hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Massimiliano Versace
Massimiliano Versace (born December 21, 1972, in Monfalcone, Italy) is the co-founder and the CEO of Neurala Inc, a Boston-based company building Artificial Intelligence emulating brain function in software and used in automating the process of visual inspection in manufacturing. He is also the founding Director of the Boston University Neuromorphics Lab. Massimiliano Versace is a Fulbright scholar and holds two PhDs in Experimental Psychology from the University of Trieste, Italy and Cognitive and Neural Systems from Boston University, USA. He obtained his BSc from the University of Trieste, Italy.

Neuromorphic computing
Neuromorphic computing is a computing approach inspired by the human brain's structure and function. It uses artificial neurons to perform computations, mimicking neural systems for tasks such as perception, motor control, and multisensory integration. These systems, implemented in analog, digital, or mixed-mode VLSI, prioritize robustness, adaptability, and learning by emulating the brain’s distributed processing across small computing elements. This interdisciplinary field integrates biology, physics, mathematics, computer science, and electronic engineering to develop systems that emulate the brain’s morphology and computational strategies. Neuromorphic systems aim to enhance energy efficiency and computational power for applications including artificial intelligence, pattern recognition, and sensory processing.
Fray Bentos (food brand)
Fray Bentos is a food brand associated with tinned processed meat products, originally corned beef and later meat pies. The brand has been sold in the United Kingdom, other European countries, and Australia. Created in the second half of the 19th century, the name is derived from the port of Fray Bentos in Uruguay where all of the company's products were processed and packaged until the 1960s. The brand in the UK is now owned by Baxters, which manufactures the product range in Scotland. The Campbell Soup Company manufactures and sells Fray Bentos branded steak and kidney pies in Australia.

Fray Bentos
Fray Bentos (Spanish pronunciation: [fɾaj ˈβentos]) is the capital city of the Río Negro Department, in south-western Uruguay, at the Argentina-Uruguay border, near the Argentine city of Gualeguaychú. Its port on the Uruguay River is one of the nation's most important harbours. The city hosts the first campus of the Technological University, beside the historically relevant industrial complex Anglo, a World Heritage Site, however, the Port is mainly famous for giving the name to the world renowned Fray Bentos pies.

One of the biggest pulp mills in the world is situated close to Fray Bentos and the Libertador General San Martín Bridge; it was the center of the largest political dispute between Uruguay and Argentina during the 21st century.
Refer (software)
refer is a program for managing bibliographic references, and citing them in troff, nroff, and groff documents.  It is implemented as a preprocessor.

refer was written by Mike Lesk at Bell Laboratories in or before 1978, and is now available as part of most Unix-like operating systems.  A free reimplementation exists as part of the groff package.

As of 2015, refer sees little use, primarily because troff itself is not used much for longer technical writing that might need software support for reference and citation management.  As of 2016, some reference management software (for instance, RefWorks) will import refer data.

Groff (software)
groff (/ˈdʒiːrɒf/ JEE-roff) (also called GNU troff) is a typesetting system that creates formatted output when given plain text mixed with formatting commands. It is the GNU replacement for the troff and nroff text formatters, which were both developed from the original roff.

Groff contains a large number of helper programs, preprocessors, and postprocessors including  eqn, tbl, pic and soelim. There are also several macro packages included that duplicate, expand on the capabilities of, or outright replace the standard troff macro packages.

Groff development of new features is active, and is an important part of free, open source, and UNIX derived operating systems such as Linux and 4.4BSD derivatives — notably because troff macros are used to create man pages, the standard form of documentation on Unix and Unix-like systems.

OpenBSD has replaced groff with mandoc in the base install, since their 4.9 release, as has macOS Ventura.
Brovinje
Brovinje (Italian: Brovigne) is a small settlement/hamlet, in Istria County in Croatia, with a little more than 50 houses in 1950. It is located in the Labinština peninsula of Istria County, Croatia. Overlooking the Gulf of Kvarner in the northern Adriatic Sea including the island of Croatian: Cres, Italian: Cherso. It is located 13 km south-east of Labin and 3 km north of Koromačno/Valmazzinghi. The first written record with the name Brovinje is recorded in the old St. Lucia church books on birth, marriages and deaths in 1705 which are held in Pazin, Istria. Brovinje is a hamlet which is under the Raša municipality.

Kvarner Gulf
The Kvarner Gulf (Croatian: Kvarnerski zaljev, Italian: Golfo del Quarnero or Carnaro; Venetian: Golfo del Carnaro; Latin: Sinus Flanaticus or Liburnicus sinus) sometimes also Kvarner Bay, is a bay in the northern Adriatic Sea, located between the Istrian peninsula and the northern Croatian Littoral mainland. The bay is a part of Croatia's internal waters.

The largest islands within the Kvarner are Cres, Krk, Pag, Rab and Lošinj. A portion of the Kvarner Bay, located between Cres, Krk, Rab and Pag is also called Kvarnerić (literally "little Kvarner"; Italian: Golfo del Quarnerolo or Carnerolo), and the portion east of Krk and Rab is called Senj Channel (after the mainland town of Senj).

The bay is notable for its depth (more than 100 meters), which allows for the city of Rijeka at its northernmost point to have a sea port that can accommodate Capesize ships.
Demetrice Martin
Demetrice A. Martin (born February 28, 1973) is an American football coach who is currently a senior defensive analyst at ASU.

Martin played college football at Michigan State University as a wide receiver and cornerback from 1992 to 1995. Prior to his tenure at Oregon, he held various assistant coaching positions at Monrovia High School in Monrovia, California, John Muir High School in Pasadena, California, Pasadena City College, Mt. San Antonio College, the University of Southern California (USC), the University of Washington, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), University of Arizona and the University of Colorado Boulder.

John Muir High School
John Muir High School is a four-year comprehensive secondary school in Pasadena, California, United States and is a part of the Pasadena Unified School District. The school is named after preservationist John Muir.
University of Shanghai for Science and Technology
The University of Shanghai for Science and Technology (USST; 上海理工大学) is a municipal public university in Yangpu, Shanghai, China. The university is affiliated with the City of Shanghai and funded by the Shanghai Municipal People's Government.

The school originated from the Hujiang University founded in 1906 and the German Medicine and Engineering School founded in 1907. In the early 1950s, the former Hujiang University and the former National Shanghai Advanced Mechanical Vocational School were respectively reorganized into Shanghai Institute of Mechanical Engineering (renamed East China University of Technology in 1994) and Shanghai Mechanical College. In 1996, the two schools merged to form University of Shanghai for Science and Technology. In 1998, the school was transferred from the former Ministry of Machinery Industry to the management of the Municipality of Shanghai.

Hujiang University
Hujiang University (simplified Chinese: 沪江大学; traditional Chinese: 滬江大學; pinyin: Hùjiāng Dàxué; lit. 'University at Hu River') was a private Baptist university from 1906 to 1952 in Shanghai, China. It was established by the American Baptist Missionary Union and the Southern Baptist Convention. The institution was also known as Shanghai College or University of Shanghai.
Shooter (2007 film)
Shooter is a 2007 American action thriller film directed by Antoine Fuqua and written by Jonathan Lemkin, based on the 1993 novel Point of Impact by Stephen Hunter. The film follows Force Recon Marine Scout Sniper veteran Bob Lee Swagger (Mark Wahlberg), who is framed for murder by a mercenary unit operating for a private military firm. The film also stars Michael Peña, Danny Glover, Kate Mara, Levon Helm, and Ned Beatty.

Shooter was produced by Lorenzo di Bonaventura through Di Bonaventura Pictures, and released by Paramount Pictures in the United States on March 23, 2007.  The film received mixed reviews and grossed $95.7 million on a $61 million budget.

United States Marine Corps Scout Sniper
United States Marine Corps Scout Sniper (MOS 0317, formerly 8541) was a secondary MOS (Military Occupational Specialty) designator of U.S. Marine Corps infantrymen and reconnaissance Marines that have graduated from a U.S. Marine Corps Scout Sniper School. Scout Snipers were required to earn the rank of Lance Corporal, be selected by their battalion to join the scout-sniper platoon, and complete an approved scout-sniper course in order to receive this designation. As of December 2023, Marine scout snipers (0317 MOS) have been reorganized as MOS 0322 Reconnaissance Sniper Marines, as part of a 26-Marine Scout Platoon.
Golden field
In mathematics, ⁠⁠, sometimes called the golden field, is a number system consisting of the set of all numbers ⁠⁠, where ⁠⁠ and ⁠⁠ are both rational numbers and ⁠⁠ is the square root of 5, along with the basic arithmetical operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division). Because its arithmetic behaves, in certain ways, the same as the arithmetic of ⁠⁠, the field of rational numbers, ⁠⁠ is a field. More specifically, it is a real quadratic field, the extension field of ⁠⁠ generated by combining rational numbers and ⁠⁠ using arithmetical operations. The name comes from the golden ratio ⁠⁠, a positive number satisfying the equation ⁠⁠, which is the fundamental unit of ⁠⁠.

Calculations in the golden field can be used to study the Fibonacci numbers and other topics related to the golden ratio, notably the geometry of the regular pentagon and higher-dimensional shapes with fivefold symmetry.

Fundamental unit (number theory)
In algebraic number theory, a fundamental unit is a generator (modulo the roots of unity) for the unit group of the ring of integers of a number field, when that group has rank 1 (i.e. when the unit group modulo its torsion subgroup is infinite cyclic). Dirichlet's unit theorem shows that the unit group has rank 1 exactly when the number field is a real quadratic field, a complex cubic field, or a totally imaginary quartic field. When the unit group has rank ≥ 1, a basis of it modulo its torsion is called a fundamental system of units. Some authors use the term fundamental unit to mean any element of a fundamental system of units, not restricting to the case of rank 1 (e.g. Neukirch 1999, p. 42).
Rafael Cotoner
Rafael Cotoner y de Oleza (Maltese: Raphael Cotoner; 1601 – 20 October 1663) was a Spanish knight of Aragon who served as 60th Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller or, as it is already known by that time, the Order of Malta, from 5 June 1660 to his death on 20 October 1663 following the brief reign of Annet de Clermont-Gessant. After his death, he was succeeded as Grand Master by his younger brother, Nicolas Cotoner.

During Raphael Cotoner's reign, the Order of Malta sent troops to Candia, besieged by the Ottomans.

Siege of Candia
The siege of Candia (now Heraklion, Crete) was a military conflict in which Ottoman forces besieged the Venetian-ruled capital city of the Kingdom of Candia. It lasted from 1648 to 1669 (a total of 21 years) and is one of the longest sieges in history. It ended with an Ottoman victory, but the effort and cost of the siege contributed to the decline of the Ottoman Empire, especially after the Great Turkish War.
Roni Size
Ryan Owen Granville Williams (born 29 October 1969), better known by his stage name Roni Size, is an English DJ and record producer. He came to prominence in 1997 as the founder and frontman of Roni Size & Reprazent, a drum and bass collective. That year they won the Mercury Prize for their debut studio album New Forms.

Mercury Prize
The Mercury Prize, formerly called the Mercury Music Prize, is an annual music prize awarded for the best album released by a musical act from the United Kingdom or Ireland. It was created by Jon Webster and Robert Chandler in association with the British Phonographic Industry and British Association of Record Dealers in 1992 as an alternative to the Brit Awards.
Tom Clancy's EndWar
Tom Clancy's EndWar  is a strategy video game available on Microsoft Windows and all seventh-generation platforms except the Wii, with the timing and flow of gameplay differing across platforms.  The console and PC version is a real-time tactics game designed by Ubisoft Shanghai, while the handheld versions feature turn-based tactics. It was released on Nintendo DS, PlayStation 3, PlayStation Portable, and Xbox 360 in November 2008. A Windows version was released in February 2009.

A sequel was in the works, but due to the game's commercial failure, it was officially cancelled on February 8, 2010.

Ubisoft
Ubisoft Entertainment SA (/ˈjuːbisɒft/; French: [ybisɔft]; formerly Ubi Soft Entertainment SA) is a French video game publisher headquartered in Saint-Mandé with development studios across the world. Its video game franchises include Anno, Assassin's Creed, Driver, Far Cry, Just Dance, Prince of Persia, Rabbids, Rayman, Tom Clancy's, and Watch Dogs.

Ubisoft is led by chairman and CEO Yves Guillemot. The company first achieved commercial and critical success with their 1995 platform game Rayman. In 1996, the company began to expand to other parts of the world, opening studios in Shanghai, Montreal and Milan. In recent years, Ubisoft has struggled financially, reporting a strong decline in revenue in 2024 and laying off 700 employees in 2025.
Steve Zaragoza
Esteban "Steve" Zaragoza (born June 9, 1982) is an American online personality, singer-songwriter, musician and web series host, notable for his work on the current events and news series SourceFed. Zaragoza became a host on the series in 2012. The following year, Zaragoza became a host on its spin-off channel, SourceFedNERD. On his personal YouTube channel, Zaragoza frequently combines or crosses between dark, deadpan, surreal, character, and sketch comedy in a non-sequitur fashion.

Philip DeFranco
Philip James DeFranco (born Philip James Franchini Jr.; born December 1, 1985), commonly known by his online nickname PhillyD, and formerly known as sxephil, is an American media host and YouTube personality. He is best known for The Philip DeFranco Show, a news commentary show centered on current events in politics and pop culture.

DeFranco has also been involved in the creation of other successful channels on YouTube, such as the YouTube-funded news channel SourceFed and its nerd culture spinoff SourceFed Nerd. His primary channel has accumulated over 6.6 million subscribers and 2.5 billion views, as of January 2026. Having been involved on YouTube for nearly two decades, he has been cited as a pioneer of YouTube and news coverage online, and has won various awards for his online content.
Alain Penaud
Alain Penaud (born 19 July 1969) is a French former rugby union player who held the position of fly-half.

He was known for his vision of the game, his audacity and his ball carrying and played mainly for Brive, where he scored 449 points within 334 games all in all and won the Heineken Cup in 1997. Penaud is widely acknowledged as one of the best Brive players of all time. He later won French Rugby Union Championship (named at that time Élite 1) with Toulouse in 2001.

He was selected 32 times for the French national team and won the 1997 Five Nations Championship clinching a Grand Slam. His international career was restricted due to his strong personality and the tactical choices of many coaches. He has indeed never been selected for a World Cup, even though his career has covered five tournaments.

His son is French rugby union international Damian Penaud.

1997 Five Nations Championship
The 1997 Five Nations Championship was the sixty-eighth series of the rugby union Five Nations Championship. Including the previous incarnations as the Home Nations and Five Nations, this was the hundred-and-third series of the northern hemisphere rugby union championship. Ten matches were played over five weekends from 18 January to 15 March, the crucial match being in Weekend 4 where England inexplicably threw away a 20–6 lead at Twickenham with quarter of the match to go and were pipped by France. France went on to win their first Grand Slam in ten years; England defeated the other Home Nations by large margins to win the Triple Crown. It was the last time that France played at the Parc des Princes, in Paris. Since then, the French team has been playing in the Stade de France, also in Paris.
Cyberwarfare and China
Cyberwarfare is the strategic use of computer technology to disrupt the functions of a state or organization, specifically through the deliberate targeting of information systems for military or tactical purposes. In the People's Republic of China, it is related to the aggregate of cyberattacks attributed to state organs and related advanced persistent threat (APT) groups.

PLA Unit 61398
PLA Unit 61398 (also known as APT1, Comment Crew, Comment Panda, GIF89a, or Byzantine Candor; Chinese: 61398部队, Pinyin: 61398 bùduì) is the military unit cover designator (MUCD) of a People's Liberation Army advanced persistent threat unit that has been alleged to be a source of Chinese computer hacking attacks. The unit is stationed in Pudong, Shanghai, and has been cited by US intelligence agencies since 2002.
Drop tube
In physics and materials science, a drop tube or drop tower is a structure used to produce a controlled period of weightlessness for an object under study.  Air bags, polystyrene pellets, and magnetic or mechanical brakes are sometimes used to arrest the fall of the experimental payload.  In other cases, high-speed impact with a substrate at the bottom of the tower is an intentional part of the experimental protocol.

Not all such facilities are towers: NASA Glenn's Zero Gravity Research Facility is based on a vertical shaft extending to 510 feet (155 m) below ground level.

Glenn Research Center
NASA John H. Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field is a NASA center within the cities of Brook Park and Cleveland between Cleveland Hopkins International Airport and the Rocky River Reservation of Cleveland Metroparks, with a subsidiary facility in Sandusky, Ohio. Its director is James A. Kenyon. Glenn Research Center is one of ten major NASA facilities, whose primary mission is to develop science and technology for use in aeronautics and space. As of May 2012, it employed about 1,650 civil servants and 1,850 support contractors on or near its site.

In 2010, the formerly on-site NASA Visitors Center moved to the Great Lakes Science Center in the North Coast Harbor area of downtown Cleveland.
Surgical staple
Surgical staples are specialized staples used in surgery in place of sutures to close skin wounds or to resect and/or connect parts of an organ (e.g. bowels, stomach or lungs). The use of staples over sutures reduces local inflammation, the width of the wound, and the time it takes to close a defect.

A more recent development, from the 1990s, uses clips instead of staples for some applications; this does not require the staple to penetrate.

Anastomosis
An anastomosis (/əˌnæstəˈmoʊsɪs/, pl.: anastomoses) is a connection or opening between two things (especially cavities or passages) that are normally diverging or branching, such as between blood vessels, leaf veins, or streams. Such a connection may be normal (such as the foramen ovale in a fetus' heart) or abnormal (such as the patent foramen ovale in an adult's heart); it may be acquired (such as an arteriovenous fistula) or innate (such as the arteriovenous shunt of a metarteriole); and it may be natural (such as the aforementioned examples) or artificial (such as a surgical anastomosis). The reestablishment of an anastomosis that had become blocked is called a reanastomosis. Anastomoses that are abnormal, whether congenital or acquired, are often called fistulas.

The term is used in medicine, biology, mycology, cybernetics, as well as geology, and geography.
LNER Pacifics
The London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) operated various classes steam locomotives with a 4-6-2 (or Pacific) wheel arrangement. They had more Pacifics than any other of the Big Four British railway companies and were mostly used for express passenger work along the East Coast Main Line, though later many were displaced to other lines.

LNER Peppercorn Class A1
London and North Eastern Railway's (LNER) Peppercorn Class A1 is a class of 4-6-2 "Pacific" steam locomotives largely built between 1948 and 1949 at Doncaster and Darlington Works to a design of Arthur Peppercorn. Forty-nine were built for hauling express passenger services on  the East Coast Main Line owned by LNER's successor, British Railways' North Eastern Region. None of the original 49 Peppercorn A1s survived into preservation, with the last being scrapped in 1966. The 50th Peppercorn A1, 60163 Tornado, was completed in 2008 as an evolved member of its class.
2020 Kazakhstan Premier League
The 2020 Kazakhstan Premier League was the 29th season of the Kazakhstan Premier League, the highest football league competition in Kazakhstan. FC Astana were the defending champions after winning their sixth title the previous season.

FC Astana
Astana Football Club (Kazakh: Астана футбол клубы, Astana Futbol Kluby) is a professional football club based in Astana. They play in the Kazakhstan Premier League, the highest level of Kazakh football. The club's home ground is the 30,000-seat Astana Arena stadium. The club colours, reflected in their badge and kit, are sky blue and yellow. Founded as Lokomotiv Astana in 2009, the club changed its name to Astana in 2011.

The club has won a record seven league titles, three Kazakhstan Cups and six Kazakhstan Super Cups.
David Knopfler
David Knopfler (born 27 December 1952) is a British musician. Together with his older brother Mark Knopfler, John Illsley, and Pick Withers, he founded the rock band Dire Straits in 1977, serving as rhythm guitarist on their first two albums. After quitting the band in 1980 during the recording of their third album, Knopfler embarked upon a solo career as a recording artist.

Pick Withers
David "Pick" Withers (born 4 April 1948) is an English drummer. He was the original drummer of the rock band Dire Straits and played on their first four albums, which included hit singles such as "Sultans of Swing", "Romeo and Juliet" and "Private Investigations". Withers was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Dire Straits in 2018.