hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Raid of the Redeswire
The Raid of the Redeswire, also known as the Redeswire Fray, was a border skirmish between England and Scotland on 7 July 1575 which took place at Carter Bar, the Cheviot pass which enters Redesdale. The skirmish was between the English Warden of the Middle Marches, Sir John Forster, with George Heron, Keeper of Redesdale, Keeper of Liddesdale and Scottish Warden and Sir John Carmichael, the Lord Warden of the Marches, with George Douglas of Bonjedworth. It was the last battle between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland.

Lord Warden of the Marches
The Lord Warden of the Marches was an office in the governments of Scotland and England. The holders were responsible for the security of the border between the two nations, and often took part in military action. They were also responsible, along with Conservators of the Truce, for administering the special type of border law known as March law.

The Marches on both sides of the border were traditionally split into West, Middle, and East, each with their own warden answerable to the Lord Warden-general. The English Western March was based on Carlisle and the Eastern March on Berwick-upon-Tweed.

The offices became unnecessary after the union of the crowns of England and Scotland under King James in 1603.
Juan Acevedo Pavez
Juan Acevedo Pavez (November 8, 1914 – August 27, 2010) was a Chilean politician, who held office as regidor and mayor of the commune of San Bernardo, and was a member of the Chamber of Deputies of Chile, representing the Eighth Departmental Group of Melipilla, San Antonio, San Bernardo, and Maipo.

San Bernardo, Chile
San Bernardo (Spanish pronunciation: [sam beɾˈnaɾðo]) is a city in Chile, located within the Greater Santiago metropolitan area. It is both a commune and the capital of Maipo Province, in the Santiago Metropolitan Region. San Bernardo also serves as the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of San Bernardo. It is the 5th most populated commune in Greater Santiago with over 300,000 inhabitants in 2025.
Fälldin III cabinet
The third cabinet of Thorbjörn Fälldin (Swedish: Regeringen Fälldin III) was the cabinet and Government of Sweden from 22 May 1981 to 8 October 1982.

The cabinet was a coalition minority government consisting of the Centre Party and the Liberal People's Party. The cabinet was led by Prime Minister Thorbjörn Fälldin of the Centre Party who had resigned on 5 May 1981 following the withdrawal of the Moderate Party from the second cabinet of Thorbjörn Fälldin. Thorbjörn Fälldin was reappointed on 22 May 1981 but as head of a two-party minority government.

The cabinet resigned on 8 October 1982 following defeat in the 1982 general election. The cabinet was succeeded by Olof Palme's second cabinet.

Palme II cabinet
The second cabinet of Olof Palme (Swedish: Regeringen Palme II) was the cabinet and Government of Sweden from 8 October 1982 until his assassination on 28 February 1986. The cabinet stayed in office as a caretaker government until 12 March 1986.

The cabinet was a single-party minority government consisting of the Social Democrats. The cabinet was led by Prime Minister Olof Palme who had led his party to victory in the 1982 general election. Olof Palme had previously been Prime Minister from October 1969 until defeat in the 1976 general election.

The cabinet resigned on 12 March 1986 as Olof Palme had been assassinated on 28 February 1986. From 28 February to 12 March 1986 the cabinet was led by Deputy Prime Minister Ingvar Carlsson whose first cabinet succeeded on 12 March 1986.
Aberdeen Central (Scottish Parliament constituency)
Aberdeen Central (Gaelic: Obar Dheathain Meadhain) is a burgh constituency of the Scottish Parliament covering part of the Aberdeen City council area. Under the additional-member electoral system used for elections to the Scottish Parliament, it elects one Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) by the first past the post method of election. It is also one of the ten constituencies in the North East Scotland electoral region, which elects seven additional member system, in addition to ten constituency MSPs, to produce a form of proportional representation for the region as a whole.

The seat has been held by Kevin Stewart of the Scottish National Party since the 2011 Scottish Parliament election.

North East Scotland (Scottish Parliament electoral region)
North East Scotland is one of the eight electoral regions of the Scottish Parliament which were created in 1999. Ten of the parliament's 73 first past the post constituencies are sub-divisions of the region. Under the additional-member electoral system used for elections to the Scottish Parliament, the region elects seven regional Members of the Scottish Parliament (MSPs), in addition to the ten constituency MSPs, to produce a form of proportional representation for the region as a whole, which thus elects a total of 17 MSPs.

The North East Scotland region shares boundaries with the Highlands and Islands and Mid Scotland and Fife regions.
Jordan Olowofela
Kehinde Oluwatomisin O. "Jordan" Olowofela (born 17 April 1998) is an English rugby union player who plays centre or wing for Doncaster Knights. He previously played for Nottingham and Leicester Tigers, in Premiership Rugby and on loan for Loughborough Students in National League 1, Western Force in Australia's Super Rugby AU  and Dragons in the URC, and for England Under-20s.

Nottingham R.F.C.
Nottingham Rugby Club is a rugby union club based in Nottingham, England. The club's first team currently plays in the Champ Rugby, the second tier of the English rugby union system.

The first XV are nicknamed The Archers, in reference to the famous Robin Hood. Now situated in the Lady Bay area of Nottingham, the club was formerly based at Meadow Lane, the home ground of Notts County F.C. They previously played at Ireland Avenue in Beeston until the end of the 2005–06 season.
Samuel Barnett (actor)
Samuel Barnett (born 25 April 1980) is an English actor. He has performed on stage, film, television and radio and achieved recognition for his work on the stage and film versions of The History Boys by Alan Bennett. His television performances include roles in the BBC comedy Twenty Twelve and in the Showtime drama Penny Dreadful. He played the lead role of Dirk Gently in Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency, the 2016 BBC America adaptation of the book series by Douglas Adams.

Alan Bennett
Alan Bennett (born 9 May 1934) is an English playwright, author, actor and screenwriter. He has received numerous awards and honours including four BAFTA Awards, four Laurence Olivier Awards, and two Tony Awards. In 2005 he received the Society of London Theatre Special Award.

Bennett was born in Leeds and attended Oxford University. He taught medieval history at the university for several years. His work in the satirical revue Beyond the Fringe at the 1960 Edinburgh Festival brought him instant fame and later a Special Tony Award. He turned to writing full time and gained acclaim with his plays at the Royal National Theatre. The following plays were  adapted into films: The Madness of King George (1994), The History Boys (2006), and The Lady in the Van (2015).
Taiyuan–Zhongwei–Yinchuan railway
The Taiyuan–Zhongwei–Yinchuan railway (Chinese: 太中银铁路) is a railway line in northern China, connecting Taiyuan, the capital of Shanxi Province, with Zhongwei and Yinchuan in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. It is a double-track electric railway,  opened in 2011.

Shijiazhuang–Taiyuan high-speed railway
The Shijiazhuang–Taiyuan high-speed railway, or the Shitai passenger railway (simplified Chinese: 石太客运专线; traditional Chinese: 石太客運專線; pinyin: Shí-Tài Kèyùn Zhuān Xiàn) is a 190-kilometre-long (120 mi) high-speed railway operated by China Railway High-speed, running from Shijiazhuang to Taiyuan, respectively the provincial capitals of Hebei and Shanxi, at 250 kilometres per hour (160 mph). The railway opened on April 1, 2009. It now forms part of the Qingdao–Yinchuan corridor.

The railway crosses the Taihang mountain range through the Taihang Tunnel, which, at almost 28 kilometres (17 mi) long, is (as of 2010) the longest railway tunnel in China.
Synodontis melanostictus
Synodontis melanostictus is a species of upside-down catfish endemic to Lake Tanganyika and its tributaries.  It has been found in Zambia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Burundi.  It was first described by British-Belgian zoologist George Albert Boulenger in 1906, based upon a specimen from the Lofubu River.  The species name "melanostictus" is derived from a combination of the Greek melano, meaning black, and the Greek stiktos, meaning punctured or spotted.  This refers to the black spotted pattern that occurs on the body of this species.

Lake Tanganyika
Lake Tanganyika (/ˌtæŋɡənˈjiːkə, -ɡæn-/ TANG-gən-YEE-kə, -⁠gan-; Kirundi: Ikiyaga ca Tanganyika) is an African Great Lake. It is the world's second-largest freshwater lake by volume and the second deepest, in both cases after Lake Baikal in Siberia. It is the world's longest freshwater lake. It is also the 6th largest lake by area. The lake is shared among four countries—Tanzania, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (the DRC), Burundi, and Zambia—with Tanzania (46%) and the DRC (40%) possessing the majority of the lake. It drains via the Lukuga River into the Congo River system, which ultimately discharges at Banana, Democratic Republic of the Congo into the Atlantic Ocean.
Battle of Marash (953)
The Battle of Marash was fought in 953 near Marash (modern Kahramanmaraş) between the forces of the Byzantine Empire under the Domestic of the Schools Bardas Phokas the Elder, and of the Hamdanid Emir of Aleppo, Sayf al-Dawla, the Byzantines' most intrepid enemy during the mid-10th century. Despite being outnumbered, the Arabs defeated the Byzantines who broke and fled. Bardas Phokas himself barely escaped through the intervention of his attendants, and suffered a serious wound on his face, while his youngest son and governor of Seleucia, Constantine Phokas, was captured and held a prisoner in Aleppo until his death of an illness some time later. This debacle, coupled with defeats in 954 and again in 955, led to Bardas Phokas' dismissal as Domestic of the Schools, and his replacement by his eldest son, Nikephoros Phokas (later emperor in 963–969).

Hamdanid dynasty
The Hamdanid dynasty (Arabic: الحمدانيون, romanized: al-Ḥamdāniyyūn) was a Shia Muslim Arab dynasty  that ruled modern day Northern Mesopotamia and Syria (890–1004). They descended from the ancient Banu Taghlib tribe of Mesopotamia and Arabia.
Les Trois Cloches
"Les Trois Cloches" (French pronunciation: [le tʁwɑ klɔʃ]) is a Swiss song written in French by Jean Villard. Edith Piaf recorded the song a cappella with the French vocal group Les Compagnons de la chanson in July 1946. The song became one of Édith Piaf's biggest hits, and when Piaf toured the US with Les Compagnons de la chanson, they introduced this song to an American audience. Tina Arena also recorded a hit version in 2000.

The song has also been recorded in many other languages. It was recorded by the Browns in 1959 in English as "The Three Bells" (with words adapted by Bert Reisfeld)." Another English version titled "While the Angelus Was Ringing" was recorded by Frank Sinatra. Lys Assia and Wolfgang Sauer both had a hit version in Germany titled "Wenn Die Glocken Hell Erklingen" in 1959. Dutch singer/comedian André van Duin had a Dutch Top 40 number one hit in 1982 with his Dutch comedy version of the song titled "Bim bam".

André van Duin
Adrianus Marinus Kyvon (né Kloot; 20 February 1947), known by his stage name André van Duin, is a Dutch comedian, singer-songwriter and television presenter. Van Duin is one of the Netherlands' best known entertainers, with a career spanning over six decades.
Murder of Aaron Palmer
On June 1, 1997, Death Row Records employee and Mob Piru Bloods member Aaron "Heron" Palmer was shot dead in Compton, California. Palmer's death was followed by the murders of several other Mob Pirus from Suge Knight's inner circle, as part of a gang war between the Mob Piru and another Bloods set (subgroup), the Fruit Town Piru.

Fruit Town Piru
The Fruit Town Piru (also known as the Fruit Town Piru Bloods) are a "set" of the Piru gang alliance, which itself is part of the larger Bloods alliance. This Piru set is known for its rivalry with the Mob Piru Bloods during the early 2000s.
I Saw You Dancing
"I Saw You Dancing" is a song by Swedish group Yaki-Da. It was released in 1994 by Mega Records and Metronome, as the lead single from their first studio album, Pride (1995). The song is written and produced by Jonas Berggren from Ace of Base and was a top-10 hit in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Israel, Malaysia, Norway and on the Canadian RPM Dance/Urban chart.

Mega Records
Mega Records was a music label based in Nashville founded in 1970 by former RCA Records executive Brad McCuen  Harry E. Pratt. Its most successful recording artist was Sammi Smith who also recorded the label's first single. She recorded 16 singles for Mega which charted. Mega's other notable recording artist was Apollo 100. Bill Black's Combo recorded for the label, which lasted until 1976.
IEEE Photonics Society
The IEEE Photonics Society, formerly the IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Society (LEOS), is a society of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), focused on the scientific and engineering knowledge about the field of quantum electronics.
In the hierarchy of IEEE, the Photonics Society is one of the close to 40 technical societies organized under the IEEE Technical Activities Board.

Quantum optics
Quantum optics is a branch of atomic, molecular, and optical physics and quantum chemistry that studies the behavior of photons (individual quanta of light). It includes the study of the particle-like properties of photons and their interaction with, for instance, atoms and molecules. Photons have been used to test many of the counter-intuitive predictions of quantum mechanics, such as entanglement and teleportation, and are a useful resource for quantum information processing.
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1711
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1711, adopted unanimously on September 29, 2006, after recalling all previous resolutions concerning the situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, including resolutions 1565 (2004), 1592 (2005), 1596 (2005), 1621 (2005), 1628 (2005), 1635 (2005), 1671 (2006) and 1693 (2006), and resolutions 1650 (2005), 1669 (2006), 1692 (2006) on the situation in Burundi and the African Great Lakes region, the Council extended the mandate of the United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo (MONUC) until February 15, 2007.

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1671
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1671, adopted unanimously on April 25, 2006, after recalling previous resolutions concerning the situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, particularly resolutions 1565 (2004), 1592 (2005), 1621 (2005) and 1635 (2005), the Council authorised the deployment of the European Union's EUFOR RD Congo force to assist the United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC) during the 2006 general elections.

The first of the 1,450 EUFOR forces began arriving in July 2006.
2013 Web.com Tour Finals graduates
This is a list of players who graduated from the Web.com Tour Finals in 2013. The top 25 players on the Web.com Tour's regular season money list in 2013 earned their PGA Tour card for 2014. The Web.com Tour Finals determined the other 25 players to earn their PGA Tour cards and the priority order of all 50.

2013–14 PGA Tour
The 2013–14 PGA Tour was the 99th season of the PGA Tour, the main professional golf tour in the United States. It was also the 46th season since separating from the PGA of America, and the eighth edition of the FedEx Cup.
Brenton Point State Park
Brenton Point State Park is a public recreation area occupying 89 acres (36 ha) at the southwestern tip of Aquidneck Island in the city of Newport, Rhode Island. The state park offers wide vistas of the Atlantic Ocean where it meets Narragansett Bay. The park lies adjacent to the Newport Country Club, part of Newport's Ocean Drive Historic District. It is managed by the Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management, Division of Parks and Recreation, and is overseen by the staff at nearby Fort Adams State Park.

Fort Adams State Park
Fort Adams State Park is a public recreation and historic area preserving Fort Adams, a large coastal fortification located at the harbor mouth in Newport, Rhode Island, that was active from 1841 through the first half of the 20th century. The state park hosts the annual Newport Jazz Festival and Newport Folk Festival and is the home of Sail Newport and Eisenhower House.
Zero Hour (Stargate SG-1)
"Zero Hour"  is the fourth episode from Season 8 of the military science fiction television series Stargate SG-1. It was written by producer Robert C. Cooper and directed by Peter Woeste. Clips of the episode were shown on Late Night with Conan O'Brien before Season 8 began, with Late Night graphic designer Pierre Bernard making a cameo appearance in the episode. The first airing of "Zero Hour" on July 30, 2004 on the American Sci Fi Channel was viewed by 3 million people. The episode received mixed reviews.

"Zero Hour" takes place shortly after the promotion of main character Jack O'Neill from Colonel to Brigadier General. With O'Neill being the new leader of Stargate Command (SGC), Lt. Col. Samantha Carter has assumed O'Neill's old position as leader of the SG-1 unit. The idea to have the episode focus on General O'Neill solving various problems at his new job came from the writers' wondering what the general of the SGC does while his teams are on missions.

Robert C. Cooper
Robert C. Cooper is a Canadian writer and producer best known for his work in the Stargate franchise. He was formerly an executive producer of Stargate SG-1, Stargate Atlantis and Stargate Universe. He also co-created both Stargate Atlantis and Stargate Universe with Brad Wright. Cooper has written and produced many episodes of Stargate SG-1, Stargate Atlantis and Stargate Universe as well as directed a number of episodes.
Anne O'Leary (technologist)
Anne O'Leary is an Irish technologist who is the head of Meta, Ireland, having previously served as chief executive officer of Vodafone and BT Group. In 2019 she was named the KPMG Business Person of the Year, and in 2024 she was awarded an honorary doctorate from University College Cork.

KPMG
KPMG International Limited is a British multinational professional services network, headquartered in London, United Kingdom. It is one of the Big Four accounting firms, along with Ernst & Young (EY), Deloitte, and PwC. As of December 2024, KPMG comprised 46 firms.

The name "KPMG" stands for "Klynveld Peat Marwick Goerdeler". The initialism was chosen when KMG (Klynveld Main Goerdeler) merged with Peat Marwick in 1987.

KPMG has three divisions: financial audit, tax, and consulting. Its tax and advisory services are further divided into various service groups. In the 21st century, various parts of the firm's global network of affiliates have been involved in regulatory actions as well as lawsuits.
Miss America 2008
Miss America 2008, the 81st Miss America pageant, was held on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise, Nevada, on Saturday, January 26, 2008.

The pageant was broadcast live on TLC from the Theatre for the Performing Arts at the Planet Hollywood Resort and Casino, only the third time that the pageant had been held outside Atlantic City.

Kirsten Haglund (Michigan) was crowned Miss America 2008 by Miss America 2007, Lauren Nelson.

TLC (TV network)
TLC is an American premium multinational cable and satellite television network owned by the Networks division of Warner Bros. Discovery. First established in 1980 as The Learning Channel, it initially focused on educational and instructional programming. By the late 1990s, after an acquisition by Discovery, Inc. earlier in the decade, the network began to pivot towards reality television programming—predominantly focusing on programming involving lifestyles and personal stories—to the point that the previous name with "The Learning Channel" spelled out was phased out in favor of its initialism.

As of November 2023, with its programming primarily dedicated to the nine-series 90 Day Fiancé universe, comprising 31% of the shows carried by the channel, TLC is available to approximately 71,000,000 pay television households in the United States—down from its 2011 peak of 100,000,000 households.
Vegetarian cuisine
Vegetarian cuisine, also known as plant-based cuisine, is a style of cooking defined by the inclusion of grains, legumes, nuts, vegetables, fruits, dairy, and sometimes eggs, and by the exclusion of meat and animal tissue products (such as gelatin or animal-derived rennet). Vegetarian cuisine meets vegetarian standards. Vegetarian cuisine differs from vegan cuisine, which excludes all animal products including dairy and eggs.

Rennet
Rennet (/ˈrɛnɪt/) is a complex set of enzymes produced in the stomachs of ruminant mammals. Its key component is chymosin, a protease enzyme that curdles the casein proteins in milk. Rennet also contains other enzymes such as pepsin and a lipase.

Rennet has traditionally been used to separate milk into solid curds and liquid whey, used in the production of cheeses. Rennet from calves has become less common for this use, to the point that less than 5% of cheese in the United States is made using animal rennet today. Most cheese is now made using chymosin derived from bacterial sources.
Camus, County Galway
Camus or Camas is a small village in the Connemara Gaeltacht of County Galway, Ireland. It is between Casla and An Teach Dóite, and is divided into Camas Uachtair and Camas Íochtair, as well as several other townlands, such as Scríob, Gleann Trasna, Leitir Móir, and Doire Bhainbh.

The village has the highest percentage of Irish language speakers in the Gaeltacht.

Gaeltacht
A Gaeltacht (/ˈɡeɪltəxt/ GAYL-təkht, Irish: [ˈɡeːl̪ˠt̪ˠəxt̪ˠ], pl. Gaeltachtaí) is a district of Ireland, either individually or collectively, where the Irish government recognises that the Irish language is the predominant vernacular, or language of the home.
The Gaeltacht districts were first officially recognised during the 1920s in the early years of the Irish Free State, following the Gaelic revival, as part of a government policy aimed at restoring the Irish language.

The Gaeltacht is threatened by serious language decline. Research published in 2015 showed that Irish is spoken on a daily basis by two-thirds or more of the population in only 21 of the 155 electoral divisions in the Gaeltacht. Daily language use by two-thirds or more of the population is regarded by some academics as a tipping point for language survival.
Efremovite
Efremovite is a rare ammonium sulfate mineral with the chemical formula: (NH4)2Mg2(SO4)3. It is a white to gray cubic mineral. This anhydrous sulfate occurs as constituent in sulfate crusts of burning coal dumps. It is hygroscopic and when exposed to humid air it slowly converts to the hydrate form, boussingaultite.

It was first described in 1989 for an occurrence in the Chelyabinsk coal basin, Southern Urals, Russia. It was named for Russian geologist Ivan Antonovich Yefremov (1907–1972). It has also been reported from several coal mining areas across Europe. It occurs in association with native sulfur, kladnoite, mascagnite, and boussingaultite.

Mascagnite
Mascagnite is a rare ammonium sulfate mineral (NH4)2SO4. It crystallizes in the orthorhombic system typically forming as stalactitic masses exhibiting good cleavage. It is soft (not higher than 2.5 on the Mohs scale) and water-soluble.  Optical properties are variable; the purest form is transparent and colorless, but opaque gray or yellow deposits are also known.

It occurs in fumaroles, as at Mount Vesuvius and associated with coal seam fires. It was named for Italian anatomist Paolo Mascagni (1752–1815) who first described the mineral.