hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Biscuit joiner
A biscuit joiner or biscuit jointer (or sometimes plate joiner) is a woodworking tool used to join two pieces of wood together. A biscuit joiner uses a small circular saw blade to cut a crescent-shaped hole (called the mouth) in the opposite edges of two pieces of wood or wood composite panels. An oval-shaped, highly dried and compressed wooden biscuit (beech or particle wood) is covered with glue, or glue is applied in the slot. The biscuit is immediately placed in the slot, and the two boards are clamped together. The wet glue expands the biscuit, further improving the bond.

Particle board
Particle board, also known as particleboard or chipboard, is an engineered wood product, belonging to the wood-based panels, manufactured from wood chips and a synthetic, mostly formaldehyde-based resin or other suitable binder, which is pressed under a hot press, batch- or continuous- type, and produced. Particle board is often confused with oriented strand board (OSB, also known as flakeboard, or waferboard), a different type of fiberboard that uses machined wood flakes and offers more strength.
Damaskinos of Athens
Archbishop Damaskinos Papandreou (Greek: Αρχιεπίσκοπος Δαμασκηνός Παπανδρέου), born Dimitrios Papandreou (Greek: Δημήτριος Παπανδρέου; 3 March 1891 – 20 May 1949), was the archbishop of Athens and All Greece from 1941 until his death in 1949. He was also the regent of Greece between the pull-out of the German occupation force in 1944 and the return of King George II to Greece in 1946. His rule was between the liberation of Greece from the Axis occupation of Greece during World War II and the Greek Civil War.

Archbishopric of Athens
The Archbishopric of Athens (Greek: Ιερά Αρχιεπισκοπή Αθηνών) is a Greek Orthodox archiepiscopal see based in the city of Athens, Greece. It is the senior see of Greece, and the seat of the autocephalous Church of Greece. Its incumbent (since 2008) is Ieronymos II of Athens. As the head of the Church of Greece, the holder is styled Archbishop of Athens and All Greece (Αρχιεπίσκοπος Αθηνών και πάσης Ελλάδος).
Elektra v. Santangelo
Elektra v. Santangelo, 78 U.S.P.Q.2d 1702 (S.D.N.Y. 2005) was a case filed by Elektra Entertainment Group against Patricia Santangelo, a mother of five. In the suit it was alleged that she illegally shared six songs over KaZaA file-sharing network. The suit was eventually dismissed in 2007 with prejudice by a federal judge. The RIAA later sued two of Ms. Santangelo's children. A default judgment was entered against one of them, Michelle Santangelo. Ms. Santangelo's 16-year-old son Robert Santangelo has interposed counterclaims against the plaintiffs, including "failure to warn".

Kazaa
Kazaa Media Desktop (/kəˈzɑː/ ka-ZAH; once stylized as "KaZaA", but later usually written "Kazaa") was a peer-to-peer file sharing application using the FastTrack protocol licensed by Joltid Ltd. and operated as Kazaa by Sharman Networks. Kazaa was subsequently under license as a legal music subscription service by Atrinsic, Inc., which lasted until August 2012.

Kazaa Media Desktop was commonly used to exchange MP3 music files and other file types, such as videos, applications, and documents over the Internet. The Kazaa Media Desktop client could be downloaded free of charge; however, it was bundled with adware and for a period there were "No spyware" warnings found on Kazaa's website. During the years of Kazaa's operation, Sharman Networks and its business partners and associates were the target of copyright-related lawsuits, related to the content distributed via Kazaa Media Desktop on the FastTrack protocol.

By August 2012, the Kazaa website was no longer active.
Charles Nordhoff
Charles Bernard Nordhoff (February 1, 1887 – April 10, 1947) was an American novelist and traveler, born in England. Nordhoff is perhaps best known for The Bounty Trilogy, three historical novels he wrote with James Norman Hall: Mutiny on the Bounty (1932), Men Against the Sea (1934) and Pitcairn's Island (1934). During World War I, he served as a driver in the Ambulance Corps as well as an aviator in both the French Air Force's Lafayette Flying Corps and the United States Army Air Service, reaching the rank of lieutenant. After the war, Nordhoff spent much of his life on the island of Tahiti, where he and Hall wrote a number of successful adventure books, many adapted for film.

Lafayette Flying Corps
The Lafayette Flying Corps is a name given to the American volunteer pilots who flew in the French Air Force (Armée de l'Air) during World War I.  It includes the pilots who flew with the bona fide Lafayette Escadrille squadron.
Tendon cell
In animal and Human biology, a tendon cell is a cell that makes up tendons, the bands of connective tissue that connects muscles to bones. Tendon cells, also known as tenocytes or tendon fibroblasts, are specialized cells that contribute to the structure, function, and repair of tendons in the body. Tendons are fibrous tissues that connect muscles to bones, and tendon cells play a vital role in maintaining tendon homeostasis and facilitating healing following injury.

Fibroblast
A fibroblast is a type of biological cell typically with a spindle shape that synthesizes the extracellular matrix and collagen, produces the structural framework (stroma) for animal tissues, and plays a critical role in wound healing. Fibroblasts are the most common cells of connective tissue in animals.
Khwab Saraye
Khwab Saraye (Eng: Dream House) is a Pakistani television series premiered on Hum TV on 17 May 2016. It is produced by Momina Duraid under MD Productions and written by Aliya Bukhari. It stars Aijaz Aslam, Sonia Mishal, Muneeb Butt and his future wife Aiman Khan.

Hum TV
Hum TV HD is a 24-hour Urdu general entertainment TV channel based in Karachi, Pakistan. It was founded by Sultana Siddiqui and Duraid Qureshi in 2005.

It is owned by Hum Network Limited and traded on the Pakistan Stock Exchange as (HUMNL).

Hum Network Limited was known as Eye Television Network Limited prior to 21 January 2011. Hum TV began its transmission on 17 January 2005. In March 2013, Hum Network held its first Hum Awards ceremony. As of 1 May 2018, Hum TV shut down its SD feed and shifted to HD resolution in Pakistan.

Hum TV is one of Pakistan's biggest entertainment networks and regularly is in the  top ranks and maintains a loyal fanbase on social media in Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, and streaming platforms, as well as on television.
Telesphore George Mpundu
Telesphore George Mpundu (born 21 May 1947) is an excommunicated Zambian Catholic prelate who served as the Coadjutor Archbishop of Lusaka, from 2004 until 28 October 2006. He then succeeded as Archbishop of Lusaka. He resigned on 30 January 2018.

Catholic Church in Zambia
The Catholic Church in Zambia is part of the worldwide Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope in Rome.

The 2022 census found that 98.0% of Zambian population are Christian, while 17.9% from Zambian population identified as Catholic.

Figures in 2020 suggested that 85% of the country had a Christian background, with 34% following Protestantism and 32% following Catholicism.  Other figures noted that there are almost 1,000 priests and over 2,000 serving almost 400 parishes.
Impact of Tolkien's Middle-earth writings
The fantasy writings of J. R. R. Tolkien have had a huge popular impact. His Middle-earth books have sold hundreds of millions of copies. The Lord of the Rings transformed the genre of fantasy writing. It and The Hobbit have spawned Peter Jackson's Middle-earth films, which have had billion-dollar takings at the box office. The books and films have stimulated enormous Tolkien fandom activity in meetings such as Tolkienmoot and on the Internet, with discussion groups, fan art, and many thousands of Tolkien fan fiction stories. The mythology's Orcs, Trolls, Dwarves, Elves, Wizards, and Halflings are firmly established in popular culture, such as in the tabletop role-playing game Dungeons & Dragons, and in Middle-earth video games. Individual characters like Gollum, too, have become familiar popular figures, for instance featuring in a song by Led Zeppelin.

Ramble On
"Ramble On" is a song by the English rock band Led Zeppelin. Co-written by Jimmy Page and Robert Plant and produced by Page, and recorded in 1969 at Juggy Sound Studio in New York City, it serves as the seventh track of their second studio album Led Zeppelin II. The song's lyrics were influenced by J. R. R. Tolkien's fantasy novel The Lord of the Rings.

The song was not released as a vinyl single in the US or the UK in the 20th century, but the album reached number 1 in both the US and the UK, and over 12 million copies have been sold. When it was eventually released as a digital single, it reached number 66 on the Billboard Canadian Digital Song Sales chart in 2007. Critics have admired the combination of the vocals and the guitar playing on the song.
Pkharmat
Pkharmat (Chechen: Пхьармат, romanized: Pẋarmat, lit. 'creator of the nation/language/land') is a legendary hero of the Vainakh people who stole fire for mankind, thus allowing them to forge metal, cook food, and light their homes, and uniting the people into a nation. For this Pkharmat was punished by being chained to Mount Kazbek. Pkharmat is the Vainakh equivalent of the Greek hero Prometheus and the Georgian hero Amirani, among others.

Mount Kazbek
Mount Kazbek or Mount Kazbegi is a dormant stratovolcano and one of the major mountains of the Caucasus, located in Georgia, just south of the border with Russia.

Lying at 5,054 meters (16,581 ft) above at sea level, Mount Kazbek is the highest mountain in Eastern Georgia. It is also the third-highest peak in the country (after Mount Shkhara and Janga). Kazbegi is the second-highest volcanic summit in the Caucasus, after Mount Elbrus. The summit lies directly to the west of the town of Stepantsminda and is the most prominent geographic feature of the area. The last eruption occurred c. 750 BCE.
Orcadians
Orcadians, also known as Orkneymen, are an ethnic group native to the Orkney Islands, who speak an Orcadian dialect of the Scots language, a West Germanic language, and share a common history, culture and ancestry. Speaking Norn, a native North Germanic language into the 19th or 20th century, Orcadians descend significantly from North Germanic peoples, with around a third of their ancestry derived from Scandinavia, including a majority of their patrilineal line. According to anthropological study, the Orcadian ethnic composition is similar to that of Icelandic people; a comparable islander ethnicity of North Germanic origin.

Historically, they are also descended from the Picts, Norse, and Lowland Scots.

Icelanders
Icelanders (Icelandic: Íslendingar) are an ethnic group and nation who are native to the island country of Iceland. They speak Icelandic, a North Germanic language.

Icelanders established the country of Iceland in mid 930 CE when the Alþingi (parliament) met for the first time. Iceland came under the reign of Norwegian, Swedish and Danish kings but regained full sovereignty from the Danish monarchy on 1 December 1918, when the Kingdom of Iceland was established. On 17 June 1944, Iceland became a republic. Lutheranism is the predominant religion. Historical and DNA records indicate that around 60 to 80 percent of the male settlers were of Norse origin (primarily from Western Norway) and a similar percentage of the women were of Gaelic stock from Ireland and peripheral Scotland.
Wang Shizhu
Wang Shizhu (Chinese: 王士筑; born 20 February 1989) is a Chinese track and field athlete who competes in the hammer throw. He has a personal best of 75.20 m (246 ft 8+1⁄2 in) for the event, which ranks him second among Chinese men after national record holder Bi Zhong. He was the silver medallist at the 2014 Asian Games and won the National Games of China title in 2013.

Bi Zhong
Bi Zhong (born September 1, 1968) is a retired male hammer thrower from Dalian, PR China, who competed for his native country at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain.  He set the national record at 77.04 metres on August 4, 1989, at a meet in Jinggangshan City, Jiangxi.
Wyoming Air National Guard
The Wyoming Air National Guard (WY ANG) is the aerial militia of the State of Wyoming, United States of America. It is, along with the Wyoming Army National Guard, an element of the Wyoming National Guard, National Guard and United States National Guard Bureau. It's also a reserve of the United States Air Force.

As state militia units, the units in the Wyoming Air National Guard are not in the active-duty United States Air Force chain of command. They are under the jurisdiction of the Governor of Wyoming though the office of the Wyoming Adjutant General unless they are federalized by order of the President of the United States.  The Wyoming Air National Guard is headquartered in Cheyenne, and its commander is currently Major General Greg Porter.

National Guard Bureau
The National Guard Bureau (NGB) is the federal agency responsible for the administration of the National Guard established by the United States Congress as a joint bureau of the Department of the Army and the Department of the Air Force. It was created by the Militia Act of 1903. The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008, elevated the National Guard to a joint function of the Department of Defense. The 2007 NDAA, from the previous year, elevated the chief of the National Guard Bureau from a lieutenant general to a four-star general.
Ghetto Action
Action Ghetto (pol. Akcja Getto) was the code name for the armed actions of the Polish Underground State during the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising aimed at helping the insurgents. The name was given to a series of combat actions carried out by the Home Army during the uprising between 19 April 1943 and May 16, 1943.

Jewish Combat Organization
The Jewish Combat Organization (Polish: Żydowska Organizacja Bojowa, ŻOB; Yiddish: ייִדישע קאַמף אָרגאַניזאַציע‎ Yidishe Kamf Organizatsie; often translated to English as the Jewish Fighting Organization) was a World War II resistance movement in occupied Poland, which emerged from the merger of five Jewish political and youth organizations: Hashomer Hatzair, Habonim Dror, Poale Zion, and the Bund, and was central in organizing and launching the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. ŻOB took part in a number of other resistance activities as well.
Ranjana Deshmukh
Ranjana Deshmukh (1955 – 3 March 2000) was an Indian actress known for her work in several popular Marathi films productions in 1970s & '80s. Ranjana was one of the leading stars of Marathi Cinema industry during the late 70s through 80s. She was known for her great comic time and her versatility as an actress. She won Filmfare Marathi for Best Actress and Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Actress for two times each.

Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Actress
The Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Actress is an award, begun in 1962, presented annually at the Maharashtra State Film Awards of India to an actor for best performance in a Marathi cinema. The awardees are decided by a jury constituted every year. They are announced by the Minister for Cultural Affairs and are presented by the Chief Minister.

The inaugural award was named as "Smita Patil Award for Best Actress" and was awarded to Sulochana for the film Prapanch, directed by Madhukar Pathak.
The Towers by Foster + Partners
The Villa Magna Condominium Complex was an urban development that was planned to rise on a 2.5-acre (1.0-hectare) plot in Brickell, downtown Miami, Florida. It was approved in 2006 by the city council and the Federal Aviation Administration and construction was slated to begin in April 2007. The ending date was approximated to be late 2008 or early 2009; however, the housing crisis of the late 2000s halted the project. The project was revived as The Towers by Foster + Partners in 2016, after FAA approval of supertall heights (>1,000 ft). Then in the early 2020s the site was sold again to Citadel Group as part of a planned a move to Miami from Chicago. The new Citadel Tower was submitted to the FAA in late 2024 at the maximum height allowed in the area at 1,049 feet (320 m).

Citadel LLC
Citadel LLC (formerly known as Citadel Investment Group, LLC) is an American multinational hedge fund and financial services company. Founded in 1990 by Kenneth Griffin, it has more than $65 billion in assets under management as of January 2025. The company has over 2,900 employees, with corporate headquarters in Miami, Florida,: 1  and offices throughout North America, Asia, and Europe. Founder, CEO and Co-CIO Griffin owns approximately 85% of the firm. As of December 2022, Citadel is one of the most profitable hedge funds in the world, posting $74 billion in net gains since its inception in 1990, making it the most successful hedge fund in history, according to CNBC.

Citadel LLC is legally distinct from the market maker Citadel Securities, although both were founded and are owned by Griffin and remain under common ownership structures.
Luxury goods
In economics, a luxury good (or upmarket good) is a product or item or service  for which demand increases more than what is proportional as income rises, so that expenditures on the good become a more significant proportion of overall spending. Luxury goods are in contrast to necessity goods, where demand increases proportionally less than income. Whereas people consume necessity goods to meet basic survival needs, luxury goods are consumed both for their "intrinsic quality and to signal their wealth and confirm social status." In economics, luxury goods is often used synonymously with superior goods.

Demand
In economics, demand is the quantity of a good that consumers are willing and able to purchase at various prices during a given time. In economics "demand" for a commodity is not the same thing as "desire" for it. It refers to both the desire to purchase and the ability to pay for a commodity.

Demand is always expressed in relation to a particular price and a particular time period since demand is a flow concept. Flow is any variable which is expressed per unit of time. Demand thus does not refer to a single isolated purchase, but a continuous flow of purchases.
Comparison of distributed file systems
In computing, a distributed file system (DFS) or network file system is any file system that allows access from multiple hosts to files shared via a computer network. This makes it possible for multiple users on multiple machines to share files and storage resources.

Distributed file systems differ in their performance, mutability of content, handling of concurrent writes, handling of permanent or temporary loss of nodes or storage, and their policy of storing content.

Clustered file system
A clustered file system (CFS) is a file system which is shared by being simultaneously mounted on multiple servers.  There are several approaches to clustering, most of which do not employ a clustered file system (only direct attached storage for each node).  Clustered file systems can provide features like location-independent addressing and redundancy which improve reliability or reduce the complexity of the other parts of the cluster.  Parallel file systems are a type of clustered file system that spread data across multiple storage nodes, usually for redundancy or performance.
Battle of Aachen
The Battle of Aachen was a battle of World War II, fought by American and German forces in and around Aachen, Germany, between 12 September and 21 October 1944. The city had been incorporated into the Siegfried Line, the main defensive network on Germany's western border; the Allies had hoped to capture it quickly and advance into the industrialized Ruhr basin. Although most of Aachen's civilian population was evacuated before the battle began, much of the city was destroyed and both sides suffered heavy losses.

It was one of the largest urban battles fought by U.S. forces in World War II, and is considered one of the toughest urban encounters in the entire war. As a result, Aachen became the first city on internationally recognized German soil to be captured by the Allies. Despite the battle ending with a German surrender, their tenacious defense significantly disrupted Allied plans for the advance into Germany.

Siegfried Line
The Siegfried Line, known in German as the Westwall ([ˈvɛstˌval], 'western rampart'), was a German defensive line built during the late 1930s. Started in 1936, opposite the French Maginot Line, it stretched more than 630 km (390 mi) from Kleve on the border with the Netherlands, along the western border of Nazi Germany, to the town of Weil am Rhein on the border with Switzerland. The line featured more than 18,000 bunkers, tunnels and tank traps.

From September 1944 to March 1945, the Siegfried Line was subjected to a large-scale Allied offensive.
Thales Training & Simulation
Thales Training & Simulation Ltd. is a multinational company which manufactures simulators, including full flight simulators and military simulators, and provides related training and support services. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Thales Group.

Thales Group
Thales S.A., trading as Thales Group (French pronunciation: [talɛs]), is a French multinational aerospace and defence corporation specialising in electronics.

It designs, develops and manufactures a wide variety of aerospace and military systems, devices and equipment but also operates in the cybersecurity and formerly civil ground transportation sectors. The company is headquartered in Paris' business district, La Défense, and its stock is listed on Euronext Paris.

Founded as Thomson-CSF in 1968, the group was rebranded Thales in 2000 due to the company's desire to simplify and improve the group's brand.

Thales is partially owned by the French state and operates in more than 68 countries. In 2023, the company generated €18,42 billion in revenue and was the 17th largest defence contractor in the world, with 53% of its total revenue generated from its military activities.
Jamie Silverstein
Jamie Silverstein (born December 23, 1983) is an American former competitive ice dancer. With Justin Pekarek, she is the 2000 Four Continents bronze medalist, the 1999 World Junior champion, and 2000 U.S. silver medalist. With Ryan O'Meara, she is the 2006 U.S. bronze medalist and competed at the 2006 Winter Olympics.

2000 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships
The 2000 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships was an international figure skating competition in the 1999–2000 season. It was held at the Osaka Pool in Osaka, Japan on February 22–27. Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing.