hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Trade unions in Norway
Trade unions in Norway first emerged with the efforts of Marcus Thrane and the formation of the Drammen Labour Union in 1848 which organised agricultural workers and crofters. However, with Thrane's imprisonment and the suppression of the union in 1855, it was not until 1872 before a union was founded again, by print workers. In 1899 the first national federation, the LO, was founded. During this period interactions with trade unions in Denmark and Sweden played a great influence over the development of trade unions in Norway.

In Norway today around half of all workers are trade union members and almost three-quarters of all workers are covered by collective agreements. There are four confederations with affiliated members: Confederation of Unions for Professionals, Confederation of Vocational Unions, Federation of Norwegian Professional Associations, Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions.

Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions
The Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions (Norwegian: Landsorganisasjonen i Norge, LO) is a national trade union center, the largest and probably the most influential umbrella organization of labour unions in Norway. The 21 national unions affiliated to the LO have almost 1,000,000 members of a Norwegian population of 5 million. The majority of affiliated unions organizes traditional blue collar workers, but the largest affiliate is the Norwegian Union of Municipal and General Employees which makes up more than a third of all members. LO is affiliated to the ITUC and the ETUC.

It was named the Workers' National Trade Union (Norwegian: Arbeidernes Faglige Landsorganisasjon, AFL) from 1899 to 1957. Affiliated with the Labour Party throughout its history, several of LO's member unions have concurrently been member bodies in the Labour Party.

The organization owns the Norwegian Labour Movement Archives and Library.
Umdat al-Talib
Umdat al-Talib fi Ansabi Ale Abi Talib (Arabic: عُمْدَةُ ألطّالِب فی أنْسابِ آلِ أبی‌طالب, lit. 'The Seeker's Guide to the Genealogies of the Family of Abi Talib') is a genealogy book written by "Ahmad ibn Ali ibn Husayn al-Husayni", known as "Ibn Inabah" (died 828 AH‍–‍1425 AD/CE), a famous Shiite scholar and noble genealogist of the 9th century AH‍–‍15th century AD/CE.

This book deals with the genealogy of Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib (the leader of Banu Hashim, a clan of the Qurayshi tribe of Mecca in the Hejazi region of the Arabian Peninsula, he being the brother of Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib, the father of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad) and the descendants of Ali ibn Abi Talib (the cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and the first Shia Imam) in details.

Alids
Alids (Arabic: العلويين, romanized: al-ʿAlawiyyīn) are the descendants of Ali, the fourth Rashidun caliph and the first Imam in Shia Islam. He was also the cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

The Alids have led various movements in Islam. The direct line of Alids, beginning with Ali himself, constitutes the Twelve Imams of Twelver Shia Islam, the largest branch of Shia Islam.

Other branches of the Alids are the Hasanids and Husaynids, named after Hasan and Husayn, the eldest sons of Ali from his marriage to Fatima, the daughter of Muhammad. As the progeny of Muhammad, they are revered by all Muslims.
8th Army Group Royal Artillery
8th Army Group Royal Artillery (8 AGRA) was a brigade-sized formation organised by Britain's Royal Artillery (RA) during World War II to command medium and heavy guns. It served in the campaign in North West Europe, participating in the battles in the Orne valley and the bocage south of Caumont before the breakout from the Normandy beachhead, operations to close up to the Maas, and the assault crossing of the Rhine (Operation Plunder).

Orne (Normandy)
The Orne (French: [ɔʁn] ⓘ) is a river in Normandy, within northwestern France. It is 170 km (110 mi) long. It discharges into the English Channel at the port of Ouistreham. Its source is in Aunou-sur-Orne, east of Sées. Its main tributaries are the Odon and the Rouvre.
ThinkPad 701
The IBM ThinkPad 701 is a subnotebook in the ThinkPad line by IBM. The 701 is colloquially known as the Butterfly due to its sliding keyboard, which was designed by John Karidis. It was developed from 1993 and sold from March 1995 until later that year and priced between $1,499 and $3,299. The 701 was the most sold laptop in 1995 and has received 27 design awards. It was based on either the DX2 or the DX4 version of the Intel i486, combined with the CT-65545 graphics chip. The 701Cs version used a DSTN display, while the 701C used a TFT LCD. It was pre-installed with Windows 3.11 and for the DX4 models also with OS/2 Warp 3.0. The 701 was discontinued because the keyboard design was no longer a necessity after screen sizes increased.

Chips and Technologies
Chips and Technologies, Inc. (C&T), was an early fabless semiconductor company founded in Milpitas, California, in December 1984 by Gordon A. Campbell and Dado Banatao.

Its first product, announced September 1985, was a four chip EGA chipset that handled the functions of 19 of IBM's proprietary chips on the Enhanced Graphics Adapter.  By that November's COMDEX, more than a half dozen companies had introduced EGA-compatible boards based on C&T's chipset.  This was followed by chipsets for PC motherboards and other computer graphics chips.

C&T was acquired by Intel in 1997, primarily for its graphics chip business.

Former members of C&T founded Asiliant Technologies in January 2000 to continue the support of the CHIPS 65545, 65550, 65555, 69000, 69030, and other notebook and LCD oriented graphics ICs.  Intel licensed the rights to build, sell, and service the C&T chips to Asiliant.  Asiliant manufactured and sold C&T components for the next few years until it closed.
Favicon
A favicon (/ˈfæv.ɪˌkɒn/; short for favorite icon), also known as a shortcut icon, website icon, tab icon, URL icon, or bookmark icon, is a file containing one or more small icons associated with a particular website or web page. A web designer can create such an icon and upload it to a website (or web page) by several means, and graphical web browsers will then make use of it. Browsers that provide favicon support typically display a page's favicon in the browser's address bar (sometimes in the history as well) and next to the page's name in a list of bookmarks. Browsers that support a tabbed document interface typically show a page's favicon next to the page's title on the tab, and site-specific browsers use the favicon as a desktop icon.

Icon (computing)
In computing, an icon is a graphic symbol displayed on a computer screen in order to help the user navigate a computer system. It may also be a hardware icon. It can serve as an electronic hyperlink or file shortcut to access the program or data. The user can activate an icon using a mouse, pointer, finger, or voice commands. Their placement on the screen, also in relation to other icons, may provide further information to the user about their usage. In activating an icon, the user can move directly into and out of the identified function without knowing anything further about the location or requirements of the file or code.

Icons as parts of the graphical user interface of a computer system, in conjunction with windows, menus and a pointing device (mouse), belong to the much larger topic of the history of the graphical user interface that has largely supplanted the text-based interface for casual use.
1999 Women's National Soccer League
The 1999 Women's National Soccer League was the fourth season of the Women's National Soccer League. The season began on 25 September 1999, and concluded with the grand final on 20 November 1999.

SASI Pirates were the defending champions, as NSW Sapphires won their second championship in a 1–0 win over SASI Pirates in the grand final.

NSW Sapphires FC
The NSW Sapphires (formerly known as the NSW Institute of Sport) were a women's association football club that represented the State of New South Wales in the Women's National Soccer League which ran between 1996 and 2004. Throughout the 9 seasons that the competition ran, the Sapphires won 3 Championships and were also runners up on 3 occasions, making them one of the most successful teams in the short-lived league.

The NSW Sapphires had several players who would go onto represent the Matildas at international level, in addition to winning the prestigious Julie Dolan Medal.
Chandu (2002 film)
Chandu is a 2002 Kannada romantic-drama film directed by Arun Prasad P.A. in his Kannada debut, featuring Sudeep and Sonia Agarwal. The film features background score and soundtrack composed by Gurukiran and lyrics by K. Kalyan, Anant Kumar and V. Nagendra Prasad. The film was released on 10 May 2002.

P. A. Arun Prasad
Alaparthi Sivanagaprasad Chowdary, known professionally as P. A. Arun Prasad, is an Indian film director, screenwriter and producer known for his works in Telugu, Kannada, and Tamil cinema. He has received a Filmfare Award South and a state Nandi Award.
Unified national access
Unified National Access, (Nafath; Arabic: نفاذ) is a Saudi national digital identity system that allow Saudi citizens and residents to use an Absher account as single sign-on identity provider service providing basic information about the individual to the beneficiary and verifiying their status of residency or citizenship. The program was announced on 28 November 2016 by the Saudi Ministry of Interior to simplify and modernize log-in into governmental services.

The Nafath project was started at the Ministry of Interior together within National Information Center of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, develop and implemented by Elm Company and Technology Control Company, The system is interconnected with over 530 government and private platforms and applications.

Since its inception, Nafath has executed more than 3 billion verification operations as of November 2024.

Ministry of Interior (Saudi Arabia)
The Ministry of Interior (MoI; Arabic: وزارة الداخلية) is one of the governmental bodies of Saudi Arabia responsible for national security, naturalization, immigration, and customs in Saudi Arabia. It was founded in 1926 by King Abdulaziz, but the organization was reformed in 1951 when the combined ministerial body covering financial and interior affairs were separated. The current minister of interior, Abdulaziz bin Saud Al Saud, has been in office since 21 June 2017.
Halegrapha intergrapha
Halegrapha intergrapha is a species of bark-dwelling script lichen in the family Graphidaceae. It forms a thin, whitish-grey crust on tree bark and produces black, branching, slit-like fruiting bodies. The species is known from lowland rainforests in Malaysia, including sites in Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo.

Graphidaceae
The Graphidaceae are a family of lichen-forming fungi in the order Graphidales. The family contains nearly a hundred genera and more than 2000 species. Although the family has a cosmopolitan distribution, most Graphidaceae species occur in tropical regions, and typically grow on bark. These lichens are characterized by their crust-like growth form and typically partner with orange-pigmented Trentepohlia algae. Many species produce distinctive elongated, slit-like fruiting bodies, and some have unusually large ascospores that can begin germinating almost immediately upon release. The family originated approximately 176 million years ago and has diversified steadily since, with major bursts of new species arising alongside the spread of flowering plants and tropical rainforests.
Ken Blackwell
John Kenneth Blackwell (born February 28, 1948) is an American politician, author, and conservative activist who served as the mayor of Cincinnati, Ohio (1979–1980), the Ohio state treasurer (1994–1999), and Ohio secretary of state (1999–2007). He was the Republican candidate for governor of Ohio in 2006, the first African American major-party candidate for governor of Ohio. He is a senior fellow at the Family Research Council. He is vice president of the executive committee of the Council For National Policy and is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations.

Ohio Secretary of State
The secretary of state of Ohio is an elected statewide official in the state of Ohio. The secretary of state is responsible for overseeing elections in the state; registering business entities (corporations, etc.) and granting them the authority to do business within the state; registering secured transactions; and granting access to public documents.

From 1803 to 1851, the Ohio secretary of state was elected by the Ohio General Assembly to a three-year term. The 1851 Ohio Constitution made the office elective, with a two-year term. In 1954, the office's term was extended to four years. The secretary of state is elected in even-numbered, off cycle years, (no Presidential elections), after partisan primary elections.
Emilea Zingas
Emilea Zingas (born April 22, 2002) is a Cypriot-American figure skater. Competing in ice dance with Vadym Kolesnik, she is a 2026 Four Continents champion, two-time Grand Prix medalist, a five-time Challenger Series medalist, the 2026 U.S. National silver medalist, and the 2023, 2025 U.S. national pewter medalist.

Zingas and Kolesnik represented the United States at the 2026 Winter Olympics.

Zingas previously represented Cyprus in women's singles, and was the 2020 Santa Claus Cup silver medalist and the 2021 Challenge Cup bronze medalist. She was the first Cypriot skater to qualify for the World Championships.

2023 U.S. Figure Skating Championships
The 2023 U.S. Figure Skating Championships were held January 23–29, 2023, at the SAP Center in San Jose, California. Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, women's singles, pair skating, and ice dance at the senior and junior levels. The results were part of the U.S. selection criteria for the 2023 World Championships, 2023 World Junior Championships, the 2023 Four Continents Championship, and the 2023 World Team Trophy.

San Jose was originally scheduled to host the 2021 event, but it was relocated to Las Vegas. San Jose was then awarded the 2023 Championships instead. It was the fourth time the city hosted the event.
Boris Litvinov
Boris Alekseyevich Litvinov (Russian: Бори́с Алексе́евич Литви́нов; born January 13, 1954, in Toretsk) is a Ukrainian teacher, politician and separatist, and former speaker of the People's Council of the Donetsk People's Republic from July 23 to November 18, 2014

People's Council of the Donetsk People's Republic
The People's Council (Russian: Народный Совет, romanized: Narodny Sovet), formerly the Supreme Council (Russian: Высший Совет, romanized: Vysshy Sovet), is the regional parliament of the Donetsk People's Republic, a disputed entity annexed as a federal subject by Russia from Ukraine in 2022 during the Russian invasion of Ukraine.
The Rosso Sisters
The Rosso Sisters was an American musical group, made up of four expatriate siblings originally from the United Kingdom: Georgina, Milly, Becky, and Lola.

The group was signed to Virgin Records's Capitol Records label in the beginning of 2014. Later that year, they opened for Demi Lovato on the South American leg of her Neon Lights Tour.

The group announced their disbandment in February 2015, due to their mother's death.

The Neon Lights Tour
The Neon Lights Tour was the third headlining concert tour by American singer Demi Lovato, in support of her fourth studio album, Demi (2013). The first leg of tour began in North America on February 9, 2014, at the Rogers Arena in Vancouver, British Columbia and ended on March 30, 2014, at Bankers Life Fieldhouse in Indianapolis, Indiana. The tour's second leg took place in both South America and Mexico. It started on April 22, 2014, at the Citibank Hall in São Paulo, Brazil and ended on May 17, 2014, at Arena Monterrey in Monterrey, Mexico.
Petractis
Petractis is a small genus of lichen-forming fungi of uncertain familial and ordinal placement in the Lecanoromycetes. These inconspicuous lichens grow as thin crusts embedded within rock surfaces, partnering with cyanobacteria to form barely visible films that are primarily detected by their small, star-shaped fruiting bodies. The genus contains two species that typically inhabit calcareous rocks, where their fruiting structures create distinctive pits in the stone surface after they decay.

Calcareous
Calcareous (/kælˈkɛəriəs/) is an adjective meaning "mostly or partly composed of calcium carbonate", in other words, containing lime or being chalky. The term is  used in a wide variety of scientific disciplines.
Christine Holgate
Christine Holgate (born 1963/1964) is a British-Australian business executive who is the chief executive of Team Global Express, having held similar roles at Australia Post and Blackmores. She was the first woman to be named as the "CEO of the Year" by CEO Magazine, in 2015.

She came to media attention in 2020, while at Australia Post, for having purchased Cartier watches for senior management executives. After being grilled by a Senate committee and being pressured into resigning by prime minister of Australia Scott Morrison, an independent investigation later reported that she had done nothing wrong.

Toll Group
Toll Group is an Australian freight company that operates a logistics and global freight forwarding network spanning 150 countries, with over 20,000 customers. Toll has more than 16,000 workers across 500 sites. It is a subsidiary of Japan Post Service.
John Russell Taylor (politician)
John Russell Taylor (November 28, 1917 – February 28, 2002) was a Canadian politician and immigration lawyer. He was the Progressive Conservative Member of Parliament from Vancouver—Burrard from 1957 to 1962.

Vancouver—Burrard (federal electoral district)
Vancouver—Burrard was a federal electoral district in British Columbia, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1925 to 1968. This riding was created in 1924 from parts of Burrard riding. It was abolished in 1966 when it was redistributed into Vancouver Centre and Vancouver East ridings.
Antonio da Rho
Antonio da Rho (1395–1447) was a Milanese Franciscan humanist.

Rho studied rhetoric and theology in Padua between 1414 and 1423. From 1423, he taught theology in Milan. After 1430, he held a chair in rhetoric. He also served as a court orator to Duke Filippo Maria Visconti. In 1436, he attended the Council of Basel because of his knowledge of Greek and Latin.

Rho read widely in the classics, wrote many works and engaged in several high-profile controversies. He is known for his friendship with Lorenzo Valla, which soured into an exchange of insults. Between 1429 and 1432, he attacked Antonio Beccadelli's Hermaphroditus. He wrote an Apology to defend his learning against Franciscan critics and a set of three dialogues wherein he criticizes the theology of Lactantius.

Lorenzo Valla
Lorenzo Valla (Italian: [loˈrɛntso ˈvalla]; also latinized as Laurentius; c. 1407 – 1 August 1457) was an Italian Renaissance humanist scholar, rhetorician, educator, and Catholic priest. He is best known for his historical-critical textual analysis that proved that the Donation of Constantine was a forgery, therefore attacking and undermining the presumption of temporal power claimed by the papacy. Lorenzo is sometimes seen as a precursor of the Reformation.
Chris Knierim
Christopher Knierim (born November 5, 1987) is an American former pair skater. With his wife, Alexa Scimeca Knierim, he is a 2018 Olympic bronze medalist in the figure skating team event, a two-time Four Continents medalist (2016 silver, 2014 bronze), a three-time Grand Prix medalist (1 silver, 2 bronze), and a three-time U.S. National Champion (2015, 2018, 2020). At the 2018 Winter Olympics, the Knierims became the first American pair, and the second pair ever in history, to perform a quad twist at the Olympic Games.

2020 U.S. Figure Skating Championships
The 2020 U.S. Figure Skating Championships were held from January 20–26, 2020 at the Greensboro Coliseum Complex in Greensboro, North Carolina. Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dance at the senior and junior levels. The results were part of the U.S. selection criteria for the 2020 Four Continents Championships, 2020 World Junior Championships, and the 2020 World Championships.

Greensboro was announced as the host in November 2018. The city previously hosted the event in 2011 and 2015.
Zenito Cardozo
Zenito Francisco Cardozo (born 1 December 1988) is an Indian gangster, history-sheeter, and the gang leader of the Bang Bang gang based in St. Cruz. He first gained notoriety in 2008 during the attack on social activist Aires Rodrigues and historian Prajal Sakhardande. Since then, he has been a key figure in over a dozen criminal incidents in North Goa.

St. Cruz, Goa
St. Cruz or Santa Cruz (formerly Calapor) is a village located next to the city of Panaji, capital of the Indian state of Goa. It is located on the island of Tiswadi, one of the talukas in the state of Goa.
Man from Guangdong
Man from Guangdong is a 1991 Hong Kong martial arts television series produced by TVB and tells the story of  Leung Kan, portrayed by Aaron Kwok, the fictitious son of famed martial artist Leung Foon, whom was a favored disciple of folk hero Wong Fei-hung, portrayed by Shih Kien. Shih, who portrayed Wong in the series, was known for portraying antagonists in a series of Wong Fei-hung-related films during the 1940s to 1970s, while the series also features Sai Gwa-Pau reprising his role as "Buckteeth So" from the aforementioned series of films.

Filmography about Wong Fei-hung
This is a list of films featuring the Chinese martial arts master and folk hero of Cantonese ethnicity, Wong Fei-hung. There are 123 in total. Where possible alternative titles have been included, particularly the official English language titles or literal translations.
Sialadenitis
Sialadenitis (sialoadenitis) is inflammation of salivary glands, usually the major ones, the most common being the parotid gland, followed by submandibular and sublingual glands. It should not be confused with sialadenosis (sialosis) which is a non-inflammatory enlargement of the major salivary glands.

Sialadenitis can be further classed as acute or chronic. Acute sialadenitis is an acute inflammation of a salivary gland which may present itself as a red, painful swelling that is tender to touch. Chronic sialadenitis is typically less painful but presents as recurrent swellings, usually after meals, without redness.

Causes of sialadenitis are varied, including bacterial (most commonly Staphylococcus aureus), viral and autoimmune conditions.

Submandibular gland
The paired submandibular glands (historically known as submaxillary glands) are major salivary glands located beneath the floor of the mouth. In adult humans, they each weigh about 15 grams and contribute some 60–67% of unstimulated saliva secretion; on stimulation their contribution decreases in proportion as parotid gland secretion rises to 50%. The average length of the normal adult human submandibular salivary gland is approximately 27 mm, while the average width is approximately 14.3 mm.