hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Richard Bedford (geographer)
Richard Dodgshun Bedford CNZM QSO (born 3 January 1945), also known as Dick Bedford, is emeritus professor in human geography at Auckland University of Technology (AUT). He was the president of the Royal Society Te Apārangi from 2015 to 2018.

Royal Society of New Zealand
The Royal Society of New Zealand, branded as the Royal Society Te Apārangi, is a not-for-profit body in New Zealand providing funding and policy advice in the fields of sciences and the humanities. These fundings (i.e., Marsden grants and research fellowships) are provided on behalf of the New Zealand Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment.
That's the Way It Should Be
That's the Way It Should Be is the thirteenth and final studio album by Booker T. & the M.G.'s, released on May 24, 1994. The track "Cruisin'" won the Grammy Award for Best Pop Instrumental Performance. It features drummer Steve Jordan on 9 of the albums tracks whilst James Gadson played on the remaining three. That's the Way It Should Be is the final album to feature bassist Donald "Duck" Dunn before his death in 2012.

Donald "Duck" Dunn
Donald "Duck" Dunn (November 24, 1941 – May 13, 2012) was an American bass guitarist, session musician, record producer, and songwriter. Dunn was notable for his 1960s recordings with Booker T. & the M.G.'s and as a session bassist for Stax Records. At Stax, Dunn played on thousands of records, including hits by Otis Redding, Sam & Dave, Rufus Thomas, Carla Thomas, William Bell, Eddie Floyd, Johnnie Taylor, Albert King, Bill Withers, Elvis Presley, and many others. In 1992, he was inducted in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Booker T. & the M.G.'s. In 2017, he was ranked 40th on Bass Player magazine's list of "The 100 Greatest Bass Players of All Time".
Nissen dōsoron
Nissen dōsoron (Japanese: 日鮮同祖論; lit. 'Theory on Japanese‑Korean Common Ancestry') is a theory that reinforces the idea that the Japanese people and the Korean people share a common ancestry. It was first introduced during the Japanese annexation of Korea in the early 20th century by Japanese historians from Tokyo Imperial University after adopting pre-existing theories conceived during the Meiji era. It mainly cites the Nihon Shoki, Kojiki, and Shinsen Shōjiroku to emphasize that the Japanese people descended from the Japanese deity Amaterasu and the Korean people from Susanoo, her younger brother.

Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910
The Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910, also known as the Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty (Korean: 한일병합조약), was made by representatives of the Empire of Japan and the Korean Empire on 22 August 1910. In this treaty, Japan formally annexed Korea following the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905 (by which Korea became a protectorate of Japan) and the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1907 (by which Korea was deprived of the administration of internal affairs).

Japanese commentators predicted that Koreans would easily assimilate into the Japanese Empire.

In 1965, the Treaty of Basic Relations between South Korea and Japan confirmed this treaty is "already null and void".
2015 Vuelta a Asturias
The 2015 Vuelta a Asturias was the 58th edition of the Vuelta a Asturias cycling stage race. It was the first edition since 2013, as the race did not take place in 2014 due to financial issues. The race was rated as a 2.1 event as part of the 2015 UCI Europe Tour. The race included two stages: it started on 2 May with a stage from Oviedo to Pola de Lena and finished on 3 May with a stage that started in Soto de Ribera and then finished back in Oviedo. The defending champion was Amets Txurruka (Caja Rural–Seguros RGA).

The race was won by Igor Antón (Movistar Team), who took a solo victory on the first stage then finished in the lead group on the second stage to secure victory by 12 seconds.

Ribera de Arriba
Ribera de Arriba (Asturian: La Ribera, and both officially) is a municipality in the Autonomous Community of the Principality of Asturias, Spain. It is bordered on the north and east by Oviedo, on the south by Mieres and Morcín, and on the west by Santo Adriano. As of 2010, it has a population of 2,009.
2023 Estoril Open
The 2023  Estoril Open (also known as the Millennium Estoril Open for sponsorship reasons) was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the 8th edition of the tournament and part of the ATP Tour 250 series of the 2023 ATP Tour. It took place at the Clube de Ténis do Estoril in Cascais, Portugal, from 3 to 9 April 2023.

Estoril Open (tennis)
The Estoril Open (also known as the Millennium Estoril Open for sponsorship purposes) is an ATP clay court tennis tournament held in the Portuguese Riviera. The event takes place at the sports complex of Clube de Ténis do Estoril in Cascais. The tournament was removed from the 2025 ATP calendar, and its future was left uncertain, until it was announced in September 2024 that it would be returning in 2025 as an ATP Challenger 175 event, and an ATP 250 in 2026 and 2027.

Estoril Open was created by former Dutch tennis player Benno van Veggel and Portuguese football agent Jorge Mendes in 2015 to replace the Portugal Open, which was canceled due to lack of sponsorships.
Serbian pop
Serbian pop is the pop music scene of Serbia. From the 1940s until the 1980s, while Serbia was a constituent republic of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Serbian pop scene was a part of the SFR Yugoslav pop scene.

Popular music in Yugoslavia
Popular music in Yugoslavia includes the pop and rock music of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, including all their genres and subgenres. The scene included the constituent republics: SR Slovenia, SR Croatia, SR Bosnia and Herzegovina, SR Montenegro, SR Macedonia and SR Serbia and its subunits: SAP Vojvodina and SAP Kosovo. The pop and rock scene was a part of the general Music of Yugoslavia, which also included folk, classical music, jazz etc. Within Yugoslavia and internationally, the phrases ex-YU or ex-Yugoslav Pop and Rock both formally and informally generally to the SFRY period, though, in some cases, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia is included, along with Serbia and Montenegro, which existed until 2006 (such as the book title Ex YU rock enciklopedija 1960 - 2006).
Multi-jackbolt tensioner
Multi-jackbolt tensioners (MJT) are an alternative to traditional bolted joints. Rather than needing to tighten one large bolt, MJTs use several smaller jackbolts to significantly reduce the torque required to attain a certain preload. MJTs range in thread sizes from 3⁄4 in (19 mm) to 32 in (810 mm) and can achieve 20 million pounds-force (89×10^6 N) or more.  MJTs only require hand-held tools, such as torque wrenches or air/electric impacts, for loading and unloading bolted joints.

Torque wrench
A torque wrench is a tool used to apply a specific torque to a fastener such as a nut, bolt, or lag screw. It is usually in the form of a socket wrench with an indicating scale, or an internal mechanism which will indicate (as by 'clicking', a specific movement of the tool handle in relation to the tool head) when a specified (adjustable) torque value has been reached during application.

A torque wrench is used where the tightness of screws and bolts is a crucial parameter of assembly or adjustment. It allows the operator to set the torque applied to the fastener to meet the specification for a particular application. This permits proper tension and loading of all parts.

Torque screwdrivers and torque wrenches have similar purposes and may have similar mechanisms.
Collins oxidation
The Collins oxidation is an organic reaction for the oxidation of primary alcohols to aldehydes.  It is distinguished from other chromium oxide-based oxidations by the use of Collins reagent, a complex of chromium(VI) oxide with pyridine in dichloromethane.

Aldehyde
In organic chemistry, an aldehyde (/ˈældɪhaɪd/) (lat. alcohol dehydrogenatum, dehydrogenated alcohol) is an organic compound containing a functional group with the structure R−CH=O. The functional group itself (without the "R" side chain) can be referred to as an aldehyde but can also be classified as a formyl group. Aldehydes are a common motif in many chemicals important in technology and biology.
Sunder Singh Thakur
Sunder Singh Thakur (born 5 May 1965) is an Indian politician. He is serving as member of the  Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly from Kullu since 2017. He is chief parliamentary secretary in Government of Himachal Pradesh.

Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly
The Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) is the unicameral legislature of the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh. The seat of the Assembly is at Shimla, the capital of the state. There are 68 Members of Legislative Assembly, all directly elected from single-seat constituencies. Its term is 5 years, unless sooner dissolved.
Samzhubzê, Xigazê
Samzhubzê District (also spelled Sangzhuzi District, Samdruptse District) is a district in the Tibet Autonomous Region of the China, and the administrative center of the prefecture-level city of Shigatse (Tibetan Pinyin: Xigazê). Prior to 2014 it was known as the county-level city of Shigatse. It was the ancient capital of Ü-Tsang province and is the second largest city in Tibet with an estimated population of 117,000 in 2013. Samzhubzê is located at the confluence of the Yarlung Tsangpo River and the Nyang River (Nyang Chu or Nyanchue), about 250 km (160 mi) southwest of Lhasa and 90 km (56 mi) northwest of Gyantse, at an altitude of 3,840 metres (12,600 ft).

Ü-Tsang
Ü-Tsang (Tibetan: དབུས་གཙང་, Wylie: dbus gtsang) is one of the three Tibetan regions, the others being Amdo to the northeast and Kham to the east. Geographically Ü-Tsang covers the Yarlung Tsangpo drainage basin, the western districts surrounding and extending past Mount Kailash, and much of the Changtang plateau to the north. The Himalayas define Ü-Tsang's southern border.

Ü-Tsang is the cultural heartland of the Tibetan people. It was formed by the merging of two earlier power centers of Ü (Wylie: dbus), controlled by the Gelug lineage of Tibetan Buddhism under the early Dalai Lamas, and Tsang (Wylie: gtsang), which extended from Gyantse to the west and was controlled by the rival Sakya lineage. Military victories by the Khoshut Güshi Khan who had backed the 5th Dalai Lama consolidated power over the combined region. The region of Ngari in the northwest was incorporated into Ü-Tsang after the Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal War.
Guilty as Charged (2000)
Guilty as Charged (2000) was the second ECW Guilty as Charged professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW). It took place on January 9, 2000 from the Boutwell Memorial Auditorium in Birmingham, Alabama.

In the main event, Mike Awesome defeated Spike Dudley in a singles match to retain the ECW World Heavyweight Championship. In the undercard, The Impact Players (Justin Credible and Lance Storm) defeated Tommy Dreamer and Raven to win the ECW World Tag Team Championship, while Rob Van Dam retained the ECW World Television Championship against Sabu.

ECW World Tag Team Championship
The ECW World Tag Team Championship was a professional wrestling world tag team championship in Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW). It was introduced in National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) affiliate and ECW precursor, Eastern Championship Wrestling in 1992, but was established under ECW in 1994.
Eastern Suburbs FC
Eastern Suburbs Football Club is an Australian professional soccer club based in East Brisbane, Queensland. The club is the most centrally located of all the semi-professional clubs in Brisbane, situated approximately 2.7 kilometres (1.7 mi) from the city centre. Easts competes in the National Premier Leagues Queensland, in both the men's and women's competitions, and play their home games at Heath Park, East Brisbane.

Queensland Lions FC
Queensland Lions Football Club, known as Lions FC, is a soccer club based in Brisbane, Australia. Founded in 1957 as Hollandia Inala Soccer Club, the club currently competes in the National Premier Leagues Queensland.
Riana Mooi
Riana Mooi is a South African financial analyst, model, and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Mrs. Globe 2015. Mooi had previously been runner-up at Mrs. South Africa 2015. She is the first woman from South Africa to win the Mrs. Globe title.

Mrs. South Africa
Mrs. South Africa is a national beauty pageant for married women in South Africa that selects the country's representatives to compete in Mrs. World and Mrs. Globe.

Verushka Singh is the Mrs. South Africa 2026.
Hendrietta Bogopane-Zulu
Hendrietta Ipeleng Bogopane-Zulu (born 11 March 1971) is a South African politician and activist who is currently serving as Deputy Minister of Social Development since 26 May 2014. She represented the African National Congress (ANC) in the National Assembly from 1999 to 2019.

Bogopane-Zulu was born blind and is a disability activist. Before she was appointed to her current position, she was Deputy Minister for Women, Children and Persons with Disabilities from 2011 to 2014 and Deputy Minister of Public Works from 2009 to 2011. Her tenure in the latter position overlapped with Nkandlagate, and she was therefore involved in related investigations.

1999 South African general election
General elections were held in South Africa on 2 June 1999. The result was a landslide victory for the governing African National Congress (ANC), which gained fourteen seats. Incumbent president Nelson Mandela declined to seek re-election as president on grounds of his age. This election was notable for the sharp decline of the New National Party, previously the National Party (NP), which without former State President F. W. de Klerk lost more than half of their former support base. The liberal Democratic Party became the largest opposition party, after being the fifth largest party in the previous elections in 1994. The number of parties represented in the National Assembly increased to thirteen, with the United Democratic Movement, jointly headed by former National Party member Roelf Meyer, and former ANC member Bantu Holomisa, being the most successful of the newcomers with fourteen seats.
Abdul Quader Sikder
Abdul Quader Sikder (c. 1956 - 20 May 2021) was a politician of Narail District of Bangladesh and former member of Parliament for Narail-2 constituency in February 1996. (He is also known A Kader Sikder.)

February 1996 Bangladeshi general election
General elections were held in Bangladesh on 15 February 1996. They were boycotted by most opposition parties, and saw voter turnout drop to just 21%. The result was a victory for the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP), which won 278 of the 300 directly elected seats. This administration was short-lived, however, only lasting 12 days before the installation of caretaker government and fresh elections held in June.

The elections were characterized by violence, as well as boycotts by major opposition parties.
Flambeau Mine
The Flambeau Mine was an open pit mine of a copper-gold deposit near the Flambeau River, south of Ladysmith, Wisconsin, United States. It was mined by a subsidiary of Kennecott Minerals between 1993 and 1997, and returned to a fairly natural state after. As of 2022, it was "the only example of a metallic mine that was permitted, constructed, operated, and reclaimed under [Wisconsin's] existing regulatory framework."

Open-pit mining
Open-pit mining, also known as open-cast or open-cut mining and in larger contexts mega-mining, is a surface mining technique that extracts rock or minerals from the earth.

Open-pit mines are used when deposits of commercially useful ore or rocks are found near the surface where the overburden is relatively thin. In contrast, deeper mineral deposits can be reached using underground mining.

This form of mining carries several risks to the health and safety of miners, and can have a significant negative impact on the environment.
Vincent Meteor
The Vincent Meteor is a British motorcycle designed and built at the Vincent works in Great North Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire UK. Developed from the Vincent Rapide by Australian engineer Phil Irving in 1935, the Meteor was powered by Vincent Motorcycles first in-house engine and was one of four 499cc single models. As well as the 'standard' Meteor, Vincent produced a sports version, the Vincent Comet, as well as a TT racing model which shared many of the same cycle parts.

Vincent Motorcycles
Vincent Motorcycles was a British manufacturer of motorcycles from 1928 to 1955. The business was established by Philip Vincent who bought an existing manufacturing name HRD, initially renaming it as Vincent HRD, producing his own motorcycles as HRD did previously with engines purchased as complete assemblies from other companies. From 1934, two new engines were developed as single cylinder in 500 cc and v-twin 1,000 cc capacities. Production grew from 1936, with the most-famous models being developed from the original designs after the War period in the late 1940s.

The 1948 Vincent Black Shadow was at the time the world's fastest production motorcycle. The name was changed to Vincent Engineers (Stevenage) Ltd. in 1952 after financial losses were experienced when releasing capital to produce a Vincent-engined prototype Indian (Vindian) for the US market during 1949. In 1955 the company discontinued motorcycle production after experiencing further heavy financial losses.
English ship St George (1622)
St George, renamed as George from 1649 to 1660 during the Commonwealth of England, was a 42-gun great ship or Second rate of the navy of the Kingdom of England, designed and built by William Burrell (Master Shipwright of the East India Company) at Deptford Dockyard and launched in 1622. By 1660 her armament had been increased to 56 guns. It finally increased to 60 guns.

Second-rate
In the rating system of the Royal Navy used to categorise sailing warships, a second-rate was a ship of the line which by the start of the 18th century mounted 90 to 98 guns on three gun decks; earlier 17th-century second rates had fewer guns and were originally two-deckers or had only partially armed third gun decks. A "second rate" was the second largest class of warships in a hierarchical system of six "ratings" based on size and firepower.

They were essentially smaller and hence cheaper versions of the 100-gun first-rates. Like the first rates, they fought in the line of battle, but unlike the first rates, which were considered too valuable to risk in distant stations, the second rates often served also in major overseas stations as flagships. They had a reputation for poor handling and slow sailing. They were popular as flagships of admirals commanding the Windward and/or Leeward Islands station, which was usually a Rear-admiral of the red.
Self-proclaimed monarchy
A self-proclaimed monarchy is established when a person claims a monarchy without any historical ties to a previous dynasty. In many cases, this would make them a pretender to the throne (when a ruling dynasty is already established). The self-proclaimed monarch may be of an established state, such as Zog I of Albania, or of a micronation, such as Leonard Casley of Hutt River, Western Australia.

Leonard Casley
Leonard George Casley (28 August 1925 – 13 February 2019), also known as Prince Leonard, was the founder of a self-proclaimed micronation, the Principality of Hutt River, his own farm, within the Australian state of Western Australia. He governed Hutt River from 21 April 1970 until his abdication in February 2017 at a coronation ceremony that placed his son Graeme Casley on the throne.

Having pursued a number of occupations, Casley eventually settled on farming, purchasing a large wheat farm near the towns of Northampton and Geraldton in the 1960s where he came to own 75 square kilometres (29 sq mi). In 1970, he declared independence and founded Hutt River Province in response to a dispute with the Government of Western Australia over what the Casley family considered draconian wheat production quotas. "His Royal Highness Prince Leonard I of Hutt" was the style used by Casley from the creation of the principality until his death.
Fitzgerald Bramble
Dwight Fitzgerald Bramble (born 27 October 1962) is a Vincentian politician, serving as Member of Parliament for East Kingstown since 30 November 2020.  He is a former goalkeeper for the national football team.

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines national football team
The Saint Vincent and the Grenadines national football team, recognised as St Vincent and the Grenadines by FIFA, represents Saint Vincent and the Grenadines in men's international football. It is controlled by the Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Football Federation.

The team finished second in the Caribbean Cup in 1995, and participated at the 1996 CONCACAF Gold Cup. Its first FIFA World Cup qualification attempt was for the 1994 edition, and it has entered every World Cup qualification since.
Mechanosensation
Mechanosensation is the transduction of mechanical stimuli into neural signals. Mechanosensation provides the basis for the senses of light, touch, hearing, proprioception, and pain. Mechanoreceptors found in the skin, called cutaneous mechanoreceptors, are responsible for the sense of touch. Tiny cells in the inner ear, called hair cells, are responsible for hearing and balance. States of neuropathic pain, such as hyperalgesia and allodynia, are also directly related to mechanosensation. A wide array of elements are involved in the process of mechanosensation, many of which are still not fully understood.

Hyperalgesia
Hyperalgesia (/ˌhaɪpərælˈdʒiːziə/ or /-siə/; hyper from  Greek ὑπέρ (huper) 'over' + -algesia from Greek ἄλγος (algos) 'pain') is an abnormally increased sensitivity to pain, which may be caused by damage to nociceptors or peripheral nerves and can cause hypersensitivity to stimulus. Prostaglandins E and F are largely responsible for sensitizing the nociceptors. Temporary increased sensitivity to pain also occurs as part of sickness behavior, the evolved response to infection.
LeRoy Carhart
LeRoy Harrison Carhart (October 28, 1941 – April 28, 2023) was an American physician from New Jersey best known for performing abortions late in pregnancy.  He was known for his participation in the Supreme Court cases Stenberg v. Carhart and Gonzales v. Carhart, both of which dealt with intact dilation and extraction. A former Republican, he was one of the four subjects of the 2013 documentary After Tiller.

Intact dilation and extraction
Intact dilation and extraction (D&X, IDX, or intact D&E) is a surgical procedure that terminates and removes an intact fetus from the uterus. The procedure is used both after miscarriages and for abortions in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. When used to perform an abortion, an intact D&E can occur after feticide or on a live fetus.

In the United States, where federal law describes an intact D&E on a live fetus as a partial-birth abortion, the procedure is uncommon. The 2003 federal Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act, which was upheld by the Supreme Court of the United States in the case of Gonzales v. Carhart, outlaws an intact D&E of a fetus with a heartbeat under most, though not all, circumstances.