hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Size of the Roman army
By the size of the Roman army is meant the changes (increases and reductions) in the number of its contingents: legions, auxiliaries, Praetorian cohorts, Urban cohorts, vigiles, and naval forces over the course of twelve centuries – from 753 BC to AD 476 (the Fall of the Western Roman Empire).

Praetorian Guard
The Praetorian Guard (Latin: cohortes praetoriae) was the imperial guard of the Imperial Roman army that served various roles for the Roman emperor including being a bodyguard unit, counterintelligence, crowd control and gathering military intelligence.

During the Roman Republic, the Praetorian Guards were escorts for high-ranking political officials and were bodyguards for the senior officers of the Roman legions. In 27 BC, after Rome's transition from republic to empire, the first emperor of Rome, Augustus, designated the Praetorians as his personal security escort. For three centuries, the guards of the Roman emperor were also known for their palace intrigues, by whose influence upon imperial politics the Praetorians could overthrow an emperor and then proclaim his successor as the new caesar of Rome. In AD 312, Constantine the Great disbanded the cohortes praetoriae and destroyed their barracks at the Castra Praetoria.
Giulio Cowley Smith
Giulio Cowley Tyler Smith (2 May 1849 – 22 July 1909) (also known as J. C. Smith and Giulio Tyler-Smith) was an amateur athlete who played for England in the first unofficial football match against Scotland in March 1870.

England v Scotland representative football matches (1870–1872)
Between 1870 and 1872, the Football Association (FA) organised five representative association football matches between teams representing England and Scotland, all held in London. The first of these matches was held at The Oval on 5 March 1870, and the fifth was on 21 February 1872. The matches, which were organised by Charles W. Alcock, are the precursors to modern international football and were referred to as internationals at the time. They are not recognised, however, as full internationals by FIFA as the players competing in the Scotland team were drawn only from London-based Scottish players. They were followed by the 1872 match in Glasgow between Scotland and England which is recognised as the first international match.
Dzharatitanis
Dzharatitanis (meaning "Dzharakuduk titan") is an extinct genus of probable titanosaurian sauropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous (Turonian age) Bissekty Formation of Uzbekistan. The genus contains a single species, Dzharatitanis kingi, known from a single tail vertebra. Dzharatitanis was considered to be a member of the Rebbachisauridae when it was named in 2021, but subsequent research has considered it to be a titanosaur.

Bissekty Formation
The Bissekty Formation (sometimes referred to as Bissekt) is a geologic formation and Lagerstätte which crops out in the Kyzyl Kum desert of Uzbekistan, and dates to the Late Cretaceous Period. Laid down in the mid to late Turonian, it is dated to about 92 to 90 Ma (million years ago).
Ulm–Sigmaringen railway
The Ulm–Sigmaringen railway is a 92.670-kilometre-long railway in Baden-Württemberg in south-western Germany, which is largely single-tracked and for the most part not electrified. It runs from Ulm via Blaubeuren and Riedlingen to Sigmaringen mostly in the valley of the Danube. The line is part of the once important long-distance connection from Munich to Freiburg im Breisgau.

It forms part of the  Danube Valley Railway of Baden-Württemberg. The line is famous especially for its charming course through the Upper Danube Nature Park (Naturpark Obere Donau), and is particularly attractive to bicycle tourists. The Royal Württemberg State Railways built the line as part of the railway projects undertaken between 1865 and 1873. Since 1901, the Danube Valley Railway, together with the Höllentalbahn, form part of the pan-regional railway link from Ulm to Freiburg im Breisgau.

Black Forest Railway (Baden)
The Baden Black Forest Railway (German: Schwarzwaldbahn, pronounced [ˈʃvaʁtsvaltˌbaːn] ⓘ) is a twin-track, electrified railway line in Baden-Württemberg, Germany, running in a NW-SE direction to link Offenburg on the Rhine Valley Railway (Rheintalbahn) with Singen on the High Rhine Railway (Hochrheinbahn).   Passing directly across the Black Forest, through spectacular scenery, the route is 150 km long, ascends 650 metres from lowest to highest elevation, and passes through 39 tunnels and over 2 viaducts.  It is still the only true mountain railway in Germany to be built with two tracks, and is the most important railway line in the Black Forest.  It was built between 1863 and 1873, utilizing plans drawn up by Robert Gerwig.

This line should not be confused with the Württemberg Black Forest Railway (Schwarzwaldbahn (Württemberg)), which runs between Stuttgart and Calw in Germany.
Dudleya virens subsp. extima
Dudleya virens subsp. extima is a subspecies of succulent plant in the family Crassulaceae commonly known as the Guadalupe green liveforever. It is a rosette-forming leaf succulent, with both green and white waxy foliage. It has white flowers with spreading petals that bloom from May to June. It is a somewhat small plant, continuing a southward trend of decreasing size relative to other Dudleya virens subspecies. This plant is endemic to Guadalupe Island in the eastern Pacific Ocean, which is 241 kilometers off of the Baja California coast. It is very rare, with this plant only surviving on sheer cliff faces and canyons, out of the reach of the former feral goat population rampant on the island. It closely resembles a miniature version of Dudleya virens subsp. virens, but it may be more nearly related to the local Dudleya guadalupensis.

Feral goat
The feral goat is the domestic goat (Capra hircus) when it has become established in the wild.  Feral goats occur in many parts of the world.  Goats are famously adaptable, and are content to live in rough, hilly terrain that humans and other animals find difficult to traverse.
Protestant culture
Protestant culture refers to the cultural practices that have developed within Protestantism. Although the founding Protestant Reformation was a religious movement, it also had a strong impact on all other aspects of life: marriage and family, education, the humanities and sciences, the political and social order, the economy, and the arts.

Protestantism has promoted economic growth and entrepreneurship, especially in the period after the Scientific and the Industrial Revolution. Scholars have identified a positive correlation between the rise of Protestantism and human capital formation, work ethic, economic development, the rise of early experimental science, and the development of the state system.

Scientific Revolution
The Scientific Revolution of the 16th and 17th centuries in Europe was an irreversible break with the natural philosophy that had preceded it, fundamentally changing how the natural world was investigated and understood. The New Science that emerged departed from previous Greek conceptions and traditions, was more mechanistic in its worldview and more integrated with mathematics, and was focused on the acquisition and interpretation of new evidence.

The Scientific Revolution is a convenient boundary between ancient thought and modern science. While the period is frequently said to have begun in 1543 with the printings of De humani corporis fabrica (On the Workings of the Human Body) by Andreas Vesalius and De Revolutionibus (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) by Nicolaus Copernicus, the SN 1572 supernova has also been suggested as its beginning. The period culminated with the publication of the Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica in 1687 by Isaac Newton.
Tibetan mythology
Tibetan mythology refers to the traditional as well as the religious stories that have been passed down by the Tibetan people. Tibetan mythology consists mainly of national mythology stemming from the Tibetan culture as well as religious mythology from both Tibetan Buddhism and Bön Religion. These myths are often passed down orally, through rituals or through traditional art like sculptures or cave paintings. They also feature a variety of different creatures ranging from gods to spirits to monsters which play a significant role in Tibetan mythology. These deities and monsters/evil entities deal with our mental emotions and how to control them. Some of these myths have broken into mainstream Western media, with the most notable one being the Abominable Snowman – the Yeti.

Yeti
The Yeti (/ˈjɛti/) is an ape-like creature purported to inhabit the Himalayan mountain range in Asia. In Western popular culture, the creature is commonly referred to as the Abominable Snowman. Many dubious articles have been offered in an attempt to prove the existence of the Yeti, including anecdotal visual sightings, disputed video recordings, photographs, and plaster casts of large footprints. Some of these are speculated or known to be hoaxes.

Folklorists trace the origin of the Yeti to a combination of factors, including Sherpa folklore and misidentified fauna such as bear or yak. The Yeti is commonly compared to Bigfoot of North America as the two subjects often have similar physical descriptions.
Solamente vos
Solamente vos (Spanish for: Only you) is a 2013 Argentine Romantic comedy starring Adrián Suar and Natalia Oreiro, produced by Pol-ka that began to be aired on 21 January 2013, and ended 20 January 2014 from Monday to Thursday at 9:30 pm on the screen of Canal 13 as of 28 June, it also began airing on Fridays at 9:30 pm.

El Trece
Channel 13 (known by its current brand name El Trece, stylized as eltrece) is an Argentine free-to-air television network and the flagship station of the network of the same name, located in the capital of Argentina, Buenos Aires. It is owned by Artear, a unit of Grupo Clarín.

As mentioned by its name, it broadcasts on VHF channel 13 and on digital UHF channel 33 in Greater Buenos Aires. Outside of Greater Buenos Aires, the channel is available nationwide via cable and satellite and its programs are rebroadcast by two stations owned by Artear, El Doce in Cordoba and Canal Siete in Bahia Blanca alongside five stations commercially represented by Artear alongside three station carrying El Trece independently.
Darja Semeņistaja
Darja Semeņistaja (born 16 September 2002) is a Latvian tennis player.
She has career-high WTA rankings of world No. 87 in singles, achieved on 27 October 2025, and No. 119 in doubles, reached on 8 September 2025. She has won two singles and two doubles titles on the WTA Challenger Tour.

Playing for Latvia Billie Jean King Cup team, she has a win-loss record of 4–6.

She has also won 16 singles and ten doubles titles on the ITF Circuit.

WTA 125 tournaments
WTA 125 tournaments are an international series of professional women's tennis tournaments organized by the Women's Tennis Association since 2012.
Also called the WTA Challengers (analogous to the trademarked men's ATP Challenger Tour), the WTA 125 is the second highest level of women's competition, below the top-tier WTA Tour, and above the ITF Women's World Tennis Tour tournaments.

Players who succeed in the WTA 125 tournaments earn sufficient overall WTA ranking points to become eligible for the main draw or qualifying draw entry of WTA Tour tournaments. Results such as titles won at a WTA 125 event are separately counted from the same player's achievements at WTA Tour level tournaments. However match results from WTA 125 events are counted and added into WTA players' overall head-to-head win/loss statistics.
EMC Symmetrix
The Symmetrix system was an EMC enterprise storage array. It combined dozens of hard drives into a single virtual device that was then directly attached to a computer or I/O channel, or shared on a storage area network or a local area network. It was the flagship product of EMC in the 1990s and 2000s.

Storage area network
A storage area network (SAN) or storage network is a computer network which provides access to consolidated, block-level data storage. SANs are primarily used to access data storage devices, such as disk arrays and tape libraries from servers so that the devices appear to the operating system as direct-attached storage. A SAN typically is a dedicated network of storage devices not accessible through the local area network (LAN).

Although a SAN provides only block-level access, file systems built on top of SANs do provide file-level access and are known as shared-disk file systems.

Newer SAN configurations enable hybrid SAN and allow traditional block storage that appears as local storage but also object storage for web services through APIs.
People of Assam
The People of Assam inhabit a multi-ethnic, multi-linguistic and multi-religious society. They speak languages that belong to four main language groups: Tibeto-Burman, Indo-Aryan, Tai-Kadai, and Austroasiatic. The large number of ethnic and linguistic groups, the population composition, and the peopling process in the state has led to it being called an "India in miniature".

The peopling of Assam was understood in terms of racial types based on physical features, types that were drawn by colonial administrator Risley. These classifications are now considered to have little validity, and they yield inconsistent results; the current understanding is based on ethnolinguistic groups and in consonance with genetic studies.

Tibeto-Burman languages
The Tibeto-Burman languages are the non-Chinese members of the Sino-Tibetan language family, over 400 of which are spoken throughout the Southeast Asian Massif ("Zomia") as well as parts of East Asia and South Asia. Around 60 million people speak Tibeto-Burman languages. The name derives from the most widely spoken of these languages, Burmese and the Tibetic languages, which also have extensive literary traditions, dating from the 12th and 7th centuries respectively. Most of the other languages are spoken by much smaller communities, and many of them have not been described in detail.

Though the division of Sino-Tibetan into Sinitic and Tibeto-Burman branches (e.g. Benedict, Matisoff) is widely used, some historical linguists criticize this classification, as the non-Sinitic Sino-Tibetan languages lack any shared innovations in phonology or morphology to show that they comprise a clade of the phylogenetic tree.
City Life (video game)
City Life is a city-building video game developed by Monte Cristo. It is the first modern building game to allow the player to work in full 3D environment. It was published in France by Monte Cristo, in the UK and Germany by Deep Silver and in North America by CDV. It was released in May 2006.

City Life allows players to zoom in and see every little bit of detail. The placement method allows buildings to be placed at an angle, as also seen in Sierra Games' Caesar IV.

City-building game
A city-building game, citybuilder or town-building game, is a genre of simulation video game where players act as the overall planner and leader of a city or town, looking down on it from above, and being responsible for its growth and management strategy. Players choose building placement and city management features such as salaries and work priorities, and the city develops accordingly.

City-building games such as SimCity, Cities XXL or Cities: Skylines are considered a type of construction and management simulation.
Tempair International Airlines
Tempair International Airlines Ltd, more commonly known as Tempair, was a UK-based aircraft lease operator, founded in 1972. The airline was headquartered in Windsor, Berkshire. Mounting financial difficulties led to the liquidation of the company in late 1976.

Aircraft lease
Aircraft leases are leases used by airlines and other aircraft operators. Airlines lease aircraft from other airlines or leasing companies for two main reasons: to operate aircraft without the financial burden of buying them, as well as to provide temporary increase in capacity. The industry has two main leasing types: wet-leasing, which is normally used for short-term leasing, and dry-leasing which is more normal for longer-term leases. The industry also uses combinations of wet and dry. For example, when the aircraft is wet-leased to establish new services, then as the airline's flight or cabin crews become trained, they can be switched to a dry lease. In some markets, there may also be hybrid models, such as with crew provided by lessees.
IS-IS
Intermediate System to Intermediate System  (IS-IS, also written ISIS) is a link-state interior gateway protocol (IGP) used to exchange routing information within a network. Routers share network topology information so they can find the most efficient paths for data. IS-IS is typically deployed within a single autonomous system and is used in large enterprise and service provider networks.

The IS-IS protocol is defined in ISO/IEC 10589:2002 as an international standard within the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference design.

Border Gateway Protocol
Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is a standardized exterior gateway protocol designed to exchange routing and reachability information among autonomous systems (AS) on the Internet. BGP is classified as a path-vector routing protocol, and it makes routing decisions based on paths, network policies, or rule-sets configured by a network administrator.

BGP used for routing within an autonomous system is called Interior Border Gateway Protocol (iBGP). In contrast, the Internet application of the protocol is called Exterior Border Gateway Protocol (EBGP).
Kálmán Giergl
Kálmán Giergl (born as Koloman Giergl, 29 June 1863 in Pest, Hungary, Austrian Empire – 10 September 1954 in Verőce, Hungary), was a Hungarian-German architect and a significant figure in the Austro-Hungarian eclectic architectural style. A member of the Györgyi-Giergl artistic family.

Pest, Hungary
Pest (Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈpɛʃt]) is the part of Budapest, the capital city of Hungary, that lies on the eastern bank of the Danube. Pest was administratively unified with Buda and Óbuda in 1873. Prior to this, it was an independent city. In colloquial Hungarian, "Pest" is sometimes also used pars pro toto to refer to Budapest as a whole.

Comprising about two-thirds of the Budapest city area, Pest is flatter and much more heavily urbanized than Buda. Many of Budapest's most notable sites are in Pest, including the Inner City (Hungarian: Belváros), the Parliament (Országház), the Opera, the Great Market Hall, Heroes' Square, and Andrássy Avenue.
Muller Hill
Muller Hill is a state forest and historic site near Georgetown in Madison County, New York, United States. In the early 19th century, a wealthy Frenchman who went by the name of "Louis Anathe Muller" lived on the site for several years. Muller constructed a house and developed a hamlet nearby, known as Bronder's Hollow. After he left the region in 1814, the house and hamlet fell into disrepair; Muller's home burnt down in the early 20th century and Bronder's Hollow all but disappeared. Muller's true identity was a popular subject of discussion in upstate New York for decades following his disappearance.

In the 1930s, the land was purchased by New York State, and it has since been a state forest. It was the site of a juvenile prison, Camp Georgetown, from 1960 to 2011.

Madison County, New York
Madison County is a county located in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2020 census, the population was 68,016. Its county seat is Wampsville. The county is named after James Madison, the fourth president of the United States, and was first formed in 1806. The county is part of the Central New York region of the state.

Madison County is part of the Syracuse metropolitan area, and is home to both the International Boxing Hall of Fame and the National Abolition Hall of Fame and Museum.
Mikael Uhre
Mikael Brandhof Uhre (Danish: [ˈmiˌkʰɛˀl ˈuɐ]; born 30 September 1994) is a Danish professional footballer who plays as a forward for Danish Superliga club Midtjylland.

A youth product of SønderjyskE, Uhre enjoyed his breakthrough in the second tier for Skive during the 2015–16 season, prompting a return to SønderjyskE. There, he became noted for his physical strength, speed and ability in the air, and Brøndby signed him in 2018. After a few years as a reserve, Uhre grew into a starter and became top goalscorer of the league and Danish Superliga Player of the Season as Brøndby won the 2020–21 Danish Superliga. In 2022, he signed for the Philadelphia Union in the United States.

Danish Superliga
The Danish Superliga (Danish: Superligaen, pronounced [ˈsuˀpɐliːˌkɛˀn̩]) is a professional association football league in Denmark and the highest level of the Danish football league system. The league is currently contested by 12 teams each year, with 2 teams relegated. It is the current Danish football championship tournament, and administered by the Divisionsforeningen.
Magnus Sylling Olsen
Magnus Sylling Olsen (born 2 July 1983) is a retired Norwegian footballer. He has previously played for Aalesund in Tippeligaen in addition to the lower-league clubs Mjøndalen, Drøbak-Frogn, Kongsvinger, Bodø/Glimt and Sarpsborg 08. Sylling Olsen usually played on the left wing.

Mjøndalen IF
Mjøndalen IF is a Norwegian sports club located in Mjøndalen, Buskerud, Norway. Of the different athletic endeavours that the club supports, it may be best known in Norway for its bandy national championship teams and internationally for its association football national championship teams that have competed in UEFA championships. Founded in 1910, it has sections for association football, bandy, baseball, cycling, gymnastics, handball, judo and skiing. The club formerly had a section for athletics.
1928 United States presidential election in California
The 1928 United States presidential election in California took place on November 6, 1928, as part of the 1928 United States presidential election. State voters chose 13 representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

California voted for the Republican nominee, former Commerce Secretary Herbert Hoover, in a landslide over the Democratic nominee, New York Governor Al Smith. This was also the first election in California where the winning candidate received over 1 million votes. This also remains the last time that a Republican got more than 60% of the vote in California.

This was the last time until 1952 that a Republican presidential nominee carried California. After this election, no Republican candidate would win Plumas County again until 1980, and no Republican would carry Fresno County, Kings County, Lassen County, Madera County, and Solano County again until 1972.

Lassen County, California
Lassen County (/ˈlæsən/ ⓘ LASS-ən) is a county located in the northeastern portion of the U.S. state of California. As of the 2020 census, the population was 32,730, and was estimated to be 28,340 in 2024, Its county seat and the largest city is Susanville.

Lassen County comprises the Susanville, California micropolitan statistical area. A former farming, mining, and lumber area, its economy now depends on employment at one federal and two state prisons; the former in Herlong and the latter two in Susanville. In 2007, half the adults in Susanville worked in one of the facilities.
Acme, Pennsylvania
Acme is an unincorporated community in Donegal, Mount Pleasant and Bullskin townships in Pennsylvania, United States. The Acme ZIP code of 15610 extends well beyond the more densely populated part of the area, into rural parts of Donegal Township in Westmoreland County and Bullskin Township in Fayette County.

Donegal Township, Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania
Donegal Township is a township in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 2,192 at the 2020 census, a decrease of 9% compared to 2010.

It was named after the town and county of Donegal in Ireland.