hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Huichang persecution of Buddhism
The Huichang Persecution of Buddhism (Chinese: 会昌毁佛) was initiated by Emperor Wuzong (Li Chan) of the Tang dynasty during the Huichang era (841–845). Among its purposes was to appropriate war funds and to cleanse Tang China of foreign influences. As such, the persecution was directed not only towards Buddhism but also towards other religions, such as Zoroastrianism, Nestorian Christianity, and Manicheism.

Church of the East in China
The Church of the East was a Christian organization with a presence in China during two periods: first from the 7th through the 10th century in the Tang dynasty and secondly during the Yuan dynasty. The Church of the East likely became extinct soon after the emergence of the Ming dynasty in 1368.

After centuries of hiatus, the first Assyrian Church of the East Divine Liturgy was celebrated in China in 2010.
Elko High School
Elko High School (EHS) is a public secondary school in Elko, Nevada, in the United States. It is part of the Elko County School District.

The school's mascot is the Indian and its colors are maroon and white. Its marching band, the Elko High School Marching Band, is known as the "Pride of Nevada."

Spring Creek High School (Nevada)
Spring Creek High School (SCHS) is a public secondary school in Spring Creek, Nevada, in the United States. Part of the Elko County School District, its mascot is the Spartan and the school's colors are purple, silver, and black.It is also located next to the middle school
Blue Point Brewing Company
Blue Point Brewing Company is a brewery that is a subsidiary of Tilray located on Long Island, in Patchogue, New York. The brewery offers a variety of year-round beers, and several seasonal brews, as well as a 'tasting room' which is open to the public on Tuesdays, Wednesdays, Thursdays, Fridays, Saturdays, and Sundays. The brewery hosts an annual Cask Ale Festival, concerts and other events in the brew yard.

Tilray
Tilray Brands, Inc. is an American pharmaceutical, cannabis-lifestyle and consumer packaged goods company, incorporated in the United States, headquartered in New York City. Tilray also has operations in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and Latin America, with growing facilities in Germany and Portugal.

In December 2020, the company announced a merger with Aphria, and will operate under the Tilray name and its ticker symbol on NASDAQ and the Toronto Stock Exchange.

Tilray also owns several breweries and was ranked by the Brewers Association as the 4th largest craft beer company in the US in 2025.
Ron Ackland
Ronald Charles Ackland (27 December 1934 − 25 October 2013) was a New Zealand professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s, and coached in the 1960s and 1970s, who represented New Zealand in the 1957 and 1960 World Cups, and coached New Zealand in the 1977 World Cup. His nephew, John, also played for New Zealand.

1960 Rugby League World Cup
The 1960 Rugby League World Cup was the third World Cup for men’s national teams and was held between 24 September and 8 October and hosted in England. The same format used in 1957 was used, with Great Britain winning their second World Cup after finishing top of the group.

The 1960 World Cup raised problems which had not really affected the previous tournaments. Live television of complete games was held responsible for lower than anticipated attendances, the largest crowd being the 32,773 which gathered at Odsal for the deciding match between Australia and Great Britain.

For Australia the World Cup matches formed part of their Kangaroo Tour of Great Britain and France.
Thomas Hynes (Cross of Valour recipient)
Thomas Hynes CV of Fortune Bay, Newfoundland and Labrador, was posthumously awarded Canada's highest decoration for civilian bravery on September 11, 1978. Mr Hynes died while trying to save his eight-year old cousin from drowning on a frozen pond.

Canadian Bravery Decorations
The Canadian Bravery Decorations are a group of three Canadian decorations that are awarded for bravery. They were established in 1972 and are part of the Canadian Honours System that was created in 1967.

The Canadian Bravery Decorations recognize courageous acts in all situations not in the presence of an armed enemy. They are different from the Canada Bravery Awards, which are administered by the Royal Canadian Humane Association.

The three Canadian Bravery Decorations are as follows, in order of precedence:

Cross of Valour

Star of Courage

Medal of Bravery
Wheel and spoke model
The Wheel And Spoke Model is a sequentially parallel software development model. It is essentially a modification of the spiral model that is designed to work with smaller initial teams, which then scale upwards and build value faster. It is best used during the design and prototyping stages of development. It is a bottom-up methodology.

Spiral model
The spiral model is a risk-driven software development process model. Based on the unique risk patterns of a given project, the spiral model guides a team to adopt elements of one or more process models, such as incremental, waterfall, or evolutionary prototyping.
Georges Kuhnholtz-Lordat
Georges Kuhnholtz-Lordat (8 January 1888 in Montpellier – 5 March 1965 in Montpellier) was a French agronomist and phytogeographer.

From 1913 he served as chef de travaux at the École nationale agronomique in Montpelier. He later received his doctorate in sciences and in 1924 was named professor of botany at the École nationale d'agriculture de Montpellier. From 1954 to 1958 he was a professor at the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris.

He was a member of the Académie des sciences et lettres de Montpellier (1928–55) and a corresponding member of the Académie des sciences (1959–65). He was a founder of the Station internationale de géobotanique méditerranéenne et alpine de Montpellier (International station of Mediterranean and Alpine geobotany of Montpellier).

Phytogeography
Phytogeography (from Greek  φυτόν, phytón 'plant' and  γεωγραφία, geographía 'geography' meaning also distribution) or botanical geography is the branch of biogeography that is concerned with the geographic distribution of plant species and their influence on the earth's surface. Phytogeography is concerned with all aspects of plant distribution, from the controls on the distribution of individual species ranges (at both large and small scales, see species distribution) to the factors that govern the composition of entire communities and floras. Geobotany, by contrast, focuses on the geographic space's influence on plants.
Atholus americanus
Atholus americanus is a species of clown beetle in the family Histeridae. It is found in North America, ranging from the eastern foothills of the Rocky Mountains to central Quebec, with its southern extents poorly known. It ranges in size from 2.7 to 4.2mm. This species is distinct from other members of Atholus because of its united 5th dorsal and sutural striations and the lack of any subhumeral striations.

Histeridae
Histeridae is a family of beetles commonly known as clown beetles or hister beetles.  There are more than 410 genera and 4,800 described species in Histeridae worldwide, with more than 500 species in North America. They can be identified by their shortened elytra, which leave two tergites exposed, and also by their elbowed antennae with clubbed ends. These predatory feeders are most active at night and will fake death if threatened. Hister beetles occupy almost any kind of niche throughout the world. They have also been useful for estimation of time of death during forensic investigations. Also, certain species are used for controlling houseflies and livestock pests that infest dung.
Mbukushu
The Mbukushu people, also known as the Hambukushu, are a Bantu-speaking ethnic group indigenous to Southern Africa. They are part of the larger Lozi ethnic group and have significant populations in Angola, Botswana, Namibia, and Zambia, numbering around 120,000.

In Namibia, the Mbukushu hold traditional authority and are one of the five Kavango Kingdoms. They speak the Mbukushu language, known as Thimbukushu.

The Hambukushu originate from Barotseland and primarily reside in Ngamiland, within the Okavango Delta. The Tswana people of Botswana refer to them as "Mbukushu," but they call themselves "Hambukushu." An individual from the tribe is referred to as a Mbukushu.

The Hambukushu are renowned for their rain-making abilities in the Okavango Delta, earning them the title "The Rain-makers of Okavango." They are also celebrated for their basket weaving artistry, and their women are known for using traps to catch fish.

Mbukushu language
Mbukushu or Thimbukushu is a Bantu language spoken by 45,000 people along the Kavango East Region in Namibia, where it is a national language, and in Botswana, Angola and Zambia.

In 2022, it was selected among a variety of Mother Tongue languages to be taught in Botswana Primary Schools in the year 2023.

Mbukushu  is one of several Bantu languages of the Kavango which have click consonants; Mbukushu has three: tenuis c, voiced gc, and nasalized nc, as well as prenasalized ngc, which vary between speakers as dental, palatal, and postalveolar. It also has a nasal glottal approximant.
Michael Christian Martinez
Michael Christian "Mikee" Martinez (born November 4, 1996) is a Filipino Olympic figure skater. He is the 2015 Asian Figure Skating Trophy champion, a two-time Triglav Trophy champion and has won one ISU Challenger Series medal, silver at the 2014 Warsaw Cup. Martinez is the first skater from Southeast Asia and from a tropical country to qualify for the Olympics, was the only athlete to represent the Philippines at the 2014 Winter Olympics, and was one of only two to represent the Philippines at the 2018 Winter Olympics.

ISU Challenger Series
The ISU Challenger Series is a series of ten international figure skating competitions sanctioned by the International Skating Union (ISU) and organized by ISU member nations. The series was introduced in 2014; its stated goal is to provide consistent organization and structure within a series of international competitions, as well as opportunities for senior-level skaters to compete at the international level while also earning World Standing points. The Nebelhorn Trophy, the Nepela Memorial, and the Golden Spin of Zagreb have been regular competitions in the series since the beginning, as was the Finlandia Trophy until 2024. Skaters and teams are eligible to compete in up to three Challenger Series events each season, and their top two scores are combined to calculate their total Challenger Series scores.
Alternative terms for free software
Alternative terms for free software, such as OSS, FOSS, and FLOSS, have been a recurring issue among free and open-source software users from the late 1990s onwards. These terms share almost identical licence criteria and development practices.

In 1983 Richard Stallman launched the free software movement and founded the Free Software Foundation to promote the movement and to publish its own definition. Others have published alternative definitions of free software, notably the Debian Free Software Guidelines. In 1998, Bruce Perens and Eric S. Raymond began a campaign to market open-source software and founded the Open Source Initiative, which espoused different goals and a different philosophy from Stallman's.

The Open Source Definition
The Open Source Definition (OSD) is a policy document published by the Open Source Initiative in 1998. Derived from the Debian Free Software Guidelines written by Bruce Perens, the OSD is the predominant standard for open-source software. The definition has ten criteria, such as requiring freely accessed source code and granting the open-source rights to everyone who receives a copy of the program. Covering both copyleft and permissive licenses, it is effectively identical to the definition of free software, but motivated by more pragmatic and business-friendly considerations. The Open Source Initiative's board votes on proposals of licenses to certify that they are compliant with the definition, and maintains a list of compliant licenses on its website. The definition has been adapted into the Open Knowledge Foundation's Open Definition for open knowledge and into open hardware definitions.
Notre-Dame-de-la-Salette, Quebec
Notre-Dame-de-la-Salette (French pronunciation: [nɔtʁə dam də la salɛt]) is a municipality in the Outaouais region of Quebec, Canada. It is part of the Papineau Regional County Municipality, straddling the eastern banks of the Lièvre River.

Classification of municipalities in Quebec
The following is a list of the types of local and supralocal territorial units in Quebec, Canada, including those used solely for statistical purposes, as defined by the Ministry of Municipal Affairs, Regions and Land Occupancy and compiled by the Institut de la statistique du Québec

Not included are the urban agglomerations in Quebec, which, although they group together multiple municipalities, exercise only what are ordinarily local municipal powers.

A list of local municipal units in Quebec by regional county municipality can be found at List of municipalities in Quebec.
Stettin Bay
The Stettin Bay, also spelled as Stetin Bay, is a bay in the Bismarck Sea, within the Pacific Ocean, on the north coast of the island of New Britain. It is located in the Kimbe Bay, between the Willaumez Peninsula to the east, and Hoskins Peninsula to the west, within the West New Britain Province, Papua New Guinea.

Willaumez Peninsula
The Willaumez Peninsula is located on the north coast of New Britain in the West New Britain Province of Papua New Guinea. It was named after Jean-Baptiste Philibert Willaumez by Antoine Bruni d'Entrecasteaux. The peninsula extends into the Bismarck Sea as an elongated headland and is of volcanic origin. The Dakataua Caldera is located at the northern tip of the Willaumez Peninsula. Kimbe Bay is to the east of the peninsula. On the western side is Riebeck Bay.

The northernmost tip of the peninsula is known as Cape Hollman. A report by the UK Hydrographic Office described Cape Hollman as "high, cliffy, and steep".

5°15′47″S 150°00′51″E﻿ / ﻿5.26306°S 150.01417°E﻿ / -5.26306; 150.01417
Ryo Ogihara
Ryo Ogihara is a Japanese curler. He currently skips a team out of Karuizawa on the World Curling Tour.

As a junior curler, he skipped the Japanese team of Tetsuro Shimizu, Yuki Sakamoto and Yuta Matsumura to a bronze medal finish at the 2007 Pacific Junior Curling Championships. The following year, Ogihara played second for the Japanese team at the 2008 Pacific Juniors. The team, skipped by Sakamoto would win the silver medal.

Ogihara was also the alternate for the Japanese team at the 2007 Winter Universiade. The team, skipped by Yusuke Morozumi finished 5th and Ogihara would play in five games for the team.

On the World Curling Tour, Ogihara has won two events, the 2016 Minebea Cup and the 2019 Morioka City Men's Memorial Cup.

In addition to playing, Ogihara was the coach of the Japanese women's team at the 2019 Winter Universiade.

Skip (curling)
In the sport of curling, the skip is the captain of a team. The skip determines strategy, and holds the broom in the house (target area) to indicate where a teammate at the other end of the curling sheet (playing area) should aim the stone. The skip usually throws the last two stones in the fourth position, but may play in any other position.

Sometimes "skipper" is used; it can also be abbreviated as "S". It's also used as a verb ("skips", "skipped", "skipping").

It is conventional to identify a team by the name of the skip.
Moral economy
Moral economy is a way of viewing economic activity in terms of its moral, rather than material, aspects. The concept was developed in 1971 by British Marxist social historian and political activist E. P. Thompson in his essay, "The Moral Economy of the English Crowd in the Eighteenth Century". He referred to a specific class struggle in a specific era, seen from the perspective of the poorest citizens—the "crowd".

E. P. Thompson
Edward Palmer Thompson (3 February 1924 – 28 August 1993) was an English historian, writer, socialist and peace campaigner. He is best known for his historical work on the radical movements in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, in particular The Making of the English Working Class (1963).

In 1966, Thompson coined the term "history from below" to describe his approach to social history, which became one of the most consequential developments within the global history discipline. History from below arose from the Communist Party Historians Group and its work to popularise historical materialism. Thompson's work is considered by some to have been among the most important contributions to social history in the latter twentieth-century, with a global impact, including on scholarship in Asia and Africa. In a 2011 poll by History Today magazine, he was named the second most important historian of the previous 60 years, behind only Fernand Braudel.
Rǫgnvaldr Óláfsson (fl. 1164)
Rǫgnvaldr Óláfsson (fl. 1164) was a twelfth-century King of the Isles, succeeding the warrior Somerled. He was a son of Óláfr Guðrøðarson, King of the Isles and a member of the Crovan dynasty. In the 1153, Óláfr was assassinated by three nephews, before his son, Guðrøðr, was able to overcome them and succeed his father as king. By 1158, Guðrøðr was forced from power by his brother-in-law, Somairle mac Gilla Brigte, who was married to Óláfr's daughter Ragnhildr. In 1164, when Somairle was killed in an invasion of Scotland, and while Guðrøðr was away in exile overseas, Rǫgnvaldr briefly seized the kingship for himself, before being overcome by Guðrøðr, who had him blinded and mutilated.

Ragnhildis Olafsdottir
Ragnhildis Olafsdottir, also known as Ragnhild, (c.1115 - unknown) was the daughter of king Óláfr Guðrøðarson of the Kingdom of Mann and Ingibiorg Hakonsdottir, making her a granddaughter of Haakon Paulsson.

Ragnhild married the Norse-Gaelic lord Somerled, king of the Kingdom of the Isles. As the mother of Dubgall, Ragnall, and Aonghas, Ragnhild was the progenitor of Clann Somhairle and the ancestor of Clan MacDonald, Clan MacDougall, Clan MacAlister, and many other clans. Little is known about her life apart from her marriage to Somerled and her being a part of the royal lineage of the Crovan Dynasty.
Navagarh Tirth
Navagarh is a Jain Tirth (pilgrimage site for Jainism) in India. It is located at the Nabai village near Sojna in central India in Uttar Pradesh, just across the border from Madhya Pradesh. It is 65 km east from Lalitpur and 110 km north from Sagar. This ancient cite was excavated in 1959. It is the only tirth in India where the main deity is the ancient image of Lord Aranatha, preserved in the ancient underground chamber.

Tirtha (Jainism)
In Jainism, a tīrtha (Sanskrit: तीर्थ "ford, a shallow part of a body of water that may be easily crossed") is a passage across samsara first  blazed by a Tirthankara. The word is used to refer to Jain pilgrimage sites, and to the four sections of the sangha. A tirtha provides the inspiration to enable one to cross over from worldly engagement to the side of moksha.

Jain tirthas are located throughout India. Often a tirtha has a number of temples as well as residences (dharmashala) for the pilgrims and wandering monks and scholars.
Roger McGough
Roger Joseph McGough CBE FRSL (/məˈɡɒf/; born 9 November 1937) is an English poet, performance poet, broadcaster, children's author and playwright. He presents the BBC Radio 4 programme Poetry Please, as well as performing his own poetry. McGough was one of the leading members of the Liverpool poets, a group of young poets influenced by Beat poetry and the popular music and culture of 1960s Liverpool. He is an honorary fellow of Liverpool John Moores University, a fellow of the Royal Society of Literature and President of the Poetry Society.

Beat music
Beat music, British beat, or Merseybeat is a British popular music genre that developed around Liverpool in the late 1950s and early 1960s. The genre melded influences from British and American rock and roll, rhythm and blues, skiffle, traditional pop, and music hall. It rose to mainstream popularity in the United Kingdom and Europe by 1963 before spreading to North America in 1964 with the British Invasion. The beat style shaped popular music and youth culture through 1960s movements such as garage rock, folk rock and psychedelic music.
HIV/AIDS in Australia
The history of HIV/AIDS in Australia is distinctive, as Australian government bodies recognised and responded to the AIDS pandemic relatively swiftly, with the implementation of effective disease prevention and public health programs, such as needle and syringe programs (NSPs). As a result, despite significant numbers of at-risk group members contracting the virus in the early period following its discovery, Australia achieved and has maintained a low rate of HIV infection in comparison to the rest of the world.

AIDS is no longer considered an epidemic or a public health issue in Australia, due to the success of anti-retroviral drugs and extremely low HIV-to-AIDS progression rates.

Needle and syringe programmes
A needle and syringe programme (NSP), also known as needle exchange program (NEP), is a social service that allows injection drug users (IDUs) to obtain clean and unused hypodermic needles and associated paraphernalia at little or no cost. It is based on the philosophy of harm reduction that attempts to reduce the risk factors for blood-borne diseases such as HIV/AIDS and hepatitis.
Kaikini
Kaikini  is a village in the southern state of Karnataka, India. It is located in the Bhatkal taluk of Uttara Kannada district in Karnataka. One of the ancient temple, Shree Shivamuneeshwara Shantadurga Temple, established in the year 1752, is situated in Kaikini. Every year the Navratri festival is celebrated there.

Uttara Kannada
Uttara Kannada is the fifth largest district in the Indian state of Karnataka, It is bordered by the state of Goa and Belagavi districts to the north, Dharwad District and Haveri District to the east, Shivamogga District, and Udupi District to the south, and the Laccadive Sea to the west. Karwar is the district headquarters, and Sirsi is the major commercial center in the district.
The district's agroclimatic divisions include the coastal plain consisting of Karwar, Ankola, Kumta, Honnavar, Bhatkal taluks and Malenadu consisting of Sirsi, Siddapur, Yellapur, Haliyal, Dandeli, Joida, Mundgod taluks.
Phonological history of Spanish coronal fricatives
In Spanish dialectology, the realization of coronal fricatives is one of the most prominent features distinguishing various dialect regions. The main three realizations are the phonemic distinction between /θ/ and /s/ (distinción), the presence of only alveolar [s] (seseo), or, less commonly, the presence of only a denti-alveolar [s̟] that is similar to /θ/ (ceceo).

While an urban legend attributes the presence of the dental fricative to a Spanish king with a lisp, the various realizations of these coronal fricatives are actually a result of historical processes that date to the 15th century.

Phoneme
A phoneme (/ˈfoʊniːm/) is a set of similar speech sounds that are perceptually regarded by the speakers of a language as a single basic sound—a smallest possible phonetic unit—that helps distinguish one word from another. All languages contain phonemes (or the spatial–gestural equivalent in sign languages), and all spoken languages include both consonant and vowel phonemes. Phonemes are studied under phonology, a branch of linguistics (a discipline encompassing language, writing, speech and related matters).

Phonemes are often represented, when written, as a glyph (a character) enclosed within two forward-sloping slashes /. For example, /k/ represents the phoneme or sound used at the beginning of the English-language word cat (as opposed to, say, the /b/ of bat).