hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Mekelle offensive
The Mekelle offensive was a military campaign fought at the start of the Tigray War between the national armed forces of Ethiopia and the Tigray Region. The Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF) launched an offensive aimed at seizing the Tigray Peoples Liberation Front (TPLF) controlled regional capital of Mekelle starting on 17 November 2020.

Fierce fighting occurred in the Wajirat district of Tigray between the ENDF and newly formed Tigray Defense Forces (TDF) as the military pushed towards the regional capital. The Ethiopian Air Force was heavily employed during the offensive, the use of drone strikes in particular, and after several weeks the TDF was routed into the mountains.

Mekelle itself came under air attack, and the city fell to the Ethiopian army on 28 November 2020, marking the end of the offensive. Despite their initial defeat, TDF fighters began organizing an insurgency soon after.

Tigray Defense Forces
The Tigray Defense Forces (TDF; Tigrinya: ሓይልታት ምክልኻል ትግራይ), colloquially called the Tigray Army (ሰራዊት ትግራይ), is a paramilitary organization located in the Tigray region of Ethiopia. It was founded by former generals of the Ethiopian military in 2020 to combat federal forces enforcing national government mandates in the Tigray region, culminating in the outbreak of the Tigray War that same year. The TDF has made use of guerilla tactics and strategies. Human rights groups including Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch have reported that the TDF has committed war crimes against civilians including gang rape and extrajudicial killing during their occupation of both the Afar and Amhara regions. According to the Ethiopian Ministry of Justice, TDF combatants have been found liable for upwards of 540 civilians casualties. as of 28 December 2021.
Tom Butler (footballer, died 1923)
Thomas Butler (died 11 November 1923) was an English footballer who played as an inside-left. He played 60 league games in the English Football League, scoring 23 goals. He played for non-League Willenhall, before spending the 1921–22 season at Walsall. He joined Port Vale via Darlaston in December 1922. He broke his arm in a game on 3 November 1923 and died eight days later from a subsequent tetanus infection.

Bone fracture
A bone fracture (abbreviated FRX or Fx, Fx, or #) is a medical condition in which there is a partial or complete break in the continuity of any bone in the body. In more severe cases, the bone may be broken into several fragments, known as a comminuted fracture. An open fracture (or compound fracture) is a bone fracture where the broken bone breaks through the skin.

A bone fracture may be the result of high force impact or stress, or a minimal trauma injury as a result of certain medical conditions that weaken the bones, such as osteoporosis, osteopenia, bone cancer, or osteogenesis imperfecta, where the fracture is then properly termed a pathologic fracture. Most bone fractures require urgent medical attention to prevent further injury.
Battlestar Galactica season 4
The fourth and final season of the reimagined science fiction television series Battlestar Galactica premiered on the Sci-Fi Channel in the United States on April 4, 2008, and concluded on March 20, 2009. Similar to the second season, it was split into two parts, each containing 10 episodes. "Season 4.0" aired from April to June 2008 and "Season 4.5" aired from January to March 2009. The fourth season contained 20 episodes, plus the television film Razor.

Battlestar Galactica: Razor
Battlestar Galactica: Razor is a television film of the re-imagined Battlestar Galactica television series. It premiered in the United States on Sci Fi, in Canada on the Space channel and in the United Kingdom on Sky One.
Louta (musician)
Jaime Martín James (born June 22, 1994), better known as Louta (stylized as LOUTA), is an Argentine performing musician, producer, songwriter, disc-jockey and actor. He has released three studio albums and received a Gardel Award nomination and a Latin Grammy Award nomination.

He played the role of “Gaston” in Society of the Snow, a 2024 Spanish film, and Spain's entry to the Academy Awards for best international feature film.

Premios Gardel
The Premios Gardel a la Música (originally called Premios Carlos Gardel), or just Premios Gardel (in English, the Gardel Awards), is an award presented by the Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers (CAPIF) to recognize the best of Argentine music and to award the talent of Argentine artists in a diversity of genres and categories. The trophy depicts a sculpture of French Argentine tango singer Carlos Gardel, one of Argentina's music icons. The annual presentation ceremony features performances by prominent artists, and the presentation of awards that have more popular interest.

The honorees are chosen by a jury consisting of musicians, journalists and other members of the media, event producers, sound engineers, and personalities related to music. The awards are the Argentine equivalent to the American Grammy Awards and the British BRIT Awards. The Premios Gardel have been described as the "most important prize in the country's music business".
Shrawan Ghimire
Shrawan Ghimire is an Indian film actor, producer, director, screenwriter, editor and playback singer and lyricist associated with Nepali cinema. Ghimire has been involved in many commercially successful films including Lahure, Dui Thopa Aansu and Darpan Chaya. He and his brother Tulsi Ghimire's pair is regarded as the most successful and qualitative producer−director pair in Nepali cinema.

Cinema of Nepal
Nepali Cinema, also referred to as "Nepali Chalachitra" (Nepali: नेपाली चलचित्र) is the filmmaking industry in Nepal. This includes films in various languages of Nepal, most notably in Nepali language but also in Newari, Maithili, Tamang, Bhojpuri and Tharu among others. The term Cinemandu is also used, as a portmanteau for films produced in the Nepali language while the Nepalese films produced from Kathmandu and Janakpur in the Maithili language is known as Mithilawood. Both of these film industries are the largest viewing cinema of Nepal and are collectively known as Nepali Cinema.
Khojir
Khojir (Persian: خجير) is a village in Saidabad Rural District of Jajrud District in Pardis County, Tehran province, Iran. Khojir has given its name to Khojir National Park, which lies between Road 79 and Road 44.

Jajrud District
Jajrud District (Persian: بخش جاجرود) is in Pardis County, Tehran province, Iran. Its capital is the city of Khosrowabad.

The district includes areas within the Jajrud Protected Area, which hosts significant biodiversity. The region has experienced urbanization and development, with the establishment of industrial sites, mining, and the expansion of infrastructure. The Jajrud River, originating from the Alborz Mountains, flows through the district and is an important water source for both natural ecosystems and human activities. The local economy is based on traditional agriculture, industries and tourism.
Lucion Pushparaj
Lucion Anton Pushparaj,Tamil: லூசியன் ஆண்டன் புஷ்பராஜ் (born September 10, 1982) also spelled Lucian Pushparaj, nicknamed Black Lion of Asia, is a Sri Lankan male IFBB professional bodybuilder. On 16 December 2018, he became the first Sri Lankan to win the WBPF World Championship title, and was crowned WBPF Mr. Universe.

He is also the first Sri Lankan Bodybuilder to participate in the IFBB Pro Arnold Classic Amateur, where he came in 4th place.

Arnold Sports Festival
The IFBB Pro Arnold Sports Festival, also known as the Arnold Schwarzenegger Sports Festival, is an annual multi-sport event consisting of professional bodybuilding (Arnold Classic), strongman (Arnold Strongman Classic), armlifting, fitness, figure, bikini and several others as a weekend expo. It was established in 1989 and is named after Arnold Schwarzenegger. The main event is held annually around late February or early March in Columbus, Ohio, by the International Federation of Bodybuilding and Fitness Professional League (IFBB Pro League). It is considered the second-most-prestigious event in professional men's bodybuilding, physique, figure and bikini after Joe Weider's Olympia.
When the Ms. International competition was hosted, until 2013, it was the second-most-prestigious event in professional female bodybuilding (after Ms. Olympia).
Jim Angell
James William Angell (1883 – 4 January 1960) was an English footballer who played at right-half for Southampton in the Southern League in 1906. He later coached the Thornycrofts team which took Burnley to a replay in the FA Cup in 1920, before becoming a scout for Arsenal and Norwich City. After retiring from playing football, he became a builder and property developer.

1919–20 FA Cup
The 1919–20 FA Cup was the 45th season of the world's oldest association football competition, the Football Association Challenge Cup (more usually known as the FA Cup), and the first since the cancellation of all football competitions due to the First World War. Aston Villa won the competition, beating Huddersfield Town 1–0 in the final at Stamford Bridge, London.

Matches were scheduled to be played at the stadium of the team named first on the date specified for each round, which was always a Saturday. If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played, a replay would take place at the stadium of the second-named team later the same week. If the replayed match was drawn further replays would be held at neutral venues until a winner was determined. If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played in a replay, a 30-minute period of extra time would be played.
Feferman–Vaught theorem
The Feferman–Vaught theorem  in model theory is a theorem by Solomon Feferman and Robert Lawson Vaught that shows how to reduce, in an algorithmic way, the first-order theory of a product of structures to the first-order theory of elements of the structure.

The theorem is considered to be one of the standard results in model theory. The theorem extends the previous result of Andrzej Mostowski on direct products of theories.
It generalizes (to formulas with arbitrary quantifiers) the property in universal algebra that equalities (identities) carry over to direct products of algebraic structures (which is a consequence of one direction of Birkhoff's theorem).

Direct product
In mathematics, a direct product of objects already known can often be defined by giving a new one. That induces a structure on the Cartesian product of the underlying sets from that of the contributing objects. The categorical product is an abstraction of these notions in the setting of category theory.

Examples are the product of sets, groups (described below), rings, and other algebraic structures. The product of topological spaces is another instance.

The direct sum is a related operation that agrees with the direct product in some but not all cases.
Kingdom of Maryul
Maryul (Ladakhi: མར་ཡུལ།), also called mar-yul of mnga'-ris, was the western-most Tibetan kingdom based in modern-day Ladakh and some parts of Tibet. The kingdom had its capital at Shey.

The kingdom was founded by Lhachen Palgyigon, during the rule of his father Kyide Nyimagon, in c. 930. It stretched from the Zoji La at the border of Kashmir to Demchok in the southeast, and included Rudok and other areas presently in Tibet. The kingdom came under the control of the Namgyal dynasty in 1460, eventually acquiring the name "Ladakh", and lasted until 1842. In that year, the Dogra general Zorawar Singh, having conquered it, made it part of the would-be princely state of Jammu and Kashmir.

Zorawar Singh (Dogra general)
Zorawar Singh (1784–12 December 1841) was a military general of the Dogra Rajput ruler, Gulab Singh, who served as the Raja of Jammu under the Sikh Empire. He was born in the Chandel Rajput family in the  princely state of Kahlur (Bilaspur, state of Chandels), in present-day Himachal Pradesh, hence known as Kahluria. He served as the governor (wazir-e-wazarat) of Kishtwar and extended the territories of the kingdom by conquering Ladakh and Baltistan. He also attempted to conquer the Western Tibet (Ngari Khorsum) but was killed in battle of To-yo during the Dogra-Tibetan war. Due to his role in the conquests in the Himalaya Mountains Zorawar Singh has been referred to as the "Conqueror of Ladakh".
Edward Bate Scott
Edward Bate Scott (3 April 1822 – 2 July 1909) was a pioneering colonist of South Australia who accompanied Edward John Eyre on several journeys and had a later career with the South Australian Police Force.

Edward John Eyre
Edward John Eyre (5 August 1815 – 30 November 1901) was an English land explorer of the Australian continent, colonial administrator, Lieutenant-Governor of New Zealand's New Munster province, and Governor of Jamaica.
Alex King (referee)
Alexander George King is an Australian association football referee. He is a full-time referee on the A-League since 2019, and was the league's Referee of the Year in 2021–22 and 2023–24. He has been an international FIFA referee since 2020.

2023–24 A-League Men
The 2023–24 A-League Men, known as the Isuzu UTE A-League for sponsorship reasons, was the 47th season of national level men's soccer in Australia, and the 19th since the establishment of the competition as the A-League in 2004. This season was the last as a 12-team competition, with expansion to 13 teams from 2024–25 with the inclusion of Auckland FC.

Central Coast Mariners were the premiers and champions this season.
Metallurg Novokuznetsk
Metallurg Novokuznetsk (Russian: Металлург Новокузнецк Shor: Металлург Аба-тура) is a professional ice hockey team from Siberia based in Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo Oblast, Russia. They are currently members of the Supreme Hockey League (VHL).

All-Russian Hockey League
The All-Russian Hockey League (VHL) (Russian: Всероссийская хоккейная лига (ВХЛ), Vserossiyskaya hokkeinaya liga (VHL)), also known as the Supreme Hockey League, Major Hockey League or Higher Hockey League (HHL) (Russian: Высшая хоккейная лига, Vysshaya hokkeinaya liga), is a professional ice hockey league in Eurasia, and the second highest level of Russian hockey.

As the Kontinental Hockey League, the top tier of Russian ice hockey, is independent from the Ice Hockey Federation of Russia, the VHL's champion is also declared the Champion of Russia.
Dnipropetrovsk House of Organ and Chamber Music
The Dnipropetrovsk House of Organ and Chamber Music (Ukrainian: Дніпропетровський Будинок органної та камерної музики, romanized: Dnipropetrovskyi Budynok orhannoi ta kamernoi muzyky) or the Bryansk Church of Saint Nicholas in Dnipro, is a 20th-century Eastern Orthodoxy cathedral of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (UOC) and concert venue in Dnipro, Ukraine. Additionally, the building itself is a national monument of architecture and history. Because of its position on the grounds of the hamlet Briansky close to the metallurgical plant in the western portion of Dnipropetrovsk, people quickly gave it the moniker Brianska.

The establishment of the house marked the start of a new era in Dnipro's cultural life. This is the European level of the organ and chamber music era. Renowned European and international musicians take the stage there, transforming the perception of the area.

Organ repertoire
The organ repertoire  is considered to be the largest and oldest repertory of all musical instruments. Because of the  organ's (or pipe organ's) prominence in worship in Western Europe from the Middle Ages on, a significant portion of organ repertoire is sacred in nature. The organ's suitability for improvisation by a single performer is well adapted to this liturgical role and has allowed many blind organists to achieve fame; it also accounts for the relatively late emergence of written compositions for the instrument in the Renaissance. Although instruments are still disallowed in most Eastern churches, organs have found their way into a few synagogues as well as secular venues where organ recitals take place.
Macassar oil
Macassar oil is an oil that was originally compounded from Macassar ebony oil that was used primarily by Western European men throughout the 1800s and early 1900s as a hair conditioner to groom and style the hair.

Vegetable oil
Vegetable oils, or vegetable fats, are oils extracted from seeds or from other parts of edible plants. Like animal fats, vegetable fats are mixtures of triglycerides. Soybean oil, canola oil, grapeseed oil, and cocoa butter are examples of seed oils, or fats from seeds. Olive oil, palm oil, and rice bran oil are examples of fats from other parts of plants. In common usage, vegetable oil may refer exclusively to vegetable fats which are liquid at room temperature. Vegetable oils are usually edible and are generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
Shigli
Shigli  is a city located in the Shirhatti taluk of Gadag district in Karnataka. It is situated 52 kilometres (32 mi) to the south of district headquarters Gadag, 26 km (16 mi) from Shirhatti, and 382 km (237 mi) from state capital Bangalore.
Shigli's pin code is 582210, and the postal head office is Shigli.

The villages near Shigli include:

Adarakatti (8 km),

Ramagiri (10 km),

Suranagii (12 km),

Batturu (14 km),

Adharahalli (16 km).

Shigli is surrounded by Shirhatti Taluk towards the north, Shiggaon Taluk towards the west, Haveri Taluk towards the south, and Kundgol Taluk towards the west.
Lakshmeshwar, Savanur, Shiggaon, Gadag are the nearby cities to Shigli.

Gadag-Betageri
Gadaga-Betageri  is a city municipal council in Gadag district in the state of Karnataka, India. It is the administrative headquarters of Gadag District. The original city of Gadag and its sister city Betageri (or Betgeri) have a combined city administration. The municipality of Gadag-Betageri has a population of  172,813 and an area of 54.0956 km2 (20.8864 sq mi). Kanaginahal of Gadag is the birthplace of the first co-operative society in Asia. The temples of Veera Narayana and Trikuteshwara are places of religious and historic importance.
Erin L. Thompson
Erin L. Thompson is an American art historian and lawyer. She is a professor in the Department of Art and Music at the John Jay College of Criminal Justice (City University of New York). She studies art crime, including antiquities looting, the deliberate destruction of art, and art produced by detainees at the Guantánamo Bay military detention camp.

John Jay College of Criminal Justice
The John Jay College of Criminal Justice (John Jay) is a public college focused on criminal justice and located in New York City. It is a senior college of the City University of New York (CUNY). John Jay was founded as the only liberal arts college with a criminal justice and forensic focus in the United States.
Non-analytic smooth function
In mathematics, smooth functions (also called infinitely differentiable functions) and analytic functions are two very important types of functions. One can easily prove that any analytic function of a real argument is smooth. The converse is not true, as demonstrated with the counterexample below.

One of the most important applications of smooth functions with compact support is the construction of so-called mollifiers, which are important in theories of generalized functions, such as Laurent Schwartz's theory of distributions.

The existence of smooth but non-analytic functions represents one of the main differences between differential geometry and analytic geometry. In terms of sheaf theory, this difference can be stated as follows: the sheaf of differentiable functions on a differentiable manifold is fine, in contrast with the analytic case.

The functions below are generally used to build up partitions of unity on differentiable manifolds.

Support (mathematics)
In mathematics, the support of a real-valued function  is the subset of the function's domain consisting of those elements that are not mapped to zero. If the domain of  is a topological space, then the support of  is instead defined as the smallest closed set containing all points not mapped to zero. This concept is used widely in mathematical analysis.
Face Turning Octahedron
The Face Turning Octahedron (often abbreviated as FTO) is a combination and mechanical puzzle. Unlike cubic puzzles, the FTO is based on an octahedral geometry with eight triangular faces that rotate independently. Its deep-cut mechanism interact in a way that is fundamentally different from a regular cubic puzzle which makes the solving method unique. The FTO is notable for being the first octahedral twisty puzzle to feature straight cuts, setting it apart from earlier octahedral designs.

Octahedron
In geometry, an octahedron (pl.: octahedra or octahedrons) is any polyhedron with eight faces. One special case is the regular octahedron, a Platonic solid composed of eight equilateral triangles, four of which meet at each vertex. Many types of irregular octahedra also exist, including both convex and non-convex shapes.
Vlad Voiculescu
Vlad Vasile Voiculescu (Romanian pronunciation: [vlad vaˈsile vojkuˈlesku]; born 6 September 1983) is a Romanian politician and former Romanian Minister of Health in the Cîțu Cabinet (affiliated with the Freedom, Unity and Solidarity Party, PLUS) whose term lasted from 23 December 2020 until he was revoked on 14 April 2021 by PNL Prime Minister Florin Cîțu. He formerly served in the same position in the Cioloș Cabinet between May 2016 and January 2017.

Prime Minister of Romania
The prime minister of Romania (Romanian: Prim-ministrul României), officially the prime minister of the Government of Romania (Romanian: Prim-ministrul Guvernului României), is the head of the Government of Romania. Initially, the office was styled President of the Council of Ministers (Romanian: Președintele Consiliului de Miniștri), when the term "Government" included more than the Cabinet, and the Cabinet was called the Council of Ministers (Romanian: Consiliul de Miniștri). The title was officially changed to Prime Minister by the 1965 Constitution of Romania during the communist regime.
Alpine Tunnel
Alpine Tunnel is a 1,772 ft (540 m) narrow gauge railroad tunnel located east of Pitkin, Colorado, on the former Denver, South Park and Pacific Railroad route from Denver to Gunnison.  At an elevation of 11,523 feet (3,512 m), it was the first tunnel constructed across the Continental Divide in Colorado and was the highest railroad tunnel in North America at the time of its construction in 1882. The line was abandoned less than 30 years later, in 1910, after a series of accidents and problems in and around the tunnel.  Now the tunnel is sealed, and the remaining trackbed serves as a trail for ohv enthusiasts, hikers and bicyclists.

Pitkin, Colorado
Pitkin is a Statutory Town in Gunnison County, Colorado, United States. The population was 72 at the 2020 census.

Pitkin was founded in 1879, and is said to be Colorado's first mining camp west of the Continental Divide. Originally named Quartzville, it was renamed to honor Governor Frederick Walker Pitkin.
Joanna Drozda
Joanna Agnieszka Drozda (born 8 November 1980; Polish: [ˈdrɔz.da]) is a Polish television, film, and stage actress, and theatre director and playwright. Drozda starred as Rosa, a main character in the 2020 drama film Hurrah, We Are Still Alive!, and Zofia Nałkowska, a secondary character in the 2022 thriller crime comedy film Dangerous Men. Drozda also portrayed Elwira Parchuć, a recurring character in the drama series Dom nad rozlewiskiem (2009), and its continuations, Miłość nad rozlewiskiem (2010), Życie nad rozlewiskiem (2011), Nad rozlewiskiem (2012), Cisza nad rozlewiskiem (2013–2014), and Pensjonat nad rozlewiskiem (2017–2018). She also stared and directed numerous stage plays, and directed the 2020 mockumentary film Hallo Syrena, czyli premiera się odbędzie.

Zofia Nałkowska
Zofia Nałkowska ([ˈzɔfia nawˈkɔvska], 10 November 1884 – 17 December 1954) was a Polish prose writer, dramatist, and prolific essayist. She served as the executive member of the prestigious Polish Academy of Literature (1933–1939) during the interwar period.