hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Battle of Rednitz
The Battle of Rednitz on 22 June 910, was a decisive victory of the Magyar cavalry over the East Francian - German kingdoms armies. The location of this battle cannot be determined with 100% certitude. The battle happened near the River Rednitz, in Franconia, near the border with Bavaria ("in confinio Bavariae et Franciae"). After the battle, the German king Louis the Child, together with the Swabian, Frankish, Bavarian, and Saxonian dukes, accepted to pay tribute to the Hungarian state.

We do not know who the commander of the Hungarian army was (he could be a chieftain or a prince), but it was the same who 10 days before the battle of Rednitz, on 12 June 910 at the Battle of Augsburg inflicted a crushing defeat on the German army led by the King Louis the Child.

Rednitz
The Rednitz (German pronunciation: [ˈʁeːdnɪts]) is a 46 km (29 mi) long river in Franconia, Germany, tributary of the Regnitz (more precisely: its southern, left headstream).  Slightly richer in water than the other source river Pegnitz and also richer in tributaries, it is hydrographically regarded as the upper reaches of the Regnitz, although the longest flow path in its system is approx. 3 km shorter than that in the Pegnitz system. The Rednitz is formed by the confluence of the rivers Franconian Rezat and Swabian Rezat, in Georgensgmünd (district of Roth). The Rednitz flows north through Roth bei Nürnberg, Schwabach and the southwestern quarters of Nuremberg. The Rednitz joins the Pegnitz to form the Regnitz in Fürth.

The river first appeared in written sources in the 8th century with the Latin name Radantia. In the 11th century, the name of the river was given as Ratenza.
Clark Thomas Rogerson
Clark Thomas Rogerson (2 October 1918 – 7 September 2001) was an American mycologist. He was known for his work in the Hypocreales (Ascomycota), particularly Hypomyces, a genus of fungi that parasitize other fungi. After receiving his doctorate from Cornell University in 1950, he went on to join the faculty of Kansas State University. In 1958, he became a curator at The New York Botanical Garden, and served as editor for various academic journals published by the Garden. Rogerson was involved with the Mycological Society of America, serving in various positions, including president in 1969. He was managing editor (1958–89) and editor-in-chief (1960–65) of the scientific journal Mycologia.

Mycological Society of America
The Mycological Society of America (MSA) is a learned society that serves as the professional organization of mycologists in the U.S. and Canada. It was founded in 1932. The Society's constitution states that "The purpose of the Society is to promote and advance the science of mycology and to foster and encourage research and education in mycology in all its aspects."  Members of the MSA meet annually to exchange information and build understanding of fungi.
Bernard Gui
Bernard Gui (French: [ɡi]), also known as Bernardo Gui or Bernardus Guidonis (c. 1261/62 – 30 December 1331), was a Limousin Dominican friar, Bishop of Lodève, and a papal inquisitor during the later stages of the Medieval Inquisition.

Limousin (province)
Limousin (French pronunciation: [limuzɛ̃] ⓘ; Occitan: Lemosin [lemuˈzi]) is a former province of the Kingdom of France. It existed from 1589 until 1790, when the National Constituent Assembly adopted a more uniform division into departments (départements) and districts (arrondissements). It is located in the foothills of the western edge of the Massif Central and surrounds the city of Limoges (Occitan: Limòtges).

The territory of the former province of Limousin corresponds to an area smaller than the administrative region, comprising the current department of Corrèze, the southern half of Haute-Vienne (including Limoges, its historic capital), and a small part of the Dordogne.
Pseudomogrus improcerus
Pseudomogrus improcerus is  a species of jumping spider in the genus Pseudomogrus that is endemic to Yemen. The species was first defined by Wanda Wesołowska and Antonius van Harten in 1994. They originally placed it in the genus Yllenus, but was moved to the new genus Logunyllus in 2016, and then to its present designation in 2019. The spider is small, with a carapace measuring between 1.84 and 1.9 mm (0.07 and 0.07 in) long and an abdomen between 2.05 and 2.1 mm (0.08 and 0.08 in) long. The female has a red-brown or brown carapace and brownish-grey abdomen covered in small brown, grey, white and golden scales. Some examples have a band across the top of the abdomen. The spider has yellow legs. The copulatory organs are distinctive and enable the spider to be distinguished from others in the genus. The female epigyne has simple insemination ducts and large accessory glands.

Spider anatomy
The anatomy of spiders includes many characteristics shared with other arachnids. These characteristics include bodies divided into two tagmata (sections or segments), eight jointed legs, no wings or antennae, the presence of chelicerae and pedipalps, simple eyes, and an exoskeleton, which is periodically shed.

Spiders also have several adaptations that distinguish them from other arachnids. All spiders are capable of producing silk of various types, which many species use to build webs to ensnare prey. Most spiders possess venom, which is injected into prey (or defensively, when the spider feels threatened) through the fangs of the chelicerae. Male spiders have specialized pedipalps that are used to transfer sperm to the female during mating. Many species of spiders exhibit a great deal of sexual dimorphism.
Kelmscott, Western Australia
Kelmscott is a southeastern suburb of Perth, Western Australian within the local government area of the City of Armadale. It is 23 kilometres (14 mi) southeast of Perth along the Albany Highway.

Kelmscott was one of four initial townsites established in the Swan River Colony. It was named after Kelmscott, Oxfordshire, the birthplace of the first Anglican clergyman in the colony, Thomas Hobbes Scott (1783–1860).

The suburb of Kelmscott is bisected by the Canning River. On the western side of the river is the flat coastal plain upon which most of Perth is situated. This area includes the Stargate Kelmscott and Kelmscott Village shopping areas along Albany Highway, the light industrial area, the Kelmscott Senior High School and a residential area. To the east, the suburb rises into the western Darling Scarp.

Kelmscott celebrated its 175th anniversary on 9 October 2005.

Kelmscott is home of the first Red Rooster restaurant.

Kelmscott
Kelmscott is a village and civil parish on the River Thames in West Oxfordshire, about 2 miles (3 km) east of Lechlade in neighbouring Gloucestershire. Since 2001 it has absorbed Little Faringdon, which had been a separate civil parish. The 2011 Census recorded the merged parish's population as 198.
Mangaladevi Temple
The Mangaladevi Temple is a Hindu temple at Bolara in the city of Mangalore in the Indian state of Karnataka. It is situated about three kilometres southwest of the city centre. The temple is dedicated to the Hindu goddess Shakti in the form of Mangaladevi, the presiding deity from whom the city derives its name.

The temple is of significant antiquity and is believed to have been built during the 9th century by Kundavarman, the most noted king of the Alupa dynasty, under the patronage of Matsyendranath. As per another legend, the temple is believed to have been built by Parashurama, one of the ten avatars of Hindu god Vishnu and later expanded by Kundavarman.

The presiding deity, Mangaladevi in the central shrine is in a seated posture. There are shrines around the sanctum for other deities.

In modern times, the temple is maintained and administered by trustees. The temple is open daily from 6 a.m. to  1 pm and 4 pm to 8:30 pm.

Alupa dynasty
The Alupa dynasty was an Indian dynasty that ruled from 200 to 1444 A.D. in Southern India. They were local feudatories at different times under major dynasties such as the Kadambas, Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas and later Vijaynagara The kingdom they ruled was known as Alvakheda Arusasira, and its territory spanned the coastal districts of the modern Indian state known as Karnataka, including Kasaragod district of present-day Kerala. The Alupas played a significant role in the political, cultural, and religious history of coastal Karnataka.
2023 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship final
The 2023 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship Final, the 92nd event of its kind and the culmination of the 2023 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship, was played at Croke Park on 6 August 2023. The finals of the 2023 All-Ireland Intermediate Camogie Championship and All-Ireland Junior Camogie Championship took place earlier that day at Croke Park. It was won by Cork, who defeated Waterford. Captain Amy O'Connor scored 3-7, giving Cork a record 29th All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship title. The attendance of 30,191 was the second biggest for a camogie final.

All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship
The All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship is a competition for inter-county teams in the women's field sport of game of camogie played in Ireland. The series of games are organised by the Camogie Association and are played during the summer months with the All-Ireland Camogie Final being played in Croke Park, Dublin. The prize for the winning team is the O'Duffy Cup.

The men's equivalent tournament is the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship.
Lévy–Prokhorov metric
In mathematics, the Lévy–Prokhorov metric (sometimes known just as the Prokhorov metric) is a metric (i.e., a definition of distance) on the collection of probability measures on a given metric space. It is named after the French mathematician Paul Lévy and the Soviet mathematician Yuri Vasilyevich Prokhorov; Prokhorov introduced it in 1956 as a generalization of the earlier Lévy metric.

Probability measure
In mathematics, a probability measure is a real-valued function defined on a set of events in a σ-algebra that satisfies measure properties such as countable additivity.  The difference between a probability measure and the more general notion of measure (which includes concepts like area or volume) is that a probability measure must assign value 1 to the entire space.

Intuitively, the additivity property says that the probability assigned to the union of two disjoint (mutually exclusive) events by the measure should be the sum of the probabilities of the events; for example, the value assigned to the outcome "1 or 2" in a throw of a die should be the sum of the values assigned to the outcomes "1" and "2".

Probability measures have applications in diverse fields, from physics to finance and biology.
2025 CS Nepela Memorial
The 2025 Nepela Memorial was a figure skating competition sanctioned by the International Skating Union (ISU), organized and hosted by the Slovak Figure Skating Federation, and the sixth event of the 2025–26 ISU Challenger Series. It was held at the Ondrej Nepela Arena in Bratislava, Slovakia, from 26 to 27 September 2025. Medals were awarded in men's singles, women's singles, and ice dance, and skaters earned ISU World Standing points based on their results. Kévin Aymoz of France won the men's event, Lara Naki Gutmann of Italy won the women's event, and Olivia Smart and Tim Dieck of Spain won the ice dance event.

ISU World Standings and Season's World Ranking
The ISU World Standings and Season's World Ranking are the objective merit-based method used by the International Skating Union (ISU) for single & pair skating and ice dance, as well as synchronized skating. Only eligible skaters/teams will be considered in the ISU World Standings and Season's World Ranking.

Skaters/teams receive points based on their final placement at an event and the event's weight over the current and preceding two seasons. The ISU World Standings and Season's World Ranking are updated after each eligible events. At the end of the current season, the points from the earliest season are deleted. If pairs and ice dance couples officially split up, their partnership will be removed from the Standings and Ranking. When a skater officially announces his or her retirement from competition, the standing and rank of the skater will be removed.
North-Eastern Swiss Alps
This article focuses on the part of the Alps and Pré-Alps that is located in North-Eastern Switzerland and compromises the Schwyzer Alps and the Appenzell Alps. This region is bordered by: Lake Lucerne in the south-west; the Klausen Pass, upper Linth valley and Lake Walen in the south; the Rhine valley in the east; Lake Constance in the north.

Appenzell Alps
The Appenzell Alps (German: Appenzeller Alpen) are a mountain range in Switzerland on the northern edge of the Alps. They extend into the cantons of Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Appenzell Innerrhoden and St. Gallen (with lower summits occurring also in the cantons of Thurgau and Zurich) and are bordered by the Schwyz Alps to the southwest, the Glarus Alps to the south, and the Rätikon to the south-east, and cover an area of about 1,800 km2 (690 sq mi). The highest summit is the Säntis, with an elevation of 2,502 m (8,209 ft).
Super-resolution dipole orientation mapping
Super-resolution dipole orientation mapping (SDOM) is a form of fluorescence polarization microscopy (FPM) that achieved super resolution through polarization demodulation. It was first described by Karl Zhanghao and others in 2016.  Fluorescence polarization (FP) is related to the dipole orientation of chromophores, making fluorescence polarization microscopy possible to reveal structures and functions of tagged cellular organelles and biological macromolecules. In addition to fluorescence intensity, wavelength, and lifetime, the fourth dimension of fluorescence—polarization—can also provide intensity modulation without the restriction to specific fluorophores; its investigation in super-resolution microscopy is still in its infancy.

Fluorescence anisotropy
Fluorescence anisotropy or fluorescence polarization is the phenomenon where the light emitted by a fluorophore has unequal intensities along different axes of polarization. Early pioneers in the field include Aleksander Jablonski, Gregorio Weber, and Andreas Albrecht. The principles of fluorescence polarization and some applications of the method are presented in Lakowicz's book.
Captain Logan
Captain Logan (c. 1776 – November 25, 1812), also known as Spemica Lawba ("High Horn"), James Logan, or simply Logan, was a Shawnee warrior who lived in present-day Ohio. Although he opposed the expansion of the United States into Shawnee lands, following the Treaty of Greenville in 1795, he became one of many Shawnees who sought to preserve Shawnee independence by maintaining peaceful relations with the United States. When the War of 1812 reached  Ohio, Logan served as a scout and guide for the American military.

Logan was killed in a skirmish with British-allied Native Americans, and was buried with military honors by the Americans, making Logan "the foremost Indian hero on the American side" of the War of 1812.

Blue Jacket
Blue Jacket, or Weyapiersenwah (c. 1743 – 1810), was a war chief of the Shawnee people, known for his militant defense of Shawnee lands in the Ohio Country. Perhaps the preeminent American Indian leader in the Northwest Indian War, in which a pantribal confederacy fought several battles with the nascent United States, he was an important predecessor of the famous Shawnee leader Tecumseh.
Epeiromulona hamata
Epeiromulona hamata is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by William D. Field in 1952. It is found in Trinidad, northern South America and Brazil.

The length of the forewings is 6.5–8 mm for males and 7.2-8.2 mm for females. The forewings and hindwings are very similar to Epeiromulona phelina and Epeiromulona biloba. There is a variable apical spot on the hindwing, sometimes greatly reduced or absent and sometimes enlarged.

Epeiromulona biloba
Epeiromulona biloba is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by William D. Field in 1952. It is found in Panama and Colombia.

The length of the forewings is 6.5–7 mm (0.26–0.28 in). The forewings are white with 15 small black spots and bars. The hindwings, including fringe are pale orange yellow with an apical black spot on the costal margin at the apex.
Escheat
Escheat /ɪsˈtʃiːt/ (from Latin  excidere 'fall away') is a common law doctrine that transfers the real property of a person who has died without heirs to the crown or state. It serves to ensure that property is not left in "limbo" without recognized ownership.  It originally applied to a number of situations where a legal interest in land was destroyed by operation of law, so that the ownership of the land reverted to the immediately superior feudal lord.

Feudal land tenure in England
Under the English feudal system several different forms of land tenure existed, each effectively a contract with differing rights and duties attached thereto. Such tenures could be either free-hold if they were hereditable or perpetual or non-free if they terminated on the tenant's death or at an earlier specified period.
Schönborn Palace (Beregvar)
48°31′30″N 22°52′29″E﻿ / ﻿48.52500°N 22.87472°E﻿ / 48.52500; 22.87472

The Beregvar Hunting Lodge  (Ukrainian: Палац графів Шенборнів or German: Schloss Beregvár or German: Jagdchloss Beregvár) is a palace in a neo-romantic style. It is located in Karpaty, which is part of Chynadiiovo in the Mukachevo Raion, Zakarpattia Oblast, Ukraine.

Built between 1890 and 1895 by Erwein-Friedrich von Schönborn-Buchheim, the palace served as a hunting estate and a seasonal residence for the Schönborn family, a prominent Austro-Hungarian aristocratic dynasty. Surrounded by a picturesque dendrological park featuring rare tree species, a decorative lake, and sculptural compositions, the hunting lodge is renowned for its architectural elegance, blending Romanesque and Gothic motifs with French Renaissance influences. Since 1946, the building has housed the "Karpaty" sanatorium, specializing in cardiovascular and neurological treatments.

Jagdschloss
A Jagdschloss (German pronunciation: [ˈjaːktˌʃlɔs] ⓘ) is a hunting lodge in German-speaking countries. It is a schloss set in a wildlife park or a hunting area (such as a forest, field or by a lake) that served primarily as accommodation for a ruler or aristocrat and his entourage while hunting in the area.
Living building material
A living building material (LBM) is a material used in construction or industrial design that behaves in a way resembling a living organism. Examples include: self-mending biocement, self-replicating concrete replacement, and mycelium-based composites for construction and packaging. Artistic projects include building components and household items.

Packaging
Packaging is the science, art, and technology of enclosing or protecting products for distribution, storage, sale, and use. Packaging also refers to the process of designing, evaluating, and producing packages. Packaging can be described as a coordinated system of preparing goods for transport, warehousing, logistics, sale, and end use. Packaging contains, protects, preserves, transports, informs, and sells. In many countries it is fully integrated into government, business, institutional, industrial, and for personal use.

Package labeling (American English) or labelling (British English) is any written, electronic, or graphic communication on the package or on a separate but associated label. Many countries or regions have regulations governing the content of package labels. Merchandising, branding, and persuasive graphics are not covered in this article.
Significant wave height
In physical oceanography, the significant wave height (SWH, HTSGW or Hs) 
is defined traditionally as the mean wave height (trough to crest) of the highest third of the waves (H1/3). It is usually defined as four times the standard deviation of the surface elevation – or equivalently as four times the square root of the zeroth-order moment (area) of the wave spectrum. The symbol Hm0 is usually used for that latter definition. The significant wave height (Hs) may thus refer to Hm0 or H1/3; the difference in magnitude between the two definitions is only a few percent.
SWH is used to characterize sea state, including winds and swell.

Crest and trough
A crest point on a wave is the highest point of the wave. A crest is a point on a surface wave where the displacement of the medium is at a maximum. A trough is the opposite of a crest, so the minimum or lowest point of the wave.

When the crests and troughs of two sine waves of equal amplitude and frequency intersect or collide, while being in phase with each other, the result is called constructive interference and the magnitudes double (above and below the line). When in antiphase – 180° out of phase – the result is destructive interference: the resulting wave is the undisturbed line having zero amplitude.
Seven virtues
In Christian history, the seven heavenly virtues combine the four cardinal virtues of prudence, justice, temperance, and fortitude with the three theological virtues of faith, hope, and charity.

The seven capital virtues, also known as seven lively virtues, contrary or remedial virtues, are those opposite to the seven deadly sins. They are often enumerated as chastity, temperance, charity, diligence, kindness, patience, and humility.

Hope (virtue)
Hope (Latin: spes) is one of the three theological virtues in the Christian tradition. Hope is a combination of the desire for something and expectation of receiving it. The Christian virtue is hoping specifically for Divine union and so eternal happiness. While faith is a function of the intellect, hope is an act of the will.
Rosamund Fletcher
Rosamund Mary Beatrice Fletcher (5 August 1908 — 18 February 1993) was an English sculptor. Her works were shown over twenty times at the Royal Academy Summer Exhibition from 1938 to 1965. In 1957, she became a Fellow of the Royal Society of British Sculptors and remained a Fellow until her death in 1993. Her sculpture The End of the Covert won a bronze medal in the art competitions at the 1948 Summer Olympics.

Royal Society of Sculptors
The Royal Society of Sculptors (RSS) is a British charity established in 1905, which promotes excellence in the art and practice of sculpture. Its headquarters are a centre for contemporary sculpture on Old Brompton Road in South Kensington, London. It is the oldest and largest organisation dedicated to sculpture in the UK. Until 2017, it was known as the Royal British Society of Sculptors.

The Royal Society of Sculptors is a registered charity with a selective membership of around 700 professional sculptors. It aims to inspire, inform and engage people of all ages and backgrounds with sculpture, and to support sculptors' development of their practice to the highest professional standards.
MASA (album)
MASA (backronym as Make America Slime Again) is the  eighth studio album by American rapper YoungBoy Never Broke Again. It was released through Never Broke Again and Motown on July 25, 2025. It features guest appearances from Playboi Carti and Mellow Rackz, while its production was handled by Gaulden's go-to engineer and producer Cheese, alongside MarsGawd, LondnBlue, Mally Mall, Simo Fre, and TnTXD, with several other producers. The album serves as a follow-up to Gaulden's seventh studio album, I Just Got a Lot on My Shoulders (2024), and his third compilation album, More Leaks (2025).

Never Broke Again
Never Broke Again, LLC (NBA) is a record label based in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, founded by American rappers YoungBoy Never Broke Again and OG 3Three Never Broke Again in 2015. It was launched as an imprint of Atlantic Records, a division of Warner Music Group until 2022, after which it has operated as an imprint of Motown, a division of Universal Music Group. Never Broke Again has signed and released albums for artists such as Quando Rondo and NoCap, and several upcoming Southern hip hop artists.