hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Donald J. Newman
Donald Joseph (D. J.) Newman (July 27, 1930 – March 28, 2007) was an American mathematician. He gave simple proofs of the prime number theorem and the Hardy–Ramanujan partition formula. He excelled on multiple occasions at the annual Putnam competition while studying at City College of New York and New York University, and later received his PhD from Harvard University in 1953.

Partition function (number theory)
In number theory, the partition function p(n) represents the number of possible partitions of a non-negative integer n. For instance, p(4) = 5 because the integer 4 has the five partitions 1 + 1 + 1 + 1, 1 + 1 + 2, 1 + 3, 2 + 2, and 4.

No closed-form expression for the partition function is known, but it has both asymptotic expansions that accurately approximate it and recurrence relations by which it can be calculated exactly. It grows as an exponential function of the square root of its argument. The multiplicative inverse of its generating function is the Euler function; by Euler's pentagonal number theorem, this function is an alternating sum of pentagonal number powers of its argument.

Srinivasa Ramanujan first discovered that the partition function has nontrivial patterns in modular arithmetic, now known as Ramanujan's congruences. For instance, whenever the decimal representation of n ends in the digit 4 or 9, the number of partitions of n will be divisible by 5.
Sydney Olivier, 1st Baron Olivier
Sydney Haldane Olivier, 1st Baron Olivier, KCMG, CB, PC (16 April 1859 – 15 February 1943) was a British civil servant. A Fabian and a member of the Labour Party, he served as Governor of Jamaica and as Secretary of State for India in the first government of Ramsay MacDonald. He was an uncle of the actor Laurence Olivier.

Josiah Wedgwood, 1st Baron Wedgwood
Colonel Josiah Clement Wedgwood, 1st Baron Wedgwood, DSO, PC, DL (16 March 1872 – 26 July 1943), sometimes referred to as Josiah Wedgwood IV, was a British Liberal and Labour politician who served in government under Ramsay MacDonald. He was a prominent single-tax activist following the political-economic reformer Henry George.  He was the great-great-grandson of the potter Josiah Wedgwood.
Harald Grohs
Harald Grohs (born 28 January 1944) is a racing driver and team owner from Essen, Germany.

Grohs took part in more than 50 24 Hours endurance racing races, mainly 24 Hours of Le Mans and 24 Hours Nürburgring.

Nürburgring 24 Hours
The Nürburgring 24 Hours is a 24-hour annual touring car and GT endurance racing event that takes place on a combination of the Nordschleife ("North Loop") and the GP-Strecke ("Grand Prix track") circuits of the Nürburgring in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. Held since 1970, the over 25.3 km (15.7 mi) lap length allows more than 200 cars and over 700 drivers to participate.

Starting in 2024, the event has been officially named ADAC RAVENOL 24h Nürburgring for sponsorship reasons. Furthermore, the 2024 season of the race was included in the Intercontinental GT Challenge calendar.
Kwaku the Traveller
"Kwaku the Traveller" is a song by Ghanaian drill musician Black Sherif. It was released on 31 March 2022, through Blacko, and Empire. "Kwaku the Traveller" was written by Black Sherif, and produced by Joker Nharnah. It debuted at number 1 in Nigeria TurnTable Top 50 chart, number 5 on the Billboard U.S. Afrobeats Songs Chart and number 2 on the UK Afrobeats Singles Chart. On 11 July 2022, following the launch of TurnTable Top 100, an expansion of the Top 50 chart, "Kwaku the Traveller" debut at number 22. On 14 July 2022, "Kwaku the Traveller" debut at number 2 on the newly launched Nigeria Top Hip-Hop/Rap Songs chart.

Billboard U.S. Afrobeats Songs
The U.S. Afrobeats Songs chart is a standard record chart, ranking the most popular Afrobeats songs in the United States and it is published weekly by Billboard. The chart ranks the 50 most popular songs every week. It was established by Billboard, in association with Afro Nation, on 22 March 2022. The chart is compiled by Billboard, and Afro Nation. The chart is measured from leading audio and video music services, plus download sales from top music retailers. The first chart was published in the issue dated 29 March.

The first number-one song on the U.S. Afrobeats Songs chart was "Love Nwantiti (Ah Ah Ah)" by CKay, on 29 March 2022. The current number-one song on the chart is "Chanel" by Tyla. The chart is updated every Tuesday. The longest running number-one song on the U.S. Afrobeats Songs chart is "Calm Down (Remix)" by Rema and Selena Gomez with 59 weeks. Tyla's "Water" is the longest running number-one song by a solo act and by a lead female artist with 55 weeks at number one.
Foodland (South Australia)
Foodland is an Australian supermarket chain in South Australia, founded in 1962.

Foodland has established itself as an well-known brand in the South Australian retail sector and directly employs over 7,000 staff and indirectly more than 1,500 South Australian staff. There were 96 stores covering South Australia and Broken Hill in 2023.

The stores are mostly operated by individuals and the stores reflect the owners and locations. The majority owner is Metcash.

Metcash
Metcash Limited is an Australian wholesaler and service provider to independent businesses across food, liquor and hardware. ASX-listed (ASX:MTS), the company is headquartered in Macquarie Park, Sydney.
WPZE
WPZE (102.5 FM) is a commercial Christian radio station licensed to Mableton, Georgia, and serving Metro Georgia.  It is owned by Urban One and airs an urban gospel radio format.  Studios and offices are at Centennial Tower in Downtown Atlanta.

The effective radiated power (ERP) is 3,000 watts, making it a Class A FM station.  The transmitter is in Southwest Atlanta, off Fairburn Road SW, near I-285.

Urban One
Urban One, Inc. (formerly Radio One) is an American media conglomerate based in Silver Spring, Maryland. Founded in 1980 by Cathy Hughes, the company primarily operates media properties targeting African Americans.

It is the largest African-American-owned broadcasting company in the United States, currently operating over 50 radio stations. The company also operates digital arm Interactive One, cable networks TV One & Cleo TV, and is a majority-owner of syndicator Reach Media.

As of 2014, it was the ninth-highest-earning African-American-owned business in the United States.
Construction of the Virginia approaches to Arlington Memorial Bridge
The construction of the Virginia approaches to Arlington Memorial Bridge was a 16-year road construction project to connect Arlington Memorial Bridge with roads in Arlington County, Virginia, in the United States. Initial design proposals were made in 1926, but extensive political wrangling and indecision delayed the project and even the new bridge itself, which finally opened in 1932 after a connection to the Arlington National Cemetery was made via Memorial Drive.

Officials with Arlington County and the state of Virginia long debated whether to build new roads, which would be far more expensive yet a boon to the local economy, or simply connect existing ones. Federal money became available for building approaches in 1933, four years into the Great Depression. The first connection with the bridge opened in October 1938; a second connection opened in 1942 to link it to the Pentagon road network.

Key Bridge (Washington, D.C.)
The Francis Scott Key Bridge, more commonly known as the Key Bridge, is a six-lane reinforced concrete arch bridge carrying U.S. Route 29 (US 29) across the Potomac River between the Rosslyn neighborhood of Arlington County, Virginia, and the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington, D.C. Completed in 1923, it is Washington's oldest surviving road bridge across the Potomac River.

Key Bridge was named for the poet Francis Scott Key, who wrote the words of the American national anthem "The Star-Spangled Banner". It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.
Iselle di Trasquera railway station
Iselle di Trasquera railway station (Italian: Stazione di Iselle di Trasquera) serves the village of Iselle and municipality of Trasquera, in the region of Piedmont, northwestern Italy.  Opened in 1906, the station is at the southern portal of the Simplon tunnel, on the Simplon line, between Brig, Switzerland and Domodossola, Italy.  It is also the border station between Italy and Switzerland. All rail services to and from the station are operated by BLS AG, a Swiss company.

Domodossola railway station
Domodossola railway station (Italian: Stazione di Domodossola) serves the city and comune of Domodossola, in the Piedmont region of northwestern Italy.  Opened in 1888, it forms a major break of gauge junction between standard gauge lines to Milan, Brig and Novara, and a metre gauge line to Locarno.

The station is managed by Rete Ferroviaria Italiana (RFI), the commercial area of the passenger building by Centostazioni, while train services on the line to Novara are operated by Trenitalia. Each of these companies is a subsidiary of Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane (FS), Italy's state-owned rail company. The link with Milan is operated by both Trenitalia and Trenord.

Train services on the line to Brig are operated by BLS AG and Swiss Federal Railways, and those on the line to Locarno by the Società Subalpina Imprese Ferroviarie (SSIF).  These two lines combine to form an international link, via Domodossola, between the German and Italian speaking parts of Switzerland.
Henry Gardner Sr.
Henry Gardner Sr. (1731-October 7, 1782) was an American politician who served as Treasurer of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts and the Colony of Massachusetts Bay. He was appointed receiver general and treasurer in 1774 by the Provisional Congress of Massachusetts.

Gardner lived in Stow, Massachusetts and moved to Dorchester, Massachusetts in 1778, the year he married Dorchester native Hannah Clap.  The couple had two children.

Massachusetts Provincial Congress
The Massachusetts Provincial Congress (1774–1780) was a provisional government created in the Province of Massachusetts Bay early in the American Revolution. Based on the terms of the colonial charter, it exercised de facto control over the rebellious portions of the province, and after the British withdrawal from Boston in March 1776, the entire province. When Massachusetts Bay declared its independence in 1776, the Congress continued to govern under this arrangement for several years. Increasing calls for constitutional change led to a failed proposal for a constitution produced by the Congress in 1778, and then a successful constitutional convention that produced a constitution for the state in 1780. The Provincial Congress came to an end with elections in October 1780.
Irugur
Irugur  is a panchayat town in Sulur taluk of Coimbatore district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is located in the north-western part of the state. Spread across an area of 11.65 km2 (4.50 sq mi), it had a population of 25,691 individuals as per the 2011 census.

Nagar panchayat
A nagar panchayat (transl. 'town council') or town panchayat or Notified Area Council (NAC) in India is a settlement in transition from rural to urban and therefore a form of an urban political unit comparable to a municipality. An urban centre with more than 12,000 and less than 40,000 inhabitants is classified as a nagar panchayat. The population requirement for a town panchayat can vary from state to state.

Such councils are formed under the panchayati raj administrative system. In census data, the abbreviation T.P. is used to indicate a "town panchayat". Tamil Nadu was the first state to introduce the panchayat town as an intermediate step between rural villages and urban local bodies (ULB). The structure and the functions of the nagar panchayat are decided by the state government.
Carmen Tiupul
Carmen Tiupul Urquizo is an Ecuadorian politician who serves on the National Assembly representing Chimborazo. She was a member of the Pachakutik Plurinational Unity Movement – New Country party. In 2025 was elected to be the second vice-President of the National Assembly.

Pachakutik
The Pachakutik Plurinational Unity Movement – New Country (Spanish: Movimiento de Unidad Plurinacional Pachakutik – Nuevo País) is a political party in Ecuador that is described as Indigenist and left-wing.  It was founded primarily as a way to advance the interests of a wide variety of Indigenous peoples' organizations throughout Ecuador.
Williams Haynes
Nathan Gallup Williams Haynes (29 July 1886, Detroit – 16 November 1970, Stonington, Connecticut) was an American journalist, editor, publisher, and historian of chemistry. He is best known for his 6-volume American Chemical Industry: A History.

Stonington, Connecticut
Stonington is a town located on Long Island Sound in New London County, Connecticut. The municipal limits of the town include the borough of Stonington, the villages of Pawcatuck, Lords Point, and Wequetequock, and the eastern halves of the villages of Mystic and Old Mystic. Stonington is part of the Southeastern Connecticut Planning Region. The population of the town was 18,335 at the 2020 census. The town is home to many restored homes and preserves its long nautical history.
Ponnier M.1
The Ponnier M.1 was an early French World War I fighter aircraft Most of those produced were operated by the Aviation Militaire Belge.  They were deemed unusable by the Belgian ace Willy Coppens and rapidly retired.

Belgian Air Force
The Belgian Air Force (Dutch: Luchtmacht, French: Forces Aériennes) is the air arm of the Belgian Armed Forces. Between January 2002 and July 2024 it was known as Belgian Air Component (Dutch: Luchtcomponent; French: Composante air). It was founded in 1909 and is one of the world's oldest air services.

The commander is Major General Geert De Decker, appointed on 20 March 2025.
Antonio Chavarrías
Antonio Chavarrías (Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, 1956) is a Spanish filmmaker, screenwriter and film producer. Some of his most recognised films are Childish Games (2012), showed at the 2012 Berlinale (2012), Celia's Lives (2006), exhibited at the San Sebastián International Film Festival, and You'll Be Back (2002), which earned him a nomination for the Goya Awards for the Best Adapted Screenplay in 2002.

Chavarrías has produced several films some of which have been exhibited and received award nominations at festivals such as the Cannes Film Festival, the Rotterdam Film Festival, the Sundance Film Festival, and the Berlinale. In 1990, he founded his film production company, Oberon Cinematográfica.

Goya Awards
The Goya Awards (Spanish: Premios Goya) are Spain's main national annual film awards. They are presented by the Academy of Cinematographic Arts and Sciences of Spain.

The first ceremony was held in 1987, a year after the founding of the Academy of Cinematographic Arts and Sciences, at the Teatro Lope de Vega in Madrid. They have since been also held in other Spanish cities (Barcelona, Seville, Málaga, Valencia, Valladolid, and Granada).
Jack Binder (artist)
John Binder (/ˈbɪndər/; August 11, 1902 – March 6, 1986) was a Golden Age comics creator and art packager. A fine artist by education, Binder had a prolific comics career that lasted primarily from 1937 to 1953, through his most concentrated work was through 1946. He was the creator of the original comic book Daredevil, for Lev Gleason Publications. Binder is credited with coining the term zero gravity as part of a 1938 article in Thrilling Wonder Stories. Binder's younger brothers were Earl and Otto Binder, collectively known as Eando Binder when writing science fiction.

Golden Age of Comic Books
The Golden Age of Comic Books describes an era in the history of American comic books from 1938 to 1956. During this time, modern comic books were first published and rapidly increased in popularity. The superhero archetype was created and many well-known characters were introduced, including Superman, Batman, Robin, Captain Marvel, Captain America, and Wonder Woman.
Roger Williamson
Roger Williamson (2 February 1948 – 29 July 1973) was a British racing driver and a two time British Formula 3 champion, who died during his second Formula One race, the 1973 Dutch Grand Prix at Zandvoort Circuit in the Netherlands.

British Formula 3 International Series
The British Formula Three Championship was an international motor racing series that took place primarily in the United Kingdom with a small number of events in mainland Europe. It was a junior-level feeder formula that used small single seater Formula Three chassis. Its final official title was the Cooper Tires British Formula 3 International Series. Notable former champions included Jackie Stewart, Emerson Fittipaldi, Nelson Piquet, Ayrton Senna, Mika Häkkinen, Rubens Barrichello, Takuma Sato, Daniel Ricciardo and Hélio Castroneves.
Motor coordination
In physiology, motor coordination is the orchestrated movement of multiple body parts as required to accomplish intended actions, like walking. This coordination is achieved by adjusting kinematic and kinetic parameters associated with each body part involved in the intended movement. The modifications of these parameters typically relies on sensory feedback from one or more sensory modalities (see multisensory integration), such as proprioception and vision.

Multisensory integration
Multisensory integration, also known as multimodal integration, is the study of how information from the different sensory modalities (such as sight, sound, touch, smell, self-motion, and taste) may be integrated by the nervous system. A coherent representation of objects combining modalities enables animals to have meaningful perceptual experiences. Indeed, multisensory integration is central to adaptive behavior because it allows animals to perceive a world of coherent perceptual entities. Multisensory integration also deals with how different sensory modalities interact with one another and alter each other's processing.
USS Ashtabula
USS Ashtabula (AO-51) was a Cimarron-class fleet oiler of the United States Navy in service from 1943 to 1991. She survived three wars and was awarded eight battle stars for World War II service, four battle stars for Korean War service, and eight campaign stars for Vietnam War service. In the mid-1960s Ashtabula became the lead ship of her class, when she and seven other Cimarron-class oilers were lengthened ("jumboized"). She has been the only U.S. Navy ship to bear the name Ashtabula, after the Ashtabula River in northeast Ohio.

Replenishment oiler
A replenishment oiler or replenishment tanker is a naval auxiliary ship with fuel tanks and dry cargo holds which can supply both fuel and dry stores during underway replenishment (UNREP) at sea. Many countries have used replenishment oilers.

The United States Navy's hull classification symbol for this type of ship was 'AOR' (Auxiliary Oil Replenishment). Replenishment oilers are slower and carry fewer dry stores than the US Navy's modern fast combat support ships, which carry the classification 'AOE'. In 2020 the US Navy began to develop a new type of ship, the 'AOL' or light replenishment oiler; construction of the first is planned for 2026.
Hot House (Steve Lacy album)
Hot House is an album by Steve Lacy and Mal Waldron released on the RCA Novus label in 1991. It features duo performances of tunes written by Herbie Nichols, Tadd Dameron, Bud Powell, Thelonious Monk. Sidney Bechet, Duke Ellington along with two compositions by Waldron and one by Lacy.

Sidney Bechet
Sidney Joseph Bechet (May 14, 1897 – May 14, 1959) was an American jazz saxophonist, clarinetist, and composer. He was one of the first important soloists in jazz, and first recorded several months before trumpeter Louis Armstrong. His erratic temperament hampered his career, and not until the late 1940s did he earn wide acclaim. Bechet spent much of his later life in France.
3d Troop Carrier Squadron
The 3d Troop Carrier Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit. It was last assigned to the 63d Troop Carrier Group at Donaldson Air Force Base, South Carolina, where it was inactivated in 1960.

The squadron was one of the earliest airlift units of the United States Army Air Corps, first activating in 1935 as the 3d Transport Squadron.  During World War II, the squadron acted as a training unit until disbanded in 1944.

After the end of the war, the squadron was again active in the reserve from 1947 until mobilized for the Korean War in 1951, transferring its personnel and equipment to other organizations before inactivating.  Its last active period began in 1953, when it was equipped with Douglas C-124 Globemaster IIs as a heavy troop carrier unit.

63rd Operations Group
The 63d Troop Carrier Group is an inactive United States Air Force unit. Its last was assigned to the 63d Troop Carrier Wing, Eastern Transport Air Force (MATS), stationed at Hunter Air Force Base, Georgia. It was inactivated on 18 January 1963.
Transport in Bucharest
Bucharest has the largest transport network in Romania, and one of the largest in Europe. The Bucharest transport network is made up of a metro network and a surface transport network. Although there are multiple connection points, the two systems operate independently of each other, and are run by different organisations (the metro is run by Metrorex and the surface transport network by Bucharest-Ilfov Intercommunity Development Association for Public Transport. The two companies used separate ticketing systems until 2021, when a new smartcard was introduced alongside the old tickets, which allows travel on both the TPBI and the Underground.

TPBI
Bucharest has the largest public transportation network in Romania and one of the largest in Europe.

TPBI (Bucharest-Ilfov Intercommunity Development Association for Public Transport) was established as a cooperating structure of the local public authorities in the region, being founded on 20 October 2017. The association has its own legal personality and public utility status recognized by law, intended to jointly exercise the competencies of local public administration authorities related to the provision of public transport services.
Karl von der Heyden
Karl von der Heyden is a German-American businessman best known for his former roles as the Co-Chairman and CEO of RJR Nabisco, and CFO of PepsiCo, as well as multiple other positions and roles in the world of finance and business.

RJR Nabisco
R. J. Reynolds Nabisco, Inc. was an American conglomerate, selling tobacco and food products, headquartered in the Calyon Building in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. R. J. Reynolds Nabisco stopped operating as a single entity in 1999. Both RJR (as R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company) and Nabisco (now part of Mondelēz International) still exist.
V. C. R. A. C. Crabbe
Vincent Cyril Richard Arthur Charles (V. C. R. A. C.) Crabbe JSC, FGA (29 October 1923 – 7 September 2018) was a Ghanaian jurist and public servant. He was a judge of the Supreme Court of Ghana from 1970 to 1972 and from 1980 to 1981.

Before becoming a judge, Crabbe worked with the Office of the Attorney-General in a legislative drafting role. At the advent of the Second Republic, he was appointed interim electoral commissioner. Crabbe formed and presided over a permanent electoral commission to conduct the 1969 Ghanaian Election. Crabbe chaired the Constituent Assembly of 1979 that produced a constitution for Ghana's Third Republic. He was the Statute Law Revision Commissioner under the Fourth Republic. At the time of his death, he was a Professor of Law at Mountcrest University College.

Ghana Academy of Arts and Sciences
The Ghana Academy of Arts and Sciences (GAAS) is a learned society for the arts and sciences based in Accra, Ghana. The institution was founded in November 1959 by Kwame Nkrumah with the aim to promote the pursuit, advancement and dissemination of knowledge in all branches of the sciences and the humanities.