hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Politics of Colombia
Colombia is a presidential representative democratic republic with a multi-party system, where the President of Colombia is both head of state and head of government. The national government has separate executive, legislative, and judicial branches. The legislative power is held by the two chambers of the Congress of Colombia, the Senate and the Chamber of Representatives. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature, with the four high courts for each jurisdiction of law: the Constitutional Court of Colombia, Supreme Court of Justice of Colombia, Council of State, and Superior Council of Judicature.

The Economist Intelligence Unit rated Colombia a "flawed democracy" in 2024.

Supreme Court of Justice of Colombia
The Supreme Court of Justice of Colombia (Spanish: Corte Suprema de Justicia de Colombia) in Bogotá is the highest judicial body in civil and penal matters and issues of criminal and civil procedure in Colombia.

The court consists of twenty three judges, elected by the same institution in list conformed by the Superior Council of the Judiciary for individual terms of eight years. The court meets at the Palace of Justice in the Bolívar Square of Bogotá.
Vampiros (song)
"Vampiros" (transl. "Vampires") is a song Spanish singer Rosalía and Puerto Rican singer Rauw Alejandro for their collaborative extended play, RR (2023). The song's production was handled by Dylan Patrice, Alejandro, Rosalía, Jake Miller, and Noah Goldstein. It was released by Columbia Records in partnership with Sony Music Latin on March 24, 2023, along with the rest of the EP. A Spanish-language reggaeton track with goth rock elements, driven by heavy drums, it is a carpe diem song, in which they sing about making the most out of a night together.

Rauw Alejandro
Raúl Alejandro Ocasio Ruiz (born January 10, 1993), known professionally as Rauw Alejandro, is a Puerto Rican singer and songwriter. His music styles include genres such as reggaeton, Latin R&B, urbano, Latin trap, rhythmic pop, and ballads. His accolades include two Latin Grammy Awards, two Billboard Latin Music Awards, and an iHeartRadio Music Awards. Rolling Stone called him "the greatest showman in Latin music" and compared his concerts to a Broadway production.

Born on January 10, 1993, in San Juan, Puerto Rico and was raised in Canóvanas and Carolina. He began his career on SoundCloud in 2014. In December 2017, he released his first single as lead artist, titled "Toda", with Alex Rose. It peaked at #29 on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs charts in November 2018. He has released 5 albums since, and has collaborated with a variety of other Latin artists, including Ozuna, Nicky Jam, Shakira, and Bad Bunny.
Grégoire Courtine
Grégoire Courtine (born (1975-01-09)9 January 1975) is a French neuroscientist and a professor at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), where he is the co-director of the Defitech center for interventional neurotherapies (NeuroRestore). His research focuses on the field of neurotechnology, with the aim to restore locomotor functions in patients with central nervous system disorders such as spinal cord injuries.

École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
EPFL (officially no longer an acronym; originally short for French: École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, lit. 'Federal School of Technology in Lausanne') is a public research university in Lausanne, Switzerland. Founded in 1969, the university primarily teaches and conducts research in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields.

Like its sister institution ETH Zurich, EPFL is part of the Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain, a consortium of universities and research institutes under the Swiss Federal Department of Economic Affairs, Education and Research. As of 2024, EPFL enrolled 14,012 students from over 130 countries.

Students, faculty, and researchers affiliated with EPFL include a Nobel laureate, two Fields Medalists, two Pritzker Prize winners, and one Turing Award recipient. EPFL has an urban campus that extends alongside Lake Geneva, and includes the EPFL Innovation Park as well as university research centers and affiliated laboratories.
Satani (caste)
Satani is a community that renders temple services in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Odisha, Tamil Nadu and Telangana in India. Traditionally, they rendered a variety of services as supervisors and purohits of temples, guardians of temple properties, heralds, singers and torch-bearers at festivals, bodyguards of Jiyars, and providers of umbrellas, flower garlands, and namam clay. They have claimed Brahmin status, although this has been contested by Brahmins as they do not wear the sacred thread and they do not study or chant/recite Sanskrit Vedas or Gayatri Mantra, but they study and recite only Naalayira Divya Prabandham written by Alvars. They are currently included in the Other Backward Classes (OBC) list by the central and state governments.

Naalayira Divya Prabandham
The Naalayira Divya Prabandham (Tamil: நாலாயிரத் திவ்வியப் பிரபந்தம், romanized: Nālāyira Divya Prabandham, lit. 'Four Thousand Divine Hymns') is a collection of 4,000 Tamil verses composed by the 12 Alvars. It was compiled in its present form by Nāthamuni during the 9th–10th centuries. The work, an important liturgical compilation of the Tamil Alvars who lived between 5th and 8th Century CE, marks the beginning of the canonisation of 12 Vaishnava poet saints, and these hymns are still sung extensively today.
1875 Minnesota Secretary of State election
The 1875 Minnesota Secretary of State election was held on November 2, 1875, in order to elect the Secretary of State of Minnesota. Republican nominee John S. Irgens defeated Democratic nominee Adolph Biermann and Temperance nominee and former member of the Minnesota Senate John H. Stevens.

Minnesota Secretary of State
The secretary of state of Minnesota is a constitutional officer in the executive branch of government of the U.S. state of Minnesota. Twenty-two individuals have held the office of secretary of state since statehood. The incumbent is Steve Simon, a member of the Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party.
Western Electric rules
The Western Electric rules are decision rules in statistical process control for detecting out-of-control or non-random conditions on control charts.  Locations of the observations relative to the control chart control limits (typically at ±3 standard deviations) and centerline indicate whether the process in question should be investigated for assignable causes.  The Western Electric rules were codified by a specially-appointed committee of the manufacturing division of the Western Electric Company and appeared in the first edition of a 1956 handbook, that became a standard text of the field.  Their purpose was to ensure that line workers and engineers interpret control charts in a uniform way.

Common cause and special cause (statistics)
Common and special causes are the two distinct origins of variation in a process, as defined in the statistical thinking and methods of Walter A. Shewhart and W. Edwards Deming. Briefly, "common causes", also called natural patterns, are the usual, historical, quantifiable variation in a system, while "special causes" are unusual, not previously observed, non-quantifiable variation.

The distinction is fundamental in philosophy of statistics and philosophy of probability, with different treatment of these issues being a classic issue of probability interpretations, being recognised and discussed as early as 1703 by Gottfried Leibniz; various alternative names have been used over the years. The distinction has been particularly important in the thinking of economists Frank Knight, John Maynard Keynes and G. L. S. Shackle.
Sam Hughes
Sir Samuel Hughes, PC KCB VD (January 8, 1853 – August 23, 1921) was the Canadian Minister of Militia and Defence during World War I. After a stormy tenure in the position, he was dismissed by Prime Minister Sir Robert Borden in 1916.

King's Privy Council for Canada
The King's Privy Council for Canada (French: Conseil privé du Roi pour le Canada), sometimes called His Majesty's Privy Council for Canada or simply the Privy Council (PC), is the full group of personal advisors to the monarch of Canada on state and constitutional affairs. Practically, the tenets of responsible government require the sovereign or his viceroy, the governor general, almost always to follow only that advice tendered by the Cabinet: a committee within the Privy Council composed usually of elected members of Parliament. Those summoned to the Privy Council are appointed for life by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister. The group is composed predominantly of former Cabinet ministers, with some others having been inducted as an honorary gesture. Privy counsellors are accorded the use of an honorific style and post-nominal letters, as well as various signifiers of precedence.
K2-72e
K2-72e (also known by its EPIC designation EPIC 206209135.04), is a confirmed exoplanet, likely rocky, orbiting within the habitable zone of the red dwarf star K2-72, the outermost of four such planets discovered in the system by NASA's Kepler spacecraft on its "Second Light" mission. It is located about 217.1 light-years (66.56 parsecs, or nearly 2.0538×1015 km) away from Earth in the constellation of Aquarius. The exoplanet was found by using the transit method, in which the dimming effect that a planet causes as it crosses in front of its star is measured.

K2-72
K2-72 (also designated EPIC 206209135) is a cool red dwarf star of spectral class M2V located about 217 light-years (67 parsecs) away from the Earth in the constellation of Aquarius. It is known to host four planets, all similar in size to Earth, with one of them residing within the habitable zone.
Patricia Cheng
Patricia Wenjie Cheng (born 1952) is a Chinese American psychologist. She is a leading researcher in cognitive psychology who works on human reasoning. She is best known for her psychological work on human understanding of causality. Her "power theory of the probabilistic contrast model," or power PC theory (1997) posits that people filter observations of events through a basic belief that causes have the power to generate (or prevent) their effects, thereby inferring specific cause-effect relations.

Causal reasoning
Causal reasoning is the process of  identifying causality: the relationship between a cause and its effect. The study of causality extends from ancient philosophy to contemporary neuropsychology; assumptions about the nature of causality may be shown to be functions of a previous event preceding a later one. The first known protoscientific study of cause and effect occurred in Aristotle's Physics. Causal inference is an example of causal reasoning.
SIG Strasbourg
Strasbourg Illkirch-Graffenstaden Basket, most commonly known as SIG Basket or SIG Strasbourg, is a French professional basketball club that is based in Strasbourg, France. The club, founded in 1929, competes domestically in the French Pro A League. The club's home games are played at Rhénus Sport. The players wear white and red uniforms.

LNB Élite
The LNB Élite, currently known for sponsorship reasons as Betclic Élite, is a professional basketball league in France and is the highest level of the French basketball system. The competition has existed since 1921. Since 1987, the Ligue Nationale de Basket (LNB) has governed the league.

Formerly known as the LNB Pro A, each season consists of 16 teams. The bottom two placed teams from each season are relegated to the second tier level Élite 2. The winner of the play-offs of the league are crowned the French national champions.
Bryan Goldsby
Bryan Goldsby (born March 24, 1982) is an American professional mixed martial arts (MMA) fighter who formerly fought for Bellator Fighting Championships. He currently fights in various promotions across the world and is the current NAAFS Bantamweight Champion.

Bellator MMA
Bellator MMA (formerly Bellator Fighting Championships) was an American mixed martial arts promotion founded in 2008 by Bjorn Rebney and operated until 2025. The promotion takes its name from bellātor, the Latin word for "warrior". Bellator's first event was in 2009, and the promotion held 313 "numbered" events.

Bellator was considered the second largest MMA promotion in the United States, and one of the largest combat sport promotions in the world. Paramount Global (formerly Viacom) purchased majority ownership of Bellator from Rebney in 2011, with Paramount's television networks serving as the promotion's media broadcasters in the United States. On November 20, 2023, after then-broadcast home Showtime announced the discontinuation of its sports division, Bellator MMA was acquired by the Professional Fighters League (PFL).
Mill Creek (Walla Walla River tributary)
Mill Creek is a 36.5-mile-long (58.7 km) tributary of the Walla Walla River, flowing through southeast Washington and northeast Oregon in the United States. It drains from the western side of the Blue Mountains into the Walla Walla Valley and flows through the city of Walla Walla, which draws most of its water supply from the creek. The creek is named for the sawmill built in 1845 by Marcus Whitman, one of the first European settlers in the valley.

Walla Walla, Washington
Walla Walla (/ˌwɑːlə ˈwɑːlə/ WAH-lə WAH-lə) is a city in and the county seat of Walla Walla County, Washington, United States. It had a population of 34,060 at the 2020 census, estimated to have decreased to 33,339 as of 2023. The combined population of the city and its two suburbs, the town of College Place and unincorporated Walla Walla East, is about 45,500.

Walla Walla is in the southeastern region of Washington, approximately four hours away from Portland, Oregon, and four and a half hours from Seattle. It is located only 6 mi (10 km) north of the Oregon border.
Tom Ikara
Tom Ikara (born 12 February 1997) as also known as Tom Ikaara, Thomas Ikara is a Ugandan professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for the Uganda Cranes. He played as a goalkeeper for various association football clubs that include: Busoga United FC, KCCA FC, Mbarara City FC, Police FC (Uganda).

Police FC (Uganda)
Police FC is an association football club from Kampala in Uganda. It was formed in 1965 as the representative team of the Uganda Police Force with a mission, "To be a football club that upholds community values and promote carrier development as community policing tool to avert criminality in the society".
Summer Hill railway station
Summer Hill railway station is a suburban railway station located on the Main Suburban line, serving the Sydney suburb of Summer Hill. It is served by Sydney Trains T2 Leppington & Inner West Line and T3 Liverpool & Inner West Line services.

Main Suburban railway line
The Main Suburban railway line is the technical name for the trunk railway line between Redfern railway station and Parramatta railway station in Sydney, Australia, but now generally refers to the section between Redfern and where the Old Main South Line branches off at Granville Junction. The railway line then continues on as the Main Western line towards the Blue Mountains. This term distinguished this trunk line from the Illawarra Line which branched south from the Illawarra Junction to Wollongong, and later the North Shore line which carried trains north over the Harbour Bridge.
Operation Neptune (espionage)
Operation Neptune was a 1964 disinformation operation by the secret services of Czechoslovakia (State Security) and the Soviet Union (KGB) and involved fake Nazi-era documents that were found in submerged chests.

Operation Neptune's objectives were to discredit Western politicians by revealing the names of former Nazi informants whom they were still using as spies in Eastern Europe and to place pressure on West Germany to extend the statute of limitations on the prosecution of war criminals, including extending the statute of limitations.

StB
State Security (Czech: Státní bezpečnost, Slovak: Štátna bezpečnosť), or StB / ŠtB, was the secret police force in communist Czechoslovakia from 1945 to its dissolution in 1990. Serving as an intelligence and counter-intelligence agency, it dealt with any activity that was considered opposition to the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia and the state.
Nasir Khan Janjua
Nasir Khan Janjua HI(M) (Urdu: ناصر خان جنجوعہ) is a former three-star general of the Pakistan Army, who prior to retiring served as Corps Commander Quetta. He served as the 7th National Security Advisor of Pakistan from 23 October 2015 until his resignation on 27 June 2018.

Janjua's notable achievements include streamlining the National Security and War Course into a single cohesive program, eliminating the unnecessary overlap. Additionally, he spearheaded the development of Azm-e-Nau, a meticulously designed military preparedness exercise with a specific emphasis on India, while serving as President of the National Defence University in Islamabad.

Prior to becoming the 7th National Security Advisor, Janjua's name was mentioned as a possible replacement for Sartaj Aziz in Pakistani news media after his meeting with Nawaz Sharif. Janjua was appointed as NSA after the NSA staff moved to the Prime Minister's Secretariat on 23 October 2015.

XII Corps (Pakistan)
The XII Corps is a field corps of the Pakistan Army currently headquartered in Quetta, Balochistan in Pakistan.

With reserves, paramilitary, and other military formations supporting the XII Corps, the corps has an area of responsibility of Balochistan and oversees its mission of responsibility to protect as an army's regional formation in Pakistan's security apparatus known as the Southern Command.: 309–311
Genus theory
In the mathematical theory of games, genus theory in impartial games is a theory by which some games played under the misère play convention can be analysed, to predict the outcome class of games.

Genus theory was first published in the book On Numbers and Games, and later in Winning Ways for your Mathematical Plays Volume 2.

Unlike the Sprague–Grundy theory for normal play impartial games, genus theory is not a complete theory for misère play impartial games.

Winning Ways for Your Mathematical Plays
Winning Ways for Your Mathematical Plays (Academic Press, 1982) by Elwyn R. Berlekamp, John H. Conway, and Richard K. Guy is a compendium of information on mathematical games.  It was first published in 1982 in two volumes.

The first volume introduces combinatorial game theory and its foundation in the surreal numbers; partizan and impartial games; Sprague–Grundy theory and misère games. The second volume applies the theorems of the first volume to many games, including nim, sprouts, dots and boxes, Sylver coinage, philosopher's phutball, fox and geese. A final section on puzzles analyzes the Soma cube, Rubik's Cube, peg solitaire, and Conway's Game of Life.

A republication of the work by A K Peters split the content into four volumes.
Minamikata Kofun Cluster
The Minamikata Kofun cluster (南方古墳群) is a group of Kofun period burial mounds located in the Amori-cho, Yoshino-cho, Onuki-cho, Maino-cho, Noji-cho neighborhoods of the city of  Nobeoka, Miyazaki Prefecture in Kyushu Japan. The tumulus group was collectively designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 1943.

Kofun
Kofun (古墳; from Sino-Japanese "ancient burial mound") are megalithic tombs or tumuli in Northeast Asia. Kofun were mainly constructed in the Japanese archipelago between the middle of the 3rd century to the early 7th century AD.

The term is the origin of the name of the Kofun period, which indicates the middle 3rd century to early–middle 6th century. Many kofun have distinctive keyhole-shaped mounds (zempō-kōen fun (前方後円墳)). The Mozu-Furuichi kofungun or tumulus clusters were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2019, while Ishibutai Kofun is one of a number in Asuka-Fujiwara residing on the Tentative List.
Shuysky Tribute
Shuisky tribute was the act of homage of the deposed Mickail Shuisky of Russia and his retinue to the Polish King Sigismund III Vasa and teenage prince Władysław (the then-heir to the Russian throne) on October 29, 1611, in the Senate Hall of the Royal Castle in Warsaw.

Hetman of the Crown Stanisław Żółkiewski, who had captured Moscow the previous year, held a victory procession to the Royal Palace through the city of Warsaw, during which he led the prisoners: the former Russian tsar Vasily IV Shuysky, his two brothers Ivan and Dmitry, the wife of the latter, Grand Duchess Ekaterina Grigoryevna (a daughter of Ivan the Terrible's associate Malyuta Skuratov and sister of a former tsarina, the spouse of Tsar Boris Godunov), military commander Mikhail Shein, and Patriarch Filaret who would ascend to power in Russia later on as the father and de facto ruler behind the back of his son Michael I of Russia, the founder of the Romanov Dynasty.

Patriarch Filaret of Moscow
Feodor Nikitich Romanov (Russian: Фео́дор Ники́тич Рома́нов, IPA: [ˈfʲɵdər nʲɪˈkʲitʲɪtɕ rɐˈmanəf]; 1553 – 1 October [O.S. 21 September] 1633) was a Russian boyar who after temporary disgrace rose to become patriarch of Moscow as Filaret (Russian: Филаре́т, IPA: [fʲɪɫɐˈrʲet]), and became de facto ruler of Russia during the reign of his son, Mikhail Feodorovich.
Warren Allmand
William Warren Allmand PC OC QC (September 19, 1932 – December 7, 2016) was a Canadian politician who served as a Member of Parliament in the Parliament of Canada from 1965 to 1997. A member of the Liberal Party, he represented the Montreal riding of Notre-Dame-de-Grâce and served in the cabinet of Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau from 1972 to 1979. As Solicitor General, Allmand introduced legislation that successfully abolished the death penalty in Canada in 1976.

After leaving federal politics, Allmand took on the role of human rights activist, and led the International Centre for Human Rights and Democratic Development and the World Federalist Movement-Canada. He briefly returned to politics by serving a term from 2005 to 2009 as a Montreal city councillor under Gérald Tremblay's Union Montreal party, becoming vice president of the city council. Allmand died on December 7, 2016, from terminal brain cancer.

Union Montreal
Union Montreal (French: Union Montréal) is an inactive municipal political party in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It was the governing party in the city from 2001, when it won its first election under mayor Gérald Tremblay, until 2012. The party remained the largest single party caucus in the city government until the 2013 election although it lost its majority in November 2012 due to a number of councillors quitting the party to sit as independents in the wake of Tremblay's resignation.  Since 2013, it has no longer been politically active.