hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Pupilometer
Pupillometer, also spelled pupilometer, is a medical device intended to measure by reflected light the size of the pupil of the eye.
In addition to measuring pupil size, current automated pupillometers may also be able to characterize pupillary light reflex. Some instruments for measuring pupillary distance (PD) are often, but incorrectly, referred to as pupilometers.

Pupillary light reflex
The pupillary light reflex (PLR) or photopupillary reflex is a reflex that controls the diameter of the pupil, in response to the intensity (luminance) of light that falls on the retinal ganglion cells of the retina in the back of the eye, thereby assisting in adaptation of vision to various levels of lightness/darkness. A greater intensity of light causes the pupil to constrict (miosis/myosis; thereby allowing less light in), whereas a lower intensity of light causes the pupil to dilate (mydriasis, expansion; thereby allowing more light in). Thus, the pupillary light reflex regulates the intensity of light entering the eye. Light shone into one eye will cause both pupils to constrict. First described by Rhazes of Baghdad in the ninth century, the PLR has since become a standard examination tool for all healthcare professionals.
South Algonquin
South Algonquin is a township municipality in Nipissing District, Ontario, Canada. Located south of Algonquin Provincial Park, it is the sole populated portion of the district that lies south of the traditional dividing line between Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario and is closer connected to Renfrew County as opposed to the core portions of Nipissing District.

South Algonquin was established on June 1, 1998, when the Township of Airy (incorporated in 1962 from unorganized area) was merged with the unorganized townships of Dickens, Sabine, Lyell, and Murchison. The township had a population of 1,055 in the 2021 Canadian census.

Township (Canada)
The term township, in Canada, is generally a district or area associated with a town or other locality. The specific use of the term to describe political subdivisions has varied across the country, usually to describe a local rural or semirural government.

In Eastern Canada, a township is one form of the subdivision of a county. In Quebec, the term is canton in French.
Guoliang Tunnel
The Guoliang Tunnel (Chinese: 郭亮洞) is carved along the side of and through a mountain in China. The tunnel links the village of Guoliang to the outside through the Taihang Mountains which are situated in Huixian, Xinxiang, Henan Province of China.

Guoliang Village
Guoliang (Chinese: 郭亮村; pinyin: Guōliàng Cūn) is a village of Tongguan Subdistrict in Wangcheng District, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China. The village has an area of 9.1 km2 (3.5 sq mi) with rough population of 3,899 in 2016 and it was divided into 37 villagers' groups. The village is named after the worker's movement leader Guo Liang.
C1 CMS
C1 CMS (formerly Composite C1 & Orckestra CMS) is a free open source .NET-based web content management system.

The same version is available under both the MPL 1.1 license and C1 CMS's commercial license.

C1 CMS can be regarded as a CMS without database by default with an option of migrating its data store to a Microsoft SQL Server database. As the CMS without database it uses XML files for its data store.

The CMS has an open pluggable architecture.

Microsoft SQL Server
Microsoft SQL Server is a proprietary relational database management system developed by Microsoft using  Structured Query Language (SQL, often pronounced "sequel"). As a database server, it is a software product with the primary function of storing and retrieving data as requested by other software applications—which may run either on the same computer or on another computer across a network (including the Internet). Microsoft markets at least a dozen different editions of Microsoft SQL Server, aimed at different audiences and for workloads ranging from small single-machine applications to large Internet-facing applications with many concurrent users.
New York State Route 410
New York State Route 410 (NY 410) is a 4-mile (6.4 km) east–west state highway in Lewis County, New York, in the United States. It serves as a connector between NY 26, NY 126, and the village of Castorland midway between the two highways. The route begins at an intersection with NY 26 in the town of Denmark and heads northeast through Castorland and across the Black River to a junction with NY 126 in the town of Croghan. Most of the route passes through open, rural areas, save for the section within Castorland. NY 410 was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York even though the road had yet to be improved to state highway standards. Work on rebuilding the road was delayed by the state for years, leading the Kiwanis Club of Lowville to pressure the state to reconstruct the highway. The route was finally brought up to state highway standards in the latter part of the 1930s.

1930 state highway renumbering (New York)
In January 1930, the U.S. state of New York implemented a major renumbering of its state highways. Many previously existing numbered routes were renumbered or realigned. At the same time, many state highways that were previously unnumbered received designations. Most of the highways with numbers in the 100s to 300s were assigned at this time.  Route numbers were assigned in clusters based on their general location.  Because some of these route numbers are no longer in use, the pattern of clusters is not fully apparent today.

Before 1930, the route numbering system in place had its origins in the 1920s. At the time, New York only assigned numbers to a small subset of its state highways.  Route numbers spanned from 1–80, with routes running primarily north–south having even numbers and routes generally running east–west having odd numbers. This scheme was abandoned with the advent of the U.S. Highway System in 1927. Some renumbering was done in 1927 to avoid overlapping route numbers.
2014 Hungarian Grand Prix
The 2014 Hungarian Grand Prix (formally the Formula 1 Pirelli Magyar Nagydíj 2014) was a Formula One motor race held on 27 July 2014 at the Hungaroring in Mogyoród, Hungary. It was the eleventh round of the 2014 Formula One season and the 30th Hungarian Grand Prix, and the 29th time it had been held as a round of the World Championship. The 70-lap race was won by Daniel Ricciardo for the Red Bull Racing team after starting from fourth position. Fernando Alonso finished in second place for Ferrari, with Lewis Hamilton third for Mercedes. This race would be Alonso's last podium finish until the 2021 Qatar Grand Prix.

The race was only the third Hungarian Grand Prix to be rain-affected, after the 2006 and 2011 races. Thunderstorms and heavy rain soaked the track at around lunchtime, forcing the drivers to start on intermediates before the track dried out later on in the race.

Hungarian Grand Prix
The Hungarian Grand Prix (Hungarian: Magyar Nagydíj, pronounced [ˈmɒɟɒr ˈnɒɟdiːj]) is a motor racing event held annually at the Hungaroring racetrack located on the northeastern outskirts of Budapest, within the village of Mogyoród. The event has been a regular fixture of the FIA Formula One World Championship since 1986, traditionally taking place between mid-July and late August.
Stade Pierre-Mauroy
The Stade Pierre-Mauroy (French pronunciation: [stad pjɛʁ moʁwa]), also known as the Decathlon Arena – Stade Pierre-Mauroy for sponsorship reasons, is a multi-use retractable roof stadium in Villeneuve-d'Ascq, Metropolis of Lille, Northern France, that opened in August 2012. With a seating capacity of 50,186, it is the fourth-largest sports stadium in France and the home of French professional football club Lille.

Initially named Grand Stade Lille Métropole, the stadium was renamed on 21 June 2013, after the death of the former Mayor of Lille and former Prime Minister of France Pierre Mauroy (1928–2013). The stadium, which hosted UEFA Euro 2016 and 2023 Rugby World Cup, can also be turned into an adjustable arena being expandable to 30,000 seats where indoor sports games and concerts take place. Therefore, multiple Davis Cup events, EuroBasket 2015 and 2024 Summer Olympics basketball and handball tournaments matches have been held in the building.

Métropole Européenne de Lille
The Métropole Européenne de Lille (French pronunciation: [metʁɔpɔl øʁɔpeɛn də lil], MEL; English: "European Metropolis of Lille") is the métropole, an intercommunal structure, composed by a network of big cities (Lille, Roubaix, Tourcoing, Villeneuve d'Ascq, Armentières etc.) whose major city is the city of Lille. It is located in the Nord department, in the Hauts-de-France region, northern France – bordering both the Flemish and Walloon regions of Belgium. It was created in January 2015, replacing the previous Communauté urbaine de Lille, and covers that part of the Lille metropolitan area that lies in France. Its area is 671.9 km2. Its population was 1,179,050 in 2019, of which 234,475 in Lille proper. The annual budget of the métropole is €1,865 billion (2018).
Shuichi Murata
Shuichi Murata (村田 修一, Murata Shūichi; born December 28, 1980) is a Japanese former professional baseball third baseman. He played 15 seasons in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) from 2003 to 2017 for the Yokohama BayStars and Yomiuri Giants.

Murata led the Central League in home runs in both 2007 and 2008 and is one of the few pure home run hitters in Japanese professional baseball today. He played in the 2008 Beijing Olympics as well as the 2009 World Baseball Classic as a member of the Japanese national team and hit cleanup for much of the latter tournament.

Batting (baseball)
In baseball, batting is the act of facing the opposing pitcher and trying to produce offense for one's team. A batter or hitter is a person whose turn it is to face the pitcher. The three main goals of batters are to become a baserunner, to drive runners home or to advance runners along the bases for others to drive home, but the techniques and strategies they use to do so vary. Hitting uses a motion which is virtually unique to baseball and its fellow bat-and-ball sports, one that is rarely used in other sports. Hitting is unique because it involves rotating in the horizontal plane of movement, unlike most sports movements which occur in the vertical plane.
Geology of British Columbia
The geology of British Columbia is a function of its location on the leading edge of the North American continent. The mountainous physiography and the diversity of the different types and ages of rock hint at the complex geology, which is still undergoing revision despite a century of exploration and mapping.

The province's most prominent geological features are its mountain ranges, including the North American Cordillera which stretches from Southern Mexico to Alaska.

North American Cordillera
The North American Cordillera, sometimes also called the Western Cordillera of North America, the Western Cordillera, or the Pacific Cordillera, is the North American portion of the American Cordillera, the mountain chain system along the Pacific coast of the Americas. The North American Cordillera covers an extensive area of mountain ranges, intermontane basins, and plateaus in Western and Northwestern Canada, Western United States, and Mexico, including much of the territory west of the Great Plains.

The precise boundaries of this cordillera and its subregions, as well as the names of its various features, may differ depending on the definitions in each country or jurisdiction, and also depending on the scientific field; this cordillera is a particularly prominent subject in the scientific field of physical geography.
Francisco Balagtas
Francisco Balagtas y de la Cruz (April 2, 1788 – February 20, 1862), commonly known as Francisco Balagtas and also as Francisco Baltazar, was a Filipino poet and litterateur of the Tagalog language during the Spanish rule of the Philippines. He is widely considered one of the greatest Filipino literary laureates for his impact on Filipino literature. The famous epic Florante at Laura is regarded as his defining work.

Balagtas adopted the legal surname Baltazar in fulfillment of the edict issued by Governor-General Narciso Claveria y Zaldua in 1849 that mandated the native population to adopt standard surnames. The name is commonly misspelled as Baltasar and sometimes misinterpreted as his pen name.

Narciso Clavería y Zaldúa
Narciso José Anastasio Clavería y Zaldúa, 1st Count of Manila (Catalan: Narcís Josep Anastasi Claveria i Zaldua; May 2, 1795 – June 20, 1851) was a Spanish army officer who served as the Governor-General of the Philippines from July 16, 1844, to December 26, 1849.

Clavería is widely recognized as a reformist and modernizing administrator. He traveled through many provinces trying to learn the needs of Filipinos. He encouraged agriculture, improved the streets and suburbs of Manila, and succeeded in helping the country.   He was given the title Count of Manila.  The towns of Claveria in Misamis Oriental province, Claveria in Masbate province, and Claveria in Cagayan province were named in his honor.

His grandson, Narciso Clavería y de Palacios, 3rd Count of Manila, was an architect who designed the Toledo Railway Station.
Glen Kamara
Glen Adjei Kamara (born 28 October 1995) is a Finnish professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Ligue 1 club Rennes and the Finland national team.

Kamara began his senior career at Arsenal, where he made one substitute appearance in the Football League Cup and was loaned to Southend United and Colchester United. After 18 months at Dundee, he joined fellow Scottish Premiership side Rangers for £50,000. He made the PFA Scotland Team of the Year when they won the league title in 2020–21. In late August 2023 it was announced that he would be leaving Rangers to join Leeds United in the EFL Championship. After a successful season with Leeds, Kamara joined French side Rennes for a €10 million fee. Six months later, he signed for Al Shabab on loan.

Kamara made his senior international debut for Finland in 2017. He was named in their squad for UEFA Euro 2020. In 2022, he was recognized as Finnish Footballer of the Year by the Football Association of Finland.

PFA Scotland Team of the Year
The Professional Footballers' Association Scotland Team of the Year (often called the PFA Scotland Team of the Year, or simply the Team of the Year) is an annual award given to a set of 44 footballers in the four national tiers of the Scottish football league system, who are seen to be deserving of being named in a "Team of the Year". The award is compiled by the members of the players' trade union, Professional Footballers' Association Scotland (PFA Scotland), with the winners then being voted for by the other players in their respective divisions. The award was instituted in the 2006–07 season. In that first season, the award was voted for by the managers in each division.

The award was expanded to include the Scottish Women's Premier League (SWPL) in 2021–22.
One-third hypothesis
The one-third hypothesis (OTH) is a sociodynamic theory asserting that a subgroup's prominence increases as it approaches one-third of the total population and diminishes after it exceeds that number. It was first stated by sociologist Hugo O. Engelmann in a letter to the American Sociologist in 1967:

"...we would expect that the most persistent subgroups in any group would be those which approximate one-third or, by similar reasoning, a multiple of [i.e., a power of] one-third of the total group. Being the most persistent, these groups also should be the ones most significantly implicated in ongoing sociocultural transformation. This does not mean that these groups need to be dominant, but they play prominent roles."

The OTH involves two mathematical curves. One represents the likelihood that a subgroup of a specific size will emerge. The other represents the probability that it will persist. The product of these two curves matches the prediction of the one-third hypothesis.

Social dynamics
Social dynamics (or sociodynamics) is the study of the behavior of groups and of the interactions of individual group members, aiming to understand the emergence of complex social behaviors among microorganisms, plants and animals, including humans. It is related to sociobiology but also draws from physics and complex system sciences.
In the last century, sociodynamics was viewed as part of psychology, as shown in the work: "Sociodynamics: an integrative theorem of power, authority, interfluence and love". In the 1990s, social dynamics began being viewed as a separate scientific discipline[By whom?]. An important paper in this respect is: "The Laws of Sociodynamics".
Then, starting in the 2000s, sociodynamics took off as a discipline of its own, many papers were released in the field in this decade.
WARM (AM)
WARM (590 kHz) is an AM radio station licensed to Scranton, Pennsylvania, and serving the Scranton–Wilkes-Barre–Hazleton radio market. The station is owned by Seven Mountains Media, through licensee Southern Belle, LLC. The station, which has gone silent for extended periods, most recently resumed broadcasting on May 23, 2025. It simulcasts Gem 99 and 100 classic hits programming that is also on WGMF 750 AM.

WARM is a Class B station.  It is powered at 1,800 watts during the daytime and 430 watts at night.  It has two different directional antenna signal patterns, primarily aimed towards the southeast with some signal aimed towards the northwest.  Its transmitter is on Hugo Lane, 15 miles (24 km) northwest of Scranton in West Falls, Pennsylvania.  WARM uses a three-tower array. Each tower is 495 feet (151 meters) high.  Programming is also heard on FM translator 101.7 W269CF in Scranton.

Dark (broadcasting)
In broadcasting, a dark television station or silent radio station is one that has gone off the air for an indefinite period of time. Usually unlike dead air (broadcasting only silence), a station that is dark or silent does not even transmit a carrier signal.
Archana Gautam
Archana Gautam (born 1994 or 1995) is an Indian actress, politician, and model and beauty pageant title holder. Gautam was crowned as Miss Uttar Pradesh 2014, and represented India at Miss Cosmos World 2018, and won sub title of Most Talent 2018. and also Miss Bikini India in 2018. She is Best known for participating in reality shows Bigg Boss season 16 where she emerged as the Third runner-up of the show, and also she participated in Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 13 and Celebrity Masterchef India season 1 and finished at Top 6 in both shows, and in 2025 she participated in Reality Ranis of the jungle season 2 and emerged as 1st Runner-up of the show. Currently she is a contestant in the reality show The 50.

Celebrity MasterChef (Indian TV series)
Celebrity MasterChef is an Indian Hindi-language competitive cooking game show and the spin-off of the series MasterChef India – Hindi, featuring celebrity contestants. Ranveer Brar and Vikas Khanna reprised their roles as judges from the original series, while Farah Khan joined as the first ever host on the MasterChef India – Hindi, also being the co-judge.

The show was won by Gaurav Khanna, with Nikki Tamboli finishing second, and Tejasswi Prakash placing third.

Celebrity Masterchef - Masterclass - an extension of the show, featuring contestants, judges, and home cooks from previous seasons premiered on 14th April 2025 and concluded on 18th April 2025.
Semiring
In abstract algebra, a semiring is an algebraic structure. Semirings are a generalization of rings, dropping the requirement that each element must have an additive inverse. At the same time, semirings are a generalization of bounded distributive lattices.

The smallest semiring that is not a ring is the two-element Boolean algebra, for instance with logical disjunction  as addition. A motivating example that is neither a ring nor a lattice is the set of natural numbers  (including zero) under ordinary addition and multiplication. Semirings are abundant because a suitable multiplication operation arises as the function composition of endomorphisms over any commutative monoid.

Distributive lattice
In mathematics,  a distributive lattice is a lattice in which the operations of join and meet distribute over each other. The prototypical examples of such structures are collections of sets for which the lattice operations can be given by set union and intersection. Indeed, these lattices of sets describe the scenery completely: every distributive lattice is—up to isomorphism—given as such a lattice of sets.
1898 South Carolina gubernatorial election
The 1898 South Carolina gubernatorial election was held on November 8, 1898, to select the governor of the state of South Carolina. Governor William Haselden Ellerbe won the Democratic primary and ran unopposed in the general election to win a second term as governor.

Governor of South Carolina
The governor of South Carolina is the head of government of South Carolina. The governor is the ex officio commander-in-chief of the National Guard when not called into federal service. The governor's responsibilities include making yearly "State of the State" addresses to the South Carolina General Assembly, submitting an executive budget, and ensuring that state laws are enforced.

The 117th and current governor of South Carolina is Henry McMaster, who is serving his second elected term. He assumed the office on January 24, 2017, after Nikki Haley resigned to become the United States ambassador to the United Nations. He won election to full terms in 2018 and 2022. McMaster is also the state’s longest serving governor.
Stan Puls
Stan Puls (January 26, 1916 – April 20, 1998) was an American double-bassist.

Puls started on piano at age 11 but switched to bass soon after. At the age of 19 he won a national competition; this  allowed him to study with Vaclav Jiskra, who was then the first bassist of the Civic Orchestra of Chicago. Puls played in this orchestra from 1936 to 1941, while also working in jazz bands, including those of Roy Eldridge, Jack Teagarden and Benny Carter.

He moved to Los Angeles in 1941, where he played with Benny Strong and Spade Cooley as well as being part of the Burbank Symphony Orchestra. In the 1950s he played with Bill Baker and Jack Teagarden; his tenure with Teagarden lasted from 1958 to 1963 and includes many of Teagarden's recordings on Capitol Records and all his releases on Roulette Records. Puls freelanced after leaving Teagarden, and died at age 82 in 1998.

Jack Teagarden
Weldon Leo "Jack" Teagarden (August 20, 1905 – January 15, 1964) was an American jazz trombonist and singer. He led both of his bands himself and was a sideman for Paul Whiteman's orchestra. From 1946 to 1951, he played in Louis Armstrong's All-Stars.