hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Weighted least squares
Weighted least squares (WLS), also known as weighted linear regression, is a generalization of ordinary least squares and linear regression in which knowledge of the unequal variance of observations (heteroscedasticity) is incorporated into the regression.
WLS is also a specialization of generalized least squares, when all the off-diagonal entries of the covariance matrix of the errors are null.

Covariance matrix
In probability theory and statistics, a covariance matrix (also known as auto-covariance matrix, dispersion matrix, variance matrix, or variance–covariance matrix) is a square matrix giving the covariance between each pair of elements of a given random vector.

Intuitively, the covariance matrix generalizes the notion of variance to multiple dimensions. As an example, the variation in a collection of random points in two-dimensional space cannot be characterized fully by a single number, nor would the variances in the  and  directions contain all of the necessary information; a  matrix would be necessary to fully characterize the two-dimensional variation.

Any covariance matrix is symmetric and positive semi-definite and its main diagonal contains variances (i.e., the covariance of each element with itself).

The covariance matrix of a random vector  is typically denoted by ,  or .
Cedric Henderson Jr.
Cedric Henderson Jr. (born March 3, 2000) is an American professional basketball player for Šiauliai of the Lithuanian Basketball League (LKL). He played college basketball for Southwest Tennessee Community College, Campbell Fighting Camels and the Arizona Wildcats.

Campbell Fighting Camels men's basketball
The Campbell Fighting Camels men's basketball team is the men's basketball team that represent the Campbell University in Buies Creek, North Carolina. The school's team currently competes in the CAA and are led by head coach John Andrzejek. The team's most recent, and only appearance in the NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament was in 1992. After struggling for several seasons, the Fighting Camels finally broke through in the 2009–2010 season. Campbell tied for first in the regular season Atlantic Sun standings. However, their bid for an NCAA tournament bid came up short, as they were eliminated in the Atlantic Sun Conference tournament.
Lenny McAllister
Leonard Francis McAllister Jr. (born January 13, 1972) is an American political commentator for a number of newspapers and websites, including RedState, AOL, and The Root. He was the 2016 Republican Candidate for US Congress in Pennsylvania's 14th district after winning the primary by way of write-in votes, tripling the requirement for the nomination. From 2008 through 2017, his media platform including hosting shows on the Pittsburgh Cable News Channel and KDKA (1020AM/101.1FM) in Pittsburgh and WVON in Chicago as well as appearing regularly on CNN, HLN, Al Jazeera America, Radio New Zealand, and other outlets. As an African-American that is part of the Black Conservatism movement, he is often attributed to positions that mirror some civil rights activists including his positions on ending stop and frisk practices on African-Americans as a violation of the Constitution.

Pennsylvania's 14th congressional district
Pennsylvania's 14th congressional district is located in the southwestern part of the state and includes all of Fayette County, Greene County, and Washington County, and most of Indiana, Westmoreland, and Somerset counties. It is represented by Republican Guy Reschenthaler.

Before 2018, the 14th district included the entire city of Pittsburgh and parts of surrounding suburbs. The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania redrew the district in February 2018 after ruling the previous map unconstitutional. The 14th and 18th districts swapped names and had their boundaries adjusted for the 2018 elections and representation thereafter.
Minuscule 662
Minuscule 662 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 298 (von Soden), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 12th century. The manuscript is lacunose. Scrivener labelled it by 632e.

Frederick Henry Ambrose Scrivener
Frederick Henry Ambrose Scrivener (29 September 1813 – 30 October 1891) was an English writer and scholar. Additionally, he was a New Testament textual critic and a member of the English New Testament Revision Committee which produced the Revised Version of the Bible. He was prebendary of Exeter, and vicar of Hendon.
Dawsonne Drake
Dawsonne Drake (1724–1784) was the only British governor of Manila from 1762 to 1764, during when Britain took partial control of the Philippines during the Seven Years' War. Prior to his term as the Manila adminalsp strator, he was also the governor of Fort St. George from 1742 to 1762.

Fort St. George
Fort St. George (or historically, White Town) is a fortress at the coastal city of Chennai, India. Founded in 1639, it was the first English (later British) fortress in India. The construction of the fort provided the impetus for further settlements and trading activity, in what was originally an uninhabited land. Thus, it is a feasible contention to say that the city (named Madras since before the arrival of the Europeans until July 1996) evolved around the fortress. The fort currently houses the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly and other official buildings.
Tozeur
Tozeur (Arabic: توزر, romanized: Tūzirⓘ; Berber languages: ⵜⵓⵣⴻⵔ, romanized: Tuzər) is a city in southwest Tunisia. The city is located northwest of Chott el Djerid, in between this Chott and the smaller Chott el Gharsa. It is the capital of Tozeur Governorate. It was the site of the ancient city and former bishopric Tusuros, which remains a Latin Catholic titular see.

Gafsa
Gafsa (Arabic: قفصة, romanized: qafṣah; Tunisian Arabic: ڨفصة, romanized: gafṣah; Gafsˤaⓘ) is the capital of Gafsa Governorate in Tunisia. With a population of 120,739, Gafsa is the ninth-largest Tunisian city and is 335 km from the country's capital, Tunis.
Martin Boucar Tine
Martin Boucar Tine S.S.S. (born 16 September 1966) is a Senegalese Roman Catholic prelate who serves as the Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Kaolack, Senegal. He was appointed bishop of Kaolack, on 25 July 2018 by Pope Francis. He was consecrated and installed at Kaolack on 24 November 2018. He is a member of the Order of the Congregation of the Blessed Sacrament.

Congregation of the Blessed Sacrament
The Congregation of the Blessed Sacrament (Latin: Congregatio Sanctissimi Sacramenti), commonly known as the Sacramentinos, is a Catholic clerical religious congregation of pontifical right for men, founded by Peter Julian Eymard. Its members use the postnominal letters S.S.S. They assist the Church in her efforts to form Christian communities whose center of life is the Eucharist. They commit themselves to the implementation of this ideal in collaboration with lay men and women engaged in various ministries.
Nottingham Hellfire Harlots Roller Derby
Nottingham Hellfire Harlots Roller Derby was a flat track roller derby league based in Nottingham, England. Founded in April 2010, the league had two travel teams who played against teams from other leagues. It was a member of the United Kingdom Roller Derby Association (UKRDA) and the Women's Flat Track Derby Association (WFTDA). The league announced their disbanding on the 3rd of August, 2023, citing the difficulties with continuing to run a grassroots sports team.

Leeds Roller Derby
Leeds Roller Derby is a women's flat track roller derby league based in Leeds, England. Founded in 2016 after the merge of two leagues, the league has two travel teams which play against teams from other leagues across Europe. Leeds Roller Derby is a member of the United Kingdom Roller Derby Association (UKRDA) and the Women's Flat Track Derby Association (WFTDA).
Fukomys
Fukomys is a genus described in 2006 of common mole-rats, containing several species that were formerly placed in the genus Cryptomys; its species are endemic to Africa. The species contained in the genus includes:

Fukomys amatus - Zambian mole-rat

Fukomys anselli - Ansell's mole-rat

Fukomys bocagei - Bocage's mole-rat

Fukomys damarensis - Damaraland mole-rat

Fukomys darlingi - Mashona mole-rat

Fukomys foxi - Nigerian mole-rat

Fukomys hanangensis - Hanang mole-rat

Fukomys ilariae - Somali striped mole rat

Fukomys kafuensis - Kafue mole-rat

Fukomys livingstoni - Livingstone's mole-rat

Fukomys mechowii - Mechow's mole-rat

Fukomys micklemi - Micklem's mole-rat

Fukomys occlusus

Fukomys ochraceocinereus - Ochre mole-rat

Fukomys vandewoestijneae - Caroline's mole rat

Fukomys whytei - Whyte's mole-rat

Fukomys zechi - Ghana mole-rat

Micklem's mole-rat
The Micklem's mole-rat (Fukomys micklemi) is a species of rodent in the family Bathyergidae. It is found in Zambia. It is a subterranean species of chisel tooth diggers.

It is a social species, and this has been suggested to account for its more diverse and extensive vocal repertoire than has been observed in eusocial species of Bathyergidae.  As a result of DNA analysis it has been suggested that the species may need to be subdivided.
Crying in H Mart
Crying in H Mart: A Memoir is a 2021 memoir by Michelle Zauner, singer and guitarist of the band Japanese Breakfast. It is her debut book, published on April 20, 2021, by Alfred A. Knopf. It is an expansion of Zauner's essay of the same name which was published in The New Yorker on August 20, 2018. The title mentions H Mart, a North American supermarket chain that specializes in Korean and other Asian products.

The memoir received critical acclaim and became a major bestseller.

Alfred A. Knopf
Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. (/knɒpf/) is an American publishing house that was founded by Blanche Knopf and Alfred A. Knopf Sr. in 1915. Blanche and Alfred traveled abroad regularly and were known for publishing European, Asian, and Latin American writers in addition to leading American literary trends. It was acquired by Random House in 1960, and is now part of the Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group division of Penguin Random House which is owned by the German conglomerate Bertelsmann.

The Knopf publishing house is associated with the borzoi logo in its colophon, which was designed by co-founder Blanche Knopf in 1925.
Higby Mountain
Higby Mountain or Mount Higby 892 feet (272 m), is a traprock mountain ridge located 3.75 miles (6.04 km) east of Meriden, Connecticut. It is part of the narrow, linear Metacomet Ridge that extends from Long Island Sound near New Haven, Connecticut, north through the Connecticut River Valley of Massachusetts to the Vermont border. Higby Mountain is known for its high cliff faces, unique microclimate ecosystems, and rare plant communities. It rises steeply 600 feet (180 m) above the Quinnipiac River valley and the city of Meriden to the west as a continuous 2-mile (3 km) long ledge. The mountain is traversed by the 50-mile (80 km) Mattabesett Trail.

Meriden, Connecticut
Meriden (/ˈmɛərədɪn/ MAIR-ə-din) is a city in New Haven County, Connecticut, United States, located halfway between the regional cities of New Haven and Hartford. The city is part of the South Central Connecticut Planning Region. In 2020, the population of the city was 60,850.
PSR B1620−26 b
PSR B1620-26 b is an exoplanet located approximately 12,400 light-years from Earth in the constellation of Scorpius. It bears the unofficial nicknames "Methuselah" and "the Genesis planet" (named after the Biblical character Methuselah, who, according to the Bible, lived to be the oldest person) due to its extreme age.  The planet is in a circumbinary orbit around the two stars of PSR B1620-26 (which are a pulsar (PSR B1620-26 A) and a white dwarf (WD B1620-26)) and is the first circumbinary planet ever confirmed. It is also the first planet found in a globular cluster. The planet is one of the oldest known extrasolar planets, believed to be about 12.7 billion years old.

51 Pegasi b
51 Pegasi b, officially named Dimidium (/dɪˈmɪdiəm/), is an extrasolar planet approximately 50 light-years (15 parsecs) away in the constellation of Pegasus. It was the first exoplanet to be discovered orbiting a main-sequence star, the Sun-like 51 Pegasi, and marked a breakthrough in astronomical research. It is the prototype for a class of planets called hot Jupiters.

In 2017, traces of water were discovered in the planet's atmosphere.  In 2019, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded in part for the discovery of 51 Pegasi b.
Park West Gallery
Park West Gallery is a commercial art gallery based in Southfield, Michigan, United States. Park West Gallery claims to be the largest private art gallery in the world, but that is largely disputed, and that it has sold hundreds of works of art for thousands of dollars. It exhibits work from historic artists such as Renoir, Picasso, Rembrandt, and Durer as well as contemporary artists such as Peter Max, Michael Godard , Melanie Stimmell and Mark Kostabi. The gallery derives the majority of its revenue from auctions that take place aboard cruise ships.

Southfield, Michigan
Southfield is a city in Oakland County in the U.S. state of Michigan. An inner-ring suburb of Detroit, Southfield lies roughly 15 miles (24.1 km) northwest of downtown Detroit. The city had a population of 76,618 at the 2020 census.

Southfield home to multiple business districts, including the Southfield City Centre (an edge city which contains the tallest building in Detroit's suburbs) and the area surrounding the former Northland Center shopping mall. It is also home to  Lawrence Technological University. The city was originally part of Southfield Township before incorporating in 1958. The autonomous city of Lathrup Village is an enclave within Southfield.
Phetjeeja Lukjaoporongtom
Ninlada Meekun (Thai: นิลดา มีคุณ; born December 31, 2001), also known as Phetjeeja Lukjaoporongtom, is a Thai professional boxer, Muay Thai fighter, and kickboxer. She currently competes in the Women’s Atomweight Kickboxing and Muay Thai divisions of ONE Championship, where she is the current ONE Women's Atomweight Kickboxing World Champion.
In Muay Thai, she has won world titles under the WPMF and WMC banners. In boxing, she has won a bronze medal at the 2021 SEA Games.

As of January 2024, Beyond Kickboxing ranks her as the best Women’s Flyweight and women’s pound-for-pound kickboxer in the World.

World Muaythai Council
The World Muaythai Council (WMC) is one of the oldest professional sanctioning organizations of Muaythai in the world for the sport. The organization was set up in 1995 by parliament resolution, and is incorporated by the Royal Thai Government and sanctioned by the Sports Authority of Thailand, under the Ministry of Tourism and Sports. The council has been charged with the responsibility for the expansion of Muaythai worldwide. This involves supporting youth interest and athletes to learn the skills of Muaythai.
Politics of Colombia
Colombia is a presidential representative democratic republic with a multi-party system, where the President of Colombia is both head of state and head of government. The national government has separate executive, legislative, and judicial branches. The legislative power is held by the two chambers of the Congress of Colombia, the Senate and the Chamber of Representatives. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature, with the four high courts for each jurisdiction of law: the Constitutional Court of Colombia, Supreme Court of Justice of Colombia, Council of State, and Superior Council of Judicature.

The Economist Intelligence Unit rated Colombia a "flawed democracy" in 2024.

Constitutional Court of Colombia
The Constitutional Court of Colombia (Spanish: Corte Constitucional de Colombia) is the supreme constitutional court of Colombia. Part of the Judiciary, it is the final appellate court for matters involving interpretation of the Constitution with the power to determine the constitutionality of laws, acts, and statutes.

The court was established by the Constitution of 1991, alongside the Supreme Court of Justice, Council of State, and Superior Council of Judicature. Its first session began in March 1992. The court is housed within the shared judicial complex of the Palace of Justice located on the north side of Plaza de Bolívar in the La Candelaria neighborhood of Bogotá.

The Constitutional Court consists of nine magistrates who are elected by the Senate of Colombia from ternary lists drawn up by the President, the Supreme Court of Justice, and the Council of State. The magistrates serve for a term of eight years. The court is headed by a President and Deputy President.
History of the horse in the Indian subcontinent
The horse has been present in the Indian subcontinent from at least the middle of the second millennium BC, more than two millennia after its domestication in Central Asia. The earliest uncontroversial evidence of horse remains on the Indian Subcontinent date to the early Swat culture (around 1600 BCE). While horse remains and related artifacts have been found in Late Harappan (1900-1300 BCE) sites, indicating that horses may have been present at Late Harappan times, horses did not play an essential role in the Harappan civilisation, in contrast to the Vedic period (1500-500 BCE). The importance of the horse for the Indo-Aryans is indicated by the Sanskrit word Ashva, "horse," which is often mentioned in the Vedas and Hindu scriptures.

Ashva
Ashva (Sanskrit: अश्व, IAST: Aśva) is the Sanskrit word for a horse, one of the significant animals finding references in the Vedas as well as later Hindu scriptures. The word is cognate to Avestan 𐬀𐬯𐬞𐬀 (aspa), Latin equus, Ancient Greek ἵππος (hippos), Proto-Germanic *ehwaz, obsolete Prussian Lithuanian ašvà (from Proto-Balto-Slavic *éśwāˀ), all from Proto-Indo-European *h₁éḱwos.
Murugappa family
The  Murugappa family is an Indian Tamil Nagarathar (Nattukottai Chettiar) business family that owns and manages the Murugappa Group, a conglomerate with interests in bicycles, sugar, abrasives, fertilizers, financial services, and manufacturing. In 2024, their net worth was estimated at ₹85,000 Crore (9.8 Billion USD).

Members include Murugappa Group former chairmen, M.M Murugappan, M.V. Subbiah and A Vellayan

In October 2024, the Murugappa family were ranked 26th on the Forbes list of India’s 100 richest tycoons, with a net worth of $10.1 billion.

M. V. Subbiah
M. V. Subbiah (born 2 February 1939) is an Indian industrialist and the former Executive Chairman of the Murugappa Group, a multi-billion dollar conglomerate based in Chennai. He is widely recognized for his role in professionalizing family business  governance in India and for his tenure as the Chairman of the National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) from 2008 to 2013. In 2012, he was awarded the Padma Bhushan, India's third-highest civilian honor, for his contributions to trade and industry.
In-ovo sexing
In poultry farming, in-ovo sexing is method for determining the sex of a chick while it is still in ovo (Latin for "inside the egg"). There are various methods to determine a chick's sex in the 21-day incubation period before it hatches.

In-ovo sexing technology has branched into two categories, DNA based and Image based. The first technology to be successfully commercially introduced for poultry farming was bio-marker detection through the Dutch–German company Seleggt in November 2018. Meanwhile, image based in-ovo sexing technologies have been introduced to the market by the German start-up Orbem and AAT, a subsidiary of the EW Group.

Poultry farming
Poultry farming is the form of animal husbandry which raises domesticated birds such as chickens, ducks, turkeys and geese to produce meat or eggs for food. Poultry – mostly chickens – are farmed in great numbers.  More than 60 billion chickens are killed for consumption annually. Chickens raised for eggs are known as layers, while chickens raised for meat are called broilers.

In the United States, the national organization overseeing poultry production is the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In the UK, the national organization is the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA).
Ollie Campbell
Seamus Oliver Campbell (born 5 March 1954) is an Irish former rugby union player. He played flyhalf for Ireland from 1976 to 1984 and represented the British Lions on two tours. He helped orchestrate Ireland's Triple Crown victory at the 1982 Five Nations Championship, breaking a drought of over 30 years. In 2004 Campbell was described as Ireland's most complete flyhalf since Jackie Kyle.

Old Belvedere's sports ground on Anglesea Road in Dublin was renamed Ollie Campbell Park in his honour in 2019.

1982 Five Nations Championship
The 1982 Five Nations Championship was the fifty-third series of the rugby union Five Nations Championship. Including the previous incarnations as the Home Nations and Five Nations, this was the eighty-eighth series of the northern hemisphere rugby union championship. Ten matches were played between 16 January and 20 March. The winner of the championship was Ireland, with three wins and one defeat. It was the team's ninth title (excluding seven previous other titles which were shared). Ireland also won the Triple Crown, its fifth such honour, its first since 1949 and last one until 1985. The team's only defeat came on the final day of the competition, losing 22-9 to France in Paris, denying the Irish what would have been only their second ever Grand Slam.

Wales's defeat by Scotland was their first loss at home in a Five Nations championship match since France won at Cardiff in March 1968.

The Ireland vs Wales game was delayed by a week due to a frozen pitch in Dublin.
Larry Stewart (singer)
Larry Stewart (born March 2, 1959) is an American country music singer and songwriter. He is best known for his role as lead singer of the country pop band Restless Heart, a role which he held on and off between 1984 and the band's breakup in 2021. Additionally, he has released multiple solo projects between 1993 and 2018, a year after his joining the Frontmen. Stewart's solo career includes two albums for RCA Records, one for Columbia Records, and one for Windham Hill Records. His solo albums include multiple charted singles on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts, including the top-five hit "Alright Already" in 1993.

Windham Hill Records
Windham Hill Records was an independent record label that specialized in instrumental acoustic music. It was founded by guitarist William Ackerman and Anne Robinson (née McGilvray) in 1976 and was popular in the 1980s and 1990s.

The label was purchased by BMG through a series of buyouts from 1992 through 1996. It is now a subsidiary of Sony Music Entertainment, following Sony's acquisition of BMG Music in 2007. Private Music, also a subsidiary of BMG, has issued some back-catalog releases under the Windham Hill Records imprint. Since the Sony merger in 2007, Windham Hill has released no new material but reissues albums and compilations as part of Sony's Legacy Recordings brand.