hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Impulse vector
An impulse vector, also known as Kang vector, is a mathematical tool used to graphically design and analyze input shapers that can suppress residual vibration. The impulse vector can be applied to both undamped and underdamped systems, as well as to both positive and negative impulses in a unified manner. The impulse vector makes it easy to obtain impulse time and magnitude of the input shaper graphically. 
A vector concept for an input shaper was first introduced by W. Singhose for undamped systems with positive impulses. Building on this idea, C.-G. Kang introduced the impulse vector (or Kang vector) to generalize Singhose's idea to undamped and underdamped systems with positive and negative impulses.

Dirac delta function
In mathematical analysis, the Dirac delta function (or  distribution), also known as the unit impulse, is a generalized function on the real numbers, whose value is zero everywhere except at zero, and whose integral over the entire real line is equal to one. Thus it can be represented heuristically as

such that

Since there is no function having this property, modelling the delta "function" rigorously involves the use of limits or, as is common in mathematics, measure theory and the theory of distributions.

The delta function is named after physicist Paul Dirac, and has been applied routinely in physics and engineering to model point masses and concentrated loads. It is called the delta function because it is a continuous analogue of the Kronecker delta function. The mathematical rigor of the delta function was disputed until Laurent Schwartz developed the theory of distributions, where it is defined as a linear form acting on functions.
Lucas Barbosa (martial artist)
Lucas Daniel Silva Barbosa (born 13 February 1992), commonly known as Lucas 'Hulk' Barbosa, is a Brazilian mixed martial artist (MMA), submission grappler and Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ) black belt competitor.

Having conquered nearly every major title in the sport; being a World and Pan American champion (Gi and No-Gi), European Open and Asian IBJJF champion as well as a two-time ADCC Submission Fighting World Championship medalist,  Barbosa is regarded as one of the most accomplished jiu-jitsu athletes of his generation.

European IBJJF Jiu-Jitsu Championship
The European IBJJF Jiu-Jitsu Championship (also: European Championship or European Open) is the most prestigious and largest Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu tournament held in Europe by the International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation (IBJJF). The tournament is an open championship accepting competitors from all countries and is considered one of the most important competitions in the lead-up to the Worlds.
Jim Mitchell (politician)
Jim Mitchell (19 October 1946 – 2 December 2002) was an Irish Fine Gael politician who served as deputy leader of Fine Gael from 2001 to 2002, Minister for Communications from 1984 to 1987, Minister for Transport and Minister for Posts and Telegraphs from 1982 to 1984, Minister for Justice from 1981 to 1982 and Lord Mayor of Dublin from 1976 to 1977. He served as a Teachta Dála (TD) from 1977 to 2002.

Minister for Posts and Telegraphs
The Minister for Posts and Telegraphs (Irish: Aire Poist agus Telegrafa) was the holder of a position in the Government of Ireland (and, earlier, in the Executive Council of the Irish Free State). From 1924 until 1984 – when it was abolished – the minister headed the Department of Posts and Telegraphs (also known as the P&T in English and P⁊T in Irish, and later stylised as p+t), the government-run postal, telegraph and telephone service covering the Republic of Ireland.
Berula
Berula is a cosmopolitan genus of flowering plants in the family Apiaceae, whose species are known as water parsnips, as are some other plants in Apiaceae such as Sium latifolium and Sium suave.  It is easily confused with the highly toxic water hemlock (Cicuta maculata).

Berula species are perennial, aquatic to semi-aquatic, herbaceous plants. The leaves are usually oppositely arranged. The flowerheads are arranged in umbels of small white flowers. Berula erecta is a widespread aquatic plant with fern-like leaves, found across Eurasia, Africa, North America, and elsewhere.

Berula erecta
Berula erecta, known as lesser water-parsnip, cutleaf waterparsnip, or narrow-leaved water-parsnip, is a member of the carrot family. Growing to around 1 m (3 ft) tall, it is found in or by water. It is widespread across much of Europe, Asia, Australia, and North America.

Berula erecta has a hollow stem. Underwater leaves consist of compound with thread-like lobes; leaves above the surface of the water are flatter and broader. The  plant produces many small white flowers in a compound umbel.
Waterford Wedgwood
Waterford Wedgwood plc was an Irish holding company for a group of firms that specialized in the manufacture of high-quality porcelain, bone china and glass products, mostly for use as tableware or home decor. The group was dominated by Irish businessman Tony O'Reilly and his family, including his wife Chryss Goulandris and her family, with the two families together having invested hundreds of millions of euros in it. The group's financial record was mixed, and significant cost-cutting had been ongoing for many years.

In 2009, parts of the group, including the main Irish and UK operations, were placed into receivership and acquired by KPS Capital Partners, a New York–based private equity firm. Waterford Crystal and Wedgwood, along with Royal Doulton and other brands, were transferred to a new company named WWRD Holdings Limited (with WWRD as an acronym for 'Waterford Wedgwood Royal Doulton'). In July 2015, WWRD Holdings was acquired by Fiskars, a Finnish consumer goods company.

Receivership
In law, receivership is a situation in which an institution or enterprise is held by a receiver – a person "placed in the custodial responsibility for the property of others, including tangible and intangible assets and rights" – especially in cases where a company cannot meet its financial obligations and is said to be insolvent. The receivership remedy is an equitable remedy that emerged in the English chancery courts, where receivers were appointed to protect real property. Receiverships are also a remedy of last resort in litigation involving the conduct of executive agencies that fail to comply with constitutional or statutory obligations to populations that rely on those agencies for their basic human rights.
Golden Crown of Bilge Qaghan
The Crown of Bilge Qaghan is a golden crown dating to between the 6th and 8th centuries that was unearthed at the complex of Bilge Khan in Khöshöö-Tsaidam, Orkhon Valley, Mongolia. It was created at the time of the Central Asian Second Turkic Khaganate, and is thought to have been manufactured by a local artist. The diadem bears a resemblance to the headgear of the Bust of Kul Tigin.

Second Turkic Khaganate
The Second Turkic Khaganate was a khaganate in Central and Eastern Asia founded by Ilterish of the Ashina clan of the Göktürks and lasted from 682 to 744. It was preceded by the Eastern Turkic Khaganate (552–630) and the early Tang dynasty period (630–682). The Second Khaganate was centered on Ötüken in the upper reaches of the Orkhon River. It was succeeded by its subject Toquz Oghuz confederation, which became the Uyghur Khaganate.
1964 United States presidential election in Michigan
The 1964 United States presidential election in Michigan took place on November 3, 1964, as part of the 1964 United States presidential election. Voters chose 21 representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

Michigan was won by incumbent President Lyndon B. Johnson (D–Texas), with 66.70% of the popular vote, against Senator Barry Goldwater (R–Arizona), with 33.10% of the popular vote. As of the 2024 presidential election, this is the last election in which Livingston County, Allegan County, Antrim County, Grand Traverse County, Midland County, Ionia County, St. Joseph County, Barry County, Newaygo County, Hillsdale County, Emmet County, and Otsego County voted for the Democratic candidate.

Kent, Berrien, Clinton, Eaton, Jackson, and Leelanau counties would not vote Democratic again until 2008. This is also the best Democratic performance in a presidential election in Michigan to date.

Newaygo County, Michigan
Newaygo County (/nəweɪɡoʊ/ nə-WAY-goh) is a county in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 49,978. The county seat is White Cloud. The county was created in 1840, and was organized in 1851. It was either named for an Ojibwe leader who signed the Treaty of Saginaw in 1819 or for an Algonquian word meaning "much water".
2025–26 Ligue Féminine de Basketball
The 2025–26 Ligue Féminine de Basketball (or the 2025–26 La Boulangère Wonderligue for sponsorship reasons) is the 98th season of the top division women's basketball league in France, and the 27th edition since the creation of the LFB. It starts in September 2025 with the first round of the regular season and ends in April 2026.

Basket Landes are the defending champions.

Ligue Féminine de Basketball
The Ligue Féminine de Basketball (LFB; Women's Basketball League) is the top women's French professional basketball league. The LFB authorities announced that the championship is renamed La Boulangère Wonderligue (LBWL) as for the seasons 2024-2025 to 2026-2027.
2002 CAF Cup
The 2002 CAF Cup marked the 11th edition of Africa's then-tertiary club football tournament organised by CAF for clubs that finished as runners-up in their domestic leagues. The final was played over two legs at Stade du 5 Juillet, Algiers, Algeria and at Stade Ahmadou Ahidjo, Yaoundé, Cameroon. The competition was won by algerian club JS Kabylie, who defeated TKC of Cameroon after an aggregate result of 4–1. This victory made JS Kabylie the first and only team to win the CAF Cup three consecutive times, a feat that allowed them to permanently retain the trophy.

CAF Cup
The CAF Cup was an annual competition organised by the CAF for  domestic leagues runners-up of member associations who have not qualified to one of the two pre-existing CAF international club competitions the African Cup of Champions Clubs or the African Cup Winners' Cup.
2019–20 PGA Tour
The 2019–20 PGA Tour was the 105th season of the PGA Tour, the main professional golf tour in the United States. It was also the 52nd season since separating from the PGA of America, and the 14th edition of the FedEx Cup.

2020 Players Championship
The 2020 Players Championship was the 47th edition of The Players Championship, scheduled for March 12–15 at TPC Sawgrass in Ponte Vedra Beach, Florida. It was canceled by the PGA Tour prior to the second round in response to the COVID-19 pandemic; the tour had earlier announced that the tournament would proceed behind closed doors for the remaining three days.

Hideki Matsuyama held a two stroke lead after the first round having equaled the course record of 63, nine under par. Defending champion Rory McIlroy was at even par (72), tied for 83rd place. Half of the $15 million purse was split equally among the 144 competing players, at $52,000 each.

The event was not included in the revised schedule announced in early April 2020.
Lower Chesham
Lower Chesham, also known as Lower Chesham Hall, is a Grade II* listed historic building on Bell Lane in Bury, Greater Manchester, England. Built in 1713, it is one of the oldest surviving houses in the area and is noted for its architectural and historical significance.

Bury, Greater Manchester
Bury (/ˈbɛri/, /ˈbʊri/) is a market town on the River Irwell in the Metropolitan Borough of Bury, Greater Manchester, England. It had a population of 81,101 in 2021, while the wider borough had a population of 193,846.

The town is part of the historic county of Lancashire but has been a part of the metropolitan county of Greater Manchester since 1974. Bury emerged in the Industrial Revolution as a mill town manufacturing textiles. The town is known for the open-air Bury Market and black pudding, the traditional local dish.

Sir Robert Peel was born in the town. Peel was a Prime Minister of the United Kingdom who founded the Metropolitan Police and the Conservative Party. There is a memorial and a monument for Peel, the former stands outside Bury Parish church and the latter overlooks the borough on Holcombe Hill. The town is 5 miles (8 km) east of Bolton, 6 miles (9.7 km) south-west of Rochdale and 8 miles (12.9 km) north-west of Manchester.
Employee Benefit Research Institute
Employee Benefit Research Institute (EBRI) is a nonpartisan, nonprofit research organization based in Washington, D.C., that produces original research about health, savings, retirement, personal finance and economic security issues, including 401(k) and retirement plan coverage data, post-retirement income adequacy, health coverage and the uninsured, and economic security of the elderly.

The EBRI is an independent institute, representing no particular special interest or ideological perspective. Its membership includes a broad range of benefit-related organizations that often have differing policy goals.

As well, the EBRI maintains the largest 401(k) microdatabase in the nation that tracks individual 401(k) participant investment activity. EBRI researchers have been frequently asked to testify about their research before Congress on a variety of retirement, health, savings, and economic security issues.

Economic security
Economic security or financial security is the condition of having stable income or other resources to support a standard of living now and in the foreseeable future. It includes:

probable continued solvency

predictability of the future cash flow of a person or other economic entity, such as a country

employment security or job security

Without such security, people may experience its opposite: economic insecurity and resulting economic anxiety.

Financial security more often refers to individual and family money management and savings. Economic security tends to include the broader effect of a society's production levels and monetary support for non-working citizens.
Prudence Sekgodiso
Prudence Tebogo Sekgodiso OLY (born 5 January 2002), also spelled Prudence Sekgodisa, is a South African middle-distance runner specializing in the 800 metres. She was the gold medalist in the 800 m at the 2019 African U18 Championships. She is also a five-time South African Athletics Championships winner in the 1500 m and 800 m.

Sekgodiso won South Africa's first women's indoor medal and set the national indoor record in the 800 metres with a time of 1:58:40 at the 2025 World Athletics Indoor Championships in Nanjing, China.

2019 African U18 and U20 Championships in Athletics
The 2019 African U20 Championships in Athletics was the fourteenth edition of the biennial, continental athletics tournament for African athletes aged 19 years or younger, for the first time held jointly with the African U18 Championships in Athletics. It was held at the Stade Félix Houphouët-Boigny in Abidjan, Ivory Coast, between 16 and 20 April.
Mount Pleasant Indian Industrial Boarding School
The Mount Pleasant Indian Industrial Boarding School in Mt. Pleasant, Michigan, was established by an act of the United States Congress in 1891. This provided funding for creation of an education system of off-reservation boarding schools and vocational training centers to educate Native American children. It was extending a model developed and practiced first at the Carlisle Indian Industrial School, which opened in 1879 and was directed by Richard Henry Pratt, an Army officer.

Carlisle Indian Industrial School
The United States Indian Industrial School in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, generally known as Carlisle Indian Industrial School, was the flagship Indian boarding school in the United States from its founding in 1879 to 1918. It was based in the historic Carlisle Barracks, which was transferred to the Department of Interior from the War Department for the purpose of establishing the school. Throughout its history, over 7,800  children from 140 Native American tribes were enrolled at the school. After the United States entered World War I, the school was closed, and the property was transferred back for use by the U.S. Department of Defense. The property is now part of the U.S. Army War College.

In December 2024, it was designated a national monument by President Joe Biden called the Carlisle Federal Indian Boarding School National Monument and co-managed by the Army and the National Park Service in consultation with Native American tribes.
Sanpaku
Sanpaku (三白; lit. 'three whites') or sanpaku gan (三白眼; Chinese: 三白眼; pinyin: Sānbáiyǎn; lit. 'three-white eyes') is a Japanese term referring to a person with visible sclera on three sides of their irises: the normal left and right, plus above or below.  The term is most often used in English to refer to a folk belief whereby it functions as an omen or symptom in alternative medicine. It was introduced into English in the mid-1960s by George Ohsawa as a condition supposedly cured by his macrobiotic method.

In manga iconography, sanpaku eyes are used to make a character seem dangerous or threatening.

Sclera
The sclera, also known as the white of the eye or, in older literature, as the tunica albuginea oculi, is the opaque, fibrous, protective outer layer of the eye containing mainly collagen and some crucial elastic fiber.

In the development of the embryo, the sclera is derived from the neural crest. In children, it is thinner and shows some of the underlying pigment, appearing slightly blue. In the elderly, fatty deposits on the sclera can make it appear slightly yellow. People with dark skin can have naturally darkened sclerae, the result of melanin pigmentation.

In humans, and some other vertebrates, the whole sclera is white or pale, contrasting with the coloured iris.
Wigan Coal and Iron Company
The Wigan Coal and Iron Company was formed when collieries on the Lancashire Coalfield owned by John Lancaster were acquired by Lord Lindsay, the Earl of Crawford and Balcarres, owner of the Haigh Colliery in 1865. The company owned collieries in Haigh, Aspull, Standish, Westhoughton, Blackrod,  Westleigh and St Helens and large furnaces and iron-works near Wigan and the Manton Colliery in Nottinghamshire.

Lancashire Coalfield
The Lancashire Coalfield in North West England was an important British coalfield. Its coal seams were formed from the vegetation of tropical swampy forests in the Carboniferous period over 300 million years ago.

The Romans may have been the first to use coal in Lancashire and its shallow seams and outcrops were exploited on a small scale from the Middle Ages and extensively after the start of the Industrial Revolution. The coalfield was at the forefront of innovation in coal mining, prompting the country's first canals, use of steam engines and creating conditions favourable for rapid industrialisation.

The pits on the coalfield were at their most productive in 1907 when more than 26 million tons of coal were produced. By 1967 just 21 collieries remained. Parkside Colliery in Newton-le-Willows, St. Helens area, the last deep mine to be sunk on the coalfield, was closed in 1993.
Lucio Fernandez
Lucio P. Fernandez is a Cuban-American politician and entertainer, who serves as the Commissioner of Public Affairs in Union City, New Jersey, where he serves under Mayor Brian P. Stack. He is also an artist, author, singer, actor, dancer, playwright, screenwriter, producer and film director who has been credited with being instrumental in reviving the arts in Union City.

Brian P. Stack
Brian P. Stack (born May 16, 1966) is an American Democratic Party politician who represents the 33rd legislative district in the New Jersey Senate, where he serves as chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee. He has also served as the mayor of Union City, New Jersey, since 2000. Prior to his election to the Senate, he served in the New Jersey General Assembly from 2004 to 2008.

Since 2007, Stack has been widely considered one of the most powerful people in Hudson County, the New Jersey Senate, and North Jersey generally.
Jacqueline Asiimwe
Jackie Asiimwe–Mwesige, (nee:Jacqueline Asiimwe) (born March 1970), is a Ugandan human rights lawyer and philanthropy advisor. She is the current Chairperson of the East African Philanthropy Network (EAPN) and chief executive officer of CivSource Africa, a philanthropy advisory service company that she founded in 2017.

She concurrently serves as the chairperson of the International Centre for Research on Women Uganda, an affiliate of the International Center for Research on Women ICRW, based in Washington, DC, United States. Jacqueline is a member of the Global Board of ICRW. She also served as the Deputy Programme and Advocacy Manager for the Civil Society Capacity Building Programme, funded by the European Union, from 2007 until 2009.

International Center for Research on Women
The International Center for Research on Women (ICRW) is a non-profit organization with offices located in Washington, D.C., United States, New Delhi, Ranchi, and Jamtara, India, Nairobi, Kenya, and Kampala, Uganda. ICRW works to promote gender equity, inclusion and shared prosperity within the field of international development.
Maya Mountain
Maya Mountain (77°47′S 160°36′E﻿ / ﻿77.783°S 160.600°E﻿ / -77.783; 160.600) is a small pyramidal mountain, about 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) high, between Aztec Mountain and Pyramid Mountain, just south of Taylor Glacier in Victoria Land, Antarctica. It was so named by the New Zealand Geological Survey Antarctic Expedition (1958–59) because its shape resembles the pyramidal ceremonial platforms used by the Maya civilization.

Quartermain Mountains
The Quartermain Mountains ( 77°51′S 160°45′E﻿ / ﻿77.850°S 160.750°E﻿ / -77.850; 160.750) are a group of exposed mountains in Antarctica, about 20 nautical miles (37 km; 23 mi) long, typical of ice-free features of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Victoria Land.
They are east of the Lashly Mountains, south of the Asgard Range, west of the Kukri Hills and Royal Society Range, and some distance north of the Worcester Range.
Roman Dachkevitch
Roman-Mykola Dashkevych (Ukrainian: Роман-Микола Дашкевич, 6 December 1892 – 11 January 1975) was a Ukrainian politician and soldier, known for his role in the formation of the artillery of the Ukrainian People's Army.

Ukrainian People's Army
The Ukrainian People's Army (Ukrainian: Армія Української Народної Республіки, romanized: Armiia Ukrainskoi Narodnoi Respubliky), also known as the Ukrainian National Army (UNA) or by the derogatory term Petliurivtsi (Ukrainian: Петлюрівці, lit. '"Petliura's people"'), was the army of the Ukrainian People's Republic (1917–1921). They were often quickly reorganized and Ukrainized units of the former Imperial Russian Army and newly formed volunteer detachments that later joined the national armed forces. The army lacked a certain degree of uniformity, adequate leadership to keep discipline and morale. Unlike the Ukrainian Galician Army, the Ukrainian People's Army did not manage to evolve a solid organizational structure, and consisted mostly of volunteer units, not regulars.