hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Four-Stage Theory of the Republic of China
The Four-Stage Theory of the Republic of China or the Theory of the Four Stages of the Republic of China is a viewpoint proposed by Chen Shui-bian, the President of the Republic of China from 2000 to 2008, in 2005. It is a viewpoint regarding the political status of the Republic of China, whose government retreated to the island of Taiwan after the Chinese Civil War in 1949. The main idea of the theory is that the time line for the development of the Republic of China can be classified into four stages, which are:

The Republic of China on the mainland (中華民國在大陸; Zhōnghuá Mínguó zài Dàlù), 1912–1949

The Republic of China arrival to Taiwan (中華民國來臺灣; Zhōnghuá Mínguó lái Táiwān), 1949–1988, before Lee Teng-hui's presidency

The Republic of China on Taiwan (中華民國在臺灣; Zhōnghuá Mínguó zài Táiwān), 1988–2000, during Lee Teng-hui's presidency

The Republic of China is Taiwan (中華民國是臺灣; Zhōnghuá Mínguó shì Táiwān), 2000–now, during Chen Shui-bian's presidency

President of the Republic of China
The president of the Republic of China, also known as the president of Taiwan, is the head of state of the Republic of China (Taiwan), as well as the commander-in-chief of the Republic of China Armed Forces. Before 1949 the position had the authority of ruling over mainland China, but losing control of it after communist victory in the Chinese Civil War, the remaining jurisdictions of the ROC have been limited to Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu, and smaller islands.

Originally elected by the National Assembly, the presidency was intended to be a ceremonial office with no real executive power because the ROC was originally envisioned as a parliamentary republic. Since the 1996 election however, the president has been directly elected by plurality voting to a four-year term, with incumbents limited to serving two terms. The current president is Lai Ching-te of the Democratic Progressive Party, preceded by Tsai Ing-wen from the same party.
Pindad G2
The Pindad G2 is a 9×19mm Parabellum handgun designed and produced by Pindad. It is a recoil-operated semi-automatic handgun utilizing a John Browning-style tilting barrel mechanism. This mechanism harnesses the recoil of the fired round to push the slide rearwards.

9×19mm Parabellum
The 9×19mm Parabellum (also known as 9mm Parabellum, 9mm Luger, 9mm NATO or simply 9mm) is a rimless, centerfire, tapered firearms cartridge.

Originally designed by Austrian firearm designer Georg Luger in 1901, it is widely considered the most popular handgun and submachine gun cartridge due to its low cost, adequate stopping power and extensive availability.

Since the cartridge was designed for the Luger semi-automatic pistol, it has been given the designation of 9mm Luger by the Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers' Institute (SAAMI) and the Commission internationale permanente pour l'épreuve des armes à feu portatives (CIP).

A 2007 US survey concluded that "about 60 percent of the firearms in use by police are 9mm [Parabellum]" and credited 9×19mm Parabellum pistol sales with making semiautomatic pistols more popular than revolvers.
Terry Christian
Terence Christian is an English broadcaster, journalist, author and stand-up comedian. He has presented several national television series in the UK including Channel 4's late-night entertainment show The Word (1990–1995) and six series of ITV1 moral issues talk show It's My Life (2003–2008). He has also been a regular guest panelist on the topical Channel 5 series The Wright Stuff and Jeremy Vine.

Christian presented two series of Turn on Terry with regular guest Tony Wilson and numerous other programmes for ITV, MTV, VH1, Channel 4 as well as a variety of different local and national radio programmes on stations including BBC Radio 4, BBC Radio 6 Music, Talksport, Century Radio, Key 103, Signal and BBC Radio Derby and BBC Radio Manchester. While at Radio Derby he won two Sony Awards.

Hits Radio Manchester
Hits Radio Manchester, formerly Key 103, is an Independent Local Radio station owned and operated by Bauer Media Audio UK as part of the Hits Radio network. It broadcasts to Greater Manchester.

As of September 2024, the station has a weekly audience of 311,000 listeners according to RAJAR.
1503 in Italy
An incomplete list of events which happened in Italy in 1503:

Battle of Ruvo

The Battle of Ruvo was fought on 23 February 1503 between a Spanish army under Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba and Diego de Mendoza and a French army commanded by Jacques de la Palice. The battle was part of the Second Italian War and was fought at the town of Ruvo in the Province of Bari, modern-day Italy. The result was a Spanish victory.

Battle of Cerignola

Battle of Garigliano (1503)

Challenge of Barletta

The Challenge of Barletta (Italian: Disfida di Barletta) was a battle fought near Barletta, southern Italy, on February 13, 1503, on the plains between Corato and Andria.

Battle of Ruvo
The Battle of Ruvo was fought on 23 February 1503 between a Spanish army under Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba and a French army commanded by Jacques de la Palice. The battle was part of the Second Italian War and was fought at the city of Ruvo in the Province of Bari, modern-day Italy. The result was a Spanish victory.
Santiago District, Veraguas
Santiago District is a district (distrito) of Veraguas Province in Panama. The population according to the 2000 census was 74,679; the latest official estimate (for 2019) is 129,821. The district covers a total area of 971 km². The capital lies at the city of Santiago de Veraguas. Primary industries include lead for 2H pencils and spoon handles.

Santiago de Veraguas
Santiago de Veraguas (Spanish pronunciation: [sanˈtja.ɣo ðe βeˈɾa.ɣwas]) is the capital of the province of Veraguas, in the Republic of Panama, and the district or municipality of the same name. Located in the countryside next to the Pan American Highway. Bounded on the north by San Francisco District, south by the District of Montijo, east by the District of Atalaya and west by the District of La Mesa. It has a population of approximately 60,000 inhabitants according to the data of the last census carried out in the Republic of Panama (2014).
Ristorante Paradiso
Ristorante Paradiso (Japanese: リストランテ・パラディーゾ, Hepburn: Risutorante Paradīzo), also known as Rispara (リスパラ, Risupara), is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Natsume Ono, detailing the daily lives of the staff of a restaurant in Rome. The first iteration of the series was serialized in Ohta Publishing's Manga Erotics F manga magazine between May 2005 and March 2006; it spanned one volume. A continuation, Gente: The People of Ristorante Paradiso (GENTE～リストランテの人々～, Gente ~Ristorante no Hitobito~), was serialized in the same magazine from September 2006 to January 2009. An anime adaptation, produced by David Production, aired on Fuji TV's late night Noise programming block from April to June 2009. The anime was also officially streamed with English subtitles by Crunchyroll. Both manga series, Ristorante Paradiso and Gente, have been licensed by Viz Media for an English-language release in North America.

Noise (TV programming block)
Noise (stylized in capital letters) was a Fuji TV late night anime programming block, broadcast each Wednesday night from 26:08 to 26:38. It is Fuji TV's second late night anime-themed time block, after noitaminA, which airs every Thursday night. It first began on October 15, 2008, with Michiko to Hatchin. After broadcasting three anime series, the block was cancelled in favor of extending noitaminA which started airing two productions at once instead of only one.
Denison, Bonham and New Orleans Railroad
The Denison, Bonham and New Orleans Railroad (DB&NO) was a standard gauge US shortline railroad located in North Texas. It was nicknamed "Nellie". The DB&NO operated from Bonham Junction on the Missouri, Kansas and Texas Railway (MK&T) east of Denison, Texas, to a connection with the Texas and Pacific Railway in Bonham, Texas. The DB&NO was initially operated and later leased by the MK&T, but was spun off in 1923 as part of that company's reorganization. It was purchased in 1925 by a group of Bonham citizens and ceased operations in 1928.

Denison, Texas
Denison is a city in Grayson County, Texas, United States, 1 mile (1.6 km) south of the Texas–Oklahoma border. Its population was 24,479 at the 2020 census, up from 22,682 at the 2010 census. Denison is part of the Texoma region and is one of two principal cities in the Sherman–Denison metropolitan statistical area. It is the birthplace of 34th U.S. president Dwight D. Eisenhower.
Josh Loeffler
Josh Loeffler (born 1981 or 1982) is an American basketball coach who is the current head coach of the Loyola Greyhounds men's basketball team. He played college basketball for the Swarthmore Garnet Tide and has previously worked with the Hamilton Continentals, St. Lawrence Saints, Williams Ephs, Stevens Tech Ducks, Lafayette Leopards, Rutgers Scarlet Knights, Loyola Greyhounds, Johns Hopkins Blue Jays, and Cincinnati Bearcats.

Hamilton College
Hamilton College is a private liberal arts college in Kirkland, New York, with a Clinton postal address. It was established as the Hamilton-Oneida Academy in 1793 and received its charter as Hamilton College in 1812, in honor of Alexander Hamilton, one of its inaugural trustees, following a proposal made after his death in 1804. Since 1978, Hamilton has been a coeducational institution, having merged with its sister school, Kirkland College.

Hamilton enrolled approximately 2,000 undergraduate students as of the fall of 2021. The curriculum offers 57 areas of study, including 44 majors, as well as the option to design interdisciplinary concentrations. The student body consists of 53% female and 47% male students, representing 45 U.S. states and 46 countries. The acceptance rate for the class of 2026 was 11.8%. Hamilton's athletic teams participate in the New England Small College Athletic Conference.
Boroughs of Amsterdam
The boroughs of Amsterdam (Dutch: stadsdelen; lit. "city parts")  are the seven principal subdivisions of the municipality of Amsterdam, Netherlands. Each borough is governed by a directly elected district committee (bestuurscommissie). The first Amsterdam boroughs were created in 1981, with other boroughs created in later years. The last area to be granted the status of borough was Amsterdam-Centrum (2002). The existing system of seven boroughs, covering most parts of Amsterdam, is the result of a major borough reform in 2010. The current boroughs have populations of around 80,000 to 150,000, which is the equivalent to an average-sized municipality in the Netherlands. Since 2022, there is also the urban area (Dutch: stadsgebied) Weesp.

Weesp
Weesp (Dutch pronunciation: [ʋeːsp] ⓘ) is a city and an urban area in the municipality of Amsterdam in the province of North Holland, Netherlands. It had a population of 20,445 in 2021. It lies on the river Vecht and next to the Amsterdam–Rhine Canal in an area called the Vechtstreek. The former municipality of Weesp merged with Amsterdam on 24 March 2022.
Chad Kelly
Chad Patrick Kelly (born March 26, 1994) is an American professional football quarterback for the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League (CFL). He played college football for the Clemson Tigers and Ole Miss Rebels. The Denver Broncos selected him in the seventh round with the final pick of the 2017 NFL draft, making him that year's Mr. Irrelevant.

After several years as a reserve player on the Broncos and later the Indianapolis Colts, Kelly signed with the Argonauts, gaining success as a starter in the CFL. He won the CFL Most Outstanding Player in 2023, in addition to helping the Argonauts win two Grey Cups.

CFL's Most Outstanding Player Award
The George Reed Most Outstanding Player Award is an award given annually to the best player in the Canadian Football League. The two nominees for the award are the Terry Evanshen Trophy winner from the East Division, and the Jeff Nicklin Memorial Trophy winner from the West Division. The winner of the award is chosen by the Football Reporters of Canada.

The award was created in 1953 as the Schenley Award, named after Schenley Distillers Corporation, to honour the most outstanding player in Canadian Rugby Union, one of the forerunner leagues of the CFL; Schenley ended its sponsorship of the awards in 1988, and the awards have been unsponsored since. Broadcasters Ernie Calcutt, John Badham and Pierre Dufault were regular presenters of the Schenley Award.
Medveščak (stream)
Medveščak (pronounced [medʋeʃtʃǎːk], also called Crikvenik) is a creek in central Zagreb, Croatia. It flows from Kraljičin zdenac in Podsljeme down along the southern slopes of the Medvednica mountain to the Manduševac Fountain, its mouth. The creek was covered in 1898 and today forms part of the Zagreb sewer system. Medveščak has long served as an important geographical feature of historic Zagreb, delineating the border between the often warring twin cities of Gradec (Gornji Grad) and Kaptol between the 11th and the 19th century and causing many violent floods which often decimated houses on its banks. Most of the stream is located in the Gornji Grad - Medveščak city district, running underground under Tkalčićeva and Medvedgradska Streets.

The creek today plays a minor role in the Zagreb sewer system, having ceased powering the Manduševac Fountain in 1882. However, it gave its name to the Medveščak neighborhood.

Medvednica
Medvednica (pronounced [mědʋednitsa], lit. 'Bear mountain') is a mountain in central Croatia, just north of Zagreb, and marking the southern border of the historic region of Zagorje. Most of it is encompassed by the Medvednica Nature Park. The highest peak, at 1,035 m (3,396 ft) is Sljeme. Most of the area of Medvednica is a nature park (park prirode), a type of preservation lesser than a national park. During the Miocene and the Pliocene, the mountain was an island within the Pannonian Sea. Together with the surrounding hills, it is known as Zagrebačka gora or the "Zagreb Mountains", as well as Bistranjska gora, Markuševačka gora, Stubička gora and Vrabečka gora.
Cruciate anastomosis
The cruciate anastomosis is a circulatory anastomosis in the upper thigh formed by the inferior gluteal artery, the lateral and medial circumflex femoral arteries, the first perforating artery of the deep femoral artery, and the anastomotic branch of the posterior branch of the obturator artery.

The cruciate anastomosis is clinically relevant because if there is a blockage between the femoral artery and external iliac artery, blood can reach the popliteal artery by means of the anastomosis. The route of blood is through the internal iliac, to the inferior gluteal artery, to a perforating branch of the deep femoral artery, to the lateral circumflex femoral artery, then to its descending branch into the superior lateral genicular artery and thus into the popliteal artery.

Lateral circumflex femoral artery
The lateral circumflex femoral artery (also known as the lateral femoral circumflex artery or the external circumflex artery) is an artery in the upper thigh. It is usually a branch of the profunda femoris artery, and produces three branches. It is mostly distributed to the muscles of the lateral thigh, supplying arterial blood to muscles of the knee extensor group.
Bilel Aouacheria
Bilel Aouacheria (born 2 April 1994) is a French professional footballer who plays as a right winger for Saudi First Division League club Al-Najma.

He spent his professional career in Portugal, where he made over 100 Primeira Liga appearances for Moreirense, Farense and Gil Vicente. He also achieved a century of appearances in the second tier, with Covilhã and Sporting B.

Gil Vicente F.C.
Gil Vicente Futebol Clube (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈʒil viˈsẽtɨ]), commonly known as Gil Vicente, founded in 1924, is a Portuguese professional football club that plays in Barcelos. It plays their home matches at the Estádio Cidade de Barcelos. It competes in the Primeira Liga, the top division of football in the country, and it is named after Portuguese playwright Gil Vicente.

The club's founding occurred near the city's theater named after playwright Vicente. It first played in Primeira Liga in 1990-91. Since then, the team has been relegated to the second tier three times, having won back promotion twice by winning the Segunda Liga and once by administrative decision. The highest league finishes were two fifth-places in 1999–2000 and 2021–22. A women's football team was created for the 2018-19 season. The team has participated in the top tier, and currently has played six straight seasons in it.
George Kiick
George Herman Kiick (September 5, 1917 – March 21, 2002) was an American professional football fullback. A star collegian at Bucknell, Kiick was selected with the 18th overall pick of the 1940 NFL draft by the Pittsburgh Steelers of the National Football League (NFL). He would play two years with the Steelers in a career bookending military service in World War II.

During the war, Kiick served in Europe as a lieutenant in the 2nd Armored Division of the United States Army. He was awarded a Silver Star for gallantry and earned a Purple Heart for wounds sustained.

George Kiick was the father of Miami Dolphins running back Jim Kiick and grandfather of tennis pro Allie Kiick. He was inducted into the Buckness University Hall of Fame in 1984.

Bucknell Bison football
The Bucknell Bison football team represents Bucknell University in college football at the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision (formerly Division I-AA) level.  Bucknell is a member of the Patriot League.  Bucknell won the first Orange Bowl, 26–0, over the Miami Hurricanes on January 1, 1935.
Marc Hennerici
Marc Hennerici (born 10 May 1982 in Mayen) is a German auto racing driver. He is best known for being the first champion of the World Touring Car Championship's Independent Trophy in 2005, besides a short but prolific GT1 and GT3 career.

He is the grandson of amputee racing driver Heinz Hennerici, himself the twin brother of Eifelland founder Günther Hennerici.

In 2026, Hennerici was named managing director of NLS team PROsport Racing.

Nürburgring Langstrecken-Serie
The Nürburgring Langstrecken-Serie (NLS) is an organisation of motorsport clubs of which each hosts one event of a nine-race (eight in 2024) series held on the Nürburgring Nordschleife.

Participants of NLS races range from amateurs in small road legal cars with rollcages and harnesses to professional factory teams racing Group GT3 cars. The NLS series is closely associated with the Nürburgring 24 Hours, as for the most part it has similar rules, and mainly the same participants. In the calendar, several weeks around the 24h date in May/June are taken off to allow teams to prepare for the 24h, and to fix their cars afterwards. However, the 24h is no longer a part of the championship.

The championship is known for its large quantity of cars as well as its variety, with an average of 113 cars starting per race in 2023.
Hans Berliner
Hans Jack Berliner (January 27, 1929 – January 13, 2017) was an American chess player, and was the World Correspondence Chess Champion, from 1965–1968. He was a Grandmaster of Correspondence Chess. Berliner was a Professor of Computer Science at Carnegie Mellon University. He directed the construction of the chess computer HiTech, and was also a published chess writer.

Larry Evans (chess player)
Larry Melvyn Evans (March 22, 1932 – November 15, 2010) was an American chess player, author, and journalist who received the FIDE title of Grandmaster (GM) in 1957. He won or shared the U.S. Chess Championship five times and the U.S. Open Chess Championship four times. He wrote a long-running syndicated chess column and wrote or co-wrote more than twenty books on chess.
Socialist Party of Albania
The Socialist Party of Albania (Albanian: Partia Socialiste e Shqipërisë, PSSh), also known as simply the Socialist Party (Albanian: Partia Socialiste, PS), is a social-democratic centre-left political party in Albania. It is the successor to the Party of Labour of Albania, which reconstituted itself under its current name on 13 June 1991 after the fall of communism in an effort to adapt to the new political landscape. It has been the country’s Governing Party since 2013. The Socialist Party is one of the two major parties in Albanian politics along with the Democratic Party. The PS is an associate of the Party of European Socialists and a member of the Socialist International.

Fall of communism in Albania
The fall of communism in Albania, sometimes called "De-Enverization", the last such event in Europe outside the Soviet Union, started in December 1990 with student demonstrations in the capital, Tirana, although protests started in January that year in other cities like Shkodër and Kavajë. The Central Committee of the communist Party of Labour of Albania allowed political pluralism on 11 December and the largest opposition party, the Democratic Party, was founded the next day. March 1991 elections left the Party of Labour in power, but a general strike and urban opposition led to the formation of a "stability government" that included non-communists. Albania's former communists were routed in elections in March 1992 amid economic collapse and social unrest, with the Democratic Party winning most seats and its party head, Sali Berisha, becoming president.
Tibetan Braille
Tibetan Braille is the Braille alphabet for writing the Tibetan language. It was invented in 1992 by German social worker Sabriye Tenberken. It is based on German braille, with some extensions from international usage. As in print, the vowel a is not written.

Despite Tibetan and Dzongkha (Bhutanese) using the same alphabet in print, Tibetan Braille differs significantly from Dzongkha Braille, which is closer to international norms.

German Braille
German Braille is one of the older braille alphabets. The French-based order of the letter assignments was largely settled on with the 1878 convention that decided the standard for international braille. However, the assignments for German letters beyond the 26 of the basic Latin alphabet are mostly unrelated to French values.
Maria da Graça Samo
Maria da Graça Samo (born 1968 in Inhambane, Mozambique) is a global women's rights activist. Since 2013, Samo has been the international coordinator for the World March of Women (WMW) which is a feminist, anti-patriarchal, anti-capitalist, anti-globalization, anti-colonialist movement that aims to address the root causes of poverty and violence against women.

Marche mondiale des Femmes
The Marche mondiale des Femmes or World March of Women is an international feminist movement that advocates for gender equality and aims to take action against discrimination against women and reduce violence towards them.
1976 United States Senate election in Hawaii
The 1976 United States Senate election in Hawaii took place on November 2, 1976. Incumbent Republican U.S. Senator Hiram Fong did not seek re-election to a fourth term. Democrat Spark Matsunaga won the open seat by defeating Republican William Quinn.

Primary elections were held on October 2. Former Governor William F. Quinn easily won the Republican nomination with 93 percent of the vote. In the Democratic primary, Spark Matsunaga won with 51 percent of the vote. His closest competitor was his House colleague Patsy Mink, who received 41 percent.

William F. Quinn
William Francis Quinn OESSH (July 13, 1919 – August 28, 2006) was an American lawyer and politician. He served as the 12th and last governor of the Territory of Hawaii from 1957 to 1959 and the first governor of the State of Hawaii from 1959 to 1962. Originally appointed to the office by President Dwight D. Eisenhower, Quinn was the last executive appointed by an American president, after American rule of the Hawaiian Islands began after the overthrow of the monarchy in 1893. He was also the last Republican to serve as governor until Linda Lingle in 2002. Quinn appeared as a guest on the television program What's My Line. He was the recipient of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre, a papal knighthood conferred by Pope John Paul II. He was the state's first Republican governor.