hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
UPGMA
UPGMA (unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean) is a simple agglomerative (bottom-up) hierarchical clustering method. It also has a weighted variant, WPGMA, and they are generally attributed to Sokal and Michener.

Note that the unweighted term indicates that all distances contribute equally to each average that is computed and does not refer to the math by which it is achieved. Thus the simple averaging in WPGMA produces a weighted result and the proportional averaging in UPGMA produces an unweighted result (see the working example).

Molecular clock
The molecular clock  is a figurative term for a technique that uses the mutation rate of biomolecules to deduce the time in prehistory when two or more life forms diverged. The biomolecular data used for such calculations are usually nucleotide sequences for DNA, RNA, or amino acid sequences for proteins.
Valentine Stock
Valentine Stock (June 30, 1852 – 1921) was an Ontario merchant and political figure. He represented Perth South in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1902 to 1904 and from 1908 to 1911 as a Liberal member.

He was born in East Zorra Township, Oxford County, Canada West, the son of Conrad (Johann Konrad) Stock, a German immigrant originally from Wallersdorf, Grebenau, Grand Duchy of Hesse. After suffering an injury working on the family farm, he earned a teacher's certificate and taught school in East Zorra and Tavistock. He set up his own business in Tavistock and later, with a partner, formed a company selling flax there. Stock married Mary M. Marty in 1887. In 1889, he was named clerk for South Easthope Township and served until 1919. He was an unsuccessful candidate in an 1899 provincial by-election in Perth South; he defeated Samuel Nelson Monteith in the general election held in 1902.

East Zorra-Tavistock
East Zorra-Tavistock is a township in southwestern Ontario, Canada, formed on 1 January 1975 through the amalgamation of the Township of East Zorra and the Village of Tavistock. It is part of Oxford County. The township had a population of 7,129 in the Canada 2016 Census.
Curry's paradox
Curry's paradox is a paradox in which an arbitrary claim F is proved from the mere existence of a sentence C that says of itself "If C, then F". The paradox requires only a few apparently-innocuous logical deduction rules. Since F is arbitrary, any logic having these rules allows one to prove everything. The paradox may be expressed in natural language and in various logics, including certain forms of set theory, lambda calculus, and combinatory logic.

The paradox is named after the logician Haskell Curry, who wrote about it in 1942. It has also been called Löb's paradox after Martin Hugo Löb, due to its relationship to Löb's theorem.

Combinatory logic
Combinatory logic is a notation to eliminate the need for quantified variables in mathematical logic. It was introduced by Moses Schönfinkel and Haskell Curry, and has more recently been used in computer science as a theoretical model of computation and also as a basis for the design of functional programming languages. It is based on combinators, which were introduced by Schönfinkel in 1920 with the idea of providing an analogous way to build up functions—and to remove any mention of variables—particularly in predicate logic.  A combinator is a higher-order function that uses only function application and earlier defined combinators to define a result from its arguments.
Milind Shinde
Milind Shinde is an Indian actor, director, writer and producer who works in Marathi, Kannada and Hindi films. He started his career with Girish Karnad's Hindi television serials and Kannada films. He is well known for his portrayal in the Marathi film Natrang. He has acted, directed and produced Marathi films.

Milind Shinde has also directed the Marathi movie Re Raya in 2018, in which Bhushan Pradhan plays main lead.

Bhushan Pradhan
Bhushan Pradhan is an Indian actor known for his work in Marathi films, web series, and theater. His roles include appearances in Juna Furniture as an IAS officer and Gharat Ganpati, Aamhi Doghi, Coffee Ani Barach Kahi, Satarangi Re, Timepass, Time Bara Vait.

He also appeared as Damodar Hari Chapekar in the ZEE5 Originals web series Gondya Aala Re.
StAR (album)
StAR is an album by Norwegian saxophonist Jan Garbarek recorded in January 1991 and released on the ECM October later that year. The trio features Miroslav Vitouš—who wrote most of the album—and Peter Erskine.

Miroslav Vitouš
Miroslav Ladislav Vitouš (born 6 December 1947) is a Czech jazz bassist. He is known as a founding member of the ensemble Weather Report, and for working as a bandleader and alongside Chick Corea, Jack DeJohnette and others.
Javed–Mohsin
Javed–Mohsin is an Indian film music composer duo consisting of Javed Khan and Mohsin Shaikh known for movies like Munna Michael, Julie 2, Jalebi and Drive. Javed- Mohsin are the first cousins related from their maternal side. Javed Khan's father was a tabla player Late Ustad Sharafat Ali Khan and  Mohsin Shaikh's father is a writer Mustafa Shaikh. Javed–Mohsin's maternal grandfather was Late Ustad Fayyaz Ahmed Khan from Kirana Gharana (house of Indian classical music).

Drive (2019 film)
Drive is a 2019 Indian Hindi-language action-heist film written, edited and directed by Tarun Mansukhani and produced by Hiroo Yash Johar, Karan Johar and Apoorva Mehta under Dharma Productions. Starring Sushant Singh Rajput, Jacqueline Fernandez, Vikramjeet Virk, Sapna Pabbi, Pankaj Tripathi and Boman Irani the story of the film revolves around the manhunt for an infamous 'King' for a robbery of 300 kilograms of gold. An undercover agent infiltrates a street racing gang who is chasing the King. The film was scheduled to release on 7 September 2018, but was pushed to 28 June 2019, ultimately to not see a theatrical release. It was released on Netflix on 1 November 2019 and marked Rajput's final film appearance before his death on 14 June 2020.
Malaita dolphin drive hunt
Dolphins are hunted in Malaita in the Solomon Islands in the South Pacific, mainly for their meat and teeth, and also sometimes for live capture for dolphinariums. Dolphin drive hunting is practised by coastal communities around the world; the animals are herded together with boats and then into a bay or onto a beach. A large-scale example is the Taiji dolphin drive hunt, made famous by the Oscar-winning documentary film The Cove. The hunt on South Malaita Island is smaller in scale. After capture, the meat is shared equally between households. Dolphin teeth are also used in jewelry and as currency on the island.

Malaita
Malaita is the primary island of Malaita Province in Solomon Islands. Malaita is the most populous island of the Solomon Islands, with a population of 161,832 as of 2021, or more than a third of the entire national population. It is also the second largest island in the country by area, after Guadalcanal.

The largest city and provincial capital is Auki, on the northwest coast and is on the northern shore of the Langa Langa Lagoon. The people of the Langa Langa Lagoon and the Lau Lagoon on the northeast coast of Malaita call themselves wane i asi ‘salt-water people’ as distinct from wane i tolo ‘bush people’ who live in the interior of the island.

South Malaita Island, also known as Small Malaita and Maramasike for ꞋAreꞌare speakers and Malamweimwei known to more than 80% of the islanders, is the  island at the southern tip of the larger island of Malaita.
Christ the King (Almada)
The Sanctuary of Christ the King (Portuguese: Santuário de Cristo Rei) is a Catholic monument and shrine dedicated to the Sacred Heart of Jesus Christ overlooking the city of Lisbon situated in Almada, in Portugal. It was inspired by the Christ the Redeemer statue of Rio de Janeiro, in Brazil, after the Cardinal Patriarch of Lisbon visited that monument. The project was inaugurated on 17 May 1959. The giant statue was erected to express gratitude because the Portuguese were spared the direct destructive effects of World War II.

Almada
Almada (European Portuguese pronunciation: [alˈmaðɐ] ⓘ) is a city and a municipality in Portugal, located on the southern margin of the Tagus River, within the Lisbon Metropolitan Area. The city is connected to Lisbon by the 25 de Abril Bridge. The population of the municipality in 2011 was 174,030, in an area of 70.21 km2. The urbanized core center, the city of Almada proper, had a population of 101,500 in 2001.
Mrs. O'Malley and Mr. Malone
Mrs. O'Malley and Mr. Malone is a 1950 comedy/murder mystery film set on board a train. It stars Marjorie Main and James Whitmore. It is based on the short story "Once Upon a Train (The Loco Motive)" by Stuart Palmer and Craig Rice.

Stuart Palmer (author)
Stuart Palmer (June 21, 1905 – February 4, 1968) was a mystery novelist and screenwriter. He was most famous for creating the character Hildegarde Withers. In addition, he used the pen names Theodore Orchards and Jay Stewart. for some of his works.
Monalisha Devi Moirangthem
Monalisha Devi Moirangthem (Meitei: Moirangthem Monalisha Devi, born 3 July 2006) is an Indian professional footballer from Manipur. She plays as a goalkeeper for the Indian Women's League club Sreebhumi and the India women's national football team.

Indian Women's League
The Indian Women's League (abbreviated as the IWL) is the women's top tier professional football league in India, founded in 2016. Currently, a total of 8 teams from across the country participate in the league.

The competition was planned since 2014 and got established in 2016, with the first season starting from October 2016 in Cuttack, Odisha. The league was launched as India's first professional football league for women with the aim to increase the player pool for India national team. Since 2019–20, the clubs that become champions are granted an opportunity to play in the AFC Women's Club Championship, the top tier women's club football competition in Asia.

Until now five clubs have been crowned as champions: Eastern Sporting Union, Rising Students Club, Sethu, Gokulam Kerala and East Bengal. Out of them Gokulam Kerala has lifted the championship trophy thrice.
Keeva Keenan
Keeva Keenan (born 16 August 1997) is an Irish international footballer who plays for Shelbourne of the Women's National League (WNL). She previously played for Scottish Women's Premier League (SWPL) clubs Celtic and Glasgow City, and for WNL clubs Raheny United and Shelbourne. She made her debut for the Republic of Ireland women's national football team in October 2019.

Shelbourne F.C. (women)
Shelbourne Football Club is an Irish association football club based in Northside, Dublin. It currently plays in the League of Ireland Women's Premier Division. They have also fielded teams in the Dublin Women's Soccer League, the Metropolitan Girls League and the North Dublin Schoolboys/Girls League. They are the current FAI Women's Cup holders after defeating Athlone Town 6:1 at Tallaght Stadium in the 2024 final, and the current FAI Women’s President’s Cup holders after defeating Athlone Town in the 2025 curtain raiser.
Iota Sigma Pi
Iota Sigma Pi (ΙΣΠ) is a national honor society in the United States. It was established in 1900 and specializes in the promotion of women in the sciences, especially chemistry. It also focuses on personal and professional growth for women in these fields. As with all honor societies, they create professional networks along with recognizing achievements of women in chemistry.

Honor society
In the United States, an honor society is an organization that recognizes and promotes scholarship, leadership, service, research, professional accomplishment, or other forms of distinction. Membership standards vary by organization and may include academic performance, nomination, demonstrated contribution, or other defined criteria. Some youth, civic and professional organizations use similar recognition models; for example, the Order of the Arrow serves as an honor society within the Boy Scouts of America.
The Secret of Stamboul
The Secret of Stamboul, also known as The Spy in White, is a 1936 British thriller film, taken from the 1935 novel The Eunuch of Stamboul by Dennis Wheatley, directed by Andrew Marton and starring Valerie Hobson, James Mason and Frank Vosper. It was made at Shepperton Studios. The screenplay concerns a British agent who tries to thwart a revolution.

After the success of The Spy in Black, also starring Valerie Hobson, this film was re-released as The Spy in White.

The Spy in Black
The Spy in Black (US: U-boat 29) is a 1939 British spy film, and the first collaboration between the British filmmakers Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger.  They were brought together by Alexander Korda to make the World War I spy thriller novel of the same title by Joseph Storer Clouston into a film. Powell and Pressburger eventually made  over 20 films during the course of their partnership.

The Spy in Black stars Conrad Veidt, Valerie Hobson and Sebastian Shaw, with Marius Goring and Torin Thatcher as two German submarine officers. Grant Sutherland, a minister in Powell's The Edge of the World (1937), appears in this film as a Scottish air raid warden.
Al-Mishtaya
Al-Mishtaya (Arabic: المشتاية) is a village in northwestern Syria, administratively part of the Homs Governorate, located west of Homs and north of the border with Lebanon. Nearby localities include al-Husn to the southeast, Zweitina to the west, Marmarita to the northwest and al-Nasirah to the north. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), al-Mishtaya had a population of 1,002 in the 2004 census. Its inhabitants are predominantly Greek Orthodox Christians.

Saint George's Monastery in Al-Mishtaya is considered one of the main tourist attraction in the region of Valley of Christians.

Marmarita
Marmarita (Arabic: مرمريتا, Marmarītā) is a village in northwestern Syria, located west of Homs. Marmarita is one of the largest villages in Wadi al-Nasara ("Valley of the Christians"), a region north of Talkalakh. In 2004, Marmarita had a population of 2,206, according to the Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS). Its inhabitants are predominantly Greek Orthodox and Greek Catholic Christians and is one of the largest Christian villages in the Wadi al-Nasara ('valley of the Christians'). Marmarita is a popular summer destination and tourist attraction in Syria. The village has been part of the Homs Governorate since 1953; prior to that, it was part of the Latakia Governorate. The village has three Greek Orthodox Church, a Greek Catholic Church and a Protestant Church.
Union Mios Biganos-Bègles Handball
Union Mios Biganos-Bègles Handball is a French handball club from Mios, Gironde playing in nearby Biganos. Established in 2013, it is best known for its women's team, which has played in the country's premier league since 1996.

In 2009 Mios won its first national trophy, the Coupe de France, whose final had previously reached in 1998 and 1999. Two years later it won the 2011 EHF Challenge Cup, its first EHF international title, beating Muratpaşa Bld. SK in the final. Most recently it reached the 2012 Coupe de la Ligue's final, but lost to HF Arvor 29. The club's best result in the national championship to date is a 4th position, attained in four occasions between 1997 and 2011.

Coupe de France (women's handball)
The Coupe de France féminine de handball is an annual national cup competition for French women's handball clubs. Its champion used to qualify for the EHF Cup Winners' Cup and now qualifies for the Women's EHF European League. Organized by the French Handball Federation, it first took place in 1984-1985, but it has been discontinued on several occasions.

It is contested by all clubs based in France and French overseas territories.

Metz Handball is the competition's most successful club as of 2024 with 13 titles, followed by ES Besançon with four.
Ukuma Taʻai
Ukuma Ta'ai (born 17 January 1987) is a Tongan former professional rugby league footballer who last played as a second-row, loose forward or prop for Newcastle Thunder in the RFL Championship on DR loan in a player-coach role from the York Knights in the Super league, and Tonga at international level.

He previously played for the New Zealand Warriors in the NRL and the Huddersfield Giants in the Super League.

Newcastle Thunder
Newcastle Thunder is a professional rugby league club based in Newcastle upon Tyne, England. It was founded in 2000 as Gateshead Thunder, after the merger of the original Gateshead Thunder into Hull F.C. in 1999. The Thunder were based in Gateshead until 2014. In 2015, the club relocated and changed its name to Newcastle Thunder.

In 2024, the Newcastle Thunder made a return to Gateshead as their playing base. For 2025 they will play their home games at Crow Trees Ground in Swalwell, home of Blaydon RFC. The club currently competes in the Championship.
Totnes railway station
Totnes railway station serves the town of Totnes in Devon, England. It was opened by the South Devon Railway Company in 1847. Situated on the Exeter to Plymouth Line, it is located 222 miles 66 chains (222.83 mi; 358.6 km) down the line from London Paddington via Box.

Penzance railway station
Penzance railway station (Cornish: Pennsans) serves the town of Penzance in west Cornwall, England. It is the terminus of the Cornish Main Line and the southernmost railway station in Great Britain, situated at milepost 326.5 miles (525.5 km) from London Paddington. The station is owned by Network Rail and managed by Great Western Railway, which also operates train services together with CrossCountry.

The first station opened in 1852; through travel to and from London commenced from 1859, with the opening of the Royal Albert Bridge. The station was rebuilt by the Great Western Railway in 1876 and the current layout was the result of a further rebuilding in the 1930s.
Tip on a Dead Jockey and Other Stories
Tip on a Dead Jockey and Other Stories is a collection of short fiction by Irwin Shaw published by Random House in 1957.

The stories in this fifth collection are reflective of Shaw's "voluntary exile" in Paris in the post-war years, and the experiences of his fellow American expatriates in Europe. The title piece "Tip on a Dead Jockey" is among Shaw's most admired short stories.

The story was adapted to a film of the same name by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1957 and starring Robert Taylor and Dorothy Malone.

Post-war
A post-war or postwar period is the period immediately following the end of a war. The term usually refers to a varying period of time after World War II, which ended in 1945. A post-war period can become an interwar period or interbellum, when a war between the same parties resumes at a later date (such as the period between World War I and World War II). By contrast, a post-war period marks the cessation of armed conflict entirely.
Dhruvasangamam
Dhruvasangamam (transl. Poles adjoin) is a 1981 Indian Malayalam-language drama film directed by J. Sasikumar and written by S. L. Puram Sadanandan from a story by Jessie Rasquinha who also produced the film. It stars Sukumaran, Shubha, Mohanlal, K. P. Ummer, and Manavalan Joseph. The film features songs composed by Raveendran and background score by Guna Singh.

K. P. Ummer
Kachinamthoduka Puthiyapurayil Ummer  known as K. P. Ummer (11 October 1930 - 29 October 2001) was an Indian actor from Thekkepuram quarter of Kozhikode, Kerala, India. He was active in the Malayalam cinema from the early sixties until the late nineties.

He was born to T. Mohamed Koya and Beevi on 11 October 1930 in Kozhikode. His first film was Rarichan Enna Pauran (1956). He frequently played the villain opposite Prem Nazir, who played the hero. Ummer was also a character artist in the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s. In 1967, he did his first character role in the film Udhyogastha directed by P. Venu. Later he worked in many of Venu's films.

Ummer was a professional drama actor of K.P.A.C. and other troupes. He was a brilliant football player.

K. P. Ummer was the first actor in Kerala to turn down a state government award. The K. P. Ummer Anusmarana Samithi created an award instituted in his memory  for the people who contribute to Malayalam movies.
Mauidrillia secta
Mauidrillia secta is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Horaiclavidae. Fossils of the species date to the late Eocene strata of the St Vincent Basin of South Australia, and the Otway Basin of South Australia and Victoria.

Priabonian
The Priabonian is, in the ICS's geologic timescale, the latest age or the upper stage of the Eocene Epoch or Series. It spans the time between 37.71 and 33.9 Ma. The Priabonian is preceded by the Bartonian and is followed by the Rupelian, the lowest stage of the Oligocene.

Priabona, an extinct dipteran of Pipunculidae family, is named after Priabonian, the age of deposits from which this insect is known.
Auchenoglanis
Auchenoglanis is a genus of relatively large, up to 70 cm (2.3 ft) SL, claroteid catfishes native to various freshwater habitats in Africa.

Auchenoglanis is a primitive member of the subfamily Auchenoglanidinae (also includes Notoglanidium and Parauchenoglanis) and represents a stem group.

Species of this genus occur predominantly in the Nilo-Sudan region and Western Africa, but also in the Congo River, Lakes Albert and Tanganyika.

Auchenoglanis species mainly feed on insect aquatic larvae and eventually on small mollusks, alevin, and swimming insects. These feeding habits should also enable them to stand a relatively wide range of ecological conditions.

Parauchenoglanis
Parauchenoglanis is a genus of claroteid catfishes native to Africa.

The range of the genus Parauchenoglanis stretches from the coastal lowlands of Benin and Nigeria to the Okavango and upper Zambezi River systems in Botswana and Zambia.
Johnsons, California
41°21′01″N 123°52′19″W﻿ / ﻿41.35028°N 123.87194°W﻿ / 41.35028; -123.87194

Johnsons (formerly, Klamath) is an unincorporated community in Humboldt County, California. It is located on the Klamath River 14 miles (23 km) northwest of Weitchpec, at an elevation of 180 feet (55 m).

Weitchpec, California
Weitchpec (/ˈwɛtʃpɛk/ WETCH-pek; Karuk: Ansáfriik; Yurok: Wechpues, Wech) is an unincorporated village and CDP within the Yurok reservation in Humboldt County, California, United States. It is located 35 miles (56 km) northeast of Eureka, at an elevation of 361 feet (110 m). The ZIP Code is 95546.

Weitchpec is located in the northwestern part of the state at the confluence of the Klamath and Trinity Rivers, and the junction of State Highways 96 and 169.
Nina O'Brien
Nina O'Brien (born November 29, 1997) is an American World Cup alpine ski racer and specializes in the technical events of giant slalom and slalom.

O'Brien competed for the United States at the 2022 Winter Olympics, and was in sixth place in the giant slalom after the first run. She crashed near the finish of the second run, suffering multiple leg fractures. O’Brien rehabbed from this devastating injury and returned to competition, teaming up with Paula Moltzan, Tommy Ford, and River Radamus to win gold in the team event at the 2023 World Championships. In her second Olympic experience at the 2026 Milano-Cortina games, she recorded her best finish of 20th in the giant slalom.

River Radamus
River Radamus (born February 12, 1998) is an American World Cup alpine ski racer from Colorado. He is a three-time Youth Olympic Games gold medalist and a two-time Junior World Champion. At the World Cup level, Radamus focuses on giant slalom, and also competes in super-G and slalom. He is the son of Aldo Radamus, former U.S. Ski Team coach and Team Summit Colorado Alpine Program Director.

Radamus represented the United States at the 2022 Winter Olympics, and just missed a medal, finishing fourth in the giant slalom.