hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Comb space
In mathematics, particularly topology, a comb space is a particular subspace of  that resembles a comb. The comb space has properties that serve as a number of counterexamples. The topologist's sine curve has similar properties to the comb space.  The deleted comb space is a variation on the comb space.

Subspace topology
In topology and related areas of mathematics, a subspace of a topological space  is a subset S of X which is equipped with a topology induced from that of  called the subspace topology (or the relative topology, inherited topology, induced topology, or trace topology).
Encino Hot Springs
Encino Hot Springs are historic thermal springs located at the site of Siutcanga village, a settlement of the Tongva-Kizh people of the area now known as Southern California. It was used by several tribes of Indigenous peoples for thousands of years. Later, after settlement, the artesian springs were used as a water source for Rancho Los Encinos in what is now the San Fernando Valley region of Los Angeles County, California. In the 1880s it was a rest stop on the Butterfield Stagecoach route. The springs are located in the modern-day Los Encinos State Historic Park.

Butterfield Overland Mail
Butterfield Overland Mail (officially Overland Mail Company) was a stagecoach service in the United States operating from 1858 to 1861. It carried passengers and U.S. Mail from two eastern termini, Memphis, Tennessee, and St. Louis, Missouri, to San Francisco, California. The routes from each eastern terminus met at Fort Smith, Arkansas, and then continued through Indian Territory (Oklahoma), Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Mexico, and California ending in San Francisco. On March 3, 1857, Congress authorized the U.S. postmaster general, at that time Aaron V. Brown, to contract for delivery of the U.S. mail from St. Louis to San Francisco. Prior to this, U.S. Mail bound for the Far West had been delivered by the San Antonio–San Diego Mail Line since June 1857.

The route was designated a national historic trail in 2023.
Dennis Richardson (public servant)
Dennis James Richardson (born 14 May 1947) is an Australian retired public servant and diplomat who served as the Secretary of the Department of Defence from 2012 to 2017 and Secretary of the Department of Foreign Affairs from 2010 to 2012. He was previously the 10th Director-General of Security from 1996 to 2005 and the 19th Ambassador of Australia to the United States of America from 2005 to 2010.

On 21 December 2025, Prime Minister Anthony Albanese announced that Richardson will lead the Independent Commonwealth Review into Australia’s federal law enforcement and intelligence agencies which will investigate the Bondi Beach terrorist attack.

Department of Defence (Australia)
The Department of Defence is a department of the Australian Government that is responsible for supporting the Australian Defence Force (ADF), and is charged with the defence of Australia and its national interests. Along with the ADF, it forms part of the larger Australian Defence Organisation (ADO) and is accountable to the Parliament of Australia, on behalf of the Australian people, for the efficiency and effectiveness with which it carries out government policy.

The executive head of the department, who leads it on a day-to-day basis, independent of a change of government, is the Secretary of the Department of Defence (SECDEF), currently Greg Moriarty. SECDEF reports to the Minister for Defence, Richard Marles.
Hanga Roa
Hanga Roa (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈ(x)aŋɡa ˈroa]; Rapa Nui: Haŋa Roa [ˈhaŋa ˈɾoa] ⓘ, long bay or wide bay) is the main town, harbour, and seat of Easter Island, a municipality of Chile. It is located in the southern part of the island's west coast, in the lowlands between the extinct volcanoes of Terevaka and Rano Kau.

Rapa Nui language
Rapa Nui or Rapanui (English: /ˌræpəˈnuːi/; Rapa Nui: [ˈɾapa ˈnu.i]; Spanish: [ˈrapa ˈnu.i]), also known as Pascuan (/ˈpæskjuən/ PAS-kew-ən) or Pascuense, is an Eastern Polynesian language. It is spoken on Easter Island, also known as Rapa Nui.

The island is home to a population of just under 6,000 and is a special territory of Chile. According to census data, there are 6,659 people (on both the island and the Chilean mainland) who identify as ethnically Rapa Nui. Census data does not exist on the primary known and spoken languages among these people. In 2008, the number of fluent speakers was reported as low as 800. Rapa Nui is a minority language and many of its adult speakers also speak Spanish. Most Rapa Nui children now grow up speaking Spanish and those who do learn Rapa Nui begin learning it later in life.
Umbau-Wagen
The Umbau-Wagen or Umbauwagen was a type of German railway passenger coach operated by the Deutsche Bundesbahn (DB) which appeared in the mid-1950s. The name means "rebuild coach" and they were made by rebuilding or converting former state railway (Länderbahn) compartment coaches, many of which were over 30 years old.

Deutsche Bundesbahn
Deutsche Bundesbahn (German pronunciation: [ˈdɔʏtʃə ˈbʊndəsˌbaːn], lit. 'German Federal Railway'), or DB ([deːˈbeː]), was formed  as the state railway of the newly established West Germany (FRG) on 7 September 1949 as a successor of the Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft (DRG). The DB remained the state railway of West Germany until after German reunification, when it was merged with the former East German Deutsche Reichsbahn (DR) to form Deutsche Bahn, which came into existence on 1 January 1994.
Carmen Aída Lazo
Carmen Aída Lazo (San Salvador, January 3, 1976) is a Salvadoran economist and dean of the School of Economics and Business at Escuela Superior de Economía y Negocios. She was a candidate for vice president of El Salvador for the National Coalition Party (PCN) for the 2019 presidential election.

National Coalition Party (El Salvador)
The National Coalition Party (Spanish: Partido de Concertación Nacional, PCN) is a nationalist political party in El Salvador. Until 2011 it was known as the National Conciliation Party (Spanish: Partido de Conciliación Nacional, PCN). It was the most powerful political party in the country during the 1960s and 1970s, and was closely associated with the Salvadoran military. Julio Adalberto Rivera Carballo, a candidate of the National Conciliation Party, was elected president in 1962, and the next three presidents were also from the party. After the 1979 coup the party declined in influence but continued to exist.
John C. Farrar
John Chipman Farrar (February 25, 1896 – November 5, 1974) was an American editor, writer, and publisher. Farrar founded two publishing companies — Farrar & Rinehart and Farrar, Straus and Giroux. He also conceived and founded the Breadloaf Writers' Conference in 1926.

Bread Loaf Writers' Conference
The Middlebury Bread Loaf Writers' Conference is an author's conference held every summer at the Bread Loaf Inn, near Bread Loaf Mountain, east of Middlebury, Vermont. Founded in 1926, it has been called by The New Yorker "the oldest and most prestigious writers' conference in the country." Bread Loaf is a program of Middlebury College and at its inception was closely associated with Robert Frost, who lived in nearby Ripton and attended a total of 29 sessions.
Ali Hayan
Ali Mohamed Abdirahman "Ali Hayan" (Somali: Cali Maxamed Cabdiraxmaan "Cali Hayaan"; 1950 - 2013, Arabic: علي محمد عبدالرحمن - علي هيان), widely known as Ali Hayan, was a Somali politician, educator, and administrator. He held various prominent roles in Somalia's education and political sectors, including serving as the Director of the General Examinations Board of the Ministry of Education of Somalia from 1984 to 1991, Governor of the Nugaal Region from 1994 to 1996, and Director General of the Ministries of Interior and Security in Puntland from 2002 to 2013. Ali Hayan is regarded as one of the pillars of the Somali education sector and a founding father of the Puntland education system, recognized for his pivotal role in rebuilding and organizing education after the civil war.

Ali Hayan hails from Colmarabe branch of the Isse Mohamoud, sub-clan of larger Majeerteen tribe.

Ministry of Education (Somalia)
The  Ministry of Education of Somalia (Somali: Wasaaradda Waxbarashada)  (Arabic: وزارة التعليم) is the ministry responsible for education in Somalia. The current Minister of Education of Somalia is Dr. Farah Sh. Abdulkadir Mohamed, who hails from Reer aw hassan (Sheekhaal).
Nagarkirtan (film)
Nagarkirtan is a 2019 Indian Bengali-language film written and directed by Kaushik Ganguly and produced by Sani Ghose Ray. The film stars Riddhi Sen as Parimal, a trans woman from rural Bengal, and Ritwick Chakraborty as Madhu, a flute player from the Kirtaniya town of Nabadwip.

At the 65th National Film Awards the film won four Awards including, Special Jury Award (Feature Film) and National Film Award for Best Actor for Riddhi Sen.

65th National Film Awards
The 65th National Film Awards ceremony was an event during which the Directorate of Film Festivals presented its annual National Film Awards to honour the best films of 2017 in Indian cinema. The awards were announced on 13 April 2018. The award ceremony was held on 3 May 2018.
Earl Peel
Earl Peel is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. The Peel family descends from Robert Peel, eldest son of a wealthy cotton merchant. The family lands, known as Drayton Manor, in the County of Stafford would become more commonly known in modern-day as an amusement park. The family seat is Elmire House, near Ripon, North Yorkshire.

Arthur Peel, 2nd Earl Peel
Arthur William Ashton Peel, 2nd Earl Peel (29 May 1901 – 22 September 1969), styled Viscount Clanfield from 1929 to 1937, was a British peer.

Peel was the son of William Peel, 1st Earl Peel, by the Honourable Eleanor "Ella" Williamson, daughter of James Williamson, 1st Baron Ashton. He was a great-grandson of Prime Minister Robert Peel. He became known by the courtesy title Viscount Clanfield when his father was elevated to an earldom in 1929. In 1937 he succeeded in the earldom on the death of his father. He succeeded to the family baronetcy in 1942 on the death of the 6th baronet, his second cousin once removed. In 1948 he was appointed Lord-Lieutenant of Lancashire, a post he held until 1951.

Lord Peel married Kathleen McGrath, daughter of Michael McGrath, on 11 March 1946. They had two sons. He died in September 1969, aged 68, and was succeeded by his eldest son, William.
Europa – Fira station
Europa | Fira is a railway and metro station on the Llobregat–Anoia Line. It is located underneath Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes, near Plaça d'Europa and Carrer d'Amadeu Torner, in the L'Hospitalet de Llobregat municipality, to the south-west of Barcelona, in Catalonia, Spain. Opened on 13 May 2007 (2007-05-13), it was due to be named Amadeu Torner, in reference to the street of the same name. The station can be accessed from both sidewalks of Gran Via, serving as a major public transport access to the Gran Via business center. It is served by Line 8, Line 9, Baix Llobregat Metro lines S33, S4 and S8, and commuter rail lines R5, R6, R50 and R60.

Barcelona Metro line 9 (designated L9 Sud) started services at the station on 12 February 2016, when the line's 20-kilometre-long (12 mi), 15-station portion between Barcelona–El Prat Airport and Zona Universitària station in western Barcelona opens for passenger service.

Barcelona Metro line 9
Line 9 (Línia 9 in Catalan) is a rapid transit line of the Barcelona Metro network. A fully-automated line, it started operation on December 13, 2009. Part of the line is still under construction, with 24 stations currently in operation in Barcelona, El Prat de Llobregat, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, and Santa Coloma de Gramenet. The line is currently operated as two disconnected branches; the Aeroport T1 – Zona Universitària section is known as L9 South (L9 Sud in Catalan) while the La Sagrera – Can Zam portion is known as L9 North (L9 Nord in Catalan). The line's missing central section, expected to be completed by 2030, shares a significant portion of its tracks with Line 10.
Estadio Gigante de Arroyito
The Estadio Gigante de Arroyito (Spanish pronunciation: [xiˈɣante ðe aroˈʝito]) is a stadium in the city of Rosario, Argentina. It is owned by club Rosario Central, serving as home venue for football matches. The Argentina national football team has played there several times.

The stadium was named after the Arroyito neighborhood where it is placed. Officially inaugurated on November 14, 1926, the stadium has a capacity of 46,955 spectators. Besides, Gigante de Arroyito was one of the venues for the 1978 FIFA World Cup and 1987 Copa América, both hosted by Argentina.

1987 Copa América
The 1987 Copa América was the 33rd edition of the Copa América, CONMEBOL's national team competition. It was the first Copa América under the new rotational hosting system. Argentina, as the first country alphabetically, hosted the tournament between 27 June and 12 July. Uruguay successfully defended their title, winning a record 13th Copa América.
Laguerre transformations
The Laguerre transformations or axial homographies are an analogue of Möbius transformations over the dual numbers. When studying these transformations, the dual numbers are often interpreted as representing oriented lines on the plane. The Laguerre transformations map lines to lines, and include in particular all isometries of the plane.

Strictly speaking, these transformations act on the 
dual number projective line, which adjoins to the dual numbers a set of points at infinity. Topologically, this projective line is equivalent to a cylinder. Points on this cylinder are in a natural one-to-one correspondence with oriented lines on the plane.

Line (geometry)
In geometry, a straight line, usually abbreviated line, is an infinitely long object with no width, depth, or curvature. It is a special case of a curve and an idealization of such physical objects as a straightedge, a taut string, or a ray of light. Lines are spaces of dimension one, which may be embedded in spaces of dimension two, three, or higher. The word line may also refer, in everyday life, to a line segment, which is a part of a line delimited by two points (its endpoints).

Euclid's Elements defines a straight line as a "breadthless length" that "lies evenly with respect to the points on itself", and introduced several postulates as basic unprovable properties on which the rest of geometry was established. Euclidean line and Euclidean geometry are terms introduced to avoid confusion with generalizations introduced since the end of the 19th century, such as non-Euclidean, projective, and affine geometry.
Ron Purcell
Ronald Charles Purcell (October 5, 1932 – September 7, 2011) was an American guitarist, with  degrees from the Los Angeles Conservatory of Music and California State University, Northridge. He was Professor Emeritus of the Department of Music at California State University, Northridge and Director of the International Guitar Research Archive, considered one of the finest guitar archives in the world. His major teachers included Andrés Segovia, Emilio Pujol, Macario Santiago Kastner, Alirio Diaz and Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco, whose Hommage to Purcell, Op. 170, No. 38 is dedicated to him.

Andrés Segovia
Andrés Segovia Torres, 1st Marquis of Salobreña (21 February 1893 – 2 June 1987), was a Spanish virtuoso classical guitarist. Many professional classical guitarists were either students of Segovia or students of Segovia's students.
Segovia's contribution to the modern-romantic repertoire included not only commissions but also his own transcriptions of classical or baroque works. He is remembered for his expressive performances: his wide palette of tone, and his distinctive musical personality, phrasing and style.
Papa Buka
Papa Buka is a 2025 drama film co-written and directed by Dr. Biju. Starring Sine Boboro in the titular role, it follows an elderly war veteran, who helps two Indian historians discover forgotten World War II events that link India and Papua New Guinea through acts of bravery and kindness.

The film premiered on 19 September 2025 in Papua New Guinea. The timing of the film release is significant as Papua New Guinea’s 50th year of independence was celebrated on 16 September 2025. It was also selected as the first ever submission of Papua New Guinea for the Best International Feature Film at the 98th Academy Awards, but was not on the list of films accepted by the academy.

50th Independence Anniversary King's Medal
The 50th Independence Anniversary King's Medal is a commemorative medal to be awarded in 2025 to mark the 50th anniversary of the independence of Papua New Guinea on 16 September 1975.

The medal program was announced by the Governor-General of Papua New Guinea, Sir Bob Dadae, at Government House on 2 December 2024. The governor-general said that Charles III, King of Papua New Guinea, had approved the medal to honour and recognize Papua New Guineans who have made significant contributions to the country over the past 50 years.
Crypto-PAn
Crypto-PAn (Cryptography-based Prefix-preserving Anonymization) is a cryptographic algorithm for anonymizing IP addresses while preserving their subnet structure. That is, the algorithm encrypts any string of bits  to a new string , while ensuring that for any pair of bit-strings  which share a common prefix of length , their images  also share a common prefix of length . A mapping with this property is called prefix-preserving. In this way, Crypto-PAn is a kind of format-preserving encryption.

The mathematical outline of Crypto-PAn was developed by Jinliang Fan, Jun Xu, Mostafa H. Ammar (all of Georgia Tech) and Sue B. Moon. It was inspired by the IP address anonymization done by Greg Minshall's TCPdpriv program circa 1996.

Data anonymization
Data anonymization is a type of information sanitization whose intent is privacy protection. It is the process of removing personally identifiable information from data sets, so that the people whom the data describe remain anonymous.
Keene Adventist Elementary School
Keene Adventist Elementary School (KAES) is a Seventh-day Adventist co-educational PK-8 elementary school located in Keene, Texas. The school is operated by the Texas Conference of Seventh-day Adventists and the Keene Seventh-day Adventist Church to make available Christian education. It is a part of the Seventh-day Adventist education system, the world's second largest Christian school system.

Seventh-day Adventist education
The Seventh-day Adventist educational system, part of the Seventh-day Adventist Church, is overseen by the General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists located in Silver Spring, Maryland. It is considered as the largest Protestant educational system and second largest Christian educational system in the world. The educational system is a Christian school–based system.

In 2023, the Seventh-day Adventist Church has associations with a total of 9,845 educational institutions operating in over 100 countries around the world with over 2,177,933 million students worldwide.

The denominationally-based school system began in the 1870s.
Peter O'Rourke (U.S. government official)
Peter O'Rourke (born January 3, 1966) is an American government official. He served as the acting United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs and VA Chief of Staff under President Donald Trump. He previously worked in various positions in government consulting, including as a congressional staffer for U.S. Representative Tom Latham, and as an employee for CALIBRE Systems, and he also served as the executive director of the Republican Party of Florida.

Republican Party of Florida
The Republican Party of Florida (RPOF), also called the Florida Republican Party, is the affiliate of the Republican Party in the U.S. state of Florida.   It is currently the state's dominant party, controlling 20 out of 28 of Florida's United States House of Representatives seats, both United States Senate seats, the Governor of Florida and all other statewide offices, and has supermajorities in both houses of the state legislature.

The Republican Party held power in state politics during the Reconstruction era after the American Civil War and included African American legislators and officials. Democrats regained power in Florida and across the South until the 1960s.
A. D. Hope
Alec Derwent Hope AC OBE FAHA (21 July 1907 – 13 July 2000) was an Australian poet and essayist known for his satirical slant. He was also a critic, teacher and academic.  He was referred to in an American journal as "the 20th century's greatest 18th-century poet".

Kevin Hart (poet)
Kevin John Hart FAHA (born 5 July 1954) is an Anglo-Australian theologian, philosopher and poet. He is currently Jo Rae Wright University Distinguished Professor at Duke Divinity School. He was the Edwin B. Kyle Professor of Christian Studies and Chair of the Religious Studies Department at the University of Virginia. As a theologian and philosopher, Hart's work epitomizes the "theological turn" in phenomenology, with a focus on figures like Maurice Blanchot, Emmanuel Levinas, Jean-Luc Marion and Jacques Derrida. He has received multiple awards for his poetry, including the Christopher Brennan Award and the Grace Leven Prize for Poetry twice.
Vestibule (architecture)
A vestibule (also anteroom, antechamber, outer room, windbreak room, air-lock entry, or foyer) is a small room leading into a larger space such as a lobby, entrance hall, or passage, for the purpose of waiting, withholding the larger space from view, reducing heat loss (air trap, windbreak), providing storage space for outdoor clothing (mudroom), etc. The term applies to structures in both modern and classical architecture since ancient times.

In antiquity, antechambers were employed as transitional spaces leading to more significant rooms, such as throne rooms in palaces or the naos in temples. In ancient Roman architecture, a vestibule (Latin: vestibulum) was a partially enclosed area between the interior of the house and the street.

In modern architecture, a vestibule is typically a small room next to the outer door and connecting it with the interior of the building.

Hallway
A hallway (also passage, passageway, corridor or hall) is an interior space in a building that is used to connect other rooms. Hallways are generally long and narrow.

Hallways must be sufficiently wide to ensure buildings can be evacuated during a fire, and to allow people in wheelchairs to navigate them. The minimum width of a hallway is governed by building codes. Minimum widths in residences are 36 inches (910 mm) in the United States.  Hallways are wider in higher-traffic settings, such as schools and hospitals.

In 1597 John Thorpe is the first recorded architect to replace multiple connected rooms with rooms along a corridor each accessed by a separate door.
Arthonia graphidicola
Arthonia graphidicola is a species of lichen-dwelling fungus in the family Arthoniaceae. The fungus forms tiny reddish- to dark-brown flecks that initially develop beneath the bark surface before breaking through, typically measuring about 0.06–0.16 mm across or forming elongated structures up to about 0.4 mm long. It produces ascospores that are initially colourless and smooth but later become covered in dark brown granular warts, with the upper cell larger than the lower ones. The species is known from western Scotland, where it grows exclusively on the script lichen species Graphis scripta found on hazel bark in mild, oceanic districts.

Hazel
Hazels are plants of the genus Corylus of deciduous trees and large shrubs native to the temperate Northern Hemisphere. The genus is usually placed in the birch family, Betulaceae, though some botanists split the hazels (with the hornbeams and allied genera) into a separate family Corylaceae. The fruit of the hazel is the hazelnut.