hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Noah Hershkowitz
Noah Hershkowitz (August 16, 1941 – November 13, 2020) was an American experimental plasma physicist. He was known for his pioneering research on the understanding of plasma sheaths, solitons and double layers in plasmas, as well as the development of the emissive probe which measures the plasma potential (i.e. the electric potential within a plasma sheath).

In 2004, Hershkowitz was co-awarded the 2004 James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics for his contributions to the field of low-temperature plasmas. He was also awarded the 2015 IEEE Marie Sklodowska-Curie Award for his research and education of basic and applied plasma science.

James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics
The James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics is an annual American Physical Society (APS) award that is given in recognition of outstanding contributions to the field of the Plasma Physics. It was established in 1975 by Maxwell Technologies, Inc, in honor of the Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell. It is currently sponsored by General Atomics. The prize includes a $10,000 USD monetary award and recognition at the annual American Physical Society Division of Plasma Physics conference.
Domesticated quail
A domesticated quail is a domestic form of the quail, a collective name which refers to a group of several small species of fowl. Thousands of years of breeding and domestication have guided the bird's evolution. Humans domesticated quails for meat and egg production; additionally, quails can be kept as pets. Domesticated quails are commonly kept in long wire cages and are fed game bird feed. The most common domesticated type is the Coturnix quail (also known as the Japanese quail). Quails live on the ground, and rarely fly unless forced to do so.

California quail
The California quail (Callipepla californica), also known as the California valley quail or Valley quail, is a small ground-dwelling bird in the New World quail family. These birds have a curving crest, plume or topknot   made of six feathers, that droops forward: black in males and brown in females; the flanks are brown with white streaks. Males have a dark brown cap and a black face with a brown back, a grey-blue chest and a light brown belly. Females and immature birds are mainly grey-brown with a light-colored belly.
Their closest relative is Gambel's quail, which has a more southerly distribution and a longer crest at 2.5 in (6.4 cm), a brighter head and lacks the scaly appearance of the California quail. The two species separated about 1–2 million years ago, during the Late Pliocene or Early Pleistocene. It was selected as the state bird of California in 1931.
Marschall Palace
The Marschall Palace, nicknamed the Palace with Butterflies by locals, is a historical monument building in Timișoara, Romania, located at the entrance from the city center to the Elisabetin district, opposite the Water Palace.

Water Palace
The Water Palace (Romanian: Palatul Apelor) is a historical monument in Timișoara, Romania. It is located at the entrance from the city center to the Iosefin district. Built in 1901 for the Timiș–Bega Hydro-improvement Company, between 1948 and 2007 it also housed the Timișoara CFR Regional. It currently belongs again to the Banat Water Basin Administration.
Albin Małysiak
Albin Małysiak C.M. (12 June 1917 – 16 July 2011) was a Polish bishop of the Roman Catholic Church. At the time of his death, he was one of the oldest Catholic bishops and the oldest Polish bishop. He was also a Righteous Among the Nations, having sheltered several Jews during the war.

Righteous Among the Nations
Righteous Among the Nations (Hebrew: חֲסִידֵי אֻמּוֹת הָעוֹלָם ḥasidei ummot ha'olam) is an honorific used by the State of Israel to describe all of the non-Jews who, out of altruism, risked their lives in order to save Jews from being exterminated by Nazi Germany during the Holocaust. The term originates from the concept of ger toshav, a legal term used to refer to non-Jewish observers of the Seven Laws of Noah.

Recent research has complicated dominant historical narratives about rescue of Jews during the Holocaust. The vast majority of rescue was enabled by the exchange of money, goods, or services, while many survivors concealed complicating facts in applications of Yad Vashem.
Lydia Kurgat
Lydia Kurgat (born 1976) is a Kenyan long distance runner who specialises in marathon running. She is a two-time winner of the Eindhoven Marathon and has also won races in Bonn, Utrecht and Ljubljana. Her personal best for the distance is 2:31:26 hours.

Eindhoven Marathon
The Eindhoven Marathon (Dutch: Marathon Eindhoven) is an annual marathon race over the classic distance of 42.195km which is held in the city of Eindhoven, The Netherlands in October. It has been an annual race since 1990 – it was held biennially over the eight years before this date.

Kenneth Kipkemoi and Paskalia Chepkogei are the men's and women's course record holders with times of 2:04:51 and 2:22:47 hours, respectively.

Around 30,000 people participate in one of the runs or walks at the ASML Marathon Eindhoven, which includes runs like the marathon and the half marathon. The weekend event is usually attended by around 200,000 people.
Doctors series 1
The first series of the British medical soap opera Doctors originally aired between 26 March and 19 May 2000. It consisted of 41 episodes, which was the initial order for the entire programme, but it was later renewed for more following a positive reception. Mal Young, the original executive producer of Doctors, introduced nine regular characters for the series and many of the storylines focused on doctor Mac McGuire (Christopher Timothy).

The BBC felt that transmitting the first series of Doctors was an ambitious move due to there being nothing similar at the time. They hoped that it would attract both loyal and casual viewers, due to the combination of a steady core cast and self-contained medical stories in each episode. It was trialled in various timeslots to find the best audience before the BBC settled on an afternoon slot.

Christopher Timothy
Christopher Timothy (born 14 October 1940) is a British actor and narrator. He is known for his roles as James Herriot in All Creatures Great and Small, Mac McGuire in the BBC One daytime soap opera Doctors and Ted Murray in the BBC One primetime soap opera EastEnders.
Jawaher bint Hamad Al Thani
Jawaher bint Hamad bin Suhaim Al Thani (Arabic: جواهر بنت حمد بن سحيم آل ثاني) is a Qatari royal and the first wife and consort of Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani, the Emir of Qatar. A member of the Qatari royal family by birth, she is the daughter of former government minister Sheikh Hamad bin Suhaim Al Thani and a grandniece of Emir Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani.

Emir of Qatar
The Emir of the State of Qatar (Arabic: أمير دولة قطر) is the monarch and head of state of Qatar. The emir is also the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces and guarantor of the constitution. The emir holds the most powerful position in the country, controlling all branches of state power, and has a prominent role in foreign relations.

The emirs are members of the House of Thani (Al Thani), whose origins are in the Banu Tamim, one of the largest tribes in the Arabian Peninsula. The current ruler is Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani, who succeeded on 25 June 2013.
George Mountbatten, 2nd Marquess of Milford Haven
Captain George Louis Victor Henry Serge Mountbatten, 2nd Marquess of Milford Haven (6 November 1892 – 8 April 1938), born Prince George of Battenberg, styled Earl of Medina between 1917 and 1921, was a Royal Navy officer and the elder son of Louis Mountbatten, 1st Marquess of Milford Haven (Prince Louis of Battenberg), and Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine.

Captain (Royal Navy)
Captain (Capt.) is a senior officer rank of the Royal Navy. It ranks above commander and below commodore and has a NATO ranking code of OF-5.  The rank is equivalent to a colonel in the British Army and Royal Marines, and to a group captain in the Royal Air Force.  There are similarly named equivalent ranks in the navies of many other countries.
Scharfenstein (Hesse)
Scharfenstein is a 304 metres (997 ft) hill composed of basalt in the Schwalm-Eder-Kreis district of North Hesse, Germany. It is the remains of one of a number of extinct volcanoes in the West Hesse Depression.

West Hesse Depression
The West Hesse Depression (German: Westhessische Senke) is part of the West Hesse Highlands and Lowlands region in the north of the German state of Hesse. Like the East Hesse Depression, it is a series of separate depressions that form a natural corridor and have been an important historical trade route.
Bunsen burner
A Bunsen burner, named after Robert Bunsen, is a kind of ambient air gas burner used as laboratory equipment; it produces a single open gas flame, and is used for heating, sterilization, and combustion.

The gas can be natural gas, which is mainly methane, or a liquefied petroleum gas, such as propane, butane, a mixture or, as Bunsen himself used, coal gas. Combustion temperature achieved depends in part on the adiabatic flame temperature of the chosen fuel mixture.

Butane
Butane (/ˈbjuːteɪn/) is an alkane with the formula C4H10. Butane exists as two isomers, n-butane, CH3CH2CH2CH3 and iso-butane, (CH3)3CH.  Both isomers are highly flammable, colorless, easily liquefied gases that quickly vaporize at room temperature and pressure. Butanes are a trace component of natural gases, which contain higher concentrations of other hydrocarbons such as propane, ethane, and especially methane. Liquefied petroleum gas is a mixture of propane and some butanes.

The name butane comes from the root but- (from butyric acid, named after the Greek word for butter) and the suffix -ane (for organic compounds).
USS Raleigh (C-8)
USS Raleigh (C-8) was a United States Navy protected cruiser of the Cincinnati class, commissioned in 1894 and in periodic service until 1919.

The second ship named Raleigh, was laid down on 19 December 1889 at the Norfolk Navy Yard, Portsmouth, Virginia; launched 31 March 1892; sponsored by Mrs. Alfred W. Haywood; and commissioned on 17 April 1894. The ship was named after the City of Raleigh, the capital of North Carolina.

Cincinnati-class cruiser
The Cincinnati-class cruisers were two small protected cruisers built for the United States Navy in the early 1890s. They were smaller and more lightly armed and protected than most previous US cruisers, and were intended for commerce raiding. They may also be referred to as Raleigh-class cruisers, as Raleigh was launched and commissioned prior to Cincinnati.

The Cincinnati-class cruisers were authorized by an Act of Congress approved on 7 September 1888, in the same bill with New York, Olympia and the Montgomery class.
K-19 (Kansas highway)
K-19 is a 33.915-mile-long (54.581 km) state highway in the U.S. state of Kansas. From U.S. Route 50 (US-50) to K-19 Spur it is signed as north–south and from K-19 Spur to US-281 it is signed as east–west. K-19's southern terminus is at US-50 in Belpre, and the eastern terminus is at US-281 east of Seward.

Before state highways were numbered in Kansas, there were auto trails. The southern terminus follows the former New Santa Fe Trail. The northern terminus of K-19 Spur follows the former National Old Trails Road and Old Santa Fe Trail. K-19 was first designated in 1926, and at that time started in Belpre and ended in Larned. Then between 1931 and 1932, K-19 was extended east, from south of Larned, along the former K-37 designation to K-8, now US-281.

U.S. Route 56
U.S. Route 56 (US 56) is an east–west United States highway that runs for approximately 640 miles (1,030 km) in the Midwestern United States. US 56's western terminus is at Interstate 25 Business (I-25 Bus.), US 412 and New Mexico State Road 21 (NM 21) in Springer, New Mexico and the highway's eastern terminus is at US 71 in Kansas City, Missouri. Much of it follows the Santa Fe Trail.
Indica Watson
Indica Elizabeth Watson (born 20 January 2010) is an English actress. She is best known for her work in television series Who Is Erin Carter?, The Midwich Cuckoos, Sherlock and The Missing, as well as feature films A Boy Called Christmas, Radioactive and The Electrical Life of Louis Wain.

Who Is Erin Carter?
Who Is Erin Carter? is a British thriller television miniseries on Netflix. The series centres upon Erin Carter, a British-born schoolteacher living in Barcelona, Spain, with her husband and daughter, who during the course of an armed hold-up at a grocery store is forced to defend herself and her daughter by neutralising one of the assailants using her highly skilled fighting abilities, which raises questions about her identity and past, and threatens the life she has made with her family.

The series, consisting of seven episodes, premiered on 24 August 2023.
Deval Devi
Deval Devi (variantly known as Dewal Devi, Dewal Rani, Deval Rani and Dewal Di) was the daughter of Karan Deva II (the last sovereign of the Vaghela dynasty of Gujarat). She was married to Khizr Khan, the eldest son of Alauddin Khalji, in 1308. Eight years later, Khizr Khan was executed by his brother Qutb ud din Mubarak Shah (reigned 1316–1320), and Deval was taken into the latter's harem. In 1320, Mubarak in turn was stabbed and beheaded by his supposed favourite, Khusro Khan (the last ruler of the Khalji dynasty), and his followers. Deval was then married to Khusro Khan. Her story, of being passed from hand to hand amongst a series of ambitious, power-hungry Muslim men is the basis of the celebrated Gujarati historical novel Karan Ghelo authored by Nandshankar Mehta.

Ulugh Khan
Almas Beg (died c. 1302), better known by his title Ulugh Khan, was a brother and a general of the Delhi Sultanate ruler Alauddin Khalji. He held the iqta' of Bayana in present-day India.

Ulugh Khan played an important role in Alauddin's ascension to the throne of Delhi in 1296. He lured the former Sultan Jalaluddin to Kara, where Alauddin assassinated Jalaluddin. He successfully besieged Multan, governed by Jalaluddin's eldest son Arkali Khan, and subjugated the surviving members of Jalaluddin's family.

In 1298, Ulugh Khan repulsed a Mongol invasion from the Chagatai Khanate, which greatly increased Alauddin's prestige. The next year, he and Nusrat Khan raided the wealthy province of Gujarat, obtaining a huge amount of wealth for Alauddin's treasury. He led the reinforcement unit in the Battle of Kili (1299) against the Mongols, and held command in the initial phases of the Siege of Ranthambore (1301). He died a few months after the Ranthambore campaign ended.
The Nobelity Project
The Nobelity Project is a nonprofit organization based in Austin, Texas, USA. It was founded by Christy and Turk Pipkin in 2005, while producing the film Nobelity. Their mission is to increase access to quality education and better the lives of children across the globe. The Nobelity Project's programs relate to educational and environmental progress. Their films include Nobelity (2006), One Peace at a Time (2009), and Building Hope (2011). In 2010, the Pipkins spoke at this TED conference.

The Nobelity Project has partnered with numerous organizations over the past two decades, including but not limited to Care, A Glimmer of Hope Foundation, Concern Worldwide and Architecture for Humanity. And more recently, with Dedan Kimathi University of Technology (DeKUT) for college scholarships, Start A Library Trust creating libraries in rural Kenyan schools, and BookSpring increasing literacy for low income families in Central Texas - just to name a few.

Architecture for Humanity
Architecture for Humanity was a US-based charitable organization that sought architectural solutions to humanitarian crises and brought professional design services to clients (often communities in need). Founded in 1999, it laid off its staff and closed down at the beginning of January 2015.

Since then, the 59 US-based architecture for humanity chapters (which were already operating more or less in a self-sufficient manner even before Architecture for Humanity closed down) formed the Open Architecture Collaborative and vowed to continue. It could thus be argued that despite the closing of the main office, the movement that Architecture for Humanity represented has indeed been strengthened, and not weakened, as it has forced the chapters to operate truly self-sufficiently, and cooperate more directly with the other chapters.
Chafie Fields
Chafie Ali Fields (born February 4, 1977) is an American sports and talent agent. He played professional football as  a wide receiver in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Penn State Nittany Lions.

Fields partnered with Joel Segal, the longtime head of Worldwide Entertainment & Sports, in 2005. Their firm, Fields Consulting, based in Miami, Florida, represents various athletes and entertainers, most notably Arizona Cardinals 2007 first-round draft pick Levi Brown, Detroit Lions wide receiver Bryant Johnson, Buffalo Bills 2009 first-round pick Aaron Maybin, and Oakland Raiders 2015 first-round selection wide receiver Amari Cooper.

Although Fields resides in Miami, he is a partner in a Philadelphia restaurant, Halal Bilah.

Aaron Maybin
Aaron Michael Maybin (born April 6, 1988) is an American former professional football player who was a linebacker in the National Football League (NFL) and Canadian Football League (CFL). He played college football for the Penn State Nittany Lions, earning consensus All-American honors. He was selected by the Buffalo Bills in the first round of the 2009 NFL draft, and also played for the New York Jets.

Maybin's professional football career lasted until 2013, after which he became a full-time professional artist. He is also the founder of Project Mayhem, and the author of the 2017 book Art Activism. He is a teacher at Matthew A. Henson Elementary in his hometown of Baltimore, Maryland.
Punk Goes X
Punk Goes X: Songs from the 2011 Winter X Games is the eleventh compilation album released from the Punk Goes... series created by Fearless Records. It was released on January 25, 2011, and features cover songs that were featured at the 2011 Winter X Games.

All the songs on the compilation have previously appeared on either Punk Goes Classic Rock or Punk Goes Pop Volume 03., with the exception of the first 2 tracks by The Word Alive and Sparks the Rescue, which are new tracks recorded for this particular compilation.

Punk Goes Pop Volume 03.
Punk Goes Pop Volume 03. is the tenth compilation album released from the Punk Goes... series created by Fearless Records and the third installment in the Punk Goes Pop franchise to feature various post-hardcore, metalcore and alternative rock bands covering mainstream pop songs. It was released on November 2, 2010. The album was also released with a bonus CD sampler which contains songs by various bands from the Rise and Fearless record labels. Additionally Japan's edition of the album contains two extra bonus tracks by Japanese bands covering pop songs. The album sold 18,000 copies.
Louisa Crow
Louisa Elizabeth Crow (née Fenn; 3 July 1826 – 1895) was a popular English writer of the 19th century. Her novels included An Honourable Estate, whilst her poetry and short stories featured in Once a Week and The Quiver. She was published for most of her career (1866 onward) at 
Bow Bells (London), after first publishing for 
John Dicks' cheap novel series.

Once a Week (magazine)
Once A Week was a British weekly illustrated literary magazine published by Bradbury & Evans from 1859 to 1880. According to John Sutherland, "historically the magazine's main achievement was to provide an outlet for [an] innovative group of illustrators [in] the 1860s."
Leiocassis
Leiocassis is a genus of bagrid catfishes found mostly in Southeast Asia with some species occurring in China.

The members of Leiocassis have an elongate narrow head and a prominently protruding snout.

Bagridae
The Bagridae are a family of catfish that are native to Africa (Bagrus) and Asia (all other genera) from Japan to Borneo. It includes about 245 species. These fish are commonly known as naked catfishes or bagrid catfishes.

Many large bagrids are important as a source of food. Some species are also kept as aquarium fishes.
Muhammad Sultan (Golden Horde)
Ghiyās̱ al-Dīn Muḥammad (Persian: غیاث الدین محمد), also known as Muḥammad Khān (Turki/Kypchak: محمد خان; Mamat-Sultan in Russian texts; died 1379), was Khan of the Golden Horde from 1370/1371 to 1379. He was a protégé of Mamai, a beglerbeg. While Muḥammad-Sulṭān was recognized as the khan throughout the territories dominated by his patron Mamai, he was in possession of the traditional capital Sarai only intermittently, in 1371–1373, 1374, and perhaps briefly in 1375–1376.

Tuqa-Timur
Tuqa-Temür (also Toqa-Temür and Toghai-Temür, in the Perso-Arabic orthography of the sources rendered Tūqā-Tīmūr or Tūqāy-Tīmūr) was the thirteenth and youngest or penultimate son of Jochi, the eldest son of Genghis Khan. He was a younger brother of Batu Khan and Berke Khan, the rulers of what came to be known as the Golden Horde.
Orca (1977 film)
Orca (also known as Orca: The Killer Whale) is a 1977 thriller film directed by Michael Anderson, from a screenplay by Luciano Vincenzoni and Sergio Donati based on a novel by Arthur Herzog, and starring Richard Harris, Charlotte Rampling, Will Sampson, Bo Derek, Keenan Wynn and Robert Carradine. The film follows a male orca tracking down and getting revenge on a fishing boat and its captain for unintentionally killing the whale's pregnant mate and their unborn calf.

Executive producer Dino De Laurentiis commissioned the project to cash in on the blockbuster success of Jaws. Filming took place in Newfoundland and Labrador and Malta, with many of the orca scenes shot at the Marineland of the Pacific and the Marine World theme parks.

Upon release, the film was a minor box office success, but received mostly unfavorable reception from critics and audiences alike due to its similarities to Jaws, released two years prior.

Sergio Donati
Sergio Donati (13 April 1933 – 13 August 2024) was an Italian screenwriter. He wrote for more than 70 films beginning in 1952. He was born in Rome, Italy. He started as a writer and had some of his books optioned for film. He is well known for his collaboration with Italian director Sergio Leone, who encouraged him to take up screenwriting as a full-time career, and with Italian producer Dino de Laurentis.

What is film? In the first act, you hang a man up in a tree. In the second act, you throw stones at him. In the third act, he falls down. If he is alive, it is a comedy. If he is dead, it is a drama.— Sergio Donati, from an interview

Donati died in Mentana on 13 August 2024, at the age of 91.
Mount Hicks, Tasmania
Mount Hicks is a locality and small rural community in the local government area of Waratah-Wynyard in the North West region of Tasmania. It is located about 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) south of the town of Wynyard. The 2016 census determined a population of 351 people for the state suburb of Mount Hicks.

The Sunday school participants of the 1950s were able to meet up in the 2010s to reflect on the past.

Wynyard, Tasmania
Wynyard (/ˈwɪnjərd/) wi-nyuhd) is a rural town located on the North West coast of Tasmania, Australia. Wynyard is situated 17 kilometres (11 mi) west of Burnie. As of the 2021 census, Wynyard has an estimated population of 6,296. The town is a regional hub servicing the surrounding rural areas. The main council offices for the Waratah-Wynyard local government area are located in Wynyard.

The Burnie Wynyard Airport provides commercial flights to Melbourne and other districts.