hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
JLO cocycle
In noncommutative geometry, the Jaffe–Lesniewski–Osterwalder (JLO) cocycle (named after Arthur Jaffe, Andrzej Lesniewski, and Konrad Osterwalder) is a cocycle in an entire cyclic cohomology group. It is a non-commutative version of the classic Chern character of the conventional differential geometry. In noncommutative geometry, the concept of a manifold is replaced by a noncommutative algebra  of "functions" on the putative noncommutative space. The cyclic cohomology of the algebra  contains the information about the topology of that noncommutative space, very much as the de Rham cohomology contains the information about the topology of a conventional manifold.

The JLO cocycle is associated with a metric structure of non-commutative differential geometry known as a -summable spectral triple (also known as a -summable Fredholm module). It was first introduced in a 1988 paper by Jaffe, Lesniewski, and Osterwalder.

Cyclic homology
In noncommutative geometry and related branches of mathematics, cyclic homology and cyclic cohomology are certain (co)homology theories for associative algebras which generalize the de Rham (co)homology of manifolds.  These notions were independently introduced by Boris Tsygan (homology) and Alain Connes (cohomology) in the 1980s. These invariants have many interesting relationships with several older branches of mathematics, including de Rham theory, Hochschild (co)homology, group cohomology, and the K-theory.  Contributors to the development of the theory include Max Karoubi, Yuri L. Daletskii, Boris Feigin, Jean-Luc Brylinski, Mariusz Wodzicki, Jean-Louis Loday, Victor Nistor, Daniel Quillen, Joachim Cuntz, Ryszard Nest, Ralf Meyer, and Michael Puschnigg.
Nitol Solar
Nitol Solar Group Ltd. was a vertically integrated company group based in Usolye-Sibirskoye, Russia. The company had two plants and was intended to produce solar-grade polycrystalline silicon from trichlorsilane by Siemens-process for solar energy applications. The company stopped all activities in 2012, fired all employees, went bankrupt, and closed in 2019. The company's facilities were being dismantled in 2022.

In 2008 the company was funded by International Finance Corporation (IFC), CHINA Suntech Power Inc, later getting joined by Sberbank and Rosnano (with surety by Alfa-Bank) in 2009.

NITOL group also included Usolikhimprom (Russian: Усольхимпром) company that was shut down and dissolved on November 1, 2017 due to bankruptcy as well. The company was labeled as a «second Chernobyl» due to chemical contamination of plant by mercury and others dangerous raw chemical compounds that were left unmanaged.

Trichlorosilane
Trichlorosilane (TCS) is an inorganic compound with the formula HCl3Si.  It is a colourless, volatile liquid.  Purified trichlorosilane is the principal precursor to ultrapure silicon in the semiconductor industry.  In water, it rapidly decomposes to produce a siloxane polymer while giving off hydrochloric acid.  Because of its reactivity and wide availability, it is frequently used in the synthesis of silicon-containing organic compounds.
Kamoiwakura Site
The Kamoiwakura Site (加茂岩倉遺跡, Kamoiwakura iseki) is an archaeological site located in the Kamo neighborhood of the city of Unnan, Shimane Prefecture, in the San'in Region of Japan. It was designated a National Historic Site in 2019.

Kamo, Shimane
Kamo (加茂町, Kamo-machi) was a town located in the former Ōhara District, Shimane Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 6,621 and a density of 214.20 persons per km2. The total area was 30.91 km2.

On November 1, 2004, Kamo, along with the towns of Daitō and Kisuki (all from Ōhara District), the towns of Kakeya and Mitoya, and the village of Yoshida (all from Iishi District), was merged to create the city of Unnan.
Frank O'Sullivan
Frank O'Sullivan (born 1954) is an Irish retired hurler who played as a goalkeeper for the Cork senior team.

Born in Blackpool, Cork, O'Sullivan first arrived on the inter-county scene at the age of seventeen when he first linked up with the Cork minor team before later joining the under-21 side. He joined the senior panel during the 1986 championship. O'Sullivan was largely an unused substitute during his career, however, he did win one All-Ireland medal and one Munster medal as a non-playing substitute.

At club level O'Sullivan is a one-time All-Ireland medallist with Glen Rovers. In addition to this he also won one Munster medals and one championship medal.

O'Sullivan's retirement came following the conclusion of the 1987 championship.

1986 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship
The All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship of 1986 was the 100th staging of Ireland's premier hurling knock-out competition. Cork won the championship, beating Galway 4–13 to 2–15 in the final at Croke Park, Dublin.
PVL Press Corps Awards Night
The PVL Press Corps Awards Night is the annual awards show of the Premier Volleyball League (PVL) and Spikers' Turf presented by the PVL Press Corps, a group of print and online media personnel who covers the league. The first edition was held on May 28, 2025, at the Novotel Manila Araneta City in Quezon City.

Spikers' Turf
Spikers' Turf is the top-level men's semi-professional volleyball league in the Philippines. The league was established in 2015 by Sports Vision Management Group, Inc., the same organization behind the women's Shakey's V-League and later the Premier Volleyball League.

The first running of Spikers' Turf lasted from 2015 to 2016 before it merged with the PVL in 2017 as its men's division. In 2018, it was spun off and the league was reestablished.

The Cignal Super Spikers were the defending champions, but has since been vacated after the team took a leave of absence in January 2026. With seven titles, Cignal is also the most successful team in the league. The Criss Cross King Crunchers are the only active team to win a championship.
Keela, the Outcast Indian Maiden
"Keela, the Outcast Indian Maiden" is a short story by Eudora Welty originally appearing in New Directions in Prose & Poetry in 1940, and first collected in A Curtain of Green (1941) by  Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.

Eudora Welty
Eudora Alice Welty (April 13, 1909 – July 23, 2001) was an American short-story writer, novelist, and photographer who wrote about the American South. Her novel The Optimist's Daughter won the Pulitzer Prize in 1973. Welty received numerous awards, including the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Order of the South. She was the first living author to have her works published by the Library of America. Her house in Jackson, Mississippi, has been designated as a National Historic Landmark and is open to the public as a house museum.
Grace Bullen
Grace Jacob Bullen (born 7 February 1997) is a Norwegian freestyle wrestler. She is an Olympic bronze medallist, World Championships silver and bronze medallist, four-time European champion, and European Games bronze medallist. Bullen won a bronze medal in the women's 62 kg event at the 2024 Summer Olympics, and the gold medal at the European Championships in 2017, 2020, 2024, and 2025.

Bullen is also a U23 world champion and three-time European junior champion. She won the gold medal at the World U23 Championships in 2018 and the European Juniors Wrestling Championship in 2015, 2016, and 2017.

European Wrestling Championships
The European Wrestling Championships is the second oldest international wrestling competition of the modern world and the main wrestling championships in Europe. It predates World Wrestling Championships and other regional wrestling championships and is second only to the wrestling events at the Olympics. From its inception in 1898 till 1927 only Greco-Roman wrestling was contested. Since 1929 separate freestyle wrestling events were held as well. Since 1970 the two Olympic wrestling styles were contested together during the same unified events. Since 1973 Sambo wrestling was included into the championships programme along with GR and freestyle wrestling (subsequently discontinued and from 1983 contested separately). Since 2014 associated traditional wrestling styles recognized globally by UWW were incorporated into the annual championships schedule.
Dent's Fountain
Dent's Fountain, also known as the City Hall Fountain, was a fountain in front of the 
first generation of Hong Kong City Hall (1869 -1933) on Queen's Road Central
in Victoria, Hong Kong. It was donated to the people of Hong Kong by merchant John Dent of Dent & Co. in 1864 but was not installed until the completion of the City Hall in 1869. It was demolished in 1933 due to construction of the third generation Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Building.

Queen's Road, Hong Kong
Queen's Road is a collection of roads along the northern coast of Hong Kong Island, in Hong Kong, within the limit of Victoria City. It was the first road in Hong Kong, constructed by the British between 1841 and 1843, spanning across Victoria City from Shek Tong Tsui to Wan Chai.

At various points along the route, Queen's Road marks the original shoreline before land reclamation projects permanently extended land into Victoria Harbour.

The four sections of the roads are, from west to east: Queen's Road West (Chinese: 皇后大道西; Jyutping: wong4 hau6 daai6 dou6 sai1), Queen's Road Central (皇后大道中; wong4 hau6 daai6 dou6 zung1), Queensway (金鐘道; gam1 zung1 dou6), and Queen's Road East (皇后大道東; wong4 hau6 daai6 dou6 dung1).
Direct democracy in Oregon
The U.S. state of Oregon is one of the many states in the United States that has direct democracy in the form of initiatives and referendums. Oregon residents introduced this system in 1902 with a ballot measure.  Nationwide, referendums and initiatives became known as the "Oregon System" of direct government.

Recall elections are also allowed in Oregon's system.

Recall election
A recall election (also called a recall referendum, recall petition or representative recall) is a procedure by which voters can remove an elected official from office through a referendum before that official's term of office has ended. Recalls appear in the constitution in ancient Athenian democracy. Even where they are legally available, recall elections are only commonly held in a small number of countries including Peru, Ecuador, Taiwan, and Japan. They are considered by groups such as ACE Electoral Knowledge Network as the most rarely used form of direct democracy.
Ivan Bukenya
Ivan Bukenya (born 1 November 1991) is a Ugandan professional footballer. Bukenya has formerly played for FC Linkoping City, Erbil FC in Iraq, Kaizer Chiefs in South Africa and East Bengal FC in India.

FC Linköping City
FC Linköping City was a Swedish professional football club based in Linköping, affiliated with the Östergötlands Fotbollförbund.

The club was founded around New Years Day of 2013, replacing FK Linköping in the Swedish football league system for the 2013 season.

The club was dissolved in 2022.
Interleukin-1 receptor family
Members of the very wide interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R) family are characterized by extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains and intracellular Toll/Interleukin-1 receptor/Resistance protein (TIR) domain. It is a group of structurally homologous proteins, conserved throughout the species as it was identified from plants to mammals. Proteins of this family play important role in host defence, injury and stress. There are four main groups of TIR domain-containing proteins in animals; Toll-like receptors, Interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R), cytosolic adaptor proteins (such as MyD88 adaptor protein) and insect and nematode Toll. Each of these groups is involved mainly in host defence; Toll receptors are also involved in embryogenesis.

Toll-like receptor
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of proteins that play a key role in the innate immune system. They are single-spanning receptors usually expressed on sentinel cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells, that recognize structurally conserved molecules derived from microbes. Once these microbes have reached physical barriers such as the skin or intestinal tract mucosa, they are recognized by TLRs, which activate immune cell responses. The TLRs include TLR1, TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6, TLR7, TLR8, TLR9, TLR10, TLR11, TLR12, and TLR13. Humans lack genes for TLR11, TLR12 and TLR13 and mice lack a functional gene for TLR10. The receptors TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6, and TLR10 are located on the cell membrane, whereas TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9 are located in intracellular vesicles (because they are sensors of nucleic acids).

TLRs received their name from their similarity to the protein coded by the toll gene.
1857 Minnesota Secretary of State election
The 1857 Minnesota Secretary of State election was held on October 13, 1857, in order to elect the first Secretary of State of Minnesota upon Minnesota acquiring statehood on May 11, 1858. Democratic nominee Francis Baasen defeated Republican nominee Lucius Stannard.

Minnesota Secretary of State
The secretary of state of Minnesota is a constitutional officer in the executive branch of government of the U.S. state of Minnesota. Twenty-two individuals have held the office of secretary of state since statehood. The incumbent is Steve Simon, a member of the Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party.
Dioscuri (World War I)
During World War I, the term Dioscuri was used to refer to the OHL duo of Erich Ludendorff and Paul von Hindenburg, after the Dioscuri of Greek mythology. These two soldiers, emboldened by their success against the Russians, exercised full military power in the Reich from 1916. The dismissal of Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg on July 19, 1917, marked a milestone in the rise of the two soldiers, who gradually imposed their vision of managing the conflict on Kaiser Wilhelm II, forcing him to establish a military dictatorship disguised by the institutions of the Reich.

Oberste Heeresleitung
The Oberste Heeresleitung (German pronunciation: [ˈoːbɐʁstə ˈheːʁəsˌlaɪtʊŋ], "Supreme Army Command", OHL) was the highest echelon of command of the Imperial German Army. In the latter part of World War I, the Third OHL assumed dictatorial powers and became the de facto political authority in the Empire.
Andrew Napolitano
Andrew Peter Napolitano (born June 6, 1950) is an American retired jurist and syndicated columnist whose work appears in numerous publications, including The Washington Times and Reason. Napolitano served as a New Jersey Superior Court judge from 1987 to 1995. He also served as a visiting professor at Widener University Delaware Law School, Seton Hall University School of Law, and Brooklyn Law School. He is a libertarian and has gained prominence in part due to his criticism of the administrations of George W. Bush, Barack Obama, and Donald Trump. Beginning in 1997, he became an analyst for Fox News, commenting on legal news and trials. He has written nine books on legal and political subjects.

Seton Hall University School of Law
Seton Hall University School of Law is the law school of Seton Hall University, and is located in downtown Newark, New Jersey. Seton Hall Law is the only private law school in New Jersey. The school confers three law degrees: Juris Doctor, Master of Laws, and Master of General Legal Studies. Founded in 1951, it is accredited by the American Bar Association (ABA), and is also a member of the Association of American Law Schools (AALS).
Wang Yihan (figure skater)
Wang Yihan (Chinese: 王一涵; pinyin: Wáng Yīhán; born 11 March 2010) is a Chinese figure skater. She is the 2024 Chinese national champion, the 2024 JGP Thailand champion, and the 2024 JGP China bronze medalist. She is the first Chinese woman to win a gold medal on the Junior Grand Prix.

Chinese Figure Skating Championships
The Chinese Figure Skating Championships (Chinese: 中国花样滑冰锦标赛) is a senior-level figure skating national championship held by the Chinese Figure Skating Association (Chinese: 中国花样滑冰协会) to determine the Chinese national champions. Skaters compete in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing.
Rick Bisio
Rick Bisio (born 1964) is an American writer, educator, and franchise consultant. He has served various roles for the government of Manatee County, Florida and has been a member of the Board of Directors of the Chamber of Commerce of Manatee County since 2007. He was also Chairman of the Planning and Zoning Board for the City of Bradenton Beach, Florida from 2002 until 2012.

Bradenton Beach, Florida
Bradenton Beach is a city on Anna Maria Island in Manatee County, Florida, United States. The population was 908 at the 2020 census, down from 1,171 in 2010. It is part of the North Port-Bradenton-Sarasota, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area.

The city occupies the southern part of Anna Maria Island and is one of three municipalities on the island. The others are Holmes Beach in the center and Anna Maria in the north.
Siege of Tottori
The siege of Tottori Castle occurred in 1581 and was part of Oda Nobunaga's campaign to consolidate his power in western Honshu in an effort to unite Japan during the late 16th century. The siege was fought between Hashiba Hideyoshi, an Oda clan general, against a garrison under an ally of the Mōri clan.

It is a case in which starvation tactics were successfully used in a Sengoku Period siege. The siege lasted up to 200 days, when Kikkawa Tsuneie committed suicide to save his men from cannibalism.

Mōri clan
The Mōri clan (毛利氏, Mōri-shi; Japanese pronunciation: [moꜜː.ɾʲi, moː.ɾʲiꜜ.ɕi]) was a Japanese samurai clan descended from Ōe no Hiromoto. Ōe no Hiromoto was descended from the Fujiwara clan. The family's most illustrious member, Mōri Motonari, greatly expanded the clan's power in Aki Province. During the Edo period his descendants became daimyō of the Chōshū Domain under the Tokugawa shogunate. After the Meiji Restoration with the abolition of the han system and daimyō, the Mōri clan became part of the new nobility.
Replisome
The replisome is a complex molecular machine that carries out replication of DNA.  The replisome first unwinds double stranded DNA into two single strands.  For each of the resulting single strands, a new complementary sequence of DNA is synthesized.  The total result is formation of two new double stranded DNA sequences that are exact copies of the original double stranded DNA sequence.

In terms of structure, the replisome is composed of two replicative polymerase complexes, one of which synthesizes the leading strand, while the other synthesizes the lagging strand. The replisome is composed of a number of proteins including helicase, RFC, PCNA, gyrase/topoisomerase, SSB/RPA, primase, DNA polymerase III, RNAse H, and DNA ligase.

Proliferating cell nuclear antigen
Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is a DNA clamp that acts as a processivity factor for DNA polymerase δ in eukaryotic cells and is essential for replication. PCNA is a homotrimer and achieves its processivity by encircling the DNA, where it acts as a scaffold to recruit proteins involved in DNA replication, DNA repair, chromatin remodeling and epigenetics.

Many proteins interact with PCNA via the two known PCNA-interacting motifs PCNA-interacting peptide (PIP) box and AlkB homologue 2 PCNA interacting motif (APIM). Proteins binding to PCNA via the PIP-box are mainly involved in DNA replication whereas proteins binding to PCNA via APIM are mainly important in the context of genotoxic stress.
Claude Ryan
Claude Ryan CC GOQ (January 26, 1925 – February 9, 2004) was a Canadian journalist and politician. He was the director of the newspaper Le Devoir from 1964 to 1978, leader of the Quebec Liberal Party from 1978 to 1982, National Assembly of Quebec member for Argenteuil from 1979 to 1994 and Minister of Education from 1985 to 1989.

National Order of Quebec
The National Order of Quebec (French: l'Ordre national du Québec), also known as the Order of Quebec, is a civilian honour for merit in the Canadian province of Quebec. Instituted in 1984 when Lieutenant Governor Jean-Pierre Côté granted royal assent to the Loi sur l'Ordre national du Québec (National Order of Quebec Act), the order is administered by the Governor-in-Council and is intended to honour current or former Quebec residents for conspicuous achievements in any field, being thus described as the highest honour in Quebec. In 1986, the order was expanded to include honorary membership for people outside Quebec.
Roadrunner: A Film About Anthony Bourdain
Roadrunner: A Film About Anthony Bourdain is a 2021 American documentary film directed and produced by Morgan Neville. The film had its world premiere at the Tribeca Film Festival on June 11, 2021, and was released in the United States on July 16, 2021, by Focus Features. The film grossed $5.5 million at the box office and received critical acclaim but also garnered controversy over its use of artificial intelligence technology to reproduce Bourdain's voice for some audio clips.

The film follows the life and career of chef, author, and travel documentarian Anthony Bourdain, who died by suicide on June 8, 2018, at the age of 61 while on location in France for his CNN show Parts Unknown. The documentary features interviews with David Chang and Éric Ripert, as well as members of the production crew from Parts Unknown. The title alludes to "Roadrunner", a song by The Modern Lovers, that appears in the film.

Anthony Bourdain: Parts Unknown
Anthony Bourdain: Parts Unknown is an American travel and food show on CNN that premiered on April 14, 2013. In the show, Anthony Bourdain travels the world uncovering lesser-known places and exploring their cultures and cuisine. The show won twelve Primetime Emmy Awards out of 31 nominations, as well as a 2013 Peabody Award.

The digital series Explore Parts Unknown, an editorial partnership with Roads & Kingdoms, won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Short Form Nonfiction or Reality Series. Parts Unknown aired the last collection of episodes on CNN in the autumn of 2018. The series finale, titled "Lower East Side"—bringing Bourdain's culinary travelogue full circle back to Bourdain's hometown of New York—aired November 11, 2018.

Bourdain was working on an episode of the show centered in Strasbourg, France, at the time of his death on June 8, 2018.
Albert Kerr
Albert Daniel "Dubbie" Kerr (March 8, 1889 – September 17, 1941) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player. He was a member of the 1909 and 1911 Ottawa Senators Stanley Cup-winning teams. Born in Brockville, Ontario, he started out as a professional with the Pittsburgh Lyceum and Pittsburgh Athletic Club in 1907 before returning to Canada with the Toronto Pros in 1908. He played with the Senators from 1909 until 1912. In 1913, he moved out west to play in the Pacific Coast Hockey Association until 1920 for the Victoria Aristocrats.

Brockville
Brockville is a city in Eastern Ontario, Canada, in the Thousand Islands region. Although it falls within the United Counties of Leeds and Grenville, it is politically independent of the county. It is included with Leeds and Grenville for census purposes only.

Known as the "City of the 1000 Islands", Brockville is situated on the land which was previously inhabited by the St. Lawrence Iroquoians and later by the Oswegatchie people. Brockville is one of Ontario's oldest communities established by Loyalist settlers and is named after the British general Sir Isaac Brock.

Tourist attractions in Brockville include the Brockville Tunnel, Fulford Place, and the Aquatarium.
Islam Uddin
Islam Uddin is an Indian politician belonging to the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI (M)). He is a Member of Legislative Assembly (MLA) representing Kadamtala-Kurti Assembly constituency in the North Tripura district and East region of Tripura.

North Tripura district
North Tripura district is an administrative district in the state of Tripura, India. The district headquarters are in Dharmanagar. The district occupies an area of 1422.19 km2 and a population of 693,947 (as of 2024).