hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Ralph Warren (politician)
Ralph Melville Warren (4 March 1882 – 6 May 1954) was a Canadian politician, a member of the House of Commons of Canada and the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. He was born in Wilberforce Township, Ontario where he attended secondary school and became a farmer by career.

In the 1919 Ontario election, he was elected under the United Farmers of Ontario party which formed the government. He held the Renfrew North provincial seat for one term until defeated in the 1923 election.

From 1930 to 1938 he was reeve of Wilberforce Township.

Warren was elected to federal Parliament for the Liberal party at the Renfrew North riding in a by-election on 5 April 1937 then re-elected for full terms in 1940, 1945 and 1949. Faced with poor health, Warren did not seek another federal term in the 1953 election. He died the following year, survived by his second wife, Eva Marion Farnel.

North Algona Wilberforce
North Algona Wilberforce is a township municipality in Renfrew County, Ontario, Canada. It has a population of 3,111. The township was formed in 1999 when the North Algona and Wilberforce townships were amalgamated.

Wilberforce Township was named in 1851, to honour William Wilberforce.
David Nachmansohn
David Nachmansohn (17 March 1899 – 2 November 1983) was a German-Jewish biochemist responsible for elucidating the role of phosphocreatine in energy production in the muscles, and the role of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in nerve stimulation. He is also recognised for his basic research into the biochemistry and mechanism underlying bioelectric phenomena.

Electric organ (fish)
In biology, the electric organ is an organ that an electric fish uses to create an electric field. Electric organs are derived from modified muscle or in some cases nerve tissue, called electrocytes, and have evolved at least six times among the elasmobranchs and teleosts. These fish use their electric discharges for navigation, communication, mating, defence, and in strongly electric fish also for the incapacitation of prey.

The electric organs of two strongly electric fish, the torpedo ray and the electric eel, were first studied in the 1770s by John Walsh, Hugh Williamson, and John Hunter. Charles Darwin used them as an instance of convergent evolution in his 1859 On the Origin of Species. Modern study began with Hans Lissmann's 1951 study of electroreception and electrogenesis in Gymnarchus niloticus.
Viking Wind Farm
Viking Wind Farm is a large on-shore wind farm in the Shetland Islands which was developed by Viking Energy, a partnership between Shetland Islands Council and SSE plc. It has a generation capacity of 443 MW.

Construction started in September 2020 and the Viking Windfarm and its HVDC connection were completed in August 2024.

SSE plc
SSE plc (formerly Scottish and Southern Energy plc) is a multinational energy company headquartered in Perth, Scotland. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange, and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. SSE operates in the United Kingdom and Ireland.
Raviole du Dauphiné
Ravioles du Dauphiné (English: "Dauphiné ravioli"), also known as Ravioles de Romans ("Ravioli of Romans"), are a French regional speciality , similar to a very tiny ravioli and consisting of two layers of pasta made out of soft wheat flour, eggs and water, surrounding a filling of Comté or French Emmental cheese, faisselle made of cow's milk, butter and parsley. As the name suggests, they are usually associated with the historical region of Dauphiné in South-Central France, particularly around the town of Romans-sur-Isère in the department of Drôme, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. The Ravioles du Dauphiné appellation has been legally protected since 1989, and received the Label Rouge in 1998 and is also protected by a PGI since 1989.

Romans-sur-Isère
Romans-sur-Isère (French pronunciation: [ʁɔmɑ̃syʁizɛːʁ]; lit. 'Romans-on-Isère'; known simply as Romans until 1920; Occitan: Rumans or Rumans d'Isèra; Old Occitan: Romans) is a commune in the Drôme department in Southeastern France. With a population of 33,139 as of 2022, it is the third-most populous city in Drôme after Valence and Montélimar.
History of political Catalanism
The history of Catalan political nationalism, also referred to as Catalanism (Catalan: catalanisme), traces its origins to the early years of the Bourbon Restoration in Spain following the failure of the federalist system of the short-lived First Spanish Republic. However, its roots extend to the first half of the 19th century, driven by the cultural revival movement known as the Renaixença and opposition to the centralist model of the liberal Spanish state. Historian John H. Elliott notes that the term "Catalanism," previously associated with cultural movements, began to take on significant political meaning during the Revolutionary Sexennium (1868–1874). Specifically, the term "Catalanist" emerged around 1870–1871, used by members of Jove Catalunya and the journal La Renaixensa to signify ambitions beyond mere regionalism. As a political movement, Catalanism solidified in the late 1880s.

Sexenio Democrático
The Sexenio Revolucionario or Sexenio Democrático ("six revolutionary/democratic years") is a period of six years between 1868 and 1874 in the history of Spain.

The Sexenio Democrático starts on 29 September 1868 with the overthrow of Queen Isabella II of Spain after the Glorious Revolution, and ends on 29 December 1874 with the Bourbon Restoration, when Isabella's son Alfonso XII became King after a coup d'état by Arsenio Martínez-Campos.

The sexenio spawned the most progressive 19th-century Spanish constitution, the 1869 Constitution, the one dedicating the most space to the rights of the Spanish citizens.

Three phases can be distinguished in Sexenio Democrático:

The Provisional Government (1868–1871) of the Kingdom of Spain (September 1868 – January 1871)

The rule of King Amadeo I of Spain over the Kingdom of Spain (January 1871 – February 1873)

The First Spanish Republic (February 1873 – December 1874)

The Sexenio Democrático was a politically very unstable period.
Makoto Moriwaki
Makoto Moriwaki (森脇真琴, Moriwaki Makoto) is an anime director born in Hokkaidō, Japan. In 1982, Moriwaki founded Animal House (あにまる屋, Animaru-ya) (now known as Ekura Animal (エクラアニマル, Ekura Animaru) with Yoshinobu Sanada, Toshiyuki Honda, and Hiroshi Fukutomi. From the first Doraemon movie produced by Shin'ei Dōga until 1989, she was in charge of production for the movies. She then acted as assistant director for Nobita's Monstrous Underwater Castle and the Kaibutsu-kun movie Demon Sword.

The Monster Kid
Kaibutsu-kun/The Monster Kid (怪物くん, Kaibutsu-kun) is a shōnen manga and anime series by Fujiko Fujio A. The first series was broadcast on TBS from April 21, 1968, to March 23, 1969. The second series was broadcast on TV Asahi from September 2, 1980, to September 28, 1982. A live-action series was broadcast on Nippon Television and Yomiuri Television from April 17 to June 12, 2010. The 94-episode 1982 iteration was aired around the world, marketed as The Monster Kid, which was the official English title.
Stade de la Paix
Stade de la Paix is a multi-use stadium in Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire.  It is currently used mostly for football matches.  The stadium holds 40,000 people. Along with Stade Félix Houphouët-Boigny, it was constructed for the 1984 African Nations Cup. It was one of the host stadiums for the 2023 Africa Cup of Nations, and is currently being renovated for the competition by Mota-Engil, with structures designed by Quadrante Group.

1984 African Cup of Nations
The 1984 African Cup of Nations was the 14th edition of the Africa Cup of Nations, the football championship of Africa (CAF). It was hosted by Ivory Coast. Just like in 1982, the field of eight teams was split into two groups of four. Cameroon won its first championship, beating Nigeria in the final 3−1.
Fayrer baronets
The Fayrer Baronetcy, of Devonshire Street in St Marylebone in the County of London, was a title in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 11 February 1896 for the physician Joseph Fayrer. The baronetcy became extinct on the death of the 4th Baronet in 2017. The family surname was pronounced "Fairer".

Joseph Fayrer
Sir Joseph Fayrer, 1st Baronet KCSI FRS FRSE FRCS FRCP LLD (6 December 1824 – 21 May 1907) was a British physician who served as Surgeon General in India. He is noted for his writings on medicine, work on public health and his studies particularly on the treatment of snakebite, in India. He was also involved in official investigation on cholera, in which he did not accept the idea, proposed by Robert Koch, of germs as the cause of cholera.
Make Money Fast
Make Money Fast (stylised as MAKE.MONEY.FAST) is a title of an electronically forwarded chain letter which first appeared on the Internet in 1989. It was widely distributed throughout dial-up BBSes, Usenet newsgroups, and email. In anti-spammer slang, the name is often abbreviated "MMF".

The emails were a form of pyramid scheme that involved sending small amounts of money to the postal addresses listed in the received email, then adding one's own name and address to the list before sending the email on to others.

Pyramid scheme
A pyramid scheme is a business model which, rather than earning money (or providing returns on investments) by sale of legitimate products to an end consumer, mainly earns money by recruiting new members with the promise of payments (or services). As the number of members multiplies, recruiting quickly becomes increasingly difficult until it is impossible, and therefore most of the newer recruits do not make a profit. As such, pyramid schemes are unsustainable. The unsustainable nature of pyramid schemes has led to most countries outlawing them as a form of fraud.

Pyramid schemes have existed since at least the mid-to-late 19th century in different guises. Some multi-level marketing plans have been classified as pyramid schemes.
EJHL South
The EJHL South (formerly Southeast Junior Hockey League) was an American Tier III Junior ice hockey league sanctioned by USA Hockey. The league had eight teams located in Florida, North Carolina, Virginia and Georgia.  With the elimination by USA Hockey of the Junior A, B and C labels, at the start of the 2011–12 season, the SEJHL was to become the Southern Atlantic Hockey League.  This progression was approved by USA Hockey as the SAHL was preparing to compete at the top level of Tier III Junior hockey. However, unprecedented developments allowed the SAHL to be included in a partnership with the Eastern Junior Hockey League and to operate under the infrastructure and guidance of the EJHL as an affiliate member organization. The EJHL agreed to govern the league for a minimum of three seasons and the league would be called the "EJHL South" as an affiliate operation of the EJHL.

Eastern Junior Hockey League
The Eastern Junior Hockey League (EJHL) was a USA Hockey-sanctioned Tier III junior ice hockey league. Founded in 1993 by Dan Esdale, the EJHL had fourteen teams from across the Northeastern United States. The EJHL champion then competed for the National Championship against the champions of the other Tier III leagues and a host city. The New Jersey Hitmen were the final EJHL Champions after the 2012–13 season.
Andronikos Palaiologos (megas domestikos)
Andronikos Doukas Komnenos Palaiologos (Greek: Ἀνδρόνικος Δούκας  Κομνηνός Παλαιολόγος, romanized: Andrónikos Doukas Komnēnós Palaiológos; c. 1190 – 1248/52), was a megas domestikos (commander-in-chief) of the Empire of Nicaea and the father of the Byzantine emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos, the founder of the Palaiologan dynasty.

Grand domestic
The title of Grand domestic (Greek: μέγας δομέστικος, romanized: mégas doméstikos) was given in the 11th–15th centuries to the commander-in-chief of the Byzantine army, directly below the Byzantine Emperor. It evolved from the earlier office of the domestic of the Schools, and came to rank as one of the senior dignities in the Byzantine state during the last centuries of its existence. From Byzantium, it was also adopted by the breakaway Empire of Trebizond, as well as by the 14th-century Serbian Empire.
Parthenope (film)
Parthenope is a 2024 coming-of-age drama film written, produced, and directed by Paolo Sorrentino. An international co-production between Italy and France, the film stars Celeste Dalla Porta, Stefania Sandrelli, Gary Oldman, Silvio Orlando, Luisa Ranieri, Peppe Lanzetta, and Isabella Ferrari.

Parthenope was selected to compete for the Palme d'Or at the 77th Cannes Film Festival, where it premiered on 21 May 2024. It was theatrically released in Italy by PiperFilm on 24 October 2024. It has received mixed reviews.

Co-production (media)
A co-production is a joint venture between two or more different production companies for the purpose of film production, television production, video game development, and so on. In the case of an international co-production, production companies from different countries (typically two to three) are working together.

Co-production also refers to the way services are produced by their users, in some parts or entirely.
Cardiff Deanery
The Cardiff Deanery is a Roman Catholic deanery in the Archdiocese of Cardiff-Menevia, previously in the Archdiocese of Cardiff, that oversees several churches in the city of Cardiff. It replaced the previous Cardiff East Deanery and Cardiff West Deanery, combining the two into one. The dean is centred at the Parish of St Mary's Canton.

St Mary of the Angels Roman Catholic Church, Canton
St Mary of the Angels Roman Catholic Church (Welsh: Llanfair Yr Angylion) is located in Canton, Cardiff. It is part of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cardiff-Menevia. It opened on 3 November 1907.

The new parish priest is due to be appointed in 2025/2026
Italian destroyer Nembo (1927)
Nembo was one of eight Turbine-class destroyer built for the Regia Marina (Royal Italian Navy) during the 1920s. Her name means nimbus. The ship played a minor role in the Spanish Civil War of 1936–1937, supporting the Nationalists.

Turbine-class destroyer
The Turbine-class destroyer was a group of eight destroyers built for the Regia Marina (Royal Italian Navy) in the 1920s. The ships played a minor role in the Spanish Civil War of 1936–1937, supporting the Nationalists. All the ships of the class were lost during World War II.
Domain theory
Domain theory is a branch of mathematics that studies special kinds of partially ordered sets (posets) commonly called domains. Consequently, domain theory can be considered as a branch of order theory. The field has major applications in computer science, where it is used to specify denotational semantics, especially for functional programming languages. Domain theory formalizes the intuitive ideas of approximation and convergence in a very general way and is closely related to topology.

Partially ordered set
In mathematics, especially order theory, a partial order on a set is an arrangement such that, for certain pairs of elements, one precedes the other. The word partial is used to indicate that not every pair of elements needs to be comparable; that is, there may be pairs for which neither element precedes the other. Partial orders thus generalize total orders, in which every pair is comparable.

Formally, a partial order is a homogeneous binary relation that is reflexive, antisymmetric, and transitive. A partially ordered set (poset for short) is an ordered pair  consisting of a set  (called the ground set of ) and a partial order  on . When the meaning is clear from context and there is no ambiguity about the partial order, the set  itself is sometimes called a poset.
Apocynum
Apocynum, commonly known as dogbane or Indian hemp, is a small genus of the flowering plant family Apocynaceae. Its name comes from Ancient Greek ἀπόκυνον, from ἀπο- apo- "away" and κύων kyōn "dog", referring to dogbane (Cionura erecta), which was used to poison dogs. The genus is native to North America, temperate Asia, and southeastern Europe.

Apocynum species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, including the queen butterfly and the mouse moth.

Apocynum androsaemifolium
Apocynum androsaemifolium, the fly-trap dogbane or spreading dogbane, is a flowering plant in the Gentianales order. It is common across Canada and much of the United States excepting the deep southeast.
Alpine Lake (Northern Sawtooth Wilderness)
Alpine Lake is an alpine lake in Custer County, Idaho, United States, located high in the Sawtooth Mountains in the Sawtooth National Recreation Area.  The lake is approximately 6.3 mi (10.1 km) southwest of Stanley.  A trail from the Iron Creek trailhead and campground leads approximately 5 miles (8.0 km) to Sawtooth Lake. The Iron Creek trailhead can be accessed from State Highway 21 via Sawtooth National Forest road 619. There is another lake with the name Alpine Lake in the central part of the Sawtooth Wilderness.

With a surface elevation of 7,828 feet (2,386 m) above sea level, Alpine Lake can remain frozen into early summer. At the south end of Alpine Lake is Alpine Peak at 9,861 feet (3,006 m) above sea level. Less than a half mile southwest of Alpine Lake is Sawtooth Lake, one of the most popular destinations in the Sawtooth National Recreation Area. Alpine Lake is in the Sawtooth Wilderness and wilderness permit can be obtained at trailheads.

Alpine Lake

Sawtooth Range (Idaho)
The Sawtooth Range is a mountain range of the Rocky Mountains in central Idaho, United States, reaching a maximum elevation of 10,751 feet (3,277 m) at the summit of Thompson Peak. It encompasses an area of 678 square miles (1,756 km2) spanning parts of Custer, Boise, Blaine, and Elmore counties, and is bordered to the east by the Sawtooth Valley. Much of the mountain range is within the Sawtooth Wilderness, part of the Sawtooth National Recreation Area and Sawtooth National Forest.

The mountains were named for their jagged peaks.
Thomas H. Robinson
Thomas Hall Robinson (March 2, 1859 – October 12, 1930) was an American politician and lawyer from Maryland. He served in the Maryland Senate in 1892 and 1902 to 1906. He served as Attorney General of Maryland from 1923 to his death in 1930.

Maryland Attorney General
The Attorney General of the State of Maryland is the chief legal officer of the U.S. state of Maryland, serving as the state's primary prosecutor and legal representative.

The current attorney general is Anthony Brown, who was elected in 2022 and has served since 2023.
Usilampatti railway station
Usilampatti (station code:USLP) is an NSG–6 category Indian railway station in Madurai railway division of Southern Railway zone. It serves Usilampatti, located in Madurai district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is a railway station on Madurai–Bodinayakkanur branch line.

Madurai railway division
Madurai railway division is one of the six railway divisions under the jurisdiction of Southern Railway zone of the Indian Railways. Officially created in 1956, it spans over 1,356 km (843 mi) making it the largest railway division of the Southern Railways.  Prior to the formation of the Thiruvananthapuram railway division which was carved out of the division, it was one of the largest railway divisions in the country.  Currently it covers up to twelve districts of Tamil Nadu and one in Kerala.  It is headquartered in Madurai.

Major revenue generating junctions in the division are Madurai, Tirunelveli, Dindigul.  In these stations most of the train halt and rake reversals takes place and also passenger foot fall is high.
Weak supervision
Weak supervision (also known as semi-supervised learning) is a paradigm in machine learning, the relevance and notability of which increased with the advent of large language models due to the large amount of data required to train them.  It is characterized by using a combination of a small amount of human-labeled data (exclusively used in more expensive and time-consuming supervised learning paradigm), followed by a large amount of unlabeled data (used exclusively in unsupervised learning paradigm). In other words, the desired output values are provided only for a subset of the training data. The remaining data is unlabeled or imprecisely labeled. Intuitively, it can be seen as an exam and labeled data as sample problems that the teacher solves for the class as an aid in solving another set of problems. In the transductive setting, these unsolved problems act as exam questions. In the inductive setting, they become practice problems of the sort that will make up the exam.

Inductive reasoning
Inductive reasoning refers to a variety of methods of reasoning in which the conclusion of an argument is supported not with deductive certainty, but at best with some degree of probability. Unlike deductive reasoning (such as mathematical induction), where the conclusion is certain, given the premises are correct, inductive reasoning produces conclusions that are at best probable, given the evidence provided.
Ephyra (Sicyonia)
Ephyra (Ancient Greek: Ἐφύρη) was a village of Sicyonia, in the north of the Peloponnese, mentioned by Strabo, along with the river Selleeis (distinct from the river Selleeis in Elis), as situated near Sicyon. Ludwig Ross conjectures that some ruins situated upon a hill about 20 minutes southeast of Suli represent the Sicyonian Ephyra, but modern writers say it is unlocated.

Sicyon
Sicyon (/ˈsɪʃiˌɒn, ˈsɪs-/; Greek: Σικυών; gen.: Σικυῶνος) or Sikyōn was an ancient Greek city state situated in the northern Peloponnesus between Corinth and Achaea on the territory of the present-day regional unit of Corinthia. The ruins lie just west of the modern village of Sikyona (previously Vasiliko). An ancient monarchy at the times of the Trojan War, the city was ruled by a number of tyrants during the Archaic and Classical period and became a democracy in the 3rd century BC. Sicyon was celebrated for its contributions to ancient Greek art, producing many famous painters and sculptors. In Hellenistic times it was also the home of Aratus of Sicyon, the leader of the Achaean League.
Hinah
Hinah (Arabic: حينة) is a Syrian village in the Qatana District of the Rif Dimashq Governorate. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Hinah had a population of 1,524 in the 2004 census. The inhabitants of Hinah are predominantly Druze and Christians.

Druze in Syria
The Druze faith is the third-largest religion in Syria with 2010 results recording that their adherents made up 3.2 percent of the population. The Druze are concentrated in the rural, mountainous areas east and south of Damascus in the area of Mount Druze.

The Druze faith is a monotheistic and Abrahamic religion. Syria has the largest Druze population in the world. Many Syrian Druze have  been living abroad for centuries, particularly in Venezuela.
Arthur Saul Super
Arthur Saul Super (Hebrew: ארתור סול סופר; 1 July 1908 - 28 July 1979) was a British-born rabbi and journalist. He initially served as a rabbi to Orthodox congregations before switching allegiances to Reform Judaism. He served as Chief Minister of the United Jewish Progressive Congregations of Johannesburg between 1964 and 1975.

South African Union for Progressive Judaism
The South African Union for Progressive Judaism (SAUPJ) is an affiliate of the World Union for Progressive Judaism and supports 11 progressive congregations. Rabbi Moses Cyrus Weiler, a founder of Reform Judaism in the country, led the country's first Reform synagogue, Temple Israel in Hillbrow, Johannesburg. Weiler is credited with growing the movement, to represent 15-17% of South African Jewry and establishing 25 congregations in the country (Shain 2011). A 2020 joint study by the Institute for Jewish Policy Research and the University of Cape Town showed that 12% of Jews identified as Progressive and that in relative terms the progressive strands are increasing after falling to 7% in 1998 and 2005 studies. In Johannesburg, the community accounts for 7%  of the city's Jewry, rising to 18% in Cape Town and 25% in Durban.