hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Arsenio Luz
Arsenio Nicasio Luz y Katigbak (December 14, 1888 – 1966) was a Filipino showman, businessman, journalist and educator, remembered for being the General-Director of the Philippine Carnival which ran the Manila Carnival. He was an attaché for several Philippine Independence Missions to the U.S. as the representative of the press. He led trade negotiations during the transition to the Commonwealth and served as President Manuel L. Quezon's economic advisor at Malacañang throughout the Commonwealth Period. He was a charter member of the Boy Scouts of the Philippines and the first Filipino President of the Rotary Club of Manila. He was manager of the Philippine Government Commercial Agency's New York branch and represented the Philippines at several conventions and expositions.

Manila Carnival
Manila Carnival was an annual carnival festival held in Manila during the early American colonial period up to the time before the Second World War. It was organized by the American colonial administration to showcase the economic development of the Philippines. The highlight of the event is the crowning of the Carnival Queens.
Greatland Corporation
Greatland Corporation is an employee-owned company that supplies preprinted and blank wage and income reporting forms, primarily W-2 and 1099 forms, to small- and mid-sized businesses and tax professionals. Greatland also supplies business checks and specialty forms.

It has locations in Grand Rapids, Michigan, and Green Bay, Wisconsin.

Form 1099
Form 1099 is one of several IRS tax forms (see the variants section) used in the United States to prepare and file an information return to report various types of income other than wages, salaries, and tips (for which Form W-2 is used instead). The term information return is used in contrast to the term tax return although the latter term is sometimes used colloquially to describe both kinds of returns.

The form is used to report payments to independent contractors, rental property income, income from interest and dividends, sales proceeds, and other miscellaneous income recipients to tax professionals. This has led to the phrases "1099 workers" and "the 1099 economy" to refer to those whose income is reported on Form 1099, in contrast to a "W-2 employee" who receives Form W-2.

Blank 1099 forms and the related instructions can be downloaded from the IRS website.
María Páramo
María Euridice Páramo Fonseca (1963 – 5 January 2025) was a Colombian paleontologist and geologist. She contributed to paleontology in Colombia in the fields of describing various Cretaceous marine reptiles, most notably the mosasaurs Eonatator and Yaguarasaurus, the ichthyosaur Kyhytysuka, and the plesiosaurs Leivanectes and Stenorhynchosaurus.

Mosasaur
Mosasaurs (from Latin Mosa meaning the 'Meuse', and Greek σαύρος sauros meaning 'lizard') are an extinct group of large aquatic reptiles within the family Mosasauridae that lived during the Late Cretaceous. Their first fossil remains were discovered in a limestone quarry at Maastricht on the Meuse in 1764. They belong to the order Squamata, which includes lizards and snakes.

During the last 20 million years of the Cretaceous period (Turonian–Maastrichtian ages), with the extinction of the ichthyosaurs and pliosaurs, mosasaurids became the dominant marine predators. They themselves became extinct as a result of the K-Pg event at the end of the Cretaceous period, about 66 million years ago.
Cephalonia Prefecture
The Cephalonia Prefecture (Greek: Νομός Κεφαλληνίας) was a prefecture in Greece, containing the Ionian Islands of Cephalonia and Ithaca. In 2011 the prefectural self-government was abolished and the territory is now covered by the regional units of Cephalonia and Ithaca.

Ithaca (island)
Ithaca (/ˈɪθəkə/ ITH-ə-kə), also Ithaki (Greek: Ιθάκη [iˈθaci]) or Ithaka (Ancient Greek: Ἰθάκη Ithákē [itʰákɛː]), is a Greek island located in the Ionian Sea, off the northeast coast of Kefalonia and to the west of continental Greece.

Ithaca's main island has an area of 96 square kilometres (37 sq mi) and in 2021 had a population of 2,862. It is the second-smallest of the seven main Ionian Islands, after Paxi. Ithaca is a separate regional unit of the Ionian Islands region, and the only municipality of the regional unit. The capital is Vathy (or Vathi).

Modern Ithaca is generally identified with Homer's Ithaca, the home of Odysseus, whose delayed return to the island is the plot of the epic poem the Odyssey; however, many other attempts at identification have been made.
EP300
Histone acetyltransferase p300 also known as p300 HAT or E1A-associated protein p300 (where E1A = adenovirus early region 1A) also known as EP300 or p300 is an enzyme that, in humans, is encoded by the EP300 gene. It functions as histone acetyltransferase that regulates transcription of genes via chromatin remodeling by allowing histone proteins to wrap DNA less tightly. This enzyme  plays an essential role in regulating cell growth and division, prompting cells to mature and assume specialized functions (differentiate), and preventing the growth of cancerous tumors. The p300 protein appears to be critical for normal development before and after birth.

The EP300 gene is located on the long (q) arm of the human chromosome 22 at position 13.2. This gene encodes the adenovirus E1A-associated cellular p300 transcriptional co-activator protein.

EP300 is closely related to another gene, CREB binding protein, which is found on human chromosome 16.

Adenovirus early region 1A
Adenovirus early region 1A (E1A) is a gene expressed during adenovirus replication to produce a variety of E1A proteins. It is expressed during the early phase of the viral life span.

E1A encodes two major proteins in Ad5, translated after alternative splicing of the viral DNA transcript, that are able to cause a variety of different effects in mammalian cells. The proteins encoded by E1A tend to localize in the nucleus and affect genetic regulation by the host cell. After viral infection, they stimulate expression of other viral genes and can either enhance or repress expression of cellular genes depending on cellular context and coordination with other viral genes.

The addition of E1A DNA into cells may cause adverse biological effects, such as increasing p53 expression, stimulating DNA synthesis and cell cycle progression in quiescent cells, and inhibiting differentiation. It has been considered an oncogene. It can also behave as a tumour suppressor gene.
Vasu Chanchlani
Vasu Chanchlani (born July 1, 1952 – September 7, 2014) was an Indian-Canadian serial entrepreneur, philanthropist and trans-nations builder. He is co-founder of the Sigma Group of Companies and a founding member of the Canada India Foundation. He is also an investor in dozens of companies globally consisting of start-ups and turn-arounds. He is best known for his efforts towards improving Canada-India relations through his philanthropic activities and engagement with the Indian Diaspora to serve bilateral interests of both Canada and India.
 Most recently, Vasu was awarded the Top 25 Canadian Immigrants award by the Canadian Immigrant magazine (a Toronto Star Publication). On January 9, 2014, his excellency shri Pranab Mukherjee, President of the Republic of India, conferred the Pravasi Bharatiya Samman Award (PBSA), the highest honour bestowed on non-resident Indians, by the Government of India.

Canada India Foundation
The Canada India Foundation is a Canadian non-profit organisation established in 2007. The main stated objective of CIF comprises promoting Canada–India relations through their active intervention in public policy, which would cover domestic policies and bilateral issues affecting the Indo-Canadian community, including issues such as culture, education, trade and investment, immigration, diplomatic, political, and strategic relations.
Lazika (planned city)
Lazika (Georgian: ლაზიკა) is a proposed planned city in Georgia, on the country’s Black Sea littoral, named after the ancient kingdom of Lazica. Proposed in 2011 by the-then President of Georgia, Mikheil Saakashvili, it was to be built south to Anaklia—a sea resort immediately south to  breakaway Abkhazia—and north to Kulevi, a port north to Poti, Georgia's key Black Sea port city. The project was largely abandoned after the change of government in Georgia in 2012.

Lazica
The Kingdom of Lazica (Georgian: ეგრისი, romanized: Egrisi; Laz: ლაზიკა, romanized: Laziǩa; Ancient Greek: Λαζική, romanized: Lazikḗ), sometimes called Lazian Empire, was a state in the territory of west Georgia in the Roman period, from about the 1st century BC. Created as a result of the collapse of the kingdom of Colchis and the gaining of independence by the tribal-territorial units included in it in 131 AD.
Cedid Atlas
Cedid Atlas (Ottoman Turkish: جديد اطلس, romanized: Atlas-ı Cedid, lit. 'New Atlas') was the first modern atlas produced in the Muslim world, printed and published in 1803 in Istanbul. The atlas was created by translating and adapting maps from William Faden's General Atlas and the full title of the atlas reads as  Cedid Atlas Tercümesi  (meaning, literally, "A Translation of a New Atlas") and in most libraries outside Turkey, it is recorded and referenced accordingly.

Although manuscripts and hand-drawn maps were widely available, the Cedid Atlas could only be published in 1803 by Müderris Abdurrahman Efendi in a style based on European sources.

Atlas
An atlas is a collection of maps; it is typically a bundle of maps of Earth or of a continent or region of Earth. Advances in astronomy have also resulted in atlases of the celestial sphere or of other planets.

Atlases have traditionally been bound into book form, but today, many atlases are in multimedia formats. In addition to presenting geographical features and political boundaries, many atlases often feature geopolitical, social, religious, and economic statistics. They also have information about the map and places in it.
2003 Australian Drivers' Championship
The 2003 Australian Drivers' Championship was a CAMS sanctioned national motor racing title for drivers of cars conforming to Formula 4000 regulations. The title was contested over a six-round, twelve race series which was promoted as the 2003 Holden Australian Drivers' Championship for the CAMS Gold Star. It was the 47th Australian Drivers' Championship.

New Zealander Daniel Gaunt won the championship driving three different Reynards for two different teams over the course of the season. Gaunt only won two of the twelve races but achieved a race finishing consistency his rivals lacked and finished eight points ahead of his nearest rivals. Second place was tied between Jonny Reid and Paul Trengove, both driving Reynards.

Apart from the seven wins claimed by Gaunt and Reid, three wins were taken by another New Zealander, Nelson Hartley (Reynard 94D & Reynard 97D), and two wins by Ricky Occhipinti (Reynard 97D and 98D).

Reynard Motorsport
Reynard Motorsport was the world's largest racing car manufacturer in the 1980s. Initially based at Bicester and latterly at Reynard Park, Brackley, England the company built successful cars in Formula Ford 1600, Formula Ford 2000, Formula Vauxhall Lotus, Formula Three, Formula 3000 and CART.
Divine Gate
Divine Gate (ディバインゲート, Dibain Gēto) is a 2013 Japanese mobile game developed by Acquire for iOS and Android devices. An anime television series adaptation by Pierrot aired from January 8, 2016 to March 25, 2016.

Studio Pierrot
Studio Pierrot Co., Ltd. (株式会社スタジオぴえろ, Kabushiki-gaisha Sutajio Piero), known as Pierrot Co., Ltd. between 2002 and 2025, is a Japanese animation studio established in May 1979 by Yuji Nunokawa, Hisayuki Toriumi, Mitsuo Kaminashi and Masami Annou, previously animators for Tatsunoko Production and Mushi Production. Its headquarters are located in Mitaka, Tokyo. Pierrot is renowned for several worldwide popular anime series, such as Naruto, Bleach, Tokyo Ghoul, Tokyo Underground, YuYu Hakusho, Mr. Osomatsu, Black Clover, Boruto: Naruto Next Generations, Ghost Stories, Great Teacher Onizuka, and Gensomaden Saiyuki. Aside from animation production, the company also handles character licensing.

Yu Yu Hakusho and Saiyuki, two of the company's anime series, won the Animage Anime Grand Prix Award in 1994 and 1995, and 2000, respectively.
Alphonse Favier
Pierre-Marie-Alphonse Favier-Duperron C.M.(Chinese: 樊國樑 Pinyin:Fan Guoliang Wade-Giles: Fan Kouo-Léang) (born 22 September 1837 at Marsannay-la-Côte, France; died 4 April 1905 in Beijing) was the Catholic Lazarist Vicar Apostolic of Northern Zhili, China (now incorporating the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Beijing) and titular bishop of Pentacomia from 13 April 1899 until his death in 1905. During the Boxer Uprising of 1900, Favier was responsible for the defence and preservation of the Beitang Cathedral (lit. "North Cathedral") in Beijing, and the protection of thousands of Chinese Catholic Christians. In the aftermath of the Boxer Uprising, Favier was accused of looting.

Looting
Looting is the act of stealing, or the taking of goods by force, typically in the midst of a military, political, or other social crisis, such as war, natural disasters (where law and civil enforcement are temporarily ineffective), or rioting. The proceeds of all these activities can be described as booty, loot, plunder, spoils, or pillage.

Throughout history, the practice of war looting was often considered a customary right of victorious armies until the development of modern international humanitarian law.

Looting by a victorious army during war has been a common practice throughout recorded history. In the wake of the Napoleonic Wars and particularly after World War II, norms against wartime plunder became widely accepted. In modern armed conflicts, looting is prohibited by international law, and constitutes a war crime. The Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 explicitly prohibited pillage and looting, codifying earlier efforts to restrain the practice in European warfare.
Kaja Godek
Kaja Godek (born 2 May 1982) is a Polish ultra-conservative activist and leader of the foundation Życie i Rodzina ("life and family"). She proposed a law to ban the abortion of fetuses with birth defects or high probability thereof (Stop aborcji) in 2013 and a law to ban LGBT marches (Stop LGBT) in 2021.

The anti-abortion proposal did not pass the first parliamentary reading while the anti-LGBT proposal did and is to be worked on by parliamentary committees. Presenting her anti-LGBT project in the lower house of Poland's parliament (the Sejm), Godek claimed that LGBT activists pay children to attend their parades.

In 2016, she registered the Życie i Rodzina foundation. YouTube blocked the account of said foundation in 2019 for inciting hate. In 2019, Godek ran for the European Parliament for the far-right Confederation Liberty and Independence, but failed to obtain a seat.

Reading (legislature)
A reading of a bill is a stage of debate on the bill held by a general body of a legislature.

In the Westminster system, developed in the United Kingdom, there are generally three readings of a bill as it passes through the stages of becoming, or failing to become, legislation. Some of these readings may be formalities rather than actual debate. Legislative bodies in the United States also have readings.

The procedure dates back to the centuries before literacy was widespread. Since many members of Parliament were illiterate, the Clerk of Parliament would read aloud a bill to inform members of its contents. By the end of the 16th century, it was practice to have the bill read on three occasions before it was passed.
Shiann Darkangelo
Shiann Darkangelo (born November 28, 1993) is an American professional ice hockey player for the Montreal Victoire of the Professional Women's Hockey League (PWHL). She has played at the international level with Team USA and won gold at the 2016 IIHF Women's World Championship with the team. At the NCAA Division I level, she accumulated 42 points with the Syracuse Orange women's ice hockey program during the 2011–12 and 2012–13 seasons and registered 60 points with the Quinnipiac Bobcats women's ice hockey program during the 2013–14 and 2014–15 seasons. She was team captain of the Toronto Six roster that won the 2023 Isobel Cup championship.

Quinnipiac Bobcats women's ice hockey
The Quinnipiac Bobcats women's ice hockey program represents Quinnipiac University in Hamden, Connecticut. The Bobcats have competed in ECAC Hockey since the 2005-2006 season where they replaced Vermont when the Catamounts moved to Hockey East.  Prior to that season the Bobcats competed in College Hockey America for the 2004-2005 season, played as a Division I Independent for the 2002-2003 and 2003-2004 seasons, and in the ECAC Division I Eastern division for the 2001-2002 season.

The Bobcats play in M&T Bank Arena (formerly People's United Center) in Hamden, Connecticut.
Small Debts, Middlesex Act 1749
The Small Debts, Middlesex Act 1749 (23 Geo. 2. c. 33) was an act of the Parliament of Great Britain that reorganised the county court of the county of Middlesex.

The act allowed twelve freeholders summoned to the county court of Middlesex to decide small claims (debts or damages less than 40 shillings) by a majority and in a summary way.

The act was described by Blackstone:

"This is a plan entirely agreeable to the constitution and genius of the nation: calculated to prevent a multitude of vexatious actions in the superior courts, and at the same time to give honest creditors an opportunity of recovering small sums; which now they are frequently deterred from by the expense of a suit at law: a plan which, in short, wants only to be generally known, in order to it's universal reception."

County court
A county court  is a court based in or with a jurisdiction covering one or more counties, which are administrative divisions (subnational entities) within a country, not to be confused with the medieval system of county courts held by the high sheriff of each county.
Ljubljana Center (National Assembly constituency)
Ljubljana Center, officially known as the 3rd constituency (Slovene: 3. volilna enota), is one of the eight multi-member constituencies (electoral units) of the National Assembly, the national legislature of Slovenia. The constituency was established in 1992 following Slovenia's independence from Yugoslavia. It consists of the municipalities of Bloke, Borovnica, Brezovica, Cerknica, Dobrova–Polhov Gradec, Horjul, Ig, Log-Dragomer, Logatec, Loška Dolina, Medvode, Škofljica, Velike Lašče, Vodice and Vrhnika, and parts of the municipality of Ljubljana. The constituency currently elects 11 of the 90 members of the National Assembly using the open party-list proportional representation electoral system. At the 2022 parliamentary election the constituency had 219,487 registered electors.

Municipality of Bloke
The Municipality of Bloke (pronounced [ˈblòːkɛ, ˈblóːkɛ]; Slovene: Občina Bloke) is a municipality in Slovenia. Originally a municipality in its own right, it was incorporated into the Municipality of Cerknica in 1955 and it was included in the Municipality of Loška Dolina in 1995, when it split from Cerknica. It was re-established as an independent municipality in 1998.
NGC 1191
NGC 1191 is a lenticular galaxy approximately 406 million light-years away from Earth in the constellation of Eridanus. It was discovered by American astronomer Francis Leavenworth on December 2, 1885 with the 26" refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory.

Together with NGC 1189, NGC 1190, NGC 1192 and NGC 1199 it forms Hickson Compact Group 22 (HCG 22) galaxy group.  Although they are considered members of this group, NGC 1191 and NGC 1192 are in fact background objects, since they are much further away compared to the other members of this group.

Hickson Compact Group
A Hickson Compact Group (abbreviation: HCG) is a collection of galaxies designated as published by Paul Hickson in 1982.

The most famous group on Hickson's list of 100 objects is HCG 92, Stephan's Quintet.
Intracellular receptor
Intracellular receptors are globular protein receptors located inside the cell rather than on its cell membrane. The word intracellular means "within or inside a cell." Molecules that cross a cell membrane to bind with a receptor are generally nonpolar and may be relatively small. These molecules are also known as ligands, these trigger how genes are turned on or off which are essential for processes like growth metabolism etc. Hormones that use intracellular receptors include thyroid, aldosterone, and steroid hormones.

Steroid hormone
A steroid hormone is a steroid that acts as a hormone. Steroid hormones can be grouped into two classes: corticosteroids (typically made in the adrenal cortex, hence cortico-) and sex steroids (typically made in the gonads or placenta). Within those two classes are five types according to the receptors to which they bind: glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids (both corticosteroids) and androgens, estrogens, and progestogens (sex steroids). Vitamin D derivatives are a sixth closely related hormone system with homologous receptors. They have some of the characteristics of true steroids as receptor ligands.

Steroid hormones help control metabolism, inflammation, immune functions, salt and water balance, development of sexual characteristics, and the ability to withstand injury and illness. The term steroid describes both hormones produced by the body and artificially produced medications that duplicate the action for the naturally occurring steroids.
Direct product
In mathematics, a direct product of objects already known can often be defined by giving a new one. That induces a structure on the Cartesian product of the underlying sets from that of the contributing objects. The categorical product is an abstraction of these notions in the setting of category theory.

Examples are the product of sets, groups (described below), rings, and other algebraic structures. The product of topological spaces is another instance.

The direct sum is a related operation that agrees with the direct product in some but not all cases.

Set (mathematics)
In mathematics, a set is a collection of different things; the things are called elements or members of the set and are typically mathematical objects: numbers, symbols, points in space, lines, geometric shapes, variables, or other sets.  A set may be finite or infinite. There is a unique set with no elements, called the empty set; a set with a single element is a singleton.

Mathematics typically does not define precisely what constitutes a "set" or "collection", because such a definition would have to be in terms of something else previously defined.  Instead, sets serve as foundational objects whose behavior is described by axioms modeled on intuition about collections, and then essentially all other mathematical objects are rigorously defined in terms of sets.

Set theory studies possible axiom systems and their consequences.
Since the first half of the 20th century, ZFC (Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory with the axiom of choice) has been the axiom system most commonly used.