hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Gradient method
In optimization, a gradient method is an algorithm to solve problems of the form

with the search directions defined by the gradient of the function at the current point. Examples of gradient methods are the gradient descent and the conjugate gradient.

Conjugate gradient method
In mathematics, the conjugate gradient method is an algorithm for the numerical solution of particular systems of linear equations, namely those whose matrix is positive-semidefinite. The conjugate gradient method is often implemented as an iterative algorithm, applicable to sparse systems that are too large to be handled by a direct implementation or other direct methods such as the Cholesky decomposition. Large sparse systems often arise when numerically solving partial differential equations or optimization problems.

The conjugate gradient method can also be used to solve unconstrained optimization problems such as energy minimization. It is commonly attributed to Magnus Hestenes and Eduard Stiefel, who programmed it on the Z4, and extensively researched it.

The biconjugate gradient method provides a generalization to non-symmetric matrices. Various nonlinear conjugate gradient methods seek minima of nonlinear optimization problems.
1974 Coliseum Mall International
The 1974 Coliseum Mall International, also known as the Hampton Indoor, was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Hampton Roads Coliseum in Hampton, Virginia in the United States that was part of the 1974 USLTA Indoor Circuit. It was the fifth edition of the tournament and was held from March 4 through March 10, 1974. First-seeded player Jimmy Connors won his second consecutive singles title and earned $10,000 first-prize money.

Jimmy Connors
James Scott Connors (born September 2, 1952) is an American former professional tennis player as well as an author, a tennis commentator, and a coach. He was ranked as the world No. 1 in men's singles by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) for 268 weeks (fifth-most of all time), and finished as the year-end No. 1 five times. Known for his fiery competitiveness, Connors holds three prominent Open Era men's singles records: 109 titles, 1,557 matches played, and 1,274 match wins. His titles include eight singles majors (an Open Era joint-record five US Opens, two Wimbledons, one Australian Open) and three year-end championships. In 1974, he became the second man in the Open Era to win three major titles in a calendar year; he was not permitted to participate in the fourth, the French Open. His playing career ended in 1996.
Lehmanotus
Lehmanotus is an extinct genus of prehistoric bony fish that lived during the Early Triassic epoch in what is now Madagascar. It belongs to Parasemionotidae together with Albertonia, Candelarialepis, Jacobulus, Parasemionotus, Qingshania, Stensioenotus, Suius, Thomasinotus and Watsonulus. It is named after Jean-Pierre Lehman.

Candelarialepis
Candelarialepis is an extinct genus of prehistoric marine ray-finned fish that lived during the Induan age of the Early Triassic epoch in what is now Nevada. It contains a single species, C. argentus. It was described from the Candelaria Formation.
Edward Abend
Edward Abend (May 30, 1822 – July 17, 1904) was a German American politician, lawyer, and banker from the Kingdom of Bavaria. He came with his family to St. Louis, Missouri as a child, later moving to Belleville, Illinois. After studying at Lebanon College, Abend became a lawyer, eventually opening a practice in Belleville. Abend was active in the affairs of the city and county and was elected mayor four times. He served one term in the Illinois House of Representatives as a Free Soil Democrat.

McKendree University
McKendree University (McK), formerly McKendree College, is a private university in Lebanon, Illinois, United States. Founded in 1828 as the "Lebanon Seminary", it is the oldest college or university in Illinois. The school was renamed McKendree University beginning in the 2007–08 academic year. McKendree enrolls approximately 1,960 students representing 25 countries and 29 states. In the undergraduate program, on average, there are 51% females and 49% males. The institution remains affiliated with the United Methodist Church.
Itstrumental
Itstrumental is the fourth album by hip hop producer Prince Paul. Similar to other Prince Paul albums, it follows a theme. The album is strung together by a series of skits about the Mental Victims Unit (a play on Law & Order: Special Victims Unit) tracking down and arresting Prince Paul. The album contains songs about, dealing with, or poking fun at Prince Paul's apparently real depression. The album was seen as Prince Paul's return to his classic style after Politics of the Business.

Politics of the Business
Politics of the Business is the third album by American hip hop producer Prince Paul. This album is considered to be a concept album similar to A Prince Among Thieves. The concept for this album, however, is the concept of following-up a concept album that did not sell too well (that album being A Prince Among Thieves). The album features guest appearances from Ice-T, DJ Jazzy Jeff, MF Doom, Biz Markie, Chuck D, Dave Chappelle, Chris Rock, and more. In October 2017, Paul released an updated version of Politics of the Business titled The Redux for free on SoundCloud and Bandcamp. Among the new featured guests on The Redux are De La Soul, RZA, and Bumpy Knuckles.
Amomum ovoideum
Amomum ovoideum is a widespread shade-demanding rhizomatous herb of the ginger family (Zingiberaceae) native to Southeast Asia. The plant bears fruits up to 2 cm (0.79 in) long, covered by slender, soft, red spines. When dried, the fruit produces cardamom seedpods similar to other cardamom spice plants.

Cardamom
Cardamom (/ˈkɑːrdəməm/), sometimes cardamon or cardamum, is a spice made from the seeds of several plants in the genera Elettaria and Amomum in the family Zingiberaceae. Both genera are native to the Indian subcontinent and Indonesia. They are recognized by their small seed pods: triangular in cross-section and spindle-shaped, with a thin, papery outer shell and small, black seeds; Elettaria pods are light green and smaller, while Amomum pods are dark brown and larger.

Species used for cardamom are native throughout tropical and subtropical Asia. The first references to cardamom are found in Sumer, and in Ayurveda. In the 21st century, it is cultivated mainly in India, Indonesia, and Guatemala.
Neel Mukherjee (writer)
Neel Mukherjee, FRSL (born 1970) is an Indian English-language novelist based in London and the US. His first novel, Past Continuous, won the Vodafone-Crossword Book Award in 2008. Under its UK title, A Life Apart, it won the Writers' Guild of Great Britain award for best fiction in 2010. His second novel, The Lives of Others, was shortlisted for the 2014 Man Booker Prize and won the Encore Award. He has also been shortlisted for the DSC Prize for South Asian Literature and the Goldsmiths Prize. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 2018.

Writers' Guild of Great Britain
The Writers' Guild of Great Britain (WGGB), established in 1959, is a trade union for professional writers in the United Kingdom. It is affiliated with both the Trades Union Congress (TUC) and the International Affiliation of Writers Guilds (IAWG).
MLW The World Championship Finals
The World Championship Finals was a professional wrestling event produced by Major League Wrestling (MLW), which took place on April 12, 2018 at the Gilt Nightclub in Orlando, Florida. The event served as a television taping for the promotion's newly-launched television series, MLW Fusion, which would premiere on beIN Sports USA later that month on April 20.

The event was named after its main event, the final round match of a tournament for the reinstated MLW World Heavyweight Championship between Shane Strickland and Matt Riddle, which Strickland won. In other prominent matches on the card, Jimmy Havoc defeated Joey Janela in a Bogus Adventure match, Sami Callihan defeated MVP, Tom Lawlor defeated A. C. H. and Pentagón Jr. defeated Fénix to become the #1 contender for the World Heavyweight Championship.

Tom Lawlor
Thomas Joseph Lawlor (born May 15, 1983) is an American professional wrestler, retired mixed martial artist and podcast host. He is signed to both New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW), where he was the inaugural and longest reigning NJPW Strong Openweight Champion; and Major League Wrestling (MLW), where he is a former one-time MLW World Tag Team Champion, one-time MLW World Heavyweight Champion and the winner of the first-ever Battle Riot in 2018 and the 2020 Opera Cup tournament. He was in the Light Heavyweight division of the UFC.

A wrestler since 2007, he was a cast member of SpikeTV's The Ultimate Fighter: Team Nogueira vs. Team Mir.
Tell Jedaya
Tell Jedaya (Arabic: تل جدايا), also known as Gawar (كاور), is a village near Tell Tamer in western al-Hasakah Governorate, northeastern Syria. Administratively it belongs to the Nahiya Tell Tamer.

The village is inhabited by Assyrians belonging to the Assyrian Church of the East. At the 2004 census, it had a population of 301.

Tell Tamer
Tell Tamer (Arabic: تَلّ تَمْر, romanized: Tall Tamr, Kurdish: گرێ خورما, romanized: Girê Xurma or Til Temir, Syriac: ܬܠ ܬܡܪ) also known as Tal Tamr or Tal Tamir, is a town in western al-Hasakah Governorate, northeastern Syria. It is the administrative center of the Tell Tamer Subdistrict consisting of 13 municipalities.

Originally built and inhabited by Assyrians of the Upper Tyari tribe in the late 1930s, the town is predominantly populated by Arabs, with Assyrians remaining a substantial minority of about 20%. At the 2004 census, Tell Tamer had a population of 7,285.
Chanoclavine
Chanoclavine, also known as chanoclavin-I, is a tricyclic ergot alkaloid (ergoline) isolate of certain fungi. It is mainly produced by members of the genus Claviceps. Long used in traditional Chinese medicine, it was found in 1987 mouse studies to stimulate dopamine D2 receptors in the brain. It is described as being devoid of ergot-like activity, possessing no outstanding pharmacological activity, and as not contributing to the hallucinogenic effects of morning glory seeds.

Ergoline
Ergoline is a core structure in many alkaloids and their synthetic derivatives. Ergoline alkaloids were first characterized in ergot. Some of these are implicated in the condition of ergotism, which can take a convulsive form or a gangrenous form. Even so, many ergoline alkaloids have been found to be clinically useful. Annual world production of ergot alkaloids has been estimated at 5,000–8,000 kg of all ergopeptines and 10,000–15,000 kg of lysergic acid, used primarily in the manufacture of semi-synthetic derivatives.

Others, such as lysergic acid diethylamide, better known as LSD, a semi-synthetic derivative, and ergine, a natural derivative found in Argyreia nervosa, Ipomoea tricolor and related species, are known psychedelic substances.
Louis Purnell
Louis Rayfield Purnell Sr. (April 5, 1920 – August 10, 2001) was a noted curator at the United States' National Air and Space Museum and earlier in life, a decorated Tuskegee Airman. At the museum, he became expert in space flight artifacts, particularly spacesuits, and was instrumental in curating artifacts related to space exploration, during the pivotal years of the 1960s and into the 1980s. Purnell was the first African American to become a curator at the Smithsonian Institution.

Earlier, as a captain in the Army Air Corps and a fighter pilot, he served in the European and North African theater during World War II. For his service during the war, he was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross and the Air Medal with six Oak Leaf Clusters.

Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
The Distinguished Flying Cross (DFC) is a military decoration of the United States Armed Forces. The medal was established on July 2, 1926, and is awarded to those who, after April 6, 1917, have distinguished themselves by single acts of heroism or extraordinary achievement while participating in aerial flight. Both heroism and extraordinary achievement are entirely distinctive, involving operations that are not routine. The medal may be awarded to friendly foreign military members in ranks equivalent to the U.S. paygrade of O-6 and below in combat or support operations.
Music Is Magic
Music Is Magic is a 1935 Fox musical film directed by George Marshall. The movie stars Alice Faye and Bebe Daniels and is based on a play by Jesse Lasky Jr. and Gladys Unger. The movie was Daniels' last American screen appearance.

Alice Faye
Alice Faye (born Alice Jeanne Leppert; May 5, 1915 – May 9, 1998) was an American actor and singer. A musical star of 20th Century-Fox in the 1930s and 1940s, Faye starred in such films as On the Avenue (1937) and Alexander's Ragtime Band (1938). She is often associated with the Academy Award–winning standard "You'll Never Know", which she introduced in the 1943 musical film Hello, Frisco, Hello.

She left her career as a film actress and became known for her role on the radio show The Phil Harris-Alice Faye Show.
Caspar Bowden
Caspar Pemberton Scott Bowden (19 August 1961 – 9 July 2015) was a British privacy advocate, formerly a chief privacy adviser at Microsoft. Styled as "an independent advocate for information privacy rights, and public understanding of privacy research in computer science", he was on the board of the Tor anonymity service. and a fellow of the British Computer Society. Having predicted US mass surveillance programmes such as PRISM from open sources, he gathered renewed attention after the Snowden leaks vindicated his warnings.

Tor (network)
Tor is a free overlay network for enabling anonymous communication. It is built on free and open-source software run by over seven thousand volunteer-operated relays worldwide, as well as by millions of users who route their internet traffic via random paths through these relays. This technique is called onion routing.

Using Tor makes it more difficult to trace a user's internet activity by preventing any single point on the internet (other than the user's device) from being able to view both where traffic originated from and where it is ultimately going to at the same time. This conceals a user's location and usage from anyone performing network surveillance or traffic analysis from any such point, protecting the user's freedom and ability to communicate confidentially.
Corporate Animals
Corporate Animals is a 2019 American comedy horror film directed by Patrick Brice and written by Sam Bain. The film stars Jessica Williams, Karan Soni, Isiah Whitlock Jr., Martha Kelly, Dan Bakkedahl, Calum Worthy, Jennifer Kim, Nasim Pedrad, Ed Helms, and Demi Moore.

Corporate Animals had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 29, 2019, and was released in the United States on September 20, 2019, by Screen Media Films. Critic reviews were generally negative.

Jessica Williams (actress)
Jessica Renee Williams (born July 31, 1989) is an American actress and comedian. She has appeared as a senior correspondent on The Daily Show (2012–2016, 2024–present), as cohost of the podcast 2 Dope Queens (2018–2019), as Lally Hicks in the Fantastic Beasts film series (2018–2022), as Gaby in Shrinking (2023–present), and as Meadow in Entergalactic (2022).
Korean armour
Korean armour refers to various types of armour traditionally used in Korea before the modern era. The earliest examples of armour from the Korean peninsula date back to the Korean Three Kingdoms period. Korean armour also included horse armour and other kinds of early anti-ballistic armour before the 20th century.

Lamellar armour
Lamellar armour is a type of body armour made from small rectangular plates (scales or lamellae) of iron, steel, leather (rawhide), bone, or bronze laced into horizontal rows. Lamellar armour was used over a wide range of time periods in Central Asia, Eastern Asia (especially in China, Japan, Korea, Mongolia, and Tibet), Western Asia, and Eastern Europe. The earliest evidence for lamellar armour comes from sculpted artwork of the Neo-Assyrian Empire (911–609 BC) in the Near East.

Lamellar armour should not be confused with laminar armour, a related form of plate armour which is made from horizontal overlapping rows or bands of solid armour plates (called lames) rather than scales. By comparison, lamellar armour is made from individual armour scales which are laced together to form a strip of armour which appears to be solid but is not.
XL Recordings Chapters
XL Recordings Chapters is a musical compilation series which showcased tracks from the XL Recordings record label. Also, other notable breakbeat hardcore, house and techno tracks, XL's output at the time, were featured from other labels.

XL released these compilations (5 chapters plus 2 others) between 1990 and 1995. The label released, "Chapter VI" in November 2015 showcasing the latest crop of artists with XL Recordings.

XL acts on the chapters series included :

Empirion

Jonny L

Liquid

Nu-Matic

The Prodigy

SL2

Other non-XL acts included :

Brooklyn Funk Essentials

The House Crew

Kicks Like a Mule

Praga Khan

Project One

Shut Up and Dance

Underworld

Winx

Praga Khan
Maurice Joseph François Engelen (born 7 January 1959), known by his stage name Praga Khan, is a Belgian electronic musician. Khan is considered one of the leading pioneers of the new beat/acid house/techno electronic dance music scene that originated in Belgium. Khan has also contributed to the theatrical scene with his musical collaborations in The Next Dimension and Code Red. The group mostly performs in English, but has also released singles in German (Tausend Sterne).
T.O.P. (Shinhwa album)
T.O.P. is the second Korean studio album by South Korean boy band Shinhwa. It was released on April 15, 1999, by SM Entertainment. The album title T.O.P. stands for Twinkling Of Paradise. The album spawned two singles: the title track "T.O.P. (Twinkling of Paradise)", which incorporated elements of Tchaikovsky's "Swan Lake", and "Yo!". The album saw greater levels of success in comparison to their debut album Resolver (1998), selling over 377,000 copies in 1999. Both of its singles ranked atop the music program charts for multiple weeks.

Swan Lake
Swan Lake (Russian: Лебединое озеро) is a ballet composed by Russian composer Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky in 1875–76.  Despite its initial failure, it is now one of the most popular ballets of all time.

The scenario, initially in two acts, was based on Russian and German folk tales, telling a story of Odette, a princess turned into a swan by an evil sorcerer's curse.

The ballet was premiered by the Bolshoi Ballet on 4 March [O.S. 20 February] 1877 at the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow.  The choreographer of this original production was Julius Reisinger (Václav Reisinger).

Most ballet companies now base their performances on the 1895 revival of Marius Petipa and Lev Ivanov, first staged for the Imperial Ballet on 15 January 1895, at the Mariinsky Theatre in St. Petersburg. For this revival, Tchaikovsky's score was revised by Riccardo Drigo.
Bernardo Cennini
Bernardo Cennini (Italian: [berˈnardo tʃenˈniːni]; 1414/15 – c. 1498) was an Italian goldsmith, sculptor and early printer of Florence. As a sculptor he was among the assistants to Lorenzo Ghiberti in the long project producing the second pair of doors—the Doors of Paradise—for the Battistero di San Giovanni. He produced the first book printed at Florence. The painter and author of a famous book on the crafts, Cennino d'Andrea Cennini, was a member of the same Florentine family.

Lorenzo Ghiberti
Lorenzo Ghiberti (UK: /ɡɪˈbɛərti/, US: /ɡiːˈ-/, Italian: [loˈrɛntso ɡiˈbɛrti]; né di Bartolo; 1378 – 1 December 1455) was an Italian Renaissance sculptor from Florence, a key figure in the Early Renaissance, best known as the creator of two sets of bronze doors of the Florence Baptistery, the later one called by Michelangelo the Gates of Paradise. Trained as a goldsmith and sculptor, he established an important workshop for sculpture in metal. His book of Commentarii contains important writing on art, as well as what may be the earliest surviving autobiography by any artist.

Ghiberti's career was dominated by his two successive commissions for pairs of bronze doors to the Florence Baptistery (Battistero di San Giovanni). They are recognized as a major masterpiece of the Early Renaissance, and were famous and influential from their unveiling.
Harriet Watson
Harriet Watson is an Indiana based artist who has predominantly worked in 2-D abstraction throughout her artistic career. She is a member of the Eighteen Art Collective, formed after a project in which eighteen Black artists collaborated to create the Black Lives Matter street mural on the historic Indiana Avenue. Watson's art is inspired by Black female artists from the 70's such as Faith Ringgold and Emma Amos. Watson owns her own business, Harriet Watson Art LLC, where she sells her art and clothing brand.

Indiana Avenue
Indiana Avenue is a historic area and designated cultural district in Indianapolis, Indiana, United States. Indiana Avenue was, during its glory days, an African American cultural center of the area. The Indiana Avenue Historic District within the area was designated a United States national historic district in 1987.

Many prominent historical figures have their roots on Indiana Avenue: Madam C.J. Walker, jazz greats including Freddie Hubbard, Jimmy Coe, Noble Sissle, Erroll "Groundhog" Grandy and Wes Montgomery. Mary Ellen Cable was one of the most important African American educators in Indianapolis. Coupled with her work as an educator, she organized and served as the first president of Indiana's NAACP chapter.
Papacito lindo
Papacito lindo (Handsome Sweet Daddy or Sugar Daddy) is a 1939 Mexican film directed by Fernando de Fuentes. The film stars Sara García, Fernando Soler, Julián Soler, Manuel Noriega and Manolita Saval.

It is an adaptation of Miquette et sa mère, a French play by the aristocrat Robert de Flers.

The film was well-received in the United States and was cited as an important production of the Mexican film industry.

Manuel Noriega (actor)
Manuel "Manolo" Noriega, (June 24, 1880 – August 12, 1961) was a Spanish-born Mexican stage and film actor, screenwriter, and film director.

Born Manuel Noriega Ruiz in Colombres, Spain, he worked in live theatre for many years, performing in his native Spain as well as in Mexico, Cuba and the United States. A pioneer in silent film, he made his first screen appearance in 1907. It is believed some of his early silent films have been lost, but his main body of work began in talkies in the early 1930s, performing in close to two hundred sound films.
Noriega earned an Ariel Award nomination for "Best Actor in a minor role" for his performance in the 1946 film Pepita Jiménez.

Married to Hortensia Castañeda Avila, their daughter Carmen became a singer who married Tito Guízar.

Noriega died of gastric ulcer in Mexico City on August 12, 1961, and is buried at the Panteón Jardín in Mexico City.