hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Representer theorem
For computer science, in statistical learning theory, a representer theorem is any of several related results stating that a minimizer  of a regularized empirical risk functional defined over a reproducing kernel Hilbert space can be represented as a finite linear combination of kernel products evaluated on the input points in the training set data.

Empirical risk minimization
In statistical learning theory, the principle of empirical risk minimization defines a family of learning algorithms based on evaluating performance over a known and fixed dataset. The core idea is based on an application of the law of large numbers; more specifically, we cannot know exactly how well a predictive algorithm will work in practice (i.e. the "true risk") because we do not know the true distribution of the data, but we can instead estimate and optimize the performance of the algorithm on a known set of training data. The performance over the known set of training data is referred to as the "empirical risk".
HMS Derwent (L83)
HMS Derwent was a Hunt-class Type III escort destroyer of the Royal Navy. She was built by Vickers-Armstrongs, in Barrow-in-Furness, and served during the Second World War. In March 1943, she was badly damaged while anchored in Tripoli harbour by aircraft and beached to prevent her from sinking. Temporarily repaired and towed to England, further repair work was halted in January 1945, and she was broken up for scrap in 1947.

The "Hunt" class were named after British fox and stag hunts, in this case, the Derwent hunt Ryedale, North Yorkshire. In February 1942, she was adopted by the civil community of Easthampstead, Berkshire, after a National Savings campaign.

Vickers-Armstrongs
Vickers-Armstrongs Limited was a British engineering conglomerate formed by the merger of the assets of Vickers Limited and Sir W G Armstrong Whitworth & Company in 1927. The majority of the company was nationalised in the 1960s and 1970s, with the remainder being divested as Vickers plc in 1977.

It featured among Britain's most prominent armaments firms.
Second inauguration of Goodluck Jonathan
The second inauguration of Goodluck Jonathan as the 14th president of Nigeria, and 3rd in the fourth republic was held on Sunday, 29 May 2011, marking the start of the second and only full term of Goodluck Jonathan as president and Namadi Sambo as vice president. It was the 6th presidential inauguration in Nigeria, and 4th in the fourth republic.

Jonathan was sworn in after winning the 2011 Nigerian presidential election, an election which was seen as the fairest at the time.

2011 Nigerian presidential election
Presidential elections were held in Nigeria on 16 April 2011, postponed from 9 April 2011. The election followed controversy as to whether a northerner or southerner should be allowed to become president given the tradition of rotating the top office between the north and the south after the death of Umaru Yar'Adua, a northerner, when Goodluck Jonathan, another southerner assumed the interim presidency.

Immediately after the election widespread violence erupted in the northern, Muslim parts of the country. Jonathan was declared the winner on 19 April. However, international observers declared the election to be "orderly, free and fair" in the entire southern half of the country.
Old Perth Technical School
The 1910 Perth Technical School building is located at 137 St Georges Terrace, Perth, Western Australia, adjacent to the Old Perth Boys School building, which had served as part of the school's former temporary premises since opening of classes there on 16 May 1900.: 3

A restrained and incomplete example of the Federation Free Medieval architectural style, designed by government architect Hillson Beasley, this is one of the few examples of the style surviving in central Perth.

St Georges Terrace
St Georges Terrace (colloquially known as the terrace) is the main street in the central business district (CBD) of the city of Perth, Western Australia. It runs parallel to the Swan River and forms the major arterial thoroughfare through the CBD.

Its western end is marked by the Barracks Arch near Parliament House across the Mitchell Freeway. The eastern end joins Adelaide Terrace at the intersection with Victoria Avenue.
Kaya (Japanese musician)
Kaya (迦夜) is a Japanese visual kei musician, a vocalist of the electro/darkwave duo Schwarz Stein, and a former vocalist of the bands Meties and Isola under the alias of Hime. He is also known for his androgynous appearance.

Mana (Japanese musician)
Mana (Japanese: まな, 魔名) is a Japanese musician, songwriter, record producer, and fashion designer, best known as guitarist of the visual kei rock band Malice Mizer from their formation in 1992 until their indefinite hiatus in 2001. A year later, Mana formed the gothic metal band Moi dix Mois as his solo project.

Mana founded the independent record label Midi:Nette in 1994. In addition to signing electronic music duo Schwarz Stein, it has released the majority of Malice Mizer's musical output and all of Moi dix Mois' material as well as 2 albums and 2 singles by Kanon Wakeshima. His clothing label, Moi-même-Moitié, was established in 1999 and is credited with helping popularize the Gothic Lolita fashion movement.
Croton-Harmon High School
Croton-Harmon High School (CHHS) is a public high school located in Croton-on-Hudson, New York. It is administered by the Croton-Harmon Union Free School District, and serves 9th-12th grade students. As of the 2023-2024 school year, 508 students were enrolled, with a student-teacher ratio of 10.77.

Due to an increase in students since its original construction, the school was expanded in the 1950s with a gym, and again in 2005–2006 with eight new classrooms, an auxiliary gym, and a new library. Between 2006 and 2017, the library also included a space for students to use desktop computers. In 2017, the school received a grant for a Nureva Span system, which replaced the desktop computers in favor of a more collaborative learning support system.

Croton-on-Hudson, New York
Croton-on-Hudson (/kroʊtɪn/ KROH-tin) is a village in Westchester County, New York, United States. The population was 8,327 at the 2020 United States census over 8,070 at the 2010 census. It is located in the town of Cortlandt as part of New York City's northern suburbs. The village was incorporated in 1898.
ISO 31-0
ISO 31-0 is the introductory part of international standard ISO 31 on quantities and units. It provides guidelines for using physical quantities, quantity and unit symbols, and coherent unit systems, especially the SI. It was intended for use in all fields of science and technology and is augmented by more specialized conventions defined in other parts of the ISO 31 standard.  ISO 31-0 was withdrawn on 17 November 2009. It is superseded by ISO 80000-1.  Other parts of ISO 31 have also been withdrawn and replaced by parts of ISO 80000.

Physical quantity
A physical quantity (or simply quantity) is a property of a material or system that can be quantified by measurement. A physical quantity can be expressed as a value, which is a pair of a numerical value and a unit of measurement. For example, the physical quantity mass, symbol m, can be quantified as m=n kg, where n is the numerical value and kg is the unit symbol (for kilogram). Vector quantities have, besides numerical value and unit, direction or orientation in space.
Manuel Ferreyros
Manuel José Ferreyros y Senra (September 2, 1833 — January 13, 1876) was a Peruvian Navy officer, diplomat and politician. Ferreyros was a friend and comrade-in-arms of Miguel Grau, Aurelio García y García and Lizardo Montero Flores, who were known as the "Four Aces of the Peruvian Navy". Unlike his comrades-in-arms, Ferreyros did not participate in the War of the Pacific, as he died prematurely, three years before the conflict broke out. His younger brother, Captain Carlos Ferreyros, fought in the war, commanding the gunboat Pilcomayo.

Peruvian Navy
The Peruvian Navy (Spanish: Marina de Guerra del Perú, abbreviated MGP) is the branch of the Peruvian Armed Forces tasked with surveillance, patrol and defense on lakes, rivers and the Pacific Ocean up to 200 nautical miles (370 km; 230 mi) from the Peruvian littoral. Additional missions include assistance in safeguarding internal security, conducting disaster relief operations and participating in international peacekeeping operations.

The Marina de Guerra del Perú celebrates the anniversary of its creation in 1821 on October 8 and also commemorates the decisive Battle of Angamos, the final part of the naval campaign of the War of the Pacific between Peru and Chile at the end of 1879.
Bernard Quennehen
Bernard Quennehen (31 May 1930 – January 2016) was a French professional road bicycle racer between 1952 and 1954. He won two stage victories, one in the Circuit des Six Provinces, and one in the 1953 Tour de France, for which he is most remembered.

1953 Tour de France
The 1953 Tour de France was the 40th edition of the Tour de France, taking place from 3 to 26 July. It consisted of 22 stages over 4,476 km (2,781 mi).

The race was won by Louison Bobet, the first of his three consecutive wins. At first, internal struggles in the French national team seemed to work against Bobet, but when the team joined forces, he beat regional rider Jean Malléjac in the mountains.

The 1953 Tour de France saw the introduction of the points classification, which gives the green jersey to its leader. In 1953 this was won by Fritz Schär.
Pethanaickenpalayam
Pethanaickenpalayam  is a panchayat town and taluk in Salem district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is one of the 31 panchayat towns in the district. Spread across an area of 12.9 km2 (5.0 sq mi), it had a population of 17,678 individuals as per the 2011 census.

Nagar panchayat
A nagar panchayat (transl. 'town council') or town panchayat or Notified Area Council (NAC) in India is a settlement in transition from rural to urban and therefore a form of an urban political unit comparable to a municipality. An urban centre with more than 12,000 and less than 40,000 inhabitants is classified as a nagar panchayat. The population requirement for a town panchayat can vary from state to state.

Such councils are formed under the panchayati raj administrative system. In census data, the abbreviation T.P. is used to indicate a "town panchayat". Tamil Nadu was the first state to introduce the panchayat town as an intermediate step between rural villages and urban local bodies (ULB). The structure and the functions of the nagar panchayat are decided by the state government.
When Life Gives You Tangerines
When Life Gives You Tangerines (Korean: 폭싹 속았수다; RR: Pokssak sogatsuda; Jeju for 'Thank You for Your Hard Work') is a 2025 South Korean romance slice-of-life television series written by Lim Sang-choon, directed by Kim Won-seok, and starring IU, Park Bo-gum, Moon So-ri, and Park Hae-joon. It was released on Netflix every Friday, from March 7, 2025 to March 28, 2025.

The series received widespread praise for its performances, screenplay, and direction. Among its numerous accolades, the series received a total of eight nominations at the 61st Baeksang Arts Awards, winning four, including Best Drama. It was also named by Time magazine as the best Korean drama of 2025. The series has been favorably compared to the acclaimed series Reply 1988 (2015–2016), also starring Park Bo-gum, for eliciting nostalgia and warmth rooted in the Korean experience.

Reply 1988
Reply 1988 (Korean: 응답하라 1988) is a South Korean television series and the third installment of the Reply anthology series. Set in the 1980s when South Korea underwent major political and economic changes, it revolves around five friends and their families living in the same neighborhood in Seoul. It aired every Friday and Saturday from November 6, 2015 to January 16, 2016 on tvN spanning 20 episodes.

The series received widespread critical and audience acclaim with its finale episode recording an 18.8% nationwide audience share, making it the highest rated drama in Korean cable television history at the time of airing. It became a cultural phenomenon initiating the newtro boom in South Korea and is often called a "National Drama". Regarded as a television masterpiece by the BBC, it is credited with ushering in South Korea's cable television era, increasing realistic and nostalgic media domestically, and popularizing Korean drama internationally.
Class formation
In mathematics, a class formation is a topological group acting on a module satisfying certain conditions. Class formations  were introduced by Emil Artin and John Tate to organize the various Galois groups and modules that appear in class field theory.

John Tate (mathematician)
John Torrence Tate Jr. (March 13, 1925 – October 16, 2019) was an American mathematician distinguished for many fundamental contributions in algebraic number theory, arithmetic geometry, and related areas in algebraic geometry. He was awarded the Abel Prize in 2010.
Gram–Euler theorem
In geometry, the Gram–Euler theorem, Gram-Sommerville, Brianchon-Gram or Gram relation (named after Jørgen Pedersen Gram, Leonhard Euler, Duncan Sommerville and Charles Julien Brianchon) is a generalization of the internal angle sum formula of polygons to higher-dimensional polytopes. The equation constrains the sums of the interior angles of a polytope in a manner analogous to the Euler relation on the number of d-dimensional faces.

Euler characteristic
In mathematics, and more specifically in algebraic topology and polyhedral combinatorics, the Euler characteristic (or Euler number, or Euler–Poincaré characteristic) is a topological invariant, a number that describes a topological space's shape or structure regardless of the way it is bent. It is commonly denoted by  (Greek lower-case letter chi).

The Euler characteristic was originally defined for polyhedra and used to prove various theorems about them, including the classification of the Platonic solids. It was stated for Platonic solids in 1537 in an unpublished manuscript by Francesco Maurolico. Leonhard Euler, for whom the concept is named, introduced it for convex polyhedra more generally but failed to rigorously prove that it is an invariant. In modern mathematics, the Euler characteristic arises from homology and, more abstractly, homological algebra.
Evans baronets of Wightwick (1920)
The Evans baronetcy, of Wightwick near Wolverhampton in the County of Stafford, was created in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom on 31 January 1920 for the hydraulic engineer and politician Walter Evans. He was a member of the Staffordshire County Council for many years. The baronetcy was conferred on him for his services during the First World War.

The baronetcy became extinct on the death of his son, the 2nd Baronet, in 2017.

Sir Walter Evans, 1st Baronet
Sir Walter Harry Evans, 1st Baronet (19 May 1872 – 7 November 1954) was an English hydraulic engineer, politician, and public servant.

Evans was born in Wolverhampton, son of Joseph Evans. He was a member of Staffordshire County Council for many years. In the 1920 New Year Honours, he was created a baronet, of Wightwick, near Wolverhampton, in the County of Stafford, for his services to the war savings committees during the First World War, with the letters patent being issued on 31 January 1920.

He married Margaret Mary Dickens in 1907. They had one son and two daughters. He was succeeded in the baronetcy by his son, Anthony.
Mihály Tóth (footballer, born 1926)
Mihály Tóth (born Mihalj Tot - Михаљ Тот - in Bezdan, Kingdom of SCS, 14 September 1926 – Budapest, Hungary, 7 March 1990), was a Hungarian football player during the 1950s and early 1960s. He played for Újpesti Dózsa as a left winger and helped the club win the Nemzeti Bajnokság I in 1959/60. During his time the club was also known as Újpest TE and Budapest Dózsa.

Between 1949 and 1957, Tóth played 6 times for Hungary and scored one goal in the process. The fringe member of the Mighty Magyars also took part in the 1954 World Cup, and played in both the infamous Battle of Berne quarter final against Brazil and in the final against Germany.

Nemzeti Bajnokság I
The Nemzeti Bajnokság (Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈnɛmzɛti ˈbɒjnokʃaːɡ], lit. 'national championship'), also known as NB I or Fizz Liga after its title sponsor, OTP Bank's webshop subsidiary, is a professional association football league in Hungary and the highest level of the Hungarian football league system.

Twelve teams compete in the league, playing each other three times, once at home, once away, and the third match is played at the stadium that the last match was not played at. At the end of the season, the top team enters the qualification rounds for the UEFA Champions League, while the runner-up and the third place, together with the winner of the Magyar Kupa enter the UEFA Conference League qualification rounds. The bottom two clubs are relegated to Nemzeti Bajnokság II, the second-level league, to be replaced by the winner and the runner up of the NB II.
Gerry Brisson
Gerald Joseph Brisson (September 3, 1937 – January 16, 2013) was a Canadian professional ice hockey left winger. He played 4 games in the National Hockey League with the Montreal Canadiens during the 1962–63 season. The rest of his career, which lasted from 1957 to 1970, was spent in the minor leagues. He was born in Saint Boniface, Manitoba. He died at his home in Mesa, Arizona on January 16, 2013.

St. Boniface, Winnipeg
St. Boniface (French: Saint-Boniface) is a city ward and neighbourhood in Winnipeg. Along with being the centre of the Franco-Manitoban community, it ranks as the largest francophone community in Western Canada.

It features such landmarks as the St. Boniface Cathedral, Boulevard Provencher, the Provencher Bridge, Esplanade Riel, Saint Boniface Hospital, the Université de Saint-Boniface, and the Royal Canadian Mint.

The area covers much of eastern Winnipeg, including Old St. Boniface. It consists of the neighbourhoods of Norwood West, Norwood East, Windsor Park, Niakwa Park, Niakwa Place, Southdale, Southland Park, Royalwood, Sage Creek, and Island Lakes, among others, plus a large industrial area. The ward is represented by Matt Allard, a member of Winnipeg City Council, and also corresponds to the neighbourhood clusters of St. Boniface East and West. The population was 58,520 according to the Canada 2016 Census.
Hōjō Sadatoki
Hōjō Sadatoki (北条 貞時; January 14, 1272 – December 6, 1311) was the ninth shikken (regent) of the Kamakura shogunate (reigned 1284–1301), and tokusō (de facto ruler of Japan) from his appointment as regent until his death.

Hōjō Tokimune
Hōjō Tokimune (北条 時宗; Japanese pronunciation: [hoː.(d)ʑoː (|) to.kʲiꜜ.mɯ.ne], 5 June 1251 – 20 April 1284) of the Hōjō clan was the eighth shikken (officially regent of the shōgun, but de facto ruler of Japan) of the Kamakura shogunate (reigned 1268–84), known for leading the Japanese forces against the invasion of the Mongols and for spreading Zen Buddhism. He was the second son of Tokiyori, fifth shikken of the Kamakura shogunate. From birth, Tokimune was seen as the successor of tokusō, the head of the Hōjō clan. In 1268 AD, at the age of 18, he became shikken himself. During his lifetime, the seats of power of the Japanese Emperor, Imperial Regent (sesshō), Imperial Chief Advisor (kampaku), and the shōgun had all been completely marginalized by the Hōjō shikken.
Parthasarathi Chakraborty
Parthasarathi Chakraborty is an Indian environmental geochemist, a former senior scientist at the CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography and an associate professor at the Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India. Chakraborty is known for his studies in the field of Environmental Chemistry. He made contributions to the field of Environmental Geochemistry, which has facilitated our understanding of metal-natural ligand interactions in natural and marine environments. He is a recipient of the National Geoscience Award-2015 and an elected fellow of the Indian Geophysical Union. The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology, one of the highest Indian science awards, for his contributions to Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean and Planetary Sciences in 2018.

IIT Kharagpur
The Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur (IIT Kharagpur or IIT KGP) is a public institute of technology, research university, and autonomous institute established by the Government of India in Kharagpur, West Bengal. Founded in 1951, the institute is the first of the IITs to be established and is recognized as an Institute of National Importance. In 2019 it was awarded the status of Institute of Eminence by the Government of India.

The institute was initially established to train engineers after India attained independence in 1947. However, over the years, the institute's academic capabilities diversified with offerings in Science, management, law, architecture, humanities, medicine, etc. The institute has an 8.7-square-kilometre (2,100-acre) campus and has about 22,000 residents.
Martin Raff
Martin Charles Raff CBE FRS FMedSci MAE (born 15 January 1938) is a Canadian/British biologist and researcher who is an Emeritus Professor at the MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology (LMCB) at University College London (UCL). His research has been in immunology, cell biology, and developmental neurobiology.

Member of the Academia Europaea
Membership of the Academia Europaea (MAE) is an award conferred by the Academia Europaea to individuals that have demonstrated "sustained academic excellence". Membership is by invitation only by existing MAE and judged during a peer review selection process. Members are entitled to use the post-nominal letters MAE.
Kanawinka Geopark
The former Kanawinka Geopark is situated along a structurally controlling geological fault of the same name that extends from the Naracoorte Caves in South Australia into Western Victoria, before disappearing offshore at Portland.

Naracoorte Caves National Park
Naracoorte Caves National Park is a national park near Naracoorte in the Limestone Coast tourism region in the south-east of South Australia (Australia). It was officially recognised in 1994 for its extensive fossil record when the site was inscribed on the World Heritage List, along with Riversleigh. The park preserves 6 km2 of remnant vegetation, with 26 caves contained within the 3.05 km2 World Heritage Area. Out of the 28 known caves in the park, only four are open to the public. Other caves are kept away from the public eye as they are important for scientific research and also for the protection of the caves and their contents. Many of the caves contain spectacular stalactites and stalagmites.
Tirunelveli–Bilaspur Express
The 22619 / 22620 Tirunelveli–Bilaspur Superfast Express  is an express train belonging to Indian Railways Southern Railway zone that runs between Tirunelveli Junction and Bilaspur Junction in India.

It operates as train number 22620 from Tirunelveli Junction to Bilaspur Junction and as train number 22619 in the reverse direction, serving the states of Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Maharashtra and Chhattisgarh.

Tirunelveli Junction railway station
Tirunelveli Junction railway station (also known as Nellai Junction railway station)(station code: TEN) is an NSG–2 category Indian railway station in Madurai railway division of Southern Railway zone. It serves the city of Tirunelveli, located in Tirunelveli district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.

The Nellai Express – a super-fast train connecting Tirunelveli and Chennai Egmore – runs packed almost throughout the year. The station is one of the oldest on the Indian railway network, built in 1893.

It acts as a major railway junction and every train passing through this station has a mandatory halt here in any of the available 5 platforms. Passenger trains towards Sengottai railway station, Tiruchendur railway station, Tuticorin Railway Station, Nagercoil Junction railway station, Erode Junction railway station, Tiruchirappalli Junction railway station departs from here.