hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Claisen rearrangement
The Claisen rearrangement is a powerful carbon–carbon bond-forming chemical reaction discovered by Rainer Ludwig Claisen. The heating of an allyl vinyl ether will initiate a [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement to give a γ,δ-unsaturated carbonyl, driven by exergonically favored carbonyl CO bond formation with Δ(ΔfH) ca.  −25 kcal/mol (−100 kJ/mol).

Allyl group
In organic chemistry, an allyl group is a substituent with the structural formula −CH2−HC=CH2. It consists of a methylene bridge (−CH2−) attached to a vinyl group (−CH=CH2). The name is derived from the scientific name for garlic, Allium sativum. In 1844, Theodor Wertheim isolated an allyl derivative from garlic oil and named it "Schwefelallyl". The term allyl applies to many compounds related to H2C=CH−CH2, some of which are of practical or of everyday importance, for example, allyl chloride.

Allylation is any chemical reaction that adds an allyl group to a substrate.
Thirty Years' War in Eastern Europe
The Thirty Years' War in Eastern Europe refers to the wider impact of the Thirty Years' War on regions outside the main areas of conflict in Germany and Central Europe.

The extent to which the Thirty Years' War can be seen as a single event occurring within coherent geographical boundaries has long been discussed by historians. While not directly involved, countries and regions outside the main areas of conflict were also affected, and in some respects, the war can therefore be seen as a Pan-European event.

Events in Eastern Europe were driven by a mixture of anti-Habsburg sentiment, strategic concerns, opportunism, religion, economics, and dynastic rivalry. These were often exploited for diplomatic advantage by outside powers, including Sweden, the Dutch Republic, France, Austria, Spain, and the Ottoman Empire.

Polish–Swedish War (1626–1629)
The Polish–Swedish War (1626–1629) was the last in a series fought by Sweden and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth between 1600 and 1629. In July 1626, Gustavus Adolphus landed in Polish Prussia in an attempt to capture Gdańsk, but neither side could win a decisive advantage and the war became a stalemate.

Under the September 1629 Truce of Altmark, the Commonwealth accepted the loss of what became Swedish Livonia, including the strategic Baltic Sea port of Riga. Sweden also retained its gains in Prussia, although these were returned in the 1635 Treaty of Stuhmsdorf. The end of hostilities permitted Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years' War in June 1630.
Kostakis Artymatas
Kostakis Artymatas (Greek: Κωστάκης Αρτυματάς, born 15 April 1993) is a Cypriot professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for and captains both Cypriot First Division club Anorthosis Famagusta and the Cyprus national team.

Cyprus national football team
The Cyprus national football team (Greek: Εθνική ομάδα ποδοσφαίρου της Κύπρου, romanized: Ethnikí omáda podosfaírou tis Kýprou), represents Cyprus in men's international football and is controlled by the Cyprus Football Association. The team's home ground is the AEK Arena in Larnaca.
Wichannoi Porntawee
Chucheep Iam-erb (Thai: ชูชีพ เอี่ยมเอิบ; January 25, 1948 – January 31, 2022), known professionally as Wichannoi Porntawee (Thai: วิชาญน้อย พรทวี) was a Thai professional Muay Thai fighter. After becoming a dominant figure in the 112 lbs to 130 lbs (50.80 - 58.97 kg) weight classes, he ran out of opponents and had to fight up to 20 lbs (9.07 kg) above his weight division to receive more matchups and was still successful. Wichannoi is remembered for being an fighting at the top competitive level of Muay Thai for an unusually long period of time, resulting in the nickname "The Eternal Yodmuay." He is repeatedly heralded by renowned Muay Thai practitioners as one of the greatest athletes in the history of the sport with the likes of Samart Payakaroon or Dieselnoi Chor.Thanasukarn.

There are different ways to anglicize Wichannoi's name such as Wichannoi Porntawee, Wichannoi Phonthawee, Vichannoi Phontawi, etc.

Dieselnoi Chor Thanasukarn
Charin Sorndee (Thai: ชรินทร์ สอนดี; born December 27, 1961), known professionally as Dieselnoi Chor.Thanasukarn (Thai: ดีเซลน้อย ช.ธนะสุกาญจน์), is a Thai former professional Muay Thai fighter. He was the Lumpinee Stadium Lightweight Champion for four years until he was forced to retire after running out of challengers and was  the 1982 Sports Writers Association of Thailand Fighter of the Year. Nicknamed "Lord Sky-Piercing Knee", he is often regarded as one of the greatest and most dominant fighters in the history of Muay Thai who was especially known for his devastating knees.
Type 025 torpedo boat
The Type 025 torpedo boat,  also known as the Huchuan or Hu Chwan class, was once the backbone of the People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) in its confrontations with its much larger opponents in the Republic of China Navy. Although no longer serving in that capacity, this class is still active. While relatively unsophisticated, the class has enjoyed a longevity in active service thanks to a philosophy within PLAN which has continued to favor its use. Powered by Soviet-era engines, the hydrofoil-equipped boats are capable of 50 knots (93 km/h; 58 mph) and carry two torpedo tubes, with some known to be armed with naval mines.

Hydrofoil
A hydrofoil is a lifting surface, or foil, that operates in water. It is similar in appearance and purpose to aerofoils used by airplanes. Boats that use hydrofoil technology are also simply termed hydrofoils. As a craft gains speed, the hydrofoils lift the boat's hull out of the water, decreasing drag and allowing greater speeds.
Battletoads (2020 video game)
Battletoads is a 2020 beat 'em up game developed by Dlala Studios with assistance from Rare and published by Xbox Game Studios. It is a reboot of the Battletoads series, and the first new entry in 26 years following 1994's Battletoads Arcade. The game was released on August 20, 2020, for Windows and Xbox One platforms.

Reboot (fiction)
In serial fiction, a reboot is a new start to an established fictional universe, work, or series. A reboot usually discards continuity to re-create its characters, plotlines and backstory from the beginning. It has been described as a way to "rebrand" or "restart an entertainment universe that has already been established".

Another definition of a reboot is a remake which is part of an established film series or other media franchise. The term has been criticized for being a vague and "confusing" "buzzword", and a neologism for remake, a concept which has been losing popularity since the 2010s. William Proctor proposes that there is a distinction between reboots, remakes and retcons.
Adiantum capillus-veneris
Adiantum capillus-veneris, the maidenhair fern, southern maidenhair fern, black maidenhair fern and venus hair fern, is a species of ferns in the genus Adiantum and the family Pteridaceae with a subcosmopolitan worldwide distribution. It is cultivated as a popular garden fern and houseplant.

Houseplant
A houseplant, also known as a pot plant, potted plant, or indoor plant, is an ornamental plant cultivated indoors for aesthetic or practical purposes. These plants are commonly found in homes, offices, and various indoor spaces, where they contribute to the ambiance by adding natural beauty and improving air quality. Most houseplants are tropical or semi-tropical species, as they thrive in the warm, humid conditions often found indoors. Many of them are epiphytes (plants that grow on other plants), succulents (which store water in their leaves), or cacti, which are particularly well-suited to indoor environments due to their low maintenance requirements.
V. Unnikrishnan Nair
Vasupurath Unnikrishnan Nair  (9 January 1893 – 19 May 1985) was an Indian writer of Malayalam literature, best known as a contemporary and associate of Vallathol Narayana Menon. He was the author of a number of books which include Tagorinte Nadakangal, the translation of three plays written by Rabindranath Tagore into Malayalam. Nair honoured by the Kerala Sahitya Akademi with the distinguished fellowship in 1981.

Kerala Sahitya Akademi Fellowship
Kerala Sahitya Akademi Fellowship is an honour of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi (Kerala Literary Academy), given to writers of Malayalam literature by inducting them as the distinguished members of the Akademi.
Almindelig Hospital
Almindelig Hospital (English General Hospital) was a combined hospital and poorhouse situated on Amaliegade in Copenhagen, Denmark. In 1892, it relocated to new premises on Nørre Allé (now De Gamles By). From 1941, it was continued as Nørre Hospital (Northern Hospital). Its old building on Amaliegade was demolished in 1895.

Amaliegade
Amaliegade (Danish pronunciation: [æˈmɛˀljəˌkɛːðə]) is a street in central Copenhagen, Denmark, which makes up the longer of the two axes on which the Rococo district Frederiksstaden is centred. Amaliegade extends from Sankt Annæ Plads to Esplanaden, passing through the central plaza of Amalienborg Palace on the way where it intersects Frederiksgade, the other, shorter but more prominent, axis of the district.

The street is dominated by a number of elegant mansions, most of which are from the second half of the 18th century. At Amalienborg Palace, Amaliegade is spanned by a colonnade. Designed by royal architect Caspar Frederik Harsdorff, it was built in 1794–95 to connect Moltke's Palace, the residence of the king, to Schack's Palace where the Crown prince resided.
Locus of enterocyte effacement-encoded regulator
The locus of enterocyte effacement-encoded regulator (Ler) is a regulatory protein that controls bacterial pathogenicity of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC). More specifically, Ler regulates the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE) pathogenicity island genes, which are responsible for creating intestinal attachment and effacing lesions and subsequent diarrhea: LEE1, LEE2, and LEE3. LEE1, 2, and 3 carry the information necessary for a type III secretion system. The transcript encoding the Ler protein is the open reading frame 1 on the LEE1 operon.

The mechanism of Ler regulation involves competition with histone-like nucleoid structuring protein (H-NS), a negative regulator of the LEE pathogenicity island. Ler is regulated by many factors such as plasmid encoded regulator (Per), integration host factor, Fis, BipA, a positive regulatory loop involving GrlA, and quorum sensing mediated by luxS.

Pathogenic Escherichia coli
Escherichia coli (/ˌɛʃəˈrɪkiə ˈkoʊlaɪ/ ESH-ə-RIK-ee-ə KOH-ly; commonly abbreviated E. coli) is a gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms (endotherms). Most E. coli strains are harmless, but pathogenic varieties cause serious food poisoning, septic shock, meningitis, or urinary tract infections in humans. Unlike normal flora E. coli, the pathogenic varieties produce toxins and other virulence factors that enable them to reside in parts of the body normally not inhabited by E. coli, and to damage host cells. These pathogenic traits are encoded by virulence genes carried only by the pathogens.
Yosano Akiko
Yosano Shō (与謝野 志やう; née Hō (鳳); 7 December 1878 – 29 May 1942), known by her pen name Yosano Akiko (Shinjitai: 与謝野 晶子, Kyūjitai: 與謝野 晶子, Japanese pronunciation: [jo.sa.no (|) aꜜ.kʲi̥.ko]), was a Japanese author, poet, feminist, pacifist, and social reformer, active in the late Meiji era as well as the Taishō and early Shōwa eras of Japan. She is one of the most noted, and most controversial, post-classical female poets of Japan.

Taishō era
The Taishō era (大正時代, Taishō jidai; [taiɕoː dʑidai] ⓘ) was a period in the history of Japan dating from July 30, 1912 to December 25, 1926, coinciding with the reign of Emperor Taishō. The new emperor brought on the shift in political power from the old oligarchic group of elder statesmen (or genrō) to the Imperial Diet of Japan and the democratic parties. Thus, the era is considered the time of the liberal movement known as Taishō Democracy; it is usually distinguished from the preceding chaotic Meiji era and the following militaristic-driven first part of the Shōwa era.
Fandorin
Fandorin (Russian: Фандорин) is a fictitious Russian surname in the novels of Boris Akunin, possibly created from French Fandorn. Series protagonists include:

Erast Fandorin (1856–1919/20)

Nicholas Fandorin (born 1960)

Erast Fandorin
Erast Petrovich Fandorin (Russian: Эраст Петрович Фандорин) is a fictional 19th-century Russian detective and the hero of a series of Russian historical detective novels by Boris Akunin.

The first Fandorin novel (The Winter Queen, Russian: Азазель) was published in Russia in 1998, and the latest and the last one in 2023 (The Pit, Russian: Яма). More than 15 million copies of Fandorin novels have been sold as of May 2006, even though the novels were freely available from many Russian websites and the hard copies were relatively expensive by Russian standards. New books in the Fandorin series typically sell over 200,000 copies in the first week alone, with an unparalleled (for mystery novels) first edition of 50,000 copies for the first books to 500,000 copies for the last.

The English translations of the novels have been critically acclaimed by, among others, Ruth Rendell.
CoolSprings Galleria
CoolSprings Galleria is an enclosed super-regional shopping mall in the Cool Springs commercial and residential corridor between Franklin and Brentwood, Tennessee, 15 miles (24 km) south of Nashville, Tennessee, United States. Opened in 1991, it features 150 stores. The mall's anchor stores are Belk, Dillard's, JCPenney, and Macy's, with other major tenants including American Girl, The Cheesecake Factory, H&M, Primark, and Ulta Beauty. CBL Properties developed the mall in a joint venture with the Edward J. DeBartolo Corporation, and has owned it since its opening; CBL also owns an adjacent power center called CoolSprings Crossing which was developed simultaneously.

CBL Properties
CBL & Associates Properties, Inc. (previously CBL & Associates, Inc.) is an American real estate investment trust that invests in shopping centers and shopping malls, primarily in the Southeastern and Midwestern United States. The company is organized in Delaware with its headquarters in Chattanooga, Tennessee. Its largest market is Chattanooga, Tennessee (6.8% of 2024 revenues). The company's name is based on the initials of its founder, Charles B. Lebovitz.
Marek Brodzki
Marek Brodzki (born 25 December 1960) is a Polish film director and television director. He directed the film and series versions of Wiedźmin aka The Hexer and the series Miasteczko. He has worked as First Assistant Director with top Polish directors Andrzej Wajda and Krzysztof Zanussi and has specialized as a Polish First Assistant Director and Second Unit Director on international productions made in Poland notably including Steven Spielberg's Schindler's List and has a long working relationship with German director Volker Schlöndorff. October 2015 he was awarded the Bronze Medal for Merit to Culture – Gloria Artis.

Krzysztof Zanussi
Krzysztof Pius Zanussi (born 17 June 1939) is a Polish film and theatre director, producer and screenwriter. He is a professor of European film at the European Graduate School in Saas-Fee, Switzerland where he conducts a summer workshop. He is also a professor at the Krzysztof Kieślowski Film School of the University of Silesia in Katowice.

He is the recipient of the Golden Lion at the 1984 Venice Film Festival for A Year of the Quiet Sun, the Jury Prize at the 1980 Cannes Film Festival for The Constant Factor as well as two Grands Prix at the 1977 and 2000 Gdynia Film Festival for Camouflage and Life as a Fatal Sexually Transmitted Disease, respectively.
Refining (metallurgy)
In metallurgy, refining consists of purifying an impure metal.  It is to be distinguished from other processes such as smelting and calcining in that those two involve a chemical change to the raw material, whereas in refining the final material is chemically identical to the raw material. Refining thus increases the purity of the raw material via processing. There are many processes including pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical techniques.

Calcination
Calcination is thermal treatment of a solid chemical compound (e.g. mixed carbonate ores) whereby the compound is raised to high temperature without melting with a restricted supply of oxygen (i.e. gaseous O2 fraction of air), generally for the purpose of removing impurities or volatile substances and/or to induce thermal decomposition.

The root of the word calcination refers to its most prominent use, which is to remove carbon and oxygen from limestone (calcium carbonate) through applying heat to yield calcium oxide (quicklime). This calcination reaction (which is endothermic) is CaCO3(s) → CaO(s) + CO2(g).

Calcium oxide is a crucial ingredient in modern cement, and is also used as a chemical flux in smelting. Industrial calcination generally emits carbon dioxide (CO2).

A calciner is a steel cylinder that rotates inside a heated furnace and performs indirect high-temperature processing (550–1150 °C, or 1000–2100 °F) within a controlled atmosphere.
Ajmer Dargah bombing
The Ajmer Dargah bombing (also called the Ajmer Sharif blast) occurred on 11 October 2007, in the courtyard of Sufi maulana Moinuddin Chishti in Ajmer, Rajasthan, India, after the Iftar period had started. On 22 March 2017 a Special NIA Court convicted three pracharaks Devendra Gupta, Bhavesh Bhai Patel and Sunil Joshi. In 2017, Joshi (posthumously) and Gupta were found guilty on charges of conspiracy and Patel was found guilty of planting the explosive on the blast site. Gupta and Patel were awarded life imprisonment. Joshi was found shot dead in Godhra in mysterious circumstances soon after the blast in Dewas, Madhya Pradesh.

2006 Malegaon bombings
The 2006 Malegaon bombings took place on 8 September 2006 in Malegaon, a town in the Nashik district of the Indian state of Maharashtra, some 290 km northeast of Mumbai. The Maharashtra Anti-Terrorism Squad (ATS) initially blamed the bombings on the Students Islamic Movement of India (SIMI), but in a chargesheet filed in 2013 the NIA and ATS (Anti-Terrorism Squad) joint investigation and involved evidences allegedly pointed towards the involvement of eight members of group Abhinav Bharat, who were later released from charges due to lack of evidence.

A July 2025 verdict by the special court in Mumbai acquitted all accused of the Abhinav Bharat group in the Malegaon blast case.
Impedance analyzer
An impedance analyzer is a type of electronic test equipment used to measure complex electrical impedance as a function of test frequency.

Impedance is an important parameter used to characterize electronic components, electronic circuits, and the materials used to make components. Impedance analysis can also be used to characterize materials exhibiting dielectric behavior such as biological tissue, foodstuffs or geological samples.

Impedance analyzers come in three distinct hardware implementations, and together these three implementations can probe from ultra low frequency to ultra high frequency and can measure impedances from μΩ to TΩ.

Network analyzer (electrical)
A network analyzer is an instrument that measures the network parameters of electrical networks. Today, network analyzers commonly measure s–parameters because reflection and transmission of electrical networks are easy to measure at high frequencies, but there are other network parameter sets such as y-parameters, z-parameters, and h-parameters. Network analyzers are often used to characterize two-port networks such as amplifiers and filters, but they can be used on networks with an arbitrary number of ports.
Pato O'Ward
Patricio "Pato" O'Ward Junco (born 6 May 1999) is a Mexican auto racing driver who competes full-time in the IndyCar Series, driving the No. 5 Chevrolet for Arrow McLaren. He is signed to the McLaren Driver Development Programme and is currently the reserve driver for their Formula One team. He is the 2018 Indy Lights champion.

McLaren Driver Development Programme
The McLaren Driver Development Programme, formerly known as the McLaren Young Driver Programme, is a driver development programme operated by McLaren. It is intended to offer year-by-year guidance, assistance and endorsement to help promising young racers climb the motorsport ladder. The programme was also formerly known as the McLaren-Honda Young Driver Programme and the McLaren-Mercedes Young Driver Support Programme, reflecting engine deals with Honda and Mercedes, respectively.

As of 2026, 10 former programme drivers have progressed to Formula One, with four graduating directly with McLaren: Lewis Hamilton in 2007, Kevin Magnussen in 2014, Stoffel Vandoorne in 2016, and Lando Norris in 2019. Hamilton and Norris have each won a Formula One World Drivers' Championship and multiple Grands Prix with the team. Hamilton, the programme's most notable participant, won the drivers' title seven times between 2008 and 2020.
Brass Mill Center
Brass Mill Center is a shopping mall in Waterbury, Connecticut.  The mall and its accompanying complex, Brass Mill Commons, cost $160 million to build. At 1,180,000 square feet (110,000 m2), it is Connecticut's fifth-largest mall, containing over 130 shops. It is located off Interstate 84 in Waterbury, Connecticut. The mall features the traditional retailers JCPenney, Ashley Outlet, and Shoppers World.

Ashley HomeStore
Ashley Home Stores Ltd. (doing business as Ashley and still known as Ashley Furniture HomeStore in some countries) is an American furniture store chain that sells Ashley Furniture products. Opened in 1997, the chain comprises over 2,000 locations worldwide. The chain has both corporate and independently licensed and operated furniture stores.
Convoy Hi-81
Convoy Hi-81 (ヒ-81) was the designation for a formation of Japanese transports that carried soldiers bound for Singapore and the Philippines during World War II. The transports were escorted by a large force of surface combatants including the escort carrier Shin'yō and the landing craft carrier Akitsu Maru which were sunk in the Yellow Sea by American submarines. Over the course of a four-day convoy battle in November 1944 nearly 7,000 Japanese were killed in action while the Americans sustained no casualties.

Yellow Sea
The Yellow Sea (simplified Chinese: 黄海; traditional Chinese: 黃海; pinyin: Huáng Hǎi; Zhuyin Fuhao: ㄏㄨㄤˊ ㄏㄞˇ; Korean: 황해; Hanja: 黃海; RR: Hwanghae), also known as the North Sea, is a marginal sea of the Western Pacific Ocean located between mainland China and the Korean Peninsula, and can be considered the northwestern part of the East China Sea.
Macarao Formation
The Macarao Formation (Spanish: Formación Macarao, E2m) is a geological formation of the Cocinetas Basin in the northernmost Colombian department of La Guajira. The formation consists of foraminifera-rich fine to medium grained calcareous sandstones intercalated with calcareous siltstones, cross-cut by veins of gypsum. The 253 metres (830 ft) thick Macarao Formation dates to the Paleogene period; Middle to Late Eocene epoch, corresponding to the Divisaderan in the South American land mammal ages (SALMA).

Divisaderan
The Divisaderan age is a South American land mammal age, covering a period of geologic time (42.0–36.0 Ma) within the Middle and Late Eocene epochs of the Paleogene. It follows the Mustersan age and is followed by the Tinguirirican age.