hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Bill C-51
Bill C-51 is a designation given to multiple bills under consideration by the Parliament of Canada. Notable bills with this designation include:

Bill C-51 (2008), a proposed amendment to the Food and Drugs Act

Bill C-51 (2015), the Anti-terrorism Act, 2015, 2015

Food and Drugs Act
The Food and Drugs Act (French: Loi sur les aliments et drogues) is an act of the Parliament of Canada regarding the production, import, export, transport across provinces and sale of food, drugs, contraceptive devices and cosmetics (including personal cleaning products such as soap and toothpaste). It was first passed in 1920 and most recently revised in 1985. It attempts to ensure that these products are safe, that their ingredients are disclosed and that drugs are effective and are not sold as food or cosmetics. It also states that cures for disease listed in Schedule A (including cancer, obesity, anxiety, asthma, depression, appendicitis, and sexually transmitted diseases), cannot be advertised to the general public.
Ernie Haase & Signature Sound (album)
Ernie Haase & Signature Sound is an self-titled album released by the Christian gospel quartet of the same name. The album was produced by Gaither Music Group and released on October 25, 2005. This album also has a DVD companion filmed at the Reardon Auditorium, Anderson University in Anderson, Indiana. This DVD video paid tribute to George Younce who had died on April 11, 2005.

Bill Gaither
William James Gaither (/ˈɡeɪθər/ GAY-thər; born March 28, 1936) is an American singer and songwriter of Southern gospel and contemporary Christian music. He has written numerous popular Christian songs with his wife Gloria; he is also known for performing as part of the Bill Gaither Trio and the Gaither Vocal Band. In the 1990s, his career gained a resurgence (as well as the careers of other southern gospel artists), as popularity grew for the Gaither Homecoming series. In 2023, he released a secular music album with the Gaither Vocal Band entitled Love Songs.
William Maldon
William Maldon was a 16th-century English Protestant activist who taught himself to read in order to directly access the Bible in English. An autobiographical account on Maldon's self-taught literacy and his father's subsequent violent reaction, "A young man inhumanly persecuted by his Father for reading ye scripture, in K. Henries time", appeared in the Actes and Monuments (also known as Foxe's Book of Martyrs) by John Foxe.

Foxe's Book of Martyrs
The Actes and Monuments (full title: Actes and Monuments of these Latter and Perillous Days, Touching Matters of the Church), popularly known as Foxe's Book of Martyrs, is a work of Protestant history and martyrology by Protestant English historian John Foxe, first published in 1563 by John Day.

It includes a polemical account of the sufferings of Protestants under the Catholic Church, with particular emphasis on England and Scotland. The book was highly influential in those countries and helped shape lasting popular notions of Catholicism there.

The book went through four editions in Foxe's lifetime and a number of later editions and abridgements, including some that specifically reduced the text to a Book of Martyrs.
William Hickie
Major-General Sir William Bernard Hickie, KCB, FRGS (21 May 1865 – 3 November 1950) was an Irish-born senior British Army officer and an Irish nationalist politician.

As a British Army officer Hickie saw active service in the Second Boer War from 1899 to 1902; was Assistant Quartermaster General in the Irish Command from 1912 to 1914, and served in World War I from 1914 to 1918. He commanded a brigade of the British Expeditionary Force in 1914 and was commander of the 16th (Irish) Division from 1915 on the Western Front.

Quartermaster general
A quartermaster general is the staff officer in charge of supplies for a whole army and is in charge of quartermaster units and personnel, i.e. those tasked with providing supplies for military forces and units.
Sandra Faber
Sandra Moore Faber (born December 28, 1944) is an American astrophysicist known for her research on the evolution of galaxies. She is the University Professor of Astronomy and Astrophysics at the University of California, Santa Cruz, and works at the Lick Observatory. She has made discoveries linking the brightness of galaxies to the speed of stars within them and was the co-discoverer of the Faber–Jackson relation. Faber was also instrumental in designing the Keck telescopes in Hawaii.

Lick Observatory
The Lick Observatory is an astronomical observatory owned and operated by the University of California. It is on the summit of Mount Hamilton, in the Diablo Range just east of San Jose, California, United States. The observatory is managed by the University of California Observatories, with headquarters on the University of California, Santa Cruz campus, where its scientific staff moved in the mid-1960s. It is named after James Lick, who donated the funds for its construction.

The first new moon of Jupiter to be identified since the time of Galileo, Amalthea, the planet's fifth moon, was discovered at this observatory in 1892.
Emily Kassie
Emily Kassie (born 15 December 1992) is an Academy Award nominated filmmaker and investigative journalist. 
Her debut feature Sugarcane directed alongside Julian Brave NoiseCat won the Directing Award at the 2024 Sundance Film Festival and garnered an Oscar nomination in 2025.

2024 Sundance Film Festival
The 2024 Sundance Film Festival took place from January 18 to 28, 2024. The first lineup of competition films was announced on December 6, 2023.

Among the highlighted events included the premiere of a documentary about the 1980s rock band Devo.
Denis Odoi
Denis Frimpong Odoi (born 27 May 1988) is a professional footballer who plays as a defender for Dutch Eredivisie side NAC Breda. A right-footed full-back who can play on both sides, he is nicknamed the Professor because of his maturity and discipline on the field of play. Born in Belgium, and a one-time representative of the Belgium national team, he represented the Ghana national team.

Ghana national football team
The Ghana national football team represents Ghana in men's international football. The team is named the Black Stars after the Black Star of Africa in the flag of Ghana. It is governed by the Ghana Football Association, the governing body for football in Ghana. Prior to 1957, it played as the Gold Coast.

Ghana qualified for the FIFA World Cup for the first time in 2006. The team has won the Africa Cup of Nations four times (1963, 1965, 1978, and 1982), while finishing as runners-up five times (1968, 1970, 1992, 2010, and 2015). They have also qualified for the CHAN four times, finishing as runners-up twice (2009 and 2014).

In 2009, Ghana achieved a historic milestone by becoming the first African nation to win the FIFA U-20 World Cup, defeating Brazil in the final in Egypt.

As at November 20, 2025, Ghana ranked 72nd in the world and 17th among African football nations.
Colorado State Highway 53
State Highway 53 (SH 53) is a state highway in Adams County, Colorado, United States, north of Denver. SH 53's southern terminus is at Interstate 25 (I-25) and U.S. Route 87 (US 87) north of Denver, and the northern terminus is at SH 224 east of Westminster.

Interstate 25 in Colorado
In the US state of Colorado, Interstate 25 (I-25) follows the north–south corridor through Colorado Springs and Denver. The highway enters the state from the north near Carr and exits the state near Starkville. The highway also runs through the cities of Fort Collins, Broomfield, Loveland, and Pueblo. The route is concurrent with U.S. Route 87 (US 87), which is unsigned, through the entire length of the state. I-25 replaced US 87 and most of US 85 for through traffic.

Historical nicknames for this route have included the Valley Highway (through Denver), Monument Valley Highway (through Colorado Springs), and the Pueblo Freeway (through Pueblo). Within El Paso County, the route has been dedicated as the Ronald Reagan Highway. In Pueblo County, the route is called John F. Kennedy Memorial Highway.

I-25 is also considered to be part of the unofficial Pan-American Highway.
Family Guy controversies
The American adult animated sitcom Family Guy has been the target of numerous taste and indecency complaints. The show is known to include offensive jokes including racial humor and violent, gory, and disturbing images.

Critics have targeted Family Guy's reliance on cutaway gags, panning the show for its characterization, excessive pop culture references and writing outside of these gags, and have unfavorably compared the show to contemporaries such as The Simpsons and Comedy Central's South Park; the latter has also parodied and criticized Family Guy in several episodes throughout its run. The show's dark humor and sexual themes have also led to backlash from special interest groups. The Parents Television Council (PTC) has attacked the series since its premiere, deeming it the "Worst TV Show of the Week" on at least 40 occasions, and filing complaints with the Federal Communications Commission (FCC).

Cutaway (filmmaking)
In film and video, a cutaway is the interruption of a continuously filmed action by inserting a view of something else. It is usually followed by a cut back to the first shot. A cutaway scene is the interruption of a scene with the insertion of another scene, generally unrelated or only peripherally related to the original scene. The interruption is usually quick, and is usually, although not always, ended by a return to the original scene. The effect is of commentary to the original scene and creates variety.
Vito Volterra
Vito Volterra KBE FRS(For) HFRSE (/voʊlˈtɛrə/, Italian: [ˈviːto volˈtɛrra]; 3 May 1860 – 11 October 1940) was an Italian mathematician and physicist, known for his contributions to mathematical biology and integral equations, being one of the founders of functional analysis.

Gaetano Fichera
Gaetano Fichera (8 February 1922 – 1 June 1996) was an Italian mathematician, working in mathematical analysis, linear elasticity, partial differential equations and several complex variables. He was born in Acireale, and died in Rome.
Thronebreaker: The Witcher Tales
Thronebreaker: The Witcher Tales (Polish: Wojna Krwi: Wiedźmińskie Opowieści, meaning "War of Blood: The Witcher Tales") is a role-playing video game developed by CD Projekt Red. It is a spin-off of The Witcher video game franchise, and acts as the standalone single-player component for Gwent: The Witcher Card Game. Thronebreaker was released in October 2018 for Microsoft Windows, on 4 December 2018 for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One, in January 2020 for Nintendo Switch, and in July 2020 for iOS, with the Android version released on 17 June 2021.

Single-player video game
A single-player video game is a video game where input from only one player is expected throughout the gameplay. Video games in general can feature several game modes, including single-player modes designed to be played by a single player in addition to multi-player modes.

Most modern console games, PC games and arcade games are designed so that they can be played by a single player; although many of these games have modes that allow two or more players to play (not necessarily simultaneously), very few actually require more than one player for the game to be played. The Unreal Tournament series is one example of such.
Jowaki Expedition
The Jowaki Expedition was a British punitive expedition in India, occurring between 1877 and 1878. It started when the British government in India proposed to reduce the payment of the Jowaki Afridi tribe in the Northwest Frontier. The Jowaki were paid to guard in the Kohat Pass and in retaliation for a reduction in payment they raided British territory. The expedition ended in January 1878 when tensions died down.

Afridi
The Afrīdī (Pashto: اپريدی Aprīdai, plur. اپريدي Aprīdī; Urdu: آفریدی) are a Pashtun tribe present mostly in tribal areas in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

The Afridis are most dominant in the Spin Ghar range west of Peshawar in Tribal areas of modern-day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, covering most of the Khyber Pass and Maidan in Tirah which is their Native Tribal Territory. They are the closest to Orakzai in their language, culture and geographic areas.
Nezar al-Hindawi
Nezar Nawwaf al-Mansur al-Hindawi (Arabic: نزار نواف منصور الهنداوي) is a Palestinian Jordanian citizen, terrorist, founder of the Jordanian Revolutionary Movement and member of the Jordanian branch of the pro-Syrian Ba'ath Party. He gained international notoriety after his attempt to bomb El Al Flight 016 to Israel in 1986 through his pregnant girlfriend, Anne-Marie Murphy.

Arab Ba'ath Progressive Party
The Arab Ba'ath Progressive Party (Arabic: حزب البعث العربي التقدمي Ḥizb al-Baʿṯ al-ʿArabī t-Taqaddumī, Arabic pronunciation: [ˈħiz.b‿al.ˈbaʕ.θ‿al.ˈʕa.ra.bi‿t.ta.ˈqad.du.miː]) was a political party in Jordan. It operated as the Jordanian regional branch of the Syrian-led Ba'ath Party.

It was legally registered for the first time in 1993. The party was small, but despite it small size, the branch was able to get a decent footprint in Jordanian media through its leader, Fuad Dabbour. The party was less known than its pro-Iraqi counterpart, the Jordanian Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party. Fuad Dabbour was the party's Regional Secretary. It was dissolved in 2023.
Ivan Trnski
Ivan Trnski (1 May 1819 – 30 June 1910) was a Croatian writer, translator and puzzle designer. Glorified by his contemporaries as a great poet and patriot, he is now considered a skillful poet and a prolific author of occasional verse.

Puzzle
A puzzle is a game, problem, or toy that tests a person's ingenuity or knowledge. In a puzzle, the solver is expected to put pieces together (or take them apart) in a logical way, in order to find the solution of the puzzle. There are different genres of puzzles, such as crossword puzzles, word-search puzzles, number puzzles, relational puzzles, and logic puzzles. The academic study of puzzles is called enigmatology.

Puzzles are often created to be a form of entertainment but they can also arise from serious mathematical or logical problems. In such cases, their solution may be a significant contribution to mathematical research.
Flubber (material)
Flubber (named from the film The Absent-Minded Professor), glorp, glurch, or slime is a rubbery polymer formed by cross-linking of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with a borate compound. Slime can be made by combining polyvinyl-acetate-based adhesives with borax.

Mattel have sold a version of the substance branded as Slime, since 1976.

Borate
A borate is any of a range of boron oxyanions, anions containing boron and oxygen, such as orthoborate BO3−3, metaborate BO−2, or tetraborate B4O2−7; or any salt of such anions, such as sodium metaborate, Na+[BO2]− and borax (Na+)2[B4O7]2−. The name also refers to esters of such anions, such as trimethyl borate B(OCH3)3.
Bombardment of Mailly-le-Camp
The Bombardment of Mailly-le-Camp was an RAF raid against a German panzer training center located in northern France undertaken during the night of 3/4 May 1944. The mission was a part of the "softening up" campaign Bomber Command conducted prior to the D-Day invasion. The operation was assigned to No. 5 Group, which was joined by No. 1 Group. Estimated a lightly defended target, confusion in the mission plan and communication problems led to the force being held up at the assembly point, where German night fighters slipped in among the bombers. Though the bombers succeeded in destroying the training camp, the victory was achieved at a heavy price.

Transport Plan
The Transportation Plan was a plan for strategic bombing during World War II against bridges, rail centres, including marshalling yards and repair shops in France with the goal of limiting the German military response to the invasion of France in June 1944.

The plan was based on those of Air Marshal Tedder and the "Overlord air plan" of Air Chief Marshal Leigh-Mallory, The plan was devised by Professor Solly Zuckerman, an advisor to the Air Ministry, to destroy transportation in Occupied France during the "preparatory period" for Operation Overlord so Germany would be unable to respond effectively to the invasion.

The air campaign, carried out by the bombers of the RAF and USAAF crippled the German rail networks in France and played a crucial role in disrupting German logistics and reinforcements  to the invasion area.
Space dust measurement
Space dust measurement refers to the study of small particles of extraterrestrial material, known as micrometeoroids or interplanetary dust particles (IDPs), that are present in the Solar System. These particles are typically of micrometer to sub-millimeter size and are composed of a variety of materials including silicates, metals, and carbon compounds. The study of space dust is important as it provides insight into the composition and evolution of the Solar System, as well as the potential hazards posed by these particles to spacecraft and other space-borne assets. The measurement of space dust requires the use of advanced scientific techniques such as secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), optical and atomic force microscopy (AFM), and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) to accurately characterize the physical and chemical properties of these particles.

Atomic force microscopy
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) or scanning force microscopy (SFM) is a very-high-resolution type of scanning probe microscopy (SPM), with demonstrated resolution on the order of fractions of a nanometer, more than 1000 times better than the optical diffraction limit.
Tastefully Simple
Tastefully Simple, Inc. is a U.S. multi-level marketing company that sells meal kits as well as signature seasonings, sauces and baking mixes, all prepared by adding two additional ingredients or less. Their TS EatWell products, which constitute 85% of the product line, are clean-label foods that contain no artificial colors, flavors or preservatives. The products are sold through a network of home-based commissioned distributors and online. As of 2019, the company employed roughly 75 people at its headquarters in Alexandria, Minnesota.

Alexandria, Minnesota
Alexandria is a city in and the county seat of Douglas County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 14,335 as of the 2020 census. I-94 passes through Alexandria, along with Minnesota State Highways 27 and 29. It is ten miles (16 km) south of Lake Carlos State Park.
Reunion (Star Trek: The Next Generation)
"Reunion" is the 81st episode of the syndicated American science fiction television series Star Trek: The Next Generation. It is the seventh episode of the fourth season.

Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the Starfleet crew of the Federation starship Enterprise-D. In this episode, ambassador K'Ehleyr returns to the Enterprise to advise Captain Picard, who has been chosen as a neutral party to arbitrate the selection of the new Klingon leader from two candidates, Gowron and Duras, one of whom is suspected to be a traitor.

USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-D)
USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-D), or Enterprise-D, to distinguish it as the fifth Federation vessel with the same name, is a fictional starship in the Star Trek media franchise. Under the command of Captain Jean-Luc Picard, it is the main setting of Star Trek: The Next Generation (1987–1994) and the film Star Trek Generations (1994). It has also been depicted in various spinoffs, films, books, and licensed products.

The Next Generation occurs in the 24th century, beginning 94 years after the adventures in the original Star Trek (1966–1969). Andrew Probert's Enterprise-D updates Matt Jefferies' iconic 1960s Enterprise design, depicting a ship supporting a larger crew on a longer mission "to boldly go where no one has gone before."
State-transition matrix
In control theory and dynamical systems theory, the state-transition matrix is a matrix function that describes how the state of a linear system changes over time. Essentially, if the system's state is known at an initial time , the state-transition matrix allows for the calculation of the state at any future time .

The matrix is used to find the general solution to the homogeneous linear differential equation  and is also a key component in finding the full solution for the non-homogeneous (input-driven) case.

For linear time-invariant (LTI) systems, where the matrix  is constant, the state-transition matrix is the matrix exponential . In the more complex time-variant case, where  can change over time, there is no simple formula, and the matrix is typically found by calculating the Peano–Baker series.

Linear system
In systems theory, a linear system is a mathematical model of a system based on the use of a linear operator.
Linear systems typically exhibit features and properties that are much simpler than the nonlinear case.
As a mathematical abstraction or idealization, linear systems find important applications in automatic control theory, signal processing, and telecommunications. For example, the propagation medium for wireless communication systems can often be
modeled by linear systems.
Mount Sparrowhawk
Mount Sparrowhawk is a 3,121-metre (10,240 ft) mountain summit located in Kananaskis Country in the Canadian Rockies of Alberta, Canada. Mount Sparrowhawk's nearest higher peak is Mount Bogart, 3.6 km (2.2 mi) to the southeast. Sparrowhawk's south slope was a candidate to be used as a ski hill for the alpine events at the 1988 Winter Olympics, but nearby Mount Allan's Nakiska was selected instead.

Alpine skiing at the 1988 Winter Olympics
Alpine skiing at the 1988 Winter Olympics consisted of ten alpine skiing events, held February 15–27 at Nakiska on Mount Allan,
a new ski area west of Calgary.

These Olympics featured the first change in the alpine skiing program in more than 30 years. The Super-G was added and the  combined event returned; it was last contested at the Winter Olympics in 1948, prior to the addition of the giant slalom.
Oey Liauw Kong
Oey Liauw Kong, Kapitein der Chinezen (1799–1865) was a Chinese-Indonesian high official, Landheer (landlord) and head of the Oey family of Kemiri, part of the 'Tjabang Atas' or Peranakan gentry. He was also the owner of the 18th-century Baroque mansion and Jakarta landmark, Toko Merah.

Han family of Lasem
The Han family of Lasem, also called the Han family of East Java or Surabaya, was an influential, aristocratic family of Peranakan Chinese and Javanese descent in the Dutch East Indies (today known as Indonesia). The Peranakan branch of the dynasty became part of the 'Cabang Atas' or the Chinese gentry of colonial Indonesia, serving as Kapitan Cina or government-appointed community heads, while their Muslim cousins joined the ranks of the Javanese nobility (priyayi). Both lines of the family came to power in the Indies through their alliance with the Dutch East India Company in the 18th century. Originally from Lasem in Central Java, they figured prominently in the consolidation of Dutch rule in East Java and maintained a long tradition of government service in the Dutch colonial bureaucracy.