hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Cylinder
A cylinder (from Greek  κύλινδρος (kúlindros) 'roller, tumbler') has traditionally been a three-dimensional solid, one of the most basic of curvilinear geometric shapes. In elementary geometry, it is considered a prism with a circle as its base.

A cylinder may also be defined as an infinite curvilinear surface in various modern branches of geometry and topology. The shift in the basic meaning—solid versus surface (as in a solid ball versus sphere surface)—has created some ambiguity with terminology. The two concepts may be distinguished by referring to solid cylinders and cylindrical surfaces. In the literature the unadorned term "cylinder" could refer to either of these or to an even more specialized object, the right circular cylinder.

Circle
A circle is a shape consisting of all points in a plane that are at a given distance from a given point, the centre. The distance between any point of the circle and the centre is called the radius. The length of a line segment connecting two points on the circle and passing through the centre is called the diameter. A circle bounds a region of the plane called a disc.

The circle has been known since before the beginning of recorded history. Natural circles are common, such as the full moon or a slice of round fruit. The circle is the basis for the wheel, which, with related inventions such as gears, makes much of modern machinery possible. In mathematics, the study of the circle has helped inspire the development of geometry, astronomy and calculus.
José Mendes Cabeçadas
José Mendes Cabeçadas Júnior, OTE, ComA, MPCE (Portuguese pronunciation: [ʒuˈzɛ ˈmẽdɨʃ kɐβɨˈsaðɐʃ]), commonly known as Mendes Cabeçadas (19 August 1883 – 11 June 1965), was a Portuguese Navy officer, Freemason and republican, having a major role in the preparation of the revolutionary movements that created and ended the Portuguese First Republic: the 5 October revolution in 1910 and the 28 May coup d'état of 1926. In the outcome he became the minister of finance for one day only on 30 May 1926, then becoming interim minister for foreign affairs for two days between 30 May and 1 June, after which he again became the minister for finance on the same day. He served as the president of Portugal (the first of the Military dictatorship) and prime minister for a brief period of time.

First Portuguese Republic
The First Portuguese Republic (Portuguese: Primeira República Portuguesa; officially: República Portuguesa, Portuguese Republic) spans a complex 16-year period in the history of Portugal, between the end of the period of constitutional monarchy marked by the 5 October 1910 revolution and the 28 May 1926 coup d'état. The latter movement instituted a military dictatorship known as Ditadura Nacional (national dictatorship) that would be followed by the corporatist Estado Novo (new state) regime of António de Oliveira Salazar.

The sixteen years of the First Republic saw eight presidents and 45 ministries, and were altogether more of a transition between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Estado Novo than they were a coherent period of governance.
Bill Newton Dunn
William Francis Newton Dunn (born 3 October 1941) is a British politician who served as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from 1979 to 1994, 1999 to 2014 and again from 2019 until the UK's withdrawal from the EU in 2020. He resigned from the Conservative Party in 2000 in protest of its euroscepticism and joined the Liberal Democrats.

Newton Dunn first represented Lincolnshire as an MEP (1979–1994), then the East Midlands (1999–2014; 2019–2020).

East Midlands (European Parliament constituency)
East Midlands was a constituency of the European Parliament in the United Kingdom, established in 1999 with six members to replace single-member constituencies. Between 2009 and the United Kingdom's withdrawal from the EU on 31 January 2020 it returned five MEPs, elected using the D'Hondt method of party-list proportional representation.
Characteristic samples
Characteristic samples is a concept in the field of grammatical inference, related to passive learning. In passive learning, an inference algorithm  is given a set of pairs of strings and labels , and returns a representation  that is consistent with . Characteristic samples consider the scenario when the goal is not only finding a representation consistent with , but finding a representation that recognizes a specific target language.

A characteristic sample of language  is a set of pairs of the form  where:

if and only if

if and only if

Given the characteristic sample , 's output on it is a representation , e.g. an automaton, that recognizes .

Grammar induction
Grammar induction (or grammatical inference) is the process in machine learning of learning a formal grammar (usually as a collection of re-write rules or productions or alternatively as a finite-state machine or automaton of some kind) from a set of observations, thus constructing a model which accounts for the characteristics of the observed objects. More generally, grammatical inference is that branch of machine learning where the instance space consists of discrete combinatorial objects such as strings, trees and graphs.
Arthur Kent White
Arthur Kent White (March 15, 1889 – September 16, 1981) was a bishop, and the general superintendent of the Pillar of Fire Church in Zarephath, New Jersey, and the president of Belleview College. The church was started by his mother, Alma Bridwell White, in Denver, Colorado.

Westminster Castle
The Westminster Castle, also locally known as "The Pillar of Fire" is a historic landmark located in Westminster, Colorado, northwest of Denver near the intersection of 83rd and Federal.  It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as Westminster University. The building was built in 1893, but not occupied until 1908.
Australian Film Institute Award for Best Sponsored Documentary
The Australian Film Institute Award for Best Sponsored Documentary was an award presented by the Australian Film Institute (AFI). It was presented at the Australian Film Institute Awards (known commonly as the AFI Awards), which are now the AACTA Awards after the establishment of the Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts (AACTA), by the AFI. The award was handed out from 1983 to 1986.

AACTA Awards
The Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts Awards, known as the AACTA Awards, are presented annually by the Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts (AACTA). The awards recognise excellence in the film and television industry, both locally and internationally, including the producers, directors, actors, writers, and cinematographers. It is the most prestigious awards ceremony for the Australian film and television industry. They are generally considered to be the Australian counterpart of the Academy Awards for the United States and the BAFTA Awards for the United Kingdom.

The awards, previously called Australian Film Institute Awards or AFI Awards, began in 1958, and involved 30 nominations across six categories. They expanded in 1986 to cover television as well as film. The AACTA Awards were instituted in 2011. The AACTA International Awards, inaugurated on 27 January 2012, are presented every January in Los Angeles.
Christian Ehregott Weinlig
Christian Ehregott Weinlig (September 30, 1743 – March 14, 1813) was a German composer and cantor of Dresden's Kreuzkirche.

Born in Dresden, Weinlig received his musical training at the city's Kreuzschule from Gottfried August Homilius, and from the University of Leipzig in 1765. From 1767 to 1773 he was organist of the Reformed Church in Leipzig. From 1780 he was an accompanist for Italian opera and an organist for the Frauenkirche in Dresden.  From 1785 to his death he served as Cantor of the Kreuzkirche and Kreuzschule in Dresden.

Weinlig wrote several operas, oratorios ("Der Christ am Grabe Jesu"), cantatas ("Augusta"), hymns, pieces for piano, and sonatas in a sentimental style.

His nephew, Christian Theodor Weinlig, was also a composer.

Cantor (Christianity)
In Christianity, the cantor, female chantress, sometimes called the precentor or the protopsaltes (Greek: πρωτοψάλτης, lit. 'first singer'; from Greek: ψάλτης, romanized: psaltes, lit. 'singer'), is the chief singer, and usually instructor, employed at a church, with responsibilities for the choir and the preparation of the Mass or worship service. The term is also used for a similar task in Reform Judaism and in Ancient Egypt.

Generally, a cantor must be competent to choose and conduct the vocals for the choir, to start any chant on demand, and to be able to identify and correct the missteps of singers placed under them. A cantor may be responsible for the immediate rendering of the music, showing the course of the melody by movements of the hand(s) (cheironomia), similar to a conductor.
Gustavo Caballero
Gustavo Rubén Caballero González (born 21 September 2001) is a Paraguayan professional footballer who plays for EFL Championship club Portsmouth, on loan from Campeonato Brasileiro Série A club Santos. Mainly a winger, he can also play as a forward.

He began his career in his country's APF División de Honor, playing 116 games and scoring 19 goals for Deportivo Capiatá, Sportivo Ameliano, and Nacional Asunción. After finishing as joint top scorer of the Apertura in 2025, he transferred to Santos, who then loaned him to Portsmouth.

Caballero represented the Paraguay under-23 team at the 2024 Olympic tournament.

2025 Copa de Primera
The 2025 Copa de Primera (officially the Copa de Primera Tigo – ueno bank 2025 for sponsorship reasons) was the 91st season of the División de Honor, the top-flight professional football league in Paraguay. The season, which consisted of two tournaments (Apertura and Clausura), began on 24 January and ended on 30 November 2025. The fixture draw for the season was held on 9 December 2024.

In the Torneo Apertura, Libertad won its twenty-sixth league championship, clinching the title with a 1–0 win over 2 de Mayo on 1 June, the final matchday of the tournament. The Torneo Clausura was won by Cerro Porteño, who claimed their thirty-fifth league title after defeating Tembetary 2–0 on 30 November. Olimpia entered the season as defending champions, having won the 2024 Clausura tournament.
Medical Lake High School
Medical Lake High School is a four-year public secondary school in Medical Lake, Washington, the sole traditional high school in the Medical Lake School District (#326) in western Spokane County. West of the city of Spokane, the school district includes the base housing area of Fairchild Air Force Base to the north.

Spokane County, Washington
Spokane County is a county located in the U.S. state of Washington. As of the 2020 census, its population was 539,339, and was estimated to be 555,947 in 2024, making it the fourth-most populous county in Washington. The county seat and largest city is Spokane, the second largest city in the state after Seattle. The county is named after the Spokane people.

Spokane County is part of the Spokane metropolitan area, which is also part of the greater Spokane–Coeur d'Alene combined statistical area that includes nearby Kootenai County, Idaho.
Bronze darter
The bronze darter (Percina palmaris) is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish, a darter from the subfamily Etheostomatinae, part of the family Percidae, which also contains the perches, ruffes and pikeperches. It is restricted to the Coosa and Tallapoosa River systems in Georgia, Alabama, and southeastern Tennessee in the United States. It feeds on insect larvae and other small invertebrates, and spawns in April and May. It is a common fish within its range and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has classified its conservation status as being of "least concern". However, it is susceptible to environmental disturbance and an ongoing management plan has been put in place to protect its habitat.

Etheostomatinae
Etheostomatinae is a species-rich subfamily of freshwater ray-finned fish, the members of which are commonly known as the darters. The subfamily is part of the family Percidae which also includes the perches, ruffes and pikeperches. The family is endemic to North America. It consists of three to five different genera and well over 200 species. A common name for these fish in southern Indiana is pollywog.
Corporations based in Saskatoon
The Economy of Saskatoon is quite diverse.  The city hosts the head-offices for several companies. Various grains, livestock, oil and gas, potash, uranium, wood and their spin off industries fuel the economy. The world's largest publicly traded uranium company, Cameco, and the world's largest potash producer, Nutrien, have corporate headquarters in Saskatoon. Nearly two-thirds of the world's recoverable potash reserves are located in the Saskatoon region.

Cameco
Cameco Corporation (formerly Canadian Mining and Energy Corporation) is the world's largest publicly traded uranium company, based in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. In 2015, it was the world's second largest uranium producer, accounting for 18% of world production.
Oude Molen Distillery
Oude Molen Distillery is situated in the Elgin Valley near the town of Grabouw in the Western Cape province of South Africa. The area is part of the Elgin Wine of Origin district and is home to several celebrated wine estates.

Elgin, South Africa
Elgin is a large, lush area of land, circled by mountains, in the Overberg region of South Africa. This broad upland valley lies about 70 km southeast of Cape Town, just beyond the Hottentots Holland Mountains.

The Elgin region is centered on the town of Grabouw.

The Elgin Valley is one of the more intensively farmed districts of South Africa and produces 60% of the national apple crop. Consequently it is now known in South Africa as the place “where the apples come from”. 
However a recent shift in economic focus has led to Elgin also becoming one of South Africa's most notable and successful wine regions, with the coolest climate of any region in the country. Elgin wines and tourism have consequently become significant parts of the valley's economy.
3rd Battalion, 7th Marines
The 3rd Battalion 7th Marine Regiment (3/7, V37) is an infantry battalion of the United States Marine Corps.  They are based at the Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center Twentynine Palms and consist of approximately 800 Marines.  The battalion falls under the command of the 7th Marine Regiment and the 1st Marine Division.  The battalion has seen combat in World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, the Gulf War and was a part of the main effort during the initial invasion of Iraq in 2003. During the Global War on Terror, the battalion saw eleven sequential combat deployments; five in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom, three in support of Operation Enduring Freedom, and three in support Operation Inherent Resolve. The unit has a long, decorated history with countless achievements. Its members were described as "true professionals" by embedded reporters during the 2003 invasion of Iraq.

1st Marine Division
The 1st Marine Division (1st MARDIV) is a Marine division of the United States Marine Corps headquartered at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California. It is the ground combat element of the I Marine Expeditionary Force (I MEF).

It is the oldest and largest active duty division in the United States Marine Corps, representing a combat-ready force of 22,000 personnel. It is one of three active duty divisions in the Marine Corps today and is a multi-role, expeditionary ground combat force. It is nicknamed "The Old Breed".
SOFAZ Tower
SOFAZ Tower is a multi-story building located in Baku, the capital of Azerbaijan. The skyscraper is the administrative building of the State Oil Fund of the Republic of Azerbaijan (SOFAZ), the project incorporates the latest technological innovations that are in line with the highest international standards and elements of the 9 carpet schools in Azerbaijan.

State Oil Fund of Azerbaijan
The State Oil Fund of the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan Respublikasının Dövlət Neft Fondu), also known by its abbreviation SOFAZ, is a sovereign wealth fund of Azerbaijan founded in December 1999.

Nearly all the fund's revenues come from Azerbaijan's oil and gas exports. SOFAZ invests internationally and holds assets in more than 60 countries, including listed securities as well as infrastructure and renewable energy projects.

The fund has been criticized for its lack of transparency and for enriching Azerbaijan's political elites.
Prestoy Point
Prestoy Point (Bulgarian: нос Престой, ‘Nos Prestoy’ \'nos pre-'stoy\) is the sharp point projecting 800 m into the head of Barilari Bay on the Graham Coast in Graham Land, Antarctica, formed by an offshoot of Mount Genecand.  The point is named after the settlement of Prestoy in northern Bulgaria.

Mount Genecand
Mount Genecand (66°6′S 64°39′W﻿ / ﻿66.100°S 64.650°W﻿ / -66.100; -64.650) is a mountain at the head of Barilari Bay between Lawrie Glacier and Weir Glacier, on the west coast of Graham Land, Antarctica. It was photographed by Hunting Aerosurveys Ltd in 1955–57, and mapped from these photos by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey. It was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee in 1959 for Félix-Valentin Genecand (1878–1957), a Swiss mountaineer who invented the Tricouni nail for climbing boots shortly before World War I.
Hubert Sattler (painter)
Hubert Sattler (21 January 1817 – 3 April 1904) was an Austrian painter who also signed works with the pseudonyms Louis Ritschard, E. Grossen, and Gottfried Stähly-Rychen. He traveled widely and was noted for large and minutely detailed cosmorama paintings of cities, monuments, and landscapes of many countries.

Cosmorama
A cosmorama is an exhibition of perspective pictures of different places in the world, usually world landmarks. Careful use of illumination and lenses gives the images greater realism.

Cosmorama was also the name of an entertainment in 19th century London, at 207-209 Regent Street, at which the public could view scenes of distant lands and exotic subjects through optical devices that magnified the pictures. It was later converted into an exhibition of curiosities named the Prince of Wales Bazaar. Exhibits included a sea lion, a sea serpent and L. Bertolotto's Flea circus.

Cosmorama of Chateau Versailles (1819-1818), once in City Hall Park, New York City, now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art

Cosmorama of Chateau Versailles (1819-1818), once in City Hall Park, New York City, now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art

Cosmorama of Chateau Versailles (1819-1818), once in City Hall Park, New York City, now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art
Parak, Bushehr
Parak (Persian: پرك) is a village in, and the capital of, Taheri Rural District in Siraf District of Kangan County, Bushehr province, Iran. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Taheri, now the city of Bandar Siraf.

Siraf District
Siraf District (Persian: بخش مرکزی شهرستان کنگان) is in Kangan County, Bushehr province, Iran. Its capital is the city of Bandar Siraf, whose population at the time of the 2016 National Census was 6,992 in 1,949 households.
Peace, Love & Misunderstanding
Peace, Love & Misunderstanding is a 2011 American comedy-drama film directed by Bruce Beresford and starring Jane Fonda, Catherine Keener, Jeffrey Dean Morgan, Elizabeth Olsen, Nat Wolff, Chace Crawford, Kyle MacLachlan, and Rosanna Arquette. It was filmed in the town of Woodstock, New York, the same town in which the film is set. The film had a gala premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 13, 2011. It was released to theaters on June 8, 2012, starting in limited release. It was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on October 2, 2012.

Woodstock, New York
Woodstock is a town in Ulster County, New York, United States, in the northern part of the county, northwest of Kingston. It lies within the borders of the Catskill Park. The population was 6,287 at the 2020 census, up from 5,884 in 2010.

Although local Woodstock Sound-Outs were staged in the local area, the actual "Woodstock" Festival was held almost 60 miles (97 km) away at Max Yasgur's farm in the town of Bethel.
R. F. Foster (historian)
Robert Fitzroy Foster FBA FRHistS FRSL (born 16 January 1949), publishing as R. F. Foster, is an Irish historian and academic. He was the Carroll Professor of Irish History from 1991 until 2016 at Hertford College, Oxford.

Royal Society of Literature
The Royal Society of Literature (RSL) is a learned society founded in 1820 by King George IV to "reward literary merit and excite literary talent". A charity that represents the voice of literature in the UK, the RSL has about 800 Fellows, elected from among the best writers in any genre currently at work. Additionally, Honorary Fellows are chosen from those who have made a significant contribution to the advancement of literature, including publishers, agents, librarians, booksellers or producers. The society is a cultural tenant at London's Somerset House. The RSL is an independent charity and relies on the support of its Members, Patrons, Fellows and friends to continue its work.
Sebastián Montoya
Sebastián "Sebas" Montoya Freydell (born 11 April 2005) is a Colombian and American racing driver who competes in the FIA Formula 2 Championship for Prema Racing.

The son of the former Formula One driver Juan Pablo Montoya, he is a former member of the Red Bull Junior Team. He previously competed in the FIA Formula 3 Championship in 2023 and 2024 for Hitech Pulse-Eight and Campos Racing respectively.

Hitech Grand Prix
Hitech Grand Prix (formerly Hitech Racing) is a British motor racing team. It was founded by Dennis Rushen and David Hayle in 2002 and relaunched by Oliver Oakes in 2015. Currently, Hitech competes in the FIA Formula 2 Championship, FIA Formula 3 Championship, Formula Regional Oceania Trophy, Eurocup-3, GB3 Championship, F4 British Championship, F1 Academy, Formula Trophy UAE and UAE4 Series. The team also supports Toyota drivers in Super Formula Championship.
Hydra Technologies Gavilán
The E1 Gavilán ('Sparrowhawk' in English) is an unmanned electrical-surveillance airplane designed and manufactured by the Mexican firm Hydra Technologies. The aircraft is a remotely controlled unmanned aerial vehicle.

The Gavilán was unveiled on June 10 2008, at the Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems International (AUVSI) North America 2008 event in San Diego, California. The airplane was also displayed at the Farnborough Airshow on July 14 2008.

Hydra Technologies Ehécatl
The S4 Ehécatl is an unmanned aerial vehicle developed and manufactured by Hydra Technologies of Mexico which, except for its infrared thermal sensor system, is the first of its type to be completely designed and manufactured in Mexico. It is named after Ehecatl, the Aztec god of the wind.
Joseph Collier Hutcheson
Joseph Collier Hutcheson (July 23, 1906 – February 14, 1972) was a Virginia lawyer and member of the Virginia General Assembly representing Brunswick, Lunenburg and Mecklenburg Counties as a state Senator from 1958 until months before his death in 1972. A member of the Byrd Organization, Hutcheson opposed racial integration and was active in the  Massive Resistance vowed by U.S. Senator Harry F. Byrd after the U.S. Supreme Court decisions in Brown v. Board of Education.

Brunswick County, Virginia
Brunswick County is a United States county located on the southern border of the Commonwealth of Virginia. Brunswick County was created in 1720 from parts of Prince George, Surry and Isle of Wight counties. The county was named for the former Duchy of Brunswick-Lunenburg, the ancestral home of the British monarchs of the House of Hanover.

As of the 2020 census, the population of Brunswick county was 15,849. The county has a total area of 569 square miles, and the  county seat is Lawrenceville.  Known for its rural character, the county is one of the claimants to be the namesake of Brunswick stew, a popular Southern dish.