hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Charles Chamberland
Charles Edouard Chamberland (French pronunciation: [ʃaʁl ʃɑ̃bɛʁlɑ̃]; 12 March 1851 – 2 May 1908) was a French microbiologist from Chilly-le-Vignoble in the department of Jura who worked with Louis Pasteur. Chamberland was present at Pouilly-le-Fort when the efficacy of the anthrax vaccine, which he had made with Emile Roux, was validated. Following this success, Chamberland was put in charge of mass-producing the anthrax vaccine.

In 1884 he developed a type of filtration known today as the Chamberland filter or Chamberland-Pasteur filter, a device that made use of an unglazed porcelain bar. The filter had pores that were smaller than bacteria, thus making it possible to pass a solution containing bacteria through the filter, and having the bacteria completely removed from the solution. Chamberland was also credited for starting a research project that led to the invention of the autoclave device in 1879.

Jura (department)
Jura (/ˈ(d)ʒʊərə/ JOOR-ə, ZHOOR-ə; French: [ʒyʁa] ⓘ) is a department in the northeastern French region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté. The department takes its name from the Jura Mountains. Its prefecture is Lons-le-Saunier; subprefectures are Dole and Saint-Claude. In 2019, Jura had a population of 259,199. It has a short portion of the border of Switzerland.
Pedro Contreras
Pedro Contreras González (born 7 January 1972) is a Spanish retired footballer who played as a goalkeeper.

He played in 246 La Liga games over the course of 13 seasons, representing in the competition Real Madrid, Rayo Vallecano, Málaga and Betis.

Contreras was called up for Spain at the 2002 World Cup.

Real Betis
Real Betis Balompié, S.A.D., known as Real Betis (pronounced [reˈal ˈβetis]) is a Spanish professional football club based in Seville, Andalusia, Spain. It plays in La Liga, the top flight of Spanish football. It currently plays home games at the 70,000-seat Estadio de La Cartuja.

Real Betis won the league title in 1935 and the Copa del Rey in 1977, 2005 and 2022. Given the club's tumultuous history and many relegations, its motto is ¡Viva el Betis manque pierda! (Long live Betis even though they lose!).
Shubra
Shubra (Arabic: شبرا, IPA: [ˈʃobɾɑ]; also written Shoubra or Shobra) is a district of Cairo, Egypt and it is one of eight districts that make up the Northern Area. Administratively it used to cover the entire area of the three districts of Shubra, Rod El Farag, and El Sahel, until it was broken up in 1988. Therefore, many places associated with the original, larger Shubra are known as belonging to it, even though administratively they lie in one of the other two districts.

The larger Shubra is historically related to the city of Shubra El Kheima, although in the Qalyubiyya Governorate immediately to the north of Shubra, and contiguous to it.

Qalyubiyya Governorate
Qalyubia (Arabic: محافظة القليوبية Moḥāfaẓat El Qalyubiyya  Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [elʔæljoˈbejjæ]) is one of the governorates of Egypt, located in Lower Egypt. It is situated north of Cairo in the Nile Delta region. Its capital is Banha.
HMS Rocket (1916)
HMS Rocket was an R-class destroyer which served with the Royal Navy during World War I. Launched on 2 July 1916 after being stuck on the slipway since 30 June, the ship joined the Grand Fleet, operating as part of a destroyer flotilla undertaking anti-submarine operations in the North Sea. Although the ship did not successfully engage any German submarines, there was an incident with the Royal Navy boat K7 on 16 June 1917, although that attack was aborted after the erstwhile target was identified as a friendly vessel. After the War, the destroyer served with the anti-submarine and torpedo schools at Portsmouth, and briefly during the Chanak Crisis of 1922, before being sold to be broken up on 16 December 1926.

HMS K7
HMS K7 was a K class submarine built by HM Dockyard, Devonport. She was laid down on 8 November 1915 and commissioned in July 1917.

K7 was the only one of the disastrous K class to engage with an enemy; on 16 June 1917 she fired a salvo of torpedoes at the U-boat U-95 and scored a direct hit. However, the torpedo failed to explode with what has been described as typical "K" luck; K-7 escaped retaliation by steaming away at speed.

K7 was involved in an accident with the 4th Light Cruiser Squadron. She was also involved in the catastrophic series of accidents during a night exercise that came to be known sarcastically as the Battle of May Island; K7 was damaged by running over the sinking K4. K7 was sold on 9 September 1921 at Sunderland.
Calcium copper titanate
Calcium copper titanate (also abbreviated CCTO, for calcium copper titanium oxide) is an inorganic compound with the formula CaCu3Ti4O12.  It is noteworthy for its extremely large dielectric constant (effective relative permittivity) of over 10,000 at room temperature.

Relative permittivity
The relative permittivity (in older texts, dielectric constant) is the permittivity of a material expressed as a ratio with the electric permittivity of a vacuum. A dielectric is an insulating material, and the dielectric constant of an insulator measures the ability of the insulator to store electric energy in an electrical field.

Permittivity is a material's property that affects the Coulomb force between two point charges in the material. Relative permittivity is the factor by which the electric field between the charges is decreased relative to vacuum.

Likewise, relative permittivity is the ratio of the capacitance of a capacitor using that material as a dielectric, compared with a similar capacitor that has vacuum as its dielectric. Relative permittivity is also commonly known as the dielectric constant, a term still used but deprecated by standards organizations in engineering as well as in chemistry.
Thomas Witter Ltd v TBP Industries
Thomas Witter Ltd v TBP Industries [1996] 2 All ER 573 is an English contract law case concerned with misrepresentation. Doubt has been cast on its decision as to availability of rescission by two later cases, Floods of Queensferry Ltd v Shand Construction Ltd. and Government of Zanzibar v British Aerospace (Lancaster House) Ltd.

Misrepresentation
In common law jurisdictions, a misrepresentation is a false or misleading statement of fact made during negotiations by one party to another, the statement then inducing that other party to enter into a contract. The misled party may normally rescind the contract, and sometimes may be awarded damages as well (or instead of rescission).

The law of misrepresentation is an amalgam of contract and tort; and its sources are common law, equity and statute. In England and Wales, the common law was amended by the Misrepresentation Act 1967. The general principle of misrepresentation has been adopted by the United States and other former British colonies, e.g. India.
Andaman cobra
The Andaman cobra or Andaman spitting cobra (Naja sagittifera) is a species of cobra endemic to the Andaman Islands of India. The name of this cobra comes from the Islands itself. The species has a very potent venom, and is capable of "spitting", although this defensive behavior is very rare and the aim is poor and not as efficient as "true spitting cobras".

Monocled cobra
The monocled cobra (Naja kaouthia), also called monocellate cobra and Indian spitting cobra, is a venomous cobra species widespread across South and Southeast Asia. It is characterized by a distinctive circular or "monocle"-shaped marking on the hood, though the pattern can be highly variable or even absent in some individuals. It occupies a wide range of habitats, including forests, agricultural land, and areas near human settlements. It is responsible for a significant proportion of snakebite incidents and fatalities in its range, due to its potent neurotoxic venom and frequent proximity to human settlements. Some populations of the monocled cobra have the ability to spit venom with notable accuracy, though not all individuals exhibit this behavior.
Monika Krause-Fuchs
Monika Krause-Fuchs (Monika Krause in Cuba; April 8, 1941 – May 20, 2019) was a German sociologist and sex educator who lived and worked in Cuba between 1962 and 1990. She was the first director of the Cuban National Center for Sex Education (CENESEX) and played a key role in the development and implementation of a modern, scientific and effective national program for sex education and family planning in Cuba.

National Center for Sex Education
The National Center for Sex Education (Spanish: Centro Nacional de Educación Sexual, CENESEX) is a government-funded body founded in 1989 in Cuba. The center is best known for advocating tolerance of LGBT issues on the island. CENESEX stresses acceptance of sexual diversity and has attracted international attention in recent years for its campaigns for the rights of transgender persons, including the recognition of an individual’s gender identity, regardless of birth sex, and provision of state-funded sexual reassignment surgery.  The head of the center is Mariela Castro, daughter of the Cuban politician and former president of the Federation of Cuban Women, Vilma Espín, and the former Cuban leader Raúl Castro (himself brother of longtime former leader Fidel Castro).
La Hoya, Chubut
La Hoya (Argentina)  is a ski resort in Chubut Province, Patagonia, southern Argentina.

Due to its southward orientation, the slope doesn't receive much sunshine, so the proper conditions are created for the formation of the powder snow which characterizes this resort and makes it popular.

As its name suggests (hoyo is the Spanish for hole), the skiing area has the shape of a hole or amphitheater, with its back to the trajectory of the Sun. This is the reason why the snow typically endures until October, when winter sports can be played with less clothes on. There are runs for all skills of Alpine Ski, including competition. The resort offers as well an area for ski touring and a snowpark.

Chubut Province
Chubut (Spanish: Provincia del Chubut [tʃuˈβut] – from Tehuelche chupat 'transparent'; Welsh: Talaith Chubut [taˈlaɪθ ˈχɨbɨt]) is a province in southern Argentina, situated between the 42nd parallel south (the border with Río Negro Province), the 46th parallel south (bordering Santa Cruz Province), the Andes range to the west (bordering Chile), and the Atlantic Ocean to the east. The province's name derives from the Tehuelche word chupat, meaning 'transparent', their description of the Chubut River.

The largest city is Comodoro Rivadavia in the south of the province; it had 199,369 inhabitants at the 2022 Census. The administrative capital is Rawson (27,157). Other important cities are Puerto Madryn (97,625), Trelew (104,657), Esquel (36,624) and Sarmiento (13,892). Gaiman (6,376) is a cultural and demographic centre of the region known as Y Wladfa in which Welsh-Argentines are concentrated.
Hawa Mahal, Visakhapatnam
Hawa Mahal meaning 'palace of winds' is a summer residential palace of the royal family of Jeypore. It was built in 1917-1923 by Maharaja Ram Chandra Dev IV at Beach Road, Visakhapatnam. It is considered one of the most iconic historical buildings of the city. It is owned by the Maharaja of Jeypore.

Beach Road, Visakhapatnam
Beach Road, also known as Dr. NTR Beach Road, is a major roadway in Visakhapatnam. It is home to tourist destinations such as RK Beach and Kailasagiri. The Beach Road has cultural importance with the presence of buildings and structures such as, Rajiv Smruthi Bhavan (city's cultural hub), Annamayya Mandapam, AU Convention Center and organising rallies, city parades etc.17°47′26″N 83°23′09″E﻿ / ﻿17.790595°N 83.385866°E﻿ / 17.790595; 83.385866
Triad (American fraternities)
The term Triad is used to designate a grouping of three national college fraternities or sororities that were founded at the same place. The most famous and oldest triad is the Union Triad at Union College in Schenectady, New York which includes some of the oldest national fraternities still in existence. The second triad that formed is the Miami Triad at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio. There is also the Syracuse Triad at Syracuse University in Syracuse, New York and the Lexington Triad in Lexington, Virginia.

There are also groupings of two fraternities that were established at the same place that are called Duos, including the Monmouth Duo at Monmouth College in Monmouth, Illinois and the Jefferson Duo at Jefferson College in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania.

Washington & Jefferson College
Washington & Jefferson College (W&J College or W&J) is a private liberal arts college in Washington, Pennsylvania, United States. It traces its origin to three Presbyterian missionaries of the 1780s, John McMillan, Thaddeus Dod, and Joseph Smith, whose early schools evolved into two rival institutions: Washington College in Washington, and Jefferson College in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania. The two colleges merged in 1865 to form Washington & Jefferson College.

The 60-acre (24 ha) Washington & Jefferson College campus has more than 40 buildings, with the oldest dating to 1793. The college enrolled over 1,100 students as of fall 2022. It has a longstanding tradition of literary societies, dating back before the union of the two colleges. Nearly all of the college's students live on campus, and roughly one-third are members of fraternities or sororities. The W&J athletic program competes in NCAA Division III.
Andrew Kuan
Kuan Yoke Loon, commonly known as Andrew Kuan (simplified Chinese: 关玉麟; traditional Chinese: 關玉麟; pinyin: Guān Yù Lín) is the managing director of executive search firm Blue Arrow.  From 2001 to 2004, Kuan was the group chief financial officer of the Jurong Town Corporation, one of four designated statutory boards that confer eligibility to contest in the presidential elections.

Kuan applied to run as a candidate in the 2005 Singapore presidential election.  However, his application for a Certificate of Eligibility was rejected as his seniority and responsibility as JTC's Group Chief Financial Officer were, in the opinion of the Presidential Elections Committee (PEC), not comparable to those required under the Constitution.

JTC Corporation
JTC Corporation (JTC), formerly the Jurong Town Corporation, is a statutory board under Singapore's Ministry of Trade and Industry that champions sustainable industrial development. It master-plans clean, green and smart estates to create attractive destinations for Singapore's talent and communities. The agency also drives innovations in the building and infrastructure sector.
Flow measurement
Flow measurement is the quantification of bulk fluid movement.  Flow can be measured using devices called flowmeters in various ways. The common types of flowmeters with industrial applications are listed below:

Obstruction type (differential pressure or variable area)

Inferential (turbine type)

Electromagnetic

Positive-displacement flowmeters, which accumulate a fixed volume of fluid and then count the number of times the volume is filled to measure flow.

Fluid dynamic (vortex shedding)

Anemometer

Ultrasonic flow meter

Mass flow meter (Coriolis force).

Flow measurement methods other than positive-displacement flowmeters rely on forces produced by the flowing stream as it overcomes a known constriction, to indirectly calculate flow. Flow may be measured by measuring the velocity of fluid over a known area. For very large flows, tracer methods may be used to deduce the flow rate from the change in concentration of a dye or radioisotope.

Fluid
In physics, a fluid is a liquid, gas, or other material that may continuously move and deform (flow) under an applied shear stress, or external force. They have zero shear modulus, or, in simpler terms, are substances which cannot resist any shear force applied to them.
Peet Nienaber
Petrus Millar Nienaber (died January 2019) was a South African jurist and judge who served in the Supreme Court of Appeal from 1990 to 2002. He was appointed to the bench as a judge of the Natal Provincial Division in 1982 and was elevated to the Appellate Division in 1990. After his retirement, he was the Ombudsman for Long-Term Insurance from 2003 to 2007. He was formerly a silk in Pretoria and the head of the private law department of the University of South Africa.

Senior counsel
Senior Counsel, State Counsel (post-nominal letters: SC), or Senior Advocate is a title given to senior lawyers in some current or former Commonwealth nations, mainly those in which the British monarch is no longer head of state, making the title "King's Counsel" obsolete. Examples of such nations are Mauritius, Zambia, India (Senior Advocate), Bangladesh (Senior Advocate), Hong Kong, Ireland, South Africa, Kenya, Malawi, Singapore, Guyana and Trinidad and Tobago. Jurisdictions that have retained the monarch as head of state, but have nonetheless opted for the new title, include some states and territories of Australia, as well as Belize.

Just as a junior counsel is "called to the [Outer] Bar", a Senior Counsel is, in some jurisdictions, said to be "called to the Inner Bar". Senior Counsels may informally style themselves silks, as do their British counterparts.
World Oral Health Day
World Oral Health Day is observed annually on 20 March, and launches a year-long campaign dedicated to raising global awareness of the issues around oral health and the importance of oral hygiene so that governments, health associations and the general public can work together to achieve healthier mouths and happier lives.

Of the world's population, 90% will suffer from oral diseases in their lifetime, many avoidable. Organized by FDI World Dental Federation, World Oral Health Day involves campaigns by national dental associations from around the world with activities in over 130 countries.

FDI World Dental Federation
The FDI World Dental Federation (French: Fédération dentaire internationale) is an international organization representing the dental profession to oral health by developing health policies, education programs, and advocating for dentistry internationally.
Battle of Suchodoł
The Battle of Suchodoł was fought on 25 May 1243 between the Lesser Poland forces of Klement of Ruszcza, representing supporters of Boleslaw Wstydliwy, and supported by Hungarian troops of Béla IV of Hungary; against the Masovian forces of Konrad Mazowiecki, with further support by several units of Mieszko II the Fat.

The army of Klement of Ruszcza won and as a result of the defeat Konrad Mazowiecki abandoned Krakow, which he had held since 1241 after the death of Henry II the Pious at Legnica. Konrad's son-in-law Prince of Opole-Racibórz Mieszko II was seriously injured in the battle. Konrad would try to further invasions of Lesser Poland, one in 1244 and another in 1246.

Mieszko II the Fat
Mieszko II the Fat (Polish: Mieszko II Otyły) (c. 1220 – 22 October 1246) was a Duke of Opole-Racibórz from 1230 until his death, and Duke of Kalisz-Wieluń during 1234–1239 (with his brother as co-ruler).

He was the eldest son of Duke Casimir I of Opole by his wife Viola, probably a Bulgarian princess.
Jill Parrish
Jill Annette Niederhauser Parrish (born August 16, 1961) is an American lawyer who serves as the chief United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Utah. She served as a justice of the Utah Supreme Court from 2003 to 2015.

Parrish grew up in Utah and received her Bachelor of Arts degree from Weber State University in 1982. In 1985 she received her Juris Doctor from Yale Law School. Parrish then served as a law clerk for Judge David Kent Winder of the United States District Court for the District of Utah. Parrish also served as an assistant United States attorney in the Civil Division of the United States Attorney’s Office for the District of Utah from 1995 until her appointment to the Utah Supreme Court.

Assistant United States Attorney
An assistant United States attorney (AUSA) is a career civil servant lawyer in the United States Department of Justice who serves under the United States Attorney for a federal judicial district. AUSAs represent the U.S. federal government in civil and appellate litigation and in federal criminal prosecutions. Those assigned to the criminal section of a U.S. Attorney's Office are commonly known as federal prosecutors.

AUSAs are rarely hired directly out of law school and often have significant experience before entering the U.S. Attorney’s Office.
M. W. Perry
Melvin Withington Perry (February 26, 1864 – February 18, 1951) was an American businessman and Republican politician from Kewaunee County, Wisconsin.  He was a member of the Wisconsin Senate, representing Wisconsin's 1st State Senate district from 1911 through 1919.  His name was almost always abbreviated as M. W. Perry.

Kewaunee County, Wisconsin
Kewaunee County is a county located in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. As of the 2020 census, the population was 20,563. Its county seat is Kewaunee. The county was created in 1852 and organized in 1859. Its Menominee name is Kewāneh, an archaic name for a species of duck. Kewaunee County is part of the Green Bay, WI Metropolitan Statistical Area as well as the Green Bay-Shawano, WI Combined Statistical Area. Uniquely in Wisconsin, the county is considered both a high-farming concentration county and a high-manufacturing county by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, meaning at least 20 percent of its earnings came from agriculture and at least 25 percent came from manufacturing.
Attur, Somwarpet
Attur Nallur is a small village in Somwarpet Taluk in Kodagu District of Karnataka State, India. It comes under Attur Nallur Panchayath. It belongs to Mysore Division. It is located 12 km to the east of District headquarters Madikeri. 28 km from Somvarpet and 234 km from state capital Bangalore.

Kedakal (5km), Nanjarayapatna (6km), Valnur Thyagathur (8km), Kadagadalu (8km), Ibnivalvadi (9km) are the nearby villages to Attur Nallur. Attur Nallur is surrounded by Somvarpet Taluk towards North, Piriyapatna Taluk towards East, Virajpet Taluk towards South and Arkalgud Taluk towards north.

Madikeri, Sakleshpur, Mangalore, Mattannur and Taliparamba are the nearby cities to Attur Nallur.

It is located in the Somwarpet taluk of Kodagu district in Karnataka.

Kodagu district
Kodagu district (Kodava: [koɖɐɡɨ, -ʋɨ], also known by its former name Coorg, Kodava: koḍagï, koḍavï) is an administrative district in the Karnataka state of India. Before 1956, it was an administratively separate Coorg State at which point it was merged into an enlarged Mysore State.
Instagram (2019 song)
"Instagram" is a song by Belgian production duo Dimitri Vegas & Like Mike, French DJ David Guetta, Puerto Rican rapper Daddy Yankee, Dutch DJ duo Afro Bros, and Dominican singer Natti Natasha. It was released as a single on 5 July 2019 by Smash the House. The song is about the popular social media app of the same name as the song. The single reached Top 10 in Belgium and Netherlands and the most popular single of Dimitri Vegas and Like Mike on Shazam.

Natti Natasha
Natalia Alexandra Gutiérrez Batista (born December 10, 1986), better known by her stage name Natti Natasha (stylized all caps), is a Dominican singer. She was signed to Don Omar's label Orfanato Music Group. Her debut EP, All About Me, was released on March 28, 2012, by Orfanato Music Group. Her debut album, Iluminatti, was released on February 15, 2019, by Pina Records and Sony Music Latin.