hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
William Thornton Bate
William Thornton Bate (31 January 1818 – 29 December 1857) was a British Royal Navy officer and surveyor. He served in First Anglo-Chinese War and Second Anglo-Chinese War. He died during the Battle of Canton in 1857.

Battle of Canton (1857)
The Battle of Canton (Chinese: 廣州城戰役) was fought by British and French forces against Qing China on 28–31 December 1857 during the Second Opium War.  The British High Commissioner, Lord Elgin, was keen to take the city of Canton (Guangzhou) as a demonstration of power and to capture Chinese official Ye Mingchen, who had resisted British attempts to implement the 1842 Treaty of Nanking. Elgin ordered an Anglo-French force to take the town and an assault began on 28 December. Allied forces took control of the city walls on 29 December but delayed entry into the city itself until 5 January. They subsequently captured Ye and some reports state they burnt down much of the town. The ease with which the allies won the battle was one of the reasons for the signing of the Treaty of Tientsin in 1858.
Pattalam (2009 film)
Pattalam (transl. Crew) is a 2009 Indian Tamil-language teen drama film directed by Rohan Krishna. Produced and distributed by Thirrupathi Brothers, the film features an ensemble cast including Nadhiya, Yuthan Balaji, Arun, Hariharan, Irfan, Deepthi Nambiar, and Vikash Suresh. The music was composed by Jassie Gift. The film was released on 27 March 2009.

The film is about a school correspondent and psychiatrist who is very close to eight school going youngsters who are having a blast enjoying their teenage years without any commitments to burden them.

Jassie Gift
Jassie Gift is an Indian cinematic music composer and playback singer. He composes songs and sings for Malayalam, Kannada, Tamil and Telugu films. He became famous after the release of the song "Lajjavathiye" from the film 4 The People.

He won the Best Music Director award at The Bangalore Times Film Awards 2011. He is credited with popularising Rapping and Hip-hop in Kerala. He is also known for Sanju Weds Geetha (2011), Anniyan (2005) and Myna (2013).
Pterostylis boormanii
Pterostylis boormanii, commonly known as the Sikh's whiskers, baggy britches, or Boorroans green-hood is a plant in the orchid family Orchidaceae and is endemic to south-eastern Australia. It has a rosette of leaves and up to seven dark reddish-brown flowers with translucent "windows" and a thick, brown, bristly, insect-like labellum.

Rosette (botany)
In botany, a rosette is a circular arrangement of leaves or of structures resembling leaves.

In flowering plants, rosettes usually sit near the soil, but they can also be at the top of an otherwise leafless branch or trunk. Their structure is an example of a modified stem in which the internode gaps between the leaves do not expand, so that all the leaves remain clustered tightly together and at a similar height. Some insects induce the development of galls that are leafy rosettes.

In bryophytes and algae, a rosette results from the repeated branching of the thallus as the plant grows, resulting in a circular outline.
Milan Vidmar Jr.
Milan Vidmar Jr. (16 December 1909, Weiz – 10 November 1980, Ljubljana) was a Slovenian-Yugoslavian chess master.

He was a son of Milan Vidmar, a leading Slovenian chess grandmaster.

In 1938, he tied for 9th–10th in Ljubljana (Boris Kostić won, and Milan Vidmar sr shared 5th place). In 1942, he shared 1st with Efim Bogoljubow in Cottbus. He tied for 2nd–3rd with his father, behind Svetozar Gligorić, at Ljubljana (Liberation) 1945/46, took 6th at Karlovy Vary / Mariánské Lázně 1948 (Jan Foltys won), shared 8th at Vienna 1951 (4th Schlechter Memorial, Moshe Czerniak won), and took 10th at Opatija 1953 (Aleksandar Matanović won).

Vidmar Jr. played for Yugoslavia at first reserve board (+4 –0 =2) in the 9th Chess Olympiad at Dubrovnik 1950. He won team gold medal.

He was awarded the IM title in 1950.

Boris Kostić
Borislav Kostić (24 February 1887 – 3 November 1963) was a Serbian chess grandmaster and a popularizer of the game. He was one of the best players in the world during the early part of the 20th century and in 1950 was among the inaugural recipients of the title International Grandmaster from FIDE.
2023 Arab Games
The 2023 Arab Sports Games was the 13th edition of the Arab Games, an international multi-sport event which took place in Algeria, between 5 and 15 July 2023. The event included 22 sports with all 22 members of the Arab League participating. For the first time, five cities hosted the games: Algiers, Oran, Constantine, Annaba and Tipaza.

Annaba
Annaba (Arabic: عنابة, lit. 'place of the Jujubes'), formerly known as Hippone, Bona and Bône, is a seaport city in the northeastern corner of Algeria, close to the border with Tunisia. Annaba is near the small Seybouse River and is in Annaba Province. With a population of about 263,650 (2019) and 1,000,000 for the metropolitan area, Annaba is the third-largest city and the leading industrial center in Algeria.

Annaba is a coastal city that underwent significant growth during the 20th century. Annaba has a metropolitan area with a higher population density than the other metropolitan areas of the Algerian coastline, such as Oran and Algiers. Much of eastern and southern Algeria uses the services, equipment and infrastructure of Annaba. Economically, it is the centre for various economic activities, such as industry, transportation, finance, and tourism.
Tricks (album)
Tricks (stylized as TrickS) is the fifth studio album by electro-industrial band ohGr. The album was funded via a PledgeMusic campaign and was released on June 18, 2018, after a number of delays. The band raised $20,000 within a few days of announcing their campaign. The band embarked on a North American tour alongside Paul Barker's Lead into Gold and Omniflux.

In January 2019, producer Mark Walk told Billboard that PledgeMusic had owed the band $100,000 and that they had been unable to manufacture merchandise and fulfill orders since the album's release.

Lead into Gold
Lead into Gold is a side project of American industrial musician Paul Barker, best known as the bassist for Ministry and the Hermes Pan half of the Luxa/Pan production team.  Primarily a solo project by Barker, Lead into Gold featured occasional guest performances by his Ministry bandmates Al Jourgensen and Bill Rieflin as well as Stuart Zechman of Stabbing Westward.
Calvin W. Fowler
Calvin Wooding Fowler Sr. (born July 29, 1935) is an American lawyer and politician who served as a member of the Virginia House of Delegates.

In 1965, he joined the law firm of Sanford & Clement (today Clement & Wheatley), after serving as assistant commonwealth's attorney in Danville. The son of former Delegate Clinton A. Fowler, he was first elected to the House in 1969 to succeed Dan Daniel, who resigned following his election to Congress.

Clinton A. Fowler
Clinton Arlando Fowler (January 30, 1898 – September 22, 1972) was an American lawyer and politician who served as a member of the Virginia House of Delegates during the General Assembly's 1932 and special 1933 sessions. A resident of Ringgold, he represented the district composed of Pittsylvania and the City of Danville.
Thomas S. Mullaney
Thomas Shawn Mullaney (born 1978) is an American sinologist. He is a Guggenheim fellow. He is professor of history at Stanford University, working on technology, race, and ethnicity in China.

Mullaney received his Ph.D. in history from Columbia University in 2006 after completing a doctoral dissertation under the supervision of Madeleine Zelin. His dissertation became the basis of his first book, Coming to Terms with the Nation: Ethnic Classification in Modern China, which received the 2011 American Historical Association Pacific Branch Award for “Best First Book on Any Historical Subject.” Benedict Anderson wrote a foreword for the book.

In 2006, Mullaney joined the faculty of Stanford as assistant professor. He was promoted to associate professor with tenure in 2012, and to full professor in 2019.

His 2017 book The Chinese Typewriter: A History won the John K. Fairbank Prize, the Lewis Mumford Award, and Honorable Mention by the Joseph Levenson Book Prize.

American Historical Association
The American Historical Association (AHA) is the oldest professional association of historians in the United States and the largest such organization in the world with 11,000 members as of 2025. Founded in 1884, AHA works to protect academic freedom, develop professional standards, and support scholarship and innovative teaching. It publishes The American Historical Review four times annually, which features scholarly history-related articles and book reviews.

AHA is the major learned society for historians working in the United States, while the Organization of American Historians is a field society for historians who study and teach about the United States. The AHA's congressional charter of 1889, established it "for the promotion of historical studies, the collection and preservation of historical manuscripts, and for kindred purposes in the interest of American history, and of history in America."
Les Anthony
Leslie "Les" Anthony (21 November 1921 – 24 October 2010) was a Welsh rugby union, and professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1940s and 1950s. He played representative level rugby union (RU) for Wales, and at club level for Cwmllynfell RFC and Neath RFC (captain), as a prop, and club level rugby league (RL) for Oldham.

Oldham R.L.F.C.
Oldham Rugby League Football Club is a professional rugby league football club based in Oldham, Greater Manchester, England. The club plays home games at Bower Fold in Stalybridge, and compete in the Championship, the second tier of British rugby league.

Oldham have won the League Championship four times, Challenge Cup three times and the Second Division three times.

The clubs traditional home kits are red and white hooped jerseys, navy blue shorts and red socks. They share a local rivalry with Rochdale Hornets, Salford Red Devils and Swinton Lions and cross county rivalries with nearby Huddersfield Giants and Halifax.
Matrix difference equation
A matrix difference equation is a difference equation in which the value of a vector (or sometimes, a matrix) of variables at one point in time is related to its own value at one or more previous points in time, using matrices. The order of the equation is the maximum time gap between any two indicated values of the variable vector.  For example,

is an example of a second-order matrix difference equation, in which x is an n × 1 vector of variables and A and B are n × n matrices.  This equation is homogeneous because there is no vector constant term added to the end of the equation.  The same equation might also be written as

or as

The most commonly encountered matrix difference equations are first-order.

Algebraic Riccati equation
An algebraic Riccati equation is a type of nonlinear equation that arises in the context of infinite-horizon optimal control problems in continuous time or discrete time.

A typical algebraic Riccati equation is similar to one of the following:

the continuous time algebraic Riccati equation (CARE):

or the discrete time algebraic Riccati equation (DARE):

P is the unknown n by n symmetric matrix and A, B, Q, R are known real coefficient matrices, with Q and R symmetric.

Though generally this equation can have many solutions, it is usually specified that we want to obtain the unique stabilizing solution, if such a solution exists.
Unigenitus
Unigenitus (named for its Latin opening words Unigenitus Dei Filius, or "Only-begotten Son of God") is an apostolic constitution in the form of a papal bull promulgated by Pope Clement XI in 1713. It opened the final phase of the Jansenist controversy in France. Unigenitus censured 101 propositions of Pasquier Quesnel as:

false, captious, ill-sounding, offensive to pious ears, scandalous, pernicious, rash, injurious to the Church and its practices, contumelious to Church and State, seditious, impious, blasphemous, suspected and savouring of heresy, favouring heretics, heresy, and schism, erroneous, bordering on heresy, often condemned, heretical, and reviving various heresies, especially those contained in the famous propositions of Jansenius.

Gallicanism
Gallicanism is the belief that popular secular authority—often represented by the monarch's or the state's authority—over the Catholic Church is comparable to that of the pope. Gallicanism may be contrasted with ultramontanism. Gallicanism shares some similarities with the ecclesiology of Anglicanism, but while it plays down the authority of the Pope in church, it generally does not deny that there are some authoritative elements to the papal office as primus inter pares ('first among equals'). Other terms for the same or similar doctrines include Erastianism, Regalism, Febronianism, and Josephinism.

Gallicanism originated in France (the term derives from Gallia, the Latin name of Gaul), and is unrelated to the first-millennium Catholic Gallican Rite. In the 18th century, it spread to the Low Countries, especially the Netherlands. The University of Notre Dame professor John McGreevy defines it as "the notion that national customs might trump Roman (Catholic Church) regulations."
Willie Parker
Willie Everett Parker Jr. (born November 11, 1980) is an American former professional football player who was a running back for six seasons for the Pittsburgh Steelers of the National Football League (NFL). After playing college football for the North Carolina Tar Heels, he was signed by the Steelers as an undrafted free agent in 2004.

Larry Johnson (running back)
Larry Alphonso Johnson Jr. (born November 19, 1979) is an American former professional football player who was a running back in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Penn State Nittany Lions, winning the Maxwell Award and earning unanimous All-American honors in 2002. He was selected by the Kansas City Chiefs in the first round of the 2003 NFL draft, and also played for the Cincinnati Bengals, the Washington Redskins, and the Miami Dolphins.
Fighting Valley
Fighting Valley is a 1943 American Western film written and directed by Oliver Drake. The film stars Dave O'Brien, James Newill, Guy Wilkerson, Patti McCarty, John Merton and Robert Bice. The film was released on August 8, 1943, by Producers Releasing Corporation.

John Merton
John Merton (born Myrtland F. LaVarre; February 18, 1901 – September 19, 1959) was an American film actor. He appeared in more than 250 films between 1927 and 1959, mostly as a villain. He was the brother of filmmakers André de la Varre and William LaVarre, the father of actor Lane Bradford, the grandfather of actress Diane Delano, and the great-uncle of academic Hollis Robbins.
Craig M. Boise
Craig M. Boise (born 1963) is an American legal scholar who was the dean of Syracuse University College of Law from July 2016 until June 30, 2024. He previously served as dean of Cleveland–Marshall College of Law.

Cleveland State University College of Law
41°30′07″N 81°40′43″W﻿ / ﻿41.50193°N 81.67851°W﻿ / 41.50193; -81.67851

Cleveland State University College of Law is the law school of Cleveland State University, a public research university in Cleveland, Ohio. It traces its origins to Cleveland Law School, founded in 1897, which merged in 1946 with the John Marshall School of Law to become Cleveland-Marshall Law School and was absorbed by the university in 1969. It is accredited by the American Bar Association and is a member of the Association of American Law Schools.
Confluence of sinuses
The confluence of sinuses (Latin: confluens sinuum), torcular Herophili, or torcula is the connecting point of the superior sagittal sinus, straight sinus, and occipital sinus. It is below the internal occipital protuberance of the skull. It drains venous blood from the brain into the transverse sinuses. It may be affected by arteriovenous fistulas, a thrombus, major trauma, or surgical damage, and may be imaged with many radiology techniques.

Venous blood
Venous blood is deoxygenated blood which travels from the peripheral blood vessels, through the venous system into the right atrium of the heart.  Deoxygenated blood is then pumped by the right ventricle to the lungs via the pulmonary artery which is divided in two branches, left and right to the left and right lungs respectively. Blood is oxygenated in the lungs and returns to the left atrium through the pulmonary veins.

Venous blood is typically colder than arterial blood, and has a lower oxygen content and pH. It also has lower concentrations of glucose and other nutrients and has higher concentrations of urea and other waste products. The difference in the oxygen content of arterial blood and venous blood is known as the arteriovenous oxygen difference.

Most medical laboratory tests are conducted on venous blood, with the exception of arterial blood gas tests. Venous blood is obtained for lab work by venipuncture (also called phlebotomy), or by finger prick for small quantities.
Energy Brix Power Station
The Energy Brix Power Station was a brown coal–fired thermal power station located at Morwell, in Victoria, Australia. The power station was used to supply electricity for the retail market, as well as the production of briquettes in the adjacent Energy Brix briquette works. It was shut down in August 2014 and is currently the earliest surviving large-scale power station designed to provide electricity to the state electricity network. A 100 MW / 200 MWh grid battery is being built at the site.

Morwell
Morwell is a town in the Latrobe Valley area of Gippsland, in South-Eastern Victoria, Australia approximately 152 km (94 mi) east of Melbourne.

Morwell has a population of 14,389 people at the 2021 census.

It is both the capital and administrative centre for the City of Latrobe and the city’s second most populous town after the neighbouring Traralgon. Morwell is located in the centre of the Latrobe Valley urban area, which has a population of 77,168 at the 2021 Census and is home to many of the greater urban area's civic institutions, administrative functions and infrastructure.

The city is known for its role as a major energy production centre for Victoria as the centre of a major coal mining and fossil-fuel power generation industry.

Morwell's centenary rose garden located in the central business district, won an award in 2009 for being a 'garden of excellence'. Since 2018, the town has hosted the International Rose Garden Festival Morwell (IRGFM).
Pasargadae (Persian tribe)
The Pasargadae were an Iranian tribe from Persis (Parsa in Old Persian) or Persia Proper, in modern southwestern Iran (this ancient country roughly matches with the modern Iranian provinces of Fars or Pars, Bushehr and western Hormozgan). This tribe was one of the three main and leading Persian tribes (the Persians were and are one of the Iranian peoples) alongside the Maraphii and the Maspii. From the Pasargadae came the Achaemenid royal family. The first capital of the Persian Achaemenid Empire, Pasargadae, was in the land of this tribe and took its name from them.

Maraphii
The Maraphii (Old Persian: Marafiya) were an Iranian tribe from Persis (Parsa in Old Persian) or Persia, in modern southwestern Iran. This tribe was one of the three main and leading Persian tribes (the Persians were and are one of the Iranian peoples) alongside the Maspii and the Pasargadae (from this tribe came the Achaemenid royal family).
Yue He
Yue He is a fictional character in Water Margin, one of the Four Great Classical Novels in Chinese literature. Nicknamed "Iron Whistle", he ranks 77th among the 108 Stars of Destiny and 41st among the 72 Earthly Fiends.

108 Heroes
The 108 Heroes are the main characters of the Ming dynasty classic Chinese novel the Water Margin, which was written in the 14th century and usually attributed to Shi Nai'an. The heroes are divided into the 36 Heavenly Spirits and 72 Earthly Fiends, groups that are based on a belief in Daoism that Ursa Major has 36 Heavenly stars and 72 Earthly stars. The 108 Heroes represent 108 demonic generals who were banished by Shangdi, a supreme god in Chinese folk religion. Having repented since their banishment, the stars are released from imprisonment by accident, and are reborn in the world as 108 heroes who band together for the cause of justice. The bulk of the novel describes the lives of these men and women and how they came to come together in Mount Liang to rebel against the evil forces controlling the court of the Song dynasty.
Rhinog Fawr
Rhinog Fawr is a mountain in Snowdonia, North Wales and forms part of the Rhinogydd range. It is the third highest summit of the Rhinogydd, losing out to Y Llethr and Diffwys respectively. Its smaller cousin Rhinog Fach lies to the south, separated by the pass of Bwlch Drws Ardudwy, while its other neighbour, Moel Ysgyfarnogod lies to the north.

In common with most of the range, the terrain is characterised by hard sedimentary rock covered with heather, making progress on foot difficult. At 510m, nestled in crags, lies Llyn Du, a small tarn beneath the summit. The ascent is most easily made from the north-east or north-west, via the Roman Steps pass.

Diffwys
Diffwys is a mountain in Snowdonia, Wales, near Barmouth and forms part of the Rhinogydd. On the north side is an exposure of the Caerdion Syncline. It is technically a subsidiary summit of Y Llethr, missing Marilyn status by 2m. It is therefore a sub Marilyn.

The summit has a trig point. To the north is Y Llethr and Crib-y-rhiw, to the east is Y Garn, to the south is Cadair Idris, and to the west is its top Diffwys West Top.
Daywalker!
"Daywalker!" (stylized as "DAYWALKER!") is a song by American musician Machine Gun Kelly featuring fellow American musician and YouTuber Corpse Husband that was released on March 12, 2021. It is a trap metal and techno-punk song produced by Kelly, BazeXX, and SlimXX with additional writing credit by Corpse Husband. Music video co-directed by Kelly and Sam Cahill was published on March 18, and it features Kelly fighting with another man and Valkyrae portraying Corpse Husband. The song garnered commendable success despite being censored on several platforms & playlisting, charting at number 53 in the UK, and 88 in the US, becoming Corpse's first entry on the Billboard Hot 100.

Dance-punk
Dance-punk is a subgenre of post-punk that emerged in the late 1970s, and is closely associated with the disco, post-disco and new wave movements. The genre, which began originally as disco-punk or punk funk, is characterized by the incorporation of the angularity and syncopation of funk and the upbeat, danceable rhythms of disco into post-punk, art punk and more general punk rock. Its development is closely related to avant-funk, originally known as mutant disco. It was most prominent in punk in New York City, overlapping into the no wave movement.
Craig Thomson (footballer, born 1995)
Craig Thomson (born 10 March 1995) is a Scottish professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for SJFA Midlands League side Dundee North End. He has previously played for St Johnstone, Elgin City, Stranraer, East Fife, Brechin City, Airdrieonians and Forfar Athletic.

East Fife F.C.
East Fife Football Club is a semi-professional football club established in 1903 in Methil, Fife, Scotland. They are members of the Scottish Professional Football League and compete in Scottish League One, the third tier of the Scottish football league system.

The club were the first to win the Scottish League Cup three times and the first of only two sides from the second tier of the Scottish league system to win the Scottish Cup. This makes them the most successful club in Fife in terms of major honours won.

East Fife are one of four SPFL clubs based in Fife, but are the only one to bear the name of the area. The three others are Dunfermline Athletic, Kelty Hearts and the Kirkcaldy-based Raith Rovers (Cowdenbeath play in the Lowland Football League), all of whom have historically shared rivalries with East Fife.