hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
History of the Jews in Portugal
The history of the Jews in Portugal reaches back over two thousand years and is directly related to Sephardi history, a Jewish ethnic division that represents communities that originated in the Iberian Peninsula (Portugal and Spain). In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, Portuguese Jews emigrated to a number of European cities outside Portugal, where they established new Portuguese Jewish communities, including in Hamburg, Antwerp, and the Netherlands, which remained connected culturally and economically, in an international commercial network during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.

Portuguese Inquisition
The Portuguese Inquisition (Portuguese: Inquisição Portuguesa), officially known as the General Council of the Holy Office of the Inquisition in Portugal, was formally established in Portugal in 1536 at a long-standing request of King John III.

It was one of three different manifestations of the wider Christian Inquisition, along with the Spanish Inquisition and Roman Inquisition, that survived in the period after the Medieval Inquisition. The Goa Inquisition was an extension of the Portuguese Inquisition in colonial-era Portuguese India. The Portuguese Inquisition was terminated in 1821.
Southwest Baptist Bearcats football
The Southwest Baptist University Bearcats football program represents Southwest Baptist University in college football and competes in the Division II level of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). In 2014, Southwest Baptist became a football-only member of the Great Lakes Valley Conference and remains a football-only member through the 2018–19 school year, after which it will become a full GLVC member. Prior to this SBU was in the Mid-America Intercollegiate Athletics Association from 1988 to 2007 and 2012 to 2013, the rest of the athletic programs are in the MIAA. SBU's home games are played at Plaster Stadium in Bolivar, Missouri.

Great Lakes Valley Conference
The Great Lakes Valley Conference (GLVC) is a college athletic conference affiliated with the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) at the Division II level. Its fifteen member institutions are located in the U.S. states of Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, and Missouri. There are also thirteen associate members that participate in sports not sponsored by their home conferences.
Oval spinet
The oval spinet is a type of harpsichord invented in the late 17th century by Bartolomeo Cristofori, the Italian instrument maker who later achieved fame for inventing the piano.  The oval spinet was unusual for its shape, the arrangement of its strings, and for its mechanism for changing registration.

The two oval spinets built by Cristofori survive today.  One, built in 1690, is kept in the Museo degli strumenti musicali, part of the Galleria del Accademia in Florence.  The other, from 1693, is in the Museum für Musikinstrumente of the University of Leipzig.

Accademia di Belle Arti di Firenze
The Accademia di Belle Arti di Firenze (lit. 'academy of fine arts of Florence') is an instructional art academy in Florence, in Tuscany, in central Italy.

It was founded by Cosimo I de' Medici in 1563, under the influence of Giorgio Vasari. Michelangelo, Benvenuto Cellini and other significant artists have been associated with it.

Like other state art academies in Italy, it became an autonomous degree-awarding institution under law no. 508 dated 21 December 1999, and falls under the administration of the Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca, the Italian ministry of education and research.

The adjacent (but unaffiliated) Galleria dell'Accademia houses the original David by Michelangelo.
Kenaz Kaniwete
Kenaz Kaniwete (born 28 March 2008) is an I-Kiribati sprinter. He made his international sporting debut at the age of fifteen, competing in the men's 100 and 200 metres at the 2023 Pacific Games. The following year, he qualified for the 2024 Summer Olympics to compete in the men's 100 metres through a universality slot, becoming the youngest athletics competitor of the games. He did not advance further from his preliminary round, though he set a new personal best and a national under-18 record in the event.

Universality slot
Universality slots or universality places are used by the International Olympic Committee to increase diversity of participating nations across the sports programme of the Olympic Games to help countries with traditionally small delegations.
Coal Bowl
The Coal Bowl is an American college football game between Pennsylvania Western University California and Indiana University of Pennsylvania. The two universities, both members of the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education and the Pennsylvania State Athletic Conference (PSAC). The two universities first competed in 1918. The name was added to the rivalry in 2009. The winner will earn the Coal Miners Pail Trophy, sponsored by the Pennsylvania Coal Association.

The trophy was established by brothers Barry "Buck" and Bob Lippencott. Buck played football at Indiana (IUP) and Bob played at California, competing against each other in 1963 and 1964. The brothers made a donation to their universities to establish an athletic scholarship. In addition, proceeds from sponsorship of the Pennsylvania Coal Association will be split between the two schools.

Pennsylvania State Athletic Conference
The Pennsylvania State Athletic Conference (PSAC) is a college athletic conference affiliated with the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) at the Division II level. The conference was originally formed in 1951 as the State Teachers Conference, and was temporarily named the Pennsylvania State Teachers College Conference in 1956 before assuming its current name in 1964.

The conference's 17 full-time members include 16 based in Pennsylvania and one in West Virginia. The conference's headquarters are in Lock Haven, Pennsylvania, and staffed by a commissioner, two assistant commissioners, and a director of media relations.
1898 Wisconsin lieutenant gubernatorial election
The 1898 Wisconsin lieutenant gubernatorial election was held on November 8, 1898, in order to elect the lieutenant governor of Wisconsin. Republican nominee and incumbent member of the Wisconsin State Assembly Jesse Stone defeated Democratic nominee and former member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Wisconsin's 4th district Peter V. Deuster, People's nominee Spencer Palmer, Prohibition nominee Willis W. Cooper, Social Democratic nominee Edward P. Hassinger and Socialist Labor nominee Herman C. Gauger.

Peter V. Deuster
Peter Victor Deuster (February 13, 1831 – December 31, 1904) was a German American immigrant, newspaperman, diplomat, and Democratic politician.  He represented Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in the United States House of Representatives for three terms (1879–1885) and was American consul at Krefeld, Germany, during the presidency of Grover Cleveland.
Christopher Plummer (priest)
Christopher Plummer (fl. 1490s – 1530s) was a Canon of Windsor from 1513 to 1535. He was attainted and deprived in 1535.

The writer William Plomer claimed relationship with Plummer, referring to him as ""Christopher Plomer, a canon of Windsor... unfrocked and clapped into the Tower in 1535 for criticizing, as well he might, the behaviour of his royal master, Henry VIII".

Attainder
In English common law, attainder was the metaphorical "stain" or "corruption of blood" which arose from being condemned for a serious capital crime (felony or treason). It entailed losing not only one's life, property and hereditary titles, but typically also the right to pass them on to one's heirs. Anyone condemned of capital crimes could be attainted, sometimes as a substitute for the dreaded common law treason.

Attainder by confession resulted from a guilty plea at the bar before judges or before the coroner in sanctuary. Attainder by verdict resulted from conviction by jury. Attainder by process resulted from a legislative act outlawing a fugitive (a bill of attainder). The last form is obsolete in England (and prohibited in the United States), and the other forms have been abolished.
Interrupted screw
An interrupted screw or interrupted thread is a mechanical device typically used in the breech of artillery guns. It is believed to have been invented in 1845.

The system has also been used to close other devices, including the joint between helmet (bonnet) and breastplate (corselet) of standard diving suit helmets, and the locks of diving chambers. Interrupted thread mounting is also used for large instrumentation lenses for high-speed cameras such as the Photo-Sonics 10B.

Diving chamber
A diving chamber is a vessel for human occupation, which may have an entrance that can be sealed to hold an internal pressure significantly higher than ambient pressure, a pressurised gas system to control the internal pressure, and a supply of breathing gas for the occupants.

There are two main functions for diving chambers:

as a simple form of submersible vessel to transport divers underwater and to provide a temporary base and retrieval system in the depths;

as a land, ship or offshore platform-based hyperbaric chamber or system, to artificially reproduce the hyperbaric conditions under the sea. Internal pressures above normal atmospheric pressure are provided for diving-related applications such as saturation diving and diver decompression, and non-diving medical applications such as hyperbaric medicine. It is also known as a pressure vessel for human occupancy, or PVHO.
Ivan Polbin
Ivan Semyonovich Polbin (Russian: Иван Семёнович Полбин; 27 January [O.S. 14 January] 1905 – 11 February 1945) was a General-major of Aviation in the Soviet Air Forces who advanced the use of dive-bombing techniques during World War II. As one of the few generals that regularly flew in combat, he was killed in action while leading a group of Pe-2 dive bombers on a mission.

Petlyakov Pe-2
The Petlyakov Pe-2 (Russian: Петляков Пе-2 — nickname «Пешка» (Pawn);  NATO reporting name: Buck) was a Soviet twin-engine dive bomber used during World War II. One of the outstanding tactical attack aircraft of the war, it also proved successful as a heavy fighter, as a night fighter (Pe-3 variant) and as a reconnaissance aircraft. The Pe-2 was, numerically, the most important Soviet bomber of World War II, at their peak comprising 75% of the Soviet twin-engine bomber force. The Soviets manufactured Pe-2s in greater numbers (11,430 built) during the war than any other twin-engine combat aircraft except for the German Junkers Ju 88 and the British Vickers Wellington. Several Soviet bloc air forces flew the type after the war, when it became known by the NATO reporting name Buck.
John Phala
Mahwidi John "Mokgomana" Phala (24 February 1924 – 30 July 2009) was a South African politician and former anti-apartheid activist from Limpopo. He represented the African National Congress (ANC) in the Limpopo Provincial Legislature from 1994 to 1999 and in the National Assembly from 1999 to 2009.

Phala joined the ANC during apartheid in 1953 and rose to prominence during the 1958 Sekhukhuneland revolt. An early recruit to Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) in 1961, he was convicted of terrorism in 1977 and sentenced to 30 years in prison for his role in an MK sabotage operation. He served his sentence on Robben Island until he was released during the negotiations to end apartheid.

Sekhukhuneland
Sekhukhuneland or Sekukuniland (Afrikaans: Sekoekoeniland) is a natural region in north-east South Africa, located in the historical Transvaal zone, former Transvaal Province, also known as Bopedi (meaning “land of Bapedi”). The region is named after the 19th-century King, Sekhukhune I.
Port Chalmers Post Office
Port Chalmers Post Office is a Renaissance revival former post office in the town of Port Chalmers. Designed by Colonial Architect William Clayton the Port Chalmers Post Office served the town for over a century before later being converted into a maritime museum. The post office is registered as a category 1 building with Heritage New Zealand.

William Clayton (architect)
William Henry Clayton (17 November 1823 – 23 August 1877) was a Tasmanian-born colonial architect who practised initially in Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania) and then in New Zealand.  He was New Zealand's first (and only) Colonial Architect, serving in the position from 1869 up until his death. In this role, he and his office were responsible for the design of numerous government buildings.
Dufourspitze
The Dufourspitze is the highest peak of Monte Rosa, an ice-covered mountain massif in the Alps. Dufourspitze is the highest mountain of both Switzerland and the Pennine Alps and is also the second-highest mountain of the Alps and Western Europe, after Mont Blanc. It is located between Switzerland (Canton of Valais) and Italy (Piedmont and Aosta Valley). The peak itself is located wholly in Switzerland.

Following a long series of attempts beginning in the early nineteenth century, Monte Rosa's summit, then still called Höchste Spitze (English: Highest Peak), was first reached on 1 August, the Swiss National celebration day, in 1855 from Zermatt by a party of eight climbers led by three guides: Matthäus and Johannes Zumtaugwald, Ulrich Lauener, Christopher and James Smyth, Charles Hudson, John Birkbeck and Edward Stephenson.

Pennine Alps
The Pennine Alps (French: Alpes Pennines, German: Walliser Alpen, Italian: Alpi Pennine, Latin: Alpes Poeninae), sometimes referred to as the Valais Alps (which are just the Northern Swiss part of the Pennine Alps), are a mountain range in the western part of the Alps. They are located in Italy (the Aosta Valley and Piedmont) and Switzerland (Valais).

The Pennine Alps are amongst the three highest major subranges of the Alps, together with the Bernese Alps and the Graian Alps that include the Mont Blanc massif.
Lazar Jovanović (writer)
Lazar Jovanović (Serbian Cyrillic: Лазар Јовановић, fl. 1835–1853) was a Bosnian Serb manuscript writer from the first half of the 19th century. He worked as a teacher at Serb elementary schools in Tešanj and Tuzla, in the north-east of the Ottoman province of Bosnia. He wrote, illuminated and bound two books in 1841 and 1842. The first book was commissioned by Serb members of the guild of goldsmiths in Sarajevo. It contains a collection of advice to be presented to journeymen on the ceremony of their promotion to master craftsmen. His second book contains a version of the apocryphal epistle known as the Epistle of Christ from Heaven. Although Jovanović states that he writes in Slavonic-Serbian (a literary language blending Church Slavonic, vernacular Serbian and Russian elements), the language of his books is basically vernacular Serbian of the Ijekavian accent. He follows traditional Church Slavonic orthography, rather than the reformed Serbian Cyrillic introduced in 1818.

Guild
A guild (/ɡɪld/, GHILD) is a professional association of artisans and merchants who oversee the practice of their craft/trade in a particular territory. The word derived from medieval Europe where guilds were probably at their most extensive, but it has been used to describe similar groups before and after that period and in other parts of the world.  Typically the key "privilege" was that only guild members were allowed to sell their goods or practice their skill within a city. There might be controls on minimum or maximum prices, hours of trading, numbers of apprentices, and many other things. Critics argued that these rules reduced free competition, but defenders maintained that they protected professional standards.
Chippenham Mead
Chippenham Mead is a town green in Monmouth, Wales. The meadow is registered common land and is situated between Blestium Street and the River Wye, intersected by the A40(T) Monmouth bypass. Within the park lies a sports area called Chippenham Sports Ground. The meadow is listed at Grade II on the Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales.

Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales
The Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales is a heritage register of significant historic parks and gardens in Wales. It is maintained by Cadw, the historic environment service of the Welsh Government and was given statutory status in 2022.
Cody Almond
Cody Almond (born July 24, 1989) is a Canadian-born Swiss former professional ice hockey centre who last played for Lausanne HC of the National League (NL). He previously played for the Minnesota Wild in the National Hockey League (NHL).

Lausanne HC
Lausanne Hockey Club is a professional ice hockey team based in Lausanne, Switzerland. The team competes in the National League (NL), the highest league in Switzerland. The team plays its home games in the 10,000-seat Vaudoise Aréna.
X-CD-Roast
X-CD-Roast is a GTK+ front-end for cdrtools which provides a graphical user interface (GUI) for CD authoring.

X-CD-Roast runs on Linux and other Unix-like computer operating systems. Released under the GNU General Public License, X-CD-Roast is free software.

Unix-like
A Unix-like (sometimes referred to as UN*X, *nix or *NIX) operating system is one that behaves in a manner similar to a Unix system, although not necessarily conforming to or being certified to any version of the Single UNIX Specification. A Unix-like application is one that behaves like the corresponding Unix command or shell. Although there are general philosophies for Unix design, there is no technical standard defining the term, and opinions can differ about the degree to which a particular operating system or application is Unix-like. Some well-known examples of Unix-like operating systems include Linux, FreeBSD and OpenBSD. These systems are often used on servers as well as on personal computers and other devices. Many popular applications, such as the Apache web server and the Bash shell, are also designed to be used on Unix-like systems.
Tiwa Pueblo peoples
The Tiwa, less commonly Tigua, are a group of related Tanoan Pueblo peoples in New Mexico that traditionally speak a Tiwa language (although some speakers have switched to Spanish and/or English), and are divided into the two Northern Tiwa groups, in Taos and Picuris, and the Southern Tiwa in Isleta and Sandia, around what is now Albuquerque, and in Ysleta del Sur near El Paso, Texas.

Taos Pueblo
Taos Pueblo (or Pueblo de Taos) is an ancient pueblo belonging to a Taos-speaking (Tiwa) Native American tribe of Puebloan people. It lies about 1 mile (1.6 km) north of the modern city of Taos, New Mexico. Taos Pueblo has been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Taos Pueblo is one of several settlements established in the late 13th and early 14th centuries. It is a member of the Eight Northern Pueblos. A tribal land of 95,000 acres (38,000 ha) is attached to the pueblo; as of 2012, about 4,500 people live in this area.
Cassandra MacDonald
Cassandra MacDonald (née Fairbanks; March 11, 1985) is an American journalist and activist. As a journalist, she has worked for the Russian state-owned international news agency Sputnik (2015–2017), far-right American conspiracy theory websites Big League Politics (2017) and The Gateway Pundit (since 2017), as well as Timcast (since 2021).

A one-time supporter of Bernie Sanders, MacDonald has received attention for her political transformation to a supporter of Donald Trump. As an activist, she is best known for "Find the Dancing Man", her 2015 social media campaign against fat shaming, and for helping to organize the DeploraBall in Washington, D.C., to celebrate the 2017 inauguration of President Donald Trump. In 2020, MacDonald submitted evidence to the legal team defending WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange in his London extradition hearing.

Big League Politics
Big League Politics is a far-right American media website that promotes conspiracy theories. The website was founded by former Breitbart News employees. The site was announced in 2017 by one of its founders as an investigative outfit. In early 2018, Big League Politics was acquired by Mustard Seed Media which is owned by Reilly O'Neal and Noel Fritsch. The Wall Street Journal describes the website as "a scrappy, pro-Trump outfit backed by Republican operatives".
Sai Vignesh
Sai Vignesh  is an Indian Vocalist, Playback Singer, and Musician. His main training in music is in Carnatic, but he has also sung in other genres. He has released many tracks for solo projects, toured internationally, has performed with music legends like Ilaiyaraaja, SP Balasubramanyam, Shankar Mahadevan, and has been a successful playback singer for Tamil, Telugu and Kannada films. Sai Vignesh got noticed as a contestant in Airtel Super Singer 4. He made his debut in playback singing in 2018 with Eghantham, but solidified his place in the industry as a playback singer in 2022 with hits like Kurumugil from Sita Ramam and the blockbuster song Varaha Roopam from Kantara. He won a Filmfare Award at the 68th_Filmfare_Awards_South for "Varaha Roopam" (Kantara).

Super Singer 4
Airtel Super Singer 4, the fourth season of Airtel Super Singer, premiered on 4 February 2013. The show was a reality-based Indian singing competition in Tamil that aired on STAR Vijay. It was designed to be a talent hunt to find the best voice of Tamil Nadu. Judges for the auditions were Ananth Vaidyanathan, S.P. Sailaja, Devan Ekambaram, Nithyasree Mahadevan, Mahathi, Pop Shalini, S. Sowmya, Mano and Malgudi Subha. Some of these judges along with other noted musicians reappeared as Guest judges. To name a few- S. Janaki, M. S. Viswanathan, A. R. Rahman, P. Susheela, Asha Bhosle, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Vairamuthu, L. R. Eswari and Vani Jairam. Judges for the main competition were Sujatha, Mano, Unnikrishnan and Srinivas. Makapa Anand, Priyanka Deshpande, and Bhavana were the hosts for the show. The voice trainer was Ananth Vaidyanathan. The show aired on weekdays at 9:00 pm IST.
Old Church of St Nicholas, Uphill
The Old Church of St Nicholas at Uphill, Somerset, England, is described as 'Norman' but was remodelled in later Middle Ages. Regular services ceased in 1846.

The church is partially ruined but still consists of a tower, chancel and a roofless nave. It is designated Grade II* listed building and in the care of the Churches Conservation Trust, although the roofed portion is still used for services occasionally.

Churches Conservation Trust
The Churches Conservation Trust is a registered charity whose purpose is to protect historic churches at risk in England. The charity cares for over 350 churches of architectural, cultural and historic significance, which have been transferred into its care by the Church of England.

The Trust works to prevent any deterioration in the condition of the buildings in its care, and to ensure they are in use as community assets. Local communities are encouraged to use them for activities and events, and the buildings provide an educational resource, allowing children and young people to study history, architecture and other subjects.

Most of the churches saved from closure are Grade I or Grade II* listed. Many are open to visitors as heritage sites, and nearly 2 million people visit the Trust's churches each year. The majority of the churches remain consecrated, though they are not used for regular worship.
Jacob Schulman
Jacques Schulman (1906–1990) was a Dutch numismatist who served as president of the International Association of Professional Numismatists (IAPN) from 1953 to 1961. His Handboek van de Nederlandse munten introduced a classification system for Dutch coinage, known as the Schulman number, that remains in international use.

International Association of Professional Numismatists
The International Association of Professional Numismatists, founded in 1951, is a non profit organisation of the leading international numismatic firms. The objects of the association are the development of a healthy and prosperous numismatic trade conducted according to the highest standards of business ethics and commercial practice.