hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Spectrum (physical sciences)
In the physical sciences, spectrum describes any continuous range of either frequency or wavelength values.  The term  initially referred to the range of observed colors as white light is dispersed through a prism — introduced to optics by Isaac Newton in the 17th century.

The concept was later expanded to other waves, such as sound waves and sea waves that also present a variety of frequencies and wavelengths (e.g., noise spectrum, sea wave spectrum). Starting from Fourier analysis, the concept of spectrum expanded to signal theory, where the signal can be graphed as a function of frequency and information can be placed in selected ranges of frequency. Presently, any quantity directly dependent on, and measurable along the range of, a continuous independent variable can be graphed along its range or spectrum.  Examples are the range of electron energy in electron spectroscopy or the range of mass-to-charge ratio in mass spectrometry.

Sound
Sound is a phenomenon in which pressure disturbances propagate through a transmission medium. In the context of physics, it is characterised as a mechanical wave of pressure or related quantities (e.g. displacement), whereas in physiological-psychological contexts it refers to the reception of such waves and their perception by the brain. Though sensitivity to sound varies among all organisms, the human ear is sensitive to frequencies ranging from 20 Hz to 20 kHz. Examples of the significance and application of sound include music, medical imaging techniques, oral language and parts of science.
Óscar Espinosa Villarreal
Óscar Espinosa Villarreal (born 23 November 1953) is a Mexican former politician who served as the last Regent of Mexico City from 1994 to 1997 and Mexico's Secretary of Tourism from 1997 to 2000. In March 2000, he was accused of embezzling 420 million pesos from the city treasury by approving large financial transfers to an aide. In August, he resigned as Secretary of Tourism and disappeared. In November, he fled to Nicaragua seeking political asylum. However, he was extradited back to Mexico in August 2001. In 2005, he was sentenced to prison for 7½ years for embezzlement, as well as misuse of public funds as Secretary of Tourism.

Embezzlement
Embezzlement (from Anglo-Norman, from Old French besillier ("to torment, etc."), of unknown origin) is a type of financial crime, usually involving theft of money from a business or employer. It often involves a trusted individual taking advantage of their position to steal funds or assets, most commonly over a period of time.
E-Clearance for Afterlife Remains
The e-Clearance for Afterlife Remains (e-CARe) is an Indian government portal. It was established to conduct clearance procedures electronically to ensure timely transportation of human remains across international borders, for public and their families in India. It is owned and operated by the International Health Division of the Ministry of Health.

It  was established in October 2023, by Mansukh Mandaviya, minister of health at the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare in India..

Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW) is a ministry of the Government of India charged with health policy in India. It is also responsible for all government programs relating to family planning in India.

The Minister of Health and Family Welfare holds cabinet rank as a member of the Council of Ministers. The current minister is  Jagat Prakash Nadda, while the current Minister of State for Health are Anupriya Patel and Prataprao Ganpatrao Jadhav.

Since 1955, the Ministry regularly publishes the Indian Pharmacopoeia through the Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission (IPC), an autonomous body for setting standards for drugs, pharmaceuticals and healthcare devices and technologies in India.
James Baron
James Baron (born June 8, 1973) is an American former professional football defensive lineman in the Arena Football League. He was the Arena Football League Players Association's (AFLPA) president as well.

In his career, Baron has played for the Detroit Lions, the Nashville Kats, the Chicago Bears, and the Chicago Rush.  He was one of only two players to play in all 80 games with the original Nashville Kats franchise, including ten postseason contests, quarterback Andy Kelly being the other.  He also had a streak of 131 consecutive games played (including playoffs), which came to an end when he missed the first two games of the 2005 season with a foot injury.  He also is the Kats' franchise leader in sacks with 34.  He also holds team records for sacks in one season with 7.0.

Andy Kelly (American football)
Andy Kelly (born June 6, 1968) is an American former football quarterback in the Arena Football League (AFL). He played in the AFL for fifteen seasons for a total of eight different teams. He also played for two seasons for the Rhein Fire of the former World League of American Football (WLAF).  He played college football at the University of Tennessee from 1988 to 1991.
Superconducting wire
Superconducting wires are electrical wires made of superconductive material. When cooled below their transition temperatures, they have zero electrical resistance. Most commonly, conventional superconductors such as niobium–titanium are used, but high-temperature superconductors such as YBCO are entering the market.

Superconducting wire's advantages over copper or aluminum include higher maximum current densities and zero power dissipation. Its disadvantages include the cost of refrigeration of the wires to superconducting temperatures (often requiring cryogens such as liquid nitrogen or liquid helium), the danger of the wire quenching (a sudden loss of superconductivity), the inferior mechanical properties of some superconductors, and the cost of wire materials and construction.

Its main application is in superconducting magnets, which are used in scientific and medical equipment where high magnetic fields are necessary.

Current density
In electromagnetism, current density is the amount of charge per unit time that flows through a unit area of a chosen cross section. The current density vector is defined as a vector whose magnitude is the electric current per cross-sectional area at a given point in space, its direction being that of the motion of the positive charges at this point. In SI base units, the electric current density is measured in amperes per meter square.
China National Highway 318
China National Highway 318 (G318) is a trunk road in China that runs east-west from Shanghai in East China to Zhangmu on the China-Nepal border. It is the longest of the China National Highways at 5,476 kilometres (3,403 mi) in length and runs west from Huangpu District, Shanghai towards Zhejiang, Anhui, Hubei, Chongqing, Sichuan, and ends in Tibet Autonomous Region.  From Lhasa to Zhangmu it is also called Friendship Highway.
From  Markam to Zogang it shares the highway with G214.
At the Sino-Nepal Friendship Bridge, it connects with the 115 km long Araniko Highway
to Kathmandu.

The route is popular with tourists due to the wide variety of biomes, cultural areas, and natural scenery.

National highways of China
The China National Highways (CNH/Guodao) (simplified Chinese: 中华人民共和国国道; traditional Chinese: 中華人民共和國國道; pinyin: Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó Guódào) is a network of trunk roads across mainland China. Established to facilitate transportation and economic development, the system includes north–south and east–west arterial highways, expressways, and local roads. By 2024, the network encompasses over 1.9 million kilometers of highways, making it one of the most extensive in the world. Key milestones include the completion of major expressways by 2008 and ongoing expansions to enhance connectivity, especially in western and less developed areas.

Apart from the expressways of China that were planned and constructed later, most of the CNH are not controlled-access highways.
JA Vichy Basket
Jeanne d'Arc de Vichy Basket, most commonly known as JA Vichy or JAV, is a French professional basketball club that is based in Vichy. The team currently plays in the Pro B, the second highest professional division in France. The club was formed in 2015 after a merger of JA Vichy and Stade Clermontois BA The merger ends in October 2023. The club becomes JA Vichy again.

Élite 2 (basketball)
The Élite 2 is the second-tier level men's professional basketball league in France. It is the second division of the Ligue Nationale de Basket (LNB), which has organized the league since the year 1987. The regular season champion and the winner of the promotion playoffs from each Élite 2 season are promoted to the top-tier level LNB Élite, replaced by the bottom two teams in LNB Élite. The two last placed teams are relegated to the third level, which is the NM1.
Paul Loverde
Paul Stephen Loverde JCL, S.T.L. (born September 3, 1940) is an American prelate of the Catholic Church. Loverde served as bishop of the Diocese of Arlington in Northern Virginia from 1998 to 2016.

Loverde previously served as bishop of the Diocese of Ogdensburg in Northern New York from 1993 to 1998 and as an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Hartford in Connecticut from 1988 to 1993.

Licentiate of Sacred Theology
Licentiate in Sacred Theology (Latin: Licentia in Sacra Theologia; abbreviated LTh or STL) is the second of three ecclesiastical degrees in theology (the first being the Baccalaureate in Sacred Theology and the third being the Doctorate in Sacred Theology) which are conferred by a number of pontifical faculties around the world. In the civil system, the licentiate would be considered similar to the coursework and exams of a Doctor of Philosophy program. The licentiate degree comes with attendant canonical effects in the Catholic Church, specifically granting the holder the right to teach in Catholic seminaries and schools of theology.
Claude (singer)
Claude Kiambe (born 16 September 2003), known simply as Claude (/klaʊd/ ⓘ; Dutch pronunciation: [klʌu̯t] ⓘ), is a Congolese-born Dutch singer-songwriter. His debut single "Ladada (Mon dernier mot)" topped the Dutch Singles Chart in 2022, followed by a further four charting singles. His debut album, Parler français, was released in 2024. He represented the Netherlands in the Eurovision Song Contest 2025 with the song "C'est la vie".

Dutch Top 40
The Dutch Top 40 (Dutch: Nederlandse Top 40) is a weekly music popularity chart compiled by Stichting Nederlandse Top 40. It was first published and broadcast on 2 January 1965 by Radio Veronica, a Dutch offshore radio station that had been looking for a reliable weekly chart based on Dutch record sales. The Veronica Top 40 - as the chart was titled until 1974 - was conceived by Veronica DJ Joost den Draaijer while on a business trip to New York in 1964. The chart was broadcast every Saturday afternoon and was issued as a printed leaflet ("Het gedrukte exemplaar") (something Den Draaijer had seen in the US) which fans could get for free from their local record store.

It is currently broadcast by Dutch radio station Q Music every Friday afternoon. In 2025 it celebrated its 60th anniversary, making it one of the oldest music charts in the world that did not change format or length during its existence.
Lia Epperson
Lia Beth Epperson (born 1971 or 1972) is an American civil rights lawyer and professor of law at American University Washington College of Law. She previously served as the senior associate dean for faculty and academic affairs at the law school. Epperson served as director for education litigation and policy at the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund from 2001 to 2005. Her scholarship focuses primarily on federal courts and educational policies with regard to race. Epperson was a senior fellow at the Center for American Progress and an Institute of Advanced Studies Fellow at Collegium de Lyon. Epperson has authored multiple amicus briefs for the Supreme Court of the United States related to affirmative action and education law.

NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund
The NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc. (NAACP LDF, the Legal Defense Fund, or LDF) is an American civil rights organization and law firm based in New York City.

LDF is wholly independent and separate from the NAACP. Although LDF can trace its origins to the legal department of the NAACP created by Charles Hamilton Houston in the 1930s, Thurgood Marshall founded LDF as a separate legal entity in 1940, which became totally independent from the NAACP in 1957.

Janai Nelson serves as the eighth President and Director-Counsel, since March 2022. Previous Director-Counsels include Sherrilyn Ifill (2012–2022), John Payton (2008–2012), Ted Shaw (2004–2008), Elaine Jones (1993–2004), Julius Levonne Chambers (1984–1993), Jack Greenberg (1961–1984), and founder Thurgood Marshall (1940–1961).
ASC Saloum
Association Sportive et Culturelle Saloum is a Senegalese football club based in Kaolack.

Its uniform colors features a red-black striped t-shirt with red-edged black shorts and socks with red stripes on top used during home games and a white t-shirt with red sleeves and black rims and white for the rest of the clothing used during away and alternate games.

Kaolack
Kaolack (Arabic: كاولاك; Wolof: Kawlax) is a town with a population of 298,904 (2023 census) on the north bank of the Saloum River about 100 kilometres (62 mi) from its mouth and the N1 road in Senegal. It is the capital of the Kaolack Region, which borders The Gambia to the south. 
Kaolack is an important regional market town and is Senegal's main peanut trading and processing center. As the center of the Ibrahimiyya branch of the Tijaniyyah Sufi order founded by Ibrayima Ñas, it is also a major center of Islamic education. The Leona Niassene mosque (right) in Kaolack is one of the largest and best known in Senegal.
Keystone Building (Aurora, Illinois)
The Keystone Building in Aurora, Illinois is a building from 1922. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. The structure is one of two buildings on Stolp Island designed by George Grant Elmslie, the other one being the Graham Building. In addition, there are three other buildings within Aurora that share the same architect, (the Old Second National Bank, the Healy Chapel, and the German-American Bank) making Aurora, Illinois the biggest collection of Elmslie's commercial buildings.

George Grant Elmslie
George Grant Elmslie (February 20, 1869 – April 23, 1952) was a Scottish-born American architect who was part of the Prairie School. His works are mostly found in the Midwestern United States. He worked with Louis Sullivan and later with William Gray Purcell as a partner in the firm  Purcell & Elmslie.
German submarine U-208
German submarine U-208 was a Type VIIC U-boat of the Kriegsmarine during World War II. The submarine was laid down on 5 August 1940 by the Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft yard at Kiel as yard number 637, launched on 21 May 1941 and commissioned on 5 July under the command of Oberleutnant zur See Alfred Schlieper.

She was sunk on 7 December 1941 by ships of the British Royal Navy.

Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft
Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft (often just called Germaniawerft, "Germania shipyard") was a German shipbuilding company, located in the harbour at Kiel, and one of the largest and most important builders of U-boats for the Kaiserliche Marine in World War I and the Kriegsmarine in World War II. The original company was founded in 1867 but went bankrupt and was bought out by Friedrich Krupp. Krupp was very interested in building warships and in the time before the First World War built a number of battleships for the Kaiserliche Marine, including SMS Posen, SMS Prinzregent Luitpold, SMS Kronprinz, and SMS Sachsen. A total of 84 U-boats were built in the shipyard during the war. After the war it returned to the normal production of yachts and transports.
Baxter Street
Baxter Street (Chinese: 巴士特街; pinyin: bāshìtè jiē) is a narrow thoroughfare that runs in a north–south direction in the borough of Manhattan in New York City, United States. It lies between Mulberry Street and Centre Street. It runs through Little Italy and the edge of Chinatown. Today, it runs one-way southbound from Grand Street to Hogan Place, and one-way northbound for its southernmost block from Worth Street to Hogan Place.

Originally named Orange Street, Baxter Street was famous as the primary street forming the notorious Five Points intersection (originally a regular corner of Orange and Cross Streets, and then, Anthony Street, which was later renamed Worth Street, was cut through to the intersection in 1817, bisecting one of the four corners into two, so that the resulting junction consisted of five 'points' on a map). The street is named after Lt. Colonel Charles Baxter, a hero of the Mexican War who was killed in Chapultepec in 1849.

Five Points, Manhattan
Five Points (or The Five Points) was a 19th-century neighborhood in Lower Manhattan, New York City. The neighborhood, partly built on low-lying land that had filled in the freshwater lake known as the Collect Pond, was generally defined as being bound by Centre Street to the west, the Bowery to the east, Canal Street to the north, and Park Row to the south. The Five Points gained notoriety as a densely populated, disease-ridden, crime-infested slum that existed for over 70 years.

Through the 20th century, the former Five Points area was gradually redeveloped, with streets changed or closed. The area is now occupied by the Civic Center to the west and south, which includes major federal, state, and city facilities. To the east and north, the former Five Points neighborhood is now part of Manhattan's Chinatown.
Avi Gil
Avi Gil (Hebrew: אבי גיל; born January 11, 1955) is a former Israeli diplomat who served as director general of The Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Since 2003 he as a Senior Fellow at the Jewish People Policy Institute (JPPI).

Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Israel)
The Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Hebrew: מִשְׂרַד הַחוּץ, romanized: Misrad HaHutz; Arabic: وزارة الخارجية الإسرائيلية) is one of the most important ministries in the Israeli government. The ministry's role is to implement Israel's foreign policy, and promote economic, cultural, and scientific relations with other countries.

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs is located in the government complex in Givat Ram, Jerusalem. Gideon Sa'ar currently holds the Foreign Ministry post.
Rubí, Spain
Rubí (Catalan pronunciation: [ruˈβi]) is a municipality in Catalonia (Spain), in the comarca of Vallès Occidental and the province of Barcelona, 15 kilometers from Barcelona. It is bordered on the north by Terrassa and Ullastrell, on the south by Sant Cugat del Vallès, on the west by Castellbisbal and on the east by Sant Quirze del Vallès.

Sant Quirze del Vallès
Sant Quirze del Vallès (Catalan pronunciation: [ˌsaŋ ˈkiɾzə ðəl βəˈʎɛs]) is a town located in the comarca of the Vallès Occidental, province of Barcelona, Catalonia.

It is located about 12 miles away from the capital city, Barcelona. Sant Quirze is a residential town populated by approximately 20,000 people with a density of 1.432,27 hab/km², and has grown since the end of the 1990s onwards. It shares borders with Sabadell, Rubí, Terrassa and Sant Cugat, among others, which are important towns within the Barcelona area, since they form Catalonia's most important industrial area and probably also Spain's.

Sant Quirze del Vallès is located near the mountain range of the Serra dels Galliners. It has direct access to C58 highway to Barcelona, among others like C58 Manresa and AP7 highway to Girona, Tarragona and Lleida.
St Johns Park High School
St Johns Park High School (abbreviated as SJPHS) is a government-funded co-educational comprehensive secondary day school, located on Mimosa Road in Greenfield Park, a south-western suburb of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

Established in 1978, the school caters to approximately 900 students from Year 7 to Year 12, many of whom come from a language background other than English. The school is operated by the New South Wales Department of Education.

Education in Australia
Education in Australia encompasses the sectors of early childhood education (preschool and pre-primary) and primary education (primary schools), followed by secondary education (high schools and senior high schools), and finally tertiary education, which includes higher education (universities and other higher education providers) and vocational education (registered training organisations). Regulation and funding of education is primarily the responsibility of the States and territories; however, the Australian Government also contributes to funding.

Education in Australia is compulsory between the ages of four, five, or six and fifteen, sixteen or seventeen, depending on the state or territory and the date of birth.
Myrtille Georges
Myrtille Georges (French pronunciation: [miʁtij ʒɔʁʒ]; born 21 December 1990) is a French tennis player.

She has career-high WTA rankings of 168 in singles (achieved on 18 July 2016) and world No. 287 in doubles (21 August 2017). She won nine singles and six doubles titles on the ITF Women's World Tennis Tour.

WTA rankings
The WTA rankings are the ratings defined by the Women's Tennis Association, introduced in November 1975. The computer that calculates the ranking is nicknamed "Medusa".

Aryna Sabalenka is the current world No. 1 in women's singles.
Marathon (2026 video game)
Marathon is an upcoming first-person shooter video game developed by Bungie and co-published by Sony Interactive Entertainment and Bungie. Announced in May 2023, the game will be the first new entry in Bungie's original Marathon series since the release of Marathon Infinity (1996). The new Marathon is being developed as a multiplayer extraction shooter with a focus on player versus player (PvP) gameplay, and loot extraction mechanics. It is set to be released for PlayStation 5, Windows, and Xbox Series X/S on March 5, 2026.

Player versus player
Player versus player (PvP) is a type of multiplayer interactive conflict within a game between human players. This is often compared to player versus environment (PvE), in which the game itself controls its players' opponents and is usually offline, whereas PvP tends to be online. The terms are most often used in games where both activities exist, particularly MMORPGs, MUDs, and other role-playing video games, to distinguish between game modes. PvP can be broadly used to describe any game, or aspect of a game, where players compete against each other. PvP is often controversial when used in role-playing games. In most cases, there are vast differences in abilities between players. PvP can even encourage experienced players to immediately attack and kill inexperienced players. PvP is often referred to as player killing in the cases of games which contain, but do not focus on, such interaction.
Anand (actor)
Anand is an Indian actor who works predominantly in Telugu, Tamil, and Malayalam films along with a few Kannada films. He has also acted in several Malayalam TV shows.

The actor's biggest film till date is Mani Ratnam's black comedy film Thiruda Thiruda (1993), but unlike his co-stars of that film, it failed to translate into a breakthrough for him. He has also played second lead roles and supporting characters in several films including Kamal Haasan's Sathyaa and Vijayakanth's Poonthotta Kaavalkaaran.

Sathyaa
Sathyaa is a 1988 Indian Tamil-language gangster film directed by Suresh Krissna in his directorial debut and produced by Kamal Haasan under Raaj Kamal Films International. A remake of the 1985 Hindi film Arjun, the film stars Kamal Haasan, Amala Akkineni, Rajesh, Janagaraj, Bahadoor and Kitty.

Sathyaa was released on 29 January 1988 and became one of the highest-grossing Tamil films of the year. Kitty won the Cinema Express Award for Best Villain Actor. A spiritual successor titled Dha Dha 87 was released in 2019.