hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Isabel Hardwich
Isabel Helen Hardwich MIEE CEng MInstP (née Cox; 19 September 1919 – 19 February 1987) was an English electrical engineer, an expert in photometry, and fellow and president of the Women's Engineering Society.

Institute of Physics
The Institute of Physics (IOP) is a UK-based not-for-profit learned society and professional body that works to advance physics education, research and application.

It was founded in 1874 and has a worldwide membership of over 20,000. The IOP is the Physical Society for the UK and Ireland and supports physics in education, research and industry. In addition to this, the IOP provides services to its members including careers advice and professional development and grants the professional qualification of Chartered Physicist (CPhys), as well as Chartered Engineer (CEng) as a nominated body of the Engineering Council; it also holds its own separate Royal Charter. The IOP's publishing company, IOP Publishing, publishes 85 academic titles.
Séamus mac Pilib Mac Mathghamhna
Séamus mac Pilib Mac Mathghamhna (died 1519) was the Bishop of Derry.

He was appointed Bishop-designate of Clogher on 5 November 1494. John Edmund de Courcy was also Bishop of Clogher around this time and he did not renounce his claim to Clogher until 1502. Mac Mathghamhna then became Bishop of Derry from 26 November 1503 up until his death in 1519.

Bishop of Clogher
The Bishop of Clogher (/ˈklɔː.ər/, /ˈklɒ.hər/) is an episcopal title which takes its name after the village of Clogher in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland. Following the Reformation, there are now parallel apostolic successions: one of the Church of Ireland and the other of the Roman Catholic Church.
KTLK-FM
KTLK-FM (104.9 FM) is a commercial radio station licensed to Columbia, Illinois, and serving Greater St. Louis. Owned and operated by iHeartMedia, the station airs a conservative talk format known as "104.9 The Patriot". Studios and offices are on Highlands Plaza Drive in St. Louis just south of Forest Park.

KTLK-FM has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 8,400 watts. The transmitter is in the Resurrection Cemetery in Shrewsbury, amid the towers for other St. Louis FM and TV stations. KTLK-FM is licensed by the FCC to broadcast using HD Radio technology. The HD-2 digital subchannel carries the urban adult contemporary format previously heard on the main channel, known as "Majic 104.9".

Most of the schedule is made up of nationally syndicated programs, largely from co-owned Premiere Networks.

Conservative talk radio
Conservative talk radio is a talk radio format in the United States and other countries devoted to expressing conservative viewpoints of issues, as opposed to progressive talk radio. The definition of conservative talk is generally broad enough that libertarian talk show hosts are also included. The format has become the dominant form of talk radio in the United States since the 1987 abolition of the fairness doctrine.

In the United States, the format has included personalities such as Rush Limbaugh, Mark Levin, Glenn Beck, Ben Shapiro, Sean Hannity, Charlie Kirk, Michael Savage, Larry Elder, Dennis Prager, Jim Quinn, Lars Larson, Joe Pags, Bill O'Reilly, Laura Ingraham, Michael Medved, Oliver North, Dan Bongino, Ken Matthews, and Jerry Doyle.
Zhuque-3
Zhuque-3 (ZQ-3,  Chinese: 朱雀三号) is an active, two-stage, medium-to-heavy  partially recoverable launch vehicle made of stainless steel and powered by liquid methane fuel. It is the third in a series of orbital-class launch vehicles developed by LandSpace Technology Corporation (LandSpace), a Chinese commercial space launch provider based in Beijing.

The maiden flight of Zhuque-3 occurred on 3 December 2025. Although Landspace's attempt to achieve first-stage recovery during the rocket's maiden flight proved to be unsuccessful, the company nevertheless hopes to progress towards the milestone of first-stage reusability in the future.

LandSpace
LandSpace Technology Corporation (doing business as LandSpace) is a Chinese commercial space launch provider based in Beijing. It was founded in 2015 by Zhang Changwu.

In July 2023, the company's Zhuque-2 rocket became the world's first methane-fueled launch vehicle to reach orbit after its successful second flight.
C. A. Dharmapala
Colonel Candauda Arachchige Dharmapala, OBE, ED (Sinhala: සී.ඒ. ධර්මපාල; 4 August 1907 – 6 July 1989) was a Sri Lankan politician. He was a Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Industries, Housing and Social Services and Member of Parliament for Hakmana. He also served as the permanent secretary to the Ministry of Defence, and as Security Adviser to President J. R. Jayewardene.

Efficiency Decoration
The Efficiency Decoration, post-nominal letters TD for recipients serving in the Territorial Army of the United Kingdom or ED for those serving in the Auxiliary Military Forces, was instituted in 1930 for award to part-time officers after twenty years of service as an efficient and thoroughly capable officer. The decoration superseded the Volunteer Officers' Decoration, the Colonial Auxiliary Forces Officers' Decoration and the Territorial Decoration.

In the British Commonwealth, the decoration was gradually superseded by national decorations in some member countries, in Canada by the  Canadian Forces' Decoration in 1951, in the Union of South Africa by the John Chard Decoration in 1952 and in Australia by the Reserve Force Decoration in 1982. In the United Kingdom, the decoration was superseded by the Volunteer Reserves Service Medal in 1999. New Zealand continues to award the Efficiency Decoration (New Zealand) and is one of a few countries still to do so.
John Rockwood
Lieutenant Colonel Dr John Rajathurai Rockwood, VD (29 October 1881 – 2 December 1935) was the leading administrator and patron of cricket in Ceylon from 1914 to 1935. He helped put the nation's cricket administration in the hands of the Ceylonese, and served as president of the Ceylon Cricket Association from its formation in 1922 until 1933. A doctor, he was also a commanding officer of the Ceylon Medical Corps.

Volunteer Officers' Decoration
The Volunteer Officers' Decoration, post-nominal letters VD, was instituted in 1892 as an award for long and meritorious service by officers of the United Kingdom's Volunteer Force. Award of the decoration was discontinued in the United Kingdom when it was superseded by the Territorial Decoration in 1908, but it continued to be awarded in some Crown Dependencies until 1930.

The grant of the decoration was extended in 1894 by the institution of a separate new decoration, the Volunteer Officers' Decoration for India and the Colonies, that could be awarded to commissioned officers of all Volunteer Forces throughout the British Empire and India.
Alexander Lozovsky
Alexander Borisovich Lozovsky (Russian: Александр Борисович Лозовский; 23 September 1907 – 26 February 1981) was a Soviet Army major general.

Lozovsky served in the Red Army from the mid-1920s, initially serving as a junior officer and fighting in the Sino-Soviet conflict in 1929. He became an armor officer in the 1930s and served at the Battles of Khalkhin Gol. After the beginning of Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union, on 22 June 1941, Lozovsky became chief of staff of a tank division before becoming chief of staff of the 15th Tank Corps in mid-1942. After the corps commander was killed in the Third Battle of Kharkov, Lozovsky temporarily took command of the corps. He continued to serve as chief of staff of the unit when it became the 7th Guards Tank Corps, and transferred to the same position with the 10th Guards Tank Corps in 1944. Postwar, he served as a department head in the Main Personnel Directorate of the Ministry of Defense of the Soviet Union.

Ministry of Defense (Soviet Union)
The Ministry of Defense (Minoboron; Russian: Министерство обороны СССР) was a government ministry in the Soviet Union, which supervised the Soviet Armed Forces. The first Minister of Defense was Nikolai Bulganin, starting in 1953.
Ei Sandar Zaw
Ei Sandar Zaw (Burmese: အိစန္ဒာဇော်; born 15 February 2000) is a Burmese professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Ayeyawady and the Myanmar women's national football team. She was awarded the **Best Goalkeeper** title of the 2025-26 Myanmar Women's League.

2025–26 Myanmar Women's League
The 2025–26 Myanmar Women's League is the 7th season of the Myanmar Women's League, the top Myanmar professional league for women's association football clubs, since its establishment in 2016. The season officially kicked off on 1 April 2025 and will run until 31 January 2026, divided into two legs: the first from April to September and the second from December to January. Matches are being hosted across several key venues, including Thuwunna Training field-1, Padonmar Stadium, and the YUSC Sports Complex, with ISPE playing their home games at Padethar Stadium. ISPE W.F.C. entered the season as the defending champions.
Real Kashmir FC
Real Kashmir Football Club is an Indian professional football club based in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir. Incorporated in 2016, the club currently competes in Indian Football League, the second tier of the Indian football league system. Real Kashmir with its reserve side also participates in the Jammu & Kashmir Premier Football League regionally.

Nicknamed "Sheeni Seh" (transl. Snow Leopards), Real Kashmir is the first club from Jammu and Kashmir to earn promotion in any top flight football league of the country. They also won the IFA Shield title in 2022. Club's futsal section has been competing in the state league, as well as AIFF Futsal Club Championship, the highest division in the country.

Futsal Club Championship
The Futsal Club Championship is the highest level futsal club competition in India, organised by the All India Football Federation (AIFF). The inaugural edition kicked off on 5th November 2021 in New Delhi with 16 teams. It acts as possible qualifier for the AFC Futsal Club Championship, the highest level club futsal competition in Asia.
Little Mackinaw River
The Little Mackinaw River is an 18.5-mile-long (29.8 km) river in the U.S. state of Illinois. It is a tributary of the Mackinaw River, which it joins near Hopedale in Tazewell County. The river's name is derived from the Ojibwe word mikinaak meaning "turtle".

Tazewell County, Illinois
Tazewell County (/ˈtæzwɛl/) is located in the U.S. state of Illinois. According to the 2020 census, it had a population of 131,343. Its county seat and largest city is Pekin. It is pronounced with a short "a", to rhyme with "razz" rather than "raze."

Tazewell County is part of the Peoria metropolitan area. The majority of the population lives along the county's western border.
Björn Fallenius
Björn Fallenius (1957-2023) was a Swedish bridge player, for many years a resident of New York City. He and his late wife Kathy Fallenius operated the Cavendish Bridge Club.

In world championship teams-of-four competition, Fallenius represented Sweden and won bronze medals in the 1987 and 1991 Bermuda Bowls and the 1988 World Team Olympiad. He also won bronze medals in the 1986 and 1998 Rosenblum Cups (on all-Swedish teams, although that quadrennial event is not nationally representative).

In pairs competition, Fallenius and Peter Fredin won the European Bridge League Open Pairs in 2009 and finished second in the 2010 World Open Pairs (silver medal). Fredin and Kathy Fallenius have played together in the World Mixed Pairs.

Glossary of contract bridge terms
These terms are used in contract bridge, using duplicate or rubber scoring. Some of them are also used in whist, bid whist, the obsolete game auction bridge, and other trick-taking games. This glossary supplements the Glossary of card game terms.

In the following entries, boldface links are external to the glossary and plain links reference other glossary entries.
Carpophilus mutilatus
Carpophilus mutilatus, known generally as the confused sap beetle or flower beetle, is a species of sap-feeding beetle in the family Nitidulidae. It is found in Oceania, Europe, North America, and temperate Asia.

Sap beetle
The sap beetles, also known as Nitidulidae, are a family of beetles.

They are small (2–6 mm) ovoid, usually dull-coloured beetles, with knobbed antennae. Some have red or yellow spots or bands. They feed mainly on decaying vegetable matter, over-ripe fruit, and sap. Some sap beetle species coexist with fungi species and live in habitats of coniferous trees. These fungi-dependent beetles are found in all across Europe and Siberia and are the biggest nitidulid species known in those areas. Other species like the Australian Chychramptodes murrayi are known to feed on scale insects. There are a few pest species, like the strawberry sap beetle that infest crops in Brazil between the months of August and February.
Nepenthes hurrelliana
Nepenthes hurrelliana /nɪˈpɛnθiːz hʌˌrɛliˈɑːnə/ (synonymous with Nepenthes mollis) is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to Borneo, where it has been recorded from northern Sarawak, southwestern Sabah, and Brunei. It is of putative hybrid origin; its two original parent species are thought to be N. fusca and N. veitchii. A thick indumentum of rusty-brown hairs covers the entire plant, a characteristic presumably inherited from the latter.

Nepenthes stenophylla
Nepenthes stenophylla /nɪˈpɛnθiːz ˌstɛnoʊˈfɪlə/, or the narrow-leaved pitcher-plant, is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to Borneo and occurs at elevations of 900–2,100 m (3,000–7,000 ft). The species produces attractive funnel-shaped pitchers up to 25 cm high. It is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List. Nepenthes stenophylla belongs to the loosely defined "N. maxima complex", which also includes, among other species, N. boschiana, N. chaniana, N. epiphytica, N. eymae, N. faizaliana, N. fusca, N. klossii, N. maxima, N. platychila, and N. vogelii.
Philadelphia Free School
The Philadelphia Free School also known as Philly Free School or PFS, is a Democratic Free School in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Philly Free School operates on the democratic education or Sudbury school model. The school opened in the fall of 2011 and offers a sliding scale tuition to students ages 4 to 19.

Philadelphia Free School emphasizes critical thinking, personal responsibility, and democratic governance, rather than standardization and hierarchy.

Democratic education
Democratic education is a type of formal education that is organized democratically, so that students can manage their own learning and participate in the governance of their educational environment. Democratic education is often specifically emancipatory, with the students' voices being equal to the teachers'.

Democratic education must be distinguished from civic education. Although there are overlaps, civic education is concerned with the study of the theoretical, political, and practical aspects of (democratic) citizenship, as well as its rights and duties, while democratic education presupposes that the educational setting is organized democratically.
Vegam (2014 film)
Vegam is a 2014 Malayalam film starring Vineeth Kumar, Jacob Gregory, Samskruthy Shenoy, Prathap Pothen, and Shammi Thilakan in the lead roles. Vegam is a thriller film directed by K G Anil Kumar, and produced under the banner of FX4 Movie Makers. Govind Menon composed music for the film.

The film began filming in January 2014 in and around Cochin, with the final schedule completing in April 2014. The film was released on July 11, 2014 and carried mixed reports.

Shammi Thilakan
Shammi Thilakan is an Indian actor and dubbing artist who works primarily in Malayalam cinema. He has appeared in over 150 films, mainly in supporting and negative roles, and is also known for his extensive contributions as a voice artist. The son of veteran actor Thilakan, Shammi has established an independent career through his performances in both films and television.He is a recipient of multiple Kerala State Film Awards for Best Dubbing Artist, including for dubbing the voices of Nassar in Ghazal and Prakash Raj in Odiyan.
305th Air Division
The 305th Air Division is an inactive United States Air Force organization. Its last assignment was with Continental Air Command, assigned to Fourth Air Force at McChord Air Force Base, Washington, where it was inactivated on 27 June 1949.

The division was first activated in December 1943 as the 305th Bombardment Wing, although it was used to man other organizations and had no combat units assigned until a month after VE Day when it absorbed the assets of a provisional fighter wing, and the units of another fighter wing, but no bombardment units.  When the surrender of Japan occurred, the unit no longer anticipated a transfer to the Pacific and was inactivated in September 1945.  It was activated in the reserves in 1947.

Fourth Air Force
The Fourth Air Force (4 AF) is a numbered air force of the Air Force Reserve Command (AFRC). It is headquartered at March Air Reserve Base, California.

4 AF directs the activities and supervises the training of more than 30,000 Air Force Reservists.  If called to active duty, 4 AF's ready reserve units would be assigned to Air Mobility Command, Air Education and Training Command, and Pacific Air Forces. Several airfields are associated with the Fourth Air Force.

One of the four original pre–World War II numbered air forces, 4 AF was activated on 18 December 1940, at March Field, California with a mission of air defense of the Southwestern United States and Lower Midwest regions. During the war, its primary mission became the organization and training of combat units prior to their deployment to the overseas combat air forces.

4 AF is commanded by Major General Derin S. Durham.
Ngāti Tūwharetoa
Ngāti Tūwharetoa is an iwi descended from Ngātoro-i-rangi, the priest who navigated the Arawa canoe to New Zealand. The Tūwharetoa region extends from Te Awa o te Atua (Tarawera River) at Matatā across the central plateau of the North Island to the lands around Mount Tongariro and Lake Taupō.

Tūwharetoa is the sixth largest iwi in New Zealand, with a population of 35,877 of the 2013 New Zealand census, and 40% of its people under the age of 15. The tribe consists of a number of hapū (subtribes) represented by 33 marae (meeting places). The collective is bound together by the legacy of Ngātoro-i-rangi as epitomised in the ariki (paramount chief), currently Sir Tumu te Heuheu Tūkino VIII.

In the 2013 New Zealand census 35,877 people identified as Ngāti Tūwharetoa. By the 2018 New Zealand census, there were at least 47,103 people identifying with the iwi, including 44,448 identifying with the Taupō branch, and 2,655 identifying with the Kawerau branch.

Ariki
An ariki (New Zealand, Cook Islands), ꞌariki (Easter Island), aliki (Tokelau, Tuvalu), ali‘i (Samoa, Hawai‘i), ari'i (Society Islands, Tahiti), aiki or hakaiki (Marquesas Islands), akariki (Gambier Islands) or ‘eiki (Tonga) is or was a member of a hereditary chiefly or noble rank in Polynesia.
Entropy rate
In the mathematical theory of probability, the entropy rate or source information rate of a stochastic process is, informally, the time density of the average information in a stochastic process. For stochastic processes with a countable index, the entropy rate  is the limit of the joint entropy of  members of the process  divided by , as  tends to infinity:

when the limit exists. An alternative, related quantity is:

For strongly stationary stochastic processes, .  The entropy rate can be thought of as a general property of stochastic sources; this is the asymptotic equipartition property.

The entropy rate may be used to estimate the complexity of stochastic processes. It is used in diverse applications ranging from characterizing the complexity of languages, blind source separation, through to optimizing quantizers and data compression algorithms. For example, a maximum entropy rate criterion may be used for feature selection in machine learning.

Limit (mathematics)
In mathematics, a limit is the value that a function (or sequence) approaches as the argument (or index) approaches some value. Limits of functions are essential to calculus and mathematical analysis, and are used to define continuity, derivatives, and integrals.
The concept of a limit of a sequence is further generalized to the concept of a limit of a topological net, and is closely related to limit and direct limit in category theory.
The limit inferior and limit superior provide generalizations of the concept of a limit which are particularly relevant when the limit at a point may not exist.
Broderick Thompson (alpine skier)
Broderick Thompson (born 19 April 1994 in North Vancouver) is a Canadian World Cup alpine ski racer. During the 2014–15 season, he was the Nor-Am Cup champion in super-G and scored his first World Cup point, finishing thirtieth in a combined event at Wengen.

Thompson competed in the 2018 Winter Olympics, and the 2021 World Championships. He is the brother of ski cross racer Marielle Thompson (b.1992).

Thompson scored his first World Cup podium on 2 December 2021, finishing 3rd. Thompson started the Beaver Creek, Colorado super-g with bib 35 and put down a time just under a second back from race winner Marco Odermatt from Switzerland.

In January 2022, Thompson was named to Canada's 2022 Olympic team.

Super-G
Super giant slalom, or super-G, is a racing discipline of alpine skiing. Along with the faster downhill, it is regarded as a "speed" event, in contrast to the technical events giant slalom and slalom. It debuted as an official World Cup event during the 1983 season and was added to the official schedule of the World Championships in 1987 and the Winter Olympics in 1988.

Much like downhill, a super-G course consists of widely set gates that racers must pass through. The course is set so that skiers must turn more than in downhill, though the speeds are still much higher than in giant slalom (hence the name). Each athlete only has one run to clock the best time. In the Olympics, super-G courses are usually set on the same slopes as the downhill, but with a lower starting point.
Malawian kwacha
The kwacha (/ˈkwætʃə/; ISO 4217: MWK, official name Malawi Kwacha) is the currency of Malawi as of 1971, replacing the Malawian pound. It is divided into 100 tambala. The kwacha replaced other types of currency, namely the British pound sterling, the South African rand, and the Rhodesian dollar, that had previously circulated through the Malawian economy. The exchange rate of the kwacha undergoes fixed periodical adjustments, but since 1994 the exchange rate has floated. In 2005, administrative measures were put in place by Bingu wa Mutharika to peg the exchange rate with other currencies. Banknotes are issued by the Reserve Bank of Malawi. In May 2012, the Reserve Bank of Malawi devalued the kwacha by 34% and unpegged it from the United States dollar.
The currency was further devalued by 25% by the central bank in May 2022 followed by another 44% devaluation in November 2023 raising inflation rate in Malawi.

Economy of Malawi
The economy of Malawi is $7.522 billion by gross domestic product as of 2019, and is predominantly agricultural, with about 80% of the population living in rural areas. The landlocked country in south central Africa ranks among the world's least developed countries and poorest countries. Approximately 50% of the population lives below the national poverty line, with 25% living in extreme poverty.

In 2017, agriculture accounted for about one-third of GDP and about 80% of export revenue. The economy depends on substantial inflows of economic assistance from the IMF, the World Bank, and individual donor nations. The IMF and World Bank have spearheaded structural reforms in Malawi for decades.