hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Felix of Nîmes
Saint Felix of Nîmes is honored as a 4th-century bishop and martyr from Nîmes, France. His feast day is 27 July.

There was a see at Nîmes as early as 396, when a synodical letter was sent by a Council of Nîmes to the bishops of Gaul. Jules Igolin writes that Nîmes became the site of a bishopric by the fourth century and that its first bishop was Saint Felix of Nîmes (St Félix), who was martyred around 407AD. Other writers also affirm that a certain St. Felix was Bishop of Nîmes and martyred by the Vandals about 407, but Louis Duchesne questions this.

Felix is said to have been succeeded by Sedatus who had served under him. The first bishop whose date is positively known is Sedatus, was present at the Council of Agde in 506. Sedatus was prélat of Nimes until c.506AD.

Nîmes
Nîmes is the prefecture of the Gard department in the Occitanie region of Southern France. Located between the Mediterranean Sea and the Cévennes mountain range, the estimated population of the commune of Nîmes stood at 148,561 in 2019.

Dubbed the most Roman city outside Italy, Nîmes has a rich history dating back to the Roman Empire when the city's population was estimated at approximately 50,000–60,000. Since several famous monuments and ancient Roman buildings are located in Nîmes, including the Arena of Nîmes and the Maison carrée, the city is often referred to as the "French Rome."
Bookmarking
Bookmarking (also "gene bookmarking" or "mitotic bookmarking") refers to a potential mechanism of transmission of gene expression programs through cell division.

During mitosis, gene transcription is silenced and most transcription factors are removed from chromatin. The term bookmarking compares transcription to reading from a book. The pause in transcription during mitosis is like closing the book. "Molecular bookmarks" are the factors that allow transcription to resume in an orderly fashion in newborn cells following mitosis (when the book is re-opened).

Bookmarks fulfill the following criteria:

at some point prior to the onset of mitosis, the promoters of genes that exist in a transcription-competent state become "marked" in some way,

this "mark" persists both during and after mitosis, and

the marking transmits gene expression memory by preventing the mitotic compaction of DNA at this locus, or by facilitating reassembly of transcription complexes on the promoter, or both.

Promoter (genetics)
In genetics, a promoter is a sequence of DNA to which proteins bind to initiate transcription of a single RNA transcript from the DNA downstream of the promoter. The RNA transcript may encode a protein (mRNA), or can have a function in and of itself, such as tRNA or rRNA. Promoters are located near the transcription start sites of genes, upstream on the DNA (towards the 5' region of the sense strand).
Promoters can be about 100–1000 base pairs long, the sequence of which is highly dependent on the gene and product of transcription, type or class of RNA polymerase recruited to the site, and species of organism.
Joe Chiccarelli
Joe Chiccarelli is an American record producer, mixer and engineer, who is a native of Boston, Massachusetts, and has been active since the 1980s. He has worked with artists like Jason Mraz, Julieta Venegas, The White Stripes, The Strokes, Michael Bublé, Alanis Morissette, Young the Giant, Vance Joy, Plain White T's, The Shins, Manchester Orchestra, Morrissey, Spoon, My Morning Jacket, Etta James,  Weezer, and Joan Baez.

Chiccarelli’s career was launched by Frank Zappa, who gave him his first major engineering credit on Sheik Yerbouti. He went on to engineer Zappa’s Joe's Garage Acts I, II & III and Tinseltown Rebellion, before working with the White Stripes on Icky Thump and The Raconteurs on Consolers of the Lonely, the latter winning the 2008 Grammy Award for Best Engineered Album, his eighth of eleven Grammys. He is responsible for album sales well over 60M and Streams of 14B.

Plain White T's
The Plain White T's are an American pop rock band from Lombard, Illinois, formed in 1997 by high school friends Tom Higgenson, Dave Tirio, and Ken Fletcher, and joined a short time later by Steve Mast. The group had a mostly underground following in Chicago basements, clubs, and bars in its early years.

The band is best known for their number-one hit song "Hey There Delilah", which achieved platinum status in 2007 and earned two Grammy nominations. The songs "1, 2, 3, 4" and "Rhythm of Love" were also certified platinum in 2009 and 2011 respectively. Founding member Tirio left the band in 2020, resulting in Higgenson remaining its sole original member.
Aquatica leii
Aquatica leii, also known as Lei's swamp flasher,is a species of firefly that is native to mainland China. It is one of nine species of aquatic fireflies, seven of which belong to the genus Aquatica, within the subfamily Luciolinae. The members of this genus are named for their aquatic larval stage. They have been listed as a protected species in China since June 2023. Their declining numbers are thought to be largely due to their sensitivity to water quality and pollution.

Aquatica (beetle)
Aquatica is a genus of fireflies in the subfamily Luciolinae. The species are found in China, Taiwan, Japan, Russia and Korea. Fu, Ballantyne and Lambkin erected the genus in 2010, using phylogenetic, morphological and behavioural evidence. Its type species is Aquatica wuhana. It contains five species:

Aquatica lateralis (Motschulsky, 1860)

Aquatica ficta (Olivier, 1909)

Aquatica hydrophila (Jeng et al., 2003)

Aquatica leii (Fu & Ballantyne, 2006)

Aquatica wuhana Fu, Ballantyne & Lambkin, 2010

All of the species except A. wuhana were previously placed in Luciola. The larvae are aquatic, and the name is derived from the English word "aquatic".
Eustachio Zanoli
Bishop Eustachio Vito Modesto Zanoli, O.F.M, was an Italian missionary of the Order of Friar Minor. Roman Catholic Apostolic Vicars of Eastern Hupeh, now Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Hankou. He was founder of the Catholic hospital in Wuhan, now Central Hospital of Wuhan.

Central Hospital of Wuhan
The Central Hospital of Wuhan (Chinese: 武汉市中心医院) is a tertiary hospital located in Jiang'an District in Wuhan, Hubei, China. It was established in 1880 as a clinic under Hankou's Catholic church. In 1893, it was later expanded and renamed as Catholic Hospital.

On 15 December 2019, what would be the first documented COVID-19 patients were admitted here.
Charles Loupot
Charles Loupot (20 July 1892 – 18 October 1962) was a French poster artist and painter.

He was one of France's most significant poster artists, along with A.M. Cassandre, Paul Colin, and Jean Carlu. His pioneering use of the lithographic technique was widely celebrated across his fifty-year career.

Jean Carlu
Jean Carlu (1900–1997) was a French graphic designer who specialised in posters. He was a member of a family of architects; his brother Jacques Carlu for example designed the Palais de Chaillot in Paris. He made posters during World War II to promote an increase in American production.
Charlotte Purdue
Charlotte Lucy Purdue (born 10 June 1991) is a British long-distance runner who competes in the Marathon and Half Marathon, as well as cross country running for Aldershot, Farnham and District Athletics Club. After winning a number of youth titles at national level, she had her first international success at the European Cross Country Championships, winning medals in the junior races of 2007 and 2008. She was also the best European junior at the World Cross Country Championships those years.

She won a 5000 m silver medal at the 2009 European Junior Championships and went on to represent England at the 2010 Commonwealth Games. She won the junior individual and team gold medals at the 2010 European Cross Country Championships. Purdue holds the UK junior record for the 10,000 m with a time of 32:36.75 minutes.

2009 European Athletics Junior Championships
The 20th European Athletics Junior Championships were held between 23 and 26 July 2009 in the Stadion Karađorđe in Novi Sad, Serbia.

Germany topped the medal table with 25 medals overall, including 10 golds, ahead of Russia and Ukraine.
Karlie Noon
Karlie Alinta Noon is the first Indigenous Australian woman to graduate with a double degree in maths and physics; she is an astronomer, multiple award winner, 2019 Eureka Prize nominee, and one of the 2017 BBC's 100 Women. She researches astronomy and astrophysics at the Australian National University.

Eureka Prizes
The Eureka Prizes are awarded annually by the Australian Museum, Sydney, to recognise individuals and organisations who have contributed to science and the understanding of science in Australia. They were founded in 1990 following a suggestion by science journalist Robyn Williams.

As of 2024, there are 19 prizes awarded across four categories and a total of $A$180,000 in prize money. The four categories are Research and Innovation, School Science, Science Engagement and Leadership.
Abisara echerius
Abisara echerius, the plum Judy, is a small but striking butterfly found in Asia belonging to the Punches and Judies family (Riodinidae). It is difficult to distinguish it from Abisara bifasciata.

This active butterfly is usually seen at the tops of trees and amidst foliage. It has a habit of landing and turning around almost immediately after alighting. It repeats this turning movements as it moves along branches. This is believed to help in evading predators by causing confusion about head orientation. This distinctive mode of movement gives the impression of dancing and is an important field characteristic that helps in identifying the species from even a distance.

Riodinidae
Riodinidae is the family of metalmark butterflies. The common name "metalmarks" refers to the small, metallic-looking spots commonly found on their wings. The 1,532 species are placed in 146 genera. Although mostly Neotropical in distribution, the family is also represented both in the Nearctic, Palearctic, Australasian (Dicallaneura), Afrotropic (Afriodinia, Saribia), and Indomalayan realms.
Rania, Sirsa
Rania is a city and a municipal committee in Sirsa district located on the upper bank of Ghaggar River in the Indian state of Haryana. Rania Town is a grain market in Sirsa district. Nearby cities to Rania includes Sirsa and Ellenabad. It shares its RTO office with Ellenabad which is also has its headquarters in Ellenabad. Earlier it was a part of Ellenabad subdivision but later carved out separately as a subdivision in Sirsa district of Haryana. It is at a distance of 22 km each from Sirsa and Ellenabad in opposite direction on Haryana State Highway 32A i.e. Bhambhoor-Jiwan Nagar Road which connects to Haryana State Highway 32 (Ellenabad-Dabwali Road) in Jiwan Nagar on one end and Haryana State Highway 23 (Sirsa-Ellenabad Road) in Bhambhoor on the other end.

Sirsa
Sirsa is a city and a municipal council in Sirsa district in the westernmost region of the Indian state of Haryana, bordering Punjab and Rajasthan. It is located near the Thar Desert, 250 kilometres north-west of New Delhi and 260 kilometers south-west of the state capital Chandigarh. Sirsa's nearest cities include Hisar, Fatehabad, Ellenabad, Bhadra, Nohar, Mandi Dabwali and Hanumangarh. Its history dates back to the time of the Mahabharata. At one time, the Sarasvati River flowed in this area.
James McGhee (Hibernian)
James McGhee (1861–1921) was a prominent Glaswegian Irish nationalist, and Provincial Secretary of the Ancient Order of Hibernians (A.O.H.) for Scotland. A "popular figure in Irish and Catholic circles in the Eastern suburbs of Glasgow", McGhee was also an office-holding member of the Home Rule Association, the Land League, the United Irish League and the Irish National Foresters.

Ancient Order of Hibernians
The Ancient Order of Hibernians (AOH; Irish: Ord Ársa na nÉireannach) is an Irish Catholic fraternal organization. Members must be male, Catholic, and either born in Ireland or of Irish descent. Its largest membership is in the United States, where it was founded in New York City in 1836.

The name was adopted by groups of Irish immigrants in the United States, its purpose to act as guards to shield Catholic churches from anti-Catholic forces in the mid-19th century, and to assist Irish Catholic immigrants, especially those who faced discrimination or harsh coal mining working conditions. Many members in the coal mining area of Pennsylvania allegedly had a background with the Molly Maguires. It became an important focus of Irish American political activity.
Saltbush
Saltbush is a vernacular plant name that most often refers to Atriplex, a genus of about 250 plants distributed worldwide from subtropical to subarctic regions. Atriplex species are native to Australia, North and South America, and Eurasia. Many Atriplex species are halophytes and are adapted to dry environments with salty soils.

The genus Chenopodium is taxonomically a cousin of the genus Atriplex. Certain chenopodiums may be called saltbushes, including C. robertianum and C. nutans.

Sarcobatus vermiculatus, native to North America, is a halophyte plant, and is sometimes informally called a saltbush.

Four-winged saltbush (Atriplex canescens)

Chenopodium robertianum berries

Chenopodium nutans berries

Cone-like structures containing the female flowers of Sarcobatus vermiculatus

Chenopodium robertianum
Chenopodium robertianum (Syn. Einadia hastata, Rhagodia hastata), known by the common name of saloop or berry saltbush is a small plant in the family Amaranthaceae. This species is found in coastal and inland areas of eastern Australia. Occasionally seen in rainforest gullies, though mostly seen in more open areas.

Often found in the heavier soils, up to 50 cm tall. Leaves may be opposite or alternate on the stem. Triangular to broadly triangular in shape. Tiny green flowers form in summer.
Lady in a Fur Wrap
Lady in a Fur Wrap is an oil painting now generally attributed to Alonso Sánchez Coello, dated between 1580 and 1588 and now held at the Pollok House in Glasgow. The identity of the sitter is uncertain, theories suggest the portrait to be a depiction of Catalina Micaela of Spain or Juana de Mendoza, Duchess of Béjar

Catalina Micaela of Spain
Catalina Micaela of Spain (10 October 1567 – 6 November 1597) was Duchess of Savoy by marriage to Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy. She ruled the duchy several times as regent in Charles Emmanuel's absence, notably during his campaign in 1594. She was the younger surviving daughter of Philip II of Spain and Elisabeth of Valois.
Nathan Wang
Nathan Tsung-hsien Wang (Chinese: 王宗賢; born August 8, 1956) is an American film composer, who has worked extensively in both the United States and in Hong Kong. He is best known internationally for his work with Jackie Chan, and with directors Benny Chan and Stanley Tong. He also scored the Detective Chinatown film series.

Detective Chinatown
Detective Chinatown (Chinese: 唐人街探案) is a 2015 Chinese comedy-mystery buddy film directed by Chen Sicheng and starring Wang Baoqiang and Liu Haoran. It was released in China on 31 December 2015. A sequel, was released in February 2018, and a third film was released in February 2021.
Werner Kern (football manager)
Werner Kern (born 23 February 1946 in Berchtesgaden) is a German football coach, who is head of the youth department at FC Bayern Munich.

After a career playing amateur football, Kern was appointed assistant manager of Bayern Munich in 1970, where he remained until 1977, serving during the club's golden era. He assisted Udo Lattek and Dettmar Cramer, and also managed the reserve team.

He then went into management himself, working at Wormatia Worms, 1. FC Nürnberg, Eintracht Trier and SSV Ulm 1846. In 1998, he was to return to Bayern Munich to head up the revamped youth setup but later retired.

FC Bayern Munich Junior Team
The FC Bayern Munich Junior Team is the youth academy for German football club FC Bayern Munich. The Junior Team was created in 1902 and restructured in 1995. It has educated many players who have become regulars in the Bundesliga and Germany. The vision for the Junior Team is "to educate young players so that it will be possible for FCB to keep a global position in club football in the next millennium" and its mission is "to have the best youth development in club football."
Maurice Baril
Joseph Gérard Maurice Baril, OC CMM MSM CD (born September 22, 1943) is a retired general officer in the Canadian Forces, a military advisor to the United Nations Secretary-General and head of the Military Division of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations of the United Nations from 1992 to 1997, and Chief of the Defence Staff in Canada from 1997 to 2001.

Chief of the Defence Staff (Canada)
Chief of the Defence Staff (CDS; French: chef d'état-major de la Défense; CEMD) is the title of the professional head of the Canadian Armed Forces. As the senior military position, the CDS advises the Cabinet, particularly the minister of national defence and the prime minister. The position is a Crown-in-Council appointment made on the advice of the prime minister.
BSSN formalism
The BSSN formalism (Baumgarte, Shapiro, Shibata, Nakamura formalism) is a formalism of general relativity that was developed by Thomas W. Baumgarte, Stuart L. Shapiro, Masaru Shibata and Takashi Nakamura between 1987 and 1999. It is a modification of the ADM formalism developed during the 1950s.

The ADM formalism is a Hamiltonian formalism that does not permit stable and long-term numerical simulations. In the BSSN formalism, the ADM equations are modified by introducing auxiliary variables. The formalism has been tested for a long-term evolution of linear gravitational waves and used for a variety of purposes such as simulating the non-linear evolution of gravitational waves or the evolution and collision of black holes.

Hamiltonian mechanics
In physics, Hamiltonian mechanics is a reformulation of Lagrangian mechanics that emerged in 1833. Introduced by Sir William Rowan Hamilton, Hamiltonian mechanics replaces (generalized) velocities  used in Lagrangian mechanics with (generalized) momenta. Both theories provide interpretations of classical mechanics and describe the same physical phenomena.

Hamiltonian mechanics has a close relationship with geometry (notably, symplectic geometry and Poisson structures) and serves as a link between classical and quantum mechanics.
Monarda humilis
Monarda humilis is a species of flowering plant in the mint family (Lamiaceae). It is a small, aromatic herb native to the southwestern United States, where it occurs in dry, open habitats. The species was historically treated as a variety of Monarda punctata and was elevated to species rank in the early 21st century following taxonomic revision.

Monarda punctata
Monarda punctata is a herbaceous plant in the mint family, Lamiaceae, that is native to eastern Canada, the eastern United States and northeastern Mexico. Common names include spotted beebalm and horsemint.
Suhail Shaheen
Muhammad Suhail Shaheen (Pashto/Dari: محمد سهیل شاهین, Pashto pronunciation: [mu.wa'mad suˈwel ʃɑ.'jin], Dari pronunciation: [mʊ.wäm.mǽd̪ sʊ.wäjl ʃɑː.jíːn]) is a Taliban member who is currently the head of the Afghan embassy in Qatar and the head of the Political Office in Doha. He edited the English-language, state-owned Afghan newspaper The Kabul Times during the first Taliban regime, before being appointed to Afghanistan's Embassy in Pakistan as a deputy ambassador.

The Taliban-led government appointed him as the Permanent Representative of Afghanistan to the United Nations in September 2021, but the UN rejected his appointment to the post.

Embassy of Afghanistan, Islamabad
The Embassy of Afghanistan in Islamabad is the diplomatic mission of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan to the Islamic Republic of Pakistan.

As of 2017 a new embassy was being constructed in the Diplomatic Enclave of Islamabad, to become Afghanistan's largest embassy abroad.
The last Afghan ambassador  to Pakistan before the fall of the Islamic Republic to the Taliban was Najibullah Alikhel. In July 2021, Afghanistan recalled its diplomats over allegations by Alikhel's daughter Silsila that she had been kidnapped and beaten, which Pakistan denied. In October 2021, despite not recognizing the post-August 2021 Taliban rule, Pakistan allowed the Taliban to assign diplomats to the embassy as well as the Afghan consulates in Karachi, Peshawar, and Quetta.
Myriopteris
Myriopteris, commonly known as the lip ferns, is a genus of cheilanthoid ferns. Like other cheilanthoids, they are ferns of dry habitats, reproducing both sexually and apogamously. Many species have leaves divided into a large number of small, bead-like segments, the probable inspiration for the generic name. Hairs and/or scales are often present on both the upper and lower surfaces of the leaf, and their presence and appearance are useful in distinguishing between species. The genus is most diverse in Mexico, but species are found from southwestern Canada south to southern Chile, and one species is endemic to southern Africa.

Apomixis
In botany, apomixis is asexual development of seed or embryo without fertilization.

Apomictically produced offspring are genetically identical to the parent plant, except in nonrecurrent apomixis.  Its etymology is Greek for "away from" + "mixing".

Normal asexual reproduction of plants, such as propagation from cuttings or leaves, has never been considered to be apomixis. In contrast to parthenocarpy, which involves seedless fruit formation without fertilization, apomictic fruits have viable seeds containing a proper embryo, with asexual origin.

In flowering plants, the term "apomixis" is used in a restricted sense to mean agamospermy, i.e. clonal reproduction through seeds. Although agamospermy could theoretically occur in gymnosperms, it appears to be absent in that group.

Some authors included all forms of asexual reproduction within apomixis, but that generalization of the term has since died out.
Edward C. Peter II
Edward C. Peter II (May 8, 1929 – November 12, 2008) was a career officer in the United States Army. A veteran of the Korean War and Vietnam War, he attained the rank of lieutenant general and was most notable for his command of 2nd Battalion, 27th Infantry, the 1st Infantry Division Support Command, the Department of the Army Legislative Liaison Office, the 5th Infantry Division and Fort Polk, and Fourth United States Army. Peter received the Combat Infantryman Badge twice, and his awards and decorations included the Army Distinguished Service Medal (2), Silver Star (2), Legion of Merit (2), Bronze Star Medal (2), Meritorious Service Medal, Air Medal (6), and Army Commendation Medal.

27th Infantry Regiment (United States)
The 27th Infantry Regiment, nicknamed the "Wolfhounds", is an infantry regiment of the United States Army established in 1901, traditionally aligned with the 25th Infantry Division for more than 8 decades. It served in the Philippine–American War, in the Siberian Intervention after World War I, and as part of the 25th Infantry Division ("Tropic Lightning") during World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, and later, the Iraq War.

Currently two active battalions of the regiment, the 1st and 2nd, as part of the 25th Infantry Division are stationed at Schofield Barracks, Hawaii. More recently the regiment deployed to Afghanistan for the second time, following two deployments to Iraq. The regimental march is the Wolfhound March.