hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Intellectual property protection of video games
The protection of intellectual property (IP) of video games through copyright, patents, and trademarks, shares similar issues with the copyrightability of software as a relatively new area of IP law. The video game industry itself is built on the nature of reusing game concepts from prior games to create new gameplay styles but bounded by illegally direct cloning of existing games, and has made defining intellectual property protections difficult since it is not a fixed medium.

Software copyright
Software copyright is the application of copyright in law to machine-readable software. While many of the legal principles and policy debates concerning software copyright have close parallels in other domains of copyright law, there are a number of distinctive issues that arise with software. This article primarily focuses on topics particular to software.

Software copyright is used by software developers and proprietary software companies to prevent the unauthorized copying of their software. Free and open source licenses also rely on copyright law to enforce their terms. For instance, copyleft licenses impose a duty on licensees to share their modifications to the work with the user or copy owner under some circumstances. No such duty would apply had the software in question been in the public domain.
Gangarampur
Gangarampur is one of the cities and a municipality in Dakshin Dinajpur district in the state of West Bengal, India. Balurghat is the headquarters of the Gangarampur Subdivision. The city is located on the bank of river Punarbhaba. Gangarampur is one of the major cities connected through National Highway 512. It became the subdivision of newly formed district Dakshin Dinajpur when Paschim Dinajpur was bifurcated into Uttar and Dakshin Dinajpur in 1992. It was one of the Khalji capital under Muhammad Khalji.

National Highway 512 (India)
National Highway 512 (NH 512) is a highway in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is proposed to build four lane road. It runs from Gazole to Hili border with Bangladesh. On the other side of the border, the road continues as Hili-Birampur Highway.
Sigma Psi Zeta
Sigma Psi Zeta (ΣΨΖ) Sorority, Inc., also known as Sigmas or SYZ, is a progressive multicultural American sorority. It was founded on March 23, 1994, at the University at Albany and incorporated in New York on March 15, 1996. It is the third-largest Asian-interest sorority in the nation. It is a part of the National APIDA Panhellenic Association (NAPA).

University at Albany, SUNY
The State University of New York at Albany (also known as University at Albany, UAlbany, or SUNY Albany) is a public research university in Albany, New York, United States. Founded in 1844, it is one of four "university centers" of the State University of New York (SUNY) system. In 2024, the university enrolled 17,567 students in nine schools and colleges, which offer over 50 undergraduate majors and over 150 graduate degree programs. Portions of the campus extend into Guilderland, and the health sciences campus is located in neighboring Rensselaer, New York. It is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research spending and doctorate production". The research enterprise totaled expenditures of $115 million in fiscal year 2021 and was focused in four areas: social science, public law and policy, life sciences and atmospheric sciences. UAlbany is home to the New York State Writers Institute.
Dynamic Cassette International
Dynamic Cassette International (DCI) is an internationally recognised Boston, Lincolnshire, UK based ink cartridge and laser toner manufacturing company, producing products under the Jet Tec brand name.  DCI is the sole UK manufacturer of compatible ink cartridges.  DCI is notable for winning the Queen's Award for Enterprise: Innovation in 2004 and the Queen's Award for Export and being one of the biggest employers in Boston, employing over 300 staff at its 40,000 square metres factory. The company is currently Europe's largest manufacturer of compatible inkjet cartridges and has a turnover in excess of £20 million.

On 31 December 2007, DCI / Jet Tec featured on the BBC Radio 4 consumer affairs programme “You and Yours”.  The programme examined what is involved in the production of compatible and remanufactured inkjet cartridges and focused on consumers' concerns about the cost of printing

The King's Awards for Enterprise
The King's Awards for Enterprise, previously known as The Queen's Award for Enterprise, is an awards programme for British businesses and other organizations who excel at international trade, innovation, sustainable development or promoting opportunity (through social mobility). They are the highest official UK awards for British businesses. The scheme was established as The Queen's Award to Industry by a royal warrant of 30 November 1965, and awards are given for outstanding achievement by UK businesses in the categories of innovation, international trade, sustainable development and promoting opportunity through social mobility.

Each award is valid for five years: recipients are invited to a royal reception and are presented with the award at their company premises by one of the King's representatives, a Lord-lieutenant. Recipients are also able to fly the King's Awards flag at their main office, and use the emblem on marketing materials such as packaging and adverts.
Monocacy, Maryland
Monocacy was a village in Frederick County, Maryland that was located along an old Indian trail known as the Monocacy Trail that ran parallel to the Monocacy River. The trail was known as the Great Wagon Road by colonial travelers; it went to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and later was renamed Monocacy Road. Early surviving historical records indicate that Monocacy was the oldest settlement in Western Maryland. The town is believed to have been located near present-day Creagerstown, but never has been precisely located after its complete abandonment in the early 19th century. There are signs of the town's existence going back as far as 1730.

Frederick County, Maryland
Frederick County is located in Maryland, United States. As of the 2020 U.S. census, the population was 271,717. The county seat is Frederick. The county is part of the Capital region of the state.

Like other outlying sections of the Washington metropolitan area, Frederick County has experienced a rapid population increase since the 1980s. It borders the southern border of Pennsylvania and the northeastern border of Virginia.

Catoctin Mountain Park in the county is the location of Camp David, a U.S. presidential retreat, and Fort Detrick, a U.S. Army base.
Honda V10 engine
The RA series of 3.5-litre and 3.0-litre, naturally-aspirated, V10 racing engines were made by Honda to compete in Formula One racing; between 1989 and 1990, and then again between 2000 and 2005. Between 1992 and 2000, the engines were also made by Mugen Honda. The customer engines were used by McLaren, Arrows, Lotus, Ligier, Tyrrell, Prost, and Jordan.

Footwork Arrows
Footwork Arrows was a British Formula One motor racing team which competed from 1991 to 1996. Japanese businessman Wataru Ohashi, who was the president of Footwork Express Co., Ltd., a Japanese logistics company, began investing heavily in the Arrows team in 1990 (having sponsored a Japanese Formula 3000 team), the deal including requiring the cars to display the Footwork logo prominently. The team was officially renamed Footwork in 1991, and secured a deal to race with Porsche engines. Results were poorer than expected, and after just six races, Footwork dropped the Porsche engines and continued with Hart-built Ford engines.

For the 1992 season they switched engine supplier to Mugen. Arrows retained the Footwork name until Ohashi withdrew his financial backing before the 1996 season, whereupon the name of the team reverted to Arrows. Regardless, Jackie Oliver had retained operational control throughout the entire period.
Max Bingham
Sir Eardley Max Bingham QC (18 March 1927 – 30 November 2021), was an Australian politician. He was Deputy Premier and Opposition Leader of Tasmania, who represented the electorate of Denison for the Liberal Party in the Tasmanian House of Assembly from 1969 to 1984.

Deputy Premier of Tasmania
The deputy premier of Tasmania is a role in the Government of Tasmania assigned to a responsible Minister in the Australian state of Tasmania. It has second ranking behind the premier of Tasmania in Cabinet, and its holder serves as acting premier during absence or incapacity of the premier. The deputy premier may either be appointed by the premier during the cabinet formation process, or may be elected by caucus. Due to the contingent role of the deputy premier, they almost without exception have additional ministerial portfolios. The current deputy premier of Tasmania is Guy Barnett.
Chambersite
Chambersite is a manganese borate mineral with formula Mn3B7O13Cl. It is a member of the borate mineral series that includes other minerals such as ericaite (Fe3B7O13Cl) and boracite (Mg3B7O13Cl). When chambersite was first discovered, it was the second chemical analogue of boracite to be found in nature. It was discovered as a mineral at Barber's Hill salt dome in Texas in 1957 and in 1971 at the Dongshuichang deposit in Jixian, Tianjin, China.  Chambersite occurs associated with the evaporite minerals halite, anhydrite, and gypsum.

Jizhou, Tianjin
Jizhou District (simplified Chinese: 蓟州区; traditional Chinese: 薊州區; pinyin: Jìzhōu Qū), formerly a county known as  Ji County, is a district in the far north of the municipality of Tianjin, People's Republic of China, holding cultural and historical significance (e.g., the Buddhist Temple of Solitary Joy).
Ateji
In modern Japanese, ateji (当て字, 宛字 or あてじ, pronounced [ate(d)ʑi]; "assigned characters") principally refers to kanji used to phonetically represent native or borrowed words with less regard to the underlying meaning of the characters. This is similar to man'yōgana in Old Japanese. Conversely, ateji also refers to kanji used semantically without regard to the readings.

For example, the word "sushi" is often written with its ateji "寿司". Though the two characters have the readings 'su' and 'shi' respectively, the character '寿' means "one's natural life span" and '司' means "to administer", neither of which has anything to do with the food. Ateji as a means of representing loanwords has been largely superseded in modern Japanese by the use of katakana, although many ateji coined in earlier eras still linger on.

Kun'yomi
Kun'yomi (訓読み; Japanese pronunciation: [kɯɰ̃.jo.mi], lit. 'explanatory reading') or kundoku (訓読; [kɯn.do.kɯ]) is the way of reading kanji characters using the native Japanese word that matches the meaning of the Chinese character when it was introduced. This pronunciation is contrasted with on'yomi, which is the reading based on the original Chinese pronunciation of the character.

Generally, kun'yomi readings are used for simple, singular words, including most verbs, while on'yomi readings are used for compound, technical words.
Nan Bao
Nan Bao (男宝) is a mixture of Chinese herbs purported to increase the male libido. It is available from a variety of suppliers in similar formulations.

The capsules typically contain an amount of icariin, a substance commonly derived from "Horny Goat Weed" leaf and considered an aphrodisiac.

Epimedium
Epimedium, also known as barrenwort, bishop's hat, fairy wings, horny goat weed, or yin yang huo (Chinese: 淫羊藿; pinyin: Yínyánghùo; Wade–Giles: Yin²-yang²-huo⁴), is a genus of flowering plants in the family Berberidaceae. The majority of the species are endemic to China, with smaller numbers elsewhere in Asia and a few in the Mediterranean region.

Epimedium species are deciduous or evergreen hardy perennials. The majority have four-parted "spider-like" flowers in spring.

The species used as a dietary supplement is Epimedium grandiflorum. It contains icariin, which is a weak PDE5 inhibitor, in vitro. Its clinical effects are unknown. While there is little clinical evidence to date, as sildenafil, vardenafil, and tadalafil–sold under the brand names Viagra, Levitra and Cialis–are all based on (stronger) PDE5 inhibitory action, it is thought to have erectogenic properties and is found in some men's sexual health supplements.
Spas Wenkoff
Spas Wenkoff (Спас Венков) (23 September 1928 – 12 August 2013) was a Bulgarian-Austrian operatic tenor. He was known internationally for mastering the heldentenor roles by Wagner, such as Tristan and Tannhäuser. He appeared in his signature role Tristan first in 1975 at the Staatsoper Dresden, followed by the centenary Bayreuth Festival in 1976, and the Metropolitan Opera in 1981, among many others. He was a member of the Berlin State Opera from 1976 to 1984, and then appeared freelance at major opera houses. He was awarded the title Kammersänger in both Berlin and Vienna.

Semperoper
The Semperoper (German pronunciation: [ˈzɛmpɐˌʔoːpɐ] ⓘ) is the opera house of the Sächsische Staatsoper Dresden (Saxon State Opera) and the concert hall of the Staatskapelle Dresden (Saxon State Orchestra). It is also home to the Semperoper Ballett. The building is located on the Theaterplatz near the Elbe River in the historic centre of Dresden, Germany.

The opera house was originally built by the architect Gottfried Semper in 1841. After a devastating fire in 1869, the opera house was rebuilt, partly again by Semper, and completed in 1878. The opera house has a long history of premieres, including major works by Richard Wagner and Richard Strauss.
Lael Bethlehem
Lael Bethlehem (born 24 October 1967) is an expert in urban development. She was director of economic development at the City of Johannesburg from 2002 to 2005 and chief executive of the Johannesburg Development Agency from 2005 to 2010. Prior to those roles, she also served as Chief Director of Forestry at the South African National Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, where she led South Africa’s forestry programme and represented the country in international forestry negotiations.  Today, Bethlehem is an investment executive at Hosken Consolidated Investments.

Department of Water and Sanitation
The Department of Water and Sanitation is one of the departments of the South African government.  It is responsible for the state of water and sanitation in South Africa.

In May 2009, following the election of Jacob Zuma, the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry was divided, with the forestry responsibility being transferred to the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. The Department of Water and Sanitation was established in May 2014 by President Jacob Zuma with former Gauteng Premier Nomvula Mokonyane becoming the first Minister (26 May 2014 – 28 January 2018). She was replaced by Gugile Nkwinti.
FC Würzburger Kickers
Fußball-Club Würzburger Kickers e.V. is a German association football club playing in Würzburg, Bavaria. In pre-World War II football, the club competed briefly at the highest level in the Bezirksliga Bayern, and during the war, in the Gauliga Bayern. Post-war, it made a single appearance in professional football in the southern division of the 2. Bundesliga in 1977–78. After a long stint in amateur football, dropping as low as the seventh tier, the club began a recovery. The Kickers reached professional football again in 2014–15 after winning promotion to the 3. Liga and the following season were promoted to the 2. Bundesliga.

2. Bundesliga Süd (1974–1981)
The 2. Bundesliga Süd was the second-highest level of the West German football league system in the south of West Germany from its introduction in 1974 until the formation of the single-division 2. Bundesliga in 1981. It covered the southern states of Saarland, Rhineland-Palatinate, Baden-Württemberg, Hesse and Bavaria.
Prince Sixtus Henry of Bourbon-Parma
Prince Sixtus Henry of Bourbon-Parma (Spanish: Don Sixto Enrique de Borbón-Parma y de Borbón-Busset; Italian: Don Sisto Enrico di Borbone Parma; born 22 July 1940), known as Enrique V by supporters, is considered Regent of Spain by some Carlists who accord him the titles Duke of Aranjuez, Infante of Spain, and Standard-bearer of Tradition.

Prince Carlos, Duke of Parma
Prince Carlos, Duke of Parma and Piacenza (Carlos Xavier Bernardo Sixto Marie; born 27 January 1970) is the current Head of the House of Bourbon-Parma, which ruled the Duchy of Parma and Piacenza from 1748 to 1802 and from 1847 to 1859. He assumed the role upon the death of his father in 2010.

The eldest son of Carlos Hugo, Duke of Parma and Princess Irene of the Netherlands, Carlos is also a member of the Dutch royal family and the Dutch nobility with the style of "His Royal Highness" and the title of Prince Carlos de Bourbon de Parme. Additionally, he is the Carlist pretender to the Spanish throne with the title Duke of Madrid. In the French nobility, he bears the title "Prince de Borbon", and is the grand master of the Parmesan Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George, the Order of Saint Louis for Civil Merit, the Order of Prohibited Legitimacy and the Order of St. George for Military Merit.
Daniel Dougherty
Daniel Dougherty (October 15, 1826 – September 5, 1892) was a Philadelphia lawyer involved in Democratic Party politics.  Known as a great orator, he is most famous for having delivered the nominating speeches for Winfield Scott Hancock at the 1880 Democratic National Convention and for Grover Cleveland at the 1888 convention.

1888 Democratic National Convention
The 1888 Democratic National Convention was a nominating convention held June 5 to 7, 1888, in the St. Louis Exposition and Music Hall in St. Louis, Missouri. It nominated President Grover Cleveland for reelection and former Senator Allen G. Thurman of Ohio for vice president.

St. Louis won the convention after a presentation in February 1888.
Olympian City
Olympian City (Chinese: 奧海城; Jyutping: ou3 hoi2 sing4) is a shopping and residential complex built on reclaimed land in Tai Kok Tsui, Kowloon, Hong Kong, next to the MTR Olympic station. It is one of the main shopping and residential areas in West Kowloon. The shopping arcades, Olympian City 1, 2 and 3, were developed by Sino Land while the residential buildings were developed by MTR Corporation and Sino Land.

Park Avenue, Central Park (Hong Kong)
Park Avenue (Chinese: 柏景灣; Jyutping: baak3 ging2 waan1) and Central Park (Chinese: 帝柏海灣; Jyutping: dai3 paak3 hoi2 waan1) is a private housing estate in Tai Kok Tsui, Kowloon, Hong Kong. It was one of the projects connected with the MTR Olympic station Phase II development and is built on the reclaimed land of the former Yau Ma Tei Typhoon Shelter. Developed by the consortium of MTR Corporation, Sino Land, Kerry Properties, Bank of China (Hong Kong) and China Overseas Land and Investment in 2001, it comprises nine high-rise buildings (Central Park: Block 1, 2, 3 and 5 ; Park Avenue: Block 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10) with a total of 2,396 units (Park Avenue: 1,592 ; Central Park: 1,344).
Second Portuguese–Ovimbundu War
The Second Portuguese–Ovimbundu War, also known as the Bailundo revolt and the National Liberation Revolt in Angola, was an armed conflict between the kingdoms of the Ovimbundu people, primarily the Bailundo kingdom, against the Portuguese Empire.

The conflict was motivated by Portuguese colonial ambitions, control of trade routes, and the sudden decline in the price of rubber, pitting the Ovimbundu people against European immigrants and colonial representatives.

Considered the largest military exercise on African soil against a colonial power before World War I, it lasted from 1890 to 1904, ending in a Portuguese victory.

Ovimbundu
The Ovimbundu, also known as the Southern Mbundu, are a Bantu ethnic group who live on the Bié Plateau of central Angola and in the coastal strip west of these highlands.  As the largest ethnic group in Angola, they make up 38 percent of the country's population. Overwhelmingly the Ovimbundu follow Christianity, mainly the Igreja Evangélica Congregacional de Angola (IECA), founded by American missionaries, and the Catholic Church. However, some still retain beliefs and practices from African traditional religions.
Karol Jokl
Karol Jokl (29 August 1945 – 28 October 1996) was a Slovak football player and manager. He played for ŠK Slovan Bratislava and Czechoslovakia.

Between 1963 and 1975 he played in the Czechoslovak First League for ŠK Slovan Bratislava, scoring a total of 69 goals in 245 matches. Among his greatest honours is winning the 1968–69 European Cup Winners' Cup, as well as two league titles and two Czechoslovak Cups.

Jokl made his debut for the national team of Czechoslovakia at the age of 18, going on to score 11 goals in 27 matches for his country. He played in all three of Czechoslovakia's matches at the 1970 FIFA World Cup.

1968–69 European Cup Winners' Cup
The 1968–69 European Cup Winners' Cup was the ninth season of the European Cup Winners' Cup, a club football competition organised by UEFA for the cup winners from each of its member associations. The tournament was won by Czechoslovakian side Slovan Bratislava, who beat Spanish club Barcelona 3–2 in the final in Basel, Switzerland. It was the first time a club from the Eastern Bloc won the title. A number of withdrawals by Eastern European clubs from the first round as a result of the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia led to several walkovers and byes that lasted into the second round.
Srbuhi Galyan
Srbuhi Hovhannes Galyan (Armenian: Սրբուհի Հովհաննեսի Գալյան; born 5 May 1992) is an Armenian lawyer, academic and politician, Minister of Justice of Armenia since 2024. She previously served as Deputy Prosecutor General between 2020 and 2024.

Ministry of Justice (Armenia)
The Ministry of Justice of Armenia (Armenian: Հայաստանի արդարադատության նախարարություն) is an Armenian government agency which possesses executive authority and executes policies of the Government of Armenia in sectors that are closely associated with laws and regulations. The ministry oversees the operations of the following agencies:

Compulsory Enforcement Service

Penitentiary Service

Probation Service

The ministry was founded in 1918 by the government of Hovhannes Kajaznuni of the newly-formed Republic of Armenia.
Arceuthobium johnianum
Arceuthobium johnianum is an extinct species of dwarf mistletoe described from specimens in amber. The species was first named in 1845 and has been moved to several different genera since, with placement into Arceuthobium happening in 2017. The species was native to the late Eocene Baltic Amber forests of northern Europe. The known fossils are all isolated vegetation, but the morphology supports the probability they were hemiparasitic as the modern species are. It has been suggested that A. johnianum and a group of related species played a part in generating canopy diversity and possibly increased resin generation in the Baltic Amber forest.

Arceuthobium
The genus Arceuthobium, commonly called dwarf mistletoes, is a genus of 42 species of parasitic plants that parasitize members of Pinaceae and Cupressaceae in North America, Central America, Asia, Europe, and Africa. Of the 42 species that have been recognized, 39 and 21 of these are endemic to North America and the United States, respectively. They all have very reduced shoots and leaves (mostly reduced to scales) with the bulk of the plant living under the host's bark. Recently the number of species within the genus has been reduced to 26 as a result of more detailed genetic analysis.