hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Bioassay
A bioassay is an analytical method to determine the potency or effect of a substance by its effect on living animals or plants (in vivo), or on living cells or tissues (in vitro). A bioassay can be either quantal or quantitative, direct or indirect. If the measured response is binary, the assay is quantal; if not, it is quantitative.

A bioassay may be used to detect biological hazards or to give an assessment of the quality of a mixture. A bioassay is often used to monitor water quality as well as wastewater discharges and its impact on the surroundings. It is also used to assess the environmental impact and safety of new technologies and facilities.

Bioassays are essential in pharmaceutical, medical and agricultural sciences for development and launching of new drugs, vitamins, etc.

Water quality
Water quality refers to the chemical, physical, and biological characteristics of water based on the standards of its usage. It is most frequently used by reference to a set of standards against which compliance, generally achieved through treatment of the water, can be assessed. The most common standards used to monitor and assess water quality convey the health of ecosystems, safety of human contact, extent of water pollution and condition of drinking water. Water quality has a significant impact on water supply and often determines supply options.
Raspberry Pi OS
Raspberry Pi OS is a Unix-like operating system developed for the Raspberry Pi line of single-board computers. Based on Debian, a Linux distribution, it is maintained by Raspberry Pi Holdings and optimized for the Pi's hardware, with low memory requirements and support for both 32-bit and 64-bit architectures. Originally released in July 2012 under the name Raspbian, it was introduced shortly after the launch of the first Raspberry Pi model.

The operating system is compatible with all Raspberry Pi models except the Raspberry Pi Pico microcontroller. It is available in several configurations: a standard edition, a "Lite" version without a desktop environment, and a "Full" version that includes additional software such as LibreOffice and Wolfram Mathematica. The operating system is available as a free download and can be installed using the official Raspberry Pi Imager utility. It is also sold preloaded on official microSD cards.

Wolfram Mathematica
Wolfram Mathematica (also known as Mathematica) is a software system with built-in libraries for several areas of technical computing that allows machine learning, statistics, symbolic computation, data manipulation, network analysis, time series analysis, NLP, optimization, plotting functions and various types of data, implementation of algorithms, creation of user interfaces, and interfacing with programs written in other programming languages. It was conceived by Stephen Wolfram, and is developed by Wolfram Research of Champaign, Illinois. The Wolfram Language is the programming language used in Mathematica. Mathematica 1.0 was released on June 23, 1988 in Champaign, Illinois and Santa Clara, California. Mathematica's Wolfram Language is fundamentally based on Lisp; for example, the Mathematica command Most is identically equal to the Lisp command butlast.
La Job
La Job is a Canadian French-language comedy television series set in Montreal, Quebec. It is an adaptation of the British show The Office. Produced by Anne-Marie Losique's Image Diffusion International, it has been broadcast for a limited number of viewers on Bell Satellite TV satellite television, beginning on October 9, 2006 and ended on December 25, 2006 for 12 episodes until a bonus epilogue episode aired on January 15, 2007. It was later seen by a wider audience on the public broadcaster Radio-Canada (starting in January 2007) and specialty channel ARTV (starting in the third quarter of the same year). It is the third official foreign adaptation of the concept, and the second in a language other than English.

Saint-Laurent, Quebec
Saint-Laurent (French: [sɛ̃lɔʁɑ̃] ⓘ) is a borough of the city of Montreal, Canada, located in the northern part of the island. Although it is no longer an independent city, it is still commonly known as Ville Saint-Laurent (City of Saint-Laurent) or by its initials, VSL.

Saint-Laurent is the largest of Montreal's boroughs by land area. Its population was 98,828 inhabitants in 2016.
PDP–Lakas Coalition
The PDP–Lakas Coalition also known as PDP–LnB was a defunct multi-party electoral alliance supported by President Corazon Aquino and her administration for the 1988 Philippine local elections. It was a coalition of then two major parties in the Philippines, the PDP–Laban of President Aquino, and the Lakas ng Bansa (LnB) of House Speaker Ramon Mitra Jr.

The coalition featured local candidates from both PDP–Laban and the Lakas ng Bansa parties in various provinces, cities and towns for the January 18, 1988 local election. The coalition won 5,093 seats (31.94%) out of the 15,946 total local posts up for this election.

Ramon Mitra Jr.
Ramon Villarosa Mitra Jr. (February 4, 1928 – March 20, 2000) was a Filipino statesman, diplomat, and pro-democracy activist. He served as speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines from 1987 to 1992. Prior to that, he was Corazon Aquino's first minister of Agriculture from 1986 to 1987, a member of the Batasang Pambansa from 1984 to 1986 and a senator during the 7th Congress.
Dominik Hieronim Radziwiłł
Prince Dominik Hieronim Radziwiłł (Lithuanian: Dominykas Jeronimas Radvila; Belarusian: Дамінік Геранім Радзівіл; Polish: Dominik Hieronim Radziwiłł; 4 August 1786 – 11 November 1813) was a Polish-Lithuanian nobleman who was Ordynat of Nesvizh and Olyka and owner of Biržai, Dubingiai, Słuck and Kapyl estates. He took part in Napoleon's invasion of Russia in 1812 and later died of wounds after the Battle of Hanau.

Olyka Castle
The Olyka Castle (Ukrainian: Олицький замок, romanized: Olyts'kyi zamok; Polish: Pałac Radziwiłłów w Ołyce) is a fortified palace in Olyka, Ukraine. Constructed in 1564, it became the principal seat of the Radziwiłł family in Volhynia, once part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and now Ukraine. The Radziwiłłs hold the castle for almost four hundred years, since the last owner,  Janusz Radziwiłł, owned the castle till 1945. After 1945, it was confiscated and changed into a psychiatric hospital. In 2021, it was transferred to the Volyn museum and is now open for the public.

The castle is a so-called 'Palazzo in Fortezza', a structure where a palace or noble residence is incorporated or built within a fortress of fortified complex. It is one of the largest aristocratic residences in Ukraine with over two hundred rooms, and a courtyard larger than the Piazza San Marco in Venice.
Andromeda (Weyes Blood song)
"Andromeda" is a song recorded by American singer-songwriter Weyes Blood, released through Sub Pop on January 17, 2019, as the lead single from her fourth studio album Titanic Rising (2019). It was written by the artist, co-produced by her and Jonathan Rado, and mixed by Kenny Gilmore in Los Angeles. The song marked her first original release since her critically acclaimed 2016 album Front Row Seat to Earth. The artist included "Andromeda" in the set list of her In Holy Flux Tour. A music video was released in 2024.

Front Row Seat to Earth
Front Row Seat to Earth is the third studio album by American musician Weyes Blood. It was released on October 21, 2016, by Mexican Summer. Musically, the album explores several genres like baroque pop, psychedelic folk, folk-pop, and psychedelic pop. Front Row Seat to Earth was acclaimed by music critics, with one of them comparing the singer with Karen Carpenter.

Front Row Seat to Earth was supported by three singles: "Seven Words", released on August 10, 2016, "Do You Need My Love?", released on September 7, 2016, and "Generation Why", released on October 3, 2016. Despite not being promoted as a single, "Used to Be" received a music video on November 7, 2016. The album's cover art was photographed by Katie Miller beside the Salton Sea.
Takeshi Kusao
Takeshi Kusao (草尾 毅, Kusao Takeshi; born November 20, 1965) is a Japanese actor, voice actor and singer. He was born in Tokorozawa, Saitama, and works for Aoni Production. Among his many roles, he is best known as the voices of Trunks (Dragon Ball Z), Kabutack  (B-Robo Kabutack), Hanamichi Sakuragi (Slam Dunk), Ryo Sanada (Yoroiden Samurai Troopers), Parn (Record of Lodoss War), Coco/Kōji Kokoda (Yes! PreCure 5), Ky Kiske (Guilty Gear), Yukimura Sanada (Samurai Warriors, as well in Warriors Orochi series), Dororo (Sgt. Frog) and Mao (Code Geass).

Warriors Orochi
Warriors Orochi (無双OROCHI, Musō Orochi) is a hack and slash video game for PlayStation 2 and Xbox 360, developed by Koei and Omega Force. It is a crossover of two of Koei's popular video game series, Dynasty Warriors and Samurai Warriors (specifically Dynasty Warriors 5 and Samurai Warriors 2) and the first title in the Warriors Orochi series.

The game was released on March 21, 2007, in Japan, and in September for North America, Europe, Australia and New Zealand. The game came out for the Xbox 360 in Japan on September 13, and the European version came out on the same date as the PlayStation 2 version in the North America. The game was ported to the PlayStation Portable, released in Japan in February 2008, and in March 25 for North America and Europe. A PC version was released in North America on March 25 of the same year.
Huacrish
Huacrish (possibly from Quechua Wakrish (from wakri) for "flash of lightning") is a mountain in the west of the Huayhuash mountain range in the Andes of Peru, about 5,622 metres (18,445 ft) high. It is located in the Ancash Region, Bolognesi Province, Pacllon District, and in the Lima Region, Cajatambo Province, Copa District. Huacrish lies on the sub-range west of Yerupaja, northeast of the mountain Auxilio and southeast of the Auxilio Lake.

Yerupajá
Yerupajá is a mountain of the Huayhuash mountain range in west central Peru, part of the Andes. It is located at Áncash, Bolognesi Province, Lauricocha Province. At 6,635 metres (21,768 ft) (other sources: 6,617 m (21,709 ft)) it is the second-highest in Peru and the highest in the Huayhuash mountain range. The summit is the highest point in the Amazon River watershed, and was first reached in 1950 by Jim Maxwell and Dave Harrah, and its northern peak (Yerupajá Norte) in 1968 by the Wellingtonian Roger Bates and Graeme Dingle. Many visitors consider Yerupajá to be the most spectacular peak in South America.

There have been only a few successful ascents of Yerupajá because it is one of the hardest Andean high peaks to climb. The most popular route is the southwest face. The approach is normally made from Huaraz southwards via Chiquián and Jahuacocha.
Black Monday (1360)
Black Monday took place on Easter Monday (1360) during the Hundred Years' War (1337–1360), when a freak hail storm struck and killed an estimated 1,000 English soldiers. The storm was so devastating that it caused more English  casualties than any of the previous battles of the war.

Easter Monday
Easter Monday is the second day of Eastertide and a public holiday in more than 50 predominantly Christian countries. In Western Christianity it marks the second day of the Octave of Easter; in Eastern Christianity it marks the second day of Bright Week.
Provision Shop
Provision Shop (Chinese: 杂货店) is a Singaporean telemovie commissioned by the Ministry of Communications and Information in collaboration with Tribal Worldwide Singapore. It is directed by Royston Tan and stars Sora Ma, Marcus Chin, Li Yinzhu, Siti Khadijah, Brandon Wong, Cui Yang, Aden Tan and Sarah Daniel. The telemovie debuted on television on 17 July 2016 on Mediacorp Channel 8.

Ministry of Digital Development and Information
1°17′26.61″N 103°50′53.31″E﻿ / ﻿1.2907250°N 103.8481417°E﻿ / 1.2907250; 103.8481417
The Ministry of Digital Development and Information (MDDI; Malay: Kementerian Penerangan dan Pembangunan Digital; Chinese: 数码发展及新闻部; Tamil: தகவல், மின்னிலக்க மேம்பாட்டு அமைச்சு) is a ministry of the Government of Singapore responsible
for overseeing the development of the infocomm technology, media and design sectors, as well as the government's information and public communication policies. It is also responsible for maintaining the national library, national archives and public libraries.
Iraqi National Movement
The Iraqi National Movement (INM) (Arabic: الحركة الوطنية العراقية al-Ḥaraka al-Waṭaniya al-Iraqiyya), more commonly known as the al-Iraqiya List, was an Iraqi political coalition formed to contest the 2010 parliamentary election by Iraqi Vice President Tariq al-Hashimi's Renewal List, the Iraqi National Accord led by former Prime Minister Iyad Allawi and the Iraqi National Dialogue Front led by Saleh al-Mutlaq. The party included both Shi'a leaders (such as Allawi) and Sunni leaders (such as al-Mutlaq and al-Hashimi) and claimed to be secular and non-sectarian.

With 2,849,612 votes (24.7%) and 91 seats the Iraqiya List became the biggest list in the elections, winning two seats more than Nouri al-Maliki's State of Law Coalition, which won 89 seats and 2,792,083 votes (24.2%).

Renewal List
The Renewal List (Tajdeed) is an Iraqi political party founded by the Sunni Arab Vice President of Iraq, Tariq al-Hashimi in 2009 to contest the Iraqi legislative election of 2010.

Hashimi was the leader of the Iraqi Islamic Party, a Sunni Arab religious party that won the largest number of seats of any Sunni Arab party in the Iraqi legislative election of December 2005. He was elected vice president in 2006.

In 2009 he stepped down as leader of the IIP and announced the new party, which he said would "include academics, intellectuals and tribal leaders" and would be "above sectarian and ethnic divisions"
Raghukul Reet Sada Chali Aayi
Raghukul Reet Sada Chali Aayi (transl. The Tradition of the Raghukul continues) is an Indian television series based on old Indian traditions (especially from the Raghukul period), cultures, and values, which revolves around the personal relationships among people in contemporary India. It premiered on 22 November 2008, and has starred Rajesh Khanna, Dinesh Kaushik, Jaya Bhattacharya and Shresth Kumar.

Shresth Kumar
Shresth Kumar (born 1988) is an Indian television actor.  He is known for playing the role of Sunny in Sawaare Sabke Sapne... Preeto on Imagine TV. He currently portrays Neeraj in Kaal Bhairav Rahasya on Star Bharat.
Jovrine Kyomukama Kaliisa
Hon. Jovrine Kyomukama Kaliisa (born 17 August 1975) is a Ugandan politician and businesswoman, currently serving as the National Deputy Coordinator of the Parish Development Model.She was the district woman representative of Ibanda and affiliated to the National Resistance Movement political party. In 2021-2026 elections, she was the  aspiring Woman MP for Ibanda District under the National Resistance Movement political party, however she didn't win the elections. and also contesting as chairperson in women's league 2026-2031

Parish Development Model
The Parish Development Model (PDM) is a government-led initiative in Uganda aimed at transforming subsistence households into the money economy and lifting 17.5 million Ugandans in 3.5 million households out of poverty. The PDM initiative was launched on 26 February 2022 in the eastern district of Kibuku. by the President of Uganda Yoweri Museveni. It was a strategy to improve service delivery and alleviate poverty at the grassroots level.
Oscaro
Oscaro is a French e-commerce company founded in 2003. The company specialises in the sale of automotive parts from manufacturers and wholesalers. The company is headquartered in Paris and Gennevilliers and operates in France, Spain, Belgium and also in the US.

Gennevilliers
Gennevilliers (French pronunciation: [ʒœnvilje] ⓘ) is a commune in the northwestern suburbs of Paris, in the Hauts-de-Seine department of Île-de-France. It is located 9.1 km (5.7 mi) from the centre of Paris.
Quartet/Quintet/Sextet
Quartet/Quintet/Sextet is an album by American jazz saxophonist Lou Donaldson recorded on June 20 and November 19, 1952 and August 22, 1954 and released on Blue Note in 1957. The quartet features rhythm section Horace Silver, Gene Ramey and Art Taylor; the quintet adds trumpeter Blue Mitchell. The sextet features a new lineup, with brass section Kenny Dorham and Matthew Gee and rhythm section Elmo Hope, Percy Heath and Art Blakey.

Percy Heath
Percy Heath (April 30, 1923 – April 28, 2005) was an American jazz bassist, brother of saxophonist Jimmy Heath and drummer Albert Heath, with whom he formed the Heath Brothers in 1975. Heath played with the Modern Jazz Quartet throughout their long history and also worked with Miles Davis, Dizzy Gillespie, Charlie Parker, Wes Montgomery, Thelonious Monk and Lee Konitz.
Hypotrachyna aspera
Hypotrachyna aspera is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. The lichen forms loose, whitish rosettes with very narrow, finely divided lobes that give it a frilled appearance. It reproduces through small blisters on its surface that burst to release powdery granules containing both fungal and algal cells. Originally discovered in 2002 in the mountains of southeastern Brazil, it grows on acidic rocks in humid, partially shaded areas where moist forest meets open woodland. The species has since been found in several other Latin American countries, including Argentina, Bolivia, and Guatemala.

Rosette (botany)
In botany, a rosette is a circular arrangement of leaves or of structures resembling leaves.

In flowering plants, rosettes usually sit near the soil, but they can also be at the top of an otherwise leafless branch or trunk. Their structure is an example of a modified stem in which the internode gaps between the leaves do not expand, so that all the leaves remain clustered tightly together and at a similar height. Some insects induce the development of galls that are leafy rosettes.

In bryophytes and algae, a rosette results from the repeated branching of the thallus as the plant grows, resulting in a circular outline.
Meendum Oru Mariyathai
Meendum Oru Mariyathai (transl. Once again a respect) is a 2020 Indian Tamil-language drama film written, produced and directed by Bharathiraja. The film, starring him, Nakshatra, Joe Malloori and Mounika is bankrolled by Manoj Kumar under his banner Manoj Creations. The music for the film is composed by N. R. Raghunanthan and score is by Sabesh–Murali while cinematography is handled by Salai Sagadevan. The film premiered at the 2018 South Asian Short Film Festival which was held in Ooty. The film which began production in 2014 faced production delays before releasing on 21 February 2020.

Joe Malloori
Joe Malloori (born 22 December 1964) is an Indian actor who has appeared in Tamil language films. After making his debut in Prabhu Solomon's Kumki (2012), he has appeared as antagonist and supporting actor in other ventures.
2025 Organization of American States elections
During 2025, the Organization of American States (OAS) held elections to choose replacements for its two most senior officials. Albert Ramdin of Suriname was elected secretary general on 10 March, and Laura Gil of Colombia was elected assistant secretary general on 5 May.

Permanent Council of the Organization of American States
The Permanent Council is one of the two main political bodies of the Organization of American States, the other being the General Assembly.

The Permanent Council is established under Chapter XII of the OAS Charter. It is composed of ambassadors appointed by the member states (one per state), and it meets regularly at OAS headquarters in Washington, D.C., United States. The chair of the Council rotates among these permanent representatives of the member states, with each country chairing the Council for a three-month period.

Together, the General Assembly and the Permanent Council set broad priorities for the OAS; because it meets more regularly, however, the Council has immediate responsibility for directing the Organization's ongoing actions.
2007 Bangladesh cartoon controversy
The 2007 Bangladesh cartoon controversy began after an editorial cartoon was published in the 431st edition of Alpin, a featured supplement of the Bangladeshi newspaper Prothom Alo, on 17 September 2007. The cartoon featured a conversation between an elderly man and a boy culminating in the boy making a joke using the name of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Bangladeshi Muslim organisations, who objected to the cartoon, responded by holding public protests which led to violence and street clashes, even though such demonstrations have been banned by the interim caretaker government. Arifur Rahman, the author of the cartoon, was arrested and detained while the publishers have publicly apologised.

Caretaker government of Bangladesh
A caretaker government of Bangladesh (Bengali: বাংলাদেশের তত্ত্বাবধায়ক সরকার) is a non-political interim government in Bangladesh tasked with organizing free and fair general elections. The Chief Adviser, the head of government in lieu of the Prime Minister, is appointed by the President. The Chief Advisor appoints other advisers, who act as ministers. The appointments are intended to be nonpartisan.

The caretaker government is only permitted to make necessary policy decisions, and may not contest the elections.
David Nielsen
David Jean Nielsen (born 1 December 1976) is a Danish professional football manager, and former player.

He played for a number of Danish clubs, as well as Fortuna Düsseldorf in Germany and English clubs Grimsby Town, Wimbledon and Norwich City. His greatest triumph was the 1997 Danish Cup victory, which he won with Danish club Copenhagen. He played 46 matches and scored 33 goals for various Danish youth national teams between 1992 and 1997, including eight games and three goals for the Denmark U21 national team.

Nielsen has attracted controversy at various times in his career for falling into serious gambling debt, assaulting a teammate and then, in November 2008, admitting matchfixing in a Danish game played in 2004.

Allan Gaarde
Allan Gaarde (born 25 January 1975) is a Danish former professional football player in the midfielder position, who played 227 games and scored 48 goals for AaB, and won the 1999 Danish Superliga championship with the club. He also played abroad for Italian club Udinese and Norwegian club Viking FK, before ending his career with Vejle in Denmark.

Gaarde usually played on the left of midfield, and his main assets were his technique, vision, distribution and heading.

Gaarde was sports director in AaB from 2013 to 2019.
Parade of horribles
A parade of horribles can either refer to a type of parade where people wear grotesque costumes, or a rhetorical device where one argues against taking a certain course of action by listing a number of extremely undesirable events that would result from it.

Literary device
In writing and speaking, a literary device, literary technique, rhetorical device, stylistic device, or trope is any deliberate strategy of using language that an author or orator employs to be more effective at achieving some purpose. This purpose may be: to focus or guide the audience's attention, to make the language or its content memorable, or to evoke a particular emotional, rational, aesthetic, or other response.

Literary devices are classifiable into sub-categories, such as narrative devices, poetic devices, argumentative devices, linguistic schemes or templates, or other techniques distinct to certain forms of language. They can be difficult to cleanly classify, however, as many are common across multiple such forms and can intersect under various categories, such as figures of speech.