hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Jiang Futang
Jiang Futang (Chinese: 姜福堂; pinyin: Jiāng Fútáng; born October 1941) is a general (shangjiang) of the People's Liberation Army (PLA). He was a representative of the 13th and 14th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party. He was a member of the 15th and 16th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. He was a member of the Standing Committee of the 11th National People's Congress.

Jiang (rank)
Jiang (formerly romanized chiang and usually translated general or, for navies, admiral) is a general officer (or flag officer for navies) rank used by China and Taiwan. It is also used as jang in North and South Korea, shō in Japan, and tướng in Vietnam.
Paleoanguimorpha
Paleoanguimorpha is a clade of anguimorphs comprising Shinisauria (represented today by shinisaurids) and Goannasauria (represented today by Varanoidea which includes the families Lanthanotidae and Varanidae). Morphological studies in the past also classified helodermatids and pythonomorphs with the varanoids in the clade Platynota, while the Chinese crocodile lizard was classified as a xenosaurid. Current molecular work finds no support in these groupings and instead has found the helodermatids more related to Diploglossa in the sister clade Neoanguimorpha, while the Chinese crocodile lizard is the closet living relative to varanoids. Pythonomorphs represented by snakes today are not closely related to varanoids and are instead a sister lineage to Anguimorpha and Iguania in the clade Toxicofera.

Below is the phylogeny of the paleoanguimorph lineages after Pyron et al. (2013):

Platynota
Platynota is a polyphyletic group of anguimorph lizards and thus belongs to the order Squamata of the class Reptilia. Since it was named in 1839, it has included several groups, including monitor lizards, snakes, mosasaurs, and helodermatids. Its taxonomic use still varies, as it is sometimes considered equivalent to the group Varanoidea and other times viewed as a distinct group. It is phylogenetically defined as a clade containing Varanidae (the monitor lizards). It also includes many extinct species.
Eraser
An eraser (also known as a rubber in some Commonwealth countries, including South Africa from which the material first used got its name) is an article of stationery that is used for removing marks from paper or skin (e.g. parchment or vellum). Erasers have a rubbery consistency and come in a variety of shapes, sizes, and colors. Some pencils have an eraser on one end. Less expensive erasers are made from synthetic rubber and synthetic soy-based gum, but more expensive or specialized erasers are made from vinyl, plastic, or gum-like materials.

At first, erasers were invented to erase mistakes made with a pencil; later, more abrasive ink erasers were introduced. The term is also used for things that remove marks from chalkboards and whiteboards.

Blackboard
A blackboard or a chalkboard is a reusable writing surface on which text or drawings are made with sticks of calcium sulphate or calcium carbonate, better known as chalk.

Blackboards were originally made of smooth, thin sheets of black or dark grey slate stone.
Arawashi Tsuyoshi
Arawashi Tsuyoshi (荒鷲 毅; born 21 August 1986 as Dulguun Erkhbayar) is a former professional sumo wrestler from Ulan Bator, Mongolia. He made his professional debut in November 2002. He is the 21st Mongolian to reach the top makuuchi division, which he achieved in May 2014. His 68-tournament rise through the ranks is the second-slowest progress for a foreign wrestler after Sentōryū. He won three kinboshi or gold stars for defeating yokozuna. He was a member of three stables, Araiso, Hanakago and Minezaki. His highest rank was maegashira 2.

Hanakago stable (1992)
Hanakago stable (花籠部屋, Hanakago beya) was a stable of sumo wrestlers, one of the Nishonoseki group of stables. Its most recent incarnation dated from 1992 when it was revived by Daijuyama of the Futagoyama stable. The previous version of the stable had been wound up in 1985 when former yokozuna Wajima was forced to leave the Japan Sumo Association. The Mongolian rikishi Kōryū became the revived Hanakago's first sekitori in January 2007 and in July 2008 reached the top makuuchi division. The stable closed after the May 2012 tournament, with its wrestlers moving to Minezaki stable.
Nalini Joshi
Nalini Joshi AO is an Australian mathematician. She is a professor in the School of Mathematics and Statistics at the University of Sydney, the first woman in the School to hold this position, and is a past-president of the Australian Mathematical Society.
Joshi is a member of the School's Applied Mathematics Research Group. Her research concerns integrable systems. She was awarded the Georgina Sweet Australian Laureate Fellowship in 2012. Joshi is also the Vice-President of the International Mathematical Union, and is the first Australian to hold this position.

Australian Mathematical Society
The Australian Mathematical Society (AustMS) was founded in 1956 and is the national society of the mathematics profession in Australia.

One of the society's listed purposes is to promote the cause of mathematics in the community by representing the interests of the profession to government. The society also publishes three mathematical journals. Professor 
Jessica Purcell is the current president of the society.
Bruce Schwab
Bruce Schwab (born April 15, 1960 in Oxnard, California) is an American sailor and ocean racer. He circumnavigated the globe twice on his Open 60 racing yacht OceanPlanet becoming the 240th and then the 254th solo sailor to do so. Schwab is the first American to officially complete the famous Vendée Globe Race (2004–2005).

IMOCA 60
The IMOCA ("Open 60") is a 60ft (18.3 m) development class monohull sailing yacht governed by the International Monohull Open Class Association (IMOCA). The class pinnacle event are single or two person ocean races, such as the Route du Rhum and the Vendée Globe and this has been intimately linked to design development within the class. The class is recognised by World Sailing.
Pseudodaphnella
Pseudodaphnella is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae.

In the past this generic name, Pseudodaphnella, has been refused recognition by most modern writers, who have distributed its constituents among Mangilia, Clathurella, or Daphnella.

This genus has a morphological close relationship to Kermia. Together they form a homogeneous complex. Both are also close to the conoidean genera Exomilus Hedley, 1918, Paramontana Laseron, 1954 and Thetidos Hedley, 1899

Daphnella
Daphnella is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae.

Not to be confused with Daphnella Baird, 1850, a synonym of Diaphanosoma Fischer, 1850 belonging to the Sididae, a family of ctenopods.
Rhodes Ranch
Rhodes Ranch is a master-planned community and golf course located in Spring Valley, Nevada, approximately six miles southwest of the Las Vegas Strip. It was developed by Jim Rhodes. The community was announced in 1996, after Rhodes gained 1,330 acres (540 ha), some of it through the Bureau of Land Management. At the time, much of the surrounding area was rural, and nearby residents opposed the development of the land. Despite the opposition, the Rhodes Ranch project was approved and began construction.

The Rhodes Ranch Golf Club opened to the public on November 6, 1997. The course is 162 acres (66 ha), and was designed by Ted Robinson. Rhodes Companies filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2009, and Rhodes Ranch was turned over to creditors. Dunhill Homes was subsequently chosen to continue development of the community. Century Communications purchased it in 2014.

Planned community
A planned community, planned city, planned town, or planned settlement is any community that was carefully planned from its inception and is typically constructed on previously undeveloped land. This contrasts with settlements that evolve organically.

The term new town refers to planned communities of the new towns movement in particular, mainly in the United Kingdom. It was also common in the European colonization of the Americas to build according to a plan either on fresh ground or on the ruins of earlier Native American villages.

A model city is a type of planned city designed to a high standard and intended as a model for others to imitate. The term was first used in 1854.
John Adams Cameron
John Adams Cameron (1788 – June 14 or 15, 1838) was an American attorney, politician, and jurist from North Carolina and Territorial Florida. He was a member of the North Carolina House of Commons from 1810 to 1812 and in 1820. After several failed campaigns to represent Fayetteville, North Carolina in the United States House of Representatives, president Andrew Jackson nominated him to become a judge of the Florida Territorial Courts, where he served until his death in the Steamship Pulaski disaster.

Fayetteville, North Carolina
Fayetteville (/ˈfeɪətvɪl/ FAY-ət-vil, locally /ˈfɛdvəl/ FED-vəl) is a city in and the county seat of Cumberland County, North Carolina, United States. Fort Bragg, a U.S. Army installation, is located in the city.

Fayetteville has received the All-America City Award from the National Civic League four times. As of the 2020 census, it had a population of 208,501. It is the 6th-most populous city in North Carolina. Fayetteville is in the Sandhills in the western part of the Coastal Plain region, on the Cape Fear River.

With an estimated population of 392,336 in 2023, the Fayetteville metropolitan area is the second-most populous city in southeastern North Carolina and the 142nd-most populous in the United States. Suburban areas of metro Fayetteville include Fort Bragg, Hope Mills, Spring Lake, Raeford, Pope Field, Rockfish, Stedman, and Eastover.
Ja'Len Embry
Ja'Len Embry (born March 14, 1996) is an American football defensive back for the Prague Lions of the European League of Football (ELF). He played college football at Iowa, Iowa Central CC and Northern Illinois.

Iowa Hawkeyes football
The Iowa Hawkeyes football program represents the University of Iowa in college football. The Hawkeyes compete in the Big Ten Conference. Iowa joined the Conference (then known as the Western Conference or Big Nine) in 1899 and played their first Conference football season in 1900. They are a Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). The Hawkeyes play their home games in Iowa City, Iowa, at Kinnick Stadium, with a capacity of 69,250. The Hawkeyes are coached by Kirk Ferentz, who is in his 27th season as the head coach and is the longest current tenured head coach in NCAA Division I FBS. The Hawkeyes have won 13 conference championships (including 11 in the Big Ten). Iowa has been ranked #1 in the AP and Coaches Poll 15 times.
Toby Barrett
Theobald Butler "Toby" Barrett   is a former Progressive Conservative member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario representing the district of Haldimand—Norfolk for the Progressive Conservative Party from 1995 until 2022.

Haldimand—Norfolk (provincial electoral district)
Haldimand—Norfolk is a provincial electoral district in southwestern Ontario, Canada. It was created for the 2007 provincial election. 88.0% of the riding came from Haldimand—Norfolk—Brant while 12.0% came from Erie—Lincoln.

The riding includes all of the counties of Haldimand and Norfolk.

The riding also existed from 1934 to 1987.
SMS V47
SMS V47 was a V25-class Large Torpedo Boat (Großes Torpedoboot) of the Imperial German Navy that was built and served during the First World War.

She served in the North Sea and English Channel during the war, and was scuttled on 2 November 1918.

A-class torpedo boat
The A-class torpedo boats were a class of German single-funnelled torpedo boat/light destroyer designed by the Reichsmarineamt for operations off the coast of occupied Flanders in the First World War.  The "A" designation was to avoid confusion with older classes and designs. They were classed officially as "coastal torpedo boats" (German: Küstentorpedoboote) to differentiate from larger, ocean-going torpedo boats.

Six groups of vessels were built under the class between 1914 and 1918, increasing in displacement from 109 to 335 t (107 to 330 long tons; 120 to 369 short tons). All had a raised forecastle, shallow draught, and carried one (for most) or two (for A1 – A25) 17.7 in (45 cm) torpedo tubes amidships.
Patrick Hall (politician)
Patrick Hall (born 20 October 1951) is a British Labour Party politician who was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Bedford from 1997 to 2010.  He was re-selected by the Labour Party as their candidate in Bedford for the 2015 general election, but failed to be re-elected to Parliament.

Bedford (UK Parliament constituency)
Bedford /ˈbɛdfərd/ is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2017 by Mohammad Yasin of the Labour Party.

The seat dates back to the earliest century of regular parliaments, in 1295; its double representation was halved in 1885, then altered by the Representation of the People Act 1918. It was abolished in 1983 but re-established at the next periodic review for the 1997 general election.
Phintella paludosa
Phintella paludosa is a species of jumping spider that lives in Africa. A member of the genus Phintella, it was first described in 2012 by Wanda Wesołowska and G. B. Edwards, from a holotype discovered in Cross River State, Nigeria. It has subsequently also found in Guinea, Ivory Coast, and Mozambique. The species was first seen in a swamp, so the species name is derived from the Latin for "marshy". The spider is small, with a brown carapace, the topside of the front section of its body, and, behind that, an almost black abdomen. The female is smaller than the male, measuring typically 3.2 mm (0.13 in) rather than 4.5 mm (0.18 in) in body length. Its long legs are more yellow. It is similar to the related Phintella aequipes but can be distinguished by its copulatory organs. The female has copulatory openings at the rear of its very small epigyne, the visible external part of its copulatory organs. The male has a thick short embolus.

Palpal bulb
The two palpal bulbs – also known as palpal organs and genital bulbs – are the copulatory organs of a male spider. They are borne on the last segment of the pedipalps (the front "limbs" of a spider), giving the spider an appearance often described as like wearing boxing gloves. The palpal bulb does not actually produce sperm, being used only to transfer it to the female. Palpal bulbs are only fully developed in adult male spiders and are not completely visible until after the final moult. In the majority of species of spider, the bulbs have complex shapes and are important in identification.
The Merry Widow (ballet)
The Merry Widow ballet is a 1975 adaptation of Franz Lehár's 1905 romantic operetta The Merry Widow (Die lustige Witwe).

John Lanchbery and Alan Abbott adapted the score of the operetta for ballet and retained the style of Lehár's orchestration.  The arrangement includes the well-known tunes of the operetta: Vilja's song Ich bin eine anständige Frau and the Weibermarsch. This musical arrangement has been used for two ballets: the first was choreographed by Ronald Hynd for The Australian Ballet in 1975, while the second was choreographed by Veronica Paeper for CAPAB (since renamed the Cape Town City Ballet Company) in 1988.

The Australian Ballet
The Australian Ballet (TAB) is the largest classical ballet company in Australia. It was founded by J. C. Williamson Theatres Ltd and the Australian Elizabethan Theatre Trust in 1962, with the English-born dancer, teacher, repetiteur and director Dame Peggy van Praagh as founding artistic director. Today, it is recognised as one of the world's major international ballet companies and performs upwards of 150 performances (both in Australia and overseas) a year.
India's Got Latent
India's Got Latent was an Indian Hindi-language talent show hosted by Samay Raina on YouTube from 2024 to 2025. Inspired by the international Got Talent franchise and Kill Tony, it featured a wide variety of acts including singing, dancing, magic, and comedy. The show was eventually called off by Raina and all episodes were made private on YouTube on February 12, 2025 after a controversy sparked over some obscene comments made by podcaster Ranveer Allahbadia.

Obscenity
An obscenity is any utterance or act that strongly offends the prevalent morality of the time. It is derived from the Latin obscēnus, obscaenus, "boding ill; disgusting; indecent", of uncertain etymology. Generally, the term can be used to indicate strong moral repugnance and outrage in expressions such as "obscene profits" and "the obscenity of war". As a legal term, it usually refers to descriptions and depictions of people engaged in sexual and excretory activity.
Security and safety features new to Windows Vista
There are a number of security and safety features new to Windows Vista, most of which are not available in any prior Microsoft Windows operating system release.

Beginning in early 2002 with Microsoft's announcement of its Trustworthy Computing initiative, a great deal of work has gone into making Windows Vista a more secure operating system than its predecessors. Internally, Microsoft adopted a "Security Development Lifecycle" with the underlying ethos of "Secure by design, secure by default, secure in deployment". New code for Windows Vista was developed with the SDL methodology, and all existing code was reviewed and refactored to improve security.

Some specific areas where Windows Vista introduces new security and safety mechanisms include User Account Control, parental controls, Network Access Protection, a built-in anti-malware tool, and new digital content protection mechanisms.

Network Access Protection
Network Access Protection (NAP) is a Microsoft technology for controlling network access of a computer, based on its health. It was first included in Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008 and backported to Windows XP Service Pack 3. With NAP, system administrators of an organization can define policies for system health requirements. Examples of system health requirements are whether the computer has the most recent operating system updates installed, whether the computer has the latest version of the anti-virus software signature, or whether the computer has a host-based firewall installed and enabled. Computers with a NAP client will have their health status evaluated upon establishing a network connection. NAP can restrict or deny network access to the computers that are not in compliance with the defined health requirements.

NAP was deprecated in Windows Server 2012 R2  and removed from Windows Server 2016.
Azamat Akhmedov
Azamat Gadjimuradovich Akhmedov (Russian: Азамат Гаджимурадович Ахмедов, Kumyk: Гьажимурадны уланы Азамат, romanized: Hajimuradnı ulanı Azamat; born 11 October 1990) is a Russian Greco-Roman wrestler of Kumyk descent ethnicity, who claimed the silver medal at the 2016 World Cup and the 2024 Russian Championships.

Kumyks
Kumyks (Kumyk: Къумукълар, romanized: Qumuqlar, Russian: Кумыки) are a Turkic ethnic group living in Dagestan, Chechnya and North Ossetia. They are the largest Turkic people in the North Caucasus.

They traditionally populate the Kumyk Plateau (northern Dagestan and northeastern Chechnya), lands bordering the Caspian Sea, areas in North Ossetia, Chechnya and along the banks of the Terek River. They speak the Kumyk language, which until the 1930s had been the lingua franca of the Northern Caucasus.

Territories where Kumyks have traditionally lived, and where their historical state entities used to exist, are called Kumykia (Kumyk: Къумукъ, Qumuq). All of the lands populated by Kumyks were once part of the independent Tarki Shamkhalate.
Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy
Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, or diffuse reflection spectroscopy, is a subset of absorption spectroscopy.  It is sometimes called remission spectroscopy. Remission is the reflection or back-scattering of light by a material, while transmission is the passage of light through a material.  The word remission implies a direction of scatter, independent of the scattering process.  Remission includes both specular and diffusely back-scattered light. The word reflection often implies a particular physical process, such as specular reflection.

The use of the term remission spectroscopy is relatively recent, and found first use in applications related to medicine and biochemistry.  While the term is becoming more common in certain areas of absorption spectroscopy, the term diffuse reflectance is firmly entrenched, as in diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) and diffuse-reflectance ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy.

Specular reflection
Specular reflection, or regular reflection, is the mirror-like reflection of waves, such as light, from a surface.

The law of reflection states that a reflected ray of light emerges from the reflecting surface at the same angle to the surface normal as the incident ray, but on the opposing side of the surface normal. The incident and reflected rays lie in a plane known as the plane of incidence. The angles of the two rays to the normal are known as the angle of incidence and angle of reflection.

The earliest known description of this behavior was recorded by Hero of Alexandria (AD c. 10–70). Later, Alhazen gave a complete statement of the law of reflection. He was first to state that the incident ray, the reflected ray, and the normal to the surface all lie in a same plane perpendicular to reflecting plane.

Specular reflection may be contrasted with diffuse reflection, in which light is scattered away from the surface in a range of directions.
Joseph Dindiok Kpemka
Joseph Dindiok Kpemka (born 13 August 1973) is a Ghanaian politician and was a member of the Seventh Parliament of the Fourth Republic of Ghana, representing the Tempane constituency in the Upper East Region,on the ticket of the New Patriotic Party.

Tempane (Ghana parliament constituency)
Tempane is one of the constituencies represented in the Parliament of Ghana. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election. Akanvariva Lydia Lamisi is the member of parliament for the constituency. The Tempane constituency is located in the Garu-Tempane District of the Upper East Region of Ghana. It was created in 2012 by dividing the Garu-Tempane constituency into two.
Spanish frigate Navas de Tolosa
Navas de Tolosa was a Spanish Navy screw frigate in commission from 1866 to 1886. She was the last wooden screw frigate to enter service in the Spanish Navy. She took part in operations related to the Chincha Islands War and the Ten Years' War. During the Cantonal Rebellion of 1873–1874, she fought on the central government side and participated in the Battle of Portmán. She also took part in the Third Carlist War in 1875. She was named for the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa of 16 July 1212, known in Islamic history as the Battle of Al-Uqab, a turning point in the Reconquista.

Steam frigate
Steam frigates (including screw frigates) and the smaller steam corvettes, steam sloops, steam gunboats and steam schooners were steam-powered warships that were not meant to stand in the line of battle. The first such ships were paddle steamers. Later on the invention of screw propulsion enabled construction of screw-powered versions of the traditional frigates, corvettes, sloops and gunboats.