hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Adair v. United States
Adair v. United States, 208 U.S. 161 (1908), was a US labor law case of the United States Supreme Court which declared that bans on "yellow-dog" contracts (that forbade workers from joining labor unions) were unconstitutional. The decision reaffirmed the doctrine of freedom of contract which was first recognized by the Court in Allgeyer v. Louisiana (1897). For this reason, Adair is often seen as defining what has come to be known as the Lochner era, a period in American legal history in which the Supreme Court tended to invalidate legislation aimed at regulating business.

In earlier cases, the Court had struck down state legislation limiting the freedom of contract by using the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, which only applied to the states. In Adair the doctrine was expanded to include federal legislation by way of the due process clause of the Fifth Amendment.

Allgeyer v. Louisiana
Allgeyer v. Louisiana, 165 U.S. 578 (1897), was a landmark case of the Supreme Court of the United States in which a unanimous bench struck down a Louisiana statute for violating an individual's liberty of contract. It was the first case in which the Supreme Court interpreted the word liberty in the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to mean economic liberty. The decision marked the beginning of the Lochner era during which the Supreme Court struck many state regulations for infringing on an individual's right to contract. The Lochner era lasted 40 years and ended when West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish was decided in 1937.
Mateves
Mateves is a Tanzanian administrative ward located in Arusha Rural District of the Arusha Region. It is one of 21 administrative wards in the district. Mateves means places where the fever tree grows in the Maasai language. Mateves ward is bordered by Musa ward to the northwest, Oltrumet ward to the far  northeast, a tip of the Olorieni ward to the northeast as well. Olasiti ward borders Mateves to the north east and Terrat to the south east. To the south of Mateves is Oljoro ward and the southwest of Mateves is the Moita Ward and lastly, towards the west is Kisongo ward.  The small town of Ngorbob is the seat of the ward. The ward is home to the Mungu Crater and Loljoro Hill at 1,585 meters.  The ward covers an area of 104.4 km2 (40.3 sq mi), and has an elevation of 1,328 m (4,357 ft).  According to the 2012 census, the ward had a total population of 15,632

Oljoro
Oljoro is an administrative ward in the Arusha Rural District of the Arusha Region of Tanzania. The ward is home to Mungu Crater  which is 1,030 meters deep. According to the 2002 census, the ward has a total population of 7,896
Stanislav Sočivica
Stanislav "Stanko" Sočivica[a] (c. 1715 – fl. 1777) was a Serbian hajduk (brigand) active in the Ottoman territories in western Balkans (sanjaks of Herzegovina, Bosnia and Montenegro). Born in a village close to Bileća, his family owned a farm subject to a harsh Ottoman bey family. After murdering the beys and taking their collected taxes, the family subsequently relocated to Venetian Dalmatia from where Sočivica and his brothers began their brigandage. After decades of brigandage, and the capture of his wife and children, he retired to the Habsburg monarchy, where he was appointed commander of the Pandurs by Emperor Joseph II himself, in 1775.

Montenegro vilayet
The Vilayet of the Black Mountain (or Montenegro Vilayet) was an Ottoman administrative unit within the Sanjak of Scutari, consisting of parts of modern-day Montenegro. It was established in 1528 and existed until 1696. Although claimed by the Ottomans, the area was de facto independent with the Montenegrin tribes, with the support of the Metropolitanate of Cetinje, constantly waging wars against Turks.
Mister Venezuela 2000
Mister Venezuela 2000 was the fifth Mister Venezuela pageant. It was held at the Estudio 1 de Venevisión in Caracas, Venezuela on November 22, 2000.

At the end of the event, Alejandro Otero of Distrito Federal titled Luis Nery of Península Goajira as Mister Venezuela 2000. He represented Venezuela at the Manhunt International 2001 pageant placing as 2nd runner-up.

The runner-up position went to Cristóbal Lander of Miranda.

Guajira Peninsula
The Guajira Peninsula [ɡwaˈxiɾa] (Spanish: Península de La Guajira, also spelled Goajira, mainly in colonial period texts, Wayuu: Woumainpa’a) is a peninsula in northern Colombia and northwestern Venezuela in the Caribbean.  It is the northernmost peninsula in South America and has an area of 25,000 km2 (9,700 sq mi) extending from the Manaure Bay (Colombia) to the Calabozo Ensenada in the Gulf of Venezuela (Venezuela), and from the Caribbean to the Serranía del Perijá mountains range.

It was the subject of a historic dispute between Venezuela and Colombia in 1891, and on arbitration was awarded to the latter and joined to its Magdalena Department. Nowadays, most of the territory is part of Colombia, making it part of La Guajira Department. The remaining strip is part of the Venezuelan Zulia State.  The northernmost part of the peninsula is called Punta Gallinas (12° 28´ N) and is also considered the northernmost part of mainland South America.
Momodou L. K. Sanneh
Momodou Lamin K. Sanneh (born 1942) is a Gambian politician who served as Deputy Speaker of the National Assembly from 2017 to 2022. He is a member of the United Democratic Party (UDP) and served as the National Assembly Member (NAM) for Kiang West from 2007 to 2012, as well as the National Assembly Minority Leader in the same time period.

Kiang West
Kiang West is one of the six districts of the Lower River Division of the Gambia. Along with Kiang Central and Kiang East, it makes up the Kiang area. In the 2013 census, it had a population of 14,953.
Aquatica lateralis
Aquatica lateralis, known as "heike-botaru" (ヘイケボタル) in Japanese, is a species of firefly found in Russia, Japan and Korea. It was formerly placed in the genus Luciola. The larvae are aquatic and live in rice paddies.

The genome of Aquatica lateralis was sequenced in 2018.

Luciola
Luciola is a genus of flashing fireflies in the family Lampyridae. They are especially well known from Japan and are often called Japanese fireflies, but their members range farther into Asia and reach southern Europe (Italy, France, Spain, Portugal, among other countries) and Africa. This genus is traditionally held to extend to Australia, but these species do not seem to belong herein (see below for details).
University Hospital Complex of Pontevedra
The University Hospital Complex of Pontevedra (CHOP) is a public health institution and a teaching hospital established in 2012 that provides health services to the specialized region of the city of Pontevedra in Spain. It depends on the Galician Healthcare Service, and consists of three hospitals and one specialty center.

Teaching hospital
A teaching hospital or university hospital is a hospital or medical center that provides medical education and training to future and current health professionals. Teaching hospitals are almost always affiliated with one or more universities and are often co-located with medical schools.

Teaching hospitals use a residency program to educate qualified physicians, podiatrists, dentists, and pharmacists who are receiving training after attaining the degree of MD, DO, DPM, DDS, DMD, PharmD, BDS, BDent, MBBS, MBChB, or BMed. Those that attend a teaching hospital or clinic practice medicine under the direct or indirect supervision of a senior medical clinician registered in that specialty, such as an attending physician or consultant. The purpose of these residency programs is to create an environment where new doctors can learn to practice medicine in a safe setting which is supervised by physicians that provide both oversight and education.
Cappella dei Mercanti, Turin
The cappella dei Mercanti, Negozianti e Banchieri (chapel of merchants, shopkeepers, and bankers), better known as cappella dei Mercanti, is a Catholic chapel in the historic city center of Turin, Italy.

The chapel, whose construction was authorized during the 16th century, was built at the end of the 1600s and most of the artwork it contains originated in the 1600 and 1700s, in the baroque style.

The sacristy hosts the Perpetual Calendar built by the engineering Giovanni Plana, a primitive computing machine.

Giovanni Plana
Giovanni Antonio Amedeo Plana (6 November 1781 – 20 January 1864) was an Italian astronomer and mathematician. He is considered one of the premiere Italian scientists of his age.

The crater Plana on the Moon is named in his honor.
Great Tapestry of Scotland
The Great Tapestry of Scotland is one of the world's largest community arts projects, hand stitched by 1,000 people from across Scotland. It is made up of 160 linen panels and 300 miles of wool – enough to stretch the entire length of Scotland. It is now on permanent display in its own purpose-built gallery and visitor centre in the town of Galashiels in the heartland of the Scottish Borders.

The tapestry itself tells the story of Scotland's history, heritage and culture – from the country's land formation millions of years BC right to 2013 when the last panel was completed. In addition to housing the tapestry itself, the new visitor centre is home to a café, shop, a workshop space and a gallery for additional visiting exhibits.

Scottish Borders
The Scottish Borders (Scottish Gaelic: Crìochan na h-Alba; Scots: The Mairches), often shortened to the Borders within Scotland, is one of the country's 32 council areas. It is bordered by West Lothian, Edinburgh, Midlothian, and East Lothian to the north, the North Sea to the east, Dumfries and Galloway to the south-west, South Lanarkshire to the west, and the English ceremonial counties of Cumbria and Northumberland to the south. The area's largest settlement is Galashiels; its administrative centre is Newtown St Boswells.

The term "Scottish Borders" is also used for the areas of southern Scotland and northern England that bound the Anglo-Scottish border, namely Dumfries and Galloway, Scottish Borders, Northumberland, and Cumbria. The council area occupies approximately the same area as the historic shires of Berwickshire, Peeblesshire, Roxburghshire, and Selkirkshire.
Kosaburo Eto
Kosaburo Eto (江藤 小三郎, Etō Kosaburō; 20 April 1946 – 11 February 1969) was a Japanese nationalist, thinker, social activist, Japan Ground Self-Defense Force official, and member of a leading Japanese political family. He is best known for committing suicide through self-immolation as a nationalist protest in front of the Japanese Houses of Parliament.

Japan Ground Self-Defense Force
The Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (Japanese: 陸上自衛隊, Hepburn: Rikujō Jieitai), JGSDF (陸自, Rikuji), also referred to as the Japanese Army, is the land warfare branch of the Japan Self-Defense Forces. Created on July 1, 1954, it is the largest of the three service branches.

New military guidelines, announced in December 2010, direct the Self-Defense Forces away from their Cold War focus on the Soviet Union to a new focus on China, especially in respect of the dispute over the Senkaku Islands.

The JGSDF operates under the command of the chief of the ground staff, based in the city of Ichigaya, Shinjuku, Tokyo. The present chief of staff is General Yasunori Morishita. The JGSDF numbered 247,000 soldiers in 2025.
Phaktanglung Rural Municipality
Phaktanglung is a Rural municipality (Gaunpalika) located in Taplejung District in Koshi Province of eastern Nepal. The local body was formed by merging seven previous VDCs namely Sawadin, Khejenim, Linkhim, Ikhabu, Tapethok, Lelep, Olangchungkhola. Currently, it has a total of 7 wards. The population of the rural municipality is 12,017 according to the 2011 Nepal census and total area of the rural council is 1,858.51 square kilometres (717.57 sq mi) which is the 3rd largest rural council of Nepal. It is the 1st largest rural council of Koshi Province.

Taplejung District
Taplejung District (Nepali: ताप्लेजुङ जिल्ला ({{Sherpa|xsr||རྟ་བླ་རྫོང Listenⓘ) is one of seventy-seven districts of Nepal and one of the 14 districts of Koshi Province. It is located deep in the Himalayas in Eastern Nepal with བོད to the north across the Himalayas. Taplejung is the third largest district (by area) of Nepal.

The district covers an area of 3,646 square kilometres (1,408 sq mi) and has a total population (2011 Nepal census) of 127,461. The district is surrounded by Tibet in the north, Sankhuwasabha District in the west, Tehrathum District and Panchthar District in the south and Sikkim (India) in the east. Geographically, the district is located at a latitude of 27º 06' to 27º 55'N and a longitude of 87º57' to 88°12' E.
South Devon Railway sea wall
The South Devon Railway sea wall is situated on the south coast of Devon in England. A footpath runs alongside the railway between Dawlish Warren and Dawlish, then another footpath forms a continuation to the sea front promenade at Teignmouth. Both of these form part of the South West Coast Path.

The South Devon Railway was built to the designs of Isambard Kingdom Brunel; it takes a route from Exeter which follows the River Exe to Dawlish Warren, runs beneath the sea cliffs to Teignmouth and then follows the River Teign to Newton Abbot. It follows tidal waters for about 13 miles (21 km), 4 miles (6.4 km) of which are open sea.

River Teign
The River Teign /ˈtiːn/ is a river in the county of Devon, England. It is 31 mi (50 km) long and rises on Dartmoor, becomes an estuary just below Newton Abbot and reaches the English Channel at Teignmouth.
Cumberland Gap
The Cumberland Gap is a pass in the eastern United States through the long ridge of the Cumberland Mountains, within the Appalachian Mountains and near the tripoint of Kentucky, Virginia, and Tennessee. At an elevation of 1,631 feet (497 m) above sea level, it is famous in American colonial history for its role as a key passageway through the lower central Appalachians.

Long used by Native American nations, the Cumberland Gap was brought to the attention of settlers in 1750 by Thomas Walker, a Virginia physician and explorer. The path was used by a team of frontiersmen led by Daniel Boone, making it accessible to pioneers who used it to journey into the western frontiers of Kentucky and Tennessee. An important part of the Wilderness Road, it is now part of the Cumberland Gap National Historical Park.

Eastern United States
The Eastern United States, often abbreviated as simply the East, is a macroregion of the United States located to the east of the Mississippi River. It variably includes between 17 and 26 states and Washington, D.C., the national capital.

As of 2011, the Eastern United States had an estimated population exceeding 179 million, representing the majority (over 58 percent) of the total U.S. population.

The three most populous cities in the Eastern United States are New York City, Chicago, and Philadelphia.
The Big Brass Ring
The Big Brass Ring is a 1999 drama film, starring William Hurt, Nigel Hawthorne, Irene Jacob, Jefferson Mays and Miranda Richardson (who was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for her performance).  The film's script was heavily rewritten by George Hickenlooper and F. X. Feeney from a previous screenplay written by Orson Welles and Oja Kodar in the early 1980s; Hickenlooper also directed the film.

Jefferson Mays
Lewis Jefferson Mays (born June 8, 1965) is an American actor. He is the recipient of numerous accolades, including a Tony Award, a Helen Hayes Award, a Lucille Lortel Award, two Drama Desk Awards, two Outer Critics Circle Awards and three Obie Awards.
Love at Stake
Love at Stake is a 1987 American comedy film, directed by John C. Moffitt, based on a screenplay by Lanier Laney and Terry Sweeney. It stars Patrick Cassidy and Kelly Preston, with Barbara Carrera, Bud Cort, Dave Thomas, and Stuart Pankin. Joyce Brothers makes a cameo appearance as herself.

The film is an obvious spoof of the infamous Salem witch trials, moving in the vein of anarchic comedy films like Mel Brooks' Blazing Saddles and others by Monty Python and Zucker, Abrahams and Zucker.

The film was produced by Hemdale Film Corporation and was distributed by Tri-Star Pictures. Filming took place in Kleinburg, Ontario.

Dave Thomas (actor)
David William Thomas CM (born May 20, 1949) is a Canadian actor, comedian and television writer, known for being one half of the duo Bob and Doug McKenzie with Rick Moranis. He appeared as Doug McKenzie on SCTV, for which he won a Primetime Emmy Award out of two nominations, and in the film Strange Brew (1983), which he also co-directed. As a duo, they made two albums, The Great White North and Strange Brew, the former gaining them a Grammy Award nomination and a Juno Award.

His other notable acting credits include My Man Adam (1985), The Experts (1989), Coneheads (1993), Rat Race (2001), Beethoven's 5th (2003) and Santa's Slay (2005). He is also known for playing Russell Norton in the TV series Grace Under Fire (1993–1998) and provided the voice of Tuke in Brother Bear (2003), and Brother Bear 2 (2006).
You're Drunk, Go Home
"You're Drunk, Go Home" is a song recorded by American recording artists Kelsea Ballerini, Kelly Clarkson, and Carly Pearce for Ballerini's fourth studio album, Subject to Change. Ballerini co-wrote the song with Julian Bunetta and Shane McAnally.

Shane McAnally
Shane Lamar McAnally (born October 12, 1974) is an American country music singer, songwriter, and record producer. He debuted as a singer in 1999 with his self-titled album on Curb Records. This project produced three singles on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts, including "Are Your Eyes Still Blue".

After a hiatus from music, McAnally returned to songwriting, having his first major success with "Last Call" by Lee Ann Womack in 2008. From the early 2010s onward, McAnally has worked almost exclusively as a songwriter and producer. Artists with whom he has worked include Old Dominion, Midland, and Kacey Musgraves. He has won four Grammy Awards and multiple awards from the Country Music Association (CMA). In 2023, he collaborated with Brandy Clark in writing the musical Shucked.
Bramble Cay
Bramble Cay, also known as Maizab Kaur (also spelt Maizub Kaur) and Massaramcoer, is a small cay located at the northeastern edge of Australia and the Torres Strait Islands of Queensland and at the northern end of the Great Barrier Reef. Lying around 50 km (31 mi) north of Erub Island in the Gulf of Papua, it is the northernmost point of land of Australia and marks the end of the Great Barrier Reef.

It is of interest for its geomorphology, human history and flora and fauna. It is an important nesting site for green turtles and several species of seabird, and is notably the site of the first extinction of a mammal species due to anthropogenic climate change, the Bramble Cay melomys. There is an automated lighthouse on the island.

Cay
A cay (/kiː, keɪ/ KEE, KAY), also spelled caye or key, is a small, low-elevation, sandy island on the surface of a coral reef. Cays occur in tropical environments throughout the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian oceans, including in the Caribbean and on the Great Barrier Reef and Belize Barrier Reef.
Chris Paul Jr.
Christopher "Pooh" Paul Jr. (born November 4, 2002) is an American professional football linebacker for the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Arkansas Razorbacks and Ole Miss Rebels. Paul was selected by the Los Angeles Rams in the fifth round of the 2025 NFL draft.

He is unrelated to the basketball player of the same name.

2025 NFL draft
The 2025 NFL draft was the 90th annual meeting of National Football League (NFL) franchises to select newly eligible players. The draft was held at Lambeau Field and its adjacent Titletown District in Green Bay, Wisconsin, on April 24–26, 2025. The Tennessee Titans held the first overall pick and selected Cam Ward, a quarterback from the Miami Hurricanes.

For the first time in the common draft era, the 2025 draft commenced with all teams holding their original selections in the first round. After the draft had begun, the Jacksonville Jaguars, Cleveland Browns, Philadelphia Eagles, and Kansas City Chiefs traded picks within the first round while the Houston Texans and Los Angeles Rams traded out of the first round. This was the first draft in NFL history to have every player selection come from an NCAA Division I FBS or FCS program.
Ivory pomegranate
The ivory pomegranate or Jerusalem Pomegranate is a thumb-sized ornamental artifact acquired by the Israel Museum. It is not actually made of ivory, but of hippopotamus bone and bears an inscription; Holy (Sacred) to the Priest of the House of God (YHWH).

At the time of its discovery, it was thought to have adorned the High Priest's sceptre within the Holy of Holies, thus potentially proving the existence of Solomon's Temple. However, experts of the Israel Museum have declared the inscription to be a modern forgery, and that the item dates back to the 14th or the 13th century BCE, well before the time of Solomon.

High Priest of Israel
The High Priest of Israel  (Hebrew: כֹּהֵן גָּדוֹל, romanized: kohēn gaḏol, lit. 'great priest')  was the head of the kohanim (Israelite priesthood). He played a unique role in the worship conducted in the Tabernacle and later in the Temple in Jerusalem, as well as in some non-ritual matters. Like all priests, he was required to be descended from Aaron, the first priest in the Torah. But unlike other priests, the high priest followed more restrictive laws, wore unique priestly garments, and was the only priest allowed to perform certain ceremonies.

There is still a Samaritan High Priest, but in Judaism, the High Priesthood is defunct.
Victor Babiuc
Victor Babiuc (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈviktor baˈbjuk]; 3 April 1938 – 25 February 2023) was a Romanian jurist and politician. A former member of the Democratic Party (PD), and of the National Liberal Party (PNL), he was a member of the Romanian Chamber of Deputies for Bucharest in 1990 and from 1992 to 1996, and for Brașov County from 1996 to 2004. In the Petre Roman cabinet, he was Minister of Justice from 1990 to 1991. In the Theodor Stolojan cabinet, he was Minister of the Interior from 1991 to 1992. In the Victor Ciorbea, Radu Vasile and Mugur Isărescu cabinets, he was Minister of National Defense from 1996 to 2000.

Radu Vasile
Radu Vasile (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈradu vaˈsile]; 10 October 1942 – 3 July 2013) was a Romanian politician, historian, academic/professor, and poet.

Originally a member of the Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party (PNȚ-CD), Vasile served as the Prime Minister of Romania between 17 April 1998 and 13 December 1999, and was notably confronted with the last Mineriad (more specifically the February 1999 Mineriad). Subsequently, between 2000 and 2004, he was elected as a Senator on behalf  the Democratic Party (PD). In addition to his political career, Vasile published poetry under the pen name Radu Mischiu.
Cenyu Han
Cenyu Han (Chinese: 韓岑宇; pinyin: Hán Cényǔ, born 22 December 2004), also known by his pseudonym "McQueen", is a Chinese racing driver who last competed in the Euroformula Open Championship for Team Motopark, having previously competed in Eurocup-3 and the Formula Regional European Championship. He was part of Fernando Alonso's A14 Management.

Team Motopark
Team Motopark, also known as Motopark Academy (raced under Lotus moniker from 2012 to 2014) is an auto racing team based in Oschersleben, Germany, next to the Motorsport Arena Oschersleben race track. In 2013, the team competed in the GP2 Series under the name Russian Time and until 2024 had operated a satellite team called CryptoTower Racing.