hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Geophysical fluid dynamics
Geophysical fluid dynamics, in its broadest meaning, is the application of fluid dynamics to naturally occurring flows, such as lava, oceans, and atmospheres, on Earth and other planets.

Two physical features that are common to many of the phenomena studied in geophysical fluid dynamics are rotation of the fluid due to the planetary rotation and stratification (layering).

The applications of geophysical fluid dynamics do not generally include the circulation of the mantle, which is the subject of geodynamics, or fluid phenomena in the magnetosphere.
Ocean circulation and air circulation are typically studied in oceanography and meteorology.

Stratification (water)
Stratification in water is the formation in a body of water of relatively distinct and stable layers by density. It occurs in all water bodies where there is stable density variation with depth. Stratification is a barrier to the vertical mixing of water, which affects the exchange of heat, carbon, oxygen and nutrients. Wind-driven upwelling and downwelling of open water can induce mixing of different layers through the stratification, and force the rise of denser cold, nutrient-rich, or saline water and the sinking of lighter warm or fresher water, respectively. Layers are based on water density: denser water remains below less dense water in stable stratification in the absence of forced mixing.

Stratification occurs in several kinds of water bodies, such as oceans, lakes, estuaries, flooded caves, aquifers and some rivers.
Chester (non-metropolitan district)
Chester was a non-metropolitan local government district of Cheshire, England, from 1974 to 2009. It had the status of a city and a borough, and the local authority was called Chester City Council.

Apart from Chester itself, which was the principal settlement, the district covered a large rural area.  Other settlements included Malpas and Tarvin.

Borough status in the United Kingdom
Borough status is granted by royal charter to local government districts in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. The status is purely honorary, and does not give any additional powers to the council or inhabitants of the district. In Scotland, similarly chartered communities were known as royal burghs, although the status is no longer granted.
Hausa Day
Hausa Day (Hausa: Ranar Hausa), formally known as #RanarHausa, is an annual cultural celebration observed on 26 August by the Hausa people, an ethnic group of West Africa. The day celebrates Hausa cultural heritage, traditions, language, and art. World Hausa Day is celebrated in the Hausa diaspora.

Hausa language
Hausa (/ˈhaʊsə/; in Hausa: Harshen/Halshen Hausa listenⓘ /hawˈsa/; Ajami: هَرْشٜىٰن هَوْسَا‎) is a Chadic language spoken primarily by the Hausa people in Niger (where it is the sole official language, having replaced French in 2025) and in the northern parts of Nigeria, Ghana, Cameroon, Benin and Togo and the southern parts of Chad. It is also spoken by a significant minority in Ivory Coast and a small number of speakers in Sudan.

Hausa is a member of the Afroasiatic language family and is the most widely spoken language within the Chadic branch of that family. Hausa is tonal, using relative pitch both to distinguish words, and mark grammatical categories. Ethnologue estimated that it was spoken as a first language by some 58 million people and as a second language by another 36 million, bringing the total number of Hausa speakers to an estimated 94 million.

In Nigeria, the Hausa film industry is known as Kannywood.
Paul G. Chandler (author)
Paul Gordon Chandler (born 1964) is the Founding President of CARAVAN Arts. He is an author, art curator, interfaith peacemaker, social entrepreneur, and Anglican clergyman. From 2021 to 2024, he was the US Episcopal Bishop of Wyoming. He has worked on various projects concerning the Middle East and Africa, ecumenical publishing, relief and development agencies, the arts and the Anglican Communion. He wrote In Search of a Prophet: A Spiritual Journey with Kahlil Gibran on the Lebanese writer and artist Kahlil Gibran. In 2020, he was awarded by the Archbishop of Canterbury the Hubert Walter Award for Reconciliation and Interfaith Cooperation.

Episcopal Diocese of Wyoming
The Episcopal Church in Wyoming is the diocese of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America with jurisdiction over the state of Wyoming, except for one congregation in western Wyoming which is included in the Episcopal Diocese of Idaho. It was established in 1887 and is in Province VI. Its cathedral, St Matthew's Episcopal Cathedral is in Laramie while the diocesan offices are in Casper.

The diocese reported 6,935 members in 2016 and 5,670 members in 2023; no membership statistics were reported in 2024 national parochial reports. Plate and pledge income for the 45 filing congregations of the diocese in 2024 was $6,851,589. Average Sunday attendance (ASA) was 1,428 persons.

Paul-Gordon Chandler was the 10th bishop of Wyoming. His consecration was held on February 13, 2021, in Laramie, Wyoming, and he served until voluntarily accepting a sentence of deposition from ordained ministry in March 2024. He succeeded John Sheridan Smylie.
Cowthorpe
Cowthorpe is a village in the civil parish of Tockwith, in North Yorkshire, England. It is situated 3 miles (4.8 km) north of Wetherby, 10 miles (16 km) east of Harrogate, 7 miles (11 km) from Knaresborough and 13.5 miles (21.7 km) from York.

In 1931 the parish had a population of 103. On 1 April 1937 the parish was abolished and merged with Tockwith.

Until 1974 it was part of the West Riding of Yorkshire. From 1974 to 2023 it was part of the Borough of Harrogate, it is now administered by the unitary North Yorkshire Council.

Tockwith
Tockwith is a village and civil parish in the county of North Yorkshire, England, near the town of Wetherby and the city of York. There has been a village on the site since at least 1086 when Tocvi was mentioned in the Domesday Book. Tockwith's greatest claim to fame is being used as a staging post by Oliver Cromwell prior to the Battle of Marston Moor in 1644. He made reference to Tockwith in his diaries, in which he said: "If heaven should be half as blessed as the fields of Tockwith, all those who should pass St. Peter's Gate shall be met with joys unequalled".

Until 1974 it was part of the West Riding of Yorkshire. From 1974 to 2023 it was part of the Borough of Harrogate, it is now administered by the unitary North Yorkshire Council.
Michael Kácha
Michael Kácha (6 January 1874 – 12 May 1940) was a Czech anarchist activist, journalist and publisher. He was a founder of the Czech Anarchist Federation and edited numerous publications during the 1900s. He then led the fundamentalist faction of the federation against Bohuslav Vrbenský's proposals to transform it into a political party, but his counter-proposals were voted down. He was arrested several times during During World War I. After the war, he returned to publishing and met the young writer Franz Kafka, who his left-wing magazine Červen. He published his own collected works in 1933, seven years before his death at the outbreak of World War II.

Anarchism in the Czech Republic
Anarchism in the Czech Republic is a political movement in the Czech Republic, with its roots in the Bohemian Reformation, which peaked in the early 20th century. It later dissolved into the nascent Czech communist movement, before seeing a resurgence after the fall of the Fourth Czechoslovak Republic in the Velvet Revolution.
Hyperbridge
Hyperbridge is a cross-chain interoperability bridge that uses cryptographic protocols to facilitate the transfer of assets and data between different blockchains. Hyperbridge was launched on Polkadot mainnet in 2024 by Polytope Labs. The protocol is designed with a decentralised verification system which eliminates traditional reliance on blockchain validators, addressing the limitations of traditional bridges.

The cryptocurrency native to the protocol is BRIDGE, stylised as $BRIDGE.

Interoperability
Interoperability is a characteristic of a product or system to work with other products or systems. While the term was initially defined for information technology or systems engineering services to allow for information exchange, a broader definition takes into account social, political, and organizational factors that impact system-to-system performance.

Types of interoperability include syntactic interoperability, where two systems can communicate with each other, and cross-domain interoperability, where multiple organizations work together and exchange information.
Splinter (The Walking Dead)
"Splinter" is the twentieth episode of the tenth season of the post-apocalyptic horror television series The Walking Dead. The 151st episode overall, the episode was directed by Laura Belsey, and written by Julia Ruchman and Vivian Tse. "Splinter" was released on the streaming platform AMC+ on March 19, 2021, and aired on television on AMC two days later, on March 21, 2021.

In the episode, Eugene (Josh McDermitt), Ezekiel (Khary Payton), Yumiko (Eleanor Matsuura), and Princess (Paola Lázaro) are captured and separated by the mysterious troopers that surrounded them at the rail yard in "A Certain Doom". Trapped inside a boxcar and claustrophobic with mounting anxiety, Princess struggles with memories of her traumatic past and attempts to escape.

The episode received generally mixed reviews from critics.

Boxcar
A boxcar is the North American (AAR) and South Australian Railways term for a railroad car that is enclosed and generally used to carry freight. The boxcar, while not the simplest freight car design, is considered one of the most versatile since it can carry most loads. Boxcars have side sliding doors of varying size and operation, and some include end doors and adjustable bulkheads to load very large items.

Similar covered freight cars outside North America are covered goods wagons and, depending on the region, are called goods van (UK and Australia), covered wagon (UIC and UK) or simply van (UIC, UK and Australia).
1994 PSOE federal party congress
The Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) held its 33rd federal congress in Madrid from 18 to 20 March 1994, to renovate its governing bodies—including the post of secretary-general, which amounted to that of party leader—and establish the party platform and policy until the next congress.

The congress was notable in that, while there was no major opposition to Felipe González's re-election as party leader, it saw a major internal struggle for party control between supporters of former deputy prime minister and PSOE deputy secretary-general Alfonso Guerra (guerristas) and González's allies (renovadores, Spanish for "renovators").

The congress' resulted in a victory for the "renovators", who succeeded in wrestling organic control away from Guerra's faction.

Deputy Prime Minister of Spain
The deputy prime minister of Spain, officially the vice president of the Government (Spanish: Vicepresidente del Gobierno), is the second in command to the prime minister, assuming the responsibilities of the premiership when the prime minister is absent or incapable of exercising power.

The deputy prime minister is usually handpicked by the prime minister from the members of the Council of Ministers and appointed by the Monarch before whom they take an oath. The deputy prime minister may be the head of a government department, but it depends on the will of the prime minister, who may have a deputy premier without a portfolio.

When there are more than one deputy prime minister, the officeholder is frequently referred to as the first deputy prime minister (Spanish: Vicepresidente primero del Gobierno). Since 2023, there are three deputy prime ministers; María Jesús Montero serves as first deputy prime minister since 29 December 2023 and as minister of Finance since 2018.
Octuroplata
Octuroplata is a genus of beetles in the family Chrysomelidae. It was described in 1940 by Erich Uhmann, with Uroplata octopustulata as the type species, and is placed within the tribe Chalepini. Nine species are known, ranging from French Guiana to Argentina.

Erich Uhmann
Erich Leo Ludwig Uhmann (4 November 1881 – 15 January 1968) was a German teacher and entomologist known for his contributions to beetle taxonomy. Born in Chemnitz, he worked as a secondary school teacher in Stollberg from 1908 to 1943. During this period he also pursued entomological research, largely focusing on hispine beetles, which he continued after retiring from teaching until his death in 1968. A prolific author of scientific papers, Uhmann would come to be recognised as an international expert on hispines, having published over 200 papers on hispine taxonomy.
Lonomia obliqua
Lonomia obliqua is a species of saturniid moth ("giant silk moth") from South America. It is famous for its larval form, rather than the adult moth, primarily because of the caterpillar's defense mechanism, urticating bristles that inject a potentially deadly venom. The caterpillar has been responsible for many human deaths, especially in southern Brazil. Its venom has been the subject of numerous medical studies. The species was first described by Francis Walker in 1855. Guinness World Records classified Lonomia obliqua as the most venomous caterpillar in the world.

Urticating hair
Urticating hairs or urticating bristles are one of the primary defense mechanisms used by numerous plants, almost all New World tarantulas, and various lepidopteran caterpillars. Urtica is Latin for "nettle" (stinging nettles are in the genus Urtica), and bristles that urticate are characteristic of this type of plant, and many other plants in several families. This term also refers to certain types of barbed bristles that cover the dorsal and posterior surface of a tarantula's or caterpillar's abdomen. Many tarantula species eject bristles from their abdomens, directing them toward potential attackers. These bristles can embed themselves in the other animal's skin or eyes, causing physical irritation, usually to great discomfort. The term "hairs" is technically a misnomer, as only mammals possess true hairs. The hairs on arthropods are called setae.
Mike Denbrock
Michael Fredrick Denbrock (born January 29, 1964) is an American football coach who is the offensive coordinator and tight ends coach of the Notre Dame Fighting Irish. He has previously coached for the Stanford Cardinal, Washington Huskies, Cincinnati Bearcats, and LSU Tigers.

LSU Tigers football
The LSU Tigers football program, also known as the Fighting Tigers, represents Louisiana State University in college football. The Tigers compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and the Southeastern Conference (SEC).

LSU ranks 16th best in winning percentage in NCAA Division I FBS history and claims four national championships (1958, 2003, 2007, and 2019), 16 conference championships, and over 40 consensus All-Americans. Three players for the Tigers have won the Heisman Trophy: Billy Cannon (1959), Joe Burrow (2019), and Jayden Daniels (2023).

The team plays on the university's campus at Tiger Stadium in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The program's current head coach is Lane Kiffin.
Erringham chapel
Erringham chapel is a former place of worship in the deserted medieval village of Old Erringham, north of Shoreham-by-Sea in the district of Adur, one of seven local government districts in the English county of West Sussex.  Founded in the 11th century as a chapel of ease to St Nicolas' Church in the Saxon riverside village of Old Shoreham, it was in use for several centuries until depopulation caused Old Erringham to become unviable as a settlement.  The chapel fell into ruin, and its remains have been incorporated into a barn on the farm which now occupies the site of the village.  English Heritage has listed the remaining structure at Grade II for its architectural and historical importance.

Shoreham-by-Sea
Shoreham-by-Sea (often shortened to Shoreham) is a coastal town and port in the Adur district, in the county of West Sussex, England. In 2011 it had a population of 20,547.

The town is bordered to its north by the South Downs, to its west by the Adur Valley, and to its south by the River Adur and Shoreham Beach on the English Channel. The town lies in the middle of the ribbon of urban development along the English south coast, approximately equidistant from the city of Brighton and Hove to the east and the town of Worthing to the west. Shoreham covers an area of 2,430 acres (980 ha) and has a population of 20,547 (2011 census).
Sinology
Sinology, also referred to as China studies, is a subfield of area studies or East Asian studies involved in social sciences and humanities research on China. It is an academic discipline that focuses on the study of the Chinese civilization primarily through Chinese language, history, culture, literature, philosophy, art, music, cinema, and science. Its origin "may be traced to the examination which Chinese scholars made of their own civilization."

The academic field of sinology often refers to Western scholarship. Until the 20th century, it was historically seen as equivalent to philology concerning the Chinese classics and other literature written in the Chinese language. Since then, the scope of sinology has expanded to include Chinese history and palaeography, among other subjects.

Chinese literature
The history of Chinese literature extends thousands of years, and begins with the earliest recorded inscriptions, court archives, building to the major works of philosophy and history written during the Axial Age. The Han (202 BC – 220 AD) and Tang (618–907 AD) dynasties were considered golden ages of poetry, while the Song (960–1279) and Yuan (1271–1368) were notable for their lyrics (ci), essays, dramas, and plays. During the Ming and Qing, mature novels were written in written vernacular Chinese, an evolution from the preeminence of Literary Chinese patterned off the language of the Chinese classics. The introduction of widespread woodblock printing during the Tang and the invention of movable type printing by Bi Sheng (990–1051) during the Song rapidly spread written knowledge throughout China. Around the turn of the 20th century, the author Lu Xun (1881–1936) is considered an influential voice of vernacular Chinese literature.
Greek Lessons
Greek Lessons (Korean: 희랍어 시간, romanized: Huilabeo Sigan) is a 2011 novel by South Korean author Han Kang. Published in South Korea on November 10, 2011, the book received an English-language release on April 18, 2023 by Hogarth Press. The novel was translated into English by Deborah Smith and Emily Yae Won.

Hogarth Press
The Hogarth Press is a book publishing imprint of Penguin Random House that was founded as an independent company in 1917 by British authors Leonard Woolf and Virginia Woolf. It was named after their house in Richmond (then in Surrey and now in London), in which they began hand-printing books as a hobby during the interwar period.

Hogarth originally published the works of many members of the Bloomsbury Group, and was at the forefront of publishing works on psychoanalysis and translations of foreign, especially Russian, works.

In 1938, Virginia Woolf relinquished her interest in the business and it was then run as a partnership by Leonard Woolf and John Lehmann until 1946, when it became an associate company of Chatto & Windus. In 2011, Hogarth Press was relaunched as an imprint for contemporary fiction in a partnership between Chatto & Windus in the United Kingdom and Crown Publishing Group in the United States, which had both been acquired by Random House.
Gregorio Catapang Jr.
Gregorio Pio Punzalan Catapang Jr., CCLH (born 11 July 1959) is a Career Executive Service Eligible Officer, Corrections Officer, and retired Filipino general who served as the 45th Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines. He was the Vice Chief of Staff prior to his appointment as head of the armed forces. He was also the former head of the AFP Northern Luzon Command and 7th Infantry Division. He is part of the Philippine Military Academy Dimalupig Class of 1981. He was part of the Reform the Armed Forces Movement. On October 21, 2022, upon the suspension and dismissal of BUCOR Director General Usec. Gerald Bantag, Catapang was appointed by President Bongbong Marcos as the Officer in Charge, and eventually as the Full-Time Undersecretary/Director General of the Bureau of Corrections.

AFP Northern Luzon Command
The Northern Luzon Command (abbrv. as NOLCOM) is the Armed Forces of the Philippines' unified command in charge of the Ilocos Region, Cordillera Administrative Region, Cagayan Valley and Central Luzon, including the Scarborough Shoal and the Benham Rise. It is responsible for the defense of these areas against external aggression, as well as combating terrorism and insurgency.
Health food store
A health food store (or health food shop) is a type of grocery store that primarily sells healthful foods, organic foods, local produce, and often nutritional supplements. Health food stores typically offer a wider or more specialized selection of foods than conventional grocery stores for their customers, for example people with special dietary needs, such as people who are allergic to the gluten in wheat or some other substance, and for people who observe vegetarian, vegan, raw food, organic, or other alternative diets.

Diet (nutrition)
In nutrition, diet is the sum of food consumed by a person or other organism.
The word diet often implies the use of specific intake of nutrition for health or weight-management reasons (with the two often being related). Although humans are omnivores, each culture and each person holds some food preferences or some food taboos. This may be due to personal tastes or ethical reasons. Individual dietary choices may be more or less healthy.

Complete nutrition requires ingestion and absorption of vitamins, minerals, essential amino acids from protein and essential fatty acids from fat-containing food, also food energy in the form of carbohydrate, protein, and fat. Dietary habits and choices play a significant role in the quality of life, health and longevity.
Manly Selective Campus
The Manly Selective Campus of the Northern Beaches Secondary College is a government-funded co-educational academically selective secondary day school, located in North Curl Curl, a suburb on the Northern Beaches of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

Established in 1859 as Manly Public School, the campus caters for students from Year 7 to Year 12; and admission to the campus is based entirely on scores in the Selective High Schools Test. Students seeking enrolment into Years 8 to 11 are coordinated through the school, and must also sit for the Australian Council of Educational Research (ACER) Higher Ability Selection Test. The school is operated by the New South Wales Department of Education; the principal is Kathryn O'Sullivan.

Education in Australia
Education in Australia encompasses the sectors of early childhood education (preschool and pre-primary) and primary education (primary schools), followed by secondary education (high schools and senior high schools), and finally tertiary education, which includes higher education (universities and other higher education providers) and vocational education (registered training organisations). Regulation and funding of education is primarily the responsibility of the States and territories; however, the Australian Government also contributes to funding.

Education in Australia is compulsory between the ages of four, five, or six and fifteen, sixteen or seventeen, depending on the state or territory and the date of birth.