hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Reforms of Umar's era
Umar was the second Rashidun caliph and reigned during 634 to 644 CE. This article details the reforms of Umar's era.
Umar undertook many administrative reforms and closely oversaw public policy, establishing an advanced administration for newly conquered lands, including several new ministries and bureaucracies, as well as ordering a census of all the Muslim territories.  During his reign, the garrison cities of Basrah and al-Kūfah were founded or expanded. In 638, he extended and renovated the Grand Mosque in Mecca and the Mosque of the Prophet in Medina. He also began the process of codifying Islamic law.

Kufa
Kufa (Arabic: الْكُوفَة "al-Kūfah"), also spelled Kufah, is a city in Iraq, about 170 kilometres (110 mi) south of Baghdad, and 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) northeast of Najaf. It is located on the banks of the Euphrates River. The estimated population in 2003 was 110,000.

Along with Najaf, Karbala, Mashhad, Samarra, Kadhimiya and Qom, Kufa is one of the holiest cities in Shia Islam. The city was founded in 638 CE (17 Hijrah) during the reign of the second Rashidun Caliph, Umar ibn Al-Khattab, and it was the final capital of the last Rashidun Caliph, Ali ibn Abi Talib. Kufa was also the founding capital of the Abbasid Caliphate. During the Islamic Golden Age it was home to the grammarians of Kufa. Kufic script is named for the city.

The Palestinian keffiyeh, also known as kufiya and worn by Arab men, originated from Kufa, and is worn today to convey diverse political sentiments. Due to heightened global consumer demand, most keffiyehs are now manufactured in China.
Isabel Rodríguez García
Isabel Rodríguez García (pronounced [isaˈβel roˈðɾiɣeθ ɣaɾˈθi.a]; born 1981) is a Spanish politician of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE), serving as minister of Housing and Urban Agenda since 2023.

Before this, Rodríguez has served as minister for Territorial Policy and spokesperson of the Government from 2021 to 2023, and before as mayor of Puertollano from 2019 to 2021. She has been a member of the Senate (2003–2007) and the Congress of Deputies (2011–2019; 2023).

Puertollano
Puertollano (Spanish pronunciation: [pweɾtoˈʎano]) is a municipality of Spain located in the province of Ciudad Real, Castile-La Mancha. The city has a population of 45,539 (2022). Contrasting to the largely rural character of the region, Puertollano stands out for the importance of industry, with a past linked to industrial and mining activities. It lies on the Madrid–Seville high-speed rail line (opened 1992).
2020 Yukon Party leadership election
The 2020 Yukon Party leadership election took place on May 23, 2020, to elect a leader to replace Darrell Pasloski, who resigned on November 7, 2016 after the 2016 Yukon general election, which resulted in the party's majority government being defeated and Pasloski losing re-election in Mountainview. Currie Dixon was elected after two ballots with a record turnout of 96% of registered Yukon Party voters.

2016 Yukon general election
The 2016 general election in Yukon, Canada, took place on November 7, 2016, to return members to the 34th Yukon legislative assembly.

The election was fought over issues relating to the economy, the environment, First Nations reconciliation, fracking, and the merits of a territorial carbon tax. Sandy Silver's Liberal Party won an upset victory over the incumbent Yukon Party government led by Darrell Pasloski, who lost his own seat in the riding of Mountainview.
1877 Iowa Senate election
In the 1877 Iowa State Senate elections, Iowa voters elected state senators to serve in the seventeenth Iowa General Assembly. Elections were held in 24 of the state senate's 50 districts. State senators serve four-year terms in the Iowa State Senate.

The general election took place on October 9, 1877.

Following the previous election, Republicans had control of the Iowa Senate with 40 seats to Democrats' 10 seats.

To claim control of the chamber from Republicans, the Democrats needed to net 16 Senate seats.

Republicans maintained control of the Iowa State Senate following the 1877 general election with the balance of power shifting to Republicans holding 38 seats and Democrats having 12 seats (a net gain of 2 seats for Democrats).

Iowa Senate
41°35′28″N 93°36′14″W﻿ / ﻿41.591°N 93.604°W﻿ / 41.591; -93.604

The Iowa Senate is the upper house of the Iowa General Assembly. There are 50 seats in the Iowa Senate, representing 50 single-member districts across the state of Iowa with populations of approximately 63,807 per constituency, as of the 2020 United States census. Each Senate district is composed of two House districts. The Senate meets at the Iowa State Capitol in Des Moines.

Unlike the lower house, the Iowa House of Representatives, senators serve four-year terms, with no term limits. Terms are staggered so that half the Senate is up for reelection every two years.
Brave Exkaiser
Brave Exkaiser (勇者エクスカイザー, Yūsha Ekusukaizā; Sometimes translated as Brave Exkaizer or Brave Fighter Exkizer) is a Japanese animated television series produced by Sunrise. The series is directed by Katsuyoshi Yatabe and written by Yasushi Hirano with both character and mecha designs done by Masayuki Hiraoka and Kunio Okawara respectively. It aired on Nagoya TV from February 3, 1990 to January 26, 1991, consisting of 48 episodes.

Exkaiser is the first installment in Takara and Sunrise's Brave series franchise, spanning up to eight separate installments. It is generally one of the more influential anime in the 1990s, which revitalized the Super Robot genre in that time through both the series' reception as well as its toy sales. It would be later referenced and homaged in several other animated works.

The King of Braves GaoGaiGar
The King of Braves GaoGaiGar (勇者王ガオガイガー, Yūsha Ō Gaogaigā) is a Japanese anime television series produced by Sunrise's internal "Studio 7" division alongside Tokyu Agency. It is the eighth installment in the Brave series franchise. Yoshitomo Yonetani is its director, with Yoshitake Suzuki handling series scripts, Takahiro Kimura as character designer, Kunio Okawara designing mechanical elements, Tomoaki Okada as art director, and Kohei Tanaka as music producer. The series aired on Nagoya TV and TV Asahi affiliate stations from February 1, 1997, to January 31, 1998.

The series follows the exploits of two protagonists: One is a cyborg named Guy Shishioh, who pilots the titular Gaogaigar, and the other is a mysterious boy Mamoru. Together, they must defend the world against the malevolent Zonders all while Mamoru’s connection with them begins to unfold.
Sachio Kinugasa
Sachio Kinugasa (衣笠 祥雄; January 18, 1947 – April 23, 2018) was a Japanese professional baseball third baseman for the Hiroshima Toyo Carp of the Nippon Professional Baseball league from 1965 to 1987. He was nicknamed Tetsujin, meaning "Iron Man". He played in a record-breaking 2,215 consecutive games, having surpassed Lou Gehrig's record by 1987.

Kinugasa is mostly remembered for his consecutive-game streak, but he ranks seventh in Nippon Professional Baseball in career home runs (504), 5th in career hits (2543) and 10th in career RBIs (1448), showing that he was one of the most consistent hitters in Japanese baseball. He was inducted into the Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame in 1996.

Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame
The Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum (野球体育博物館, Yakyū Taiiku Hakubutsukan), commonly known outside of Japan as the Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame, is a hall of fame and museum in Tokyo dedicated to professional baseball, with a prominent focus on professional baseball in Japan. The Hall is intended to honor and commemorate inducted players, executives, umpires, and other individuals who developed and/or made a significant impact towards the sport of baseball in Japan.
1966 Great Northern Buelow collision
The Great Northern Buelow Wreck occurred on March 7, 1966, when two Great Northern Railway trains, an eastbound Empire Builder passenger train and a westbound Western Star mail and passenger train, collided near Chester, Montana. Two were killed, 77 were injured, and 29 were hospitalized.: 1

Great Northern Railway (U.S.)
The Great Northern Railway (reporting mark GN) was an American Class I railroad. Running from Saint Paul, Minnesota, to Seattle, Washington, it was the creation of 19th-century Canadian-American railroad entrepreneur James J. Hill and was developed from the Saint Paul & Pacific Railroad. The Great Northern's route made it the northernmost transcontinental railroad in the U.S.

In 1970, the Great Northern Railway merged with three other railroads to form the Burlington Northern Railroad, which merged in 1996 with the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway to form the Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Railway.
Helessa
Helessa, Or—Elijah, Was Elijah, The Fox Was a Fox, And The Sea Was Shimmering (A Laz Maritime Movie-Novel, Presented as Chronicles of the Felucca Kirbishi's Last Voyage, or, if You Prefer, as the Enlivened Paintings of the Laz Artist Hasan Helimishi) is a 2012 Georgian Movie-novel by author Miho Mosulishvili.

Laz people
The Laz people, or Lazi (Laz: ლაზი Lazi; Georgian: ლაზი, lazi; or ჭანი, ch'ani; Turkish: Laz), are a Kartvelian ethnic group native to the South Caucasus, who mainly live in Black Sea coastal regions of Turkey and Georgia. They traditionally speak the Laz language (which is a member of the Kartvelian language family) but have experienced a rapid language shift to Turkish.

Of the 103,900 ethnic Laz in Turkey, only around 20,000 speak Laz and the language is classified as threatened (6b) in Turkey and shifting (7) in Georgia on the Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale.
Battle of Żurawno
Battle of Żurawno took place between 25 September and 14 October 1676, during the war Polish-Ottoman War (1672–1676). The battle ended in negotiations for peace; the treaty of Żurawno was signed in its aftermath.

Polish–Ottoman War (1672–1676)
The Polish–Ottoman War of 1672–1676 was fought by the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire. It ended with the Treaty of Żurawno, by which the Commonwealth ceded control of most of its territories in Central Ukraine to the Ottomans. It was a prelude to the Great Turkish War.
Tonal system (Nystrom)
The tonal system is a base 16 system of notation (predating the widespread use of hexadecimal in computing), arithmetic, and metrology proposed in 1859 by John W. Nystrom.  In addition to new weights and measures, his proposal included a new calendar with sixteen months, a new system of coinage, and a clock with sixteen major divisions of the day (called tims). Nystrom advocated his system thus:

I am not afraid, or do not hesitate, to advocate a binary system of arithmetic and metrology. I know I have nature on my side; if I do not succeed to impress upon you its utility and great importance to mankind, it will reflect that much less credit upon our generation, upon scientific men and philosophers.

Hexadecimal
Hexadecimal (hex for short) is a positional numeral system for representing a numeric value as base 16. For the most common convention, a digit is represented as "0" to "9" like for decimal and as a letter of the alphabet from "A" to "F" (either upper or lower case) for the digits with decimal value 10 to 15.

As typical computer hardware is binary in nature and that hex is power of 2, the hex representation is often used in computing as a dense representation of binary information. A hex digit represents 4 contiguous bits –known as a nibble. An 8-bit byte is two hex digits, such as 2C.

Special notation is often used to indicate that a number is hex. In mathematics, a subscript is typically used to specify the base. For example, the decimal value 491 would be expressed in hex as 1EB16. In computer programming, various notations are used. In C and many related languages, the prefix 0x is used. For example, 0x1EB.
Myosotis forsteri
Myosotis forsteri is a species of flowering plant in the family Boraginaceae. endemic to New Zealand. Johann Georg Christian Lehmann described the species in 1818. Plants of this species of forget-me-not are perennial rosettes with ebracteate inflorescences and white corollas with stamens that are fully included or sometimes partly exserted with the tips only surpassing the scales.

Myosotis
Myosotis (/ˌmaɪəˈsoʊtɪs/ MY-ə-SOH-tiss) is a genus of flowering plants in the family Boraginaceae.  In the Northern Hemisphere, they are colloquially known as forget-me-nots or scorpion grasses. The forget-me-not is the official flower of Alaska and Dalsland, Sweden.

The name comes from the Ancient Greek μυοσωτίς "mouse's ear", which the foliage is thought to resemble. Plants of the genus are not to be confused with the related genus Myosotidium and its sole species Myosotidium hortensia found in the  Chatham Islands.
KWTH
KWTH (91.3 FM) is a non-commercial radio station licensed to Barstow, California, United States, broadcasting a Christian format. Owned by the New Life Christian School, with the license held by Advance Ministries, Inc, KWTH mostly simulcasts the programming of KWVE-FM in San Clemente, with studios on West MacArthur Boulevard in Santa Ana.

KWTH's transmitter is sited in the Rodman Mountains, 35 miles southeast of Bartow. It serves the Victor Valley area and eastward into the High Desert along I-15 from the Cajon Pass to Baker and I-40 to Essex.

San Clemente, California
San Clemente (/ˌsæn kləˈmɛntə/ san kleh-MEN-teh; Spanish for 'St. Clement' Spanish: [saŋ kleˈmente]) is a coastal city in southern Orange County, California, United States. It was named in 1925 after the Spanish colonial island (which was named after a Pope from the first century). Located in the Orange Coast region of the South Coast of California, San Clemente's population was 64,293 in the 2020 census. Situated roughly midway between Los Angeles and San Diego, San Clemente is a popular tourist destination in Southern California, known for its beaches, Spanish Colonial Revival architecture, and hospitality industry. San Clemente's city slogan is "Spanish Village by the Sea."

Some locals anglicize the town's spanish name as (/ˌsæn kləˈmɛnti/ san kleh-MEN-tee, with members of the San Clemente Historical Society using both the anglicized and more proper spanish pronunciations.
Kang Chengxun
Kang Chengxun (c. 808 – c. 873), courtesy name Jingci, title the Duke of Fufeng, was a Chinese general of the Tang Empire. He is most well known for his failures against incursions from the Nanzhao Kingdom of Dali and his successes against the rebel Pang Xun, accomplished with the assistance of the Shatuo chieftain Zhuye Chixin.

Nanzhao
Nanzhao (simplified Chinese: 南诏; traditional Chinese: 南詔; pinyin: Nánzhào), also spelled Nanchao (lit. 'Southern Zhao', Yi language: ꂷꏂꌅ, Mashynzy), was a dynastic kingdom that flourished in what is now southwestern China and northern Southeast Asia during the 8th and 9th centuries, during the mid/late Tang dynasty. It was centered on present-day Yunnan in China, with its capitals in modern-day Dali City. The kingdom was officially called Dameng (大蒙) from 738 to 859 AD, Dali (大禮) from 859 to 877 and Dafengmin (大封民) from 877 to 902.
Thomas Hollway
Thomas Tuke Hollway (2 October 1906 – 30 July 1971) was the 36th Premier of Victoria, and the first to be born in the 20th century. He held office from 1947 to 1950, and again for a short period in 1952. He was originally a member and the leader of the United Australia Party (UAP) in Victoria, and was the inaugural leader of the UAP's successor, the Victorian division of the Liberal Party, but split from the Liberals after a dispute over electoral reform issues.

John Cain (34th Premier of Victoria)
John Cain (19 January 1882 – 4 August 1957) was an Australian politician who served as the 34th Premier of Victoria. He was the first Labor Party leader to win a majority in the Victorian Legislative Assembly, and is the only premier of Victoria whose son has also served as premier.
Myname 2nd Mini Album
Myname 2nd Mini Album is the second mini-album by South Korean idol group Myname. It was released on February 12, 2015, by H2 Media and distributed by Kakao M. Following a series of photo and video teasers, the album and its lead single "Too Very So Much" were concurrently released. They promoted the song by performing it on music chart programs across various television networks. Myname 2nd Mini Album peaked at number three South Korea's national Gaon Album Chart, shifting over 4,500 units domestically since its release.

Music programs of South Korea
Music programs of South Korea are broadcast weekly, with different artists performing on the shows to promote their music.

South Korea's largest broadcasting companies each have their own show, which are broadcast on different channels. SBS has Inkigayo, KBS has Music Bank, MBC has Show! Music Core, Mnet has M Countdown and MBC M has Show Champion.
Systemic Risk Council
The Systemic Risk Council was formed in 2012 by The Pew Charitable Trusts and CFA Institute to help ensure the effective implementation of the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act and related measures related to mitigating systemic risk.

Systemic risk
In finance, systemic risk is the risk of collapse of an entire financial system or entire market, as opposed to the risk associated with any one individual entity, group or component of a system, that can be contained therein without harming the entire system. It can be defined as "financial system instability, potentially catastrophic, caused or exacerbated by idiosyncratic events or conditions in financial intermediaries". It refers to the risks imposed by interlinkages and interdependencies in a system or market, where the failure of a single entity or cluster of entities can cause a cascading failure, which could potentially bankrupt or bring down the entire system or market. It is also sometimes erroneously referred to as "systematic risk".
Paksey
Paksey (Bengali: পাকশী, romanized: Pakshee) is a town situated on the banks of the Padma River in Ishwardi Upazila–the westernmost Upazila of Pabna District in Rajshahi Division, Bangladesh.  Paksey is home to the Hardinge Bridge–a steel railway bridge named after Lord Hardinge who was the Viceroy of British India from 1910 to 1916. Paksey also serves as the western zone headquarters for the Bangladesh Railway. The road bridge, Lalon Shah Bridge, crosses the Padma at Paksey.

Hardinge Bridge
Hardinge Bridge is a steel railway truss bridge over the Padma River located at Ishwardi, Pabna and Bheramara, Kushtia in Bangladesh. It is named after Lord Hardinge, who was the Viceroy of India from 1910 to 1916. The bridge is 1.8 km (1.1 mi) long.
INS Magar
The following ships of the Indian Navy have been named INS Magar:

INS Magar (1949) was an amphibious warfare ship acquired in 1949 from the Royal Navy, where it served in World War II as HMS Avenger (LST 3011)

INS Magar (L20) is the lead vessel of her class of amphibious warfare vessels, currently in active service with the Indian Navy

Amphibious warfare ship
An amphibious warfare ship (or amphib) is an amphibious vehicle warship employed to land and support ground forces, such as marines, on enemy territory during an amphibious assault.

Specialized shipping can be divided into two types, most crudely described as ships and craft. In general, the ships carry the troops from the port of embarkation to the drop point for the assault and the craft carry the troops from the ship to the shore. Amphibious assaults taking place over short distances can also involve the shore-to-shore technique, where landing craft go directly from the port of embarkation to the assault point. Some tank landing ships may also be able to land troops and equipment directly onto shore after travelling long distances, such as the Ivan Rogov-class landing ship.
Jeffrey Tarayao
Jeffrey Tarayao (born March 9, 1980) is a Filipino business executive. He is currently President of OneMeralco Foundation, the corporate foundation and social development arm of the Manila Electric Company, the largest electric utility company in the Philippines. He is currently a faculty member of the University of Santo Tomas.

Tarayao was formerly Head of Community Relations for Globe Telecom, a major telecommunications corporation in the Philippines, owned by the Zóbel de Ayala family through the Ayala Corporation. He is also a former student leader in the Philippines.

Meralco
The Manila Electric Company, also known as Meralco (/mɜːrɑːlkoʊ/, Tagalog: [mɛˈɾalkɔ], stylized in uppercase), is an electric power distribution company in the Philippines. It is Metro Manila's only electric power distributor and holds the power distribution franchise for 39 cities and 72 municipalities, including the whole of Metro Manila and the exurbs that form Mega Manila.

The name "Meralco" is an acronym for Manila Electric Railroad and Light Company, which was the company's official name until 1919.
Sydney Andrews (soccer)
Sydney Elizabeth Andrews (born 1993) is an American soccer player who plays as a center back for the United States women's deaf national team. Raised in Wichita, Kansas, she played college soccer for the Missouri Western Griffons.

United States women's national deaf soccer team
The United States women's national deaf soccer team (USDWNT) represents the United States of America in international women's deaf soccer. The team is governed by the United States Soccer Federation.

The team has an all-time undefeated record of 38–0–1 as of June 1, 2024. They have won four Deaflympics gold medals (2005, 2009, 2013, and 2021) and three World Championship gold medals (2012, 2016, 2023). Players have hearing loss of at least 55 decibels, and they communicate on the field using American Sign Language and other hand gestures.
Palacio de los Guzmanes
The Palacio de los Guzmanes is a Renaissance building in the city of León; it is the seat of Provincial Government of León.

The architect Rodrigo Gil de Hontañón built the palace in the 16th century, commissioned by the aristocratic House of Guzmán, one of the city's powerful and influential families. It is three-story high with square towers at the four corners and is arranged around a two-story courtyard. The façade has a round arches gallery on the top floor.

In "la Plaza de Santo Domingo", the palace stands tall, right next to "la casa de botines" and is one of the prize possessions of "El Casco Viejo (antiguo)" of Leon

Province of León
León (UK: /leɪˈɒn/, US: /leɪˈoʊn/; Spanish: [leˈon]; Leonese: Llión [ʎiˈoŋ]; Galician: [leˈoŋ]) is a province of northwestern Spain in the northern part of the Region of León and in the northwestern part of the autonomous community of Castile and León.

About one quarter of its population of 463,746 (2018) lives in the capital, León. The climate is dry, cold in winter and hot in summer. This creates the perfect environment for wine and all types of cold meats and sausages like the leonese "Morcilla" and the "Cecina".

There are two famous Roman Catholic cathedrals in the province, the main one in León and another in Astorga. The province shares the Picos de Europa National Park (in the Picos de Europa mountain range) with Cantabria and Asturias. It has 211 municipalities.