hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Luba Grigorovitch
Luba Norma Grigorovitch (born 5 June 1985) is an Australian politician. She represents the Labor Party and is a former trade union official.

Since the 2022 state election, she has been the representative of the District of Kororoit in the Victorian Legislative Assembly, sitting as a backbencher. Prior to the election, she was a state secretary of the Rail, Tram and Bus Union (RTBU). She is a member of the Industrial Left faction of the Victorian ALP.

She is married to Ben Gray, a founding partner of private equity firm BGH Capital, and the son of the former Liberal Premier of Tasmania, Robin Gray.

Australian Rail Tram and Bus Industry Union
The Australian Rail Tram and Bus Industry Union (RTBU) is an Australian trade union representing rail, tram, and bus workers. The RTBU is affiliated with the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU) and the Australian Labor Party (ALP).

Internationally, the RTBU is affiliated with the International Transport Workers' Federation. It has a membership of 31,223 as at 31 December 2018.
Rent-seeking
Rent-seeking is the act of growing one's existing wealth by manipulating public policy or economic conditions without creating new wealth.
Rent-seeking activities have negative effects on the rest of society. They result in reduced economic efficiency through misallocation of resources, stifled competition, reduced wealth creation, lost government revenue, heightened income inequality, heightened debt levels, risk of growing corruption and cronyism, decreased public trust in institutions, and potential national decline.

Successful capture of regulatory agencies (if any) to gain a coercive monopoly can result in advantages for rent-seekers in a market while imposing disadvantages on their uncorrupt competitors. This is one of many possible forms of rent-seeking behavior.

Resource allocation
In economics, resource allocation is the assignment of available resources to various uses. In the context of an entire economy, resources can be allocated by various means, such as markets, or planning.

In project management, resource allocation or resource management is the scheduling of activities and the resources required by those activities while taking into consideration both the resource availability and the project time.
Subalgebra
In mathematics, a subalgebra is a subset of an algebra, closed under all its operations, and carrying the induced operations.

"Algebra", when referring to a structure, often means a vector space or module equipped with an additional bilinear operation. Algebras in universal algebra are far more general: they are a common generalisation of all algebraic structures. "Subalgebra" can refer to either case.

Universal algebra
Universal algebra (sometimes called general algebra) is the field of mathematics that studies algebraic structures in general, not specific types of algebraic structures.
For instance, rather than considering groups or rings as the object of study—this is the subject of group theory and ring theory— in universal algebra, the object of study is the possible types of algebraic structures and their relationships.
Sunil Bhardwaj
Sunil Bhardwaj is an Indian politician from Jammu & Kashmir. He is a Member of the Jammu & Kashmir Legislative Assembly from 2024, representing Ramnagar Assembly constituency as a Member of the Bharatiya Janta Party.

Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly
The Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly (Dogri: 𑠑𑠢𑠹𑠢𑠰 𑠙𑠳 𑠊𑠧𑠹𑠢𑠮𑠤 𑠊𑠺𑠝𑠰𑠝 𑠀𑠩𑠳𑠷𑠠𑠥𑠮 (in Dogri)); (Kashmiri: جۆم تہٕ کٔشیٖر مَجلِسہِ قۄنوٗن سٲزی (in Perso-Arabic), 𑆘𑆾𑇌𑆩𑇀 𑆠 𑆑𑆯𑆵𑆫𑇀 𑆩𑆘𑇀𑆬𑆴𑆱𑇀-𑆅 𑆑𑇊𑆾𑇋𑆳𑆤𑆷𑆤𑇀 𑆱𑆃𑆘𑇊𑆵 (in Sharada)) is the unicameral legislature of Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir. Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly is the legislative arm of the Government of Jammu and Kashmir. At present, it consists of 95 members, directly elected from 95 constituencies. The tenure of the Legislative Assembly is five years unless dissolved sooner.

Prior to 2019, the State of Jammu and Kashmir had a bicameral legislature with a legislative assembly (lower house) and a legislative council (upper house). The Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, passed by the Parliament of India in August 2019, replaced this with a unicameral legislature while also re-organising the state into a union territory. The current 13th assembly was elected in September and October 2024.
Pramod Tandon
Pramod Tandon is an India Plant Biotechnologist and academic.  He is a former Professor of Botany & Vice-Chancellor of  North-Eastern Hill University (NEHU), Shillong and Chief Executive Officer of Biotech Park, Lucknow. The Government of India awarded him the fourth highest civilian honour Padma Sri in 2009, for his contributions to science.

North-Eastern Hill University
North-Eastern Hill University (NEHU) is a Central University established on 19 July 1973 by an Act of the Indian Parliament. The university is in the suburb of Shillong, the state capital of Meghalaya, India. The university has two campuses, in Shillong and Tura. Both campuses are in Meghalaya state. The first pro-vice chancellor was Early Rising Singha

It is the University Grants Commission's University with Potential for Excellence (conferred in 2006). It was established as a regional university for the states of northeast India, including Meghalaya, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram, and had given birth to Nagaland University in 1994 and Mizoram University in 2001.
Timeline of ballet
A timeline of the history of ballet:

14th century
Medieval dance

15th century

16th century
Renaissance dance
Ballet de cour
Intermedio - Italian court spectaculars with dance
Ballet Comique de la Reine - sometimes called the "first ballet"

17th century
French ballet
Comédie-ballet

18th century
Baroque dance
Opéra-ballet
Ballet d'action

19th century
Classical ballet
Azerbaijani
British
French
Italian
Russian
Pre-romantic ballet
Romantic ballet

20th century
Modern ballet
Neoclassical ballet
Postmodern dance
Concert dance
Contemporary ballet
Post-structuralist ballet

French ballet
Ballet first began to flourish in the French courts during the 17th century with the help of several important men: King Louis XIV, Jean-Baptiste Lully, Pierre Beauchamps, and Molière. The combination of different talents and passions of these four men shaped ballet to what it is today.
Sam Walton (peace activist)
Sam Walton (born 1980s in London) is a British peace activist and, as of March 2020, Chief Executive of Free Tibet and Tibet Watch. He is most well known for his arrest on 29 January 2017 at Warton Aerodrome, Lancashire on suspicion of criminal damage after attempting to "disarm war planes" which he believed were bound for Saudi Arabia.

Walton is a Quaker and used to work for Quaker Peace and Social Witness.

Quaker Peace and Social Witness
Quaker Peace & Social Witness (QPSW), previously known as the Friends Service Council, and then as Quaker Peace and Service, is one of the central committees of the Britain Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends – the national organisation of Quakers in Britain.  It works to promote British Quakers' testimonies of equality, justice, peace, simplicity and truth, alongside both small local and large international pressure groups.

In 1947, the then Friends Service Council received the Nobel Peace Prize jointly with the American Friends Service Committee, on behalf of the Quakers.
Ángel Maria Herrera
Ángel Maria Herrera (December 3, 1859, Penonomé District, Coclé Province, Granadine Confederation - May 2, 1948 Panama), was a Panamanian educator.

Received her teaching degree in 1884 at the Ecole Normale de Institutores and that same year was appointed Académicode the Boys' School of Saints, and a year later was reappointed Chief Academic School for Boys of St. Anne in Panama. He was the son of Don Braulio Herrera and Doña Luisa Tuñón.
Herrera was named Preceptor in Penonome. A year later it was 1897 he was Director of the School of the College of the Isthmus. For several years he was inspector of public instruction in the province of Colon and Cocle province.
In the District of Penonomé school there with your name. A few years ago the school suffered a serious fire in which spent $40,000 in losses.

Penonomé District
Penonomé is a district (distrito) of Coclé Province in Panama. The population according to the 2000 census was 72,448. The district covers a total area of 1700 km2.

The capital of the district is the city of Penonomé,
and Penonome is also the capital city of the province of Coclé. This province starts in the salt plains and Pacific coast, crosses sugar cane fields and reaches impressive waterfalls and mountain tops where orchids grow. In total, the province of Cocle covers almost 12,000 square kilometers and has a population of over 200,000. The province is the agricultural center for Panama and a producer of sugar, salt, tomatoes, coffee, rice, onions and oranges. Cocle is also a favorite place for travelers and includes the largest beach resorts in the Pacific Ocean, around its coastal areas of more than 100 kilometers.
Batoo
Batoo is a Korean variant of the board game Go. The name stems from a combination of the Korean words baduk (“Go”) and juntoo (“battle”). It is played entirely in cyberspace, and differs from Go in a number of ways, most noticeably in the way in which certain areas of the board are worth different point values. The other principal difference is that both players place three stones before the game begins, and may also place a special “hidden stone”, which affects the board as a regular stone but is invisible to the opponent. It was launched in November 2008; in April 2021 a new server at foh.epizy.com started to manage Batoo games.

Go equipment
The equipment required to play the game of Go consists of the board, stones (playing pieces) and containers for the stones. The quality and materials used in making Go equipment varies considerably, and the cost varies accordingly.
Aurélio Pereira
Aurélio da Silva Pereira (1 October 1947 – 8 April 2025) was a Portuguese football coach and youth player scout who was professionally involved with the men's football team of Sporting Clube de Portugal (Sporting CP) for several decades. Firstly, as a player at youth and junior level; then, as coach of all the Sporting CP's youth teams (two-time national youth champion); and, finally, as sporting director of all youth football in 1995-96 and 1996–97. In 1988, he was the mastermind and creator of the Sporting CP's world-renowned recruitment and youth development department, which he coordinated for over 30 years. Hundreds of boys were scouted and coached under his direct supervision and responsibility across decades of work as a youth coach and scout at Sporting CP, some of them would become notable world-class footballers, such as Paulo Futre, Luis Figo and Cristiano Ronaldo.

Paulo Futre
Paulo Jorge dos Santos Futre (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈpawlu ˈfutɾɨ]; born 28 February 1966) is a Portuguese former professional footballer who played as a left winger.

He started his career with Sporting CP, then moved to Porto – winning the 1987 European Cup – after which he embarked in an extensive professional career, having represented clubs in Spain, France, Italy, England and Japan, most notably Atlético Madrid. He also appeared for Benfica during four months in 1993, and his later years were blighted by injury problems.

A Portuguese international from the age of 17, Futre earned over 40 caps for his country, representing it at the 1986 World Cup.
Newark Broad Street station
Newark Broad Street station is a New Jersey Transit commuter rail and light rail station at 25 University Avenue in Newark, New Jersey. Built in 1903, the station's historic architecture includes an elegant clock tower and a brick and stone façade on the station's main building. In June 1984, the station was added to the National Register of Historic Places in recognition of its historical significance.

NJ Transit
New Jersey Transit Corporation, branded as NJ Transit or NJTransit and often shortened to NJT, is a state-owned public transportation system that serves the U.S. state of New Jersey and portions of the states of New York and Pennsylvania. It operates buses, light rail, and commuter rail services throughout the state, connecting to major commercial and employment centers both within the state and in its two adjacent major cities, New York City and Philadelphia. In 2024, the system had a ridership of 225,620,400.

Covering a service area of 5,325 square miles (13,790 km2), NJT is the largest statewide public transit system and the third-largest provider of bus, rail, and light rail transit by ridership in the United States.

NJT also acts as a purchasing agency for many private operators in the state; in particular, buses to serve routes not served by the transit agency.
Mateen Akhtar
Malik Mateen Akhtar (born 3 March 1962), alternatively spelled Matin Akhtar, is a Pakistani former footballer who played as a goalkeeper. A former captain, Akhtar is among the major players of the Pakistan national football team in the 1980s and 1990s.

He won the 1989 and 1991 South Asian Games with Pakistan captaining the national side in the former edition, and was the starting goalkeeper at the 1990 FIFA World Cup qualification in the country's first participation in the tournament. He also captained the national team at the 1990 Asian Games.

Football at the 1989 South Asian Games
The men's football tournament at the 1989 South Asian Games was held from 20 to 26 October in Pakistan. The hosts emerged as the champions, defeating Bangladesh in the final, with Haji Abdul Sattar scoring the solitary goal for Pakistan in the final.
Zuzim (biblical people)
According to the Hebrew Bible, the Zuzim or Zuzites (Hebrew: זוּזִים‎, Zūzīm) were a tribe who lived in Ham, a land east of the Jordan River between Bashan and Moab. The etymology of the name is unknown, but may derive from the Hebrew zīz (זִיז‎) which roughly translates to "moving things"/"things which move" (perhaps "nomad", in this context).

According to the text, the Zuzim were conquered by an invading coalition of kings led by the Elamite King Chedorlaomer (Genesis 14:5). This is the only time in the Hebrew Bible that they are mentioned; however, because they are listed alongside the Emim, which is later described in the Book of Deuteronomy as the Moabite term for rephaim, some scholars identify the Zuzim with the Zamzummim (Deuteronomy 2:20), a tribe of the Rephaim living in the same region later occupied by the Ammonites, who were also described as coterminous with the Emim.

Moab
Moab (/ˈmoʊæb/) was an ancient Levantine kingdom whose territory is today located in southern Jordan. The land is mountainous and lies alongside much of the eastern shore of the Dead Sea. The existence of the Kingdom of Moab is attested to by numerous archaeological findings, most notably the Mesha Stele, which describes the Moabite victory over an unnamed son of King Omri of Israel, an episode also noted in 2 Kings 3. The Moabite capital was Dibon. According to the Hebrew Bible, Moab was often in conflict with its Israelite neighbours to the west.
Olga Shirina
Olga Shirina better known as Klimbim is a Russian artist who specializes in restoring and colorizing historic Russian and World War II photos.

In 2017, the State Duma hosted an exhibition dedicated to the birthday of Vladimir Lenin, where her works were displayed without giving her any credit.

Film colorization
Film colorization (American English; or colourisation/colorisation [both British English], or colourization [Canadian English and Oxford English]) is any process that adds color to black-and-white, sepia, or other monochrome moving-picture images. It may be done as a special effect, to "modernize" black-and-white films, or to restore color segregation. The first examples date from the early 20th century, but colorization has become common with the advent of digital image processing.
Ratha Paasam (1954 film)
Ratha Paasam (transl. Blood affection) is a 1954 Indian Tamil-language drama film directed by R. S. Mani, written by C. V. Sridhar and produced by T. K. Muthusamy. The film stars T. K. Shanmugam, T. K. Bhagavathi, Anjali Devi, M. S. Draupadi, T. S. Balaiah and N. R. Vidyavathi. It is based on Sridhar's play of the same name. The film was released on 14 August 1954, became a commercial success, and was later remade in Hindi as Bhai-Bhai (1956).

T. K. Bhagavathi
T. K. Bhagavathi (1917-1982) was an Indian actor in Tamil stage dramas and cinema. He was the youngest brother of T. K. Shanmugam. He was famous for playing major roles in dramas and films for 45 years from 1935 to 1979. His debut film was Menaka (1935). His majestic walk, body language and bold voice earned him the reputation.
Nicholl–Lee–Nicholl algorithm
In computer graphics, the Nicholl–Lee–Nicholl algorithm is a fast algorithm for line clipping that reduces the chances of clipping a single line segment multiple times, as may happen in the Cohen–Sutherland algorithm.

Line clipping
In computer graphics, line clipping is the process of removing (clipping) lines or portions of lines outside an area of interest (a viewport or view volume). Typically, any part of a line which is outside of the viewing area is removed.

There are two common algorithms for line clipping: Cohen–Sutherland and Liang–Barsky.

A line-clipping method consists of various parts. Tests are conducted on a given line segment to find out whether it lies outside the view area or volume. Then, intersection calculations are carried out with one or more clipping boundaries. Determining which portion of the line is inside or outside of the clipping volume is done by processing the endpoints of the line with regard to the intersection.
Dakotadon
Dakotadon (meaning "Dakota tooth") is a genus of iguanodont dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous (Valanginian to Barremian) Lakota Formation of South Dakota, USA, known from a partial skull. It was first described in 1989 as Iguanodon lakotaensis, by David B. Weishampel and Philip R. Bjork. Its assignment has been controversial. Some researchers suggested that "I." lakotaensis was more basal than I. bernissartensis, and related to Theiophytalia, but David Norman has suggested that it was a synonym of I. bernissartensis. Gregory S. Paul, working on a revision of iguanodont species, gave "I." lakotaensis its own genus, Dakotadon, in 2008. He measured its length at 6 metres (20 ft) and body mass at 1 metric ton (1.1 short tons).

David B. Norman
David Bruce Norman (born 20 June 1952 in the United Kingdom) is a British paleontologist, Graduate Tutor and 
Director of Studies at Christ's College, Cambridge, emeritus Professor of Vertebrate Palaeobiology and emeritus curator of vertebrate paleontology at the Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge University. From 1991 to 2011, Norman was also the Sedgwick Museum's director.
Norwood Depot
Norwood Depot is an MBTA Commuter Rail Franklin/Foxboro Line station located in downtown Norwood, Massachusetts. The station has two side platforms serving the two tracks of the Franklin Branch, each with a mini-high section for accessibility. The Norfolk County Railroad opened through South Dedham (now Norwood) in 1849, with a station at the modern location. It was renamed Norwood in 1872. The line came under control of the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad in 1895. The Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) began subsidizing service in 1966 and purchased the line in 1973. Under the MBTA, renovations to the station were made around 1977 and 1992.

Franklin/Foxboro Line
The Franklin/Foxboro Line (formerly the Franklin Line) is part of the MBTA Commuter Rail system. It runs from Boston's South Station in a southwesterly direction toward Franklin, Massachusetts. Most weekday trains use the Northeast Corridor before splitting off onto the namesake Franklin Branch at Readville, though some weekday trains and all weekend trains use the Dorchester Branch (Fairmount Line) between Boston and Readville.

Foxboro station is located on the Framingham Secondary branch line, which connects with the Franklin Line at Walpole. Previously, trains only served the station during special events at Gillette Stadium. Pilot weekday service to Foxboro ran from October 2019 to November 2020; it resumed in May 2022 and was made permanent in October 2023.
1901 Toronto municipal election
Municipal elections were held in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, on January 7, 1901. In the mayoral election, Oliver Aiken Howland was elected, defeating Alderman Frank S. Spence as well as incumbent Mayor Ernest A. Macdonald, who came in third place, and former mayor John Shaw, who came in fourth place. In the council elections, seventeen incumbent alderman were returned and five were defeated.

Shortly after the election, Mayor Howland called off plans by the city to put into public ownership the privately owned municipal gasworks company, despite the plan having been approved in the plebiscite by a large majority.

Gasworks
A gasworks or gas house is fundamentally a scalable (by output quantity) flammable Gas Producer/generator whose size depends on the scale of the gas distribution system it supports.

Coal-based town gas production was generally displaced by petroleum-based gas and natural gas. However, Great Britain continued her use of coal-based town gas until the North Sea natural gas discoveries in the 1960s and 1970s. Many of these have been made redundant in the developed world by the use of natural gas, though they are still used for storage space.
Postage stamps and postal history of Malaysia
The history of postage stamps and postal history of Malaysia, a state in Southeast Asia that occupies the south of the Malay Peninsula and Sarawak and Sabah in the north Borneo, includes the development of postal services in these periods:

the sultanates as British protectorates (1874–1941, 1948–1957);

Japanese occupation during the Second World War (1941–1945);

British military administration (1945–1948); and

independence of the state (since 1957).

Malaysia has been issuing stamps after independence from the United Kingdom in 1957, first as the Federation of Malaya, then as Malaysia after 1963. The national postal operator is Pos Malaysia.

British protectorate
British protectorates were protectorates under the jurisdiction of the British government. Many territories which became British protectorates already had local rulers with whom the Crown negotiated through treaty, acknowledging their status whilst simultaneously offering protection. British protectorates were therefore governed by indirect rule. In most cases, the local ruler, as well as the subjects of the ruler, were not British subjects, but rather British protected persons. British protected states represented a more loose form of British suzerainty, where the local rulers retained absolute control over the states' internal affairs and the British exercised control over defence and foreign affairs.