hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Taxation in Scotland
Taxation in Scotland today involves payments that are required to be made to three different levels of government: to the UK government, to the Scottish Government and to local government. Taxes in Scotland are collected by various bodies – HM Revenue & Customs for reserved taxes, Revenue Scotland for devolved taxes and local taxation authorities.

In 2024–2025, taxation in Scotland controlled by the Scottish Parliament generated £26.2 billion in revenue, with 61% of spending in Scotland raised through devolved taxes controlled by the Scottish Government, and 39% generated through reserved taxes. In the same financial year, 37% of revenue raised in Scotland is devolved to the Scottish Government.

Income tax in Scotland
Income tax in Scotland is a tax of personal income gained through employment. This is a tax controlled by the Scottish Parliament, both in terms of how it is spent and the setting of rates for its collection, and collected by HM Revenue & Customs. The Scottish Government receives the tax back from HM Revenue & Customs via HM Treasury. Since 2017, the Scottish Parliament has had the ability to set income tax rates and bands, apart from the personal allowance. Since this point, differences have developed between income tax rates in Scotland and those elsewhere in the UK.

In 2024, the Scottish Fiscal Commission (SFC) estimated that Income Tax revenue in Scotland will generate an estimate value of £20.5 billion in 2025–2026. The tax system in Scotland operates on a basis of high income households to low income households, meaning that higher earning households will pay more tax than those in lower earning incomes.
Imadpatti
Imadpatti is a village in Jhanjharpur block of Madhubani District of Bihar. It falls under Jhanjharpur assembly constituency, represented by Nitish Mishra. It falls under Jhanjharpur Lok Shabha constituency, represented by Ramprit Mandal. Census location code for Imadpatti is 220703. The total area of the village is 123.4 hectares, 58.7 hectares of which is under non-agricultural usage, 8.8 hectares is culturable waste-land, 55.9 hectares is net area sown. The surrounding villages are Walipur, Khaira and Banaur.

Jhanjharpur
Jhanjharpur is a town and a sub-division in the Madhubani district of the state of Bihar, India. It is well connected to the other cities of India with railways.

Jhanjharpur town is connected with, Kamla Balan bridge, a century-old 220 ft bridge built by the British in the early 1900s, being a rail-cum-road bridge (first rail-cum-road bridge in India) It facilitates the movement of dozen of trains and hundreds of vehicles every day to and from Jhanjharpur. Jhanjharpur is also connected to number of other places and destination via NH 57.

The nearest airport is Darbhanga Airport which is 48 km away from Jhanjharpur. People can also take their flights for the different cities of India from the Lok Nayak Jayprakash Narayan International Airport which is 191 km away from Jhanjharpur and present in the capital city of Bihar "Patna".
Martinsyde Semiquaver
The Martinsyde Semiquaver was a British single-seat racing biplane built by Martinsyde in 1920. It won the 1920 Aerial Derby and was entered for the 1920 Gordon Bennett Trophy, but did not finish the course. In 1921 the fuselage was used as the basis for the Alula Monoplane, an experimental aircraft intended to investigate the performance of a radical wing design by A. A Holle.

Aerial Derby
The Aerial Derby was an air race in the United Kingdom sponsored by the Daily Mail in which the competitors flew a circuit around London.  It was first held in 1912, with subsequent races in 1913 and 1914.  Suspended during the First World War, the event was revived in 1919 with a "Victory Aerial Derby".  Further races were held in 1920, 1921, 1922 and 1923.  Although a race was scheduled for 1924, there were insufficient entries and the event was cancelled.
Ohio State Route 148
State Route 148 (SR 148) is an east–west state highway in eastern Ohio.  Existing entirely in the southern portion of Belmont County, SR 148 has its western terminus at SR 800 approximately two miles (3.2 km) south of Barnesville. The eastern terminus of SR 148 is at SR 7 in Powhatan Point. From the SR 26 intersection easterly to its endpoint at SR 7, SR 148 generally runs in parallel to the Captina Creek.

In Powhatan Point, SR 148 intersects SR 7 twice. The signed portion of SR 148 comes to an end at the first (southernmost) intersection with SR 7. However, the Ohio Department of Transportation defines SR 148 as continuing as an unsigned route through Powhatan Point, following Front Street, Water Street, Fillmore Street, Second Street and Main Street through the village to its defined eastern terminus at its northern junction with SR 7 in the northern end of the village.

Ohio State Route 800
State Route 800 (SR 800) is a north–south state highway in the eastern portion of the U.S. state of Ohio. Its southern terminus is at SR 7 in Jackson Township near New Matamoras, and its northern terminus is at its interchange with Interstate 77 in Canton.

Prior to 1969, SR 800 was part of SR 8.  At that time, SR 8 between Akron and Canton was eliminated.  The portion south of Canton was renumbered to SR 800.
Richard J. Daronco
Richard Joseph Daronco (August 1, 1931 – May 21, 1988) was an American lawyer and judge. Born in New York City, he studied at Providence College and Albany Law School before serving for several years in the United States Army. Daronco was first elected a judge of the Westchester County Family Court in 1971. Three years later, he was elected to the Westchester County Court. In 1979, Daronco was appointed by Governor Hugh Carey as a justice of the New York State Supreme Court. He was then appointed by President Ronald Reagan in 1987 to the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York.

Daronco was on the federal bench for just over a year before he was assassinated at his home in Pelham, New York, by the father of a disgruntled plaintiff whose protracted sexual harassment lawsuit against her former employer had been dismissed by Daronco for lack of evidence. The Westchester County Courthouse and the Pelham Town House were both renamed in his honor.

New York county courts
The County Courts are courts within the New York State Unified Court System located in each county outside New York City. In New York City, criminal and civil matters are heard in the city Criminal Court and Civil Court, respectively, or the state Supreme Court.
Don Chera
Don Chera is a 2006 Indian Tamil language action crime film directed by K. S. Saravanan. The film stars Ranjith and Sujibala, with Chandrasekhar, Meera Krishnan, S. Rajasekar, R. N. R. Manohar, Ilavarasu, and Velmurugan playing supporting roles. The film, produced by N. T. Sakthi Pandiyan, was released on 2 June 2006. It is a remake of the Hindi film Vaastav: The Reality (1999).

Ilavarasu
Ilavarasu is an Indian actor and cinematographer who works in the Tamil film industry. He started his career as a cinematographer and worked for 13 films, winning a Tamil Nadu State Film Award for one of them. He later became known as an actor after appearing in pivotal roles in Bharathiraja's and Cheran's films. He starred in over 160 Tamil films, playing supporting, comedic, and antagonistic roles.
Allan Bank
54°27′36″N 3°1′46″W﻿ / ﻿54.46000°N 3.02944°W﻿ / 54.46000; -3.02944
Allan Bank is a grade II listed two-storey villa standing on high ground slightly to the west of Grasmere village in the heart of the Lake District.  It is best known for being from 1808 to 1811 the home of William Wordsworth, but it was also occupied at various times by Dorothy Wordsworth, Dora Wordsworth, Thomas De Quincey, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Thomas Arnold, Matthew Arnold and Canon Hardwicke Rawnsley, a co-founder of The National Trust.  It is now owned by the National Trust and is open to the public.

Thomas Arnold
Thomas Arnold (13 June 1795 – 12 June 1842) was an English educator and historian. He was an early supporter of the Broad Church Anglican movement. As headmaster of Rugby School from 1828 to 1841, he introduced several reforms that were widely copied by other noted public schools. His reforms redefined standards of masculinity and achievement.
Gibson Nighthawk
The Gibson Nighthawk was a family of electric guitars manufactured by Gibson. Introduced in 1993, the Nighthawk represented a radical change from traditional Gibson designs. While its maple-capped mahogany body and set neck were reminiscent of the classic Gibson Les Paul, the Nighthawk incorporated a number of characteristics more commonly associated with Fender guitars. The Nighthawk was not a commercial success; production of all models was discontinued in 1998 after only five years.

In July 2009, Gibson revived the Nighthawk with the Nighthawk 2009 limited edition. Current production models include the Nighthawk Studio, the 20th Anniversary Nighthawk Standard, and the 2013 Nancy Wilson Nighthawk Standard. Some of these newer models are faithful to the design of the original Nighthawk, but others are only cosmetically similar.

Fender (company)
33°38′46″N 111°53′57″W﻿ / ﻿33.6460322°N 111.899058°W﻿ / 33.6460322; -111.899058

The Fender Musical Instruments Corporation (FMIC, or simply Fender) is an American manufacturer and marketer of musical instruments and amplifiers. Fender produces acoustic guitars, bass amplifiers and public address equipment; however, it is best known for its solid-body electric guitars and bass guitars, particularly the Stratocaster, Telecaster, Jaguar, Jazzmaster, Precision Bass, and the Jazz Bass. Fender also develops digital audio workstation and scorewriter via its subsidiary PreSonus which was acquired in 2021. The company was founded in Fullerton, California, by Clarence Leonidas "Leo" Fender in 1946. Andy Mooney has served as the chief executive officer (CEO) since June 2015; He has now since retired and Edward 'Bud' Cole took Chief Executive Officer in February of 2026.

In January 2020, Servco Pacific became the majority owner after acquiring the shares of TPG Growth.
No. 5 Collaborations Project
No. 5 Collaborations Project is a compilation extended play (EP) by English singer-songwriter Ed Sheeran. It was the final of five EPs he recorded with the hope of being signed by a record label, hence the title.

Musically the album combined sensitive production, with serious subject matters and "haunting" themes. Sheeran wanted each song to act as a musical and tried to avoid lyrics about women. The EP compiles tracks of collaborations with grime artists such as Devlin, Wiley, P Money, Ghetts and JME. Henry Yanney of Soul Culture gave the EP a positive review and it peaked at number 46 on the UK Albums Chart.

Ghetts
Justin Jude Clarke-Samuel (born 9 October 1984), better known by his stage name Ghetts (formerly Ghetto), is a British grime MC, rapper, songwriter and actor. His music has been played on national radio stations such as BBC Radio 1, Kiss 100, BBC Asian Network, and BBC Radio 1Xtra. He released his debut studio album, Rebel with a Cause, via independent record label Disrupt on 9 March 2014. Known for his hard hitting lyrics and intricate rhyme schemes, he is associated and has toured internationally with such acts as Kano and was a member of N.A.S.T.Y. Crew.

In 2021 he won the Best Male Act at the Mobo Awards and in 2024 received the Mobo Pioneer award for his "significant contribution to British black culture".

Ghetts was charged with causing death by dangerous driving following a hit-and-run in Ilford, London in October 2025. He pled guilty to the charge on 8 December 2025.
Agathodaemon
Agathos Daimon (Ancient Greek: ἀγαθός δαίμων, agathós daímōn, lit. 'noble spirit') originally was a lesser deity (daemon) of classical ancient Greek religion and Graeco-Egyptian religion. In his original Greek form, he served as a household god, to whom, along with Zeus Soter, libations were made after a meal. In later Ptolemaic antiquity he took on two partially distinct roles; one as the Agathos Daimon a prominent serpentine civic god, who served as the special protector of Alexandria. The other as a genus of serpentine household gods, the Agathoi Daimones, individual protectors of the homes in which they were worshipped.

Serapis
Serapis or Sarapis is a Graeco-Egyptian god. A syncretic deity derived from the worship of the Egyptian Osiris and Apis, Serapis was extensively popularized in the third century BC on the orders of Greek Pharaoh Ptolemy I Soter, as a means to unify the Greek and Egyptian subjects of the Ptolemaic Kingdom.

The cultus of Serapis was spread as a matter of deliberate policy by subsequent Ptolemaic kings. Serapis continued to increase in popularity during the Roman Empire, often replacing Osiris as the consort of Isis in temples outside Egypt.
Alongside his Egyptian roots he gained attributes from other deities, such as chthonic powers linked to the Greek Hades and Demeter, and benevolence derived from associations with Dionysus.
John L. Doran
John L. Doran (c. 1815 – January 21, 1887) was an Irish American immigrant, lawyer, and Union Army officer in the American Civil War.  He also served one term in the Wisconsin State Assembly, representing the old 3rd ward of the city of Milwaukee in the 4th Wisconsin Legislature (1851), and was a delegate to Wisconsin's second constitutional convention, which drafted the Constitution of Wisconsin in 1848.

Constitution of Wisconsin
The Constitution of the State of Wisconsin is the governing document of the U.S. State of Wisconsin. It establishes the structure and function of state government, describes the state boundaries, and declares the rights of state citizens. The Wisconsin Constitution was written at a constitutional convention held in Madison, Wisconsin, in December 1847 and approved by the citizens of Wisconsin Territory in a referendum held in March 1848. Wisconsin was admitted to the United States on May 29, 1848. Although it has been amended over a hundred times, the original constitution ratified in 1848 is still in use. This makes the Wisconsin Constitution the oldest U.S. state constitution outside New England; only Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont use older constitutions.

The Wisconsin Constitution contains a brief preamble and fourteen articles detailing the state government, its powers, and its limitations.
Šumbark
Šumbarkⓘ (Polish: Szumbarkⓘ, German: Schumbarg) was a village in Karviná District, Moravian-Silesian Region, Czech Republic. It was a separate municipality but in 1960 became administratively a part of the city of Havířov built in 1955. It has a population of about 16,000. It lies in the historical region of Cieszyn Silesia.

It was formerly a village but during the communist era a massive construction of so-called paneláks occurred during the construction of a new city of Havířov, and Šumbark was transformed to an urban neighbourhood. Still some old houses remain although the majority of the population of Šumbark live in paneláks.

Cieszyn Silesia
Cieszyn Silesia, Těšín Silesia or Teschen Silesia (Polish: Śląsk Cieszyński [ˈɕlɔ̃sk tɕɛˈʂɨj̃skʲi] ⓘ; Czech: Těšínské Slezsko [ˈcɛʃiːnskɛː ˈslɛsko] ⓘ or Těšínsko [ˈcɛʃiːnsko] ⓘ; German: Teschener Schlesien or Olsagebiet) is a historical region in south-eastern Silesia, centered on the towns of Cieszyn and Český Těšín and bisected by the Olza River. Since 1920 it has been divided between Poland and Czechoslovakia, and later the Czech Republic. It covers an area of about 2,280 square kilometres (880 sq mi) and has about 810,000 inhabitants, of which 1,002 square kilometres (387 sq mi) (44%) is in Poland, while 1,280 square kilometres (494 sq mi) (56%) is in the Czech Republic.

The historical boundaries of the region are roughly the same as those of the former independent Duchy of Cieszyn. Currently, over half of Cieszyn Silesia forms one of the euroregions, the Cieszyn Silesia Euroregion, with the rest of it belonging to Euroregion Beskydy.
Joseph Delmont
Joseph Delmont (8 May 1873 as Josef Pollak in Loiwein, Austria-Hungary – 12 March 1935 in Piešťany, Czechoslovakia) was an Austrian film director of some 200 films, largely shorts, in which he was noted for his innovative use of beasts of prey. He was also a cameraman, actor and screenplay writer. During later life he was active as an author.

Piešťany
Piešťany (Slovak pronunciation: [ˈpɪeʃcani] ⓘ; German: Pistyan, Hungarian: Pöstyén, Polish: Pieszczany [pjɛˈʂtʂanɨ], Czech: Píšťany [ˈpiːʃcanɪ]) is a town in Slovakia. It is located in the western part of the country within the Trnava Region and is the seat of its own district. It is the biggest and best known spa town in Slovakia and has around 28,000 inhabitants.
Richard Brown (linebacker)
Richard Solomon Brown (born September 21, 1965) is a Samoan former professional football player who was a linebacker in the National Football League (NFL).

Brown attended Westminster High School in Westminster, California and played collegiate football at San Diego State University.

Brown signed with the Los Angeles Rams in 1987 as an undrafted free agent. His nine-year career also included stints with the San Diego Chargers, Cleveland Browns, and Minnesota Vikings.

Brown is the uncle of Nephi Sewell, Noah Sewell, and Penei Sewell, all of whom play in the NFL.

Noah Sewell
Noah Pele Tupua Sewell (born April 26, 2002) is an American Samoan professional football linebacker for the Chicago Bears of the National Football League (NFL). A native of American Samoa, he and his family moved to Utah in 2012 before playing college football at Oregon, where he was named the Pac-12 Defensive Freshman of the Year in 2020 before being selected by the Bears in the fifth round of the 2023 NFL draft. Sewell is the younger brother of NFL players Penei and Nephi Sewell.
Josiah Ng
Josiah Ng Onn Lam (simplified Chinese: 伍安临; traditional Chinese: 伍安臨; pinyin: Wǔ Ānlín, born 2 February 1980) is a retired Malaysian professional track cyclist.

Josiah was the first Malaysian to make it into the cycling Olympic finals becoming a three-time Olympian, representing Malaysia at Athens 2004, Beijing 2008 and London 2012.  In 2004 he was awarded the Malaysian Olympian and Sportsman of the Year after being the 1st Malaysian cyclist to make a final in cycling at the 2004 Athens Olympics. In 2010 Josiah won gold at the Commonwealth Games, New Delhi in Keirin at age 30.

He is known to have put Malaysia on the map as one of the best countries for developing world-class track cyclists.

In 2008, he became the first non-Australian to win the 72nd Melbourne Cup on Wheels at the Melbourne Arena.

John Cain Arena
John Cain Arena is a multi-purpose sports and entertainment arena located within Melbourne Park in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It is the second-largest venue and show court for the Australian Open, the first Grand Slam professional tennis tournament held each calendar year. The arena also hosts various other sporting and entertainment events throughout the year.

The arena has sometimes been dubbed "The People's Court" during Australian Open matches, owing to its accessibility for Australian Open patrons with a ground pass (i.e. the cheapest form of ticketing available) and the close proximity of spectators to the players, with the arena developing a reputation for being an incredibly passionate venue with a terrific atmosphere, particularly when Australians are playing on the court.
Zez Confrey
Edward Elzear "Zez" Confrey (3 April 1895 – 22 November 1971) was an American composer and performer of novelty piano and jazz music. His most noted works were "Kitten on the Keys" and "Dizzy Fingers." Studying at the Chicago Musical College and becoming enthralled by French impressionists played a critical role in how he composed and performed music.

Chicago Musical College
41°52′35″N 87°37′28.3″W﻿ / ﻿41.87639°N 87.624528°W﻿ / 41.87639; -87.624528

Chicago Musical College is a division of the Chicago College of Performing Arts at Roosevelt University in Chicago, Illinois, United States.
Short-tailed opossum
Monodelphis is a genus of marsupials in the family Didelphidae, commonly referred to as short-tailed opossums. They are found throughout South America. The genus includes a model organism (M. domestica) and one of the few semelparous mammals (M. dimidiata). As of January 2019, the most recently described species is M. vossi.

Amazonian red-sided opossum
The Amazonian red-sided opossum (Monodelphis glirina) is a species of opossum in the family Didelphidae, formerly viewed as part of M. brevicaudata. It is found in South America (Bolivia, Brazil and Peru), where it inhabits the Amazon rainforest. It is omnivorous, nocturnal, and primarily nonarboreal.
Shepherd's Bush railway station
Shepherd's Bush is an interchange station between the Mildmay line of the London Overground and National Rail services operated by Southern, located in Shepherd's Bush, West London. It opened on 29 September 2008 and lies within London fare zone 2.

A number of stations in the area both past and present have borne the name Shepherd's Bush; today the National Rail station shares its name with the adjacent Central line Shepherd's Bush, with which it shares a surface-level interchange.

An entirely separate London Underground station, Shepherd's Bush Market on the Circle line and Hammersmith & City line located approximately 500 metres (0.3 miles) away was originally called Shepherd's Bush. This station was renamed on 12 October 2008 to Shepherd's Bush Market to avoid confusion.

London Overground
The London Overground  (also known simply as the Overground) is a suburban rail network serving London and its environs. Established in 2007 to take over Silverlink Metro routes, it now serves a large part of Greater London as well as Hertfordshire, with 113 stations on the six lines that make up the network.

The Overground forms part of the United Kingdom's National Rail network but it is under the concession control and branding of Transport for London (TfL). Operation has been contracted to Arriva Rail London since 2016. TfL previously assigned orange as a mode-specific colour for the Overground in branding and publicity including the roundel, on the Tube map, trains and stations.

In 2024, each of the six Overground lines was given a distinct colour and name: Lioness (yellow), Mildmay (blue), Windrush (red), Weaver (purple), Suffragette (green), and Liberty (grey).
Epichloë sylvatica
Epichloë sylvatica is a haploid sexual species in the fungal genus Epichloë.

A systemic and seed-transmissible grass symbiont first described in 1998, Epichloë sylvatica forms a clade within the Epichloë typhina complex.

Epichloë sylvatica is found from Europe to Asia, where it has been identified in association with two grass species, Brachypodium sylvaticum and Hordelymus europaeus.

Epichloë typhina
Epichloë typhina is a haploid sexual species in the fungal genus Epichloë. It was originally described as a Sphaeria species. Today, however, it is classified in Epichloë.

A systemic grass symbiont first described as Sphaeria typhina by Christian Hendrik Persoon in 1798, and transferred to genus Epichloë in 1865, E. typhina forms an only partially resolved species complex within the Epichloë genus.

Epichloë typhina is found in Europe, but has been introduced widely in North America and elsewhere. It lives in association with a large number of grass species from multiple genera, including Anthoxanthum odoratum, Brachypodium phoenicoides, Brachypodium pinnatum, Dactylis glomerata, Lolium perenne, Milium effusum, Phleum pratense, Poa trivialis, Poa silvicola and Puccinellia distans.  Epichloë typhina appears to be seed-transmissible only in Puccinellia distans.