hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Lebesgue's number lemma
In topology, the Lebesgue covering lemma is a useful tool in the study of compact metric spaces.

Given an open cover of a compact metric space , a Lebesgue's number of the cover is a number  such that every subset of  having diameter less than  is contained in some member of the cover.

The existence of Lebesgue's numbers for compact metric spaces is given by the Lebesgue's covering lemma:

If the metric space  is compact and an open cover of  is given, then the cover admits some Lebesgue's number .

The notion of Lebesgue's numbers itself is useful in other applications as well.

Diameter of a set
In mathematics, the diameter of a set of points in a metric space is the largest distance between points in the set. As an important special case, the diameter of a metric space is the largest distance between any two points in the space. This generalizes the diameter of a circle, the largest distance between two points on the circle. This usage of diameter also occurs in medical terminology concerning a lesion or in geology concerning a rock.

A bounded set is a set whose diameter is finite. Within a bounded set, all distances are at most the diameter.
James B. Cunningham
James Blair Cunningham (born 1952) is an American diplomat who served as the United States Ambassador to Afghanistan.

Cunningham previously served in various diplomatic positions, including chief of staff to NATO Secretary General Manfred Woerner (1989–1990), Deputy Advisor for Political Affairs at the United States Mission to the United Nations (1990–1992), Director of the State Department's Office of European Security and Political Affairs (1993-1995), Deputy Chief of Mission, Embassy of the United States in Rome  (1996–2001), acting United States Ambassador to the United Nations (2001), Consul General of the United States to Hong Kong and Macau (2005-2008), and United States Ambassador to Israel (2008–2011).

Deputy chief of mission
A deputy chief of mission (DCM, in Europe the term deputy head of mission – DHoM or DHM is used instead) is the number-two diplomat assigned to an embassy or other diplomatic mission. The deputy chief of mission is usually considered the second-in-command to the head of mission (usually an ambassador). DCMs serve as chargé d'affaires (that is, as acting chief of mission) when the titular head of mission is outside the host country or when the post is vacant.

A DCM typically serves as a key advisor to the chiefs of mission as well as a chief of staff, and is responsible for the day-to-day management of the post. A DCM oversees the heads of sections (political, economic, public affairs, management, consular) at the embassy. They may also serve as de facto ombudsmen, responding to employee concerns and quality of life issues. Most career ambassadors have served as a DCM prior to their first assignment as chief of mission.
Ahmed Nazif
Ahmed Nazif (Arabic: أحمد نظيف, romanized: Aḥmad Naẓīf, Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [ˈæħmæd nɑˈzˤiːf]; born 8 July 1952) is an Egyptian politician who served as the 48th prime minister of Egypt from 14 July 2004 to 29 January 2011, when his cabinet was dismissed by President Hosni Mubarak in light of a popular uprising that led to the 2011 Egyptian revolution. Nazif was acting president of Egypt from 5 March to 15 April 2010, when President Mubarak delegated his authorities to Nazif while undergoing surgery in Germany.

Prime Minister of Egypt
The prime minister of Egypt (Arabic: رئيس مجلس الوزراء, romanized: raʾīs majlis al-wuzarāʾ), sometimes referred to as "President of the Government" and Minister-President of Egypt, is the head of the Egyptian government. A direct translation of the Egyptian Arabic-language title is "President of the Council of Ministers".

The prime minister is the holder of the second-highest office in Egypt, after the president of Egypt. The president appoints the prime minister but cannot dismiss them, only request their resignation. The Government of Egypt, including the prime minister, can be dismissed by the House of Representatives. Upon appointment, the prime minister proposes a list of ministers to the president. Decrees and decisions signed by the prime minister, like almost all executive decisions, are subject to the oversight of the administrative court system. Ministers defend the programmes of their ministries to the prime minister, who makes budgetary choices.
Jahar Das
Jahar Das (born 5 April 1947) is a former Indian football player and current head coach. During his playing days in the 1970s, Das played for teams including Howrah Union, Aryan FC, Mohun Bagan, East Bengal, and Tata SC.

Aryan FC
Aryan Football Club (Bengali: এরিয়ান ফুটবল ক্লাব) (also known as Aryans and Aryan; and Techno Aryan Football Team for sponsorship reasons) is an Indian professional multi-sports club based in Kolkata, West Bengal, known predominantly for its association football section. The club competes in the Calcutta Football League, the oldest football league in Asia.

Founded in 1884 as "Aryan Sports Club", it started playing football some years later, making it one of Asia's oldest football clubs. It plays home matches at the East Bengal-Aryan Ground.
Bắc Hà dog
The Bắc Hà dog (Vietnamese: chó Bắc Hà) is a medium-size spitz dog breed and one of Vietnam's Four Great National Dogs (Vietnamese: tứ đại quốc khuyển). This primitive dog breed is primarily used a hunter and guard dog by the Hmong people in northern Vietnam, especially in the Bắc Hà district and Si Ma Cai district of Lào Cai province. While not recognized by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale, the Bắc Hà dog is recognized by the Vietnam Kennel Association.

Northern Vietnam
Northern Vietnam (Vietnamese: Bắc Bộ) is one of three geographical regions in Vietnam. It consists of three sub-regions: the Northwest (vùng Tây Bắc), the Northeast (vùng Đông Bắc), and the Red River Delta (Đồng bằng sông Hồng). Unlike tropical Southern Vietnam, Northern Vietnam has a subtropical climate.

The region was historically referred to by various names in Vietnamese: Bắc Kỳ during the Nguyễn dynasty, Bắc Bộ from 1945 to the present (encompassing the Empire of Vietnam and the Democratic Republic of Vietnam), and Bắc Phần, sometimes Bắc Việt, during the State of Vietnam.

It has a total area of about 109,942.9 km2. The region's largest city, Hanoi, serves as the country's capital. Among the three geographical regions, the oldest is Northern Vietnam. Vietnamese culture originated in the Red River Delta and the Kinh Vietnamese eventually spread south into the Mekong Delta.
1990 Minnesota Attorney General election
The 1990 Minnesota Attorney General election was held on November 6, 1990, in order to elect the attorney general of Minnesota. Democratic–Farmer–Labor nominee and incumbent attorney general Hubert Humphrey III defeated Republican nominee Kevin E. Johnson.

Skip Humphrey
Hubert Horatio "Skip" Humphrey III (born June 26, 1942) is an American retired politician who served as attorney general of the state of Minnesota (1983–1999) and as a member of the Minnesota Senate (1973–1983). Humphrey led the Office of Older Americans as the assistant director at the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB).

A member of the Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party, Humphrey is a son of Vice President Hubert Humphrey and U.S. Senator Muriel Humphrey. He was the Democratic nominee for governor in the hotly contested three-way election of 1998.
Archie Butterworth
Archibald James Butterworth (19 June 1912 – 12 February 2005) was an inventor and racing motorist who, in 1948, designed and constructed the A.J.B. Special, a four-wheel drive Formula One car. He was winner of the Brighton Speed Trials in 1949 and 1951. After a serious accident in 1951, he gave up competition, but continued to supply race car engines of his own design, notably to Bill Aston for the Aston Butterworth Grand Prix car and Archie Scott Brown for the Elva-Butterworth sports racing car.

Archie Scott Brown
William Archibald Scott Brown, known as Archie, (13 May 1927 – 19 May 1958) was a British Formula One and sports car racing driver from Scotland who had a prodigious racing ability despite having the fingers of his right hand missing and having to use his palm to drive.

He became known as motorsport's first disabled hero and battled considerable adversity (including having his licence revoked) to participate in, and win, some of the most prestigious races of his day, besides being the biggest idol of his compatriot Jim Clark.
Mabel Montgomery (writer)
Annie Mabel Montgomery, commonly known as Mabel Montgomery (October 19, 1879 – November 17, 1968) was an American writer, photographer and clubwoman in South Carolina. She served as the South Carolina director of the Federal Writers' Project, housed at the University of South Carolina. Montgomery authored several works, including the children's book David’s Fishing Summer (1953).

Federal Writers' Project
The Federal Writers' Project (FWP) was a federal government project in the United States created to provide jobs for out-of-work writers and to develop a history and overview of the United States, by state, cities and other jurisdictions. It was launched in 1935 during the Great Depression. It was part of the Works Progress Administration (WPA), a New Deal program. It was one of a group of New Deal arts programs known collectively as Federal Project Number One or Federal One.

FWP employed thousands of people and produced hundreds of publications, including state guides, city guides, local histories, oral histories, ethnographies, and children's books. In addition to writers, the project provided jobs to unemployed librarians, clerks, researchers, editors, and historians.
Sparkling violetear
The sparkling violetear (Colibri coruscans) is a species of hummingbird widespread in highlands of northern and western South America, including a large part of the Andes (from Argentina and northwards), the Venezuelan Coastal Range, and the Tepuis. It occurs in a wide range of semi-open habitats, even in gardens and parks within major cities such as Quito, and is often the most common species of hummingbird in its range. It is highly vocal and territorial.

Tepui
A tepui (/ˈtɛpwi/), or tepuy (Spanish: [teˈpuj]), is a member of a family of table-top mountains or mesas found in northern South America, especially in Venezuela, western Guyana, and northern Brazil. The word tepui means "house of the gods" in the native tongue of the Pemon, the indigenous people who inhabit the Gran Sabana.

Tepuis tend to be found as isolated entities rather than in connected ranges, which makes them the host of a unique array of endemic plant and animal species. Notable tepuis include Auyantepui, Autana, Neblina, and Mount Roraima. They are typically composed of sheer blocks of Precambrian quartz arenite sandstone that rise abruptly from the jungle. Auyantepui is the source of Angel Falls, the world's tallest waterfall.
Memory Booysen
Memory Booysen (born 1969) is a South African politician who has been the Chairperson of the Standing Committee on Health and Wellness in the Western Cape Provincial Parliament since 2024. A member of the Democratic Alliance, he was elected to the provincial parliament in 2024.

Prior to his election to the Provincial Parliament, Booysen was involved in the politics of the Garden Route district of the Western Cape. He served as the mayor of the Bitou Local Municipality from 2011 until 2016 when he was elected the district mayor, a position he would hold until his election to the provincial legislature in 2024.

Western Cape Provincial Parliament
The Western Cape Provincial Parliament (WCPP) is the legislature of the Western Cape province of South Africa. It is located at 7 Wale Street in Cape Town.

The Provincial Parliament, along with the other provincial legislatures of South Africa, exists by virtue of Chapter 6 of the Constitution of South Africa and Chapter 3 of the Constitution of the Western Cape. It is unicameral, and consists of 42 members elected by a system of party-list proportional representation.

The Western Cape is unique amongst the provinces of South Africa in calling its legislature the "Provincial Parliament" and the members Members of Provincial Parliament (MPPs). The other provinces use the terms "Provincial Legislature" and "Members of the Provincial Legislature".

The Seventh Provincial Parliament was elected on 29 May 2024 in South Africa's 2024 general elections. A majority of the members belong to the Democratic Alliance.
Custom-made medical device
A custom-made medical device, commonly referred to as a custom-made device (CMD) (Canada, the European Union, the United Kingdom) or a custom device (United States), is a medical device designed and manufactured for the sole use of a particular patient. Examples of custom-made medical devices include auricular splints, dentures, orthodontic appliances, orthotics and prostheses.

Orthotics
Orthotics (Greek: Ορθός, romanized: ortho, lit. 'to straighten, to align'), also known as orthology, is a medical specialty that focuses on the design and application of orthoses, sometimes known as braces, calipers, or splints. An orthosis is "an externally applied device used to influence the structural and functional characteristics of the neuromuscular and skeletal systems." Orthotists are medical professionals who specialize in designing orthotic devices such as braces or foot orthoses.
Bosnia and Herzegovina at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Bosnia and Herzegovina sent a delegation to compete at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, United States from 8–24 February 2002.  This was the nation's third time participating in a Winter Olympic Games.  The delegation consisted of two alpine skiers, Tahir Bisić and Enis Bećirbegović. Bisić finished in 29th place in the men's slalom, and 44th in the giant slalom. Bećirbegović failed to finish the giant slalom, his only event.

Tahir Bisić
Tahir Bisić (born 29 April 1981) is a Bosnian alpine skier. He competed in three events at the 2002 Winter Olympics. At these Games, he competed in three alpine skiing events: the giant slalom, where he placed 44th, the slalom, where he finished 29th, and the combined, where he did not finish the competition. These were the only Winter Olympics in which Tahir Bisić participated.
Manuela Ruben
Manuela Ruben (born 14 January 1964) is a former figure skater who competed in ladies' singles for West Germany. She was the 1984 European silver medalist and three-time West German national champion (1982–84). She was placed seventh at the 1984 Winter Olympics and sixth at the 1984 World Championships.

She had hoped to contend for a medal at the Sarajevo Olympics after a strong 2nd place finish at that year's European Championships (ahead of the Olympic bronze medalist Kira Ivanova who placed only 4th) but mistakes in both the short and long knocked her out of contention.   The same thing happen at the 1984 World Championships in a weakened field missing Rosalynn Sumners, Tiffany Chin, and Claudia Leistner.

Tiffany Chin
Audrey Tiffany Chin (born October 3, 1967) is an American figure skating coach and former competitor. She is a two-time World bronze medalist (1985–1986), a two-time Skate America champion (1983, 1986), and the 1985 U.S. national champion.
1973 Western Championships
The 1973 Western Championships, also known as the Cincinnati Open, was a combined men's and women's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts at the Queen City Racquet Club in the Sharonville suburb of Cincinnati, Ohio in the United States that was part of the 1973 Commercial Union Assurance Grand Prix. The tournament was held from August 6 through August 12, 1973. Ilie Năstase  and Evonne Goolagong won the singles titles.

Ilie Năstase
Ilie Theodoriu Năstase (Romanian: [iˈli.e nəsˈtase] ⓘ; born 19 July 1946) is a Romanian former professional tennis player. He was ranked as the inaugural world No. 1 in men's singles by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) for 40 weeks. Năstase is one of ten players to have won over 100 total ATP-level titles, with 64 in singles and 45 in doubles,  among which seven majors: two in singles, three in men's doubles and two in mixed doubles. He also won four Masters Grand Prix year-end championships. He was the first professional sports figure to sign an endorsement contract with Nike, doing so in 1972. Năstase also wrote several novels in French in the 1980s, and was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1991.
Azola Matrose
Azola Matrose (born 27 March 2003) is a South African soccer player who plays as a midfielder for Chippa United in the Premier Soccer League.

He was born in Walmer.
Matrose was signed by Chippa United as the autumn of 2021 approached, and made his first-tier debut in the 2021–22 South African Premier Division. He performed as well as to be called up to South Africa's squad for the 2022 COSAFA Cup, where he made his international debut against Madagascar.

He was signed by Orlando Pirates in 2022, but spent 2022–23 back on loan with Chippa United. One of the reasons was to complete Grade 11 of school.

Matrose missed the closer of the 2022–23 season, and as the 2023–24 season approached, he still had an injured fibula. He was given match training for the reserve team in the Diski Challenge in early 2024. In August 2024, Matrose finally rejoined Chippa United permanently, signing a three-year deal.

Chippa United F.C.
Chippa United Football Club (often known as Chilli boys or Chippa) is a South African professional football club based in East London in the Eastern Cape province, having previously been based in Nyanga suburb of the city of Cape Town. The club's first team currently plays in the Premiership, with the reserve team playing in the PSL's reserve league. The team plays most of its home games at the  Buffalo City Stadium, while hosting night matches at Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium.
Alan Glyn
Sir Alan Jack Glyn ERD (26 September 1918 – 5 May 1998) was a Conservative Party Member of Parliament. He was educated at Westminster School and Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, where he read medicine. He proceeded to St. Bartholomew's Hospital Medical School, qualifying as a medical practitioner. He served in the army until 1967.

He married, in 1962, Lady Rosula Windsor Clive, daughter of the 2nd Earl of Plymouth. The couple had two daughters.

He represented Clapham from 1959 to 1964, Windsor from 1970 to 1974, and Windsor and Maidenhead from 1974, to his retirement in 1992, where he was succeeded by Michael Trend.

Michael Trend
Michael St John Trend, CBE (born 19 April 1952) is a British former Conservative politician and journalist who was a member of parliament from 1992 to 2005, when he stood down after an expenses scandal.
Elwyn Roberts
Elwyn Roberts (1931 – February 2009) was a Welsh Anglican priest.

Roberts was educated at Bangor University; Keble College, Oxford; and St Michael's College, Llandaff. He was ordained deacon in 1955 and priest in 1956. After a curacy in Bangor he was Librarian of St Michael's College, Llandaff. He was Vicar of St David, Bangor, from 1966 to 1971; and Rector of St George, Llandudno, from 1971 to 1983. He was Archdeacon of Merioneth from 1983 to 1986; and Archdeacon of Bangor from 1986 to 1999.

He died at the age of 77, having suffered from Parkinson's disease since 1984.

St Padarn's Institute
St Padarn's Institute is a theological training college owned by the Church in Wales, located in Llandaff in the north of the city of Cardiff, Wales. It operates as a residential training college for its full time ministers. The origins of St Padarn's are in St Michael's College, an Anglican training college founded by the Church of England in Aberdare in 1892. In 1907 St Michael's relocated to Llandaff. Among its many alumni was the poet R. S. Thomas. The original building on the site was a house by John Prichard, the diocesan architect for Llandaff, built for himself. After his death, that building was incorporated into St Michael's. Other college buildings were constructed mainly to the designs of F. R. Kempson between 1905 and 1920. In the late 1950s, a chapel was built by George Pace. The college had significant financial problems in the early 21st century and was eventually closed. The Church in Wales bought the site in 2016 and reopened it as St Padarn's.
Flood myth
A flood myth or a deluge myth is a myth in which a great flood, usually sent by a deity or deities, destroys civilization, often in an act of divine retribution. Parallels are often drawn between the flood waters of these myths and the primeval cosmic ocean which appear in certain creation myths, as the flood waters are described as a measure for the cleansing of humanity, for example in preparation for rebirth. Most flood myths also contain a culture hero, who "represents the human craving for life".

The oldest known narrative of a divinely initiated flood originates from the Sumerian culture in Mesopotamia, among others expressed in the Akkadian Atra-Hasis epic, which dates to the 18th century BCE. Comparable flood narratives appear in many other cultures, including the biblical Genesis flood narrative, manvantara-sandhya in Hinduism, Deucalion in Greek mythology, and in indigenous North American cultures.

Manvantara
A manvantara, in Hindu cosmology, is a cyclic period of time identifying the duration, reign, or age of a Manu, the progenitor of mankind. In each manvantara, seven Rishis, certain deities, an Indra, a Manu, and kings (sons of Manu) are created and perish. Each manvantara is distinguished by the Manu who rules/reigns over it, of which we are currently in the seventh manvantara of fourteen, which is ruled by Vaivasvata Manu.
Warriors of Virtue
Warriors of Virtue is a 1997 martial arts fantasy film directed by Hong Kong filmmaker Ronny Yu in his American English-language directorial debut, written by Michael Vickerman and Hugh Kelley, and starring Angus Macfadyen, Mario Yedidia, and Marley Shelton. The film was an international co-production between the United States, China, Hong Kong, and Canada. The film was based on a series of characters created by the Chinese-American Law brothers, four siblings who worked as physicians and had no prior filmmaking experience. The story follows a young boy who stumbles into a mystical world based on the Tao Te Ching, where he meets the titular Warriors of Virtue—anthropomorphic kangaroos who wield the powers of Tao and battle an evil warlord. The Irish band Clannad provided the original song "Forces of Nature".

The film was a critical and commercial failure. It was followed by a direct-to-video sequel, Warriors of Virtue: The Return to Tao, in 2002.

Warlord
Warlords are individuals who exercise military, economic, and political control over a region, often one without a strong central or national government, typically through informal control over local armed forces. Warlords have existed throughout much of history, albeit in a variety of different capacities within the political, economic, and social structure of states or ungoverned territories. The term is often applied in the context of China around the end of the Qing dynasty, especially during the Warlord Era. The term may also be used for a supreme military leader.
Joey Heindle
Joey Heindle (born 14 May 1993 in Munich) is a German singer. He is best known for winning the seventh season of the game show Ich bin ein Star – Holt mich hier raus! (2013) and finishing in 5th place in season 9 of Deutschland sucht den Superstar (2012), despite universally negative reviews from the jury each week.

Ich bin ein Star – Holt mich hier raus!
Ich bin ein Star – Holt mich hier raus!, also known colloquially as the Dschungelcamp (Jungle Camp), is a German reality television show, based on the British reality television show I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!. The show is produced by ITV Studios Germany and began airing on 9 January 2004 on RTL, and until now have been broadcast 16 seasons.