hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
2022 in Italy
The following is a list of events from the year 2022 in Italy.

Following the COVID-19 pandemic, Italy's economy was affected by a global inflation surge. In January, President Sergio Mattarella was re-elected for a second term. On February 27th, the Italian government responded to the Russian invasion of Ukraine as a partner of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), authorizing weapons shipments to Ukraine. Former Italian Prime Minister Mario Draghi states, "...The aggression against Ukraine is barbaric and a threat to the whole of Europe. The European Union must react with utmost determination," (Reuters, 2022). Later in the year, a government crisis led to subsequent elections, which brought into office Giorgia Meloni, the first female Prime Minister of Italy.

President of Italy
The  president of Italy, officially titled President of the Italian Republic (Italian: Presidente della Repubblica Italiana), is the head of state of Italy. In that role, the president represents national unity and guarantees that Italian politics comply with the Constitution. The president is the commander-in-chief of the Italian Armed Forces and chairs the High Council of the Judiciary. The president serves a seven-year term, with no term limits. The incumbent president is former constitutional judge Sergio Mattarella, who was elected on 31 January 2015, and re-elected on 29 January 2022.
Atlas of the Languages of Iran
The online Atlas of the Languages of Iran (ALI) is a collection of interactive language distribution maps and linguistic maps of the languages spoken across Iran. The atlas is developed and maintained at the Geomatics and Cartographic Research Center (GCRC) at Carleton University in Ottawa, Canada. The maps on the atlas are searchable and illustrate patterns in the phonology, morphosyntax, and lexicon of languages spoken in Iran. As the atlas is interactive, users are free to access the data and information represented on the maps, and they are encouraged to contribute and comment on the language data for each location.

Linguistic map
A linguistic map is a thematic map showing the geographic distribution of the speakers of a language, or isoglosses of a dialect continuum of the same language, or language family. A collection of such maps is a linguistic atlas.

The earliest such atlas was the Sprachatlas des Deutschen Reiches of Georg Wenker and Ferdinand Wrede, published beginning in 1888, followed by the Atlas Linguistique de la France, of Jules Gilliéron between 1902 and 1910, the Linguistischer Atlas des dacorumänischen Sprachgebietes published in 1909 by Gustav Weigand and the AIS - Sprach- und Sachatlas Italiens und der Südschweiz of Karl Jaberg and Jakob Jud, published 1928–1940. The first linguistic atlas of the US was published by Hans Kurath.  The Linguistic Atlas of England was the result of the Survey of English Dialects, led by Harold Orton and Eugen Dieth.

The first computerised linguistic atlas was the Atlas Linguarum Europae, first published in 1975.
Pentomino
A pentomino (or 5-omino) is a polyomino of order 5; that is, a polygon in the plane made of 5 equal-sized squares connected edge to edge. The term is derived from the Greek word for '5' and "domino". When rotations and reflections are not considered to be distinct shapes, there are 12 different free pentominoes. When reflections are considered distinct, there are 18 one-sided pentominoes. When rotations are also considered distinct, there are 63 fixed pentominoes.

Pentomino tiling puzzles and games are popular in recreational mathematics. Usually, video games such as Tetris imitations and Rampart consider mirror reflections to be distinct, and thus use the full set of 18 one-sided pentominoes. (Tetris itself uses 4-square shapes.)

Each of the twelve pentominoes satisfies the Conway criterion; hence, every pentomino is capable of tiling the plane. Each chiral pentomino can tile the plane without being reflected.

Rotational symmetry
Rotational symmetry, also known as radial symmetry in geometry, is the property a shape has when it looks the same after some rotation by a partial turn. An object's degree of rotational symmetry is the number of distinct orientations in which it looks exactly the same for each rotation.

Certain geometric objects are partially symmetrical when rotated at certain angles such as squares rotated 90°, however the only geometric objects that are fully rotationally symmetric at any angle are spheres, circles and other spheroids.
Independiente Santa Fe (women)
Club Independiente Santa Fe Femenino, commonly known as Independiente Santa Fe or simply Santa Fe, is a professional women's football club based in Bogotá, Colombia. They are the women's football section of Independiente Santa Fe and they currently play in the Colombian Women's Football League, the top level women's football league in Colombia. To date, the club has won three league titles.

Like the institution's male counterpart, who were the first Colombian professional football champion in the 1948 season, the women's team obtained the honor of being the first team to win the Colombian Women's Football League, with their title in the first edition of the competition in 2017.

In 2016, for the foundation of the women's team, Independiente Santa Fe formed an alliance with the amateur team Future Soccer, thus establishing the team.

Colombian Women's Football League
The Liga Femenina Profesional de Fútbol Colombiano (Colombian Professional Women's Football League) or Liga Femenina BetPlay DIMAYOR (sponsored name) is the top level women's football league in Colombia. The first season was held in 2017, with 18 teams taking part. The champion qualifies to the Copa Libertadores Femenina.
Tirath Singh Rawat
Tirath Singh Rawat (born 9 April 1964) is an Indian politician, a former Chief Minister of Uttarakhand and former Member of Parliament from Lok Sabha. He served as CM and former leader of the house in state legislative assembly in 2021. He was elected to the 17th Lok Sabha from the Garhwal constituency in the 2019 Indian general election as member of the Bharatiya Janata Party. He was the state president of Bharatiya Janata Party Uttarakhand from  February 2013 to December 2015 and former member of Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly from Chaubattakhal constituency from 2012 to 2017. He was also the first Education Minister of Uttarakhand.

Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly
The Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly, also known as the Uttarakhand Vidhan Sabha (formerly the Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly), is a unicameral governing and law making body of Uttarakhand, one of the 28 states of India. It is seated at Dehradun, the winter capital, and Gairsain, the summer capital of Uttarakhand. The total strength of the assembly is 71 Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLA).

As of March 2022, Pushkar Singh Dhami is the current Chief Minister of Uttarakhand and Leader of the House in the 5th Vidhan Sabha. The Speaker of the Assembly is Ritu Khanduri Bhushan. Gurmit Singh is the current Governor of Uttarakhand.
Nitocris (band)
Nitocris were an Australian punk and heavy metal band formed in 1992. They were one of the country's first all-female punk rockers of the "grot grrrls" movement (related to the United States riot grrrls). They released their debut album, Screaming Dolorous on Phantom Records in 1994. Their second album, Nitocris, followed in 2000 and they disbanded in November 2001. At the ARIA Music Awards of 2001, Nitocris were nominated for Best Independent Release.

ARIA Award for Best Independent Release
The ARIA Music Award for Best Independent Release, is an award presented at the annual ARIA Music Awards, which recognises "the many achievements of Aussie artists across all music genres", since 1987. It is handed out by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), an organisation whose aim is "to advance the interests of the Australian record industry."

John Butler Trio hold the record for both the most wins and the most nominations in this category, with three wins from seven nominations, though Ed Kuepper's total nominations also reach seven if his nomination as a member of the Aints is counted. Vance Joy and Dan Sultan are tied for the most nominations without a win with four each. Kuepper is both the only artist to win in consecutive years, which occurred in 1993 and 1994, and the only musician nominated for two acts in the same year, as in 1992 he was nominated both as a solo artist and a member of the Aints.
Anton Ferdinand Mittrowsky
Anton Ferdinand Freiherr Mittrowsky von Mittrowitz und Nemyšl, or Anton Mittrowsky, (1745 – 30 September 1809) was promoted to general officer in the spring of 1796, just in time to lead a brigade against Napoleon Bonaparte during the Italian campaign of 1796–1797 in the War of the First Coalition. He served as a regimental commander in 1792–1796, leading his unit at Neerwinden, Famars, and Le Quesnoy in 1793. In the following year, he led the regiment at Landrecies, Beaumont, Courtrai, and Fleurus. In 1796, he led a brigade at Castiglione and 2nd Bassano, and played a pivotal role at Arcole, nearly defeating Bonaparte. In 1799, he commanded troops at Verona, Magnano, Novi, and Genola. During the Napoleonic Wars he led forces at Caldiero in 1805. He became the Proprietor (Inhaber) of an Austrian infantry regiment from 1806 until his death three years later.

Battle of Beaumont (1794)
The Battle of Beaumont-en-Cambrésis 26 April 1794 (sometimes referred to as the Battle of Coteau, or in France the Battle of Troisvilles) was an action forming part of a multi-pronged attempt to relieve the besieged fortress of Landrecies, during the Flanders Campaign of the French Revolutionary War. The British and Austrians under the Duke of York defeated a French advance northwards from Cambrai commanded by René Chapuis (Chapuy). Rudolf von Otto, York's Austrian subordinate, led the main attack, which smashed the French flank and Chapuis was captured as a result.
FC Arda Kardzhali
FC Arda 1924 Kardzhali (Bulgarian: ПФК Арда Кърджали) is a Bulgarian professional football club based in Kardzhali that competes in First League, the top tier of the Bulgarian football league system.

It was founded on 13 October 1924, as an association football branch of a larger sports society in the town. The club was reestablished in 2015, after its former entity was dissolved.

Named after the Arda river, a tributary of the Maritsa, Arda's home ground is the Arena Arda in Kardzhali, which has a capacity of 15,000 spectators. For the majority of its existence, the club regularly participated in the Second League, with its highest-ever ranking a second-place finish during the 1955–56 Bulgarian Second League. In the Bulgarian Cup, Arda have reached the finals once, in 2021, losing to CSKA Sofia.

In 2018–19, Arda won the Second League promotion play-off against Septemvri Sofia, resulting in the club's first-ever appearance in the Bulgarian top division.

Second Professional Football League (Bulgaria)
The Bulgarian Second Professional Football League (Bulgarian: Втора професионална футболна лига, romanized: Vtora Profesionalna Futbolna Liga), also known as Second League (Bulgarian: Втора Лига) or Vtora liga (currently known as Mr. Bit Second League for sponsorship reasons), is the second level of the Bulgarian football league system, below First League and above the Third League. Twenty teams take part in the league, each playing twice against all the other, once home and once away. Most matches are played on Saturdays and Sundays. The league is administered by the Bulgarian Professional Football League.

In 2016, the B Group's name was rebranded to Second Professional Football League.
Kenji Fukunaga
Kenji Fukunaga (福永 健司, Fukunaga Kenji; 5 August 1910 – 31 May 1988) was a Japanese politician who was Chief Cabinet Secretary on four separate occasions, and, as well as serving in various other cabinet positions, was also appointed as Speaker of the House of Representatives of Japan. He was also seen as an influential voice within the Liberal Democratic Party.

Speaker of the House of Representatives (Japan)
The Speaker of the House of Representatives (衆議院議長, Shūgiin-gichō) is the presiding officer of the House of Representatives of Japan, and together with the President of the House of Councillors, the Speaker is also the head of the legislative branch of Japan. The Speaker is elected by members of the House at the start of each session.

The current Speaker of the House of Representatives is Eisuke Mori, who took office on 18 February 2026.
Funland (short story)
"Funland" is a short story by Joyce Carol Oates, originally appearing in a limited edition by William B. Ewert, Concord, New Hampshire (July 1983) and first collected in Last Days: Stories (1984) by Dutton.

Joyce Carol Oates
Joyce Carol Oates (born June 16, 1938) is an American writer. Oates published her first book in 1963, and has since published 58 novels, a number of plays and novellas, and many volumes of short stories, poetry, and nonfiction. Her novels Black Water (1992), What I Lived For (1994), and Blonde (2000), and her short story collection Lovely, Dark, Deep: Stories (2014) were each finalists for the Pulitzer Prize. She has won many awards for her writing, including the National Book Award for her novel Them (1969), two O. Henry Awards, the National Humanities Medal, and the Jerusalem Prize (2019).

Oates taught at Princeton University from 1978 to 2014, and is the Roger S. Berlind '52 Professor Emerita in the Humanities with the Program in Creative Writing. From 2016 to 2020, she was a visiting professor at the University of California, Berkeley, where she taught short fiction in the spring semesters. She now teaches at Rutgers University, New Brunswick.
Chail, Himachal Pradesh
Chail is a hill station in Solan district of Himachal Pradesh, India. It is 45 kilometres (28 mi) from Solan city and 44 kilometres (27 mi) from Shimla. It is known for its salubrious weather and thick cedar forests. The Chail Palace, built in 1892 and rebuilt in 1951, acted as a summer retreat for the Maharaja of Patiala during the British Raj. The Chail cricket ground was also built by the Maharajas of Patiala.

Chail is also frequented by hikers as it offers wonderful views of the lower Himalayas. It has good trekking points from Junga, Kufri and Ashwani Khad at Solan. Many Eco camps are held here. There are many camping sites for campers and hikers, so camping in Chail is a most sought-after activity for enthusiasts. The patiala peg was also invented in Chail, at the Palace of Maharaja Patiala.

Kufri, India
Kufri is a resort hill station in the district of Shimla, India. It is located 12 km (7.5 mi) from the state capital Shimla on the National Highway 5 (also known as Hindustan-Tibet road). On the Kufri Avenue, the main thoroughfare, boutiques and restaurants mix with Indian-style hotels and souvenir shops are to look for during a visit.

The name Kufri is derived from the word kufr meaning "lake" in the local language. The highest point in the surrounding region, Kufri has a Himalayan wildlife zoo which hosts rare antelopes, felines and birds including the  Himalayan monal, the state bird of Himachal Pradesh until 2007. During winter a meandering path through the potato plantations turns into a popular ski track.
Distinction without a difference
A distinction without a difference is an informal fallacy where an author or speaker attempts to describe a distinction between two things where no discernible difference exists.  It is particularly used when a word or phrase has connotations associated with it that one party to an argument prefers to avoid.

For example, a person might say "I did not lie; I merely stretched the truth a little bit."

Connotation
A connotation is a commonly understood cultural or emotional association that any given word or phrase carries, in addition to its explicit or literal meaning, which is its denotation.

A connotation is frequently described as either positive or negative, with regard to its pleasing or displeasing emotional connection. For example, a stubborn person may be described as being either strong-willed or pig-headed; although these have the same literal meaning (stubborn), strong-willed connotes admiration for the level of someone's will (a positive connotation), while pig-headed connotes frustration in dealing with someone (a negative connotation).
Robert H. Liebeck
Robert Hauschild Liebeck (February 1, 1938 – January 12, 2026) was an American aerodynamicist, professor and aerospace engineer. Until retiring from his position as senior fellow at the Boeing Company in 2020, he oversaw their Blended Wing Body ("BWB") program. He was a member of the National Academy of Engineering since 1992, where he was an AIAA Honorary Fellow, the organization’s highest distinction. He is best known for his contributions to aircraft design and his pioneering airfoil designs known as the "Liebeck Airfoil". After retirement he remained active in the aviation industry, most recently at the BWB startup JetZero where he served as a technical advisor, and continued to teach aerospace courses at University of California, Irvine.

Blended wing body
A blended wing body (BWB), also known as blended body, hybrid wing body (HWB) or a lifting aerofoil fuselage, is a fixed-wing aircraft having no clear dividing line between the wings and the main body of the craft. The aircraft has distinct wing and body structures, which are smoothly blended together with no clear dividing line. This contrasts with a flying wing, which has no distinct fuselage, and a lifting body, which has no distinct wings. A BWB design may or may not be tailless.

The main advantage of the BWB is to reduce wetted area and the accompanying form drag associated with a conventional wing-body junction. It may also be given a wide airfoil-shaped body, allowing the entire craft to generate lift and thus reducing the size and drag of the wings.

The BWB configuration is used for both aircraft and underwater gliders.
Almorada
Almorada (Arabic: الموردة / transliterated: Almo rada) is an ancient district in Omdurman city, Khartoum State, Sudan. Almorada neighborhood is one of the most prestigious districts  in the Eastern part of Omdurman city.

Omdurman
Omdurman (Arabic: أُمّ دُرمان, romanized: Umm Durmān) is a major city in Sudan. It is the second most populous city in the country, located in the State of Khartoum. Omdurman lies on the west bank of the River Nile, opposite and northwest of the capital city of Khartoum. The city acts as an important road hub, with the Nile boosting transportation even further.
Vagharshak Harutiunyan
Vagharshak Varnazi Harutiunyan (Armenian: Վաղարշակ Վառնազի Հարությունյան; born 28 April 1956) is an Armenian military figure and politician currently serving as Armenia's ambassador to Russia. He previously served as the Defence Minister of Armenia from 1999 to 2000 and again from 2020 to 2021.

Minister of Defence (Armenia)
The defence minister of Armenia (Armenian: Հայաստանի Հանրապետության պաշտպանության նախարար, romanized: Hayastani Hanrapetut’yan pashtpanut’yan nakharar) is the head of the country's Ministry of Defence, who is charged with the political leadership of the Armed Forces of Armenia. The position was originally created in 1918 and was re-established in January 1992 following Armenia's independence from the USSR, and is currently headed by Suren Papikyan. From 1993 to 1995, there was a concurrent position called the state minister for defence held by Vazgen Sargsyan.
Knysna Fort
The Old Fort, also known as the Knysna Fort or Thomson's Folly, is a fort in Knysna, Western Cape, South Africa. The fort was built during the Second Boer War by Major William A. Thomson.

The fort is the southernmost fortifications built during the Second Boer War.

Knysna
Knysna (/ˈnaɪznə/; Afrikaans pronunciation: [ˈnəisna]) is a coastal town with 76,150 inhabitants (as of 2019) in the Western Cape province of South Africa. It is one of the destinations in the lush Garden Route region.

Knysna is situated 60 kilometres east of the city of George, and 33 kilometres west of Plettenberg Bay, on the N2 freeway.
Zoran Slavnić
Zoran "Moka" Slavnić (Serbian Cyrillic: Зоран Мока Славнић; born 26 October 1949) is a Serbian retired professional basketball player and coach. He played with Crvena zvezda and with Partizan. One of the best European point guards of all time, he was named one of FIBA's 50 Greatest Players in 1991 and became a FIBA Hall of Fame player in 2013.

With Crvena zvezda, he won two Yugoslav National Championships, three Yugoslav National Cups, and one FIBA European Cup Winner's Cup. He also won the Spanish League championship with Joventut Badalona. During his basketball career, he played for Crvena zvezda (1967–1977), Joventut Badalona (1977–1979), Šibenka (1979–1981), and Partizan (1981–1982). His head coaches were Ranko Žeravica, Zdravko Kubat, and Mirko Novosel.

Slavnić was one of the rare players who won everything he could in a career with his national team: 3 EuroBaskets (1973, 1975, 1977), the FIBA World Cup (1978), and Summer Olympics gold (1980).

Basketball at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Basketball at the 1980 Summer Olympics was the tenth appearance of the sport of basketball as an official Olympic medal event. It was held from July 20 to July 30 at the Olympiiski Indoor Stadium and at the CSKA Sports Palace, both located in Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union. Finals of men's events were held 30 July at the Olympiiski Indoor Stadium.

Due to the American-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics, the United States and other nations withdrew from the tournament. The 1980 Olympics marked the second time (after a controversy in 1972) that the United States men's team did not win the gold medal in Olympic basketball;  Yugoslavia won gold in the men's tournament and the Soviet Union in the women's competition.
Jacinto Vaz
Jacinto Castor Vaz (Goan Konkani: Jacint; né Vas; 27 April 1918 – 30 April 1993) was an Indian comedian, actor, singer, composer, and playwright known for his work in Konkani films and tiatr productions. Referred to as the "Charlie Chaplin of the Konkani stage," he was a leading comedian during the golden phase of tiatr, and has acted in over 4000 tiatrs.

Konkani cinema
Konkani cinema is an Indian film industry, where films are made in the Konkani language, which is spoken mainly in the Indian states of Goa, Maharashtra and Karnataka and to a smaller extent in Kerala. The films have been produced in Goa, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Kerala.

The first full-length Konkani film was Sukhi Konn produced by GMB Rodrigues in 1949 but was never released. Mogacho Anvddo, was released on 24 April 1950, and was produced and directed by Al Jerry Braganza, a native of Mapusa, under the banner of ETICA Pictures. Hence, 24 April is celebrated as Konkani Film Day.

Konkani film Paltadcho munis has been included in the world's best films of 2009 list.

Konkani films are eligible for the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Konkani.
Harold Nutter
Christianity portal

Harold Lee Nutter  CM, (29 December 1923 – 9 September 2017) was the 6th Bishop of Fredericton and later the 16th  Metropolitan of Canada.

He was born on December 29, 1923, educated at Mount Allison University  and  ordained Deacon in 1946 and Priest the following year. Later he held incumbencies in Simonds and Upham, Woodstock, New Brunswick then St Mark, Saint John, New Brunswick. In 1960 he was appointed Dean of Fredericton. Eleven years later he  became the area's diocesan and in 1980 metropolitan of his province- posts he held until 1989.

He died on September 9, 2017.

Ecclesiastical Province of Canada
The Ecclesiastical Province of Canada, founded in 1860, forms one of four ecclesiastical provinces in the Anglican Church of Canada (ACC). Despite modern use of the name Canada, the ecclesiastical province covers only the former territory of Lower Canada (i.e., southern and eastern Quebec), the Maritimes, and Newfoundland and Labrador. It once also included Upper Canada (Ontario), which was split off as the Ecclesiastical Province of Ontario in 1911.