hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Artin conductor
In mathematics, the Artin conductor is a number or ideal associated to a character of a Galois group of a local or global field, introduced by Emil Artin (1930, 1931) as an expression appearing in the functional equation of an Artin L-function.

Artin L-function
In mathematics, Artin L-functions are a type of Dirichlet series defined for finite extensions of number fields, encoding informations about linear representations of Galois group, ramification of prime ideals and distribution of absolute norms of ideals.

These functions were introduced in 1923 by Emil Artin, in connection with his research into class field theory. They play important role in modern number theory and are generalizations of better-known functions like Dedekind zeta functions or Dirichlet L-functions. Some of their expected properties turned out to be difficult to prove.

One of the aims of proposed non-abelian class field theory is to incorporate the complex-analytic nature of Artin L-functions into a larger framework, such as is provided by automorphic forms and the Langlands program. So far, only a small part of such a theory has been put on a firm basis.
Angelina Sandoval-Gutierrez
Angelina Sandoval-Gutierrez (born February 28, 1938) is a Filipino jurist from Alitagtag who served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines from 2000 to 2008. She was the last appointment to the Court made by President Joseph Estrada.

Alitagtag
Alitagtag, officially the Municipality of Alitagtag (Tagalog: Bayan ng Alitagtag),  is a  municipality in the province of Batangas, Philippines. According to the 2024 census, it has a population of 28,033 people.
Grisette Mountain
Grisette Mountain is a 2,620-metre (8,600 ft) mountain summit located in Jasper National Park in Alberta, Canada. It is located in the Colin Range, which is a sub-range of the Canadian Rockies.  The peak is situated 14 km (8.7 mi) northeast of the municipality of Jasper, and is a prominent landmark in the Athabasca Valley visible from Highway 16 and the Canadian. Its nearest higher peak is Mount Dromore, 2.4 km (1.5 mi) to the east.

Grisette Mountain was named in 1916 by Morrison P. Bridgland for its gray colored limestone. Bridgland (1878-1948) was a Dominion Land Surveyor who named many peaks in Jasper Park and the Canadian Rockies. The French word gris translates to gray. The mountain's name was officially adopted in 1947 by the Geographical Names Board of Canada.

Athabasca River
The Athabasca River (French: Rivière Athabasca) in Alberta, Canada, originates at the Columbia Icefield in Jasper National Park and flows more than 1,231 km (765 mi) before emptying into Lake Athabasca. Much of the land along its banks is protected in national and provincial parks, and the river is designated a Canadian heritage river for its historical and cultural importance. The scenic Athabasca Falls is located about 30 km (19 mi) upstream from Jasper.
Cystathionine beta synthase
Cystathionine-β-synthase, also known as CBS, is an enzyme (EC 4.2.1.22) that in humans is encoded by the CBS gene. It catalyzes the first step of the transsulfuration pathway, from homocysteine to cystathionine:

L-serine + L-homocysteine  L-cystathionine + H2O

CBS uses the cofactor pyridoxal-phosphate (PLP) and can be allosterically regulated by effectors such as the ubiquitous cofactor S-adenosyl-L-methionine (adoMet). This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, to be specific, the hydro-lyases, which cleave carbon-oxygen bonds.

CBS is a multidomain enzyme composed of an N-terminal enzymatic domain and two CBS domains. The CBS gene is the most common locus for mutations associated with homocystinuria.

Serine
Serine
/ˈsɪəriːn/
(symbol Ser or S) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated −NH+3 form under biological conditions), a carboxyl group (which is in the deprotonated −COO− form under biological conditions), and a side chain consisting of a hydroxymethyl group, classifying it as a polar amino acid. It can be synthesized in the human body under normal physiological circumstances, making it a nonessential amino acid. It is encoded by the codons UCU, UCC, UCA, UCG, AGU and AGC.
2016 Fred's 250
The 2016 fred's 250 Powered by Coca-Cola was the 19th stock car race of the 2016 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series, the final race of the Round of 8, and the 11th iteration of the event. The race was held on Saturday, October 22, 2016, in Lincoln, Alabama, at Talladega Superspeedway, a 2.66-mile (4.28 km) permanent tri-oval shaped superspeedway. The race took the scheduled 94 laps to complete. Grant Enfinger, driving for GMS Racing, pulled off the upset win, after holding off Spencer Gallagher on the final lap. It was Enfinger's first career NASCAR Camping World Truck Series win. To fill out the podium, Timothy Peters, driving for Red Horse Racing, would finish in 3rd, respectively.

The six drivers that advanced into the Round of 6 are William Byron, Christopher Bell, Timothy Peters, Ben Kennedy, Johnny Sauter, and Matt Crafton. Daniel Hemric and John Hunter Nemechek would be eliminated from championship contention.

Lincoln, Alabama
Lincoln is a city in Talladega County, Alabama, United States. It was incorporated in 1911. At the 2020 census, the population was 6,845. It was named for Major General Benjamin Lincoln, who served in the American army during the Revolutionary War.

The Talladega Superspeedway, the International Motorsports Hall of Fame and the Talladega Municipal Airport are all located in Lincoln.
Financial regulation in India
Financial regulation in India is governed by a number of regulatory bodies. Financial regulation is a form of regulation or supervision, which subjects financial institutions to certain requirements, restrictions and guidelines, aiming to maintain the stability and integrity of the financial system. This may be handled by either a government or non-government organization. Financial regulation has also influenced the structure of banking sectors by increasing the variety of financial products available. Financial regulation forms one of three legal categories which constitutes the content of financial law, the other two being market practices and case law.

Regulatory agency
A regulatory agency (regulatory body, regulator) or independent agency (independent regulatory agency) is a government authority that is responsible for exercising autonomous jurisdiction over some area of human activity in a licensing and regulating capacity. Examples of responsibilities include strengthening safety and standards, and/or to protect consumers in markets where there is a lack of effective competition. Examples of regulatory agencies that enforce standards include the Food and Drug Administration in the United States and the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency in the United Kingdom; and, in the case of economic regulation, the Office of Gas and Electricity Markets and the Telecom Regulatory Authority in India.
Soledar urban hromada
Soledar urban hromada (Ukrainian: Соледарська міська громада, romanized: Soledarska miska hromada) is a hromada of Ukraine, located in Bakhmut Raion, Donetsk Oblast. Its administrative center is the city Soledar.

It has an area of 558.29 square kilometres (215.56 sq mi) and a population of 20,581, as of 2018.

It was formed on 15 September 2016 by merging local city and village councils in Bakhmut Raion.

The hromada includes 37 settlements: 1 city (Soledar), 32 villages:

And 4 rural-type settlements: Vyimka, Nahirne, Pidhorodne, and Spirne.

Soledar
Soledar (Ukrainian: Соледар, IPA: [soleˈdɑr]; Russian: Соледар, IPA: [səlʲɪˈdar]; lit. 'gift of salt') is a destroyed city in Bakhmut Raion, Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine. Situated in the Donbas region of eastern Ukraine, the city was formerly highly important for its salt mining industry, from which its name Soledar is derived. The last estimate of its population before its destruction was 10,490, in 2022.

From 1925 until 1991, it was known as Karlo-Libknekhtovsk after the German socialist Karl Liebknecht. During the Battle of Soledar of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Soledar was completely destroyed and depopulated by Russian forces, who have occupied the ruins of the city and the surrounding area since January 2023.
Tell Maghas
Tell Maghas (Arabic: تل مغاص), also known as Gawar (كاور), is a village near Tell Tamer in western al-Hasakah Governorate, northeastern Syria. Administratively it belongs to the Nahiya Tell Tamer.

The village is inhabited by Assyrians belonging to the Assyrian Church of the East. At the 2004 census, it had a population of 194.

Assyrians in Syria
Assyrians in Syria (Syriac: ܣܘܪ̈ܝܝܐ ܕܣܘܪܝܐ, Arabic: الآشوريون في سوريا) are an ethnic and linguistic minority indigenous to Upper Mesopotamia, the north-eastern half of Syria. Syrian-Assyrians are people of Assyrian descent living in Syria, and those in the Assyrian diaspora who are of Syrian-Assyrian heritage.

They live primarily in Al-Hasakah Governorate, with a significant presence in Hasakah city and the cities of Qamishli, Malikiyah, Ras al-Ayn, and Qahtaniyah, as well as in Tell Tamer and nearby villages. Some have migrated to Damascus and other western cities beyond the border of their indigenous Mesopotamia at the Euphrates River. They share a common history and ethnic identity, rooted in shared linguistic, cultural and religious traditions, with Assyrians in Turkey, Assyrians in Iraq and Assyrians in Iran, as well as with the Assyrian diaspora.
God of Vengeance
God of Vengeance (Yiddish: גאָט פֿון נעקאָמע, Got fun nekome) is a 1906 play by Sholem Asch. It is about a Jewish brothel owner who attempts to become respectable by commissioning a Torah Scroll and marrying off his daughter to a yeshiva student.

Set in a brothel, the play explores themes of religious hypocrisy and morality. The play is notable for its progressive portrayal of a lesbian relationship, which was the first lesbian kiss on an American stage. I. L. Peretz famously said of the play after reading it: "Burn it, Asch, burn it!" Instead, Asch went to Berlin and pitched it to director Max Reinhardt and actor Rudolph Schildkraut, who produced it at the Deutsches Theater.

Commission (art)
In art, a commission is the act of requesting the creation of a piece, often on behalf of another. Artwork may be commissioned by private individuals, by the government, or businesses. Commissions often resemble endorsement or sponsorship.

In classical music, ensembles often commission pieces from composers, where the ensemble secures the composer's payment from private or public organizations or donors.
Ana Valverde
Ana Valverde (1798 – November 20, 1864) was a militant from what is now the Dominican Republic who participated in the 1844 Dominican War of Independence against Haiti and, later, in the Dominican Restoration War against Spain.  For her loyalty to the revolutionary leader Juan Pablo Duarte and his ideals, she was deported, along with other members of her family.

Rosa Duarte
Rosa Protomártir Duarte y Díez (June 28, 1820 – October 26, 1888) was a Dominican revolutionary dedicated to the patriotic cause towards Dominican independence. Her contributions to the Dominican Republic are considered by the historian Emilio Rodríguez Demorizi as the "New Testament" of Dominican history.

Rosa was one of the sisters of Juan Pablo Duarte, an activist politician and one of the founding fathers of the Dominican Republic. Following her older brother's steps, Rosa strongly supported the Dominican independent cause by actively participating in secret societies such as La Trinitaria and La Filantrópica.
Saisons
Saisons (transl. "Seasons") is the fourth studio album by the French singer Pomme. It was released on March 22, 2024, under Sois Sage Musique and Polydor Records.

This album, which bridges the gap between folk music, French music, and classical music, takes the form of an orchestral and conceptual album designed as a modern opera. In it, Pomme explores the different seasons and months of the year through music. The album is divided into four movements, one for each season, each with its own cohesive atmosphere and musical universe, where every song represents a month of the year.

Pomme (singer)
Claire Pommet (French pronunciation: [klɛʁ pɔme]; born 2 August 1996), known professionally as Pomme (French: [pɔm], "apple" in French), is a French singer, songwriter, and musician. Born and raised near Lyon, she learned to play several instruments at a young age. Her debut studio album, À peu près (2017), received critical acclaim for its mixture of pop and folk music and entered the French album charts at number 91. Pomme followed with her second studio album, Les failles (2019), which became her first project to reach the top 10 in her home country. The record was later reissued as Les failles cachées (2020) and re-entered record charts in two countries. Her third studio album, Consolation, was released on 26 August 2022.
Bayley Liu
Bayley Liu (born 3 August 1996) is a Scotland international rugby league footballer who plays as a centre or second-row forward for the Halifax Panthers in the Championship.

He previously played for West Wales Raiders in League 1 and Dewsbury Rams, Sheffield Eagles and Bradford Bulls in the Championship.

Sheffield Eagles
The Sheffield Eagles are a professional rugby league club based in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England. They play home games at the Olympic Legacy Park and compete in the Championship, the second tier of British rugby league.

Sheffield's only major honour was winning the 1998 Challenge Cup, they have won the Second Division twice.

The clubs traditional home colours are red, white and gold and they share a rivalry with Doncaster.
Matrix sign function
In mathematics, the matrix sign function is a matrix function on square matrices analogous to the complex sign function.

It was introduced by J.D. Roberts in 1971 as a tool for model reduction and for solving Lyapunov and Algebraic Riccati equation in a technical report of Cambridge University, which was later published in a journal in 1980.

Algebraic Riccati equation
An algebraic Riccati equation is a type of nonlinear equation that arises in the context of infinite-horizon optimal control problems in continuous time or discrete time.

A typical algebraic Riccati equation is similar to one of the following:

the continuous time algebraic Riccati equation (CARE):

or the discrete time algebraic Riccati equation (DARE):

P is the unknown n by n symmetric matrix and A, B, Q, R are known real coefficient matrices, with Q and R symmetric.

Though generally this equation can have many solutions, it is usually specified that we want to obtain the unique stabilizing solution, if such a solution exists.
Henry Harrison Walker
Henry Harrison Walker (October 15, 1832 – March 22, 1912) was a Confederate States Army brigadier general during the American Civil War (Civil War). He was born in Sussex County, Virginia. He graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, in 1853 and served as an officer in the United States Army from 1853 to 1861. Walker was wounded twice during the war and lost his left foot. After the war, he became a stockbroker at Morristown, New Jersey, where he lived until 1912.

General officers in the Confederate States Army
The general officers of the Confederate States Army (CSA) were the senior military leaders of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War of 1861–1865. They were often former officers from the United States Army (the regular army) before the Civil War, while others were given the rank based on merit or when necessity demanded. Most Confederate generals needed confirmation from the Confederate States Congress, much like prospective generals in the modern U.S. armed forces.

Like all of the Confederacy's military forces, these generals answered to their civilian leadership, in particular Jefferson Davis, the president of the Confederate States of America and therefore commander-in-chief of the military forces of the Confederate States.
Towel animal
A towel animal is a depiction of an animal created by folding small towels. It is conceptually similar to origami, but uses towels rather than paper. Some common towel animals are elephants, snakes, rabbits and swans.

Carnival, Norwegian Cruise Lines, Disney Cruise Line, Royal Caribbean, Disney Hotels and Holland America Line cruises will often place towel animals on a patron's bed as part of their nightly turndown service. Towel animals are also appearing in higher-end hotels and resorts such as Grupo Vidanta's Grand Luxxe Residence Clubs in Nuevo Vallarta and Riviera Maya.

Carnival Cruise Line
Carnival Cruise Line is an international cruise line with headquarters in Doral, Florida. The company is a subsidiary of Carnival Corporation & plc. Its logo is a funnel shaped like a whale's tail, with a red, white, and blue color scheme. This trademark funnel design is built onto the line's ships. Carnival is ranked first on the list of largest cruise lines based on passengers carried annually.

As of March 2025, Carnival Cruise Line operates a fleet of 29 ships with five new ships set to join between 2027 and 2033.
Bismuth organometallic chemistry
The stabilization of bismuth's +3 oxidation state due to the inert pair effect yields a plethora of organometallic bismuth-transition metal compounds and clusters with interesting electronics and 3D structures.

Inert-pair effect
The inert-pair effect is the tendency of the two electrons in the outermost atomic s-orbital to remain  unshared in compounds of post-transition metals. The term inert-pair effect is often used in relation to the increasing stability of oxidation states that are two less than the group valency for the heavier elements of groups 13, 14, 15 and 16. The term "inert pair" was first proposed by Nevil Sidgwick in 1927. The name suggests that the outermost s electron pairs are more tightly bound to the nucleus in these atoms, and therefore more difficult to ionize or share.

For example, the p-block elements of the 4th, 5th and 6th period come after d-block elements, but the electrons present in the intervening d- (and f-) orbitals do not effectively shield the s-electrons of the valence shell. As a result, the inert pair of ns electrons remains more tightly held by the nucleus and hence participates less in bond formation.
28 cm L/20 M67
The 28 cm L/20 M67 was a Russian early breech loading rifled built-up gun designed by Krupp. It was built for the Russian navy and coastal artillery by both Krupp and Obukhov. The gun was the predecessor of the Krupp 28 cm RK L/22 and the Obukhov 28 cm L/22 M77.

Obukhov State Plant
Obukhov State Plant (also known Obukhovski Plant, Russian: Государственный Обуховский Завод, romanized: Gosudarstvennyy Obukhovskiy Zavod)  is a major Russian metallurgy and heavy machine-building plant in St. Petersburg, Russia.
AS Laval
Alliance Soccer Laval (formerly CS Monteuil) is a Canadian semi-professional soccer club based in Laval, Quebec that plays in Ligue1 Québec. In 2021, CS Monteuil merged with youth club CS Étoiles de l’Est to form AS Laval.

Ligue1 Québec
Ligue1 Québec (L1QC) is a semi-professional men's soccer league in Quebec, Canada. Founded in 2011 as the Première ligue de soccer du Québec, the league is sanctioned by the Canadian Soccer Association and the Quebec Soccer Federation. In 2025, the league expanded and introduced two new divisions Ligue2 Québec and Ligue3 Québec, following the ending of the amateur Ligue de soccer élite du Québec, with the teams being folded into L1Q.

In the Canadian soccer league system, the men's division is behind the fully-professional Canadian Premier League. It is part of Premier Soccer Leagues Canada, the national third tier with regional divisions, along with four other leagues. The men's league champion qualifies for the Canadian Championship, Canada's domestic cup tournament.
Matthew Mayer
Matthew Edward Mayer (born September 23, 1999) is an American professional basketball player who last played for the Texas Legends of the NBA G League. He played college basketball for the Baylor Bears and the Illinois Fighting Illini.

Baylor Bears men's basketball
The Baylor Bears men's basketball team represents Baylor University in Waco, Texas, in NCAA Division I men's basketball competition. The Bears compete in the Big 12 Conference. The team played its home games in Ferrell Center from 1988 until 2023.  Baylor now plays its home games in the Foster Pavilion and is currently coached by Scott Drew.
Synch (character)
Synch (Everett Thomas) is a mutant superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Scott Lobdell, he first appeared in X-Men #36 (September 1994). Synch was killed in Generation X #70 (December 2000), but resurrected during the Krakoan Age in 2019. In 2021, Synch joined the X-Men team roster in the relaunched flagship book X-Men (vol. 6) written by Gerry Duggan. He would remain on the team during the Reign of X, Destiny of X and Fall of X publishing phases and become the team leader in the final phase. The character also appeared in other related books such as the Immortal X-Men (2022) series and the Rise of the Powers of X (2024) miniseries.

Fall of X
"Fall of X" is a 2023 relaunch of the X-Men line of American comic books published by Marvel Comics. It is the sequel to the "Destiny of X" publishing initiative, and is the final initiative in the Krakoan Age of the X-Men. The phase started with the third annual Hellfire Gala (July 2023) and culminated in the dual interconnected miniseries Fall of the House of X and Rise of the Powers of X (January 2024 – May 2024). The phase's final issue, X-Men #35 (legacy Uncanny X-Men #700) was released in June 2024. It is followed by the line relaunch X-Men: From the Ashes.

During the Fall of X, mutantkind's unparalleled growth and prosperity on the island nation Krakoa is threatened by the human supremacist organization Orchis.
Wonder Gadot
Wonder Gadot (foaled May 22, 2015) is a Canadian Thoroughbred racehorse best known for winning the Queen's Plate and Prince of Wales Stakes, the first two legs of the Canadian Triple Crown, in 2018. As a two-year-old, she was named the Canadian Champion Two-Year-Old Filly after winning the Mazarine and Demoiselle Stakes. At age three, in addition to beating the colts twice in Canada, she was second in the Grade I Kentucky Oaks to Monomoy Girl. She was named the 2018 Canadian Horse of the Year and Champion Three-Year-Old Filly.

Canadian Champion Two-Year-Old Filly
The Canadian Champion Two-Year-Old Filly is a  Canadian Thoroughbred horse racing honor. Created in 1975 by the Jockey Club of Canada, it is part of the Sovereign Awards program and is awarded annually to the top 2-Year-Old Filly Thoroughbred horse competing in Canada.