hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Daniel Vovak
Daniel "The Wig Man" Vovak (May 15, 1972 – May 21, 2011) was a comedy writer and satirist perhaps best known for his tongue-in-cheek political Republican candidacies and for The Blue Dress, a movie script he wrote about the Monica Lewinsky scandal and which he was reportedly producing as a movie. He also was a ghostwriter. Vovak was an elected member of the Montgomery County Republican Central Committee, serving at-large in Maryland's largest county.

Montgomery County, Maryland
Montgomery County is the most populous county in the U.S. state of Maryland. As of the 2020 United States census, the county's population was 1,062,061, increasing by 9.3% from 2010. The county seat is Rockville, while its most populous place is Germantown. The county is adjoined to Washington, D.C., the nation's capital, and is part of the Washington metropolitan area and the Washington–Baltimore combined statistical area. Most of the county's residents live in Silver Spring, Bethesda, Germantown, and the incorporated cities of Rockville and Gaithersburg.

The average household income in Montgomery County is the 20th-highest among U.S. counties as of 2020.

The county has the highest percentage (29.2%) of residents over 25 years of age who hold post-graduate degrees. Like other counties in the Washington metropolitan area, the county has several U.S. government offices, scientific research and learning centers, and business campuses.
Burgess Davis
Burgess James Davis is an American mathematician and statistician known for his research in probability theory and mathematical analysis, particularly his work on martingales, Brownian motion, and random walks. He is a professor emeritus in the Departments of Statistics and Mathematics at Purdue University.

Martingale (probability theory)
In probability theory, a martingale is a stochastic process in which the expected value of the next observation, given all prior observations, is equal to the most recent value. In other words, the conditional expectation of the next value, given the past, is equal to the present value. Martingales are used to model fair games, where future expected winnings are equal to the current amount regardless of past outcomes.
Yang Jinzong
Yang Jinzong (Chinese: 杨锦宗; 25 August 1932 – 29 December 2008) was a Chinese chemical engineer who specialized in fine chemicals. He was a professor of the Dalian University of Technology and an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering.

Dalian University of Technology
The Dalian University of Technology (DLUT) is a public university in Ganjingzi, Dalian, Liaoning, China. It is affiliated with the Ministry of Education. The university is part of Project 211, Project 985, and the Double First-Class Construction.

The university was initially founded in 1949. As of August 2021, 13 members of Chinese Academy of Sciences and members of Chinese Academy of Engineering in full-time faculty, 38 in part-time faculty, 1 foreign member of the Chinese Academy of Science, 1 member of Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences and 10 members of the Discipline Review Group of Academic Degrees Committee of the State Council are affiliated with DUT.
William McCarthy, Baron McCarthy
William Edward John McCarthy, Baron McCarthy (30 July 1925 – 18 November 2012) was a British  Labour politician. McCarthy was a fellow of Nuffield College and Templeton College, Oxford and a specialist in industrial relations. He was created a life peer on 19 January 1976 as Baron McCarthy, of Headington in the City of Oxford. From 1979 to 1997 he was Opposition Spokesperson for Employment. McCarthy was described as "one of Britain’s most influential academics in the field of industrial relations, a painstaking arbiter in the most testing of disputes".

Headington
Headington is an eastern suburb of Oxford, in the county of Oxfordshire, England. It is at the top of Headington Hill overlooking the city in the Thames valley below, and bordering Marston to the north-west, Cowley to the south, and Barton and Risinghurst to the east. The life of the large residential area is centred upon London Road, the main road between London and Oxford.
Dispanin
In molecular biology, the protein family Dispanin  is another name for Interferon-induced transmembrane protein (IFITM). This refers to a family of protein domains which have a specific formation, or in other words, topology containing two alpha helices in within the cell membrane which are called two transmembrane proteins. This includes proteins such as CD225 (Cluster of Differentiation 225). The function of this  protein family is to inhibit cell invasion of many  harmful, pathogenic viruses, such as HIV. Henceforth, they are being intensively studied in the hope of drug discovery. They mediate the immune response by interferons.

Alpha helix
An alpha helix (or α-helix) is a sequence of amino acids in a protein that are twisted into a coil (a helix).

The alpha helix is the most common structural arrangement in the secondary structure of proteins. It is also the most extreme type of local structure, and it is the local structure that is most easily predicted from a sequence of amino acids.

The alpha helix has a right-handed helix conformation in which every backbone N−H group hydrogen bonds to the backbone C=O group of the amino acid that is four residues earlier in the protein sequence.
Abraham Fleming
Abraham Fleming (Flemyng, c. 1552–18 September 1607) was an English clergyman. He was a prolific writer and translator, who contributed to others' texts. He was also an editor and poet, serving as a  chief to the second edition of Holinshed's Chronicles (1587). Fleming was a manuscript collector. By the 1730s, Fleming's collection was owned by Francis Peck. Its subsequent fate is unclear.

Holinshed's Chronicles
Holinshed's Chronicles, also known as Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, is a collaborative work published in several volumes and two editions, the first edition in 1577, and the second in 1587. It was a large, comprehensive description of British history published in three volumes (England, Scotland and Ireland).

The Chronicles have been a source of interest because of their extensive links to Shakespearean history, as well as King Lear, Macbeth and Cymbeline. Recent studies of the Chronicles have focused on an inter-disciplinary approach; numerous literary scholars have studied the traditional historiographical materials through a literary lens, with a focus on how contemporary men and women would have read historical texts.

The Chronicles would have been a primary source for many other literary writers of the Renaissance such as Christopher Marlowe, Edmund Spenser and George Daniel.
Brianna Ste-Marie
Brianna Ste-Marie (born 30 August 1996) is a Canadian submission grappler, and
Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ) black belt athlete. An IBJJF World No-Gi, Pan American (Gi and No-GI), European and American national jiu-jitsu champion in coloured belts, as well as a Combat Jiu-Jitsu and Medusa champion; Ste-Marie is a 2022 World No-GI champion, a 2023 World Jiu-Jitsu Championship medallist and the 2022 ADCC Submission Grappling under 60 kilograms (130 lb) silver medallist.

Pan IBJJF Jiu-Jitsu No-Gi Championship
Pan IBJJF Jiu-Jitsu No-Gi Championship   is one of the main no-gi Brazilian jiu-jitsu competitions organized by the International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation (IBJJF). Held annually since 2007, the tournament is considered one of the most prestigious in the no-gi circuit, attracting elite athletes from around the world. Like the traditional Pan IBJJF (with gi), the Pan No-Gi follows IBJJF rules and is open to competitors of different age divisions and belt ranks.

The event is part of the IBJJF international competition calendar and is important both for ranking points and athlete exposure, especially for those who specialize in no-gi grappling. It is typically held in the United States, often in California, and welcomes both professional and amateur athletes.
Sepulana
Sepulana (also sePulane) is the language of the Mapulana people, a low-veld ethnic group primarily located in the Bushbuckridge area, which spans the northeastern Mpumalanga and southeastern Limpopo provinces of South Africa. The language is spoken by an estimated 800,000 people.

Sepulana is classified within the Bantu language family, specifically as part of the Sotho-Tswana group, and is considered an Eastern Sotho language, alongside Pai and Kutswe. Historically, Sepulana has been incorrectly regarded as a dialect of Northern Sotho (Sesotho sa Leboa) or Sepedi, a perception stemming from its geographical proximity to the Bapedi people, despite clear linguistic distinctions. This historical miscategorisation has implications for its current status. Sepulana exists predominantly in an unwritten form and is not formally taught in schools. Despite its non-official status, significant community-led efforts are underway for its documentation, revitalisation, and official recognition.

Sotho–Tswana languages
The Sotho-Tswana languages are a group of closely related Bantu languages spoken in Southern Africa. 
The Sotho-Tswana group corresponds to the S.30 label in Guthrie's 1967–71 classification of languages in the Bantu family.

The various dialects of Tswana, Southern Sotho and Northern Sotho are highly mutually intelligible. On more than one occasion, proposals have been put forward to create a unified standardisation and declare a Sotho-Tswana language.
Rostislav Belyakov
Rostislav Beliakov (Ростислав Аполлосович Беляков) (Murom, March 4, 1919 – Moscow, February 28, 2014) was a Russian fighter aircraft designer. He spent his career at the MiG design bureau, which he headed from 1969 after the death of Artem Mikoyan until the 1990s.   He was responsible for the design of several of the Soviet Union's most successful and influential fighter aircraft, including the MiG-29 and MiG-31.

Mikoyan MiG-31
The Mikoyan MiG-31 (Russian: Микоян МиГ-31; NATO reporting name: Foxhound) is a supersonic interceptor aircraft developed for the Soviet Air Forces by the Mikoyan design bureau as a replacement for the MiG-25 "Foxbat", on which it is based and shares design elements.

The MiG-31 is the fastest known operational combat aircraft, with a top speed around 3,000 km/h (1,600 knots). It continues to be operated by the Russian Aerospace Forces following the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. The other operator, the Kazakh Air Defence Forces, retired the type in 2023. The Russian Defence Ministry expects the MiG-31 to remain in service until at least 2030; that was confirmed in 2020 when an announcement was made to extend the service lifetime of the existing airframes from 2,500 to 3,500 hours. The MiG-31K variant carries the Kh-47M2 Kinzhal conventional or nuclear warhead-capable air-launched ballistic missile.
Abraham Markle
Abraham Markle (October 26, 1770 – March 6, 1826) was a businessman and political figure in Upper Canada and co-proprietor of Terre Haute, Indiana. During the War of 1812 he defected to the United States.

Terre Haute, Indiana
Terre Haute (/ˈtɛrə ˈhoʊt/ TERR-ə HOHT) is a city in Vigo County, Indiana, United States, and its county seat. As of the 2020 census, the city had a population of 58,389 and its metropolitan area had a population of 168,716.

Located along the Wabash River about 5 miles (8 km) east of the state border with Illinois, Terre Haute is one of the largest cities in the Wabash Valley; it is known as the Queen City of the Wabash. The city is home to multiple higher-education institutions, including Indiana State University, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology, and Ivy Tech Community College of Indiana. It also contains the United States Penitentiary, Terre Haute, which houses the US federal death row.
James K. Freericks
James K. Freericks (born 1963) is an American physicist who holds the McDevitt chair in physics at Georgetown University. He has worked in fields of condensed matter physics, mathematical physics, atomic physics, nonequilibrium physics, quantum computation, and quantum mechanics pedagogy. His massive open online course (MOOC) "Quantum Mechanics for Everyone" was ranked #3 in the world by Class Central in 2024.

Massive open online course
A massive open online course (MOOC /muːk/) or an open online course is an online course aimed at unlimited participation and open access via the Web. In addition to traditional course materials, such as filmed lectures, readings, and problem sets, many MOOCs provide interactive courses with user forums or social media discussions to support community interactions among students, professors, and teaching assistants (TAs), as well as immediate feedback to quick quizzes and assignments. MOOCs are a widely researched development in distance education, first introduced in 2008, that emerged as a popular mode of learning in 2012.

Early MOOCs (cMOOCs: Connectivist MOOCs) often emphasized open-access features, such as open licensing of content, structure and learning goals, to promote the reuse and remixing of resources.  Some later MOOCs (xMOOCs: extended MOOCs) use closed licenses for their course materials while maintaining free access for students.
2015 Men's World Open Squash Championship
The 2015 PSA Men's World Squash Championship is the men's edition of the 2015 World Championship, which serves as the individual world championship for squash players. The event took place in Bellevue, Washington in the United States from 15 to 22 November 2015. Grégory Gaultier won his first World Championship title, defeating Omar Mosaad in the final.

World Squash Championships
The World Squash Championships are squash events, which since the early 1990s have been held annually for both men and women organised by the Professional Squash Association. The men's event was first held in 1976 in London, England and the women's was inaugurated in 1976 in Brisbane, Australia.
1897–98 Challenge Cup
The 1898 Challenge Cup was the 2nd staging of rugby league's oldest knockout competition, the Challenge Cup.

The final was contested by Batley and Bradford at Headingley Stadium in Leeds.

The final was played on Saturday 23 April 1898, where Batley beat Bradford 7–0 at Headingley in front of a crowd of 27,941.

Headingley Stadium
Headingley Stadium is a stadium complex in Headingley, Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. Linked by a two-sided stand housing common facilities, it comprises two separate grounds: Headingley Cricket Ground (home of Yorkshire CCC) and Headingley Rugby Stadium (home of Leeds Rhinos RLFC).

The stadium was initially owned by the Leeds Cricket, Football, and Athletic Company (Leeds CF & A), the parent company of Leeds RLFC. Since 2006, the cricket ground has been owned by Yorkshire CCC, with the rugby ground retained by Leeds CF & A. The two organisations jointly manage the complex.
VPL Limited
VPL Limited, previously known as Volvo Pakistan Limited, sells bus and truck in Pakistan. The company is a joint venture between the Panasian Group and Volvo. VPL used to be the authorized assembler and manufacturer of Volvo Trucks and Volvo Buses in Pakistan, but the assembly plant shut down in the 1980s. Since then, VPL has remained the sole authorized distributor of Volvo equipment in Pakistan, not only limited to Trucks and Buses but also including Construction and Mining Equipment, Gensets and Industrial Tools. The company's Head Office is located at 23-Km Multan Road, Lahore, Pakistan.

Volvo Buses
Volvo Buses (Volvo Bus Corporation; formal name: Volvo Bussar AB), stylized as VOLVO, is a subsidiary and a business area of the Swedish vehicle maker Volvo, which became an independent division in 1968. It is based in Gothenburg.

It is one of the world's largest bus manufacturers, with a complete range of heavy buses for passenger transportation. The product range includes complete buses and coaches as well as chassis combined with a comprehensive range of services.

The bus operation has a global presence, with production in Europe, North and South America, Asia and Australia. In India it set up its production facility in Bangalore. A former production facility was located in Irvine, Scotland (closed in 2000).
Armoured Multirole Carrier
The Armoured Multirole Carrier (AMC) is an eight-wheeled armoured personnel carrier designed by Renault Trucks Défense, part of Renault Trucks. A concept model was put on display for the first time at Eurosatory 2008. It is one of the contenders to replace the VAB, also made by Renault, around 2020, as part of "Project Scorpion", a large-scale military modernization programme.

The AMC is a high-mobility medium armoured vehicle. A wide range of different models is planned, including six-wheel drive variants.

Renault Trucks
Renault Trucks is a French commercial truck manufacturer with corporate headquarters at Saint-Priest near Lyon. Originally part of Renault, it has been a subsidiary of Volvo since 2001.

From its beginnings in 1978 to 2002, the company was called Renault Véhicules Industriels (Renault Industrial Vehicles), from 1992 on officially written as Renault V. I.. Until 2002, Renault Véhicules Industriels also manufactured buses.
Asier Garitano
Asier Garitano Aguirrezábal (born 6 December 1969) is a Spanish football manager and former player who played as a forward.

During a 14-year senior career, he appeared in 134 matches in the Segunda División over five seasons, totalling 23 goals for Bilbao Athletic and Eibar. He added 216 games and 61 goals in the Segunda División B, in representation of several clubs.

Garitano started working as a manager in 2003, as an assistant at Alicante. He went on to be in charge of four teams before being appointed at Leganés in 2013, which he led to promotions to the second tier and La Liga. He was head coach at Real Sociedad and Alavés, also in the top flight.

CD Leganés
Club Deportivo Leganés, S.A.D. is a professional football club based in Leganés, Community of Madrid. They currently compete in Segunda División. Leganés was officially founded 23 June 1928 and played their first season in the 6th division of Spanish football. The club's stadium, the Estadio Municipal Butarque, was built in 1998, after moving from the Luis Rodríguez de Miguel, a stadium they had played in since 1966.

Leganés holds home games at the Estadio Municipal de Butarque, which seats 14,500 spectators.
Falls Road Park
Falls Road Local Park (also locally referred to as Hadley's Park) is an urban park located in Potomac, Maryland. The park covers twenty acres acquired by Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission (M-NCPPC) in 1986.  The park contains multi-purpose playing fields used for recreational and sporting events such as soccer, baseball/softball, football, picnics and small fairs.

A playground named Hadley's Park was created in 1999, designed to be used by both able-bodied and special needs children.

Potomac, Maryland
Potomac (/pəˈtoʊmək/ ⓘ) is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Montgomery County, Maryland, United States. As of the 2020 census, it had a population of 47,018. It is named after the nearby Potomac River. A part of the Washington metropolitan area, many Potomac residents work in nearby Washington, D.C., and Northern Virginia.
Zelma Henderson
Zelma Henderson (February 29, 1920 – May 20, 2008) was the last surviving plaintiff in the 1954 landmark federal school desegregation case, Brown v. Board of Education. The case outlawed segregation nationwide in all of the United States' public schools.  The ruling served as a harbinger of the American Civil Rights Movement and paved the way for the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which outlawed segregation in all public facilities.

School integration in the United States
In the United States, school integration (also known as desegregation) is the process of ending race-based segregation within American public, and private schools. Racial segregation in schools existed throughout most of American history and remains an issue in contemporary education. During the civil rights movement school integration became a priority, but since then de facto segregation has again become prevalent.

School segregation declined rapidly during the late 1960s and early 1970s. Segregation appears to have increased since 1990. The disparity in the average poverty rate in the schools whites attend and blacks attend is the single most important factor in the educational achievement gap between white and black students.
Mycoplasma meleagridis
Mycoplasma meleagridis is a small bacteria responsible for air sacculitis and disorders of the musculoskeletal and reproductive systems in turkeys. These symptoms are also known as Mycoplasma air sacculitis, Mycoplasma infectious stunting, and Mycoplasmosis.

The infection is more severe in young birds and occurs globally wherever turkeys are reared intensively. Transmission is mainly vertical via the egg but ticks such as the Ixodes species can also be vectors.

Vertical transmission
Vertical transmission of symbionts is the transfer of a microbial symbiont from the parent directly to the offspring.  Many metazoan species carry symbiotic bacteria which play a mutualistic, commensal, or parasitic role.  A symbiont is acquired by a host via horizontal, vertical, or mixed transmission.
SFlow
sFlow, short for "sampled flow", is a standard for packet export at Layer 2 of the OSI model. sFlow was originally developed by InMon Corp. It provides a means for exporting truncated packets, together with interface counters for the purpose of network monitoring. Maintenance of the protocol is performed by the sFlow.org consortium, the authoritative source of the sFlow protocol specifications. The current version of sFlow is v5.

Network packet
In telecommunications and computer networking, a network packet is a formatted unit of data carried by a packet-switched network. A packet consists of control information and user data; the latter is also known as the payload. Control information provides data for delivering the payload (e.g., source and destination network addresses, error detection codes, or sequencing information). Typically, control information is found in packet headers and trailers.

In packet switching, the bandwidth of the transmission medium is shared between multiple communication sessions, in contrast to circuit switching, in which circuits are preallocated for the duration of one session and data is typically transmitted as a continuous bit stream.
Growth deal
Growth deals provide funds from the Government of the United Kingdom to local enterprise partnerships, for projects that benefit the local area and economy. They are promoted by the Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government, Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, Cabinet Office, and Department for Transport. They are collaboratively funded by local government.

Regional growth deals in Scotland are administered by the Scottish Government. Whereas in Wales, they are administered by Corporate Joint Committees.

Local government in the United Kingdom
Local government in the United Kingdom has origins which pre-date the United Kingdom itself, as each of the four countries of the United Kingdom has its own separate system. For an overview, see Administrative geography of the United Kingdom. For details, see:

Local government in England

Local government in Northern Ireland

Local government in Scotland

Local government in Wales

For the history of local government in each country, see:

History of local government in England

History of local government in Northern Ireland

History of local government in Scotland

History of local government in Wales

For local government entities in each country, see

Category:Local authorities of England

Category:Local authorities of Northern Ireland

Category:Local authorities of Scotland

Category:Local authorities of Wales