hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Hox genes in amphibians and reptiles
Hox genes play a massive role in some amphibians and reptiles in their ability to regenerate lost limbs, especially HoxA and HoxD genes.

If the processes involved in forming new tissue can be reverse-engineered into humans, it may be possible to heal injuries of the spinal cord or brain, repair damaged organs and reduce scarring and fibrosis after surgery. Despite the large conservation of the Hox genes through evolution, mammals and humans specifically cannot regenerate any of their limbs. This raises a question as to why humans which also possess an analog to these genes cannot regrow and regenerate limbs. Beside the lack of specific growth factor, studies have shown that something as small as base pair differences between amphibian and human Hox analogs play a crucial role in human inability to reproduce limbs. Undifferentiated stem cells and the ability to have polarity in tissues is vital to this process.

Zone of polarizing activity
The zone of polarizing activity (ZPA) is an area of mesenchyme that contains signals which instruct the developing limb bud to form along the anterior/posterior axis.  Limb bud is undifferentiated mesenchyme enclosed by an ectoderm covering.  Eventually, the limb bud develops into bones, tendons, muscles and joints.  Limb bud development relies not only on the ZPA, but also many different genes, signals, and a unique region of ectoderm called the apical ectodermal ridge (AER). Research by Saunders and Gasseling in 1948 identified the AER and its subsequent involvement in proximal distal outgrowth. Twenty years later, the same group did transplantation studies in chick limb bud and identified the ZPA. In 1993, Todt and Fallon showed that the AER and ZPA are dependent on each other.
Kiran Shumsher Rana
Commander in Chief Kiran Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana KBE KCVO (1916–1983) was a Nepalese army officer. He served as the Royal Nepalese Army's Commander-in-Chief from 1951–1956 and as the Nepalese ambassador to the United Kingdom from 1973–1977. Over the course of thirty years, he served as Aide-de-camp General to King Tribhuvan, King Mahendra and King Birendra.

Mahendra of Nepal
Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev (Nepali: महेन्द्र वीर विक्रम शाह देव; 11 June 1920 – 31 January 1972) was King of Nepal from 13 March 1955 until his death in 1972.

He led the 1960 coup d'état, in which he dismissed the government, jailed other political leaders, suspended the constitution, banned political parties, and established an autocratic royal regime. He ruled the country with his Panchayat system for 28 years, with the Panchayat system itself remaining until the introduction of multi-party democracy in 1990. During his reign, Nepal experienced a period of industrial, political and economic change which opened it to the rest of the world for the first time, after the 104-year-long reign of the Rana rulers, who kept the country under an isolationist policy, came to an end in 1951.
The Long Christmas Ride Home
The Long Christmas Ride Home is a one-act play written by Paula Vogel. It dramatises a road trip by two parents and their three young children to visit grandparents for Christmas dinner, and the emotional turmoil that they undergo. A significant element of the production schema is a Western contemporary employment of bunraku.

Bunraku
Bunraku (文楽; Japanese pronunciation: [bɯꜜn.ɾa.kɯ]) is a form of traditional Japanese puppet theatre, founded in Osaka in the beginning of the 17th century, which is still performed in the modern day. Three kinds of performers take part in a bunraku performance: the Ningyōtsukai or Ningyōzukai (puppeteers), the tayū (chanters), and shamisen musicians. Occasionally other instruments such as taiko drums will be used.
The combination of chanting and shamisen playing is called jōruri and the Japanese word for puppet (or dolls, generally) is ningyō. It is used in many plays.
Hamilton Square
Hamilton Square is a town square in Birkenhead, Wirral, England. The Georgian square, which was designed by Edinburgh architect James Gillespie Graham, has the most Grade I listed buildings outside London (after Trafalgar Square). It is named after the family of the wife of Scottish shipbuilder William Laird.

Hamilton Square was the first part of a major civic scheme to develop the town of Birkenhead in the early 19th century. But owing to several factors, including a depressed economy and the influx of working-class labourers needing lodgings, the square become the only part of the grand design to be completed.

William Laird wanted to build an urban development similar in scale and style to New Town, Edinburgh. Hamilton Square would have had been at the centre of a planned borough that had wide, straight streets lined with late Georgian stone-clad terraced Townhouses, public buildings, and enclosed parks.

New Town, Edinburgh
The New Town is a central area of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland. It was built in stages between 1767 and around 1850, and retains much of its original neo-classical and Georgian architecture. Its best-known street is Princes Street, facing Edinburgh Castle and the Old Town across the geological depression of the former Nor Loch. The area's New Town Gardens received a heritage designation in 2001. The combined New Town, Old Town, and West End were designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1995.
International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociation
The International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociation (ISSTD) is a controversial nonprofit professional organization of health professionals and individuals who claim interest in advancing the scientific and societal understandings of trauma-based disorders, including posttraumatic stress disorder, complex posttraumatic stress disorder, complex trauma, and the dissociative disorders.

While serving as a platform for discussion and understanding of these topics, the ISSTD has also attracted attention and criticism regarding its promotion of controversial treatments and conspiracy theories, such as discredited theories of government mind control related to hypnosis and unsubstantiated claims of satanic ritual abuse.

Dissociative disorder
Dissociative disorders (DDs) are a range of mental disorders characterized by significant disruptions or fragmentation "in the normal integration of consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, perception, body representation, motor control, and behavior." Dissociative disorders involve involuntary dissociation as an unconscious defense mechanism, wherein the individual with a dissociative disorder experiences separation in these areas as a means to protect against traumatic stress. Some dissociative disorders are caused by major psychological trauma, though the onset of depersonalization-derealization disorder may be preceded by less severe stress, by the influence of psychoactive substances, or occur without any discernible trigger.
Kuensel
Kuensel (Dzongkha: ཀུན་གསལ།, romanized: kun gsal; lit. 'Clarity') is the national newspaper of the Kingdom of Bhutan. It was the only local newspaper available in Bhutan until 2006 when two more newspapers were launched. The government of Bhutan owns 51% of Kuensel while 49% is held by the public.

Kuensel is published in two language editions: Dzongkha (the national language) and English, everyday except Sunday with a total weekly circulation of more than 15,000 copies and an average weekly readership of 130,000.

The paper is distributed throughout the country by a string of sales agents appointed in all the dzongkhags, dungkhags and towns, while subscribers overseas are fed through mail service/e-mail. Subscribers also get a PDF version of the paper.

Dzongkha
Dzongkha (རྫོང་ཁ་ [d͡zòŋkʰɑ́]), also known by its exonym Bhutanese, is a Tibeto-Burman language in the Sino-Tibetan language family that is primarily spoken by the Bhutanese people. It is the official and national language of Bhutan, and is written using the Tibetan script.

The word dzongkha means "the language of the fortress", from dzong "fortress" and kha "language". As of 2013, Dzongkha had 171,080 native speakers and about 640,000 total speakers.

Dzongkha is a South Tibetic language. It is closely related to Laya and Lunana and partially intelligible with Sikkimese, and to some other Bhutanese languages such as Chocha Ngacha, Brokpa, Brokkat and Lakha. It has a more distant relationship to Standard Tibetan.
Donald E. Ballard
Donald Everett Ballard (born December 5, 1945) is a retired colonel of the Kansas National Guard and former member of the United States Navy. As a hospital corpsman in the Vietnam War, he received the Medal of Honor for his heroic actions on May 16, 1968.

Hospital corpsman
A hospital corpsman (HM) or corpsman (/ˈkɔːrmən/ CORE-man) is an enlisted medical specialist of the United States Navy, who may also serve in a U.S. Marine Corps unit. The corresponding rating within the United States Coast Guard is Health Services Technician (HS). The U.S. Navy Hospital Corps was created on 17 June 1898, with hospital corpsman used as a generic name for the applicable personnel while various other official names (including hospital apprentice, hospital steward, pharmacist's mate) were used for the rating; after World War II, hospital corpsman became the official name for the rating.
G 9/93
G 9/93 is a decision issued on 6 July 1994 by the Enlarged Board of Appeal of the European Patent Office (EPO). Unlike the revised European Patent Convention 2000, there used to be no explicit provision in the former European Patent Convention 1973 that allowed a patent proprietor to have one's own patent revoked. A patent proprietor may, however, seek a revocation of one's own patent. For example, the patent proprietor may want to avoid costly revocation proceedings concerning a patent owned by that proprietor. In an earlier decision G 1/84, the Enlarged Board of Appeal dealt with the issue of a patent proprietor opposing one's own patent and held such oppositions admissible. The Enlarged Board of Appeal dealt with the same issue again in later decision G 9/93 and it overruled its earlier decision G 1/84 thereby holding oppositions against one's own patents inadmissible.

Appeal procedure before the European Patent Office
The European Patent Convention (EPC), the multilateral treaty instituting the legal system according to which European patents are granted, contains provisions allowing a party to appeal a decision issued by a first instance department of the European Patent Office (EPO). For instance, a decision of an Examining Division refusing to grant a European patent application may be appealed by the applicant. The appeal procedure before the European Patent Office is under the responsibility of its Boards of Appeal, which are institutionally independent within the EPO.
ADC Telecommunications
ADC Telecommunications, Inc. was a communications company in Eden Prairie, Minnesota, a southwest suburb of Minneapolis. It was acquired by TE Connectivity (Tyco Electronics) in December 2010 and ceased to exist as a separate entity. ADC products were sold by CommScope after it acquired the Broadband Network Solutions business unit (including ADC) from TE Connectivity in August 2015.

CommScope
CommScope Holding Company, Inc. is an American network infrastructure provider based in Claremont, North Carolina. CommScope employs over 22,000 employees. The company joined the Nasdaq stock exchange on October 25, 2013.

CommScope designs and manufactures network infrastructure products through its business segments: broadband networks, venue and campus Networks, and outdoor wireless networks.
Grand Canyon North Rim Headquarters
The Grand Canyon North Rim Headquarters is a historic district on the North Rim of the Grand Canyon in Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona.  Established from 1926 through the 1930s, the district includes examples of rustic architecture as applied to employee residences, administrative facilities and service structures.

Grand Canyon National Park
Grand Canyon National Park is a national park of the United States located in northwestern Arizona, the 15th site to have been named as a national park. The park's central feature is the Grand Canyon, a gorge of the Colorado River, which is often considered one of the Wonders of the World. The park, which covers 1,217,262 acres (1,901.972 sq mi; 4,926.08 km2) of unincorporated area in Coconino and Mohave counties, received more than 4.9 million recreational visitors in 2024. The Grand Canyon was designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1979. The park celebrated its 100th anniversary on February 26, 2019.
Untitled (mewithoutYou EP)
[untitled] is the fourth EP by American indie rock band mewithoutYou. The record was produced by Will Yip.

On August 13, 2018, mewithoutYou released the first single off of the not-yet-announced [Untitled], "Julia (or, 'Holy to the LORD' on the Bells of Horses)." At the same time of the single's release, the band tweeted a link to a page on their website containing only a countdown timer.  The timer finished at 12:00 am Eastern time (05:00 UTC) on August 17, 2018 and the band announced they would be releasing their seventh studio album, [Untitled], on October 5, 2018.  In addition to the full length album announcement, mewithoutYou digitally released a "partner" EP named [untitled].

Untitled (mewithoutYou album)
[Untitled] is the seventh and final studio album by American indie rock band mewithoutYou.

On August 13, 2018, mewithoutYou released the first single off of the not-yet-announced [Untitled], "Julia (or, 'Holy to the LORD' on the Bells of Horses)". At the same time of the single's release, the band tweeted a link to a page on their website containing only a countdown timer.  The timer finished at 12:00 am Eastern time (05:00 UTC) on August 17, 2018, and the band announced they would be releasing their seventh studio album, [Untitled], on October 5, 2018.  In addition to the full-length album announcement, mewithoutYou digitally released a "partner" EP also titled [untitled].

[Untitled] was produced by Will Yip.
Mark Cohon
Mark Steven Cohon, OOnt MSM (born March 16, 1966) is a Canadian businessman who is the chairman of the Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences (CARAS). He was also the 12th commissioner of the Canadian Football League. He was appointed as commissioner in 2007 succeeding Tom Wright.

Meritorious Service Medal (Canada)
The Meritorious Service Medal (French: Médaille du service méritoire) is a decoration that is, within the Canadian system of honours, one of the two Meritorious Service Decorations gifted by the Canadian monarch, through the Governor-in-Council. Created in 1991, the medal is intended to recognize individuals—both Canadian and foreign—who have carried out meritorious acts bringing benefit and honour in either of two categories: military and civilian. Award of the medal grants recipients the use of the post-nominal letters MSM.
2002 WUSA All-Star Game
The 2002 WUSA All-Star Game (known as the 2002 WUSA All-Star Game presented by Hyundai for sponsorship reasons) was the first Women's United Soccer Association All-Star Game, a soccer match involving all-stars from Women's United Soccer Association (WUSA). Two teams comprised the best players from all eight league franchises met at PGE Park, Portland, Oregon, on September 21, 2002. The WUSA All-Stars South won the game 6–1, with goals from Abby Wambach (2), Hege Riise, Kylie Bivens, Charmaine Hooper and Shannon MacMillan, while Marinette Pichon scored for the WUSA All-Stars North. WUSA All-Stars South forward Abby Wambach was named as the game's Most Valuable Player. Kari Seitz refereed the game, which was attended by 14,208 spectators and broadcast live on PAX TV.

Women's United Soccer Association
The Women's United Soccer Association (WUSA) was the world's first women's soccer league in which all the players were paid as professionals. Founded in February 2000, the league began its first season in April 2001 with eight teams in the United States. The league suspended operations on September 15, 2003, shortly after the end of its third season, after making cumulative losses of around US$100 million.
C.D. Universidad de Concepción
Club Deportivo Universidad de Concepción, also known as Universidad de Concepción, are a Chilean football club based in Concepción, that is a current member of the Primera B. The club's home stadium is the Estadio Ester Roa de Concepción, which has a 30,480-spectator capacity.

Campeonato Nacional Primera B
The Campeonato Nacional de la Primera B del Fútbol Profesional Chileno (English: National Championship of the First B of Chilean Professional Football) is the second tier in the Chilean football league system, and is organized by the Asociación Nacional de Fútbol Profesional. It was established in 1952 as Segunda División, and later renamed in 1996 to the current name. Since 1954, automatic promotion to and relegation from the Campeonato Nacional has been granted, although Palestino and Rangers were promoted to the top flight in the first season.
Kondapak
Kondapak is a village in the Siddipet district of India's Telangana state. The village is surrounded by a nest of 7 Hills, 7 tranquil lakes, 7 glorious Hanuman Temples, 7 silent village foundation stones, and 7 saptanabhi shilas lies this abode of art and architecture.

Siddipet district
Siddipet district is a district in the Indian state of Telangana. Its headquarters is Siddipet. This district contains a part of the Hyderabad Metropolitan Region (Markook Mulugu Wargal) Siddipet district is located in central part of the state. The district shares boundaries with Jangaon, Sircilla, Karimnagar, Kamareddy, Hanamkonda, Yadadri, Medhchal and Medak districts.
Todd Porter (actor)
Todd Daymond Porter (born May 15, 1968) is an American former actor and model.  Beginning his career as a professional child actor at the age of eight, Porter is perhaps best known for his television roles; as Chris on the Saturday morning children's series Starstuff and as Hamilton Parker on the CBS action-adventure series Whiz Kids.

Child actor
A child actor or child actress is a child acting on stage, television or in movies. An adult who began their acting career as a child may also be called a child actor or a "former child actor". Closely associated terms include teenage actor or teen actor, which refer to an actor who gained popularity as a teenager.

Many child actors find themselves struggling to adapt as they become adults, mainly due to typecasting. Macaulay Culkin and Lindsay Lohan are two particularly famous child actors who eventually experienced much difficulty with the fame they acquired at an early age. Some child actors have successful acting careers as adults; for example Mickey Rooney, Elizabeth Taylor, Jodie Foster, Christian Bale, Drew Barrymore, Saoirse Ronan. Other child actors have gone on to successful careers in other fields, including director Ron Howard, politicians Lech and Jarosław Kaczyński, James Jebbia, and singer Jenny Lewis.
Noronha (footballer, born 1918)
Alfredo Eduardo Barreto de Freitas Noronha, better known as Noronha (25 September 1918 – 27 July 2003), was a Brazilian football player. He played for the Brazil national team in the 1950 FIFA World Cup.

1950 FIFA World Cup
The 1950 FIFA World Cup was the fourth edition of the FIFA World Cup, the quadrennial international football championship for senior men's national teams. It was held in Brazil from 24 June to 16 July 1950.

It was the first World Cup tournament in over twelve years, as the 1942 and 1946 World Cups were cancelled due to World War II. Italy, the two-time defending champions, were eliminated in the first round for the first time in history. Uruguay, who had won the inaugural competition in 1930, defeated the host nation, Brazil, in the deciding match of the four-team group of the final round, causing what is sometimes known as one of the biggest upsets in sports history, occasionally called the Maracanaço. This was the only tournament not decided by a one-match final. It was also the inaugural tournament where the trophy was referred to as the Jules Rimet Cup, to mark the 25th anniversary of Jules Rimet's presidency of FIFA.
Corradino D'Ascanio
General Corradino D'Ascanio (1 February 1891 in Popoli, Pescara – 6 August 1981 in Pisa) was an Italian aeronautical engineer. D'Ascanio designed the first production helicopter, for Agusta, and designed the first motor scooter for Ferdinando Innocenti. After the two fell out, D'Ascanio helped Enrico Piaggio produce the original Vespa.

Ferdinando Innocenti
Ferdinando Innocenti (Italian pronunciation: [ferdiˈnando innoˈtʃɛnti]; 1 September 1891, in Pescia, Italy – 21 June 1966, in Varese) was an Italian businessman who founded the machinery-works company Innocenti and was the manufacturer of the Lambretta motorscooter.
Bombay Madrigal Singers
The Bombay Madrigal Singers was a choir group—promoting concerts and operas too in the western Indian city—formed in 1947 by Victor Paranjoti that initially performed sacred Western music. It had a supporting committee named the Bombay Madrigal Singers Organisation (BMSO).

Victor Paranjoti
Victor Paranjoti (1906–1967) is known for his role in promoting choral music in India in the middle of the 20th century. He was also the founder president of the Association of the Business Communicators of India (ABCI).
Martin Schröder (chemist)
Martin Schröder FRSE FRSC MAE is a Research Professor of Chemistry who served as Vice President and Dean of the Faculty of Science and Engineering at the University of Manchester from 2015 to 2025. He also served as Executive Dean of the Faculty of Science from 2011 to 2015 and Professor of Inorganic Chemistry at the University of Nottingham from 1995 to 2015.

Member of the Academia Europaea
Membership of the Academia Europaea (MAE) is an award conferred by the Academia Europaea to individuals that have demonstrated "sustained academic excellence". Membership is by invitation only by existing MAE and judged during a peer review selection process. Members are entitled to use the post-nominal letters MAE.
National Library of Russia, Codex Syriac 1
National Library of Russia, Codex Syriac 1, designated by siglum A, is a manuscript of Syriac version of the Eusebian Ecclesiastical History. It is dated by a Colophon to the year 462. The manuscript is lacunose.

Lacuna (manuscripts)
A lacuna (pl. lacunae or lacunas) is a gap in a manuscript, inscription, text, painting, or musical work. A manuscript, text, or section suffering from gaps is said to be "lacunose" or "lacunulose".

Weathering, decay, and other damage to old manuscripts or inscriptions are often responsible for lacunae - words, sentences, or whole passages that are missing or illegible. Palimpsests are particularly vulnerable. To reconstruct the original text, the context must be considered. In papyrology and textual criticism, this may lead to competing reconstructions and interpretations. Published texts that contain lacunae often mark the section where text is missing with a bracketed ellipsis. For example, "This sentence contains 20 words, and [...] nouns," or, "Finally, the army arrived at [...] and made camp."