hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Markov property
In probability theory and statistics, the term Markov property refers to the memoryless property of a stochastic process, which means that its future evolution is independent of its history. It is named after the Russian mathematician Andrey Markov. The term strong Markov property is similar to the Markov property, except that the meaning of "present" is defined in terms of a random variable known as a stopping time.

The term Markov assumption is used to describe a model where the Markov property is assumed to hold, such as a hidden Markov model.

A Markov random field extends this property to two or more dimensions or to random variables defined for an interconnected network of items. An example of a model for such a field is the Ising model.

A discrete-time stochastic process satisfying the Markov property is known as a Markov chain.

Stopping time
In probability theory, in particular in the study of stochastic processes, a stopping time (also Markov time, Markov moment, optional stopping time or optional time) is a specific type of "random time": a random variable whose value is interpreted as the time at which a given stochastic process exhibits a certain behavior of interest. A stopping time is often defined by a stopping rule, a mechanism for deciding whether to continue or stop a process on the basis of the present position and past events, and which will almost always lead to a decision to stop at some finite time.

Stopping times occur in decision theory, and the optional stopping theorem is an important result in this context. Stopping times are also frequently applied in mathematical proofs to "tame the continuum of time", as Chung put it in his book (1982).
Saadey CM Saab
Saadey CM Saab is an Indian Punjabi comedy thriller released worldwide on 27 May 2016. Directed by Vipin Parashar, written by Sumeet Singh Manchanda, the film stars Harbhajan Mann, Rahul Singh, Kashish Singh, and Gurpreet Ghuggi.
 The official first look teaser of the movie was released on 15 March 2016 on SagaHits YouTube Channel.

Gurpreet Ghuggi
Gurpreet Singh Waraich (born 19 June 1971), commonly known as Gurpreet Ghuggi, is an Indian actor, comedian and politician. He is known for his works in Punjabi and Hindi films. Ghuggi began his career by acting in theatre in the early 1990s, after which he had recurring roles in television series such as Ronak Mela and the soap opera Parchhaven. He gained international public recognition with comedic leading roles through his videos Ghuggi Junction (2003) and Ghuggi Shoo Mantar (2004), before beginning his film career by starring as Patwari Jhilmil Singh in Asa Nu Maan Watna Da (2004). He starred in the film Carry On Jatta (2012), and was praised for his meaningful leading role in Ardaas (2015).
Char Divas Premache
Char Divas Premache is a Marathi play directed by Waman Kendre and written by Ratnakar Matkari. The star cast includes Prashant Damle, Kavita Lad, Arun Nalavade, Savita Prabhune.

The play explores the true meaning of love.

Prashant Damle
Prashant Damle (born 5 April 1961) is an Indian actor and comedian who has acted in numerous Marathi dramas, films and soap operas for over 35 years. He has been associated with Marathi theatre since 1983 and till date has performed in 27 different plays and a variety of roles and is a widely recognized star of Marathi theatre.

In the journey of 35 years of performing arts, he has been honored with many prestigious awards. He has 5 Limca Book of Records in his name. He has also performed in 37 Marathi feature films and 24 Marathi television serials. On 6 November 2022, his performance in Eka Lagnachi Pudhchi Goshta marked his career's 12,500th show, a record.
Erdis Kraja
Erdis Kraja (born 7 July 2000) is a professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Serie C Group B club Pineto on loan from Pescara. Born in Italy, Kraja represents Albania at international level.

Serie C
The Serie C (Italian pronunciation: [ˈsɛːrje ˈtʃi]), officially known as Serie C Sky Wifi for sponsorship purposes, is the third-highest division in the Italian football league system after the Serie B and Serie A. The Lega Italiana Calcio Professionistico (Lega Pro) is the governing body that operates the Serie C.

The unification of the Lega Pro Prima Divisione and the Lega Pro Seconda Divisione as Lega Pro Divisione Unica (often also abbreviated as Lega Pro) in 2014 reintroduced the format of the original Serie C that existed between 1935 and 1978 (before the split into Serie C1 and Serie C2). In May 2017, the Lega Pro assembly unanimously approved renaming the competition to its original name, Serie C.
G3014 Kuytun–Altay Expressway
The G3014 Kuytun–Altay Expressway (Chinese: 奎屯—阿勒泰高速公路, Uyghur: كۇيتۇن-ئالتاي يۇقىرى سۈرئەتلىك تاشيولى), commonly referred to as the Kui'a Expressway (Chinese: 奎阿高速公路), is an expressway that connects the cities of Kuytun and Altay in Xinjiang, China. The expressway is 527 kilometres (327 mi) in length, with a 135-kilometre-long (84 mi) section between Kuytun and Karamay that is concurrent with the G3015 Kuytun–Tacheng Expressway. The entire expressway is part of Asian Highway 67.

The expressway is a spur or auxiliary line of the  G30 Lianyungang–Khorgas Expressway. It connects to the G30 Lianyungang–Khorgas Expressway at Kuytun.

Karamay
Karamay (also spelled Karamai) is a prefecture-level city in the north of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China. It is surrounded on all sides by Tacheng Prefecture. The name of the city comes from the Uyghur language and means "black oil", referring to the oil fields near the city.

Karamay was the site of one of the worst disasters in modern Chinese history, the 1994 Karamay fire, when 324 people, including 288 school children, lost their lives in a cinema fire on 8 December 1994.
Le Temps des fleurs
"Le Temps des fleurs" (French pronunciation: [lə tɑ̃ de flœʁ]; "The time of flowers") is a song by French singer Dalida for her twenty-first studio album of the same name. While the French lyrics were written by Eddy Marnay, the melody was taken from Russian romance song "Dorogoi dlinnoyu" ("Дорогой длинною"), composed by Boris Fomin in 1924. Dalida covered the song after Mary Hopkin had a hit with her English version "Those Were the Days" one month earlier.

Le Temps des fleurs is Dalida's first recording to debut atop of French song chart, while it peaked the newly established "Centre d'Information et de Documentation du Disque" sales chart two weeks after entry. The record was a sales success and earned Dalida her twenty-eighth gold disc, which made Dalida record it also in Italian as "Quelli erano giorni", and in German as "An jenem Tag". In France, the song remains as one of 1960s classics, and Dalida's signature songs.

Eddy Marnay
Edmond Bacri (18 December 1920 – 3 January 2003), known professionally as Eddy Marnay, was a French songwriter. In his career, he wrote more than 4000 songs, including works for Édith Piaf, Frida Boccara and Céline Dion. He was joint winner, as lyricist, of the Eurovision Song Contest in 1969 for "Un Jour, Un Enfant", sung by Frida Boccara. He also wrote the title song for Charlie Chaplin's 1957 film A King in New York.

Céline Dion named one of her twin sons after him in 2010, as Marnay produced and helped write Dion's first five records.
Jay Macias
Jerome J. Macias (born August 10, 1973) is an American former professional football quarterback who played for the Ottawa Rough Riders of the Canadian Football League (CFL). He played college football at Wisconsin.

Ottawa Rough Riders
The Ottawa Rough Riders were a Canadian Football League team based in Ottawa, Ontario, founded on September 19, 1876. Formerly one of the oldest and longest-lived professional sports teams in North America, the Rough Riders won the Grey Cup championship nine times. Their most dominant era was the 1960s and 1970s,  in which they won five Grey Cups. The team's fortunes waned in the 1980s and 1990s, and they ultimately ceased operations following the 1996 season. Five years later, a new CFL team known as the Ottawa Renegades was founded, though they suspended operations in 2006. The Ottawa Redblacks, which own the Rough Riders and Renegades intellectual properties, joined the league in 2014.
Harmony Lessons
Harmony Lessons (Kazakh: Асланның сабақтары, Aslannyñ sabaqtary; Russian: Уроки гармонии) is a 2013 Kazakh-German drama film directed by Emir Baigazin. It was awarded a Silver Bear for Outstanding Artistic Contribution for camera work at the Berlinale in 2013.

Silver Bear for Outstanding Artistic Contribution
The Silver Bear for Outstanding Artistic Contribution (German: Silberner Bär für eine herausragende künstlerische Leistungis) is the Berlin International Film Festival's award for achievement in crafting. Usually awarded to crew members, such as cinematographers, production designers, costume designers or editors.
Yang Changji
Yang Changji (simplified Chinese: 杨昌济; traditional Chinese: 楊昌濟; pinyin: Yáng Chāngjì; 21 April 1871 – 17 January 1920) was a Chinese educator, philosopher, and writer. After advanced studies in Japan and Europe, he taught at  Hunan First Normal University, where he exerted considerable influence on Mao Zedong, Cai Hesen, Xiao Zisheng, and others, and then at Peking University. He became considered one of the leading philosophers of his generation before his early death.

Hunan First Normal University
Hunan First Normal University (Chinese: 湖南第一师范学院), founded in 1903, is a university located in Yuelu District, Changsha, Hunan Province, China.

Hunan First Normal University covers a total area of 1346 mu, with more than 420,000 square meters of floor space. The university is divided into 10 colleges.

As of 2023, the Best Chinese Universities Ranking, also known as the "Shanghai Ranking", placed Hunan First Normal University at 14th in Hunan province and 344th in China.
David Yarrow
David Yarrow (born 8 February 1966) is a British fine-art photographer, conservationist, philanthropist and author. The subjects of his photography include sport stars, world-renowned models, wildlife, indigenous communities and landscapes. He has collaborated with super models Cara Delevingne and Cindy Crawford. Since 2018, Yarrow's work has raised over $20m for philanthropic and conservation organisations. In 2021, his collaboration with Crawford raised over $5m for the American Family Children's Hospital. He is also known for his staged narrative series capturing the American Wild West. He currently lives in London.

Cara Delevingne
Cara Jocelyn Delevingne (/ˈkɑːrə ˌdɛləˈviːn/ KAH-rə DEL-ə-VEEN; born 12 August 1992) is an English model and actress. She signed with Storm Management after leaving school in 2009. Delevingne won Model of the Year at the British Fashion Awards in 2012 and 2014, and has also received three Teen Choice Awards and nominations for a British Independent Film Award and an MTV Movie & TV Award.

Delevingne started her acting career with a minor role in the 2012 film adaptation of Anna Karenina by Joe Wright. Her most notable roles include Margo Roth Spiegelman in the romantic mystery film Paper Towns (2015), the Enchantress in the comic book film Suicide Squad (2016), and Laureline in Luc Besson's Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets (2017).
Alberto Alvarado Arámburo
Alberto Andrés Alvarado Arámburo (4 February 1925 – 14 February 1996) was a Mexican politician who served as the Governor of Baja California Sur from 1981 to 1987. A member of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), he succeeded his cousin, Angel César Mendoza Arámburo, as governor. He also served as a Senator and a federal deputy. He was shot and killed in Mexico City in 1996 during an attempted robbery.

There is a locality in Mulegé Municipality named after him.

Ángel César Mendoza Arámburo
Ángel César Mendoza Arámburo (15 December 1934 – 25 March 2014) was a Mexican politician, the first elected governor in the state of Baja California Sur for the period 1975 to 1981. As a lawyer for the National Autonomous University of Mexico, he held various positions within the Institutional Revolutionary Party. He was federal deputy in the legislature XLVII Congress and was Secretary for Tax Inspectorate of Ministry of Finance and Public Credit (1982). Acting as governor, founded in 1976, the Autonomous University of Baja California Sur. He was married to Luz Garayzar with whom he had three children: Guadalupe, Carlos and Cesar Angel.
FIS Ski Cross World Cup
The FIS Ski Cross World Cup is an annual freestyle skiing competition, a subdiscipline of FIS Freestyle Skiing World Cup under International Ski Federation. Races are hosted primarily at ski resorts in North America and the Alps in Europe.

FIS Freestyle Ski World Cup
The FIS Freestyle Ski World Cup is an annual freestyle skiing competition arranged by the International Ski Federation since 1980. Currently six disciplines are included in world cup: moguls, aerials, ski cross, halfpipe, slopestyle and big air. In the 1980s and 1990s there were also ski ballet and combined, which no longer exist.

Races are hosted primarily at ski resorts in North America, the Alps in Europe, with regular stops in Scandinavia, east Asia, but a few races have also been held in the Southern Hemisphere. World Cup competitions have been hosted in 22 countries around the world: Australia, Austria, Belarus, Canada, China, Croatia, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Japan,  New Zealand, Norway, Russia, Slovenia, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine and the United States. (note that all world cup races hosted at ski resort in Ukraine was still part of Soviet Union respectively.)
Youssef Obama
Youssef Ibrahim (Arabic: يُوسُف إِبْرَاهِيم; born 2 December 1995), nicknamed Youssef Obama (Arabic: يُوسُف أُوبَامَا), is an Egyptian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Egyptian Premier League club Pyramids.

A product of the Zamalek Youth Academy, he made his debut for the club in the Egyptian Premier League in 2014. He was sent out on loan twice between 2015 and 2016, with Al Ittihad and Wadi Degla, before returning to Zamalek.

Al Ittihad Alexandria Club
Al Ittihad Alexandria Club (Arabic: نادي الإتحاد السكندري), locally known as El Ittihad El Skandary, is an Egyptian sports club based in Alexandria. The club is mainly known for its professional football team, which currently plays in the Egyptian Premier League, the highest league in the Egyptian football league system.

Founded in 1914 in Alexandria, the club is one of the oldest and most popular football clubs in Egypt. Al Ittihad was the first club that rushed to endorse the idea of founding the Egyptian Football Association in 1921, which significantly contributed to increasing the club's popularity in Alexandria. Its famous Chairman was Tawfik Abouhashem.
1997–98 EHF Women's Champions League
The 1997–98 EHF Women's Champions League was the fifth edition of the modern era of the 1961-founded competition for European national champions women's handball clubs, running from 4 October 1997 to 16 May 1998. Hypo Niederösterreich defeated defending champion Mar Valencia in the final to win its seventh title.

1996–97 EHF Women's Champions League
The 1996–97 EHF Women's Champions League was the fourth edition of the modern era of the 1961-founded competition for European national champions women's handball clubs, running from 10 October 1996 to 10 May 1997. The competition system was reformed, as the group stage was expanded from 8 to 16 teams, now replacing the Round of 16, and the quarter-finals and semifinals were reestablished.

Mar Valencia defeated Viborg HK in the final to become the first Spanish team to win the competition. Defending champion Podravka Koprivnica was defeated by the Danish in the quarter-finals.
Showplace
Showplace is a 3D computer graphics program. It was released in the 1990s by Pixar with versions for Apple Macintosh and Microsoft Windows. The Mac version was co-developed by Phil Beffrey and Dana Batali. Version 1.0 sold for US$995. It would create a basic model, from which the user could change model surfaces and set lighting and camera angles. Version 2.0, which cost $495–695, provided additional modeling tools for users called Clip Objects Library and required Pixar's Renderman for rendering images. Users can import models from other software by using RIB-format files.

Pixar RenderMan
Pixar RenderMan is a photorealistic 3D rendering software produced by Pixar Animation Studios. Pixar uses RenderMan to render their in-house CGI animated movie productions and it is also available as a commercial product licensed to third parties. In 2015, a free non-commercial version of RenderMan became available.
4th Alpine Division "Cuneense"
The 4th Alpine Division "Cuneense" (Italian: 4ª Divisione alpina "Cuneense") was a division of the Royal Italian Army during World War II, which specialized in mountain warfare. The headquarters of the division was in the city of Cuneo, and the majority of its Alpini soldiers were drafted from the surrounding Province of Cuneo - hence the division's name "Cuneense". The division participated in all Italian World War II campaigns with the exception of the North African Campaign. The division was annihilated during Operation Little Saturn by Soviet forces in January 1943.

Cuneo
Cuneo (Italian: [ˈkuːneo] ⓘ; Piedmontese: Coni [ˈkʊni]; Occitan: Coni [ˈkuni]; French: Coni [kɔni]) is a city and comune in Piedmont, Italy, the capital of the province of Cuneo, the fourth largest of Italy's provinces by area.

It is located at an elevation of 550 metres (1,800 ft) in the south-west of Piedmont, at the confluence of the rivers Stura and Gesso.

Cuneo is bounded by the municipalities of Beinette, Borgo San Dalmazzo, Boves, Busca, Caraglio, Castelletto Stura, Centallo, Cervasca, Morozzo, Peveragno, Tarantasca and Vignolo.

It is located near six mountain passes:

Colle della Maddalena at 1,996 metres (6,549 ft)

Colle di Tenda at 1,871 metres (6,138 ft) – Tunnel of Tenda at 1,300 metres (4,300 ft), 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) long

Colle del Melogno at 1,027 metres (3,369 ft)

Colle San Bernardo at 957 metres (3,140 ft)

Colle di Nava at 934 metres (3,064 ft)

Colle di Cadibona at 459 metres (1,506 ft).
Jenny af Forselles
Jenny Mathilda af Forselles (27 May 1869, Elimäki – 16 September 1938, Helsinki) was a Finnish secondary school teacher and politician. She was a member of the Parliament of Finland from 1909 to 1910 and again from 1911 to 1917, representing the Swedish People's Party of Finland (SFP).

She was instrumental in the establishment of the Swedish-language women's magazine Nutid in 1895 and coedited it with Dagmar Neovius from 1909 to 1915. In addition to her editorial work, she also authored A.N. Clewberg-Edelcrantz och hans omgifning (1903).

Dagmar Neovius
Dagmar Louise Charlotte Neovius (21 May 1867 – 27 July 1939) was a Finnish educator and politician. A member of the Swedish People's Party, she was elected to Parliament in 1907 as one of the first group of female MPs. She had three spells as an MP between 1907 and 1917.
Ra Kyung-min
Ra Kyung-min (Korean: 라경민; Hanja: 羅景民; born 25 November 1976) is a badminton player from South Korea. Ra was a dominating mixed doubles team with her partner Kim Dong-moon from the late 1990s to early 2000s, resulting in a 70–match winning streak and 14 consecutive titles in international tournaments.

Yang Wei (badminton)
Yang Wei (simplified Chinese: 杨维; traditional Chinese: 楊維; pinyin: Yáng Wéi; Cantonese Yale: Yeung Wai; born 13 January 1979) is a Chinese former badminton player who affiliate with Guangdong provincial team.
Donna Schmidt Anderson
Donna Schmidt Anderson is an American geologist who has been involved in academics at the Colorado School of Mines, geotechnical engineering in California, and in the oil and gas industry as an advisor and consultant.

Colorado School of Mines
The Colorado School of Mines (Mines) is a public research university in Golden, Colorado, United States. Founded in 1874, the school offers both undergraduate and graduate degrees in engineering, science, and mathematics, with a focus on energy and the environment. While Mines does offer undergraduate minor programs in the humanities, arts, and social sciences, it only offers degree programs in STEM fields, with the exception of economics. In the fall 2025 semester, the school enrolled 8,247 students, including 6,371 undergraduate and 1,876 graduate students. It is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity".
Oakley, Western Australia
Oakley is a locality in the Peel Region of Western Australia. Its local government area is the Shire of Murray.

Oakley is located at the foot of the Darling Scarp and is very sparsely populated; it is one of the locations of Alcoa's three alumina refineries, which is named after the nearest large town in the region, Pinjarra.

Pinjarra, Western Australia
Pinjarra is a town in the Peel region of Western Australia along the South Western Highway, 82 kilometres (51 mi) from the state capital, Perth and 21 kilometres (13 mi) south-east of the coastal city of Mandurah. Its local government area is the Shire of Murray. At the 2016 census, Pinjarra had a population of 4910.

Pinjarra is an area rich in history, and is the home town of a former State Premier - Sir Ross McLarty.  It is near the site of the Pinjarra massacre, where between 14 and 80 Noongar people were killed by British colonists in 1834.
Patel Para
Patel Para is a neighbourhood in Jamshed Town, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.

Before independence of Pakistan in 1947, the area was home to a significant population of Patel Hindus, along with Parsis and Ismailis. It was known for a unique tradition where, in cases of unclaimed property left by deceased Hindus, the Patel community would automatically assume custodianship. Given their majority presence at the time, the neighborhood came to be known as Patel Para.

Following the partition, nearly all Hindu residents migrated to India in 1947, reshaping the area's demographic landscape. Today, Patel Para is home to a diverse mix of ethnic groups, including Muhajirs, Sindhis, Punjabis, Saraikis, Pashtuns, Balochis, Memons, Bohras, Ismailis and Christians.

Jamshed Quarters
Jamshed Quarters (Urdu: جمشید کوارٹرز) is a residential neighborhood in the Karachi East district of Karachi, Pakistan. It is administered as part of Jamshed Town, which was disbanded in 2011 before being restored in early 2022. To the northwest is Liaquatabad Town across the Lyari River, while to the east is Gulshan Town and to the southeast is Korangi Town across the Malir River. Jamshed Town is bordered by Karachi Cantonment and Clifton Cantonment to the west.
Cornelius Coe
Cornelius Coe (born September 17, 1975) is an American former professional football defensive specialist who played four seasons in the Arena Football League (AFL) with the Indiana Firebirds and Los Angeles Avengers. He played college football at Northern Michigan University. He was also a member of the Quad City Steamwheelers and Peoria Pirates.

Quad City Steamwheelers
The Quad City Steamwheelers were a professional arena football team. They were a charter member of the AF2 and played their home games at iWireless Center in Moline, Illinois.

The team was founded on September 1, 1999, when the Quad Cities was awarded an arena football franchise. Managing owner (and inventor of arena football) Jim Foster coined the team's nickname.

In December 2009, it was confirmed that the Steamwheelers had ceased operations, opting not to join the new Arena Football League after the bankruptcy of the Arena Football League and subsequent disbanding of af2.