hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Three-phase traffic theory
Three-phase traffic theory is a theory of traffic flow developed by Boris Kerner between 1996 and 2002. It focuses mainly on the explanation of the physics of traffic breakdown and resulting congested traffic on highways. Kerner describes three phases of traffic, while the classical theories based on the fundamental diagram of traffic flow have two phases: free flow and congested traffic. Kerner's theory divides congested traffic into two distinct phases, synchronized flow and wide moving jam, bringing the total number of phases to three:

Free flow (F)

Synchronized flow (S)

Wide moving jam (J)

The word "wide" is used even though it is the length of the traffic jam that is being referred to.

A phase is defined as a state in space and time.

Traffic bottleneck
A traffic bottleneck is a localized disruption of vehicular traffic on a street, road, or highway.  As opposed to a traffic jam, a bottleneck is a result of a specific physical condition, often the design of the road, badly timed traffic lights, or sharp curves. They can also be caused by temporary situations, such as vehicular accidents.

Bottlenecks can also occur in other methods of transportation. Capacity bottlenecks are the most vulnerable points in a network and are very often the subject of offensive or defensive military actions.  Capacity bottlenecks of strategic importance - such as the Panama Canal where traffic is limited by the infrastructure - are normally referred to as choke points; capacity bottlenecks of tactical value are referred to as mobility corridors.
Luigi Canina
Luigi Canina (23 October 1795 – 17 October 1856) was an Italian archaeologist and architect. Together with Giuseppe Valadier, he was a leading figure of archaeologically correct Neoclassicism in early-19 century Rome. He was the second recipient of the Royal Gold Medal, awarded in 1849. In England, he restored interiors at Alnwick Castle, Northumberland.

Giuseppe Valadier
Giuseppe Valadier (Italian pronunciation: [dʒuˈzɛppe valaˈdje]; April 14, 1762 – February 1, 1839) was an Italian architect and designer, urban planner and archaeologist and a chief exponent of Neoclassicism in Italy.

A teacher of architecture at the Accademia di San Luca, Valadier was a pioneer archeologist and a restorer of monuments, such as the Milvian Bridge (1805) and the Arch of Titus in Rome, (1819–21). He retraced the ancient line of the Via Flaminia (1805) and restored Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola's neglected Church of Sant'Andrea in Via Flaminia, which influenced his own Church of Santa Maria della Salute in Fiumicino, the newly-established port for Rome.
Princess Hyohye
Princess Hyohye (Korean: 효혜공주; Hanja: 孝惠公主; RR: Hyohye Gongju; 13 June 1511 – 6 May 1531), born Yi Ok-ha (이옥하; 李玉荷), was a Joseon Dynasty princess as the daughter of King Jungjong and Queen Janggyeong. She was the older sister of Injong of Joseon.

Injong of Joseon
Injong (Korean: 인종; Hanja: 仁宗; 20 March 1515 (lunar calendar: 25 February 1515) – 8 August 1545), personal name Yi Ho (이호; 李峼), was the 12th monarch of the Joseon dynasty of Korea. His father was King Jungjong and his mother was Queen Janggyeong, whose brother was Yun Im. As the firstborn, he became crown prince in 1520 and succeeded his father in 1544. He had the shortest reign amongst all of Joseon's kings.
IPhone (internet appliance)
The iPhone is a discontinued internet appliance line introduced by Infogear in 1998 and between 2000 and 2007 manufactured by Cisco. It combined the features of a regular phone and a web terminal. The company was later purchased by Cisco and no new products were marketed under the name between 2001 and 2006. At the end of 2006, Cisco rebranded its Linksys VoIP-based phones under the name, shortly before Apple released an iPhone of its own. This led to a trademark dispute between the two companies, which was resolved on February 20, 2007.

Internet appliance
An Internet appliance is a consumer device whose main function is easy access to Internet services such as WWW or e-mail. The term was popularized in the 1990s, when it somewhat overlapped in meaning with an information appliance, desktop computer, network computer, or even thin client, but now it has fallen out of general use.

Internet appliances were contrasted with any general purpose computer, but unlike personal computers, internet appliances were low cost and low margin products, usually using highly optimised low power silicon specifically built for internet use. Modern smart phones and tablet computers do approximately the same things, but are more powerful, more successful in the market, and generally not classified as Internet appliances.
Eduard Rüchardt
Eduard Rüchardt (March 29, 1888 – March 7, 1962) was a German physicist. In modern times Rüchardt is mainly noted for the experiment named after him.  However, Rüchardt's chief topic was the study of canal rays. This work started under the supervision of Wilhelm Wien and continued later in collaborations with Walther Gerlach.

Walther Gerlach
Walther Gerlach (1 August 1889 – 10 August 1979) was a German physicist who co-discovered, through laboratory experiment, spin quantization in a magnetic field, the Stern–Gerlach effect. The experiment was conceived by Otto Stern in 1921 and successfully conducted first by Gerlach in early 1922.
He was Nazi Germany's plenipotentiary of nuclear physics from December 1943 until his capture by US Army in May 1945.
Sibongiseni Dhlomo
Sibongiseni Dhlomo (born 10 December 1959) is a South African politician and medical doctor for the African National Congress. Dhlomo is a former deputy minister of health for the Republic of South Africa.

Department of Health (South Africa)
The Department of Health is the executive department of the national government that is assigned to oversee healthcare in South Africa, reporting to the Minister of Health.

The Office for Health Standards and Compliance was established in 2014.
Helge Braun
Helge Reinhold Braun (born 18 October 1972) is a German physician and politician of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU). Between 2018 and 2021, he served as Head of the Chancellery and Federal Minister for Special Affairs in the fourth coalition government of Chancellor Angela Merkel. He was the Parliamentary Secretary of State for Bureaucracy Reduction and Federal-State Relations at the Chancellery between 2013 and 2018.

Braun, who was thought of as a party insider, loyal to moderate Merkel, ran in the December 2021 CDU leadership election, but only came in a distant third.

Head of the Federal Chancellery of Germany
The Head of the Chancellery (German: Chef des Bundeskanzleramtes, abbreviated ChefBK) is the highest ranking official of the German Chancellery and the principal assistant of the Chancellor of Germany. The Chief of Staff is in charge of the running of the German Chancellery as well as with coordinating the federal government's work. The Chief of Staff is either a member of the federal cabinet with the rank of Federal Minister for Special Affairs or holds the rank of Secretary of State. All Chiefs of Staff since 2005 have been members of the federal cabinet.
2010 Carlton Football Club season
The 2010 Carlton Football Club season was the Carlton Football Club's 147th season of competition, and 114th as a member of the Australian Football League.

Carlton finished 8th out of 16 teams in the 2010 AFL season, and reached the finals for the second consecutive season. Captain Chris Judd won the Brownlow Medal as fairest and best player in the league.

2010 AFL season
The 2010 AFL season was the 114th season of the Australian Football League (AFL), the highest level senior Australian rules football competition in Australia, which was known as the Victorian Football League until 1989. The season featured sixteen clubs, ran from 25 March until 2 October, and comprised a 22-game home-and-away season followed by a finals series featuring the top eight clubs.

The premiership was won by the Collingwood Football Club for the 15th time, after it defeated St Kilda by 56 points in the 2010 AFL Grand Final Replay.
Mansur Khan (Moghul Khan)
Mansur Khan (Chagatai and Persian: منصور خان; Chinese: 速檀满速儿; pinyin: Sùtán Mǎnsù'ér; 1482/3–1543), was the last khan of a united Moghulistan from 1503 until his death. From his father Ahmad Alaq, the previous khan, he inherited the eastern parts of Moghulistan proper (Ili area), the Muslim oasis cities of Yanqi, Bay, and Kuqa, and the Buddhist "Uighur" holdout of Turfan. He also led a jihad of conquest against Oirat Mongol and Chinese territories to the east, including Hami and Dunhuang, and attempted to convert the Kyrgyz to Islam.

Following his death, the khanate was permanently divided into Western and Eastern portions which would themselves eventually devolve into smaller states.

Baicheng County
Baicheng County (Chinese: 拜城县) as the official romanized name, also transliterated from Uyghur as Bay County (pronounced like 'bye', pronunciationⓘ, Uyghur: باي ناھىيىسى; Chinese: 拜县), is a county in Aksu Prefecture of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China.
Julius D. Rhodes
Julius Dexter Rhodes (1 October 1841 – 19 February 1906) was a sergeant major in the United States Army who was awarded the Medal of Honor for gallantry during the American Civil War. After having his horse shot from under him at the Battle of Throughfare Gap, he helped the 105th New York Volunteers advance on the enemy line. He was later wounded while fighting in the Second Battle of Bull Run. He was awarded the Medal of Honor on 9 March 1887.

Battle of Thoroughfare Gap
The Battle of Thoroughfare Gap, also known as Chapman's Mill, took place on August 28, 1862, in Fauquier County and Prince William County, Virginia, as part of the Northern Virginia Campaign of the American Civil War. Confederate forces under Maj. Gen. James Longstreet successfully drove back Union forces under Brig. Gen. James B. Ricketts and Col. Percy Wyndham, allowing his corps to unite with that of Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson prior to the Second Battle of Bull Run (Second Manassas).
Elisa Quintana
Elisa Victoria Quintana is an American scientist working in the field of astronomy and planetary science at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Her research focuses the detection and characterization of exoplanets in addition to studying how they form. She is best known for the detection of Kepler 186f, the first Earth-sized planet found in the habitable zone of a star other than the Sun.

Kepler-186f
Kepler-186f (also known by its Kepler object of interest designation KOI-571.05) is a candidate Earth-sized exoplanet orbiting within the habitable zone of the red dwarf star Kepler-186, the outermost of five planets discovered around the star by NASA's Kepler space telescope. It is located about 580 light-years (180 parsecs) from Earth in the constellation of Cygnus.

Kepler-186f orbits its star at a distance of about 0.43 AU (64,000,000 km; 40,000,000 mi) from its host star with an orbital period of roughly 130 days, and a radius around 1.17 times that of Earth. As one of the more promising candidates for habitability, it was the first planet with a radius similar to Earth's to be discovered in the habitable zone of another star. However, key components still need to be found to determine its habitability for life, including an atmosphere, and its composition and if liquid water can exist on its surface.
Giorgi Loria
Giorgi Loria (Order of Honor) (Georgian: გიორგი ლორია, pronounced [ɡioɾɡi loɾia]; born 27 January 1986) is a Georgian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Dinamo Tbilisi.

During his long career Loria has played in five different leagues and become the most capped goalkeeper of the national team. He is the three-time Georgian champion with Dinamo Tbilisi. Loria has also won the national cup and Supercup six times in total. While at Anorthosis, he lifted the Cypriot Cup as well.

Georgian Super Cup
The Georgian Super Cup is a super cup tournament in Georgian football. Founded in 1996 as a two-team competition, the current version has been contested since 2023 by four teams, those being the first, second, and third placed teams in the Erovnuli Liga, as well as the winners of the Georgian Cup.

Formerly, the tournament used to be a single football match solely played between the champions of the Erovnuli Liga and the winners of the Georgian Cup. When a club had won both competitions, the Georgian Cup losing finalists play for the Super Cup. This occurred in 1996, 1997, 2013 and 2014 when Dinamo Tbilisi won the double on all four occasions.

In 2023, the format of Super Cup changed to be contested between four teams. The three teams that qualified for the Champions League and Europa Conference League from the Erovnuli Liga and the winners of the Georgian Cup play one-legged semi-finals, and a final. The losers of each semi-final play a third place play-off.
Russian South
Russian South (Russian: Рашн Юг, romanized: Rashn Yug) is a 2021 Russian romantic comedy-drama film directed by Anton Fedotov.
The plot is about the Black Sea, whose attention is sought by three men admiring one woman with someone, and love is jealous of three guys are fighting, the film stars Stasya Miloslavskaya, Semyon Treskunov, Rinal Mukhametov, and Aleksandr Metyolkin.

It is scheduled to be theatrically released on March 4, 2021, by the Russian division of Sony Pictures Releasing.

Sony Pictures Motion Picture Group
Sony Pictures Entertainment Motion Picture Group (formerly known as the Columbia TriStar Motion Picture Group until 2013, and abbreviated as SPMPG) is a division of Sony Pictures Entertainment to manage its motion picture operations. It was launched in 1998 by integrating the businesses of Columbia Pictures and TriStar Pictures.
History of Ankara
The history of Ankara can be traced back to the Bronze Age Hatti civilization, which was succeeded in the 2nd millennium BC by the Hittites, in the 10th century BC by the Phrygians, and later by the Lydians, Persians, Macedonians, Galatians, Romans, Byzantines, Seljuks, and Ottomans.

Lydia
Lydia (Ancient Greek: Λυδία, romanized: Ludía; Latin: Lȳdia) was an Iron Age kingdom situated in western Anatolia, in modern-day Turkey. Later, it became an important province of the Achaemenid Empire and then the Roman Empire. Its capital was Sardis.

At some point before 800 BCE, the Lydian people achieved some sort of political cohesion, and existed as an independent kingdom by the 600s BCE. At its greatest extent, during the 7th century BCE, it covered all of western Anatolia. In 546 BCE, it became a satrapy of the Achaemenid Empire, known as Sparda in Old Persian. In 133 BCE, it became part of the Roman province of Asia.

Lydian coins, made of electrum, are among the oldest in existence, dated to around the 7th century BCE.
Pahaniemi
Pahaniemi is a district in the Naantalintie ward of the city of Turku, in Finland. It is located to the west of the city, and is mainly a high-density residential suburb.

The current (as of 2004) population of Pahaniemi is 4,397, and it is decreasing at an annual rate of 2.25%. 15.62% of the district's population are under 15 years old, while 13.67% are over 65. The district's linguistic makeup is 90.90% Finnish, 2.37% Swedish, and 6.73% other.

Subdivisions of Turku
The city of Turku, Finland is divided into nine wards (suuralueet in Finnish, storområden in Swedish) and into 87 non-governmental districts (kaupunginosat in Finnish, stadsdelar in Swedish). These are composed of individual suburbs, and in the very centre of the city, sectors of the central business district are identified by Roman numerals. The ward division does not always follow district boundaries.

In the following list, the names are given first in Finnish, and then in Swedish (if applicable) in brackets. For districts that have an English name, it is given first with other languages following. When a district is divided between two or three wards, it is listed under each and this is indicated by a footnote.
Bobby Keys
Robert Henry Keys (December 18, 1943 – December 2, 2014) was an American saxophonist who performed as a member of several horn sections of the 1970s. He appears on albums by the Rolling Stones, Lynyrd Skynyrd, Harry Nilsson, Delaney & Bonnie and Friends, George Harrison, John Lennon, Ringo Starr, Eric Clapton, Joe Cocker, Joe Ely, and other prominent musicians. Keys played on hundreds of recordings, and was a touring musician from 1956 until his death in 2014.

Delaney & Bonnie
Delaney & Bonnie were an American duo of singer-songwriters Delaney Bramlett and Bonnie Bramlett. In 1969 and 1970, they fronted a rock/soul ensemble, Delaney & Bonnie and Friends, whose members at different times included Duane Allman, Gregg Allman, Eric Clapton, George Harrison, Leon Russell, Bobby Whitlock, Dave Mason, Steve Howe, Rita Coolidge, and King Curtis.
Rheubarbariboletus persicolor
Rheubarbariboletus persicolor is a species of bolete fungus. It produces distinctive fruit bodies characterized by caps in peach to apricot hues that age to ochre with a pinkish tinge, bright yellow pores that bruise blue, and a yellow stipe with orange-rust spotting. The fungus typically grows on well-drained, sandy soils in Mediterranean coastal habitats dominated by holm oak, forming ectomycorrhizal relationships with the surrounding vegetation. Currently documented only from coastal locations in the Lazio region of central Italy, it fruits during autumn in maquis shrubland and pine woodland margins, often near to the Tyrrhenian Sea.

Pileus (mycology)
In mycology, the pileus (pl.: pilei) is the cap or cap-like part of a basidiocarp or ascocarp (fungal fruiting body) that supports a spore-bearing surface, the hymenium. The hymenium (hymenophore) may consist of lamellae, tubes, or teeth, on the underside of the pileus. A pileus is characteristic of agarics, boletes, some polypores, tooth fungi, and some ascomycetes.

The word pileus comes from the Latin for a type of felt cap.
Joseph R. Conlin
Joseph R. Conlin (born January 7, 1940) is an American historian and academic who in 1995 retired amid controversy from his duties as professor of American history at California State University at Chico.

California State University, Chico
California State University, Chico (Chico State) is a public university in Chico, California, United States. It was founded in 1887 as one of about 180 "normal schools" founded by state governments in the 19th century to train teachers for the rapidly growing public common schools. Some closed but most steadily expanded their role and became state colleges in the early 20th century and state universities in the late 20th century. It is the second oldest campus in the California State University system. As of the fall 2020 semester, the university had a total enrollment of 16,630 students. The university offers 126 bachelor's degree programs, 35 master's degree programs, and four types of teaching credentials. Chico is a Hispanic-serving institution (HSI).
2010–11 Frauen-Bundesliga
The 2010–11 season of the Frauen-Bundesliga was the 21st season of Germany's premier women's football league. The season started on 15 August 2010 and ended early on 13 March 2011, so that the German national team has time to prepare for the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup. At the end of the season Turbine Potsdam won their third consecutive championship. Saarbrücken and Herford were relegated.

Herforder SV Borussia Friedenstal
HSV Borussia Friedenstal, or Herforder SV, is a German sports club based in Friedenstal, a suburb of Herford, North Rhine-Westphalia. The club was founded in 1953 and the women's team was established in 1969. Friedenstal greatest success was the qualification for the Bundesliga in 2008–09. After being relegated in its first Bundesliga season, the club again got promoted to the Bundesliga in 2009–10 but now plays in the 2. Bundesliga again.
SiriusXM Urban View
SiriusXM Urban View is an African American talk radio channel on XM Satellite Radio 126 (previously 128). The subjects cover those relevant to the Black community, such as politics, economics, and social issues.

The channel was originally programmed by Radio One, Inc., a Washington, D.C.–based company specializing in African American and urban radio formats.

Urban One
Urban One, Inc. (formerly Radio One) is an American media conglomerate based in Silver Spring, Maryland. Founded in 1980 by Cathy Hughes, the company primarily operates media properties targeting African Americans.

It is the largest African-American-owned broadcasting company in the United States, currently operating over 50 radio stations. The company also operates digital arm Interactive One, cable networks TV One & Cleo TV, and is a majority-owner of syndicator Reach Media.

As of 2014, it was the ninth-highest-earning African-American-owned business in the United States.
Maria Malyjasiak
Maria Malyjasiak is a Polish Judoka, submission grappler and Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ) black belt competitor.

A former Poland National Judo Team and Poland National Grappling Team member, Malyjasiak is a BJJ black belt Pan-American (gi and no-gi) Champion, European Open Champion and a World IBJJF and ADCC Submission Fighting World Championship medallist. Malyjasiak is ranked No. 4 in the heavyweight 2022-2023 IBJJF Gi Ranking.

Pan IBJJF Jiu-Jitsu Championship
The Pan Jiu-Jitsu Championship or Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Pan American Championship (commonly known as Pan Ams or Pans), is the largest Brazilian jiu-jitsu tournament held in the Americas. The event is held annually by the International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation.
Silvana Tirinzoni
Silvana Petra Tirinzoni (born 25 June 1979) is a Swiss curler from Zurich. She is a four-time women's world champion skip (2019, 2021, 2022, 2023) and seven-time Grand Slam champion. She is a former world junior champion and two-time European champion. Tirinzoni also represented Switzerland at the 2018, 2022, and 2026 Winter Olympics, winning silver medal in the 2026 edition of the event.

2019 World Women's Curling Championship
The 2019 World Women's Curling Championship (branded as the 2019 LGT World Women's Curling Championship for sponsorship reasons) was held from 16 to 24 March at the Silkeborg Sportscenter in Silkeborg, Denmark.
Nahitan Nández
Nahitan Michel Nández Acosta (born 28 December 1995) is a Uruguayan professional footballer who plays for Saudi Pro League club Al-Qadsiah and the Uruguay national team. A versatile player, Nández can play as a central midfielder, right-back, attacking midfielder or winger.

After starting his career at Peñarol, Nández later played in Argentina for Boca Juniors and in Italy for Cagliari. A full international for Uruguay since 2015, he played at the 2018 FIFA World Cup and three editions of the Copa América (2019, 2021 and 2024).

2019 Copa América
The 2019 Copa América was the 46th edition of the Copa América, the international men's association football championship organized by South America's football ruling body CONMEBOL. It was held in Brazil and took place between 14 June and 7 July 2019 at 6 venues across the country. This was the first time since 1991 where no CONCACAF nation took part in the tournament.

Heading into the tournament, Chile were the two-time defending champions, having won the 2015 and 2016 editions of the tournament, but were eliminated by Peru in the semi-finals leading to the third place match against Argentina, which they also lost.

Host nation Brazil won their ninth title by defeating Peru 3–1 in the final. Argentina took third place by beating Chile 2–1 in the third-place match.