hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Athallia cerinella
Athallia cerinella is a species of bark-dwelling lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. It has a thin, pale grey thallus that is often almost invisible, with small, crowded, pale yellow to orange apothecia (fruiting bodies) typically less than 0.4 mm across. The species grows mainly on the bark of deciduous trees such as ash, elder, and poplar, often on twigs and small branches in nutrient-enriched habitats. It is widespread across Europe and has also been reported from the Americas and Australasia. In the field it is virtually indistinguishable from the similar Athallia cerinelloides, but differs microscopically in having 12–16 ascospores per ascus rather than eight.

Fraxinus
Fraxinus (/ˈfræksɪnəs/), commonly called ash, is a genus of plants in the olive and lilac family, Oleaceae, and comprises 45–65 species of usually medium-to-large trees, most of which are deciduous (dropping their leaves in autumn), although some subtropical species are evergreen. The genus is widespread throughout much of Europe, Asia, and North America.

The leaves are usually opposite, and mostly pinnately compound (divided into leaflets in a feather-like arrangement). The seeds, known as "keys", are botanically fruits of the type called samara. Some species are dioecious, having male and female flowers on separate plants.

Ash wood is strong and elastic, and used for the handles of tools. Musical instrument makers use it for electric guitars and for drum shells. The Morgan Motor Company makes the frames of sports cars from ash wood. In Greek mythology, the Meliae were the nymphs of ash trees.
John B. Thomas (politician)
John Benjamin Thomas (December 23, 1819 – October 22, 1893) was an American politician and judge from Maryland. He served as a member of the Maryland House of Delegates, representing Frederick County from 1858 to 1860 and 1870 to 1872.

Frederick County, Maryland
Frederick County is located in Maryland, United States. As of the 2020 U.S. census, the population was 271,717. The county seat is Frederick. The county is part of the Capital region of the state.

Like other outlying sections of the Washington metropolitan area, Frederick County has experienced a rapid population increase since the 1980s. It borders the southern border of Pennsylvania and the northeastern border of Virginia.

Catoctin Mountain Park in the county is the location of Camp David, a U.S. presidential retreat, and Fort Detrick, a U.S. Army base.
Anna Cabot Quincy Waterston
Anna Cabot Quincy Waterston (née, Quincy; pen names, A. C. Q. W. and W. A. C. Q.; June 27, 1812 – October 14, 1899) was a 19th-century American writer from Massachusetts. The youngest daughter of Boston's mayor and Harvard University president Josiah Quincy III, she was a member of a prominent family with a wide circle of friends, and was intimately associated with many distinguished people of her era. Waterston published her works, including poems, novels, hymns, and articles in The Atlantic Monthly. Her diary was published posthumously. A sculptor created a carved marble bust of Waterston that is held by the Smithsonian American Art Museum.

Mayor of Boston
The mayor of Boston is the head of the municipal government in Boston, Massachusetts, United States. Boston has a mayor–council government. Boston's mayoral elections are nonpartisan (as are all municipal elections in Boston), and elect a mayor to a four-year term; there are no term limits. The mayor's office is in Boston City Hall, in Government Center.

The current mayor of Boston is Michelle Wu.
Porter's generic strategies
Michael Porter's generic strategies describe how a company can pursue competitive advantage across its chosen market scope. There are three generic strategies: cost leadership, product differentiation, and focus. The focus strategy comprises two variants—cost focus and differentiation focus—allowing the overall framework to be interpreted as four distinct strategic approaches.

A company chooses to pursue one of two types of competitive advantage, either via lower costs than its competition or by differentiating itself along dimensions valued by customers to command a higher price. A company also chooses one of two types of scope, either focus (offering its products to selected segments of the market) or industry-wide, offering its product across many market segments. The generic strategy reflects the choices made regarding both the type of competitive advantage and the scope. The concept was described by Michael Porter in 1980.

Product differentiation
In economics, strategic management and marketing, product differentiation (or simply "differentiation") is the process of distinguishing a product or service from others to make it more attractive to a particular target market. This involves differentiating it from competitors' products as well as from a firm's other products. The concept was proposed by Edward Chamberlin in his 1933 book, The Theory of Monopolistic Competition.

There are three types of product differentiation:

Horizontal differentiation: Based on a single product characteristic which is subjectively evaluated by consumers

Vertical differentiation: Based on a single product characteristic which can be objectively evaluated by consumers

Mixed differentiation: A combination of horizontal and vertical differentiation factors.
Bob Fitch
Robert E. Fitch (July 28, 1919 – April 15, 2003) was an American athlete and coach. He broke the world record in the discus throw in 1946 with a mark of 54.93 m (180 ft 2+3⁄4 in). He developed a rotational technique referred to as the "Minnesota Whip" and delivered a masters thesis on the subject. His training mate Fortune Gordien went on to break world records and win Olympic medals.

Fitch was a two-time American champion in the discus (1942 and 1946) and was the winner of the 1942 NCAA Championships. He was also part of the University of Minnesota championship-winning college football team. He later became golf coach for Indiana University and developed the team into a top level NCAA side, winning six Big Ten Conference titles during his tenure from 1957 to 1989 – a record for an Indiana coach.

USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships
The USA Track & Field Outdoor Championships is an annual track and field competition organized by USA Track & Field, which serves as the American national championships for the sport. Since the year 1992, in the years which feature a Summer Olympics, World Athletics Championships, Pan American Games, NACAC Championships, or an IAAF Continental Cup, the championships serve as a way of selecting the best athletes for those competitions.
2018–19 Primera B Nacional
The 2018–19 Argentine Primera B Nacional was the 34th season of the Argentine second division. The season began on 25 August 2018 and ended on 8 June 2019. Twenty-five teams competed in the league, seventeen returning from the 2017–18 season, four teams that were relegated from Primera División and two teams promoted from Federal A and B Metropolitana.

Torneo Federal A
The Torneo Federal A (lit. 'Federal A Tournament') is one of the two professional leagues that form the regionalised third level of the Argentine football league system, along with Primera B Metropolitana. The competition was established in 2014 as a result of a change in the structure of the league system, replacing Torneo Argentino A.

Federal A is organised by "Consejo Federal", a division of the Argentine Football Association. Clubs in Federal A have indirect membership in AFA unlike clubs in Primera B, which have direct membership. All teams with indirect membership are from outside the city of Buenos Aires (playing in regional leagues) and its metropolitan area (Greater Buenos Aires), while most of the direct members are from the aforementioned area.
Kelton Harbour and Village
Kelton Harbour and Village (NX988708) are located on the East side of the River Nith opposite the Kirkconnell Merse, about 3.5 miles (5.6Km) from Dumfries and 1.5 miles (2.4Km) north of Glencaple Quay. The old harbour served the immediate area as well as its hinterland in Dumfries and Galloway. The quays at Dumfries, Kingholm Quay Laghall and Castledykes lay upstream and downstream jetties or quays were located at Glencaple Quay, Kirkconnell and Carsethorn.

The spelling Keltoun, Kellton and Kaltoun are also on record and the name may derive from the Scots Gaelic "cille" for a church or churchyard.

River Nith
The River Nith (Scottish Gaelic: Abhainn Nid; Common Brittonic: Nowios) is a river in south-west Scotland. The Nith rises in the Carsphairn hills of East Ayrshire, between Prickeny Hill and Enoch Hill, 4.4 miles (7.1 km) east of Dalmellington. For the majority of its 70 miles (110 km) course it flows in a south-easterly direction through Dumfries and Galloway and then into the Solway Firth at Airds Point.

The territory through which the river flows is called Nithsdale (historically known as "Stranit" from Scottish Gaelic: Strath Nid, "valley of the Nith").
Wilfried Van Moer
Wilfried van Moer (1 March 1945 – 24 August 2021) was a Belgian footballer who won the Belgian Golden Shoe three times, first in 1966 while at Antwerp then in 1969 and in 1970 while at Standard Liège.

Prior to 1966 Van Moer played with Beveren. He returned to his first club after a spell at Beringen in the early 1980s.

He played 57 times and scored nine goals for the Belgium national team between 1966 and 1982, starting in a 1–0 friendly win against Switzerland on 22 October 1966. Van Moer was in the team for the 1970 and 1982 World Cups and for the Euro 1980 in which Belgium finished second.

UEFA Euro 1980
The 1980 UEFA European Football Championship finals tournament was held in Italy. This was the sixth UEFA European Championship, which is held every four years and endorsed by UEFA. It was the first European Championship to feature eight teams in the finals, which took place between 11 and 22 June 1980. West Germany won the final 2–1 against Belgium for their second title. This was the last European Championship with a third place play-off.
Upper Noteć Canals
52°58′25″N 17°58′13″E﻿ / ﻿52.97361°N 17.97028°E﻿ / 52.97361; 17.97028

The Upper Noteć Canals are an aggregate of inland water channels in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland. They stem from the upper part of the Noteć river (Górna Noteć), north of Gopło lake, and mouth at their northern point into the Bydgoszcz Canal, west of the city territory. These canals have been put into operation between the 1770s and the 1880s and are still partly navigable today.

Noteć
The  Noteć (Polish pronunciation: [ˈnɔtɛtɕ] ⓘ; German: Netze, Latin: Natissis) is a river in central Poland with a length of 391 km (243 mi) (7th longest) and a basin area of 17,302 km2 (6,680 sq mi). It is the largest tributary of the Warta river and lies completely within Poland.
Kirsten van de Ven
Kirsten Johanna Maria van de Ven (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈkɪrstə ɲoːˈɦɑnaː maːˈrijaː vɑn də ˈvɛn, -stə joːˈ-]; born 11 May 1985) is a former Dutch professional footballer. Prior to her professional career, she played College soccer in the United States. Professionally she played in the Dutch league (Eredivisie) for Willem II Tilburg and FC Twente, and in the Swedish league (Damallsvenskan) for Tyresö FF and FC Rosengård. She won titles at clubs in both Sweden and the Netherlands, as an international player she was a member of the Netherlands women's national football team, and represented her country at the 2009 and 2013 editions of the UEFA Women's Championship, and the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup.

FC Rosengård
FC Rosengård (Swedish: [ruːsɛnɡoːrd]), known as Malmö FF Dam ([ˈmâlːmøː ɛfɛf dɑːm]) until 2007 and later LdB FC Malmö until 2013, is a professional football club based in Malmö, Scania, Sweden. The team was established as Malmö FF Dam in 1970. It started out with playing 7 seasons in the Division 1 (until 1987), but has played in Damallsvenskan in since it formed in 1988. The team has won the league a record 14 times, the latest in 2024. As of the end of the 2015 season, the club ranks first in the overall Damallsvenskan table. FC Rosengård play their home games at Malmö IP in Malmö. The club it merged with, FC Rosengård 1917, has both men's and women's teams.
Patrick Howard (rugby union)
Patrick Benjamin Howard (born 27 March 1992) is a South African rugby union player who is currently playing for Ealing Trailinfders in the RFU Championship. He previously played for Welsh United Rugby Championship side Dragons, Western Province in the Currie Cup and Vodacom Cup, Stormers in Super Rugby and Irish province Munster. His usual position is centre or winger.

Stormers
The Stormers (known for sponsorship reasons as the DHL Stormers) is a South African professional rugby union team based in Cape Town in the Western Cape that competes in the United Rugby Championship, a trans-hemispheric competition that also involves sides from Ireland, Italy, Scotland and Wales and the domestic Currie Cup competition as the Western Province. They competed in the Super Rugby competition until 2020. They have won one major international championship, the 2021-22 United Rugby Championship, and seven South African 'conference' titles, five in the South African Conference of Super Rugby, and two in the URC equivalent, the South African Shield, while in the Currie Cup having won the competition on a record 34 occasions.
Sanfrecce Hiroshima
Sanfrecce Hiroshima (Japanese: サンフレッチェ広島, romanized: Sanfuretche Hiroshima) is a Japanese professional football club based in Hiroshima. The club competes in the J1 League, top flight of the Japanese football league system. Sanfrecce is one of the most successful clubs in Japan. The club is the joint fourth in most J1 League titles with three, the joint first in most top-flight titles (which includes the defunct Japan Soccer League), with eight, and the club with the most participations in Emperor's Cup finals, with 15.

Sanfrecce have won three J1 League, three Emperor's Cup, one J.League Cup and four Japanese Super Cup titles. Internationally, the club has made two appearances in the FIFA Club World Cup, with their most recent appearance being in the 2015 edition.

2015 FIFA Club World Cup
The 2015 FIFA Club World Cup (officially known as the FIFA Club World Cup Japan 2015 presented by Alibaba E-Auto for sponsorship reasons) was the 12th edition of the FIFA Club World Cup, a FIFA-organised international club football tournament between the winners of the six continental confederations, as well as the host nation's league champions. The tournament was hosted by Japan between 10 and 20 December 2015.

Defending champions Real Madrid did not qualify as they were eliminated in the semi-finals of the 2014–15 UEFA Champions League. The eventual winners of that competition, Barcelona, went on to win a record third Club World Cup title, beating Guangzhou Evergrande 3–0 in the semi-finals before beating River Plate by the same margin in the final.
Carlos Valdovinos
Carlos Valdovinos Valdovinos (19 December 1899−14 March 1966) was a Chilean politician and lawyer who served as bi-minister during Pedro Aguirre Cerda's government.

In his country, he is commonly known to have an avenue and a metro station with his name. In the other hand, Valdovinos was a transversal politician in his time, which is supported by the tributes he received from the then-Marxist deputy Mario Palestro, from the Socialist Party, as well as from politicians linked to the Liberal Party and the Conservative Party.

Carlos Valdovinos metro station
Carlos Valdovinos is an elevated metro station on the Line 5 of the Santiago Metro, in Santiago, Chile. Platforms were lengthened in 2012 to accommodate seven-car trains. The station was opened on 5 April 1997 as part of the inaugural section of the line, from Baquedano to Bellavista de La Florida.

The station has the shape of a tube with an elliptical cross section. Staircases protrude from both sides of the station.
Chuck Fusina
Charles Anthony Fusina (born May 31, 1957) is an American former professional football player who was a quarterback for seven seasons in the National Football League (NFL) and United States Football League (USFL) from 1979 to 1986. He played college football for the Penn State Nittany Lions, and was recognized as a unanimous All-American in 1978.  Fusina played for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and the Green Bay Packers of the NFL, and the Philadelphia / Baltimore Stars of the USFL.

Penn State Nittany Lions football
The Penn State Nittany Lions team represents the Pennsylvania State University in college football. The Nittany Lions compete in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) as a member of the Big Ten Conference, which they joined in 1993 after playing as an Independent from 1892 to 1992.

Established in 1887, the Nittany Lions have achieved numerous on-field successes, including two consensus national championships in 1982 and 1986; four Big Ten Conference championships in 1994, 2005, 2008 and 2016; 13 undefeated seasons in 1887, 1894, 1909, 1911, 1912, 1920, 1921, 1947, 1968, 1969, 1973, 1986 and 1994; and 53 appearances in college bowl games, with an all-time post-season bowl record of 32–20–2. The team ranks seventh among NCAA Division I college football programs in all-time total wins.

The Nittany Lions play their home games at Beaver Stadium, located on campus in University Park, Pennsylvania.
Orders, decorations, and medals of Malta
The current honours system of the Republic of Malta has its foundation in the 17 October 1975 Ġieh ir-Repubblika Act. This act has been subsequently amended by Acts XXXVII of 1976, XIII of 1983, XIV of 1990, XI of 1991 and XV of 1993; Legal Notice 423 of 2007; and Acts VI of 2008, V and XVII of 2011, and XIX of 2013. This act lays out the structure of the orders and medals of Malta. Subsidiary legislation spells out details missing in the initial act and also established national commemorative medals. The honours system of Malta can be broken down into three general parts, the National Order of Merit, Xirka Ġieħ ir-Repubblika, and Medals of the Republic.

Xirka Ġieħ ir-Repubblika
The Xirka Ġieħ ir-Repubblika is a society of honour that offers membership to those who have demonstrated exceptional merit in the service of Malta or of humanity. Its motto is Għall-Ġid tal-Maltin ("For the Benefit of the Maltese").
Collectio canonum quadripartita
The Collectio canonum quadripartita (also known as the Collectio Vaticana or, more commonly, the Quadripartita) is an early medieval canon law collection, written around the year 850 in the ecclesiastical province of Reims. It consists of four books (hence its modern name 'quadripartita', or 'four-parted'). The Quadripartita is an episcopal manual of canon and penitential law. It was a popular source for knowledge of penitential and canon law in France, England and Italy in the ninth and tenth centuries, notably influencing Regino's enormously important Libri duo de synodalibus causis ('Two books concerning diocesan affairs'). Even well into the thirteenth century the Quadripartita was being copied by scribes and quoted by canonists who were compiling their own collections of canon law.

This work should not be confused with the early twelfth-century Latin translation of Old English law known as the Quadripartitus.

Regino of Prüm
Regino of Prüm or of Prum (Latin: Regino Prumiensis, German: Regino von Prüm; died 915 AD) was a Benedictine monk, who served as abbot of Prüm (892–99) and later of Saint Martin's at Trier, and chronicler, whose Chronicon is an important source for late Carolingian history.
Salaan Carrabey
Salaan Mahamud Hirsi (Somali: Salaan Maxamuud Xirsi, Arabic: سلام محمود حرسي) (1850 – 1943), better known as Salaan Carrabey, was a famous poet from the Adan Madoba sub-division of the Habr Je'lo Isaaq clan.

Mohamed Abokor
The Mohamed Abokor (Somali: Maxamed Abokor, Arabic: بني محمد بن أبو بكر full name: Muḥammad ibn Abī Bakr ibn Jibrīl ibn Abī Bakr ibn Mūsa ibn ash-Shaykh Isḥāq ibn Aḥmad) is a Somali clan, and a major sub-division of the Habr Je'lo of the Isaaq.

The Mohamed Abokor are one of the largest sub-divisions of the Habr Je'lo. They inhabit the Togdheer, Sool and Sahil regions of Somaliland, in addition to the Somali Region of Ethiopia and Isiolo, Kenya, where they form part of the Isahakia community.  Notable subclans include Aadan Madoobe, Yeesif, Reer Daahir, Solomadow and Ahmed Farah.
Robert Wallace (professor)
Robert Wallace FRSE FLS FRGS (24 June 1853 – 17 January 1939) was a Scottish professor of agriculture who worked at the Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester and at the University of Edinburgh where he helped establish agricultural education. He travelled around the British colonies, examining agriculture and livestock husbandry, and wrote numerous books and contributed several entries related to farming for the 11th edition of Encyclopaedia Britannica.

Royal Agricultural University
The Royal Agricultural University (RAU), formerly the Royal Agricultural College, is a public university in Cirencester, Gloucestershire, England. Established in 1845, it was the first agricultural college in the English-speaking world.
York railway station (1841)
York "old" railway station  served the city of York, England between 1841 and 1877. The station, which was the line's terminus within York city walls, was superseded by York railway station. The old station is a Grade II* listed building.

York city walls
York has, since Roman times, been defended by walls of one form or another. To this day, substantial portions of the walls remain, and York has more miles of intact wall than any other city in England. They are known variously as York City Walls, the Bar Walls and the Roman walls (though this last is a misnomer as very little of the extant stonework is of Roman origin, and the course of the wall has been substantially altered since Roman times). The walls are generally 13 feet (4 m) high and 6 feet (1.8 m) wide. They are the longest town walls in England.
Cait Corrain review bombing controversy
In late 2023, aspiring fantasy author Cait Corrain created multiple fake accounts on Goodreads to review bomb other authors. Del Rey Books and agent Rebecca Podos canceled their contracts with Corrain.

Del Rey Books
Del Rey Books is an imprint of the Random House Group, a division of Penguin Random House.  The imprint was established in 1977 under the editorship of Judy-Lynn del Rey and her husband, author Lester del Rey.  Today, the imprint specializes in science fiction, fantasy, horror, and fantasy romance.

The first new novel published by Del Rey was The Sword of Shannara by Terry Brooks in 1977. Del Rey formerly published Star Wars novels under the Lucasbooks sub-imprint (licensed from Lucasfilm, a subsidiary of The Walt Disney Studios division of The Walt Disney Company) that are now published by its sister imprint, Random House Worlds.
André Laplante
André Laplante, OC (born November 12, 1949) is a Canadian (Québécois) pianist. He received a 2004 Juno Award for the 2003 recording Concertos: Music of Jacques Hétu. He is considered to be a Franz Liszt specialist and is also much associated with the music of Maurice Ravel.

Juno Awards of 2004
The Juno Awards of 2004 were presented on April 4, 2004, at Rexall Place in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada and were hosted by Alanis Morissette.

Singer-songwriters Nelly Furtado, Sarah McLachlan, and Nickelback led the nominations with five nominations each. Céline Dion, received four nominations; Billy Talent, Our Lady Peace and Sam Roberts each received three; Avril Lavigne, Barenaked Ladies, Christina Aguilera, Lillix, Michael Bublé, R. Murray Schafer, Shania Twain, and Tafelmusik Baroque Orchestra got two nominations each.

Producer/musician Bob Ezrin is this year's inductee into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame.  Walt Grealis, who founded in 1970 what became the Juno Awards, will posthumously receive the award that bears his name, the Walt Grealis Special Achievement Award.