hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Ohio Southern Railroad (1881–1898)
The Ohio Southern Railroad operated between Ironton, Ohio, and Lima, Ohio, from 1893 and 1905.  Beginning in 1878 as the narrow gauge Springfield, Jackson and Pomeroy Railroad, it ran from Jackson-Wellston, Jackson County to Springfield, Ohio.  The line was converted to a standard gauge by 1880 and renamed the Ohio Southern Railroad in 1881.  From Jeffersonville, branch lines were started towards Columbus to the northeast and Cincinnati to the southwest, but never completed. By September 1893, the Ohio Southern had reached north to Lima with a bridge over the Great Miami River at Quincy.  At Lima, the freight could link to the Lima Northern Railway for points further north.  In 1898, the Lima Northern became the Detroit and Lima Northern Railroad (D&LN).  Ohio Southern depots continue to stand in St. Johns, Uniopolis, Jackson Center, Quincy, and Rosewood.

Springfield, Ohio
Springfield is a city in Clark County, Ohio, United States, and its county seat. It is located in southwestern Ohio along the Mad River, Buck Creek, and Beaver Creek, about 45 miles (72 km) west of Columbus and 25 miles (40 km) northeast of Dayton. The city had a total population of 58,662 at the 2020 census, while the Springfield metropolitan area had 136,001 residents.

Springfield is home to Wittenberg University, a liberal arts college, and Clark State College, a community college. The Little Miami Scenic Trail, a paved rail-trail that is nearly 80 miles (130 kilometers) long, extends from the Buck Creek Scenic Trail head in Springfield south to Newtown, Ohio. Buck Creek State Park and its Clarence J. Brown reservoir are located at the city limits.
Fazl Ali-bey Javanshir
Fazl Ali-bey Javanshir (before 1693 in Safavid Karabakh – 1738 in Afsharid Empire) was a member of the Karabakh Javanshir tribe, the elder brother of Panahali Khan Javanshir. He worked as viceroy (naib) and master of ceremonies (Azerbaijani: eşikağasıbaşı) of Nadir Shah Afshar.

Safavid Karabakh
The province of Karabakh (also spelled Qarabagh; Persian: ولایت قره باغ, romanized: Velāyat-e Qarabāgh) was a north-western province of the Safavid Iran, centered on the geographic region of Karabakh.

The governorship of Karabakh was generally held by a member of the Qajars, one of the Qizilbash tribes. Its highlands were controlled by the five Armenian melikdoms.
Molly Shi Boren
Molly Shi Boren (born June 11, 1943) is an American judge who served as the 19th First Lady of Oklahoma from 1977 to 1979 during the tenure of her husband David Boren. She was the first person to marry a Governor of Oklahoma while he was in office. She was inducted into the Oklahoma Hall of Fame in 2004.

First ladies and gentlemen of Oklahoma
First Lady or First Gentleman of Oklahoma is the title held by the spouse of the sitting governor of Oklahoma. The first lady or first gentleman serves as the official host of the Oklahoma Governor's Mansion. As of 2019, there have been 26 first ladies and one first gentleman.

The current (and 26th) first lady of Oklahoma is Sarah Hazen Stitt, wife of Governor Kevin Stitt. First Lady Hazen has been in that position since her husband assumed office in 2019.
De Vries–Rose law
The De Vries–Rose law or Rose–de Vries law is a principle of vision science named after Hessel de Vries and Albert Rose. De Vries discovered it in 1943 from considerations of quantum efficiency, and Rose developed the idea substantially a few years later. The law says that for visual targets seen against a background luminance , subject to certain assumptions, the threshold contrast should be inversely proportional to  (i.e. contrast sensitivity is directly proportional to ). In reality it holds only approximately, at luminance levels between the regimes of "dark light" and Weber's Law.

Eigengrau
Eigengrau (German for 'intrinsic gray'; pronounced [ˈʔaɪ̯gŋ̍ˌgʁaʊ̯] ⓘ), also called Eigenlicht (Dutch and German for 'intrinsic light'), dark light, or brain gray, is the uniform dark gray background color that many people report seeing in the absence of visible light.
Vaucluse (horse)
Vaucluse (1912–1928) was a British Thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare. In a brief racing career which consisted of five races in three seasons she finished second on her only start as a juvenile, fell on her three-year-old debut and then recorded her first and only victory when taking the 1000 Guineas. She ran poorly when favourite for the Oaks Stakes and finished second on her only subsequent start. After her retirement from racing she had considerable influence as a broodmare.

Epsom Oaks
The Oaks Stakes is a Group 1 flat horse race in Great Britain open to three-year-old fillies. It is run at Epsom Downs over a distance of 1 mile, 4 furlongs and 6 yards (2,420 metres), about 1½ miles, and it is scheduled to take place each year in late May or early June. It is the second-oldest of the five Classic races, after the St Leger. Officially the Betfred Oaks, it is also popularly known as simply The Oaks. It has increasingly come to be referred to as the Epsom Oaks in both the UK and overseas countries, although 'Epsom' is not part of the official title of the race.

It is the third of Britain's five Classic races to be held during the season, and the second of two restricted to fillies. It can also serve as the middle leg of the Fillies Triple Crown, preceded by the 1000 Guineas and followed by the St Leger, although the feat of winning all three is rarely attempted.
Tennessee State Route 19
State Route 19 (SR 19) or the Tina Turner Highway is a state highway in Haywood and Lauderdale counties in Tennessee, United States. State Route 19 is 42.81 mi (69 km) long.

The Mississippi River valley with flood plains and bluffs, the rolling hills of Tennessee and cotton fields dominate the rural landscape of the area traversed by SR 19. Industries are present in the urban areas of Ripley and Brownsville.

A segment of State Route 19 between Brownsville and Nutbush was named "Tina Turner Highway" in 2002 after singer Tina Turner who spent her childhood in Nutbush. State Route 19 is mentioned in her song "Nutbush City Limits".
State Route 19 is located on the southeastern edge of the New Madrid Seismic Zone, an area with a high earthquake risk. At the west end of the route, Island No. 30 of the Mississippi River was created by earthquake activity in the early 19th century, when the river changed course permanently.

Haywood County, Tennessee
Haywood County is a county located in the U.S. state of Tennessee, in the region known as West Tennessee. As of the 2020 census, the population was 17,864. Its county seat and largest city is Brownsville. It is one of only two remaining counties in Tennessee, along with Shelby County, with a majority African-American population.
Alabama Regional Communications System
The Alabama Regional Communications System (ARCS) is a radio/alert notification communications district with responsibility for providing user-based administration for operations and maintenance of the interoperable communications system that serves Calhoun County, Alabama and Talladega County, Alabama.  The Motorola trunked radio system is licensed by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to operate on radio frequency spectrum in the 800 megahertz (MHz) public safety band.

Interoperability
Interoperability is a characteristic of a product or system to work with other products or systems. While the term was initially defined for information technology or systems engineering services to allow for information exchange, a broader definition takes into account social, political, and organizational factors that impact system-to-system performance.

Types of interoperability include syntactic interoperability, where two systems can communicate with each other, and cross-domain interoperability, where multiple organizations work together and exchange information.
Oringi
Oringi is a small village on State Highway 2 and the Palmerston North–Gisborne line, in a rural area south of Dannevirke, in the Manawatū River valley, of the Manawatū-Whanganui region, with 177 people (2023 census) scattered over a 30 km2 (12 sq mi) area. A PPCS slaughterhouse closed in 2008, due to a reduction in sheep farming. The 57 ha (140 acres) freezing works closure caused 466 job losses. The works has been converted to a business park for Scanpower (Tararua's electricity distribution business) and other companies, employing about 200. Fonterra's (until 2001 Kiwi Co-operative Dairies) milk factory closed in January 2015, when production was transferred to its enlarged Pahiatua factory. The factory was demolished in 2016.

State Highway 2 (New Zealand)
State Highway 2 (SH 2) runs north–south through eastern parts of the North Island of New Zealand from the outskirts of Auckland to Wellington. It runs through Tauranga, Gisborne, Napier, Hastings and Masterton. It is the second-longest highway in the North Island, after State Highway 1, which runs the length of both of the country's main islands.

For most of its length it consists of a two-lane single carriageway, with frequent passing lanes. There are sections of four-lane dual-carriageway expressway at Maramarua, Tauranga and Wellington.
SS Belgian Sailor
Belgian Sailor was a 7,028 GRT cargo ship that was built in 1941 as Empire Drayton by Swan, Hunter & Wigham Richardson Ltd, Wallsend, Northumberland, United Kingdom for the Ministry of War Transport (MoWT). In 1942, she was transferred to the Belgian Government and renamed Belgian Sailor. She was sold into merchant service in 1946 and renamed Capitaine Biebuyck. In 1957, she was sold to Yugoslavia and renamed Kastav. A further sale in 1965 to Hong Kong saw her renamed Ivory Tellus, she served until 1970 when she was scrapped.

Swan Hunter
Swan Hunter, formerly known as Swan, Hunter & Wigham Richardson and originally known as C. S. Swan & Hunter, is a shipbuilding design, engineering, and management company, based in Wallsend, Tyne and Wear, England.

At its apex, the company represented the combined forces of three powerful shipbuilding families: Swan, Hunter and Wigham Richardson.

The company was responsible for some of the greatest ships of the early 20th century, most famously RMS Mauretania which held the Blue Riband for the fastest crossing of the Atlantic, and RMS Carpathia which rescued survivors from RMS Titanic.

In 2006 Swan Hunter ceased vessel construction on Tyneside, but continues to provide design engineering services.
Leo Koceski
Leo Robert "Bugsy" Koceski Jr. (January 28, 1929 – September 21, 2021), also known as the "Canonsburg Comet," was an American football halfback.  He played for Michigan's undefeated national championship team in 1948 and the 1950 Big Ten championship team that defeated the California in the 1951 Rose Bowl.

Chuck Ortmann
Charles H. Ortmann (June 1, 1929 – March 7, 2018) was an American professional football player who played for the University of Michigan Wolverines from 1948 to 1950 and in the National Football League (NFL) for the Pittsburgh Steelers in 1951 and the Dallas Texans in 1952.
Helmet streamer
Helmet streamers, also known as coronal streamers, are elongated cusp-like structures in the Sun's corona which are often visible in white-light coronagraphs and during solar eclipses. They are closed magnetic loops which lie above divisions between regions of opposite magnetic polarity on the Sun's surface. The solar wind elongates these loops to pointed tips which can extend a solar radius or more into the corona.

During solar minimum, helmet streamers are found closer to the heliographic equator, whereas during solar maximum they are found more symmetrically distributed around the Sun.

Solar maximum
Solar maximum is the regular period of greatest solar activity during the Sun's 11-year solar cycle. During solar maximum, large numbers of sunspots appear, and the solar irradiance output grows by about 0.07%. On average, the solar cycle takes about 11 years to go from one solar maximum to the next, with duration observed varying from 9 to 14 years.

Large solar storms often occur during solar maximum. For example, the Carrington Event, which took place a few months before the solar maximum of solar cycle 10, was the most intense geomagnetic storm in recorded history and widely considered to have been caused by an equally large solar storm.
Politics of Iraq
Iraq is a federal parliamentary representative democratic republic. It is a multi-party system whereby the executive power is exercised by the Prime Minister of the Council of Ministers as the head of government, the President of Iraq as the largely ceremonial head of state, and legislative power is vested in the Council of Representatives.

The Economist Intelligence Unit rated Iraq an "authoritarian regime" in 2023. The Regimes of the World index rated Iraq 2024 an electoral autocracy.

Prime Minister of Iraq
The prime minister of the Republic of Iraq is the foremost executive of the Iraqi government and the commander-in-chief of the Iraqi Armed Forces. The premier is responsible for the general policy of the state and directs the Council of Ministers, with the power to dismiss and name any senior executive, including ministers and generals. In addition to the armed forces, the premier has direct authority over all of those intelligence and security agencies under the jurisdiction of the Office of the Prime Minister, such as the CTS and the INIS.

Under the informally adopted ethno-sectarian quota system known as Muhasasa, the position of prime minister is reserved for a Shia Muslim.

On 27 October 2022, Mohammed Shia' al-Sudani became the incumbent prime minister.
Chocoball Mukai
Yutaka Mukaiyama (向山裕, Mukaiyama Yutaka; born December 15, 1966) is a Japanese pornographic actor and a former professional wrestler better known as Chocoball Mukai (チョコボール向井, Chokobōru Mukai).

Beginning his career in 1990s, Mukai became one of the more well known JAV stars in all of Japan, and holds the record for being the highest paid AV actor ever, earning over ¥20 million JPY at the height of his fame.

Initially wanting to be a professional wrestler, Mukai returned to his passion and joined Frontier Martial Arts Wrestling (FMW) in 1999, competing for the promotion as well as IWA Japan until his retirement.

Hiromichi Fuyuki
Hiromichi Fuyuki (冬木 弘道, Fuyuki Hiromichi) (May 11, 1960 – March 19, 2003) was a Japanese professional wrestler and promoter better known by his ring name Kodo Fuyuki (冬木 弘道, Fuyuki Kōdō) best known for his time in All Japan Pro Wrestling (AJPW), Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling (FMW), New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW), Wrestle Association R (WAR) and other Japanese and international promotions during the 1980s and 1990s as the leader of 6-man tag team Fuyuki-Gun with Gedo and Jado.

He is also known as a mainstay of FMW where he was the arch rival of the company's top star Hayabusa and a founding member of the stable Team No Respect included Kintaro Kanemura, Hideki Hosaka, Masao Orihara, Tetsuhiro Kuroda, Mr. Gannosuke, Koji Nakagawa,  Horace Boulder, Super Leather, Hido, Gedo and Jado.
Loja Canton
The following article is about the Loja Canton. For the Loja Province, see Loja Province and for the city, see Loja, Ecuador.

Loja Canton is located in the southeast of the Province of Loja bordering the Podocarpus National Park and the Province of Zamora-Chinchipe in the east and south, and the cantons of Saraguro in the north, Catamayo, Gonzanama, and Quilanga in the west.  The principal city is Loja which is also the provincial capital.  It is also home to Vilcabamba, the "Valley of Longevity."

Loja Province
Loja Province (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈlo.xa]) is one of 24 provinces in Ecuador and shares its southern border on the west with El Oro Province, on the north with El Azuay, and on the east with Zamora-Chinchipe. Founded on its present site in 1548 by Captain Alonso de Mercadillo (Spanish), the site had been previously moved and rebuilt from La Toma due to earthquakes. It also is named as "Cuxibamba Valley", from the Quichua language, which means the "Smiley Valley".
John Lee (inventor)
John Lee was a Scottish Canadian inventor and arms designer, best known for inventing a prototype bolt action rifle with his brother James Paris Lee. The rifle they made led to the Lee–Metford and Lee–Enfield series of rifles.

Lee–Metford
The Lee–Metford (also known as the Magazine Lee–Metford or .303 Lee Metford) is a British bolt action rifle which combined James Paris Lee's rear-locking bolt system and detachable magazine with an innovative seven-groove rifled barrel designed by William Ellis Metford. It replaced the Martini–Henry as the standard service rifle of the British Empire in 1888, following nine years of development and trials, but remained in service for only a short time until replaced by the Lee–Enfield.
Grevillea
Grevillea (/ɡrɪˈvɪliə/), commonly known as spider flowers, is a genus of about 360 species of evergreen flowering plants in the family Proteaceae. Plants in the genus Grevillea are shrubs, rarely trees, with the leaves arranged alternately along the branches, the flowers zygomorphic, arranged in racemes at the ends of branchlets, and the fruit a follicle that splits down one side only, releasing one or two seeds.

Grevillea eriobotrya
Grevillea eriobotrya, commonly called the woolly cluster grevillea, is a species of flowering plant in the family Proteaceae and is endemic to a small area in the south-west of Western Australia. It is dense, erect, spreading shrub usually with linear leaves, and groups of white to creamy-white flowers.
Independent Local Radio
Independent Local Radio is the collective name given to commercial radio stations in the United Kingdom.

As a result of the buyouts and mergers permitted by the Broadcasting Act 1990, deregulation resulting from the Communications Act 2003 and further deregulation from the Media Act 2024, most commercial stations are now neither independent (although they remain independent from the BBC) nor local, as almost all of them are now relays of a national brand, with remaining locality reduced to nothing more than localised commercials, news (which may be from the approved area region), weather and peak-time travel information. Radio stations are licensed and regulated by OfCom.

The same name is used for Independent Local Radio in Ireland.

Ofcom
The Office of Communications (Ofcom) is the government-approved regulatory and competition authority for the broadcasting, internet, telecommunications and postal industries of the United Kingdom.

Ofcom has wide-ranging powers across the television, radio, telecoms, internet and postal sectors. It has a statutory duty to represent the interests of citizens and consumers by promoting competition and protecting the public from harmful or offensive material.

Some of the main areas Ofcom regulates are TV and radio standards, broadband and phones, video-sharing platforms online, the wireless spectrum and postal services.

The regulator was initially established by the Office of Communications Act 2002 (c. 11) and received its full authority from the Communications Act 2003 (c. 21).
Richard Hawksworth Barnes
Richard Hawksworth Barnes FLS (1831–1904) was a British meteorologist and naturalist, who spent time working as a coffee grower in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), where he collected specimens for the British Museum.

The snake species Boiga barnesii is named in his honour.

Linnean Society of London
The Linnean Society of London is a learned society dedicated to the study and dissemination of information concerning natural history, evolution, and taxonomy. It possesses several important biological specimen, manuscript and literature collections, and publishes academic journals and books on plant and animal biology. The society also awards a number of prestigious medals and prizes.

A product of the 18th-century enlightenment, the society is the oldest extant biological society in the world and is historically important as the venue for the first public presentation of the theory of evolution by natural selection on 1 July 1858.

The patron of the society is Anne, Princess Royal. Vice-patrons include: Emeritus Emperor Akihito of Japan, King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden (both have active interests in natural history), and the eminent naturalist and broadcaster Sir David Attenborough.
Donald H. Sinnott
Donald Hugh Sinnott is an Australian engineer and academic notable in the area of radar.  His expertise is in applied electromagnetics, including radio and radar systems, antennas and radio propagation, signal processing and global navigation satellite systems (GPS and related systems). He played a major role in development of Australia's Jindalee over-the-horizon radar system.

Jindalee Operational Radar Network
The Jindalee Operational Radar Network (JORN) is an over-the-horizon radar (OHR) network operated by the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) that can monitor air and sea movements across 37,000 square kilometres (14,000 sq mi). It has a normal operating range of 1,000–3,000 kilometres (620–1,860 mi). The network is used in the defence of Australia, and can also monitor maritime operations, wave heights, and wind directions.

JORN's main ground stations comprise a control centre, known as the JORN Coordination Centre (JCC), at RAAF Base Edinburgh in South Australia and three transmission stations: Radar 1 near Longreach, Queensland, Radar 2 near Laverton, Western Australia and Radar 3 near Alice Springs, Northern Territory.
Mayor of Grozny
The Mayor of Grozny (Chechen: Соьлж-ГӀалин мэр, romanized: Sölƶ-Ġalin mer; Russian: Мэр Грозного, romanized: Mer Groznogo) is the head and the highest-ranking official of Grozny, the capital city of Chechnya, Russia. They lead Grozny City Hall, the main executive body of the city. Its first commandant was Major General Nikolai Grekov, who held this position until 1825. Over time, the fortress lost its military significance and, by decree of the Governing Senate on December 30, 1869, it was renamed the city of Grozny. The current mayor of Grozny is Khas-Magomed Kadyrov.

Grozny
Grozny (Russian: Грозный, IPA: [ˈgroznɨj]; Chechen: Соьлжа-ГӀала, romanized: Sölƶa-Ġala) is the capital city of Chechnya, Russia.

The city lies on the Sunzha River. According to the 2021 census, it had a population of 328,533 — up from 210,720 recorded in the 2002 census, but still less than the 399,688 recorded in the 1989 census. It was previously known as Groznaya (until 1870).
Gaspar van Weerbeke
Gaspar van Weerbeke (c. 1445 – after 1516) was a Netherlandish composer of the Renaissance.  He was of the same generation as Josquin des Prez, but unique in his blending of the contemporary Italian style with the older Burgundian style of Du Fay.

Franco-Flemish School
The designation Franco-Flemish School, also called Netherlandish School, Burgundian School, Low Countries School, Flemish School, Dutch School, or Northern School, refers to the style of polyphonic vocal music composition originating from France and from the Burgundian Netherlands in the 15th and 16th centuries as well as to the composers who wrote it. The spread of their technique, especially after the revolutionary development of printing, produced the first true international style since the unification of Gregorian chant in the 9th century. Franco-Flemish composers mainly wrote sacred music, primarily masses, motets, and hymns.