hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Invasion of Courland (1658)
The Invasion of Courland (1658) (Swedish: Invasionen av Kurland) was a Swedish campaign against the Duchy of Courland in 1658. It was led by Robert Douglas and resulted in the Swedes occupying Courland, capturing Mitau and the Duke of Courland. The initial invasion only lasted a few months, however the Swedes remained in Courland for 2 years.

Robert Douglas, Count of Skenninge
Robert Douglas (17 March 1611 – 28 May 1662), Count of Skenninge, Baron of Skalby, was a Scottish cavalry general during the Thirty Years' War who rose to the rank of field marshal (1657–1662) in the Swedish-Polish wars that followed. He founded the Swedish branch of Clan Douglas.
Jean-Baptiste Olivier
Jean-Baptiste Olivier (French pronunciation: [ʒɑ̃ batist ɔlivje]; 25 December 1765 – 27 September 1813) enlisted in the French Royal Army as foot soldier in 1781. During the French Revolutionary Wars he was promoted general of brigade, fighting at Kaiserslautern, Fleurus, and Neuwied. He famously observed the action at Fleurus from a hot air balloon. In 1799 he transferred to the Army of Naples as a general of division. He fought at the Trebbia where he was severely wounded, losing a leg. During the Napoleonic Wars he held military commands in the interior and was appointed Baron of the Empire and Grand Officer of the Légion d'honneur. He died in 1813. Olivier is one of the names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe.

Battle of Neuwied (1797)
The Battle of Neuwied (18 April 1797) saw Lazare Hoche lead part of the French Army of Sambre-et-Meuse against Franz von Werneck's Austrian army. The French attack surprised their enemies and broke through their lines. Aside from 1,000 men killed and wounded, Austrian losses included at least 3,000 prisoners, 24 artillery pieces, 60 vehicles, and five colors. For their part, the French lost 2,000 men killed, wounded, and captured. The losses were in vain because Napoleon Bonaparte signed the Preliminaries of Leoben with Austria the same day. The armistice halted the fighting so that both sides could negotiate a peace. The action occurred during the War of the First Coalition, part of the French Revolutionary Wars.
Nakhchivan Literature Museum
The Nakhchivan Literature Museum (Azerbaijani: Naxçıvan Ədəbiyyat Muzeyi) is a museum, research center and educational institution in Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan. The Nakhchivan Literature Museum is named after the Azerbaijani journalist, educator and satiric writer Jalil Mammadguluzadeh.

Nakhchivan (city)
Nakhchivan (Azerbaijani: Naxçıvan Azerbaijani pronunciation: [nɑxtʃɯˈvɑn]; Armenian: Նախիջևան, romanized: Nakhijevan) is the capital and largest city of the eponymous Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, a true exclave of Azerbaijan, located 450 km (280 mi) west of Baku. The municipality of Nakhchivan consists of the city of Nakhchivan, the settlement of Əliabad and the villages of Başbaşı, Bulqan, Haciniyyət, Qaraçuq, Qaraxanbəyli, Tumbul, Qarağalıq, and Daşduz. It is spread over the foothills of Zangezur Mountains, on the right bank of the Nakhchivan River at an altitude of 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level.
Sparsely totient number
In mathematics, specifically number theory, a sparsely totient number is a natural number, n, such that for all m > n,

where  is Euler's totient function.  The first few sparsely totient numbers are:

2, 6, 12, 18, 30, 42, 60, 66, 90, 120, 126, 150, 210, 240, 270, 330, 420, 462, 510, 630, 660, 690, 840, 870, 1050, 1260, 1320, 1470, 1680, 1890, 2310, 2730, 2940, 3150, 3570, 3990, 4620, 4830, 5460, 5610, 5670, 6090, 6930, 7140, 7350, 8190, 9240, 9660, 9870, ... (sequence A036913 in the OEIS).

The concept was introduced by David Masser and Peter Man-Kit Shiu in 1986. As they showed, every primorial is sparsely totient.

David Masser
David William Masser (born 8 November 1948) FRS is Professor Emeritus in the Department of Mathematics and Computer Science at the University of Basel. He is known for his work in transcendental number theory, Diophantine approximation, and Diophantine geometry. With Joseph Oesterlé in 1985, Masser formulated the abc conjecture, which has been called "the most important unsolved problem in Diophantine analysis".
2024 Ukrainian Cup final
The 2024 Ukrainian Cup final was the 31st final match of the annual Ukrainian football cup competition. It was played on 15 May 2024 at the Avanhard Stadium in Rivne. This is the first time the cup final would be held in Rivne.

With still ongoing full-scale invasion of Ukraine by the Russian Federation, this final was the first one since the start of the invasion in February of 2022 and the 9th since the start of the war in 2014.

Avanhard Stadium (Rivne)
Avanhard Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Rivne, Ukraine.  It is currently used mostly for football matches, and is the home of NK Veres Rivne. Since March 2019 the stadium is closed for reconstruction.

In 2016, the stadium held 4,650 spectators. After the reconstruction, the capacity is planned to be 14,000 spectators.
Every Open Eye
Every Open Eye is the second studio album by Scottish synth-pop band Chvrches. It was released on 25 September 2015 by Virgin EMI Records and Goodbye Records. Self-produced, it is the band's follow-up to their critically acclaimed debut album, The Bones of What You Believe (2013). The album title comes from a lyric in the song "Clearest Blue". The album received positive reviews from music critics and was listed on several year-end best-of lists.

The Bones of What You Believe
The Bones of What You Believe is the debut studio album by Scottish synth-pop band Chvrches, released on 20 September 2013 by Virgin Records and Goodbye Records. Recorded between 2011 and 2013 in Glasgow, the album was written, composed, and produced by the band as a collaborative effort. It was made available as both a 12-track standard edition and an 18-track special version, the latter including two extra songs, two remixes and two live videos. The album was debuted with a launch party broadcast live on music streaming platform Boiler Room.
Matthew Shirk
Matthew Aaron Shirk (born July 9, 1973) is an American lawyer who previously served as the public defender for Florida's Fourth Judicial Circuit. He was elected to the position, which covers Clay, Duval, and Nassau Counties, in 2008 and lost re-election in 2016. He is currently under investigation by the Florida Bar for actions while in office. In August 2022 the Florida Supreme Court unanimously approved suspending Shirk from practicing law for one year.

Angela Corey
Angela Corey (born October 31, 1954) is a former Florida State's Attorney for the Fourth Judicial Circuit Court, which includes Duval, Nassau and Clay counties—including Jacksonville and the core of its metropolitan area.  She was elected in 2008 as the first woman to hold the position, and was defeated on August 30, 2016, by Melissa Nelson, the second woman to hold the position. Corey was catapulted into the national spotlight on March 22, 2012, when Florida Governor Rick Scott announced that she would be the newly assigned State Attorney investigating the shooting death of Trayvon Martin (replacing State Attorney Norm Wolfinger).

On August 30, 2016, Corey lost her re-election primary to Republican challenger and former Nassau County prosecutor Melissa Nelson by nearly 50,000 votes, a margin of 38 percentage points.
Japanese destroyer Asashimo
Asashimo (朝霜; "Morning Frost") was a Yūgumo-class destroyer of the Imperial Japanese Navy. Asashimo sank the submarine USS Trout on 29 February 1944, survived the battles of Leyte Gulf and Ormoc Bay, and was finally among the several ships sunk during Operation Ten-Go by attacking US aircraft on 7 April 1945.

Battle of Ormoc Bay
The Battle of Ormoc Bay was a series of air-sea battles between Imperial Japan and the United States in the Camotes Sea in the Philippines from 9 November to 21 December 1944, at Ormoc, part of the Battle of Leyte in the Pacific campaign of World War II. The battles resulted from Japanese operations to reinforce and resupply their forces on Leyte and U.S. attempts to interdict them.
Sultan Ali Keshtmand
Sultan Ali Keshtmand (Dari: سلطان‌علی کشتمند; born 22 May 1935), sometimes transliterated Kishtmand, is an Afghan communist politician, belonging to the Parcham faction of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA). He served twice as the Chairman of the Council of Ministers during the 1980s, from 1981 to 1988 and from 1989 to 1990 in the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan.

Council of Ministers of the Republic of Afghanistan
The Council of Ministers was the governmental organ in the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (later the Republic of Afghanistan). The leader of the Council of Ministers chose ministers for the different ministerial posts in the country. Under the leadership of Nur Mohammad Taraki, Hafizullah Amin and Babrak Karmal the council underwent massive changes. Under the rule of Karmal, there were 20 out of 24 ministers that belonged to the Parcham faction and the remaining belonged to the Khalq faction. All Afghan ministers had seats in the council.
DESY
DESY, short for Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (English: German Electron Synchrotron), is a national research centre for fundamental science located in Hamburg and Zeuthen near Berlin in Germany. It operates particle accelerators used to investigate the structure, dynamics and function of matter, and conducts a broad spectrum of interdisciplinary scientific research in four main areas: particle and high energy physics; photon science; astroparticle physics; and the development, construction and operation of particle accelerators. Its name refers to its first project, an electron synchrotron. DESY is publicly financed by the Federal Republic of Germany and the Federal States of Hamburg and Brandenburg and is a member of the Helmholtz Association.

Basic research
Basic research, also called pure research, fundamental research, basic science, or pure science, is a type of scientific research with the aim of improving scientific theories for better understanding and prediction of natural or other phenomena.  In contrast, applied research uses scientific theories to develop technology or techniques, which can be used to intervene and alter natural or other phenomena. Though often driven simply by curiosity, basic research often fuels the technological innovations of applied science. The two aims are often practiced simultaneously in coordinated research and development.

In addition to innovations, basic research serves to provide insights and public support of nature, possibly improving conservation efforts. Technological innovations may influence engineering concepts, such as the beak of a kingfisher influencing the design of a high-speed bullet train.
Maastricht railway station
Maastricht railway station (Dutch: Station Maastricht [staːˈɕɔ maːˈstrɪxt]; Limburgish: Statie Mestreech [ˈstaː˦si məˈstʀeːx]) is located in Maastricht in Limburg, Netherlands. It is the main railway station in Limburg's capital city. It is the southern terminus of the Alkmaar–Maastricht intercity service by NS. Additionally, Arriva and the Belgian NMBS serve the station with local trains.

National Railway Company of Belgium
The National Railway Company of Belgium (Dutch: Nationale Maatschappij der Belgische Spoorwegen, NMBS; French: Société nationale des chemins de fer belges, SNCB; German: Nationale Gesellschaft der Belgischen Eisenbahnen) is the national railway company of Belgium. The company formally styles itself using the Dutch and French abbreviations NMBS/SNCB. The corporate logo designed in 1936 by Henry van de Velde consists of the linguistically neutral letter B in a horizontal oval.
KMJ-FM
KMJ-FM (105.9 MHz) is a commercial radio station in Fresno, California. The station, owned by Cumulus Media, airs a news/talk radio format, simulcast with sister station KMJ (580 AM).   The studios and offices are located at the Radio City building on Shaw Avenue in North Fresno.  KMJ-FM's transmitter is off Auberry Road in Meadow Lakes, California.

Cumulus Media
Cumulus Media, Inc. is a broadcasting company of the United States and is the second largest owner and operator of AM and FM radio stations in the United States ahead of Audacy and behind iHeartMedia. As of June 2019, Cumulus lists ownership of 428 stations in 87 media markets. It also owns and operates Westwood One. Its headquarters are located in Atlanta, Georgia. Its subsidiaries include Cumulus Broadcasting LLC, Cumulus Licensing LLC and Broadcast Software International Inc.
The Genius Prince's Guide to Raising a Nation Out of Debt
The Genius Prince's Guide to Raising a Nation Out of Debt (Hey, How About Treason?) (天才王子の赤字国家再生術〜そうだ、売国しよう〜, Tensai Ōji no Akaji Kokka Saisei Jutsu ~Sō da, Baikoku Shiyō~) is a Japanese light novel series, written by Toru Toba and illustrated by fal_maro. SB Creative has released the light novel series since May 2018 under their GA Bunko label. The light novel is licensed in North America by Yen Press. A manga adaptation with art by Emuda has been serialized online since October 2019 via Square Enix's online manga magazine Manga Up!. An anime television series adaptation by Yokohama Animation Laboratory aired from January to March 2022.

GA Bunko
GA Bunko (GA文庫) is a publishing label affiliated with the Japanese publishing company SB Creative, a subsidiary of Softbank. It was established in January 2006 and is a light novel label. The label is aimed at males in their teens to their twenties.
History of robots
The history of robots has its origins in the ancient world. During the Industrial Revolution, humans developed the structural engineering capability to control electricity so that machines could be powered with small motors. In the early 20th century, the notion of a humanoid machine was developed.

The first uses of modern robots were in factories as industrial robots. These industrial robots were fixed machines capable of manufacturing tasks which allowed production with less human work. Digitally programmed industrial robots with artificial intelligence have been built since the 2000s.

Industrial robot
An industrial robot is a robot used for manufacturing. Industrial robots are automated, programmable and capable of movement on three or more axes.

Typical applications of robots include welding, painting, assembly, disassembly, pick and place for printed circuit boards, packaging and labeling, palletizing, product inspection, and testing; all accomplished with high endurance, speed, and precision. They can assist in material handling.

In the year 2024, an estimated 4,663,698 industrial robots were in operation worldwide according to the International Federation of Robotics (IFR).
Serob Grigoryan
Serob Davidovich Grigoryan (Armenian: Սերոբ Դավիթի Գրիգորյան; Russian: Сероб Давидович Григорян; born 4 February 1995) is a professional footballer who plays as a left-back for Alashkert. Born in Russia, he plays for the Armenia national team.

Armenia national football team
The Armenia national football team (Armenian: Հայաստանի ֆուտբոլի ազգային հավաքական) represents Armenia in men's international football, and is controlled by the Football Federation of Armenia, the governing body for football in Armenia.

After gaining independence from the Soviet Union, the team played its first international match on 12 October 1992. The national team has participated in the qualification of every major tournament from the UEFA Euro 1996 onwards, though they are yet to qualify for the final stages of either a UEFA European Football Championship or a FIFA World Cup. The team's main achievements have been third-place finish in the UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying stage, and being promoted to the 2022–23 UEFA Nations League B.

The primary training ground is at the Technical Center-Academy of the Football Federation of Armenia in the northern Avan District of the capital Yerevan, and the team plays their home matches at the Republican Stadium.
Rolls-Royce Buzzard
The Rolls-Royce Buzzard is a British piston aero engine of 36.7 litres (2,240 cubic inches) capacity that produced about 800 horsepower (600 kW). Designed and built by Rolls-Royce Limited it is a V12 engine of 6 in (150 mm) bore and 6.6 in (170 mm) stroke. Only 100 were made. A further development was the Rolls-Royce R engine. The Buzzard was developed by scaling-up the Rolls-Royce Kestrel Engine.

Engine displacement
Engine displacement is the measure of the cylinder volume swept by all of the pistons of a piston engine, excluding the combustion chambers. It is commonly used as an expression of an engine's size, and by extension as an indicator of the power (through mean effective pressure and rotational speed) an engine might be capable of producing and the amount of fuel it should be expected to consume. For this reason displacement is one of the measures often used in advertising, as well as regulating, motor vehicles.

It is usually expressed using the metric units of cubic centimetres (cc or cm3, equivalent to millilitres) or litres (l or L), or – particularly in the United States  – cubic inches (CID, c.i.d., cu in, or in3).
Thomas Burgherr
Thomas Burgherr (German pronunciation: [ˈtoːmas ˈbʊrɡhɛr]; born 1 August 1962) is a Swiss businessman and politician who currently serves as a member of the National Council (Switzerland) for the Swiss People's Party since 2015. He has previously served as president of the Swiss People's Party of Aargau between 2012 and 2020 being succeeded by Andreas Glarner.

National Council (Switzerland)
The National Council (German: Nationalrat; French: Conseil national; Italian: Consiglio nazionale; Romansh: Cussegl naziunal) is a house of the Federal Assembly of Switzerland, representing the people. The other house, the Council of States, represents the states. As the powers of the houses are the same, it is sometimes called perfect bicameralism. Both houses meet in the Federal Palace of Switzerland in Bern.

The National Council consists of 200 members. Adult citizens elect the council's members, who are called national Councillors, for four year terms. Members are apportioned to the cantons in proportion to their population.
Saxon III
The Saxon Class III were early, four-coupled, tender locomotives operated by the Royal Saxon State Railways for express services. The Deutsche Reichsbahn grouped these engines in 1925 into their DRG Class 34.76.

Deutsche Reichsbahn
The Deutsche Reichsbahn (German pronunciation: [ˈdɔʏtʃə ˈʁaɪçsˌbaːn]), also known as the German National Railway, the German State Railway, German Reich Railway, and the German Imperial Railway, was the German national railway system created after the end of World War I from the regional railways of the individual states of the German Empire. The Deutsche Reichsbahn has been described as "the largest enterprise in the capitalist world in the years between 1920 and 1932"; nevertheless, its importance "arises primarily from the fact that the Reichsbahn was at the center of events in a period of great turmoil in German history".
Matka (film)
Matka is a 2024 Indian Telugu-language period action thriller film written and directed by Karuna Kumar. It was produced by Vijender Reddy Teegala and Rajani Talluri, under Vyra Entertainments and SRT Entertainments, respectively. It stars Varun Tej, Meenakshi Chaudhary, and Nora Fatehi (in her Telugu cinema debut) in the lead roles. It is based on the life of the Matka gambler Ratan Khetri.

Matka was released on 14 November 2024. The film was heavily panned by critics for the narration, direction, excessive runtime, dull screenplay and underperformed at the box office.

Matka gambling
Matka gambling or satta is a form of betting and lottery which originally involved betting on the opening and closing rates of cotton transmitted from the New York Cotton Exchange to the Bombay Cotton Exchange. It originates from before the Partition of India when it was known as Ankada Jugar ("figures gambling"). In the 1960s, the system was replaced with other ways of generating random numbers, including pulling slips from a large earthenware pot known as a matka, or dealing with playing cards.

Matka gambling is illegal in India.
Louisiana road (Croatia)
The Louisiana road (Croatian: Lujzijana, Lujzinska cesta) is a roadway in Croatia, built between 1803 and 1812 by an association of noble families (Lichtenstein, Dietrichstein, Esterházy, Harrach, Batthyány, Anna Maria Erdődy) and designed by Josef Philipp Vukassovich. The road was finished by the French Empire. It is named after Napoleon's second wife Marie Louise.

It linked Rijeka with Karlovac through Grobničko polje, Kamenjak, Gornje Jelenje, Lokve, Delnice, Skrad, Stubica, Severin na Kupi, and Netretić. The length of the Louisiana road was 18 Austrian miles (1 mile = 7.585 km). It was about 8 m wide (26 Wiener Fuß). It was the shortest route between Rijeka and Karlovac, and was one of the most modern roads in the empire. With the building of the Lujzijana, the Karolina road became less important.

Karlovac
Karlovac (pronounced [kâːrloʋats]) is a city in central Croatia. In the 2021 census, its population was 49,377. Karlovac is the administrative centre of Karlovac County. The city is located 56 kilometres (35 miles) southwest of Zagreb and 130 km (81 mi) northeast of Rijeka, and is connected to them via the A1 highway and the M202 railway.
Conrad Wilhelm Mayer
Conrad Wilhelm Mayer (28 June 1931 – 18 June 2012) was a German music educator, choral conductor and composer. He founded the German Kodály Society in 1972 and promoted Kodály-based classroom singing in Germany. In addition to his work in music education, Mayer drew extensively, with exhibitions of his pen drawings shown in Breisach am Rhein.

Kodály method
The Kodály method, also referred to as the Kodály concept, is an approach to music education developed in Hungary during the mid-twentieth century by Zoltán Kodály. His philosophy of education served as inspiration for the method, which was then developed over a number of years by his associates. In 2016, the method was inscribed as an item of UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage.
Balk, Netherlands
Balk (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈbɑl(ə)k]) is a town in the northern Netherlands. It is a village of the municipality De Fryske Marren, province Friesland, and is located about 17 km southwest of Sneek.

In 2024 Balk had 4,340 inhabitants.

Sneek
Sneek (Dutch pronunciation: [sneːk] ⓘ; West Frisian: Snits [snɪts]) is a city southwest of Leeuwarden and the seat of the former municipality of Sneek in the province of Friesland, Netherlands. As of 2011 it is the seat of the municipality of Súdwest-Fryslân (Southwest Friesland). The city had approximately 34,850 inhabitants in January 2024.

Sneek is situated in Southwest Friesland, close to the Sneekermeer, and is well known for its canals, the Waterpoort (Watergate, the symbol of the city), and watersports (hosting the annual Sneekweek, the largest sailing event on inland European waterways). Sneek is one of the Friese elf steden ("Eleven cities of Friesland"). The city is very important in the southwestern part of Friesland (called the Zuidwesthoek, or Southwest Corner).