hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Bernard L. Levinthal
Rabbi Bernard Louis Levinthal (Hebrew: הרב דוב אריה בן הרב אברהם הכהן לבינטל; May 12, 1864 – September 23, 1952), the "Dean of U.S. Rabbis," built Philadelphia's first Eastern European Orthodox Jewish community from his arrival in the United States in 1891 until his death in 1952. Rabbi Levinthal helped found American Jewish Orthodox institutions including Yeshiva University in 1896, the Orthodox Union in 1898, Mizrachi in 1902, and the American Agudas Harabbanim. His grave is in Congregation Mikveh Israel's 55th Street Cemetery in West Philadelphia.

Union of Orthodox Rabbis
The Union of Orthodox Rabbis of the United States and Canada (UOR), often called by its Hebrew name, Agudath Harabonim or (in Ashkenazi Hebrew) Agudas Harabonim  ("union of rabbis"), was established in 1901 in the United States and is the oldest organization of Orthodox rabbis in the United States. It had been for many years the principal group for such rabbis, though in recent years it has lost much of its former membership and influence.
Miss Brazil World 2010
Miss Brazil World 2010 was the 21st edition of the Miss Brazil World pageant and 5th under MMB Productions & Events. The contest took place on August 7, 2010. Each state, the Federal District and representatives from various Insular Regions & the Brazilian diaspora competed for the title. Luciana Reis of Roraima crowned Kamilla Salgado of Pará at the end of the contest. Salgado represented Brazil at Miss World 2010. The contest was held at the Hotel do Frade in Angra dos Reis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Federal District (Brazil)
The Federal District (Portuguese: Distrito Federal [dʒisˈtɾitu fedeˈɾaw] ⓘ) is one of 27 federative units of Brazil. Located in the Center-West Region, it is the smallest Brazilian federal unit and the only one that has no municipalities, being divided into 35 administrative regions. The federal capital of Brazil, Brasília, which is also the seat of government of the Federal District, is located in its territory. The Federal District is almost completely surrounded by the state of Goiás, but it shares a small border with Minas Gerais.
Wide Range Intelligence Test
The Wide Range Intelligence test (WRIT) is an assessment of verbal (crystallized) and visual (fluid) IQ. Running at approximately 30 minutes, the WRIT is shorter than traditional IQ tests. The test also involves only four subtests and requires fewer physical materials than a typical test. It was created alongside the Wide Range Achievement Test 3 (WRAT3), a measure of reading comprehension and academic ability, by Pearson Education in 2000. The WRIT is intended to assess those aged 4 through 85. It is designed for easy administration among trained psychologists, which is accomplished using a hierarchical model that frequently occurs in psychological testing.

Fluid and crystallized intelligence
The concepts of fluid intelligence (gf) and crystallized intelligence (gc) were introduced in 1943 by the psychologist Raymond Cattell. According to Cattell's psychometrically-based theory, general intelligence (g) is subdivided into gf and gc. Fluid intelligence is the ability to solve novel reasoning problems. It is correlated with a number of important skills such as comprehension, problem-solving, and learning. Crystallized intelligence, on the other hand, involves the ability to deduce secondary relational abstractions by applying previously learned primary relational abstractions.
CGR NG 0-4-0T
The Cape Government Railways NG 0-4-0T was a South African steam locomotive from the pre-Union era in the Cape of Good Hope.

The Cape Government Railways acquired a single small 0-4-0T side-tank locomotive for use as construction engine on the Avontuur branch, probably at the same time that it acquired its single 0-6-0T narrow-gauge steam locomotive No. NG21 in 1903.

Avontuur Railway
The Avontuur Railway is a closed railway line between Gqeberha and the town of Avontuur in the Western and Eastern Cape provinces of South Africa. It is the longest 610 mm (2 ft) narrow gauge route in the world at a length of 285 kilometres (177 mi).  "Avontuur" is the Afrikaans and Dutch word for "adventure".
Bolte Bridge
The Bolte Bridge is a large twin cantilever road bridge in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The Bolte Bridge carries a total of eight lanes of traffic – four lanes northbound and four lanes southbound. While officially only 490 metres in length, the actual structure appears much longer as it forms part of a five kilometre elevated roadway between Flemington Road and the West Gate Freeway.

It spans the Yarra River and Victoria Harbour in the Docklands precinct to the west of the Melbourne CBD. It forms part of the CityLink system of toll roads that connects the Tullamarine Freeway from the northern suburbs with the West Gate Freeway and the Domain and Burnley tunnels to the Monash Freeway and the south eastern suburbs. It is named after Victoria's longest-serving Premier, Henry Bolte.

Tullamarine Freeway
The Tullamarine Freeway (commonly referred to as The Tulla), is a major urban freeway in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, linking Melbourne Airport to the Melbourne City Centre. It carries up to 210,000 vehicles per day and is one of Australia's busiest freeways. The entire stretch of the Tullamarine Freeway bears the designation M2 (previously Metro Route 43 from 1989 to early 2018).
2006 Australian Performance Car Championship
The 2006 Australian Performance Car Championship was a CAMS sanctioned Australian motor racing championship for production-based touring cars. It was the second championship to be contested under the Australian Performance Car Championship name with similar titles having been run in 2003 and 2004 as the Australian GT Performance Car Championship. GT Performance Racing Pty Ltd was appointed by CAMS as the Category Manager for the 2006 championship.

The championship was won by Gary Holt driving a Mitsubishi Lancer RS Evo VIII. It was Holt's first title after racing in various categories of high performance sedans from V8 Supercars to Production Cars since 1999. Beric Lynton was second in a BMW M3 with defending champion Peter Floyd third in a HSV GTS.

Australian Performance Car Championship
The Australian Performance Car Championship was a CAMS sanctioned motor racing title for drivers of production based, high-performance coupes and sedans racing with limited modifications. It was staged as the Australian GT Performance Car Championship in 2003 and 2004 and as the Australian Performance Car Championship from 2005 to 2007.
Election Massacre of 1874
The Election Massacre of 1874, or Coup of 1874, took place on election day, November 3, 1874, near Eufaula in Barbour County, Alabama. Freedmen comprised a majority of the population and had been electing Republican candidates to office. Members of an Alabama chapter of the White League, a paramilitary group supporting the Democratic Party's drive to regain political power in the county and state, used firearms to ambush black Republicans at the polls.

In Eufaula, members of the White League killed an estimated 15-40 black voters and wounded 70, while driving away more than 1,000 unarmed black people at the polls. In attacking the polling place in Spring Hill, the League effectively hijacked the elections. They turned all Republicans out of office and Democratic candidates took a majority of offices up for election.

White League
The White League, also known as the White Man's League, was a white supremacist paramilitary terrorist organization started in the Southern United States in 1874 to intimidate freedmen (emancipated Black former slaves) into not voting and prevent Republican Party political organizing, while also being supported by regional elements of the Democratic Party. Its first chapter was formed in Grant Parish, Louisiana, and neighboring parishes and was made up of many of the Confederate veterans who had participated in the Colfax massacre in April 1873. Chapters were soon founded in New Orleans and other areas of the state.
Rui Tavares
Rui Miguel Marcelino Tavares Pereira (born 29 July 1972) is a Portuguese historian and politician. He has been elected a Member of the Assembly of the Republic in the 2022 legislative election, and has been a member of the Lisbon City Council since 2021.

Tavares is one of the founders and leaders of the green political party LIVRE, established in 2014. He had previously served as an independent Member of the European Parliament, elected in 2009 for the Left Bloc.

Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)
The Assembly of the Republic (Portuguese: Assembleia da República, pronounced [ɐsẽˈblɐjɐ ðɐ ʁɛˈpuβlikɐ]), commonly referred to as simply Parliament (Portuguese: Parlamento), is the unicameral parliament of Portugal. According to the Constitution of Portugal, the parliament "is the representative assembly of all Portuguese citizens". The constitution names the assembly as one of the country's sovereignty bodies.

It meets in São Bento Palace, the historical site of an old Benedictine monastery. The palace has been the seat of the Portuguese parliaments since 1834 (Cortes until 1910, Congress from 1911 to 1926 and National Assembly from 1933 to 1974).
St Saviour's, Pimlico
St Saviour's is an Anglo-Catholic church in Pimlico, City of Westminster, London, England, located at the north end of St George's Square. It was constructed in the 1860s as part of Thomas Cubitt's development of the area on behalf of the Marquess of Westminster. The church was designed by Thomas Cundy, who had previously built St Gabriel's Pimlico a short distance away. As with St Gabriel's, St Saviour's was designed in the Gothic style and built in ragstone to emphasise the contrast with the classical stucco of its secular neighbours. The church is Grade II listed.

Duke of Westminster
Duke of Westminster is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created by Queen Victoria in 1874 and bestowed upon Hugh Grosvenor, 3rd Marquess of Westminster. It is the most recent dukedom conferred on someone not related to the British royal family.

The 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th Dukes were each grandsons of the first. The present holder of the title is Hugh Grosvenor, the 7th Duke, who inherited the dukedom on 9 August 2016 on the death of his father, Gerald. The present duke is a godfather of Prince George of Wales.

The Duke of Westminster's seats are at Eaton Hall, Cheshire, and at Abbeystead House, Lancashire. The family's London town house was Grosvenor House, Park Lane, while Halkyn Castle was built as a sporting lodge for the family in the early 1800s. The traditional burial place of the Dukes is the Old Churchyard adjacent to St Mary's Church, Eccleston.
Wharfedale Greenway
The Wharfedale Greenway is a proposed cycleway, footpath and equestrian route which will run along the route of the former Otley and Ilkley Joint Railway between Burley in Wharfedale and Pool in Wharfedale via Otley, West Yorkshire, England. The railway previously connected the extant Wharfedale and Harrogate lines until its closure in 1965. It will also have a branch southwards towards Menston alongside the remaining railway to Ilkley. The rail trail has been planned by Sustrans and the parish councils along the route since 2010 and was approved by Leeds City Council in July 2020.  The Friends of Wharfedale Greenway was established in 2021. It is a group of volunteers dedicated to raising awareness and support for the creation of a greenway along the Wharfe Valley. Its mission is to connect communities, promote sustainable transportation, and preserve the natural beauty of the area.

Wharfedale line
The Wharfedale line is one of the rail services in the West Yorkshire Metro area of northern England.  The service connects Ilkley with Leeds and Bradford, and is operated by Northern Trains.  West Yorkshire Metrocards are available for use on the line, covering Zones 3–5. The line is served predominantly by four-coach Class 333 electric multiple units as well as some three-coach Class 331 EMUs.
Lapeyrère Bay
Lapeyrère Bay (64°23′S 63°15′W﻿ / ﻿64.383°S 63.250°W﻿ / -64.383; -63.250) is 7 nautical miles (13 km) long and 2 nautical miles (4 km) wide, and lies north of Gourdon Peninsula, indenting the northeast coast of Anvers Island, in the Palmer Archipelago, Antarctica. Its head is fed by Iliad Glacier.

The bay was roughly charted by the German expedition under Eduard Dallmann, 1873–74. It was recharted by the French Antarctic Expedition, 1903–05, and named by Jean-Baptiste Charcot for Rear Admiral Boué de Lapeyrère of the French Navy.

Anvers Island
Anvers Island or Antwerp Island or Antwerpen Island or Isla Amberes is a high, mountainous island 61 km (38 miles) long, the largest in the Palmer Archipelago of Antarctica. It was discovered by John Biscoe in 1832 and named in 1898 by the Belgian Antarctic Expedition under Adrien de Gerlache after the province of Antwerp in Belgium. It lies south-west of Brabant Island at the south-western end of the group. The south-western coastline of the island forms part of the Southwest Anvers Island and Palmer Basin Antarctic Specially Managed Area (ASMA 7). Cormorant Island, an Important Bird Area, lies 1 km off the south coast.

There is a small science outpost called Palmer Station on the south end of Anvers island since the late 1960s; it is the smallest and farthest north of three the U.S. has on the continent. It is staffed by a few dozen people mostly doing marine and biology research, and is usually resupplied by ship as it has no regular airport.
Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language
Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language (ABSL) (Arabic: لغة الإشارة لعشيرة السيد) is a village sign language used by about 150 deaf and many hearing members of the al-Sayyid Bedouin tribe in the Naqab desert in southern Israel.

As deafness is so frequent (4% of the village's population is deaf, compared to 0.1% in the United States) and deaf and hearing people share a language, deaf people are not stigmatised in this community and marriage between deaf and hearing people is common.

ABSL grammar developed quickly, with the signing of each generation becoming more complex than the last. Even though no evidence of phonological structure was found throughout the community, it seems to be emerging within individual families.

Phonology
Phonology (formerly also phonemics or phonematics) is the branch of linguistics that studies how languages systematically organize their phonemes or, for sign languages, their constituent parts of signs. The term can also refer specifically to the sound or sign system of a particular language variety. At one time, the study of phonology related only to the study of the systems of phonemes in spoken languages, but now it may relate to any linguistic analysis either:

Sign languages have a phonological system equivalent to the system of sounds in spoken languages. The building blocks of signs are specifications for movement, location, and handshape. At first, a separate terminology was used for the study of sign phonology ("chereme" instead of "phoneme", etc.), but the concepts are now considered to apply universally to all human languages.
Bradley Johnson
Bradley Paul Johnson (born 28 April 1987) is an English former professional footballer who played as a central midfielder, he now works as a football coach.

Johnson in a 20-year senior career played for Waltham Forest, Cambridge United, Northampton Town, Gravesend & Northfleet, Stevenage Borough, Leeds United, Norwich City, Derby County, Blackburn Rovers and Milton Keynes Dons. He ended his career as player-coach for Derby County's under-21 team.

Since retirement as a player, Johnson has worked in variety of roles as a coach at Derby County in both the academy and first-team.

Walthamstow F.C.
Walthamstow Football Club is a semi-professional football club based in Walthamstow, who play in the Isthmian League North Division. They have played under a number of names and were known as Leyton Pennant up until the end of the 2002–03 season, and Waltham Forest until the end of the 2017–18 season.
Mondial Choral
The Mondial Loto-Québec de Laval, also known as Mondial Choral, or Mondial Choral Loto-Québec (up to 2011) is a summer festival occurring in Laval, Quebec, Canada which takes place annually since 2005. The main sponsor of this occasion is Loto-Québec and Grégory Charles is the Art-Director and president.

Laval, Quebec
Laval is a city in Quebec, Canada. It is in the southwest of the province, north of Montreal. It is the largest suburb of Montreal, the third-largest city in the province after Montreal and Quebec City, and the thirteenth largest city in Canada, with a population of 443,192 in 2021.

Laval is geographically separated from the mainland to the north by the Rivière des Mille Îles, and from the Island of Montreal to the south by the Rivière des Prairies. Laval occupies all of Île Jésus as well as the Îles Laval.

Laval constitutes one of the 17 administrative regions of Quebec, with a region code of 13, as well as a territory equivalent to a regional county municipality (TE) and census division (CD) with geographical code 65. It also constitutes the judicial district of Laval. It is the smallest administrative region in the province by area.
Yarrowyck, New South Wales
Yarrowyck is a rural locality on the western slopes of the Northern Tablelands, New South Wales, Australia.

Yarrowyck is located in Uralla Shire and in Sandon County. The locality is about 23 kilometres north west of Uralla on Thunderbolts Way and about 31 kilometres west of the city of Armidale. Yarrowyck is an agricultural area with mostly sheep and beef cattle breeding and grazing activities in the valley of the Rocky River.

Northern Tablelands
The Northern Tablelands, also known as the New England Tableland, is a plateau and a region of the Great Dividing Range in northern New South Wales, Australia. It includes the New England Range, the narrow highlands area of the New England region, stretching from the Moonbi Range in the south to the Queensland border in the north. The region corresponds generally to the Bureau of Meteorology forecast area for the Northern Tablelands which in this case includes Inverell although it is significantly lower in elevation.
Alternative fashion
Alternative fashion or alt fashion is fashion that stands apart from mainstream, commercial fashion. It includes both styles which do not conform to the mainstream fashion of their time and the styles of specific subcultures (such as emo, goth, hip hop and punk). Some alternative fashion styles are attention-grabbing and more artistic than practical (goth, ganguro, rivethead), while some develop from anti-fashion sentiments that focus on simplicity and utilitarianism (grunge, rocker, skinhead).

Subculture
In the sociology of culture, a subculture is a group of people within a cultural society that differentiates itself from the values of the mainstream or dominant culture (or superculture) to which it belongs, often maintaining some of its founding principles. Subcultures develop their own norms and values regarding cultural, political, and sexual matters. Subcultures coexist within mainstream society while keeping their specific characteristics intact.

Since its inception in the English-speaking world (primarily North America and the United Kingdom) during the 1940s–1950s, the concept and study of subcultures was developed in the academic fields of sociology, communication studies, and cultural studies. Examples of subcultures include punks, skinheads, Teddy Boys, mods, rockers, bikers, hip-hoppers, and more. Subcultures differ from countercultures.
Billy Bowers (actor)
For people with similar names see William Bowers (disambiguation)

Billy Bowers was a comedic actor in the United States. He starred in many Siegmund Lubin comedy shorts with Oliver Hardy. He was also in films produced by Arthur Hotaling and directed by Jerold Hevener.

He was announced as a player in All Celtic Films comedies.

Jerold T. Hevener
Jerold T. Hevener (April 30, 1873 – April 13, 1947) was an American film actor and director.  He appeared in 36 films and directed a further 18 between 1912 and 1917. He was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was married to the actress Grace Clack. He died at Middlesex General Hospital in New Jersey in 1947.
Dieter Kaufmann
Dieter Kaufmann (22 April 1941 – 23 September 2025) was an Austrian composer, and a pioneer of electroacoustic music. He headed the new Institut für Komposition und Elektroakustik at the Vienna Music Academy from 1970, following models in Paris and Cologne. He held leading positions in Austrian and international organisations. He composed for voices, traditional instruments and electronics, often in combinations. Some were inspired by his socio-political interests.

University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna
The University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna (German: Universität für Musik und darstellende Kunst Wien, abbreviated MDW) is an Austrian university established in 1817 located in Vienna. With a student body of over three thousand, it is the largest institution of its kind in Austria, and one of the largest in the world.

In 1817, it was established by the Society for the Friends of Music. It has had several names: Vienna Conservatory, Vienna Academy and in 1909 it was nationalized as the Imperial Academy of Music and the Performing Arts. In 1998, the University assumed its current name to reflect its university status, attained in a wide 1970 reform for Austrian Arts Academies.
Norman Solomon
Norman Solomon (born July 7, 1951) is an American journalist, media critic, left-leaning progressive activist, and former U.S. congressional candidate. Solomon is a longtime associate of the media watch group Fairness & Accuracy In Reporting (FAIR). In 1997 he founded the Institute for Public Accuracy, which works to provide alternative sources for journalists, and serves as its executive director.

Solomon's weekly column, "Media Beat", was in national syndication from 1992 to 2009. In 2012, Solomon ran for Congress in California's 2nd congressional district. He attended the 2016 and 2020 Democratic National Conventions as a Bernie Sanders delegate. Since 2011, he has been the national director of RootsAction.org.

California's 2nd congressional district
California's 2nd congressional district is a U.S. congressional district in California. Jared Huffman, a Democrat, has represented the district since January 2013. It encompasses the North Coast region and adjacent areas of the state. It stretches from the Golden Gate Bridge to the Oregon border, and includes all of the portions of Highway 101 within California that are north of San Francisco, excepting a stretch in Sonoma County.
The district consists of Marin, Mendocino, Humboldt, Del Norte, and Trinity counties, plus portions of Sonoma County. Cities in the district include San Rafael, Petaluma, Novato, Windsor, Healdsburg, Ukiah, Fort Bragg, Fortuna, Eureka, Arcata, McKinleyville, Crescent City, and northwestern Santa Rosa.