hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Euler system
In mathematics, particularly number theory, an Euler system is a collection of compatible elements of Galois cohomology groups indexed by fields.  They were introduced by Kolyvagin (1990) in his work on Heegner points on modular elliptic curves, which was motivated by his earlier paper Kolyvagin (1988) and  the work of Thaine (1988).  Euler systems are named after Leonhard Euler because  the factors relating different elements of an Euler system resemble the Euler factors of an Euler product.

Euler systems can be used to construct annihilators of ideal class groups or Selmer groups, thus giving bounds on their orders, which in turn has led to deep theorems such as the finiteness of some Tate-Shafarevich groups. This led to Karl Rubin's new proof of the main conjecture of Iwasawa theory, considered simpler than the original proof due to Barry Mazur and Andrew Wiles.

Barry Mazur
Barry Charles Mazur (/ˈmeɪzər/; born December 19, 1937) is an American mathematician and the Gerhard Gade University Professor at Harvard University. His contributions to mathematics include his contributions to Wiles's proof of Fermat's Last Theorem in number theory, Mazur's torsion theorem in arithmetic geometry, the Mazur swindle in geometric topology, and the Mazur manifold in differential topology.
2020–21 Greek Basket League
The 2020–21 Greek Basket League, also known as the 2020–21 Stoiximan Greek Basket League for sponsorship reasons, is the 81st season of the Greek Basket League, the top-tier level professional club basketball league in Greece. The season begun on 24 October 2020.

Greek basketball league system
The Greek basketball league system is a number of interconnected competitions for professional basketball clubs in Greece. The system has a hierarchical format with a promotion and relegation system between competitions at different levels. There are nine different competition levels in the system. The highest level competitions are the professional and semi professional nationwide competitions, which include the top-tier level Greek Basketball League (GBL), the second-tier level Greek A2 Basketball League, the third-tier level Greek B Basketball League, and the fourth-tier level Greek C Basketball League. Those competitions are then followed by the regional amateur level competitions, which include: the A1, the A2, the B, the C, and/or the C1, and the C2 categories.

The top-tier level Greek Basketball League is organized by the Hellenic Basketball Association (HEBA), while all of the league levels below the top-tier are organized by the Hellenic Basketball Federation (HBF).
Anti-Quebec sentiment
Anti-Quebec sentiment (French: Sentiment anti-Québécois) is a form of prejudice which is expressed toward the government, culture, and/or the francophone people of Quebec. This prejudice must be distinguished from legitimate criticism of Quebec society or the Government of Quebec, though the question of what qualifies as legitimate criticism and mere prejudice is itself controversial. Quebec bashing is sometimes presented as legitimate criticism of Quebec society, government, or public policies.

Québécois people
Québécois (French pronunciation: [kebekwa] ⓘ; also known as Quebecers or Quebeckers in English) are people associated with Quebec. The term is most often used in reference to either descendants of the French settlers in Quebec or people of any ethnicity who live and trace their origins to the province of Quebec.

Self-identification as Québécois became dominant starting in the 1960s; prior to this, the francophone people of Quebec mostly identified themselves as French Canadians and as Canadiens before anglophones started identifying as Canadians as well. A majority in the House of Commons of Canada in 2006 approved a motion by Prime Minister Stephen Harper, which stated that the Québécois are a nation within a united Canada. Harper later elaborated that the motion's definition of Québécois relies on personal decisions to self-identify as Québécois, and therefore is a personal choice.
2022 Heart of America 200
The 2022 Heart of America 200 was the eighth stock car race of the 2022 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series and the 24th iteration of the event. The race was held on Saturday, May 14, 2022, in Kansas City, Kansas at Kansas Speedway, a 1.5 miles (2.4 km) permanent D-shaped oval racetrack. The race was contested over 134 laps. Zane Smith, driving for Front Row Motorsports, would have a dominant performance, leading 108 laps and earning his sixth career truck series win. It was his third win of the season. To fill out the podium, Ty Majeski of ThorSport Racing and Grant Enfinger of GMS Racing would finish 2nd and 3rd, respectively.

Kansas City, Kansas
Kansas City (commonly known as KCK) is the third-most populous city in the U.S. state of Kansas and the county seat of Wyandotte County. It is an inner suburb of the older and more populous Kansas City, Missouri, after which it is named. As of the 2020 census, the population of the city was 156,607, making it one of four principal cities in the Kansas City metropolitan area. It is situated at Kaw Point, the junction of the Missouri and Kansas rivers. It is part of a consolidated city-county government known as the "Unified Government". It is the location of the University of Kansas Medical Center and Kansas City Kansas Community College.
Elisenberg tram stop
Elisenberg is a tram stop on the Oslo Tramway.

Located at Elisenberg in Frogner, the tram stop was opened by Kristiania Elektriske Sporvei in 1902 as part of the Frogner Line which ran between Majorstuen and Frogner. Today, it is served by line 12, which operates between Majorstuen and Kjelsås.

An underground mainline railway station named Elisenberg was planned to be built 30 metres (98 ft) underneath the tram stop, but the project was never completed and the station was never opened to traffic.

Trams in Oslo
The Oslo tram network (Norwegian: Trikken i Oslo, short from elektrikk, 'electric') is the tram system in Oslo, Norway. It consists of six lines with 99 stops and has a daily ridership of 132,000. It is operated by Sporveien Trikken AS, a subsidiary of the municipally owned Sporveien who maintain the track and 72 tram vehicles on contracts with the public transport authority Ruter. The system operates on standard gauge and uses 750 V DC overhead. Depot, workshops and headquarters are at Grefsen (at the terminus of lines 17 and 18). There is also a depot at Holtet (along lines 13 and 19) that is home to the technical company InfraPartner, which maintains the track for the tram and metro systems in Oslo, and a small office building for Oslo Sporveier.
George Georgescu
George Georgescu (September 12, 1887 – September 1, 1964) was a Romanian conductor.  The moving force behind the Bucharest Philharmonic Orchestra for decades beginning shortly after World War I, a protégé of Artur Nikisch and a close associate of George Enescu, he received honors from the French and communist Romanian governments and lived to make recordings in the stereo era.

Arthur Nikisch
Arthur Nikisch (12 October 1855 – 23 January 1922) was a Hungarian conductor who performed internationally, holding posts in Boston, London, Leipzig and—most importantly—Berlin. He was considered an outstanding interpreter of the music of Bruckner, Tchaikovsky, Beethoven and Liszt. Johannes Brahms praised Nikisch's performance of his Fourth Symphony as "quite exemplary, it's impossible to hear it any better."
2010 Alabama lieutenant gubernatorial election
The 2010 Alabama lieutenant gubernatorial election was held on November 2, 2010, to elect the Lieutenant Governor of Alabama, concurrently with elections to the United States Senate, U.S. House of Representatives, governor, and other state and local elections. Primary elections were held on June 1, 2010, with runoff elections held on July 13 in races where no single candidate cleared at least 50% of the vote.

Incumbent Democratic lieutenant governor Jim Folsom Jr. ran for re-election to a second concurrent and fourth overall term in office, but was narrowly defeated by Republican state treasurer Kay Ivey. Ivey's margin of victory was the closest of all statewide races in Alabama in 2010.

2010 Alabama gubernatorial election
The 2010 Alabama gubernatorial election took place on November 2, 2010. Incumbent Governor Bob Riley was term-limited and unable to seek re-election. The party primaries were held on June 1, 2010, with a Republican runoff on July 13. In the general election, Robert J. Bentley defeated Democrat Ron Sparks. This was the first election in which Republicans won three consecutive gubernatorial elections in the state. This was also the first time since Reconstruction that a Republican carried Colbert County, Franklin County, and Lawrence County in a gubernatorial race.
Doron Leidner
Doron Leidner (Hebrew: דורון ליידנר; born (2002-04-26)26 April 2002) is an Israeli professional footballer who plays as a left wing-back for Israeli Premier League club Hapoel Tel Aviv, on loan from Greek Super League club Olympiacos and the Israel national team.

Israel national football team
The Israel national football team (Hebrew: נבחרת ישראל בכדורגל, romanized: Nivḥeret Yīsrāʾēl BeḴaduregel) represents Israel in men's international football, and is governed by the Israel Football Association. They have been members of the European Confederation UEFA since 1994.

Israel qualified for the FIFA World Cup for the first and to date, only time, in 1970. They also won the 1964 AFC Asian Cup, before a forced relocation to UEFA.
Milan Balabán
Milan Balabán (3 September 1929 – 4 January 2019) was a Czech theologian, professor of religion and the Old Testament, Evangelical Church of Czech Brethren (ECCB) pastor, and poet. Balabán, an anti-communist dissident during Czechoslovakia's communist era, was a Charter 77 signatory. He was also among of group of Czech Old Testament scholars who wrote and translated the Old Testament theologians the Czech Ecumenical Translation of the Bible, which remains the most widely used Czech language translation of the Bible today.

Charter 77
Charter 77 (Charta 77 in Czech and Slovak) was an informal civic initiative in the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic from 1976 to 1992, named after the document Charter 77 from January 1977. Founding members and architects were Jiří Němec, Václav Benda, Ladislav Hejdánek, Václav Havel, Jan Patočka, Zdeněk Mlynář, Jiří Hájek, Martin Palouš, Pavel Kohout, and Ladislav Lis. Spreading the text of the document was considered a political crime by the Czechoslovak government. After the 1989 Velvet Revolution, many of the members of the initiative played important roles in Czech and Slovak politics.
Saĝkud
Saĝkud was a Mesopotamian god who might have been regarded as a divine tax collector or as a warrior deity. He belonged to the court of Anu, though an association between him and Ninurta is also attested. He is first attested in the Early Dynastic period, and appears in a variety of theophoric names from sites such as Lagash and later on Sippar. In the first millennium BCE he was worshiped in Der and Bubê. In the past it was assumed that skwt ("Sakkuth") mentioned in the Book of Amos might be the same deity, but this conclusion is no longer universally accepted.

Theophoric name
A theophoric name (from Greek: θεόφορος, theophoros, literally "bearing or carrying a god") embeds the word equivalent of 'god' or a god's name in a person's name, reflecting something about the character of the person so named in relation to that deity. For example, names embedding Apollo, such as Apollonios or Apollodorus, existed in Greek antiquity.

Theophoric personal names, containing the name of a god in whose care the individual is entrusted (or a generic word for god), were also exceedingly common in the ancient Near East and Mesopotamia.  Some names of theophoric origin remain common today, such as Theodore (theo-, "god"; -dore, origin of word compound in Greek: doron, "gift"; hence "God's gift"; in Greek: Theodoros) or, less recognisably, Jonathan (from Hebrew Yonatan/Yehonatan, meaning "Yahweh has given").
Saurashtra University
Saurashtra University is a conventional state university located in Rajkot, Gujarat, India.  This university was established by The Saurashtra University Act of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly in the year 1965.

Rajkot district
Rajkot district is one of the 33 districts of the Indian state of Gujarat. Located in Saurashtra peninsula, Rajkot city is the administrative headquarters of the district. It is the third-most advanced and the fourth-most populous district in Gujarat.

This district is surrounded by Morbi district in north, Surendranagar and Botad districts in east, Amreli and Junagadh districts in south and Porbandar and Jamnagar districts in west. The district occupies an area of 11203 km2.
Keamogetse Kenosi
Keamogetse Sadie Kenosi (born 17 January 1997) is a Botswana boxer. She competed in the women's featherweight event at the 2020 Summer Olympics. She lost to Karriss Artingstall of Great Britain in the first round. Originally a netball player, Kenosi began boxing in 2015. She competed at the 2019 World  Championships and won a gold medal at the 2019 African Games.

2019 African Games
The 12th African Games (Arabic: الألعاب الإفريقية الثانية عشرة), also known as Rabat 2019 (Arabic: الرباط 2019), were held from 19 to 31 August 2019 in Rabat, Morocco. This was the first time that the African Games were hosted by Morocco following the country's readmission to the African Union in January 2017.

Later five Egyptian athletes (Abderrahmane Al Sayed, Ibrahim Moustafa, Samar Hossein, Sara Ahmed Samir, Farag Salma) were disqualified due to anti-doping violations.
Morris C. Shumiatcher
Morris Cyril "Shumi" Shumiatcher OC SOM QC (September 20, 1917 – September 23, 2004) was a Canadian lawyer, human rights activist, philanthropist, arts patron, art collector, author, and lecturer. As senior legal counsel in the provincial government of Tommy Douglas, he drafted the 1947 Saskatchewan Bill of Rights, the first such bill in the British Commonwealth. He established a successful private law practice in Regina in 1949 and argued numerous cases of constitutional law before the Supreme Court of Canada. He and his wife Jacqui contributed millions of dollars to support the arts, universities, and other charities in Regina, and also amassed a significant private collection of Inuit art in Canada. He was the recipient of many awards and honours, including the Order of Canada in 1981 and the Saskatchewan Order of Merit in 1997.

Inuit art
Inuit art, also known as Eskimo art, refers to artwork produced by Inuit, previously known as Eskimos, and other related circumpolar peoples. Historically, their preferred medium was walrus ivory, but since the establishment of southern markets for Inuit art in 1945, prints and figurative works carved in relatively soft stone such as soapstone, serpentinite, or argillite have also become popular.

The Winnipeg Art Gallery has the largest public collection of contemporary Inuit art in the world. In 2007, the Museum of Inuit Art opened in Toronto, but closed due to lack of resources in 2016.
Hartford and Slocomb Railroad
The Hartford & Slocomb Railroad (reporting mark HS) was a shortline railroad operating 22 miles (35 km) of track from Dothan to Hartford, Alabama. Largely abandoned in 1992, the remaining tracks from Dothan to Taylor were sold to Gulf and Ohio Railways and operated as the H and S Railroad. The railroad was purchased by Genesee & Wyoming Railroad in 2006, after which it was combined with a neighboring property, the Chattahoochee and Gulf Railroad to form the Chattahoochee Bay Railroad.

H and S Railroad
The H and S Railroad (reporting mark HS) was a shortline railroad operating 6 miles (9.7 km) of track from Dothan to Taylor, Alabama. Upon its start in 1992 the railroad was a Gulf & Ohio subsidiary. The railroad was purchased by Genesee & Wyoming Railroad in 2006 and was combined with a neighboring property, the Chattahoochee and Gulf Railroad, to form the Chattahoochee Bay Railroad.
Hereford, Hay and Brecon Railway
The Hereford, Hay and Brecon Railway (HH&BR) was a railway company that built a line between Hereford in England and a junction with the Mid-Wales Railway at Three Cocks Junction. It opened its line in stages from 1862 to 1864. It never had enough money to operate properly, but the Midland Railway saw it as a means of reaching Swansea, and from 1869 the Midland Railway was given exclusive running powers over the HH&BR. There was then a long-running dispute over whether the Midland inherited rights of access previously granted to the HH&BR.

Although the Midland used the route for goods access to and from Swansea, the line was never developed as a trunk route. As a rural line it failed to achieve commercial success and in 1962 the passenger service was withdrawn, followed by total closure in 1964.

West Midland Railway
The West Midland Railway was an early British railway company. It was formed on 1 July 1860 by the West Midland Railway Act 1860 (23 & 24 Vict. c. lxxxi) which merged several older railway companies. It was amalgamated with the Great Western Railway on 1 August 1863. It was the successor to the Oxford, Worcester and Wolverhampton Railway (OWWR).
Walter S. Pytko
Walter Stanley Pytko (January 16, 1901 – June 17, 1992) was a Democratic politician from Philadelphia. Active in Polish-American groups in Philadelphia's Bridesburg neighborhood, Pytko also became involved in local politics. He served one term in the Pennsylvania State Senate in the 1930s and worked in various government agencies through the 1940s and 1950s. In 1962, he was elected to the Philadelphia City Council, where he served until retiring in 1968.

Pennsylvania State Senate
The Pennsylvania State Senate is the upper house of the bicameral Pennsylvania General Assembly, the Pennsylvania state legislature. Senators are elected for four-year terms, staggered every two years, such that half of the seats are contested at each election. Even- and odd-numbered district seats are contested in separate election years. The State Senate meets in the State Capitol building in Harrisburg, and has been meeting since 1791.

The president of the Senate is the lieutenant governor, who has no vote except to break a tie. The president pro tempore becomes the lieutenant governor in the event of the sitting lieutenant governor's removal, resignation or death. In this case the president pro tempore and lieutenant governor would be the same person.
Graythorp
54°38′20″N 1°12′04″W﻿ / ﻿54.639°N 1.201°W﻿ / 54.639; -1.201

Graythorp was a village and now a trading estate within the borough of Hartlepool and the ceremonial county of County Durham, England.
It is located on the A178 Tees Road about 1 mile south of Hartlepool.

The village was constructed by shipbuilder William Gray and Company to house workers at his Graythorp shipyard on Greatham Creek/Seaton Channel on the River Tees.
Graythorp today is an industrial estate historically associated with a shipyard basin currently operated by Able UK as a marine recycling facility.

River Tees
The River Tees (/tiːz/), in England, rises on the eastern slope of Cross Fell in the North Pennines and flows eastwards for 85 miles (137 km) to reach the North Sea in the North East of England. The modern-day history of the river has been tied with the industries on Teesside in its lower reaches, where it has provided the means of import and export of goods to and from the North East England. The need for water further downstream also meant that reservoirs were built in the extreme upper reaches, such as Cow Green.
Sprouston
Sprouston is a village, parish and former feudal barony in the Scottish Borders area of Scotland, as well as the historic county of Roxburghshire, located 2 miles north-east of Kelso.

The village is close to the south bank of the river Tweed (200 yards away), which forms the northern boundary of the parish. The eastern border of the parish is also the border with England and with the parish of Carham, Northumberland in that country, Sprouston being the last Scottish parish on the south side of the Tweed. The parish of Linton borders Sprouston to the south and the parishes of Eckford and Kelso to the west.  The parish forms a rough square shape about 4 miles across and has an area of 8637 acres. Sprouston Community Council covers roughly the same area as the civil parish.

Kelso, Scottish Borders
Kelso (Scottish Gaelic: Cealsaidh) is a market town in the Scottish Borders area of Scotland. Within the boundaries of the historic county of Roxburghshire, it lies where the rivers Tweed and Teviot have their confluence. The town has a population of 5,639 according to the 2011 census and based on the 2010 definition of the locality.

Kelso's main tourist attractions are the ruined Kelso Abbey and Floors Castle. The latter is a house designed by William Adam, which was completed in 1726. The Kelso Bridge was designed by John Rennie, who later built the Waterloo Bridge in London.

Kelso held the UK record for the lowest January temperature at −26.7 °C (−16.1 °F), from 1881 until 1982.
Scarygirl (video game)
Scarygirl (also stylized as ScaryGirl) is an adventure-platform game for the Xbox 360's Xbox Live Arcade, PlayStation 3's PlayStation Network and Microsoft Windows. Scarygirl was previously a graphic novel by Nathan Jurevicius, a Flash game, and a downloadable title for the PlayStation Portable. It was developed by TikGames and published by Square Enix.

Scarygirl places the player in control of a girl who is sent from her home to a far-away city on a rescue mission. The girl is able to jump, grapple, and hover her way through seven game worlds, either alone or with another player in a cooperative multiplayer mode. Combat is handled through combining strings of light and heavy attacks, with grapple-based attacks becoming available once enemies take enough damage. Roundly praised for Jurevicius' art, ScaryGirl received otherwise mixed reviews upon its release. Critics found fault with both the control scheme and its combat system, although boss battles did receive some praise.

Cooperative video game
A cooperative video game, often abbreviated as co-op video game, is a video game that allows players to work together as teammates, usually against one or more non-player character opponents (PvE). Co-op games can be played locally using one or multiple input controllers or over a network via local area networks, wide area networks, or the Internet.

Co-op gameplay has gained popularity as controller and networking technology has developed. On PCs, consoles and mobile devices, cooperative games have become increasingly common, and many genres of games—including shooter games, sports games, real-time strategy games, and massively multiplayer online games—include co-op modes.

In 2025, cooperative games (specifically non-MMO games such as Lethal Company, R.E.P.O. and PEAK) gained the derogatory slang term Friendslop, coined alongside the complementary term "Friendfarming".
Rewati Raman Singh
Kunwar Rewati Raman Singh (born 5 October 1943) is an Indian politician from the Prayagraj Lok Sabha Constituency in Uttar Pradesh. He played a major role in the establishment of the Samajwadi Party with SP supremo Mulayam Singh Yadav, Beni Prasad Verma and Azam Khan.

He was the national secretary of Samajwadi Party. He has served Karachhana, the Vidhan Sabha constituency of Allahabad more than 7 times as a Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA). He was also elected as a Member of Parliament (Lok Sabha) from Allahabad twice after defeating the popular BJP politician, Murali Manohar Joshi in 2004 general elections. He has now been elected as an MP (Rajya Sabha) from Uttar Pradesh. He was made irrigation minister and environment minister.

Allahabad Lok Sabha constituency
Allahabad is a Lok Sabha (parliamentary) constituency in the Prayagraj district of Indian state of Uttar Pradesh.

Allahabad saw two MPs elected and became the prime minister. Lal Bahadur Shastri became the prime minister from 1964 to 1966. V. P. Singh was elected twice from this constituency and later went on to become the prime minister from 1989 to 1990.