hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Angular velocity tensor
The angular velocity tensor is a skew-symmetric matrix defined by:

The scalar elements above correspond to the angular velocity vector components .

This is an infinitesimal rotation matrix.
The linear mapping Ω acts as a cross product :

where  is a position vector.

When multiplied by a time difference, it results in the angular displacement tensor.

Skew-symmetric matrix
In mathematics, particularly in linear algebra, a skew-symmetric (or antisymmetric or antimetric) matrix is a square matrix whose transpose equals its negative. That is, it satisfies the condition

In terms of the entries of the matrix, if  denotes the entry in the -th row and -th column, then the skew-symmetric condition is equivalent to

In characteristic not equal to 2, diagonal elements of a skew-symmetric matrix are zeros because each element must be its own negative.
Passauer Eisenbahnfreunde
The Passauer Eisenbahnfreunde (Passau Railway Society) or PEF is a German railway society with the aim of preserving historic railway vehicles in working order in order to operate them.

The society was founded in 1978 in Passau. In  2007 it had about 190 members and is registered as a limited company (e. V.).

Passau
Passau (German: [ˈpasaʊ] ⓘ; Central Bavarian: Båssa(u)) is a city in Lower Bavaria, Germany. It is also known as the Dreiflüssestadt ("City of Three Rivers"), as the river Danube is joined by the Inn from the south and the Ilz from the north.

Passau's population is about 50,000, of whom about 12,000 are students at the University of Passau, renowned in Germany for its institutes of economics, law, theology, computer science and cultural studies.
Attraction to disability
Attraction to disability is a sexualised interest in the appearance, sensation and experience of disability. It may extend from normal human sexuality into a type of sexual fetishism. Sexologically, the pathological end of the attraction tends to be classified as a paraphilia.  Other researchers have approached it as a form of identity disorder. The most common interests are towards amputations, prosthesis, and crutches. As a sexual fetish, attraction to disability is known as devotism, and those with the fetish are known as devotees.

Sexology
Sexology is the scientific study of human sexuality, including human sexual interests, behaviors, and functions. The term sexology does not generally refer to the non-scientific study of sexuality, such as social criticism.

Sexologists apply tools from several academic fields, such as anthropology, biology, medicine, psychology, epidemiology, sociology, and criminology. Topics of study include sexual development (puberty), sexual orientation, gender identity, sexual relationships, sexual activities, paraphilias, and atypical sexual interests. It also includes the study of sexuality across the lifespan, including child sexuality, puberty, adolescent sexuality, and sexuality among the elderly. The field of sexology also encompasses the study of sexuality among individuals with mental or physical disabilities. The sexological study of sexual dysfunctions and disorders, including erectile dysfunction and anorgasmia, are also mainstays.
Forbes Expedition
The Forbes Expedition was a British military campaign to capture Fort Duquesne, led by Brigadier-General John Forbes in 1758, during the French and Indian War. While advancing to the fort, the expedition built the Forbes Road. The Treaty of Easton served to cause a loss of Native American support for the French, resulting in the French destroying the fort before the expedition could arrive on November 24.

Braddock Expedition
The Braddock Expedition, also known as Braddock's Campaign or Braddock's Defeat, was a British military expedition which attempted to capture Fort Duquesne from the French in 1755 during the French and Indian War. The expedition, named after its commander General Edward Braddock, was defeated at the Battle of the Monongahela on July 9 and forced to retreat; Braddock was killed in action along with more than 500 of his troops. It ultimately proved to be a major setback for the British in the early stages of the war; the historian John Mack Faragher claimed the expedition was one of the most disastrous defeats suffered by British forces during the 18th century.
Governor of Isparta
The Governor of Isparta (Turkish: Isparta Valiliği) is the bureaucratic state official responsible for both national government and state affairs in the Province of Isparta. Similar to the Governors of the 80 other Provinces of Turkey, the Governor of Isparta is appointed by the Government of Turkey and is responsible for the implementation of government legislation within Isparta. The Governor is also the most senior commander of both the Isparta provincial police force and the Isparta Gendarmerie.

Isparta Province
Isparta Province (Turkish: Isparta ili) is a province in southwestern Turkey. Its adjacent provinces are Afyon to the northwest, Burdur to the southwest, Antalya to the south, and Konya to the east. Its area is 8,946 km2, and its population is 445,325 (2022). The provincial capital is Isparta.

The province is well known for producing apples, sour cherries, grapes, roses and rose products, and carpets. The best fertile lands are in Uluborlu. The province is situated in the Göller Bölgesi (Lakes Area) of Turkey's Mediterranean Region and has many freshwater lakes.
Álex Vallejo
Alexander 'Álex' Vallejo Mínguez (born 16 January 1992) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Hungarian club Diósgyőr. He has previously played for Spanish clubs Alavés, Sestao, Mallorca, Córdoba and Fuenlabrada, before moving to England in 2020, Cyprus in 2022 and Poland in 2023.

Sestao River Club
Sestao River Club is a Spanish football team based in Sestao, in the autonomous community of Basque Country. Founded in 1996 it plays in Segunda Federación – Group 2, hosting home games at Estadio Las Llanas, with a capacity of 8,905 seats.
Jaarso
The Jaarso, Giarso or Jarso (Somali: Jaarso, Oromo: Jaarsoo, Arabic: جارسو) is a major northern Somali clan, a sub-division of the Dir clan family  They largely live in Ethiopia, in the Oromo Region and the Somali Region, especially in and around the cities of Chinaksen, Harar and Jigjiga

Jijiga
Jijiga (Somali: Jigjiga, Amharic: ጅጅጋ, Jijiga) is the capital city of Somali Region, Ethiopia. It became the capital of the Somali Region in 1995 after it was moved from Gode. Located in the Fafan Zone with 75 km (37 mi) west of the border with Somaliland, the city has an elevation of 1,634 metres above sea level. Jigjiga is traditionally the seat of the Bartire Garad Wiil-Waal of the Jidwaaq Absame. The International airport is named after him.
Transol Solutions Ghana
Transol Solutions Ghana (GSE: TRANSOL), also known simply and stylized as TranSol, is a Ghanaian electronics company.
They are listed on the stock index of the Ghana Stock Exchange, the GSE All-Share Index. It formed on July 8, 2002.

Ghana Stock Exchange
The Ghana Stock Exchange (GSE) is the principal stock exchange of Ghana.  The exchange was incorporated in July 1989 with trading commencing in 1990. It currently lists 42 equities (from 37 companies) and 2 corporate bonds. All types of securities can be listed. Criteria for listing include capital adequacy, profitability, spread of shares, years of existence and management efficiency.  The GSE is located within the Cedi House in Accra.
Evidence-based design
Evidence-based design (EBD) is the process of constructing a building or physical environment based on scientific research to achieve the best possible outcomes. Evidence-based design is especially important in evidence-based medicine, where research has shown that environment design can affect patient outcomes. It is also used in architecture, interior design, landscape architecture, facilities management, education, and urban planning. Evidence-based design is part of the larger movement towards evidence-based practices.

Evidence-based education
Evidence-based education (EBE) is the principle that education practices should be based on the best available scientific evidence, with randomised trials as the gold standard of evidence, rather than tradition, personal judgement, or other influences. Evidence-based education is related to evidence-based teaching, evidence-based learning, and school effectiveness research.

The evidence-based education movement has its roots in the larger movement towards evidence-based practices, and has been the subject of considerable debate since the late 1990s. However, research published in 2020 showed that, despite absence of empirical evidence, belief is high amongst educators in teaching techniques such as matching instruction to a few supposed learning styles and the cone of learning.
Piazza della Vittoria, Palermo
Victory Square (Italian: Piazza della Vittoria) is a square of Palermo. It is located between the Royal Palace and the Palermo Cathedral, down the Cassaro street, in the quarter of the Albergaria, within the historic centre of Palermo. The square is dominated by the great garden of Villa Bonanno.

Palazzo dei Normanni
The Palazzo dei Normanni (transl. 'Palace of the Normans'; Sicilian: Palazzu dî Nurmanni), also called Royal Palace of Palermo (Italian: Palazzo Reale di Palermo; Sicilian: Palazzu Riali), is a palace in Palermo, Sicily, Italy. It was the seat of the Kings of Sicily with the Hauteville dynasty and served afterwards as the main seat of power for the subsequent rulers of Sicily. Since 1946 it has been the seat of the Sicilian Regional Assembly. The building is the oldest royal residence in Europe; and was the private residence of the rulers of the Kingdom of Sicily and the imperial seat of Frederick II and Conrad IV.
Hakim Muhammad Hassan Qarshi
Hakim Muhammad Hassan Qarshi (December 27, 1896 – December 6, 1974) was a practitioner of Unani medicine, author, and the founder of Qarshi Dawakhana. He was a student of Hakim Ajmal Khan and the family physician of Muhammad Iqbal from 1934 to 1938.

Unani medicine
Unani or Yunani medicine (Urdu: طب یونانی tibb yūnānī) is Perso-Arabic traditional medicine as practiced in Muslim culture in South Asia and modern day Central Asia. Unani medicine is pseudoscientific.

The term Yūnānī means 'Greek', referring to the fact that the Perso-Arabic system of medicine was based on the teachings of the Greek physicians Hippocrates and Galen.

The Hellenistic origin of Unani medicine is still visible in its being based on the classical four humours: phlegm (balgham), blood (dam), yellow bile (ṣafrā) and black bile (saudā'), but it has also been influenced by Indian and Chinese traditional systems.
Jornada del Muerto Volcano
The Jornada del Muerto Volcano is a small shield volcano and lava field in central New Mexico, about 10 by 15 miles (16 by 24 km) in size and reaching an elevation of 5,136 feet (1,565 m).  Jornada del Muerto means "Dead Man's Route" in Spanish, referring to the desolate colonial era trail from New Spain through this Malpaís region.

Lava field
A lava field, sometimes called a lava bed, is a large, mostly flat area of lava flows. Such features are generally composed of highly fluid basalt lava, and can extend for tens or hundreds of kilometers across the underlying terrain.
Saesi Tsaedaemba
Saesi Tsaedaemba (Tigrinya: ሳዕሲዕ ጻዕዳ እምባ; also transliterated as Saʿsiʿ Ṣaʿda ʾƎmba) is one of woredas in the Tigray Region of Ethiopia. Located in the Misraqawi Zone at the eastern edge of the Ethiopian Highlands, Saesi Tsaedaemba is bordered on the south by Kilte Awulaelo, on the southwest by Hawzen, on the west by Ganta Afeshum, on the northwest by Gulomahda, on the north by Irob, on the east by the Afar Region, and on the southeast by Atsbi Wenberta. Towns in Saesi Tsaedaemba include Edaga Hamus and Freweyni also known as Sinkata) where the woreda office is located .

Freweyni
Freweyni (also known as Sinkata or ferawun) is a town in northern Ethiopia. Located 80 kilometers north of Mekele in the Misraqawi Zone of the Tigray Region (or kilil) of Ethiopia, this town has a latitude and longitude of 14°3′N 39°34′E﻿ / ﻿14.050°N 39.567°E﻿ / 14.050; 39.567 with an elevation of 2480 meters above sea level and is located along Ethiopian Highway 2.
Anna Abalkina
Anna Abalkina is a Russian academic, and is a research fellow at the Free University of Berlin. Abalkina researches scientific corruption and fraud, including 'paper mills' and hijacked journals. She was named by the journal Nature as one of ten people who shaped science in 2024.

Research paper mill
In research, a paper mill is a business that publishes poor quality or completely fraudulent journal papers that seem to resemble genuine research, as well as sells authorship on such papers.

Paper mills are an example of academic dishonesty that affects all fields of academic publishing including academic writing, scientific writing and medical writing, and represents a failure of research ethics and research integrity.
Lehri (actor)
Safirullah Siddiqui (2 January 1929 – 13 September 2012), commonly known by his stage name Lehri, was a Pakistani comedian and an actor in the Urdu film industry of Pakistan.

He is still considered as one of the most acclaimed comedians of South Asia, and is known as the comedy king in the Pakistan film industry.

In a film career spanning 38 years, he acted in 225 movies.

He won 12 Nigar Awards for "Best Comedian" from 1963 to 1982.

Nigar Awards
The Nigar Awards (Urdu: نگارانعامات, romanized: Negār Inʿāmaʿat, lit. 'Picture Awards') were presented in an annual award show to recognize outstanding achievement in Pakistani cinema. The honors were awarded by Nigar Magazine founded in 1948. The Nigar Awards were Pakistan's version of the Academy Awards. The awards show had been discontinued for some 15 year, and a revival was planned in 2017.

The annual presentation ceremony featured performances by prominent artists. The first Nigar Awards ceremony was held in 1957, to honor the accomplishments of Pakistani cinema for the year 1956. In 2002, following the 46th Annual Nigar Awards, Nigar Magazine announced its discontinuation of the awards due to the collapse of the Pakistani cinema industry.

After a 15-year hiatus, with the revival of Pakistani cinema, the 47th Nigar Awards were announced to be held on 16 March 2017 in Karachi. They were eventually cancelled.
Olena Sotnyk
Olena Serhijivna Sotnyk is a Ukrainian public figure, lawyer and politician, former Member of the Parliament of Ukraine (VIII convocation) from Samopomich ("Self-Reliance") Party. She was the secretary of the Verkhovna Rada Committee on European integration; Sotnyk served as a Head of the Sub-committee on Approximation of Ukrainian Legislation to the EU Law. Shed co-chaired the Inter-Parliamentary Relations Unit with Belgium. She was Chairman of the Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights at the PACE, a member of the Bureau of Women's Parliamentarians in the Inter-Parliamentary Union and a vice-president of political group the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe in the PACE. Sotnyk was the first female to represent Ukraine in the Yale World Fellows Program. She was one of the most successful women of Ukraine in 2019 according to the "New Time" and "Legal Newspaper".

Self Reliance (political party)
The Association "Self Reliance" (Ukrainian: Об'єднання «Самопоміч», romanized: Obiednannia “Samopomich”) is a liberal conservative and Christian democratic political party in Ukraine.

It was founded on 29 December 2012, and identifies with the ideology of "Christian morality and common sense." The name of the party is similar to the name of the NGO, founded by former leader, Andriy Sadovyi in 2004. The party won 33 seats in the 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election. In the 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election, the party won a single seat, the 122nd electoral district in Lviv Oblast.
Cho Chin-man
Cho Chin-man (Korean: 조진만; October 20, 1903 – February 12, 1979) was a South Korean jurist who served as the third and fourth chief justice of the Supreme Court of Korea from June 30, 1961, to October 10, 1968. He previously served as the fifth minister of justice for South Korea from May 7, 1951, to March 4, 1952.

Ministry of Justice (South Korea)
The Ministry of Justice (MOJ; Korean: 법무부) is a cabinet-level ministry of the Government of South Korea that oversees the justice and legal affairs, protection of human rights, crime prevention and immigration control. It is headed by the minister of justice. The ministry contains organization and agency such as Supreme Prosecutors' Office of the Republic of Korea and Korea Correctional Service. It is headquartered in Building 1 of the Gwacheon Government Complex in Gwacheon, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. Established on July 17, 1948, the Ministry of Justice is the only ministry whose name has never been changed or altered in the history of the Republic of Korea.
C-flat major
C-flat major is a major scale based on C♭, consisting of the pitches C♭, D♭, E♭, F♭, G♭, A♭, and B♭. Its key signature has seven flats.   Its relative minor is A-flat minor (or enharmonically G-sharp minor). Its parallel minor, C-flat minor, is usually replaced by B minor, since C-flat minor's three double-flats make it impractical to use. The direct enharmonic equivalent of C-flat major is B major, a key signature with five sharps.

The C-flat major scale is:

Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The C-flat harmonic major and melodic major scales are:

C-flat major is the only major or minor key, other than theoretical keys, which has "flat" or "sharp" in its name, but whose tonic note is the enharmonic equivalent of a natural note, B (a white key on a keyboard instrument).

G-sharp minor
G-sharp minor is a minor scale based on G♯, consisting of the pitches G♯, A♯, B, C♯, D♯, E, and F♯. Its key signature has five sharps.

Its relative major is B major. Its parallel major, G-sharp major, is usually replaced by its enharmonic equivalent of A-flat major, since G-sharp major has an F in its key signature, making it less convenient to use. A-flat minor, its enharmonic, has seven flats, whereas G-sharp minor only has five sharps; thus G-sharp minor is sometimes used as the parallel minor for A-flat major. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of D-flat major and C-sharp minor, and in some cases, with the keys of G-flat major and F-sharp minor).

The G-sharp natural minor scale is:

Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The G-sharp harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are:
Oxyfedrine
Oxyfedrine, sold under the brand names Ildamen and Myofedrin among others, is a sympathomimetic agent and coronary vasodilator which is used in the treatment of coronary heart disease, angina pectoris, and acute myocardial infarction. It is taken by mouth or intravenously.

The drug acts as a β-adrenergic receptor partial agonist. It may also act as a norepinephrine releasing agent via its major active metabolite norephedrine. Oxyfedrine is a phenethylamine and amphetamine derivative.

Oxyfedrine has been marketed in Europe, Hong Kong, India, Central America, and elsewhere. It appears to remain marketed only in India.

Oral administration
Oral administration is a route of administration whereby a substance is taken through the mouth, swallowed, and then processed via the digestive system. This is a common route of administration for many medications.

Oral administration can be easier and less painful than other routes of administration, such as injection.  However, the onset of action is relatively low, and the effectiveness is reduced if it is not absorbed properly in the digestive system, or if it is broken down by digestive enzymes before it can reach the bloodstream. Some medications may cause gastrointestinal side effects, such as nausea or vomiting, when taken orally. Oral administration can also only be applied to conscious patients, and patients able to swallow.
Arlington Aviators
The Arlington Aviators FC were an American indoor soccer team, founded in 2012. Arlington competed in the Western Indoor Soccer League (WISL) and PASL-Premier. Arlington played their home matches at the Soccer First Indoor Sports in Arlington, Washington.

The team is a former member of the Premier Arena Soccer League (2012–14).

Premier Arena Soccer League
The Premier Arena Soccer League (PASL) was a professional men's and women's indoor soccer league; along with a number of amateur teams across North America. The PASL was previously known as the Federation of Sports Arenas (FSA). The PASL logo formerly belonged to what is now the Major Arena Soccer League.

Established in 1998, the PASL has been at the forefront of promoting and advancing the sport of indoor soccer for over 25 years. The league provides a platform for talented athletes to compete at the highest level and has played a crucial role in the growth of indoor soccer across the country.

PASL is an affiliated member of the Pan-American Minifootball Federation and the World Minifootball Federation. In 2024, the PASL was acquired by Auden Enterprises

Founders

Kevin Milliken - Off the Wall Soccer, Chico, CA

Jan Eric Nordmo - Off the Wall Soccer, Santa Clara, CA Chico, CA Hillsboro, OR
Feedwater heater
A feedwater heater is a power plant component used to pre-heat water delivered to a steam generating boiler. Preheating the feedwater reduces the irreversibilities involved in steam generation and therefore improves the thermodynamic efficiency of the system.  This reduces plant operating costs and also helps to avoid thermal shock to the boiler metal when the feedwater is introduced back into the steam cycle.

In a steam power plant (usually modeled as a modified Rankine cycle), feedwater heaters allow the feedwater to be brought up to the saturation temperature very gradually.  This minimizes the inevitable irreversibilities associated with heat transfer to the working fluid (water). See the article on the second law of thermodynamics for a further discussion of such irreversibilities.

Thermal efficiency
In thermodynamics, the thermal efficiency () is a dimensionless performance measure of a device that uses thermal energy, such as an internal combustion engine, steam turbine, steam engine, boiler, furnace, refrigerator, ACs etc.

For a heat engine, thermal efficiency is the ratio of the net work output to the heat input; in the case of a heat pump, thermal efficiency (known as the coefficient of performance or COP) is the ratio of net heat output (for heating), or the net heat removed (for cooling) to the energy input (external work). The efficiency of a heat engine is fractional as the output is always less than the input while the COP of a heat pump is more than 1. These values are further restricted by the Carnot theorem.
William Macintyre
William Macintyre (born 14 August 2007) is a British racing driver, who most recently competed in the GB3 Championship in 2025 for Elite Motorsport and for Hitech Pulse-Eight in 2024. He is the 2023 British F4 vice-champion and the 2022 Ginetta Junior Championship runner-up.

GB3 Championship
The GB3 Championship is a single seater motorsport series based in the United Kingdom. The championship is the UK's premier single-seater category, and is aimed at young racing drivers moving up from FIA Formula 4 championships, the GB4 Championship or Karting. Having previously been known since 2013 as the BRDC Formula 4 Championship, the championship was renamed the BRDC British Formula 3 Championship with the backing of the FIA in March 2016. The championship was rebranded to GB3 Championship in August 2021.

Like most junior formula series, it is a spec series, meaning all competitors use identical cars, engines, and tyres. While not officially branded as a Formula Regional series, the car specification for the 2025 season conforms to that of Formula Regional. Previous cars have been similar in performance to FR.