hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Marcellus Formation
The Marcellus Formation or the Marcellus Shale is a Middle Devonian age unit of sedimentary rock found in eastern North America.  Named for a distinctive outcrop near the village of Marcellus, New York,
it extends throughout much of the Appalachian Basin.

The unit name usage by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) includes Marcellus Shale and Marcellus Formation.  The term "Marcellus Shale" is the preferred name throughout most of the Appalachian region, although the term "Marcellus Formation" is also acceptable within the State of Pennsylvania. The unit was first described and named as the "Marcellus shales" by J. Hall in 1839.

Geology of the Appalachians
The geology of the Appalachians dates back more than 1.2 billion years to the Mesoproterozoic era when two continental cratons collided to form the supercontinent Rodinia. The rocks exposed in today's Appalachian Mountains reveal elongate belts of folded and thrust faulted marine sedimentary rocks, volcanic rocks, and slivers of ancient ocean floor. The creation of the Appalachian ranges marks the first of several mountain building plate collisions that culminated in the construction of Pangea with the Appalachians and neighboring Anti-Atlas mountains (now in Morocco) near the center of the supercontinent. These mountain ranges likely once reached elevations similar to those of the Alps and the Rocky Mountains before they were eroded.
Anatoly Tokov
Anatoly Aleksandrovich Tokov (Russian: Анатолий Александрович Токов; born 17 February 1990) is a Russian mixed martial artist currently fighting in the Middleweight division. Tokov has previously fought in promotions such as:Bellator MMA, M-1 Global, Fight Nights Global, Rizin Fighting Federation and Absolute Championship Berkut where Tokov became the one-time Middleweight champion.

Absolute Championship Akhmat
Absolute Championship Akhmat (ACA), formerly known as Absolute Championship Berkut (ACB), is a Russian mixed martial arts, kickboxing, and Brazilian jiu-jitsu organization and one of the leading promotions in Europe. To date, most events have been hosted in Grozny, Chechnya. ACA has also held events in other Russian cities, as well as in Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, England, France, Georgia, Germany, Italy, Kazakhstan, the Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Scotland, Slovakia, Tajikistan, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates and the United States.
Aisha Chughtai
Aisha Siddida Chughtai (born September 4, 1997) is an American community organizer and politician serving on the Minneapolis City Council, representing the 10th Ward. Chughtai was the council's vice president from 2024 to 2026. A member of the Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party (DFL), she was elected in 2021 to succeed retiring Council President Lisa Bender. She is the youngest person, and first Muslim woman, elected to the Council. She is a member of the Twin Cities Democratic Socialists of America (DSA).

Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party
The Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party (DFL) is a political party in the U.S. state of Minnesota affiliated with the national Democratic Party. The party was formed by a merger between the Minnesota Democratic Party and the Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party in 1944. The DFL is one of two state Democratic Party affiliates with a different name from that of the national party, the other being the neighboring North Dakota Democratic–Nonpartisan League Party.

The DFL controls four of Minnesota's eight United States House of Representatives seats, both of its United States Senate seats, the Minnesota Senate, and all other statewide offices, including the Governor of Minnesota, making it the dominant party in the state. In the Minnesota House of Representatives, it has a power-sharing agreement with its main political rival, the Republican Party of Minnesota, following a tie in the 2024 Minnesota House of Representatives election.
Rectrix Aviation
Rectrix Aviation was a jet charter and commuter airline service that primarily served New England, Florida and the east coast of the United States. Its commercial operations were primarily based at Nantucket Memorial Airport and Barnstable Municipal Airport in Nantucket and Hyannis, Massachusetts, respectively.

Rectrix Shuttle, the commuter service, was founded when Island Airlines of Nantucket shut down. In December 2019 new parent company Ross Aviation ceased all commercial flights and began the shutdown of the charter department consolidating Rectrix to only an FBO operation.

Rectrix's charter flights were based at Sarasota, Florida, Bedford, Massachusetts, Hyannis, and Westfield, Massachusetts. It got its worldwide jet operating authority in 2009 with its acquisition of New World Jet Corporation.

Bedford, Massachusetts
Bedford is a town in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States. The population of Bedford was 14,161 at the 2022 United States census. Bedford is a suburb of Boston, located about 21 miles (31 km) northwest.
Dyshidrosis
Dyshidrosis is a type of dermatitis, characterized by itchy vesicles of 1–2 mm in size, on the palms of the hands, sides of fingers, or bottoms of the feet. Outbreaks usually conclude within three to four weeks, but often recur.  Repeated attacks may result in fissures and skin thickening. The cause of the condition is not known.

Lichenification
Lichenification is a cutaneous condition caused by consistent irritation of the skin, such as scratching or rubbing, but can also be caused by friction from clothing or chemical irritants. Lichenification can develop from scratching existing skin conditions that cause itching such as eczema or psoriasis (secondary lichenification), but also appears on previously healthy skin when repeatedly aggravated (primary lichenification). Often times, in the case of primary lichenification, skin irritation is self inflicted due to psychiatric conditions, usually obsessive-compulsive disorder or anxiety disorder.
Oktibbeha County, Mississippi
Oktibbeha County is a county in the east central portion of the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2020 census the population was 51,788. The county seat is Starkville. The county's name is derived from a Choctaw word meaning "icy creek". The Choctaw had long occupied much of this territory prior to European exploration and United States acquisition.

Mississippi State University, a public research university and land-grant institution, is in Oktibbeha County.

Oktibbeha County is conterminous with the Starkville, MS Micropolitian Statistical Area. The county is part of the Golden Triangle region of Mississippi, designated for joint regional development strategies.

Choctaw
The Choctaw (Choctaw: Chahta Choctaw pronunciation: [tʃahtá(ʔ)]) people are one of the Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands of the United States, historically based in what is now Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama. The Choctaw language is a Western Muskogean language. Today, Choctaw people are enrolled primarily in three federally recognized tribes: the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma, the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians, and the Jena Band of Choctaw Indians in Louisiana. The Yowani Choctaw, a historic Choctaw band, are federally recognized as a people within the Caddo Nation and are also enrolled as citizens of the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma and the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians. Choctaw descendants are also members of other tribes.
Janibak al-Sufi revolt
The Janibak al-Sufi revolt (1435–1437) was a significant uprising against the Mamluk Sultanate and its Dulkadirid allies in southeastern Anatolia. Despite his initial setbacks, Janibak managed to rally forces but was eventually defeated near Aintab. The Mamluk Sultan Barsbay personally intervened, leading to Janibak’s final defeat and execution in 1437. The conflict highlighted the complex interplay of regional powers, including the Mamluks, Dulkadirids, Aq Qoyunlu, and the emerging Ottomans.

Aq Qoyunlu
The Aq Qoyunlu or the White Sheep Turkomans (Azerbaijani: Ağqoyunlular, آغ‌قویونلولار; Persian: آق‌ قویونلو) was a culturally Persianate, Sunni Turkoman tribal confederation. Founded in the Diyarbakir region by Qara Yuluk Uthman Beg, they ruled parts of present-day eastern Turkey from 1378 to 1508, and in their last decades also ruled Armenia, Azerbaijan, much of Iran, Iraq, and Oman where the ruler of Hormuz recognised Aq Qoyunlu suzerainty. The Aq Qoyunlu empire reached its zenith under Uzun Hasan.
Tatsuya Tsuboi
Tatsuya Tsuboi (壷井 達也, Tsuboi Tatsuya; born December 17, 2002) is a Japanese figure skater. He is the 2024–25 Japan national bronze medalist, the 2024 NHK Trophy bronze medalist, the 2023 World University Games silver medalist, and the 2022 Coupe du Printemps silver medalist.

On the junior level, he is the 2022 World Junior bronze medalist and 2018–19 Japan junior national champion.

2018–19 Japan Figure Skating Championships
The 2018–19 Japan Figure Skating Championships were held on December 20–24, 2018 in Osaka. It was the 87th edition of the event. Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing.
Stalle, Brussels
Stalle is a district of Brussels, Belgium, located within the municipality of Uccle. The area lies between the valleys of the Geleytsbeek and the Ukkelbeek and takes its name from the former lordship of Stalle. Its inhabitants were traditionally nicknamed the Zoêvelbooren (“sand farmers”), a reference to the district's agricultural past. Archaeological evidence shows that the territory has been inhabited since ancient times.

Uccle
Uccle (French, pronounced [ykl(ə)] ⓘ) or Ukkel (Dutch, pronounced [ˈʏkəl] ⓘ) is one of the 19 municipalities of the Brussels-Capital Region, Belgium. Located in the southern part of the region, it is bordered by the City of Brussels, Forest, Ixelles, and Watermael-Boitsfort, as well as the Flemish municipalities of Drogenbos, Linkebeek and Sint-Genesius-Rode. In common with all of Brussels' municipalities, it is legally bilingual (French–Dutch).

As of 1 January 2022, the municipality had a population of 85,099 inhabitants. The total area is 22.87 km2 (8.83 sq mi), which gives a population density of 3,720/km2 (9,600/sq mi), half the average of Brussels. It is generally considered an affluent area of the region, and is particularly noted for its community of French immigrants.
Petrushka
Petrushka (Russian: Петру́шка, IPA: [pʲɪtˈruʂkə] ⓘ) is a stock character of Russian folk puppetry. It was first introduced by traveling Italian performers in the first third of the 19th century during a period of Westernization in Russian culture. While most core characters came from Italy, they were soon transformed by the addition of material from the Russian cultural context.'  Petrushkas are traditionally hand puppets. The character is a kind of a jester, a slapstick protagonist distinguished by his red dress, a red kolpak, and often a long nose.

Hand puppet
A hand puppet is a type of puppet that is primarily controlled by the performer's hand inside the body and head of the puppet like a glove. Other parts of the puppet may be controlled by different means, e.g., by rods operated by the puppeteer's free hand, or strings or levers. Simple hand puppets often have no significant manipulable parts at all. Finger puppets are not considered hand puppets as they are used only on a finger.
Keith Garland
Keith Garland is a former association football player who represented New Zealand at international level.

Garland made his full All Whites debut in a 2–0 win over Malaysia on 30 March 1984 and ended his international playing career with seven A-international caps to his credit, his final cap an appearance in a 1–1 draw with Fiji on 20 October that same year.

New Zealand men's national football team
The New Zealand men's national football team (Māori: Tīma hoka a-motu o Aotearoa) represents New Zealand in men's international football competitions. The team is governed by the governing body for football in New Zealand, New Zealand Football (NZF), which is currently a member of FIFA and the Oceania Football Confederation (OFC). The team's official nickname is the All Whites (Māori: Ōmā [ɔːmaː]).

The team represented New Zealand at the FIFA World Cup tournaments in 1982 and 2010, and are set to appear in the 2026 FIFA World Cup. It also participated in the FIFA Confederations Cup in 1999, 2003, 2009, and 2017. New Zealand is a six-time OFC Nations Cup champion. New Zealand was the only unbeaten country in the 2010 FIFA World Cup, drawing all three group stage games; nevertheless, they were eliminated in the group stage.
Madeley, Western Australia
Madeley is a suburb of Perth, the capital city of Western Australia 20 kilometres (12 mi) north of Perth's central business district. Its local government area is the City of Wanneroo. Previously part of Landsdale, much of the suburb was rural in character until the 1990s, with market gardening a common activity. From 2001 onwards, extensive property development resulted in massive population growth, with the Property Investor Magazine of December 2007 estimating a growth rate of 33.3% per year.

City of Wanneroo
The City of Wanneroo is a local government area with city status in the northern suburbs of Perth, Western Australia. It is centred approximately 25 kilometres (15.5 mi) north of Perth's central business district and forms part of the northern boundary of the Perth metropolitan area. Wanneroo encompasses the federal divisions of Cowan, Moore and Pearce.

The city's main commercial and residential town centres are located at Wanneroo in the east and Clarkson in the north. Further urban centres are planned at Alkimos, Yanchep and Two Rocks in the future to coincide with rapid metropolitan expansion and development in the area. It is also home to the Yanchep and Neerabup National Parks, as well as the Neerabup Industrial Estate in the north.

From the city's inception until July 1st 1998, it also incorporated the neighbouring City of Joondalup in its entirety.
DRIP-seq
DRIP-seq (DRIP-sequencing) is a technology for genome-wide profiling of a type of DNA-RNA hybrid called an "R-loop". DRIP-seq utilizes a sequence-independent but structure-specific antibody for DNA-RNA immunoprecipitation (DRIP) to capture R-loops for massively parallel DNA sequencing.

Immunoprecipitation
Immunoprecipitation (IP) is the technique of precipitating a protein antigen out of solution using an antibody that specifically binds to that particular protein. This process can be used to isolate and concentrate a particular protein from a sample containing many thousands of different proteins.  Immunoprecipitation requires that the antibody be coupled to a solid substrate at some point in the procedure.
Castle Morpeth
Castle Morpeth was a local government district and borough in Northumberland, England.  Its administrative centre was the town of Morpeth. The district had a resident population of 49,001 according to the 2001 census.

The district was formed on 1 April 1974 by the merger of the borough of Morpeth and Morpeth Rural District, along with part of Castle Ward Rural District.

The district council was abolished as part of the 2009 structural changes to local government in England effective from 1 April 2009 with responsibilities being transferred to Northumberland County Council, a unitary authority.

2009 structural changes to local government in England
On 1 April 2009 structural changes to local government in England took place which reformed the local government of seven non-metropolitan counties: Bedfordshire, Cheshire, Cornwall, County Durham, Shropshire, Northumberland, and Wiltshire. In each case the government of the county was changed from a two-tier to a unitary system, with Bedfordshire and Cheshire being divided into two new unitary authorities.

Elections to the new authorities took place on 1 May 2008 for some of the new authorities, which took up their powers on 1 April 2009. In the remaining authorities elections took place two months later on 4 June 2009.
Musée de Montmartre
The Musée de Montmartre (French pronunciation: [myze də mɔ̃maʁtʁ], Montmartre Museum) is located in Montmartre, at 8-14 rue Cortot in the 18th (XVIII) arrondissement of Paris, France. It was founded in 1960 and was classified as a Musée de France in 2003. The buildings were formerly the home of several famous artists, including Pierre-Auguste Renoir and Suzanne Valadon.

Pierre-Auguste Renoir
Pierre-Auguste Renoir (/rɛnˈwɑːr/; French: [pjɛʁ oɡyst ʁənwaʁ]; 25 February 1841 – 3 December 1919) was a French artist who was a leading painter in the development of the Impressionist style. It has been said that, as a celebrator of beauty and especially feminine sensuality, "Renoir is the final representative of a tradition which runs directly from Rubens to Watteau."

He was the father of the actor Pierre Renoir (1885–1952), the filmmaker Jean Renoir (1894–1979) and the ceramic artist Claude Renoir (1901–1969). He was the grandfather of the filmmaker Claude Renoir (1913–1993), son of Pierre.
Kjell Wätjen
Kjell Arik Wätjen (born 16 February 2006) is a German professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for 2. Bundesliga club VfL Bochum on loan from Borussia Dortmund.

Wätjen won the UEFA European Under-17 tournament with the German U17 national team in 2023.

UEFA European Under-17 Championship
The UEFA European Under-17 Championship, or simply the Euro Under-17, is an annual football competition contested by the men's under-17 national teams of the UEFA member associations.

Spain is the most successful team in this competition, having won nine titles. Portugal are the current champions, having won their 7th title following a 3–0 victory over France in the 2025 final.
Betavoltaic device
A betavoltaic device (betavoltaic cell or betavoltaic battery) is a type of nuclear battery that generates electric current from beta particles (electrons or positrons) emitted from a radioactive source, using semiconductor junctions. A common source used is the hydrogen isotope tritium. Unlike most nuclear power sources which use nuclear radiation to generate heat which then is used to generate electricity, betavoltaic devices use a non-thermal conversion process, converting the electron–hole pairs produced by the ionization trail of beta particles traversing a semiconductor.

Betavoltaic power sources (and the related technology of alphavoltaic power sources) are particularly well-suited to low-power electrical applications where long life of the energy source is needed, such as implantable medical devices or military and space applications.

Beta particle
A beta particle, also called beta ray or beta radiation (symbol β), is a high-energy, high-speed electron or positron emitted by the radioactive decay of an atomic nucleus, known as beta decay. There are two forms of beta decay, β− decay and β+ decay, which produce electrons and positrons, respectively.

Beta particles with an energy of 0.5 MeV have a range of about one metre in the air; the distance is dependent on the particle's energy and the air's density and composition.

Beta particles are a type of ionizing radiation, and for radiation protection purposes, they are regarded as being more ionizing than gamma rays, but less ionizing than alpha particles. The higher the ionising effect, the greater the damage to living tissue, but also the lower the penetrating power of the radiation through matter.
Anema e core (Serena Brancale song)
"Anema e core" (Neapolitan: [ˈɑːnəm(ə) e kˈkɔːrə], Barese: [ˈɑːnəm(ə) e kˈkowrə]; transl. "Heart and Soul") is a song co-written and recorded by Italian singer-songwriter Serena Brancale, released on 12 February 2025 through Warner Music Italy and Isola degli Artisti. It competed in the Sanremo Music Festival 2025, finishing in 24th position.

The song marked the singer's return to the contest since her debut in the 2015 Newcomers' section, as well as the first case of a Sanremo entry featuring lyrics in Brancale's native Barese dialect. It is a stated homage to the late Neapolitan singer Pino Daniele, who Brancale says encouraged her to write music in her own dialect.

Barese dialect
Barese dialect (natively dialètte barése; Italian: dialetto barese) is an Italo-Romance dialect belonging to the "southern intermediate" group (or Neapolitan), spoken in the regions of Apulia and Basilicata. Influences include Messapian, Oscan, Greek, Spanish, Old French, Franco-Provençal and Arabic, creating one of the most distinct Italian dialects both phonetically and lexically.
Pale Rider (Drapht album)
Pale Rider is the debut full-length album from Western Australian hip hop artist, Drapht. It was released in October 2003 through Australian Hip Hop label, Syllabolix Records.  The album features contributions by MC Layla, Dazastah, Optamus and Hunter. Tracks were produced by Dazastah, Optamus or Fdel. Matt Unicomb in 3D World describes the album as being "one of Western Australia's defining hip hop achievements."

MC Layla
Layla Rose Hanbury (born 5 October 1982), known mononymously as Layla, is an Australian hip hop singer-songwriter and MC from Perth. In January 2005 she released her debut solo album, Heretik, on Obese Records. She is a member of Syllabolix (SBX) Crew, with other MCs including her husband, Dazastah (aka Darren Reutens). The couple also perform as Layla and Dazastah. During September and October 2011 the duo were a support act for another SBX artist, Drapht, on his Australia-wide Party Party Party Tour.
Song control system
A song system, also known as a song control system (SCS), is a series of discrete brain nuclei involved in song production and vocal learning in songbirds. It was first observed by Fernando Nottebohm in 1976 in a paper titled "Central control of song in the canary, Serinus canarius", published in the Journal of Comparative Neurology.

Bird vocalization
Bird vocalization includes both bird calls and bird songs. In non-technical use, bird songs (often simply birdsong) are the sounds produced by birds that are melodious to the human ear. In ornithology and birding, songs (relatively complex vocalizations) are distinguished by function from calls (relatively simple vocalizations).
Marko Salminen
Marko Salminen (born 10 October 1978) is a Finnish rally co-driver. He has been competing in the Junior World Rally Championship as the co-driver of Sami Pajari and in the Finnish Rally Championship alongside Teemu Asunmaa, Teemu Suninen and Valtteri Bottas. As announced on the 3 December 2024, Salminen is returning to co-drive Sami Pajari, driving 2025 for the Toyota Gazoo Racing WRC team in a GR Yaris Rally1 car.

Co-driver
A co-driver is the navigator of a rally car in the sport of rallying, who sits in the front passenger seat. The co-driver's job is to navigate, commonly by reading off a set of pacenotes to the driver (what lies ahead, where to turn, the severity of the turn, and what obstacles to look out for). Some competitions require map interpretation. In stage rallying communication is often over a radio headset, due to the high level of noise in the car. The co-driver also tells the driver about any incidents or accidents that may have occurred further ahead in the stage. This role is particularly critical in high-end rally competitions such as WRC. Co-drivers are also often called on to perform maintenance on the car during road sections and special stages, such as changing a wheel.