hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
National Organization for Victim Advocacy
The National Organization for Victim Advocacy (NOVA), is a private non-profit organization founded in 1975 by professor John Dussich, centering its work around training advocates/social workers and crisis responders in response to the Victims Movement of the 1970s. NOVA is deemed to be the oldest wide-ranging victims' rights group. It recently changed its name from Assistance to Advocacy in 2024. Its purpose is to proactively contribute to benevolent assistance to victims whether it be requested, or in response to an emergency situation. NOVA holds its primary office in Alexandria, Virginia.

Victims' rights
Victims' rights are generally defined as legal entitlements afforded to victims of crime. They vary according to the legal jurisdiction within which they are applied and are dependent on several variants including societal, cultural, political, socio-economic and geographical. Victims's rights belong to the public law sphere, and relate to criminal justice proceedings, constitutional law and restorative justice. Victims' rights must be aligned with international human rights law and in particular the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

Examples include the right to restitution, the right to a victims' advocate, and the right not to be excluded from criminal justice proceedings. A key principle underlying victims' rights is the need to avoid secondary victimisation in their implementation particularly when victims' are called to take a role in criminal justice proceedings.
Fred Jarvis
Frederick Frank Jarvis CBE (8 September 1924 – 15 June 2020) was a British trade union leader. He was President of the National Union of Students (NUS) from 1952 to 1954 and General Secretary of the National Union of Teachers (NUT) from 1975 to 1989. Jarvis served as President of the Trades Union Congress in 1987, the first Oxford graduate to hold that position.

National Union of Students (United Kingdom)
The National Union of Students (NUS) is a confederation of student unions across the United Kingdom. Approximately 600 student unions are affiliated, accounting for more than 95% of all higher and further education unions in the UK. Although the National Union of Students is the central organization for all affiliated unions in the UK, there are also the devolved national sub-bodies: NUS Scotland in Scotland, NUS Wales (UCM Cymru) in Wales and NUS-USI in Northern Ireland (the latter being jointly administered by Aontas na Mac Léinn in Éirinn).

NUS is a member of the European Students' Union.
Symphony of the Seas
Symphony of the Seas is an Oasis-class cruise ship owned and operated by Royal Caribbean International. She was built in 2018 in the Chantiers de l'Atlantique shipyard in Saint-Nazaire, France, the fourth in Royal Caribbean's Oasis class of cruise ships.

At 228,081 GT, she was the largest cruise ship in the world by gross tonnage when built, surpassing her sister ship Harmony of the Seas, also owned by Royal Caribbean International, and surpassed by her sister ship Wonder of the Seas in 2022.

Gross tonnage
Gross tonnage (GT, G.T. or gt) is a nonlinear measure of a ship's overall internal volume.  Gross tonnage is different from gross register tonnage.  Neither gross tonnage nor gross register tonnage should be confused with measures of mass or weight such as deadweight tonnage or displacement.

Gross tonnage, along with net tonnage, was defined by the International Convention on Tonnage Measurement of Ships, 1969, adopted by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) in 1969, and came into force on 18 July 1982.  These two measurements replaced gross register tonnage (GRT) and net register tonnage (NRT).  Gross tonnage is calculated based on "the moulded volume of all enclosed spaces of the ship" and is used to determine things such as a ship's manning regulations, safety rules, registration fees, and port dues, whereas the older gross register tonnage is a measure of the volume of only certain enclosed spaces.
Litang County
Litang County (Tibetan: ལི་ཐང་རྫོང་།; Chinese: 理塘县) is southwest of Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, in Sichuan, China, in the traditional Tibetan region of Kham. It contains 7 towns and a population of more than 60,000 in 2020. Due to its elevation and mountainous terrain, the county has an alpine climate. Several famous Tibetan Buddhist figures were born here, including the 7th Dalai Lama, the 10th Dalai Lama, the 11th Tai Situpa, four of the Pabalas, as well as the 5th Jamyang Zhépa of Labrang Monastery. Düsum Khyenpa, 1st Karmapa Lama, returned here and built Kampo Nénang Monastery and Pangphuk Monastery. It also has strong connections with the eponymous hero of the Epic of King Gesar.

Jamyang Zhepa
The Jamyang Zhepas (Tibetan: འཇམ་དབྱངས་བཞད་པ་, Wylie: 'jam dbyangs bzhad pa) are a lineage of tulkus of the Gelug school of Tibetan Buddhism. They have traditionally been the most prestigious teachers at Labrang Monastery in Amdo, Tibet (modern Gansu, China).
Djaafar Khemdoudi
Djaafar Khemdoudi (in Arabic : جَعْفَر خَمْدُودِي) also known as Jean Djaafar Khemdoudi (November 12, 1917 – July 27, 2011) was a member of the French resistance during World War II. Born in Sour El-Ghozlane, French Algeria, Khemdoudi moved to France at a young age. After joining the Resistance, he saved numerous individuals who were evading the Compulsory Work Service (Service du Travail Obligatoire or STO) and also Jewish children from the cities of Saint-Fons and Vénissieux. After being captured by the Germans, Khemdoudi was deported to the concentration camp of Neuengamme, to the concentration camp of Malchow and then to Ravensbrück. He survived the camps, and, after the War, returned to France, where he lived the rest of his life. Khemdoudi is considered to have been part of the "indigenous resistance"—a term used for Resistance members from North Africa. Like many such persons, Khemdoudi's actions during the war received very little attention after his death.

Malchow concentration camp
Malchow was one of the numerous sub-camps of Nazi concentration camp: Ravensbrück, located in Germany, which is believed to be first opened in the winter of 1943.  It was located at Malchow in Mecklenburg.
Karen Andrews
Karen Lesley Andrews (née Weir; born 23 August 1960) is an Australian politician who served in the Morrison government as Minister for Industry, Science and Technology from 2018 to 2021 and as Minister for Home Affairs from 2021 to 2022. She is a member of the Liberal National Party of Queensland and has represented the Queensland seat of McPherson since the 2010 federal election. Andrews sat as a Liberal and previously served as an assistant minister in the Abbott and Turnbull governments. Before entering politics, she was a mechanical engineer and industrial relations consultant.

On 18 April 2023, Andrews announced that she would retire at the 2025 Australian federal election.

Minister for Industry and Innovation
The Minister for Industry and Innovation is an Australian Government cabinet position which is currently held by Tim Ayres following his swearing-in on 13 May 2025 as a result of Anthony Albanese's Labor government being re-elected at the 2025 Australian federal election.

In the Government of Australia, the minister administers this portfolio through the Department of Industry, Science and Resources.
Darryl Watkins
Darryl Finesse Watkins (born November 8, 1984) is an American former professional basketball player who played for BTN CLS Knights Indonesia of the Asean Basketball League. He is a former college basketball player for the Syracuse Orange who has a reputation for his shot-blocking ability.

CLS Knights Indonesia
BTN CLS Knights Indonesia is a basketball club based in Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia that formerly played in the ASEAN Basketball League (ABL) and the Indonesian Basketball League (IBL). Their home games are played at GOR Kertajaya Surabaya.

They dissolved in 2019 to focus on developing their youth team and academy, which consists of under-18 players. In 2022 CLS joined Malaysia's Basketball Development League under the name BBM Vikings Warriors with they're under-22 players.
Iwadono Castle
Iwadono Castle (岩殿城, Iwadono-jō) was a yamajiro located in present-day Ōtsuki, Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan. The castle was active during the Sengoku period and served as a strategic outpost of the Takeda clan of Kai Province. Though now in ruins, it remains a popular destination for hikers and history enthusiasts.

Takeda clan
The Takeda clan (武田氏, Takeda-shi) was a Japanese samurai clan active from the late Heian period until the late 16th century. The clan was historically based in Kai Province in present-day Yamanashi Prefecture. The clan reached its greatest influence under the rule of Takeda Shingen, one of the most famous rulers of the period.
Victor Selormey
Victor Lawrence Kwashie Selormey (8 December 1946 –18 April 2005) was a Ghanaian economist and politician. He was a member of the National Democratic Congress and served as deputy Minister of Finance during the Jerry John Rawlings government.

Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (Ghana)
The Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning is the government ministry responsible for the economic and monetary health of Ghana.  The Ministry is involved with economic planning, fiscal policy, national accounting, the national budget, and creating an environment for investment and growth.

The main offices of the Ministry are located in Accra.
Watkin baronets
The Watkin Baronetcy, of Northenden in the County Palatine of Chester (now Cheshire), was a title in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 12 May 1880 for the railway magnate and politician Sir Edward William Watkin. He was succeeded by his son, Alfred Mellor Watkin, the second Baronet, who sat as Liberal Member of Parliament for Great Grimsby. The title became extinct on the second Baronet's death in 1914.

Edward Watkin
Sir Edward William Watkin, 1st Baronet (26 September 1819 – 13 April 1901) was a British Member of Parliament and railway entrepreneur. He was an ambitious visionary, and presided over large-scale railway engineering projects to fulfil his business aspirations, eventually rising to become chairman of nine different British railway companies.

Among his more notable projects were: his expansion of the Metropolitan Railway, part of today's London Underground; the construction of the Great Central Main Line, a purpose-built high-speed railway line; the creation of a pleasure garden with a partially constructed iron tower at Wembley; and a failed attempt to dig a Channel Tunnel under the English Channel to connect his railway empire to the French rail network.
Hitoshi Okamura
Hitoshi Okamura (born December 2, 1952) is a Japanese scientist who specializes in chronobiology. He is currently a professor of Systems Biology at Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Research Director of the Japan Science Technology Institute, CREST. Okamura's research group cloned mammalian Period genes, visualized clock oscillation at the single cell level in the central clock of the SCN, and proposed a time-signal neuronal pathway to the adrenal gland. He received a Medal of Honor with Purple Ribbon in 2007 for his research and was awarded Aschoff's Ruler for his work on circadian rhythms in rodents. His lab recently revealed the effects of m6A mRNA methylation on the circadian clock, neuronal communications in jet lag, and the role of dysregulated clocks in salt-induced hypertension.

Jürgen Aschoff
Jürgen Walther Ludwig Aschoff (January 25, 1913 – October 12, 1998) was a German physician, biologist and behavioral physiologist. Together with Erwin Bünning and Colin Pittendrigh, he is considered to be a co-founder of the field of chronobiology.

Aschoff's work in the field of chronobiology introduced ideas of light interactions in the circadian rhythms of nocturnal and diurnal species as summarized by Aschoff's Rules.
Filipe Cândido
Filipe Manuel Nunes Cândido (born 28 September 1979) is a Portuguese former professional footballer who played as a left winger, currently a manager.

Developed mainly at Sporting CP, also spending one year with Real Madrid, he totalled 16 games and two goals in the Primeira Liga for Vitória de Setúbal and Salgueiros, and 42 appearances and three goals in the second tier for Felgueiras and Leça. He spent most of his career in the lower leagues, and also had brief stops in South Korea, Bulgaria and Greece.

A manager since 2013, Cândido led B-SAD in the top division and Mafra, Nacional, União de Leiria and Paços de Ferreira in the second.

U.D. Leiria
União Desportiva de Leiria (Portuguese pronunciation: [uniˈɐ̃w dɨ lɐjˈɾiɐ]), commonly known as União de Leiria, is a Portuguese professional football club based in Leiria. Founded on 6 June 1966, it currently plays in the Liga Portugal 2, holding home matches at Estádio Dr. Magalhães Pessoa, with a 23,888-seat capacity.
Bugs Bunny's Christmas Carol
Bugs Bunny's Christmas Carol is an eight-minute animated film produced by Warner Bros. Television and DePatie–Freleng Enterprises, and aired on CBS on November 27, 1979 as the first segment of the Christmas special, Bugs Bunny's Looney Christmas Tales.

The cartoon is an adaptation of the Charles Dickens 1843 novella A Christmas Carol, featuring Yosemite Sam as Ebenezer Scrooge, Porky Pig as Bob Cratchit, and Tweety Bird as Tiny Tim. Bugs Bunny plays the ghost of Jacob Marley and Scrooge's nephew, Fred. Scrooge's dream-journey into his past, present, and future is omitted; instead, Fred dresses up as Marley's ghost to scare the unhappy protagonist straight.

Ebenezer Scrooge
Ebenezer Scrooge (/ˌɛ.bɪ.ˈniː.zər ˈskruːdʒ/) is a fictional character and the protagonist of Charles Dickens's 1843 novella A Christmas Carol. Initially a cold-hearted miser who despises Christmas, his redemption by visits from the ghost of Jacob Marley and the Ghosts of Christmas Past, Present, and Yet to Come has become a defining tale of the Christmas holiday in the English-speaking world.

Dickens describes Scrooge thus early in the story: "The cold within him froze his old features, nipped his pointed nose, shrivelled his cheek, stiffened his gait; made his eyes red, his thin lips blue; and spoke out shrewdly in his grating voice." Throughout the novella, visits from the four ghosts show Scrooge the errors of his ways, and he transforms into a better, more generous man. Scrooge's last name has entered the English language as a byword for greed and misanthropy, while his catchphrase, "Bah! Humbug!" is often used to express disgust with many modern Christmas traditions.
Wexford F.C.
Wexford Football Club  is an Irish association football club based in Crossabeg, County Wexford. They compete in the League of Ireland First Division. The club joined the league after being awarded a First Division licence for the 2007 League of Ireland season.

The opportunity to join the League of Ireland arose as Dublin City became bankrupt before the end of the 2006 season, leaving an uneven number of clubs. The 2007 season coincided with the takeover of the running of the league by the FAI and all existing clubs had to apply for entry into what was effectively a new league. Limerick was the only existing club refused a licence and so Wexford Youths and Limerick 37 were admitted to the new league. The club previously wore pink and black, before switching to a purple and gold combination in 2023. The club rebranded for the start of the 2017 season by dropping the 'Youths' from their title and changing the club crest.

League of Ireland First Division
The League of Ireland First Division, also known as the SSE Airtricity League First Division for sponsorship reasons, is the second-highest division in both the League of Ireland and the Republic of Ireland football league system. The division was formed in 1985 as it replaced the League of Ireland B Division as the League of Ireland's second level division. Since 2003 the First Division has operated as a summer league. The division is contested by 10 clubs.
Shahabad Assembly constituency
Shahabad  Assembly constituency is  one of the 403 constituencies of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India. It is a part of the Hardoi district and one  of the five assembly constituencies in the Hardoi Lok Sabha constituency. First election in this assembly constituency was held in 1952 after the "DPACO (1951)" (delimitation order) was passed in 1951. After the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order" was passed in 2008, the constituency was assigned identification number 155. From 1957 to 2008, this constituency had more than one seat (MLA) and from 2008, the number of seats have been confined to one.

Hardoi district
Hardoi district is a district situated in the center of Uttar Pradesh, India. The district headquarters is in the city of Hardoi. Hardoi is the third largest district of Uttar Pradesh. It falls under Lucknow division in the historical region of Awadh State.

As of the 2011 census, the total population of Hardoi district is 4,092,845 people, in 730,442 households. It is the 13th-most populous district in Uttar Pradesh.
Maslenica Bridge (D8)
The Maslenica Bridge (Croatian: Most Maslenica, also known as Croatian: Maslenički most) is a deck arch bridge carrying the D8 state road spanning the Novsko Ždrilo strait of the Adriatic Sea approximately 1 km (0.62 mi) to the west of the settlement of Maslenica, Croatia and 500 m (1,600 ft) south of the D54 and D8 state roads junction. It was built in 2005 on a site of a similar bridge that was destroyed in 1991, during the Croatian War of Independence.

D54 road
D54 is a state road in the northern Dalmatia region of Croatia that branches off from D8 state road, facilitating access to Obrovac and D27 state road which in turn facilitates bypassing both Maslenica bridges. The road is 13.5 km (8.4 mi) long.

The western terminus of the road is located near Maslenica, at D8 state road route. At its eastern terminus, the road connects to D27 state road which serves as a parallel road to the A1 motorway, connecting to Benkovac (to the south) and to Gračac (to the north) facilitating a bypass of Maslenica bridges in case of strong winds preventing use of both of the bridges.

The road, as well as all other state roads in Croatia, is managed and maintained by Hrvatske ceste, a state-owned company.
Large deviations theory
In probability theory, the theory of large deviations concerns the asymptotic behaviour of remote tails of sequences of probability distributions. While some basic ideas of the theory can be traced to Laplace, the formalization started with insurance mathematics, namely ruin theory with Cramér and Lundberg. A unified formalization of large deviation theory was developed in 1966, in a paper by Varadhan. Large deviations theory formalizes the heuristic ideas of concentration of measures and widely generalizes the notion of convergence of probability measures.

Roughly speaking, large deviations theory concerns itself with the exponential decline of the probability measures of certain kinds of extreme or tail events.

Harald Cramér
Harald Cramér (Swedish: [kraˈmeːr]; 25 September 1893 – 5 October 1985) was a Swedish mathematician, actuary, and statistician, specializing in mathematical statistics and probabilistic number theory. John Kingman described him as "one of the giants of statistical theory".
Borja Bastón
Borja González Tomás (born 25 August 1992), known as Borja Bastón, is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a striker.

Trained at Atlético Madrid, he spent much of his tenure out on loan and with Atlético Madrid B, this included successful spells at Deportivo and Zaragoza in the Segunda División and Eibar in La Liga. In 2016 he signed with Swansea City, being loaned twice during his contract.

Borja earned 29 caps and scored 19 goals for Spain at youth level, finishing as top scorer at the 2009 U-17 World Cup and winning the European Under-19 Championship two years later.

2011 UEFA European Under-19 Championship
The 2011 UEFA European Under-19 Championship was the tenth edition of UEFA's European Under-19 Championship since it was renamed from the original under-18 event, in 2001. The tournament took place in Romania from 20 July to 1 August 2011. France were the title holders, but failed to qualify for the finals. Spain won the tournament.
Edward Kleinhammer
Edward Kleinhammer (1919-2013) was the legendary American Bass Trombonist with the Chicago Symphony Orchestra from 1940-1983.  Through his performances and teaching, Kleinhammer inspired and influenced generations of trombonists across the globe.

Chicago Symphony Orchestra
The Chicago Symphony Orchestra (CSO) is an American symphony orchestra based in the Loop community area of Chicago, Illinois, United States. Founded by Theodore Thomas in 1891, the ensemble has been based in the Symphony Center since 1904 and plays a summer season at the Ravinia Festival. It is one of the American orchestras commonly referred to as the "Big Five".

The orchestra's most recent music director is Riccardo Muti, whose tenure spanned the seasons from 2010 to 2023, and he continues to perform on occasion as director-emeritus. In 2024, Klaus Mäkelä was named music director-designate, with his first contractual season to begin in 2027.
Veena Sahajwalla
Veena Sahajwalla is an Indian-Australian inventor who is Professor of Materials Science in the Faculty of Science at the University of New South Wales, Australia. She is the Director of the UNSW SM@RT Centre for Sustainable Materials Research and Technology and an Australian Research Council Laureate Fellow.

Sahajwalla is known for her role as a councillor on the independent Australian Climate Council and as a judge on the ABC television show The New Inventors. Sahajwalla also served as a commissioner on the Australian Climate Commission. She featured in a 2008 episode of ABC's science show called Catalyst.

Sahajwalla was born in Mumbai, India.  She studied for her master's degree in Vancouver, Canada before settling in Australia.  While in Canada, she met and married her husband Rama Mahapatra.

Australian Laureate Fellowship
The Australian Laureate Fellowship is an Australian professorial research fellowship awarded by the Australian Research Council. Fellows are chosen each year for five-year awards. In 2023 8 industry-focused Laureate Fellowships were awarded for the first time.
Zsolt Kalmár
Zsolt Kalmár (Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈʒolt ˈkɒlmaːr]; born 9 June 1995) is a Hungarian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Fehérvár and the Hungary national team.

Kalmár began his professional career with Nemzeti Bajnokság I club ETO Győr in 2013, winning the league title in his first year, before moving to 2. Bundesliga club RB Leipzig a year later. He then moved on loans to FSV Frankfurt, Brøndby and DAC Dunajská Streda, agreeing to join the latter on a permanent deal in 2018, growing out to become team captain in his second season at the club.

Kalmár made his senior international debut for Hungary in 2014. He has earned over 20 caps.

Győri ETO FC
ETO FC Győr (Egyetértés Torna Osztály Futball Club Győr; lit. Concordance Gymnastics Department Football Club of Győr) or just ETO is a Hungarian professional football club from the city of Győr. They are best known for reaching the semi-finals of the European Cup 1964-65. The club has won the Hungarian League four times. In 1904 the club was founded as Győri Vagongyár ETO and has undergone many name changes since. The colours of the club are green and white.