hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Arar v. Ashcroft
Arar v. Ashcroft, 585 F.3d 559 (2d Cir. 2009), was a lawsuit brought by Maher Arar against the United States and various U.S. officials pursuant to the Torture Victim Protection Act (TVPA), and the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York dismissed Arar's complaint due to lack of personal jurisdiction and national security and foreign policy considerations. This ruling was ultimately upheld by a divided en banc panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit.

Torture Victim Protection Act of 1991
The Torture Victim Protection Act of 1991 (TVPA; Pub. L. 102–256, H.R. 2092, 106 Stat. 73, enacted March 12, 1992) is a US statute that allows for the filing of civil suits in the United States against individuals who, acting in an official capacity for any foreign nation, committed torture and/or extrajudicial killing.  The statute requires a plaintiff to show exhaustion of local remedies in the location of the crime, to the extent that such remedies are "adequate and available." Plaintiffs may be U.S. citizens or non-U.S. citizens.

Although the Act was not passed until early 1992, it was introduced the previous year, and the official name of the Act is the "Torture Victim Protection Act of 1991."
Tigurini
The Tigurini were a clan or tribe forming one out of four pagi (provinces) of the Helvetii.

The Tigurini were the most important group of the Helvetii, mentioned by both Julius Caesar and Poseidonius, settling in the area of what is now the Swiss canton of Vaud, corresponding to the bearers of the late La Tène culture in western Switzerland. 
Their name has a meaning of "lords, rulers" (cognate with Irish tigern "lord"). The other Helvetian tribes included the Verbigeni and the Tougeni (sometimes identified with the Teutones), besides one tribe that has remained unnamed.

Pagus
In ancient Rome, the Latin word pagus (plural pagi) was an administrative term designating a rural subdivision of a tribal territory, which included individual farms, villages (vici), and strongholds (oppida) serving as refuges, as well as an early medieval geographical term. From the reign of Diocletian (284–305 AD) onwards, the pagus referred to the smallest administrative unit of a province. These geographical units were used to describe territories in the Merovingian and Carolingian periods, without any political or administrative meaning.
Mundi Mundi
31°53′06″S 141°02′17″E﻿ / ﻿31.885°S 141.038°E﻿ / -31.885; 141.038﻿ (Mundi Mundi)

Mundi Mundi Station, also known as Mundi Mundi Plains Station or Mundi Mundi Pastoral Run, was a pastoral lease that operated as a sheep station in New South Wales. Originally around 600 sq mi (1,600 km2), the property was sold off and broken up into smaller properties in the late 1970s. The present-day Eldee Station, Purnamoota Station, and  Belmont Station are all situated on crown land that was formerly part of the Mundi Mundi Pastoral Run. There is also an area known as the Mundi Mundi Plain(s), and a scenic viewpoint over the plains called Mundi Mundi Lookout in the Barrier Ranges to the east, on Eldee Station. Mundi Mundi Mount is 400 m (1,300 ft) above sea level.

Numerous films, television ads, music videos, and fashion shoots have been filmed on Belmont Station, which is also the location of the annual Mundi Mundi Bash, a music festival.

Barrier Ranges
The Barrier Ranges or sometimes the Barrier Range and historically the Stanley's Barrier Range, is a mountain range that comprises a series of hills and higher grounds in the far western region of New South Wales, Australia, surrounding the city of Broken Hill.
Elandhanjery
Elandhanjery (Tamil: எலந்தஞ்சேரி), is an industrial/residential area in Manali, North of Chennai, a metropolitan city in Tamil Nadu, India. In October 2011, the erstwhile Sadayankuppam village panchayat is merged with Greater Chennai Corporation and it came under the jurisdiction of Greater Chennai Corporation. Though Elandhanjery is annexed with Greater Chennai Corporation it is remained as a part of Tiruvottiyur taluk in Tiruvallur district till 15 August 2018.

Manali, Chennai
Manali is an industrial and residential part of Chennai, India. It is a zone in Greater Chennai Corporation located in the northern part of Chennai district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. As of 2011, the neighborhood had a population of 35,248.
E. W. Kannangara
Senator Edward Wilmot Kannangara, CBE (Sinhala: කන්නන්ගර; Tamil: கன்னங்கரா) (1894-19??) was a Ceylonese civil servant and statesman. He served as the Permanent Secretary to the Ministry of Health and Local Government and a member of the Senate of Ceylon.

Senate of Ceylon
The Senate was the upper chamber of the parliament of Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) established in 1947 by the Soulbury Commission. The Senate was appointed and indirectly elected rather than directly elected. It was housed in the old Legislative Council building in Colombo Fort and met for the first time on 12 November 1947. The Senate was abolished on 2 October 1971 by the eighth amendment to the Soulbury Constitution, prior to the adoption of the new Republican Constitution of Sri Lanka on 22 May 1972. In 2010 there were proposals to reintroduce the Senate.
History of IBM mainframe operating systems
The history of IBM mainframe operating systems is significant within the history of mainframe operating systems, because of IBM's long-standing position as the world's largest hardware supplier of mainframe computers. IBM mainframes run operating systems supplied by IBM and by third parties.

The operating systems on early IBM mainframes have seldom been very innovative, except for TSS/360 and the virtual machine systems beginning with CP-67. But the company's well-known reputation for preferring proven technology has generally given potential users the confidence to adopt new IBM systems fairly quickly. IBM's current mainframe operating systems, z/OS, z/VM, z/VSE, and z/TPF, are backward compatible successors to those introduced in the 1960s.

Z/VM
z/VM is the current version in IBM's VM family of virtual machine operating systems. First released in October 2000, z/VM remains in active use and development as of 2024. It is directly based on technology and concepts dating back to the 1960s, particularly IBM's CP/CMS on the IBM System/360-67 (see article History of CP/CMS for historical details). z/VM runs on IBM's IBM Z family of computers and can support large numbers (thousands) of Linux virtual machines. (See Linux on IBM Z.)

On 16 September 2022, IBM released z/VM Version 7.3 which requires z/Architecture, implemented in IBM's EC12, BC12 and later models.
Modern juggling culture
Since the late 1980s, a large juggling culture has developed, revolving around local clubs and organizations, special events, shows, magazines, video sharing websites, Internet forums, juggling competitions and juggling conventions. Populating the scene are many juggling celebrities who are notable for being good or creative jugglers, entertaining performers, convention organizers, experts in their field, having a strong presence online or just for having an interesting personality, character or style.

When you pulled out three balls in 1973, what was going through people's minds was, 'I saw a deformed midget do that once.' But when you pulled out three balls in the '80s, it was, 'a guy in my dorm room used to do that.'— Penn Jillette

It has developed into a fully formed subculture, with tens of thousands of followers.

Juggling
Juggling is a physical skill, performed by a juggler, involving the manipulation of objects for recreation, entertainment, art or sport. The most recognizable form of juggling is toss juggling. Juggling can be the manipulation of one object or many objects at the same time, most often using one or two hands but other body parts as well, like feet or head. Jugglers often refer to the objects they juggle as props. The most common props are balls, clubs, or rings. Some jugglers use more dramatic objects such as knives, fire torches or chainsaws. The term juggling can also commonly refer to other prop-based manipulation skills, such as diabolo, plate spinning, devil sticks, poi, cigar boxes, contact juggling, hooping, yo-yo, hat manipulation and kick-ups.
Deriche edge detector
Deriche edge detector is an edge detection operator developed by Rachid Deriche in 1987. It is a multistep algorithm used to obtain an optimal result of edge detection in a discrete two-dimensional image. This algorithm is based on John F. Canny's work related to the edge detection (Canny's edge detector) and his criteria for optimal edge detection:

Detection quality – all existing edges should be marked and no false detection should occur.

Accuracy - the marked edges should be as close to the edges in the real image as possible.

Unambiguity - a given edge in the image should only be marked once. No multiple responses to one edge in the real image should occur.

For this reason, this algorithm is often referred to as Canny-Deriche detector.

Edge detection
Edge detection includes a variety of mathematical methods that aim at identifying edges, defined as curves in a digital image at which the image brightness changes sharply or, more formally, has discontinuities. The same problem of finding discontinuities in one-dimensional signals is known as step detection and the problem of finding signal discontinuities over time is known as change detection. Edge detection is a fundamental tool in image processing, machine vision and computer vision, particularly in the areas of feature detection and feature extraction.
Dornier Komet
The Dornier Komet (Comet), Merkur (Mercury), Do C, Do D, and Do T were a family of aircraft designed and manufactured by the German aircraft manufacturer Dornier Flugzeugwerke.

Developed during the 1920s, the aircraft was originally operated as a small airliner. Military variants were subsequently developed, including a heavily modified floatplane torpedo bomber model. The earliest aircraft in the series were basically landplane versions of the Delphin flying boat, and although the Delphin and Komet/Merkur series diverged from each other, design changes and refinements from one family were often incorporated into the other. All variants were braced high-winged single-engine monoplanes with conventional landing gear.

Conventional landing gear
Conventional landing gear, also known as tailwheel-type landing gear or taildragger, is a type of aircraft undercarriage (landing gear) consisting of two wheeled main gears forward of the center of gravity and a small wheel or skid at the rear end under the tail boom.

Taildraggers are the default undercarriage arrangements of almost all early aircraft up to the first half of the 20th century and the term "conventional" persists for this historical reason, but all modern jet aircraft and most modern propeller fixed-wing aircraft use tricycle landing gears instead, which have a single front gear (nose gear) and two aft main gears.
Mefail Shehu
Mefail Shehu, also known as Mefaili i Madh or Mefail Zajazi (1898 – November 1945), was a Balli Kombëtar military commander and leader of the Kicevo region during World War II. He was a close associate of Xhem Hasa.

Balli Kombëtar
The Balli Kombëtar (literally National Front) was an Albanian nationalist, collaborationist, and anti-communist resistance movement during the Second World War. It was led by Ali Këlcyra and Midhat Frashëri. The movement was formed by liberal nationalists, and other sections of society in Albania who were opposed to communism.

The motto of the Balli Kombëtar was: Shqipëria Shqiptarëve, Vdekje Tradhëtarëve (Albania to the Albanians, Death to the Traitors). Eventually, the Balli Kombëtar joined the Nazi Germany-established puppet government as part of the German occupation of Albania and fought as an ally against communist guerrilla groups. The Balli Kombëtar engaged in significant acts of terror culminating in atrocities committed against Serb and Greek civilians.
Islampur–Patna Express
The Islampur–Patna Express is an Express train belonging to East Coast Railway zone that runs between Islampur and Patna Junction in India. It is currently being operated with 18696/18695 train numbers on a daily basis.

Patna Junction railway station
Patna Junction (station code PNBE) is a major railway station located in the capital city of Patna in the Indian state of Bihar. It is the main railway station serving Patna. It maintained under the Danapur division of the East Central Railway zone of the Indian Railways. Patna Junction is one of the busiest railway stations of the country.

Patna Junction railway station is connected to most of the major cities in India by the railway network. The city is a major railway hub and has five major stations: Patna Junction, Rajendranagar Terminal, Danapur railway station, Patliputra Junction and Patna Sahib station. Also 2 major railway station: Hajipur Junction and Sonpur Junction are just at a distance of 20 km from Patna. Patna is well connected with Ara, Gaya, Jehanabad, Biharsharif, Rajgir, Islampur, Sonpur, Hajipur, Muzaffarpur, Chhapra through daily passenger and express train services.
Dogon country
Dogon country (French: Pays Dogon) is a region of eastern Mali and northwestern Burkina Faso populated mainly by the Dogon people, a diverse ethnic group in West Africa with diverse languages. Like the term Serer country occupied by the Serer ethnic group further to the west, Dogon country is vast. It lies southwest of the Niger River belt. The region is composed of three zones: the plateau, the escarpment and the Seno-Gondo plain.

In Mali, this historic region belongs to the Mopti Region and extends on either side of the Bandiagara Escarpment. Dogon country in Mali is the most visited tourist area of the country, due to the Dogon people's rich cultural heritage. Sangha, Mali is the heart of Dogon country with its rich history of Dogon religion, shrines and temples.

Dogon people
The Dogon are an ethnic group indigenous to the central plateau region of Mali, in West Africa, south of the Niger bend, near the city of Bandiagara, and in Burkina Faso. The population numbers between 400,000 and 800,000. They speak the Dogon languages, which are considered to constitute an independent branch of the Niger–Congo language family, meaning that they are not closely related to any other languages.

The Dogon are best known for their religious traditions, their mask dances, wooden sculpture, and their architecture. Since the twentieth century, there have been significant changes in the social organisation, material culture and beliefs of the Dogon, in part because Dogon country is one of Mali's major tourist attractions.
David Frost (golfer)
David Laurence Frost (born 11 September 1959) is a South African professional golfer who was ranked in the top 10 of the Official World Golf Ranking in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Frost has 29 professional tournament wins to his name, spread across four continents, including the World Series of Golf, South African Open, Nedbank Million Dollar Challenge and Canadian Open. He has also been on the winning Alfred Dunhill Cup team and played in the Presidents Cup.

NEC World Series of Golf
The World Series of Golf was a professional golf tournament on the PGA Tour, played at Firestone Country Club in Akron, Ohio. From its inception in 1962 through 1975, it was an unofficial 36-hole event matching the winners of the four major championships. In 1976 it became an official PGA Tour event; the field expanded to 20 players and the event was lengthened to 72 holes. the victory and $100,000 winner's share went to Nicklaus. The field was increased to over 40 players in 1983, though it never exceeded 50; NEC began sponsoring the event in 1984.

The tournament was last played in 1998, but was replaced by the newly created WGC-NEC Invitational in 1999.  Firestone Country Club had hosted that tournament (later known as the WGC-Bridgestone Invitational) every year until 2019, except for 2002.
Oomakkuyil
Ooma Kuyil is a 1983 Indian Malayalam-language film directed by Balu Mahendra and produced by Joseph Abraham. The film stars Y. Gee. Mahendra, Aruna and Poornima Jayaram. The film has a musical score by Ilaiyaraaja. The film is a remake of the director's own debut film Kokila, made in Kannada.

Y. G. Mahendran
Yecha Gunja Mahendran (born 9 January 1950), also known as Y. G. Mahendran or Y. G. Mahendra,  is an Indian actor, dramatist, singer, playwright and comedian from the state of Tamil Nadu. He has acted in a number of plays and films. He is the son of Y. G. Parthasarathy, one of the pioneers of modern Tamil drama and Rajalakshmi Parthasarathy, founder and dean of Padma Seshadri Bala Bhavan group of schools, and nephew of veteran Tamil filmmaker K. Balaji. Mahendran is also the cousin of actress Vyjayanthimala and the co-brother of Rajinikanth and Mohanlal.
Prokaryotic small ribosomal subunit
The prokaryotic small ribosomal subunit, or 30S subunit, is the smaller subunit of the 70S ribosome found in prokaryotes. It is a complex of the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and 19 proteins. This complex is implicated in the binding of transfer RNA (tRNA) to messenger RNA (mRNA). The small subunit is responsible for the binding and the reading of the mRNA during translation. The small subunit, both the rRNA and its proteins, complexes with the large 50S subunit to form the 70S prokaryotic ribosome in prokaryotic cells. This 70S ribosome is then used to translate mRNA into proteins.

Transfer RNA
Transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA), formerly referred to as soluble ribonucleic acid (sRNA), is an adaptor molecule composed of RNA, typically 76 to 90 nucleotides in length (in eukaryotes). In a cell, it provides the physical link between the genetic code in messenger RNA (mRNA) and the amino acid sequence of proteins, carrying the correct sequence of amino acids to be combined by the protein-synthesizing machinery, the ribosome. Each three-nucleotide codon in mRNA is complemented by a three-nucleotide anticodon in tRNA. As such, tRNAs are a necessary component of translation, the biological synthesis of new proteins in accordance with the genetic code.
Seán Hayes (Gaelic footballer)
Seán Hayes (born 1960) is an Irish retired Gaelic footballer who played as a centre-forward for the Cork senior team.

Born in Cork, Cleary first played competitive Gaelic football during his schooling at Coláiste Chríost Rí. He arrived on the inter-county scene at the age of seventeen when he first linked up with the Cork minor team before later joining the under-21 side. He made his senior debut during the 1981 championship..

At club level Hayes is a three-time All-Ireland medallist with Nemo Rangers. In addition to this he has also won four Munster medals and several championship medals.

Throughout his career Hayes made 2 championship appearances. He retired from inter-county football following the conclusion of the 1981 championship.

In retirement from playing Hayes became involved in team management and coaching. After coaching Youghal at club level he later became manager of the Cork under-21 team.

All-Ireland Senior Club Football Championship
The All-Ireland Senior Club Football Championship is an annual Gaelic football tournament which began in season 1970–71. It is the top-tier competition for the senior football clubs of Ireland and London.

The current champions are Dingle of Kerry who defeated St Brigid's of Roscommon on 18 January 2026 to win their first All-Ireland Senior Club Football Championship.

The current trophy is the Andy Merrigan Cup, named after a footballer who played for Castletown Liam Mellows and Wexford who died as a result of a farm accident at the height of his playing career. It was first presented in 1974.
Adventures with Barbie: Ocean Discovery
Adventures with Barbie: Ocean Discovery is a 1997 video game developed by Gorilla Systems Corporation and published by Mattel Media for Windows. A version for the Game Boy Color developed by Realtime Associates was released in 1999, simply titled Barbie: Ocean Discovery.

The game was Mattel Media's first adventure game featuring the character Barbie. Its financial success led to Mattel Media producing further girl's games over the next few years.

Girls' toys and games
Girls' toys and games are toys and games specifically targeted at girls by the toy industry. They may be traditionally associated either exclusively or primarily with girls by adults and used by girls as an expression of identity.
Nita Lowey
Nita Sue Lowey (/ˈloʊi/ LOH-ee; née Melnikoff; July 5, 1937 – March 15, 2025) was an American politician who served as a U.S. representative from New York from 1989 until 2021. She was a member of the Democratic Party. Lowey also served as co-dean of the New York congressional delegation, along with former U.S. Representative Eliot Engel. Lowey's district was numbered as the 20th from 1989 to 1993, as the 18th from 1993 to 2013, and as the 17th beginning in 2013. The district included many of New York City's inner northern suburbs, such as White Plains, Purchase, Tarrytown, Mount Kisco, and Armonk.

In 2018, Lowey became the first woman to chair the House Appropriations Committee. She announced on October 10, 2019, that she would retire and not run for re-election to Congress in 2020.

White Plains, New York
White Plains is a city in and the county seat of Westchester County, New York, United States. It is an inner suburb of New York City, and a commercial hub of Westchester County, a densely populated suburban county that is home to about one million people. White Plains is located in south-central Westchester County. Its downtown (Mamaroneck Avenue) is 25 miles (40 km) north of Midtown Manhattan.

The city's total population was 59,599 in the 2020 census, up from 53,077 at the 2010 census. According to the city government, the daytime weekday population is estimated at 250,000.
2009 DQ118
2009 DQ118 is an unnamed active asteroid located in the outer main asteroid belt. It was initially reported on 27 February 2009 by the Spacewatch survey at Steward Observatory in Tucson, Arizona, United States. Classified as a quasi-Hilda object, 2009 DQ118's orbit is strongly perturbed by its frequent close encounters with Jupiter. It exhibits comet-like activity, which was first observed in March 2016 and identified by volunteers working for the Active Asteroids project. As of 2025, it has not received a number from the Minor Planet Center.

Active Asteroids (citizen science project)
Active Asteroids is a NASA partner citizen science project that successfully discovered active asteroids, including main-belt comets, quasi-Hilda objects, and Jupiter family comets. The project is hosted on the Zooniverse platform and is funded by a NSF Graduate Research Fellowship Program. It uses images from the Dark Energy Camera (DECam) to search for tails around asteroids and other minor planets. The research team is led by Colin Orion Chandler. As of April 2024 about 8300 volunteers carried out 6.7 million classifications of 430 thousand images. At the time only 60 active asteroids were known and 16 new active objects were discovered by this project, significantly increasing the sample of known objects.

The success of the project did result in the development of Rubin Comet Catchers, a citizen science project using data by the Vera C. Rubin Observatory and a similar approach as the Active Asteroids project.