. From 1968 to 1975, he was professor and head of the department of educational administration at the University of Saskatchewan. In 1981, he was named to the Order of Canada. Egnatoff died in Saskatoon at the age of 90.

Dr. John G. Egnatoff School in Saskatoon's Erindale neighborhood, along with Egnatoff Crescent & Way in the Silverwood Heights neighborhood were both named in his honour.

Melfort (provincial electoral district)
Melfort is a provincial electoral district for the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan, Canada. The city of Melfort (population 5,992) is the largest centre in the constituency. Smaller communities in the district include the towns of Watson, Star City, Leroy, and Naicam; and the villages of Quill Lake, Spalding, Beatty, Englefeld, and Annaheim.

The riding has existed since the 1912 election.
Dil Banjaara
Dil Banjaara (Urdu: دل بنجارا lit: The Wanderer Heart), previously entitled Gypsy is a Pakistani drama serial that aired on Hum TV on 14 October 2016, preceded by Jhoot for the 2016 television season. It is directed by Siraj-ul-Haque, written by Faiza Iftikhar and produced by Momina Duraid as a night programming all under her production company MD Productions. It stars Adnan Malik as Sikandar an aspiring photographer along with Sanam Saeed as female lead and Mira Sethi as supporting character.

Indian publications like Pinkvilla and Bollywood Life reported that the plot of the series is inspired by the Hindi film Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge (1995).

Hum TV
Hum TV HD is a 24-hour Urdu general entertainment TV channel based in Karachi, Pakistan. It was founded by Sultana Siddiqui and Duraid Qureshi in 2005.

It is owned by Hum Network Limited and traded on the Pakistan Stock Exchange as (HUMNL).

Hum Network Limited was known as Eye Television Network Limited prior to 21 January 2011. Hum TV began its transmission on 17 January 2005. In March 2013, Hum Network held its first Hum Awards ceremony. As of 1 May 2018, Hum TV shut down its SD feed and shifted to HD resolution in Pakistan.

Hum TV is one of Pakistan's biggest entertainment networks and regularly is in the  top ranks and maintains a loyal fanbase on social media in Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, and streaming platforms, as well as on television.
History of rugby league
The history of rugby league as a separate form of rugby football goes back to 1895 in Huddersfield, West Riding of Yorkshire when the Northern Rugby Football Union broke away from England's established Rugby Football Union to administer its own separate competition. Similar schisms occurred later in Australia and New Zealand in 1907. Gradually the rugby played in these breakaway competitions evolved into a distinctly separate sport that took its name from the professional leagues that administered it. Rugby league in England went on to set attendance and player payment records and rugby league in Australia became the most watched sport on television. The game also developed a significant place in the culture of France, New Zealand and several other Pacific Island nations, such as Papua New Guinea, where it has become the national sport.

Rugby league in France
Rugby league has been played in France since 1934. As with rugby union, rugby league was introduced by the English and the heartland of the game is in the south of France.

During the Second World War, in association with the French Rugby Federation (FFR), the sport was banned by the Vichy government, an act from which the code has struggled to recover. There has been a recent resurgence of the sport following the admission of Catalans Dragons and Toulouse Olympique to the professional RFL system, with Catalans a mainstay in the Super League who most recently made the Grand Final in 2023.

In 2012, there were approximately 30,000 active participants.
Louisville Metro EMS
Louisville Metro Emergency Medical Services is the primary provider of pre-hospital life support and emergency care within Louisville-Jefferson County, Kentucky. LMEMS is a governmental department that averages 90,000 calls for service, both emergency and non-emergency, each year.

The current agency executive head is Edward J. Meiman, III and the chief of service is Colonel Jesse Yarbrough, EMT-P.

Jefferson County, Kentucky
Jefferson County is a county located in the north central portion of the U.S. state of Kentucky. As of the 2020 census, the population was 782,969. It is the most populous county in the commonwealth (with more than twice the population of second ranked Fayette County).

Since a city-county merger in 2003, the county's territory, population and government have been coextensive with the city of Louisville, which also serves as county seat. The administrative entity created by this merger is the Louisville/Jefferson County Metro Government, abbreviated to Louisville Metro.

Jefferson County is the anchor of the Louisville-Jefferson County, KY-IN Metropolitan Statistical Area, locally referred to as Kentuckiana.
Futures techniques
Futures techniques used in the multi-disciplinary field of futurology by futurists in Americas and Australasia, and futurology by futurologists in EU, include a diverse range of forecasting methods, including anticipatory thinking, backcasting, simulation, and visioning. Some of the anticipatory methods include, the delphi method, causal layered analysis, environmental scanning, morphological analysis, and scenario planning.

Futurist
Futurists (also known as futurologists, prospectivists, foresight practitioners and horizon scanners) are people whose specialty or interest is future studies or futurology or the attempt to systematically explore predictions and possibilities about the future and how they can emerge from the present, whether that of human society in particular or of life on Earth in general.