hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
1977 Atlanta sanitation strike
The Atlanta sanitation strike of 1977 was a labor strike involving sanitation workers in Atlanta, Georgia, United States. Precipitated by wildcat action in January, on March 28 the local chapter of the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees (AFSCME) agreed to strike. The main goal of the strike was a $0.50 hourly wage increase. With support from many community groups, Atlanta mayor Maynard Jackson resisted the strike, firing over 900 striking workers on April 1. By April 16, many of the striking workers had returned to their previous jobs, and by April 29 the strike was officially ended.

Wildcat strike
A wildcat strike is a strike action undertaken by unionised workers without union leadership's authorization, support, or approval; this is sometimes termed an unofficial industrial action. The legality of wildcat strikes varies between countries and over time.
Haplocheirus
Haplocheirus (/ˌhæplʊuˈkəirəs/, from Ancient Greek ἁπλός (haplós), meaning "simple", and χείρ (kheír), meaning "hand") is an extinct genus of theropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic Shishugou Formation of Xinjiang in China. It is generally considered to be an alvarezsauroid, although some researchers have questioned this assignment. The genus contains a single species, H. sollers, which is known from a mostly complete skeleton including the skull.

The quality of the preservation in the only known specimen of Haplocheirus is near-perfect and preserves the animal in three dimensions. This makes Haplocheirus one of the most well-known Jurassic coelurosaurs from anywhere in the world. The specimen has been relatively well-studied in comparison with other comparable taxa like Zuolong or Guanlong, which has allowed researchers to gain insights into the evolution of maniraptorans as well as the sensory capabilities, diet, and ontogeny of primitive coelurosaurs.

Maniraptora
Maniraptora is a clade of coelurosaurian dinosaurs which includes birds and the non-avian dinosaurs that were more closely related to them than to Ornithomimus velox. It contains the major subgroups Avialae, Dromaeosauridae, Troodontidae, Oviraptorosauria, and Therizinosauria. Ornitholestes and the Alvarezsauroidea are also often included. Together with the next closest sister group, the Ornithomimosauria, Maniraptora comprises the more inclusive clade Maniraptoriformes. Maniraptorans first appear in the fossil record during the Jurassic Period (see Eshanosaurus), and survive today as living birds.
Tadashige Habe
Tadashige Habe (Japanese: 波部 忠重, March 21, 1916 – December 29, 2001) was a Japanese malacologist and zoologist.  
He served as honorary president of the Malacological Society of Japan and honorary member of the Zoological Society of Japan.  
Habe was a leading figure in Japanese malacology during the latter half of the 20th century, describing over 1,600 taxa (families, genera, and species).  
He was also known for his mentorship of both professional and amateur researchers.  
Together with Tokubei Kuroda and Katsura Oyama, he co-authored Shells of Sagami Bay (1971), based on specimens collected by Emperor Shōwa.

Tokubei Kuroda
Tokubei Kuroda (黒田 徳米, Kuroda Tokubei, October 17, 1886 – May 15, 1987) was a Japanese scientist and academic.  He is best known as a pioneering taxonomist and malacologist specializing in Japanese marine and terrestrial Mollusca.
Luis Rivera (long jumper)
Luis Alberto Rivera Morales (born 21 June 1987 in Agua Prieta) is a Mexican long jumper. He won a bronze medal at the 2013 World Championships and a gold medal at the 2013 Summer Universiade. He also competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics. His personal best is 8.46 metres, achieved in July 2013.

His brother, Edgar Rivera, competes in the high jump.

2013 Summer Universiade
The 2013 Summer Universiade, officially known as the XXVII Summer Universiade (Russian: XXVII Летняя Универсиада), was held in the city of Kazan, Russia, the most northerly city ever to host a Summer Universiade. Over 10,400 university athletes from 162 countries participated in 13 mandatory and 14 optional sports, making the 2013 Universiade the biggest ever in the history of the event. For the first time in history a Cultural Universiade was also included, with many festivals and shows held simultaneously with the sporting events. The Universiade was organized by the International University Sports Federation (FISU) and by the authorities of the Russian Federation.
Michael Azerrad
Michael Azerrad is an American author, music journalist, editor, and musician. As a graduate of Columbia University, he has written for publications such as Spin, Rolling Stone, and The New York Times. Azerrad's 1993 biography Come as You Are: The Story of Nirvana was named by Q as one of the 50 greatest rock books ever written. His 2001 book Our Band Could Be Your Life, a collection of profiles on prominent indie rock bands, received similar critical acclaim.

Columbia College, Columbia University
Columbia College is the oldest undergraduate college of Columbia University, a private Ivy League research university in New York City. Established in 1754 as King's College on the grounds of Trinity Church in Manhattan, it is the oldest institution of higher learning in the state of New York and the fifth oldest in the United States.

Columbia was established as a colonial college by royal charter under George II of Great Britain. It was renamed Columbia College in 1784 following the American Revolution, and in 1787 was placed under a private board of trustees headed by alumni Alexander Hamilton and John Jay.

Columbia College is distinctive for its comprehensive Core Curriculum and is among the most selective of American colleges, with an admission rate of 3.85% in 2024.
98th Illinois Infantry Regiment
The 98th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry, later the 98th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Mounted Infantry, was an infantry and mounted infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.

123rd Illinois Infantry Regiment
The 123rd Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry, was an infantry and mounted infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. In 1863 and 1864 it was temporarily known as the 123rd Illinois Volunteer Mounted Infantry Regiment, as part of Wilder's Lightning Brigade.
Morgan Hill Unified School District
The Morgan Hill Unified School District (MHUSD) is a public school district operating eight elementary schools, two middle schools, and three high schools in southern Santa Clara County, California. Its jurisdiction covers all of Morgan Hill, California, and San Martin, California, as well as Coyote Valley and the Santa Teresa district of San Jose, California. Alongside its traditional schools, MHUSD, in special partnership with The Tech Interactive and Stanford University, operates four specialized public "focus academies", in STEAM, mathematics and music, engineering, and health sciences. MHUSD schools have been awarded as National Blue Ribbon Schools, California Distinguished Schools, and California Gold Ribbon Schools.

California Distinguished School
California Distinguished School is an award given by the California State Board of Education to public schools within the state that best represent exemplary and quality educational programs. Approximately 5-10% of California schools are awarded this honor each year following a selection process. It is one of many programs in the California School Recognition Program (CSRP) and is funded by CSRP sponsors.
Ahtyba Rubin
Ahtyba Rubin (/ɑːˈtɑːbə/ ah-TAH-bə; born July 25, 1986) is an American former professional football player who was a defensive tackle in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Iowa State Cyclones and was selected by the Cleveland Browns in the sixth round of the 2008 NFL draft.

Iowa State Cyclones football
The Iowa State Cyclones football program is the intercollegiate football team at Iowa State University in Ames, Iowa. The team is coached by Jimmy Rogers. The Cyclones compete in the Big 12 Conference, and are a Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) member of the NCAA. The Cyclones play their home games at Jack Trice Stadium, with a capacity of 61,500. The Iowa State Cyclones football team drew an average home attendance of 60,384 in 2023, the 28th highest in college football.
Kanth Assembly constituency
Kanth Assembly constituency is one of the 403 constituencies of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India. It is a part of the Moradabad district and one of the five assembly constituencies in the Moradabad Lok Sabha constituency. First election in this assembly constituency was held in 1957 after the delimitation order (DPACO - 1956) was passed in 1956. The constituency was assigned identification number 25 after "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008" was passed in the year 2008.

Moradabad Lok Sabha constituency
Moradabad Lok Sabha constituency (constituency number 6; Hindi pronunciation: [mʊɾaːd̪aːbaːd̪]) is one of the 80 Lok Sabha (parliamentary) constituencies in western Uttar Pradesh state in northern India. It is located in the northern part of the state at a distance of 167 km from the national capital, New Delhi. Formed before the 1952 elections, it represents Moradabad district in the lower house of Indian Parliament.

According to Election Commission of India's 2024 data, the number of total electorates in the constituency is 2,056,539, of which 1,092,002 are males, 964,425 are females, and 87 are transgenders. This results in a gender ratio of 883 women per 1,000 men. There are 2,133 polling booths in the constituency, and its administrative headquarter is situated in the city of Moradabad. Hindi is the official language of Moradabad, though Urdu, Punjabi, and English are also widely spoken and understood.
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1588
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1588, adopted unanimously on 17 March 2005, after recalling resolutions 1547 (2004), 1556 (2004), 1574 (2004) and 1585 (2005) on the situation in Sudan, the Council extended the mandate of the United Nations Advance Mission in Sudan (UNAMIS) for a period of one week.

The mandate was extended until 24 March 2005, to allow for further discussions by the Security Council on the issue. It was designed to prepare for the establishment of a peacekeeping operation in the region. Within a week, the United Nations Mission in Sudan would be established.

United Nations Mission in Sudan
The United Nations Mission in the Sudan (UNMIS) was established by the UN Security Council under Resolution 1590 of 24 March 2005, in response to the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement between the government of the Sudan and the Sudan People's Liberation Movement on 9 January 2005.

UNMIS tasks are to support the implementation of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement, to perform certain functions relating to humanitarian assistance, protection, promotion of human rights, and to support the African Union Mission in Sudan. The mandate of UNMIS ended on 9 July 2011; the UNSC officially ended the mission on 11 July 2011, with a drawdown by 31 August 2011. Equipment and personnel will be transferred to UNISFA and UNMISS.

Its best-known employee was journalist Lubna al-Hussein, who resigned in order to waive her immunity.
St. Peter's High School, Jammu
St. Peter's High School, Jammu is an educational institution in Jammu started by Mill Hill Missionaries from London in 1952. The school belongs to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Jammu-Srinagar. The students of the school are referred to as Petrines, and the school's motto is "Ora et Labora" which means Prayer and Work. The school is currently affiliated to the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE).

Jammu
Jammu (/ˈdʒʌmuː/) is a city in Indian-administered  Jammu and Kashmir in the Jammu region. It is the winter capital of the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir.  It is the headquarters and the largest city in Jammu district. Lying on the banks of the river Tawi, the city of Jammu, with an area of 240 km2 (93 sq mi), is surrounded by the Himalayas in the north and the northern plains in the south. Jammu is the second-most populous city of the union territory. Jammu is known as "City of Temples" for its ancient temples and Hindu shrines.
VLDL receptor
The very-low-density-lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) is a transmembrane lipoprotein receptor of the low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) receptor family. VLDLR shows considerable homology with the members of this lineage. Discovered in 1992 by Tokuo Yamamoto and Sadao Takahashi, VLDLR is widely distributed throughout the tissues of the body, including the heart, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the brain, but is absent from the liver. This receptor has an important role in cholesterol uptake, metabolism of apolipoprotein E-containing triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins, and neuronal migration in the developing brain. In humans, VLDLR is encoded by the VLDLR gene. Mutations of this gene may lead to a variety of symptoms and diseases, which include type I lissencephaly, cerebellar hypoplasia, and atherosclerosis.

Triglyceride
A triglyceride (from tri- and glyceride; also TG, triacylglycerol, TAG, or triacylglyceride) is an ester derived from glycerol and three fatty acids.
Triglycerides are the main constituents of body fat in humans and other vertebrates as well as vegetable fat.
They are also present in the blood to enable the bidirectional transference of adipose fat and blood glucose from the liver and are a major component of human skin oils.

Many types of triglycerides exist.  One specific classification focuses on saturated and unsaturated types. Saturated fats have no C=C groups; unsaturated fats feature one or more C=C groups. Unsaturated fats tend to have a lower melting point than saturated analogues; as a result, they are often liquid at room temperature.
Hillhouse (ward)
Hillhouse was one of 67 electoral wards of South Lanarkshire Council. Originally created in 1974, the ward was initially within Hamilton District Council before the local government reforms in the 1990s. The ward elected one councillor using the first-past-the-post voting electoral system.

The ward was a Labour stronghold as the party successfully won the seat at eight of the 10 elections and held the seat for 23 years consecutively after gaining it from the Scottish National Party (SNP) in 1980.

In 2007, the ward was abolished and replaced by the multi-member Hamilton West and Earnock ward as council elections moved to a proportional voting system – the single transferable vote – following the implementation of the Local Governance (Scotland) Act 2004.

Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994
The Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994 (c. 39) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that created the current local government structure of 32 unitary authorities covering the whole of Scotland.

It abolished the two-tier structure of regions and districts created by the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973 which had previously covered Scotland except for the islands council areas.

The Act came into effect on 1 April 1996, beginning with the 1995 Scottish local elections.

The Act authorised the Secretary of State to cap councils' budgets, but this was not acted on for the first set of budgets in 1995-1996.
Scandal Takes a Holiday
Scandal Takes a Holiday is a 2004 historical mystery crime novel by Lindsey Davis and the 16th book of the Marcus Didius Falco Mysteries series.  Set in Ostia Antica during AD 76, the novel stars Marcus Didius Falco, informer and imperial agent. The title refers to the "holiday" taken by Infamia, gossip columnist of the Daily Gazette.

Ostia Antica
Ostia Antica (lit. 'Ancient Ostia') is the modern name given to the ancient Roman city of Ostia. It became the port city of Rome located at the mouth of the Tiber and is near modern Ostia, 25 km (16 mi) southwest of Rome. Due to silting of the coastline from the river the site now lies 3 km (2 mi) from the sea. The name Ostia (the plural of ostium) derives from Latin os 'mouth'.

The city continued to be prosperous into late antiquity despite harbour deterioration. After its abandonment sand dunes covered the site and aided the city's preservation which is surpassed only by Pompeii and Herculaneum.

Ostia Antica is now a large archaeological site noted for the excellent preservation of its ancient buildings, magnificent frescoes and impressive mosaics. As in Pompeii, Ostia's remains provide details about Roman urbanism that are not accessible within the city of Rome itself.
Gunpowder weapons in the Song dynasty
Gunpowder weapons in the Song dynasty included fire arrows, gunpowder lit flamethrowers, soft shell bombs, hard shell iron bombs, fire lances, and possibly early cannons known as "eruptors". The eruptors, such as the "multiple bullets magazine eruptors" (bǎi-zi lián zhū pào, 百子連珠炮), consisting of a tube of bronze or cast iron that was filled with about 100 lead balls, and the "flying-cloud thunderclap eruptor" (fēi yún pī-lì pào, 飛雲霹靂炮), were early cast-iron proto-cannons that did not include single shots that occluded the barrel (thus called "co-viative" weapons). The use of proto-cannon, and other gunpowder weapons, enabled the Song dynasty to ward off its generally militarily superior enemies—the Khitan led Liao, Tangut led Western Xia, and Jurchen led Jin—until its final collapse under the onslaught of the Mongol forces of Kublai Khan and his Yuan dynasty in the late 13th century.

Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty
The Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty (or Song–Yuan War) was the final phase of the Mongol conquest of China, beginning under Ögedei Khan (r. 1229–1241) and being completed under Kublai Khan (r. 1260–1294) . It is considered the last great military achievement of the Mongol Empire; upon its completion, the Mongols ruled all of continental East Asia under the Han-style Yuan dynasty that had been founded as a division of the Mongol Empire.
Laz grammar
Laz is a Kartvelian language. It is sometimes considered as a southern dialect of Zan languages, the northern dialect being the Mingrelian language.

Today, the area where Laz is spoken stretches from the village Sarpi of Khelvachauri district in Georgia to the village Kemer of Rize province in Turkey. Laz is spoken also in Western Turkey in the villages created by Laz muhajirs in 1877–1878. In Georgia, out of Sarpi, the Laz language islets were also in Abkhazia, but the fate of them is obscure at present.

Laz is divided into three dialects: Khopa-Chkhala, Vitze-Arkabe and Atina-Artasheni. Dialectical classification is mainly conditioned by phonetic characteristics. More specifically, the crucial point is the reflexes of the Kartvelian phoneme [qʼ], which is maintained only in the Khopa-Chkhala dialect but has different reflections in Vitze-Arkabe and Atina-Artasheni dialects (see below).

Mingrelian language
The Mingrelian or Megrelian language (მარგალური ნინა margaluri nina) is a Kartvelian language spoken in Western Georgia (regions of Mingrelia and Abkhazia), primarily by the Mingrelians. Mingrelian has historically been only a regional language within the boundaries of historical Georgian states and then modern Georgia, and the number of younger people speaking it has decreased substantially, with UNESCO designating it as a "definitely endangered language".
Stromboli (food)
Stromboli are a type of baked bread filled with various Italian cheeses (typically mozzarella) and Italian cold cuts (typically salami, capocollo, and bresaola) or vegetables, served hot. The dough is either Italian bread dough or pizza dough. Stromboli are an Italian-American dish invented in Philadelphia by the mid-20th century. The dish is ultimately named for the volcanic island off the coast of Sicily, by way of the 1950 Roberto Rossellini film of the same name.

Stromboli are similar to a calzone or scaccia, and the dishes are sometimes confused. Unlike calzones, which are always stuffed and folded into a crescent shape, stromboli are typically rolled or folded into a cylinder, and may sometimes contain a thin layer of tomato sauce on the inside.

Roberto Rossellini
Roberto Gastone Zeffiro Rossellini (8 May 1906 – 3 June 1977) was an Italian film director, screenwriter and producer. He was one of the most prominent directors of the Italian neorealist cinema, contributing to the movement with films such as Rome, Open City (1945), Paisan (1946), and Germany, Year Zero (1948). He is also known for his films starring his then wife Ingrid Bergman, Stromboli (1950), Europe '51 (1952), Journey to Italy (1954), Fear (1954) and Joan of Arc at the Stake (1954).
Crom Ua Donnubáin
An Crom Ua Donnubáin or Crom O'Donovan (slain 1254) is the individual characterised as the ancestor of O'Donovans later found in Carbery in County Cork, and later still in distant County Wexford in Leinster. Nothing is known for sure of his life but his progeny, and the circumstances of his slaying and further events which followed. He was the son of Máel Ruanaid, (son of Ragnall), son of Aneislis, son of Murchad, son of Amlaíb, son of Cathal, son of Donnubán, (son of Amlaíb), son of Cathal. An uncle or near relation was Amlaíb Ua Donnubáin, last known king of Uí Chairpre Áebda (Cairbre Eva), slain in 1201.

Finghin Mac Cárthaigh
Finghin MacCarthy, also known as Fineen of Ringrone (Irish: Finghin Reanna Róin Mac Cárthaigh), was King of Desmond from 1251 to his death in 1261, shortly after his famous victory over John FitzGerald, 1st Baron Desmond at the Battle of Callann. He was the son of Donal Gott MacCarthy, King of Desmond and founder of the MacCarthy Reagh dynasty, Princes of Carbery, and for that reason is considered to belong to them.

It was largely Finghin MacCarthy's victory against the Geraldines that preserved Gaelic Desmond for the next three centuries.
Forest Gate
Forest Gate is a sub-district of West Ham in the London Borough of Newham, East London, England. It is located 7 miles (11 km) northeast of Charing Cross.

The area's name relates to its position adjacent to Wanstead Flats, the southernmost part of Epping Forest. The town was historically part of the parish (and later borough) of West Ham in the hundred of Becontree in Essex. Since 1965, Forest Gate has been part of the London Borough of Newham, a local government district of Greater London. The town forms the majority of the London E7 postcode district.

Neighbouring areas include Leytonstone to the north, East Ham to the east, Plaistow to the south and Stratford to the west.

County Borough of West Ham
West Ham was a local government district in the extreme south west of Essex from 1886 to 1965, forming part of the built-up area of London, although outside the County of London. It was immediately north of the River Thames and east of the River Lea.
Battle of Hamel
The Battle of Hamel was an attack by Australian Army and US Army infantry, supported by Royal Tank Regiment tanks, against German positions in and around the town of Le Hamel, in northern France, during World War I. The attack was led by Lieutenant General John Monash, commander of the Australian Corps, and took place on 4 July 1918.

Many of the tactics employed, such as the use of combined arms, illustrated the evolution of military tactics, from the massed attacks mounted earlier in the war. The objectives were achieved within 93 minutes, just three minutes longer than Monash's calculated battle time.

To give the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) combat experience, the five Australian infantry brigades involved were augmented by ten companies from US Army battalions. Six of these US infantry companies were withdrawn from the front line before seeing action. Hamel was the first time during the war that elements of the AEF were commanded operationally by non-American officers.

Royal Tank Regiment
The Royal Tank Regiment (RTR) is the oldest tank unit in the world, being formed by the British Army in 1916 during the First World War. Today, it is an armoured regiment equipped with Challenger 2 main battle tanks and structured under 12th Armoured Brigade Combat Team. Formerly known as the Tank Corps and the Royal Tank Corps, it is part of the Royal Armoured Corps.