hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Adrian Bird
Sir Adrian Peter Bird (born 3 July 1947) is a British geneticist and Buchanan Professor of Genetics at the University of Edinburgh. Bird has spent much of his academic career in Edinburgh, from receiving his PhD in 1970 to working at the MRC Mammalian Genome Unit and later serving as director of the Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology. His research focuses on understanding DNA methylation and CpG islands, and their role in diseases such as Rett syndrome.

CpG site
The CpG sites or CG sites are regions of DNA where a cytosine nucleotide is followed by a guanine nucleotide in the linear sequence of bases along its 5' → 3' direction. CpG sites occur with high frequency in genomic regions called CpG islands. CpGs are the common unit of methylation because their information is double stranded (the GpC complement is also methylated). This allows methylation information to be preserved during cell division.

Cytosines in CpG dinucleotides can be methylated to form 5-methylcytosines. Enzymes that add a methyl group are called DNA methyltransferases. In mammals, 70% to 80% of CpG cytosines are methylated. Methylating the cytosine within a gene can change its expression, a mechanism that is part of a larger field of science studying gene regulation that is called epigenetics. Methylated cytosines often mutate to thymines.

In humans, about 70% of promoters located near the transcription start site of a gene (proximal promoters) contain a CpG island.
Epaulettes (stamp)
Epaulettes (French: Épaulettes, Dutch: Epauletten) is the name given by philatelists to the first series of postage stamps issued by Belgium. The stamps, which depicted King Leopold I with prominent epaulettes from which the name derives, became legally usable on 1 July 1849. Two denominations with the same design were issued simultaneously: a brown 10 centimes and a blue 20 centimes. They were produced as the result of a series of national reforms to the postal system in Belgium, based on the success of similar British measures adopted in 1840. The stamps allowed postal costs to be pre-paid by the sender, rather than the receiver, and led to a sharp increase in the volume of mail. Although quickly superseded by new types, Epaulettes proved influential and have since inspired several series of commemorative stamps.

Commemorative stamp
A commemorative stamp is a postage stamp, often issued on a significant date such as an anniversary, to honor or commemorate a place, event, person, or object. The subject of the commemorative stamp is usually spelled out in print, unlike definitive stamps which normally depict the subject along with the denomination and country name only. Many postal services issue several commemorative stamps each year, sometimes holding first day of issue ceremonies at locations connected with the subjects. Commemorative stamps can be used alongside ordinary stamps. Unlike definitive stamps that are often reprinted and sold over a prolonged period of time for general usage, commemorative stamps are usually printed in limited quantities and sold for a much shorter period of time, usually, until supplies run out.
66 Motel (Needles)
66 Motel, an independently owned six-room motel established 1946–47 in Needles, California, formerly served travelers on U.S. Route 66 in California. Bypassed circa 1970 by Interstate 40, the motel has been used as single room occupancy apartments since the 1990s.

The tiny independent motel is one of numerous U.S. Route 66 businesses which took the name of the now-historic highway in its heyday; there is also a 66 Drive-In cinema in Carthage, Missouri and a Route 66 Motel in Kingman, Arizona.

Interstate 40 in California
Interstate 40 (I-40) is a major east–west Interstate Highway in the United States, stretching from Barstow, California, to Wilmington, North Carolina. The segment of I-40 in California is sometimes called the Needles Freeway. It passes through the eastern fringe of the Inland Empire metropolitan area, going east from its western terminus at I-15 in Barstow across the Mojave Desert in San Bernardino County past the Clipper Mountains to Needles, before it crosses over the Colorado River into Arizona east of Needles. All 155 miles (249 km) of I-40 in California are in San Bernardino County.
Kim Na-young (figure skater)
Kim Na-young (born November 18, 1990) is a South Korean former competitive figure skater. She is a two-time South Korean national champion (2007 & 2008), a two-time Asian Trophy silver medalist, and a two-time bronze medalist on the ISU Junior Grand Prix circuit.

Asian Open Figure Skating Trophy
The Asian Open Figure Skating Trophy (also known as the Asian Trophy; previously known as the Asian Figure Skating Championships) is an annual international figure skating competition sanctioned by the Asian Skating Union. In some years, the event is part of the ISU Challenger Series. Medals may be awarded in men's singles, women's singles, pair skating, and ice dance at the senior, junior, and novice levels.
Nikolai Baibakov
Nikolai Konstantinovich Baibakov (Russian: Никола́й Константи́нович Байбако́в; 6 March 1911 – 31 March 2008) was a Soviet bureaucrat and economist who served as Minister of Oil Industry from 1944–1946 and 1948–1955, and Chairman of the State Planning Committee from 1955–1957 and 1965–1985. He was awarded a Hero of Socialist Labour in 1981.

Hero of Socialist Labour
The Hero of Socialist Labour (Russian: Герой Социалистического Труда, romanized: Geroy Sotsialisticheskogo Truda) was an honorific title in the Soviet Union and other Warsaw Pact countries from 1938 to 1991. It represented the highest degree of distinction in the USSR and was awarded for exceptional achievements in Soviet industry and culture. It provided a similar status to the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, which was awarded for heroic deeds, but differed in that it was not awarded to foreign citizens.
Before Midnight (novel)
Before Midnight is a novel by American author Rex Stout, published in 1955 by Viking Press. It is the 18th detective novel featuring curmudgeonly New York sleuth Nero Wolfe, as narrated by sidekick Archie Goodwin. The story was also collected in the omnibus volume Three Trumps (Viking 1973).

The story concerns Wolfe being hired to investigate documents missing from a million-dollar prize contest for a perfume company, with the title a reference to the deadline for winning entries: postmarked before midnight on the specified date. The investigation leads to murder and more. Numerous major works of literature are mentioned as part of the contest. Four poetic riddles describing real and fictional women are given, and three of them are solved, two by Archie, and one by Wolfe. The fourth is never solved within the text.

Viking Press
Viking Press (formally Viking Penguin, also listed as Viking Books) is an American publishing company owned by Penguin Random House. It was founded in New York City on March 1, 1925, by Harold K. Guinzburg and George S. Oppenheimer and then acquired by the Penguin Group in 1975.

The publisher's name and logo, a Viking ship drawn by Rockwell Kent, were chosen as symbols of enterprise, adventure, and exploration in publishing.

Viking Press was sold to Penguin Books in 1975 for $12 million due to the publishing house's monetary difficulties. These were speculated to have been caused by the shrinkage in the juvenile market and Viking Press' lack of a textbook division.
Camille Van Hoorden
Camille Van Hoorden (15 February 1879 – 31 July 1919) was a Belgian footballer and coach. He was part of the Belgian team (Université de Bruxelles), which won the bronze medal at the exhibition tournament at the Olympic Games in Paris in 1900, listed in the Official Report as C. Van Hoorden.

He won 24 caps for the Belgian team between 1904 and 1912. He was captain 11 times, and took part in the Belgium–France game of 1904, the first official game played by the two national teams.

At club level, he played for Sporting Club de Bruxelles and Union F.C. d'Ixelles in the 1895–96 season and for Racing Club de Bruxelles between 1896 and 1914. He scored 16 goals from 204 matches.

Football at the 1900 Summer Olympics
At the 1900 Summer Olympics, an association football tournament was contested for the first time. Only two matches were held between the three club sides, and no medals were awarded.

France's representatives were determined by the USFSA, which elected the Parisian champion Club Français. For Belgium, after Racing Club de Bruxelles declined to participate, a student selection with players from the Université libre de Bruxelles was sent by the Federation. The team was reinforced with a few non-students. English club Upton Park F.C. represented Great Britain.

The International Olympic Committee originally credited Great Britain, France and a "Mixed Team" with gold, silver and bronze medals, respectively, as part of its attempt to reconcile early Olympic Games with the modern award scheme. The Belgian team included one British and one Dutch player. In 2024 the bronze medal was reallocated to Belgium.

The football matches were held at the Vélodrome de Vincennes in Paris.
Capicua (protein)
Capicua transcriptional repressor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CIC gene. Capicua functions as a transcriptional repressor in a way that ensures its impact on the progression of cancer, and plays a significant role in the operation of the central nervous system through its interaction with ataxin 1. The name of the protein derives from the Catalan expression cap-i-cua which literally translates to "head-and-tail".

Ataxin 1
Ataxin-1 is a DNA-binding protein which in humans is encoded by the ATXN1 gene.

Mutations in ataxin-1 cause spinocerebellar ataxia type 1, an inherited neurodegenerative disease characterized by a progressive loss of cerebellar neurons, particularly Purkinje neurons.
Royal Artillery Museum
The Royal Artillery Museum, which was one of the world's oldest military museums, was first opened to the public in Woolwich in southeast London on 4 May 1820. It told the story of the development of artillery through the ages by way of a collection of artillery pieces from across the centuries.

The museum had its roots in an earlier institution, the Royal Military Repository (established in Woolwich in the 1770s as a training collection for cadets of the Royal Military Academy); items which were once displayed in the Repository form the nucleus of the Royal Artillery Museum collection.

Following the closure in 2016 of the museum, branded since 2001 as 'Firepower – The Royal Artillery Museum', its collection has been placed in storage pending the establishment of a new Royal Artillery Museum. The Royal Artillery Museum collections are designated as being of national and international significance by Arts Council England.

Royal Military Academy, Woolwich
The Royal Military Academy (RMA) at Woolwich, in south-east London, was a British Army military academy for the training of commissioned officers of the Royal Artillery and Royal Engineers. It later also trained officers of the Royal Corps of Signals and other technical corps. RMA Woolwich was commonly known as "The Shop" because its first building was a converted workshop of the Woolwich Arsenal.
Campinas Cathedral shooting
On 11 December 2018, a gunman opened fire in the Metropolitan Cathedral in the Brazilian city of Campinas, São Paulo, killing five people and wounding four more. The event was reported by multiple news outlets.

Campinas
Campinas (/kæmˈpiːnəs/ kam-PEE-nəs, Brazilian Portuguese: [kɐ̃ˈpinɐs]; lit. 'Plains, Meadows') is a city in the Brazilian state of São Paulo, located 84 kilometers northwest of the city of São Paulo. As of 2024, the city's population is estimated at 1,185,977, making it the fourteenth most populous Brazilian city and the third most populous in São Paulo state. The city's metropolitan area encompasses twenty municipalities with a total population of 3,491,150 people.
Michael David Irving Gass
Sir Michael David Irving Gass KCMG (Chinese: 祈濟時; 24 April 1916 – 27 February 1983) was the penultimate High Commissioner for the Western Pacific, Colonial Secretary of Hong Kong from 1965 until 1969, and the acting Governor of Hong Kong during the Hong Kong 1967 Leftist riots.

Governor of Hong Kong
The governor of Hong Kong was the representative of the British Crown in Hong Kong from 1843 to 1997. In this capacity, the governor was president of the Executive Council and commander-in-chief of the British Forces Overseas Hong Kong. The governor's roles were defined in the Hong Kong Letters Patent and Royal Instructions. Upon the end of British rule and the handover of Hong Kong to China in 1997, most of the civil functions of this office went to the chief executive of Hong Kong, and military functions went to the commander of the People's Liberation Army Hong Kong Garrison.
2-MABB
2-MABB, also known as 2-(2-(methylamino)butyl)benzofuran, is a psychoactive drug of the substituted benzofuran family. It was encountered as a novel designer drug in Europe in 2016. The drug has been made a controlled substance in Sweden, Italy, and Russia.

Substituted benzofuran
The substituted benzofurans are a class of chemical compounds based on the heterocyclic and polycyclic compound benzofuran. Many medicines use the benzofuran core as a scaffold, but most commonly the term is used to refer to the simpler compounds in this class which include numerous psychoactive drugs, including stimulants, psychedelics and empathogens. In general, these compounds have a benzofuran core to which a 2-aminoethyl group is attached (at any position), and combined with a range of other substituents. Some psychoactive derivatives from this family have been sold under the name Benzofury.
Romed Baumann
Romed Baumann (born 14 January 1986) is a German and former Austrian World Cup alpine ski racer. Born in St. Johann in Tyrol, Baumann has two World Cup victories, both in Super combined.  He skied for Austria for many years, but he chose to compete under the German flag prior to the 2019/20 season due to not being included in the Austrian A-team.

Alpine skiing combined
Combined is an event in alpine ski racing. The event format has changed within the last 30 years.  A traditional combined competition is a two-day event consisting of one run of downhill and two runs of slalom; each discipline takes place on a separate day. The winner is the skier with the fastest aggregate time. Until the 1990s, a complicated point system was used to determine placings in the combined event. Since then, a modified version, called either an "alpine combined" (with a downhill as the speed event) or a "super combined" (with a super-G as the speed event), has been run as an aggregate time event consisting of two runs: first, a one-run speed event and then only one run of slalom, with both portions held on the same day.
Matteo Piantedosi
Matteo Piantedosi (born 20 April 1963) is an Italian prefect and civil servant serving as the Minister of the Interior in the Meloni Cabinet since 22 October 2022. An independent politician, he is close to Lega leader Matteo Salvini.

He had previously been the prefect of the provinces of Lodi (2011–2012), Bologna (2017–2018) and Rome (2020–2022), as well as serving as chief of staff in the Ministry of the Interior under Salvini and later Luciana Lamorgese (2018–2020).

Province of Lodi
The province of Lodi (Italian: provincia di Lodi; Ludesan: pruincia de Lod) is a province in the Lombardy region of Italy. Its provincial capital is the city of Lodi.

As of 2017, it has a population of 229,541 inhabitants over an area of c. 783 square kilometres (300 sq mi), giving the province a population density of 293.2 inhabitants per square kilometre. The provincial president is Francesco Passerini.
Clarification and stabilization of wine
In winemaking, clarification and stabilization are the processes by which insoluble matter suspended in the wine is removed before bottling. This matter may include dead yeast cells (lees), bacteria, tartrates, proteins, pectins, various tannins and other phenolic compounds, as well as pieces of grape skin, pulp, stems and gums. Clarification and stabilization may involve fining, filtration, centrifugation, flotation, refrigeration, pasteurization, and/or barrel maturation and racking.

Pectin
Pectin (Ancient Greek: πηκτικός pēktikós: 'congealed' and 'curdled') is a heteropolysaccharide, a structural polymer contained in the cell walls and middle lamellae of terrestrial plants. The principal chemical component of pectin is galacturonic acid (a sugar acid derived from galactose) which was isolated and described by Henri Braconnot in 1825. Commercially produced pectin is a white-to-light-brown powder, produced from citrus fruits for use as an edible gelling agent, especially in jams and jellies, dessert fillings, medications, and sweets; as a food stabiliser in fruit juices and milk drinks; and as a source of dietary fiber.
Essential Commodities Reserves Act 1938
The Essential Commodities Reserves Act 1938 (1 & 2 Geo. 6. c. 51) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.  It was passed in anticipation of the Second World War and allowed the Board of Trade to build up stockpiles of commodities considered to be essential, specifically foodstuffs, animal feed, fertiliser and petroleum products as well as the raw resources needed to manufacture these products.  They paid traders at least £13.5 million to stockpile materials in the following year and a half.  The act was largely superseded by the Emergency Powers (Defence) Act 1939 and the establishment, in the same year, of the Ministry of Supply.  The stockpiles and associated funding were wound up by 1947 and the act has not been made use of since.  It was proposed for repeal by the Law Commission in 2015.

Emergency Powers (Defence) Act 1939
The Emergency Powers (Defence) Act 1939 (2 & 3 Geo. 6. c. 62) was emergency legislation passed just prior to the outbreak of World War II by the Parliament of the United Kingdom to enable the British government to take up emergency powers to prosecute the war effectively. It contained clauses giving the government wide powers to create Defence Regulations by Order in Council. These regulations governed almost every aspect of everyday life in the country during the War. Two offences under the regulations (forcing safeguards and looting) were punishable with death. Following the conclusion of the war, the 1939 Act was repealed, with the individual regulations gradually following suit. As of 2023, at least one Regulation (relating to the use of service personnel to perform agricultural and other "urgent work of national importance") remains in force.
Aventus
Aventus eau de parfum is a fruity-chypre fragrance produced by the French niche house, Creed. The fragrance was created by Jean-Christophe Hérault  and released in September 2010 as part of their 250th anniversary celebration.

Chypre
Chypre (pronounced [ʃipʁ]) is the name of a family (or concept) of perfumes that are characterised by an accord composed of citrus top notes, a middle centered on cistus labdanum, and a mossy-animalic set of basenotes derived from oakmoss. Chypre perfumes fall into numerous classes according to their modifier notes, which include but are not limited to leather, florals, fruits, and amber.
Judy Rodgers
Judy Rodgers (October 28, 1956 – December 2, 2013) was an American chef, restaurateur, and cookbook writer. She became famous at Zuni Café, in San Francisco, California, of which she became chef in 1987. Rodgers' food was influenced both by Chez Panisse, where she had worked, and by the food of France, where she had spent time as an exchange student living with the family of Jean Troisgros. The Zuni Café Cookbook, published in 2002, spread the influence of her painstaking, attentive approach to food further outside the United States.

Chez Panisse
Chez Panisse is a restaurant in Berkeley, California, known as one of the originators of California cuisine and the farm-to-table movement, opened and owned by Alice Waters. The restaurant emphasizes ingredients rather than technique and has developed a supply network of direct relationships with local farmers, ranchers, and dairies.

The main restaurant, located downstairs, serves a set menu that changes daily and reflects the season's produce. An upstairs cafe offers an à la carte menu at lower prices.
Media and gender
Gender and gender roles as they are represented in media reflect the social norms and value systems surrounding gender in modern society. The portayal of gender in mediums such as film, music, video games, television, advertisements, and social media, is a subject of ongoing public discourse, social activism and academic research. Femininity, masculinity, gender nonconformity, and transgender identity represent various dimensions of gender in media. Specific issues concerning gender in media include stereotyping, diversity and inclusivity, sexualization, and gender ideals.

Within the sociology of gender and gender studies, representations of gender in mass media are understood to play a significant role in the social construction of gender.

Stereotype
In social psychology, a stereotype is a generalized belief about a particular category of people. It is an expectation that people might have about every person of a particular group. The type of expectation can vary; it can be, for example, an expectation about the group's personality, preferences, appearance or ability. Stereotypes make information processing easier by allowing the perceiver to rely on previously stored knowledge in place of incoming information. Stereotypes are often faulty, inaccurate, and resistant to new information. Although stereotypes generally have negative implications, they are not necessarily so; they may be positive, neutral, or negative. They can be broken down into two categories: explicit stereotypes, which are conscious, and implicit stereotypes, which are subconscious.
Sean Glennon
Sean Glennon (born September 5, 1985) is an American former football quarterback. He played college football at Virginia Tech.

Glennon was named the starter following the dismissal of Marcus Vick and held that job until being replaced by Tyrod Taylor during the 2007 season.  After Taylor was injured against Duke, Glennon reclaimed the starting duties and started every game that season. During the 2008 season, Virginia Tech split time between the two. Glennon's younger brother, Mike, played collegiately as a quarterback at NC State and for several teams in the NFL.

NC State Wolfpack football
The NC State Wolfpack football team represents North Carolina State University in the sport of American football. The Wolfpack competes in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC). Prior to joining the ACC in 1953, the Wolfpack were a member of the Southern Conference. As a founding member of the ACC, the Wolfpack has won seven conference championships and participated in 34 bowl games, of which the team has won 17. NC State is coached by Dave Doeren.

Since 1966, the Wolfpack has played its home games at Carter–Finley Stadium, the largest college football stadium in North Carolina. On September 16, 2010, NC State restored the tradition of having a live mascot on the field.  A wolf-like Tamaskan Dog named
"Tuffy" was on the sidelines for the Cincinnati game that day in Raleigh and Tuffy has not missed a Wolfpack football game in Carter–Finley Stadium since.