hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
The Irascibles
The Irascibles or Irascible 18 were the labels given to a group of American abstract artists who put name to an open letter, written in 1950, to the president of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, rejecting the museum's exhibition American Painting Today - 1950 and boycotting the accompanying competition. The subsequent media coverage of the protest and a now iconic group photograph that appeared in Life magazine gave them notoriety, popularized the term Abstract Expressionist and established them as the so-called first generation of the putative movement.

Open letter
An open letter is a letter that is intended to be read by a wide audience, or a letter intended for an individual, but that is nonetheless widely distributed intentionally.

Open letters usually take the form of a letter addressed to an individual but are provided to the public through newspapers and other media, such as a letter to the editor or blog. Critical open letters addressed to political leaders are especially common.

Two of the most famous and influential open letters are J'accuse...! by Émile Zola to the president of France, accusing the French government of wrongfully convicting Alfred Dreyfus for alleged espionage; and Martin Luther King Jr.'s 1963 "Letter from Birmingham Jail", including the famous quotation "Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere".
Salvable
Salvable is a 2025 British boxing crime drama film directed by Björn Franklin and Johnny Marchetta, written by the former, and starring Toby Kebbell, Shia LaBeouf, Kíla Lord Cassidy, Michael Socha and James Cosmo. It was released theatrically on 2 May 2025 in the US.

Michael Socha
Michael Robert Socha (born December 13, 1987) is an English actor. He is known for his roles in the films This Is England and Summer, and the television series This Is England '86 and its sequels. He also appeared in Being Human, Once Upon a Time in Wonderland, and the second series of the BBC One drama Showtrial.
John Farinacci
John Farinacci (born February 14, 2001) is an American ice hockey forward currently playing for the Providence Bruins of the American Hockey League (AHL) as a prospect to the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League (NHL). He was drafted 76th overall by the Arizona Coyotes in the third round of the 2019 NHL entry draft. He played college ice hockey for the Harvard Crimson men's ice hockey team.

Providence Bruins
The Providence Bruins are a professional ice hockey team based in Providence, Rhode Island. They are the American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate of the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League (NHL). They play at the Amica Mutual Pavilion.
Stephan Sobolev
Stephan Vladimirovich Sobolev (Russian: Степан Владимирович Соболев; born 23 March 1954) is a Russian–German geophysicist and computational geodynamicist working on physical modeling of mantle convection and its effects on geodynamics. He is a group leader at the GFZ Helmholtz Centre Potsdam and Professor of Geodynamics at the University of Potsdam. He is a principal investigator of the European Research Council (ERC) Synergy project Monitoring Earth Evolution Through Time (MEET) and member of the Academia Europaea.

University of Potsdam
The University of Potsdam is a public university in Potsdam, capital of the state of Brandenburg, northeastern Germany.

The university is mainly situated across three campuses in the city. Some faculty buildings are part of the New Palace of Sanssouci which is known for its UNESCO World Heritage status.

The University of Potsdam is Brandenburg's largest university and the fourth largest in the Berlin-Brandenburg metropolitan area. More than 8,000 people are working in scholarship and science.

In 2009 the University of Potsdam became a winner in the "Excellence in Teaching" initiative of the Stifterverband für die Deutsche Wissenschaft (Business innovation agency for the German science system).
Duke of Baena
Duke of Baena (Spanish: Duque de Baena) is a hereditary title in the Peerage of Spain, accompanied by the dignity of Grandee and granted in 1566 by Philip II to Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba II, who was the 7th Lord of Baena, 5th Count of Cabra and 3rd Duke of Sessa, Santángelo, Terranova, Andría and Montalto.

The name makes reference to the town of Baena in the province of Córdoba.

Duke of Santángelo
Duke of Santángelo (Spanish: Duque de Santángelo) is a hereditary title in the Peerage of Spain, accompanied by the dignity of Grandee and granted in 1497 by the Catholic Monarchs to "El Gran Capitán" (Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba), a general who negotiated the Surrender of Granada and led the Spanish to victory in the Italian Wars. It is a victory title, making reference to the town of Città Sant'Angelo in the Province of Pescara, Italy.

The title became extinct after the death of the 3rd Duke in 1578 and was rehabilitated in 1918 by Alfonso XIII on behalf of María de la Soledad Osorio de Moscoso, the most legitimate descendant of the last Duke and a great-grandchild of Infanta Luisa Teresa of Spain.

The current Duke, Luis María de Casanova-Cárdenas, is married to Archduchess Monika of Austria (his fifth cousin once-removed), the second child of Otto von Habsburg, crown prince of Austria, and Princess Regina of Saxe-Meiningen. They have 4 children.
Cement Manju
S. Manjunatha (born 1 January 1982), also known as Cement Manju, is an Indian politician from Karnataka. He is a member of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly from Sakleshpur Assembly constituency which is reserved for SC community in Hassan district. He represents Bharatiya Janata Party and won the 2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election.

2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election
Legislative Assembly elections were held in Karnataka on 10 May 2023 to elect all 224 members of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly. The votes were counted and the results were declared on 13 May 2023.

The election saw a final voter turnout of 73.84%, the highest ever recorded in the history of Legislative Assembly elections in Karnataka.

The Indian National Congress won the election in decisive victory by getting 135 seats, making it their biggest win by seats and vote share in Karnataka since the 1989 elections. The Bharatiya Janata Party and the Janata Dal (Secular) conceded defeat, finishing second and third, respectively.
23rd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)
The German 23rd Infantry Division (23. Infanterie-Division), later the 26th Panzer Division, was a military unit operational during World War II.  It was organized along standard lines for a German infantry division. It was non-motorised and relied on horse-drawn wagons for its mobility. The unit carried the nickname Grenadierkopf.

The 23rd Infantry participated in the invasion of Poland in 1939 as part of the reserve component of the 4th Army.  The division was commanded by Walter Graf von Brockdorff-Ahlefeldt and consisted of the 9th, 67th, and 68th infantry regiments.

Some members of the said division, particularly from the 9th Infantry Regiment like Henning von Tresckow or Philipp von Bismarck, were part of the July 20 plot against Adolf Hitler.

Walter von Brockdorff-Ahlefeldt
Walter von Brockdorff-Ahlefeldt (13 July 1887 – 9 May 1943) was a German general (General of the Infantry) during World War II. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves. Brockdorff-Ahlefeldt became ill in November 1942 and returned to Germany. He died in a hospital in Berlin. Brockdorff-Ahlefeldt was a descendant of Danish-Holsteiner nobility.
OGS (electronic toll collection)
OGS (Turkish: Otomatik Geçiş Sistemi English: Automated Transit System) was an electronic toll collection system of RFID transponder type available on toll roads and toll bridges in Turkey. The system was adopted to avoid traffic congestion at toll plazas. The successor to OGS is the HGS system of RFID tag type implemented later on at the same toll plazas.

It was launched in 1998, and was first installed on the Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge at  O-2 over Bosporus in Istanbul. The OGS was later extended to the intercity motorways  O-3,  O-4,  O-32,  O-51 and  O-52 and the other toll bridge Bosphorus Bridge on  O-1 over the Istanbul Strait. The system was administrated by the General Directorate of Highways (Turkish: TC Karayolları Genel Müdürlüğü, KGM).

OGS was retired on March 31, 2022 and HGS is now the sole way of electronic toll collection.

Bosporus
The Bosporus or Bosphorus Strait is a natural strait and an internationally significant waterway located in Turkey which is straddled by the city of  Istanbul. The Bosporus connects the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara and forms one of the continental boundaries between Asia and Europe. It also divides Turkey by separating Asia Minor from Thrace. It is the world's narrowest strait used for international navigation.

Most of the shores of the Bosporus Strait, except for the area to the north, are heavily settled, with the city of Istanbul's metropolitan population of 17 million inhabitants extending inland from both banks.

The Bosporus Strait and the Dardanelles Strait at the opposite end of the Sea of Marmara are together known as the Turkish Straits.

Sections of the shore of the Bosporus in Istanbul have been reinforced with concrete or rubble and those sections of the strait prone to deposition are periodically dredged.
Sigfredo Casero-Ortiz
Sigfredo "Tito" Casero-Ortiz (born 21 March 1997) is a Cuban-born naturalized Belgian professional basketball player for Belfius Mons-Hainaut of the BNXT League. Standing at 1.84 m (6 ft 0 in), he usually plays as point guard.

Union Mons-Hainaut
Union Mons-Hainaut is a Belgian professional basketball club that is based in Mons, Wallonia. The club competes in the highest division of the country, the BNXT League. The club's home arena is the Mons Arena. Founded as Quaregnon in 1959, the club has been a regular in the Belgian first division as the club plays in the highest tier for 36 years, since the 1990–91 season. Mons-Hainaut also participated in European competitions annually, mostly in the FIBA Europe Cup.
Henry Swinburne (lawyer)
Henry Swinburne (1551–1624) was an English ecclesiastical lawyer and scholar. Initially working as a clerk at a Consistory Court he attended the University of Oxford from 1576 to 1580, graduating with a Bachelor of Civil Law (BCL) degree, and was admitted to the bar at York to work as an ecclesiastical lawyer. As well as his work as a lawyer he held various administrative and judicial positions. He died in 1624.

Swinburne is best known for his two legal treatises, particularly A briefe treatise of Testaments and last Wills which remained a standard work on family law for 200 years after his death. Swinburne was the first ecclesiastical law writer to write in English.

Consistory court
A consistory court is a type of ecclesiastical court, especially within the Church of England where they were originally established pursuant to a charter of King William the Conqueror, and still exist today, although since about the middle of the 19th century consistory courts have lost much of their subject-matter jurisdiction.  Each diocese in the Church of England has a consistory court (called in the Diocese of Canterbury the Commissary Court).
Prison on Fire – Life Sentence
Prison on Fire – Life Sentence is a 2001 Hong Kong crime thriller film directed by Edmond Yuen and starring Ben Wong, Iris Wong, Tommy Wong, William Ho, Lee Wai-kei, Chapman To and Bill Lung. Despite the title, this film is not related to the 1987 film Prison on Fire and its 1991 sequel.

Ben Wong
Ben Wong Chi-yin (born 20 October 1967) is a Hong Kong actor best known for his roles as Yung Heung-hoi in the long-running drama series A Kindred Spirit and Spicy Ginger in the crime drama Lives of Omission, the latter garnering him Best Supporting Actor at the 2011 TVB Anniversary Awards. Wong was the hot favorite in winning this award and is proud of this achievement.
Muhammad ibn Abd Al-Haqq
Muhammad ibn Abd Al-Haqq (Arabic: محمد بن عَبد الحَقّ; died 1244) was a Marinid ruler. He was the son of Abd al-Haqq I and the brother of Uthman I.

He continued to fight the Almohads especially around the city of Meknes.

Muhammad ibn Abd al-Haqq died during a battle against the Almohads on 12 November 1244 by the hand of European mercenary captain Juan Gaitan.

Abu Sa'id Uthman I, Marinid
Abu Said Uthman ibn Abd al-Haqq (Arabic: أبو سعيد عثمان بن عبد الحق) (1196 – 1240) was a leader of the Marinid Sultanate and son of Abd al-Haqq I.

After the death of his father in 1217, he became sheikh and during his reign fought for control of the western Maghreb against the Almohad Caliphate. In 1240 Uthman was killed by one of his Christian slaves.
Ciarán Kelly (footballer, born 1998)
Ciarán Kelly (born 4 July 1998) is an Irish professional footballer who plays for EFL League One club Bradford City. He previously played for St Patrick's Athletic, the club where he started his professional career. He has also spent one season at Drogheda United as well as three seasons with Bohemians, where he was loaned out to NIFL Premiership side Ballymena United for 6 months.

Ian Bermingham
Ian Bermingham (born 6 June 1989) is an Irish former professional footballer who spent 13 seasons with League of Ireland Premier Division club St Patricks Athletic, where he was club captain and is the all-time appearance record holder. He previously spent two seasons at UCD and a season at Shamrock Rovers.
2012 Melbourne City Council election
Elections to the City of Melbourne were held via postal ballot in October 2012 to elect 9 councillors to the council, as well as the direct election of the Lord Mayor and Deputy Lord Mayor of Melbourne. The incumbent Lord Mayor, Robert Doyle, and Deputy Lord Mayor, Susan Riley, were re-elected for a second four-year term.

At the 2012 election, the number of council seats increased from 7 to 9.

Robert Doyle
Robert Keith Bennett Doyle (born 20 May 1953) is an Australian politician who was the 103rd Lord Mayor of Melbourne, elected on 30 November 2008 until he resigned on 4 February 2018 amidst allegations of sexual harassment. He was previously Member for Malvern in the Legislative Assembly of Victoria from 1992 to 2006 and Leader of the Victorian Opposition from 2002 to 2006, representing the Liberal Party.
Jean-Louis Frenette
Jean-Louis Frenette (21 September 1920 – 9 April 2008) was a Social Credit party member of the House of Commons of Canada. He was an architectural draftsman by career.

He was first elected at the Portneuf riding in the 1962 general election then re-elected there in 1963. After completing his term in the 26th Parliament, he became an independent candidate at Portneuf in the 1965 election but was defeated by Roland Godin of the Ralliement créditiste.

Roland Godin
Roland Godin (11 October 1926 – 22 June 2009) was a Ralliement créditiste and Social Credit party member of the House of Commons of Canada. He was a manager by career.

Godin was born in Neuville, Quebec. He was first elected to Parliament at the Portneuf riding in the 1965 general election and re-elected in the 1968 and 1972. From 1966 to 1971, his party was known as the Ralliement créditiste. Godin was defeated in the 1974 federal election by Pierre Bussières of the Liberal party.

He ran for the Ralliement créditiste du Québec in the 1976 provincial election and finished fourth against Liberal incumbent Michel Pagé in Portneuf.

Godin died at Donnacona, Quebec on 22 June 2009.

Note: Ralliement créditiste vote is compared to Social Credit vote in the 1963 election.
T. J. Wallworth
T. J. Wallworth (born in Bolton, Lancashire), was an English acting secretary of Manchester United from 9 September 1912 to 20 October 1912; the term "manager" was not used at Manchester United until the arrival of Jack Robson in 1914. Wallworth was made secretary following Ernest Mangnall's resignation in August 1912 and remained in the post until the appointment of John Bentley in October 1912.

Jack Robson (football manager)
John Robson (24 May 1860 – 11 January 1922) was an Englishman who was the full-time secretary manager of Middlesbrough, Crystal Palace and Brighton & Hove Albion, as well as manager of Manchester United.
Saraswathi Kshetramu, Ananthasagar
Saraswathi Kshetramu is a Hindu Temple of Goddess Saraswathi located in the Ananthasagar, Chinna Kodur Mandal, Siddipet Division, siddipet district of Telangana. The temple was built on Friday, 2 May 1980 (Roudri Year, Vaishakha month) by Astakala Narasimha Rama Sharma (Astavadhani). It is located  between Siddipet to Karimnagar, 22 km away from the former, 125 km from Hyderabad and 63 km from Medak,.

Siddipet
Siddipet,  is a city in the Indian state of Telangana. It is a municipality and serves as the headquarters of the Siddipet district. It is located about 100 kilometres (62 mi) north of the state capital, Hyderabad, and 92 kilometres (57 mi) from Warangal. The District Headquarters and Police Commissionerate is located at the Siddipet city.

Siddipet is a regional urban hub and educational centre.
Battle of Pease River
The Battle of Pease River, also known as the Pease River Massacre or the Pease River fight, occurred on December 19, 1860, near present-day Margaret, Texas in Foard County, Texas, United States. The town is located between Crowell and Vernon within sight of the Medicine Mounds just outside present-day Quanah, Texas.

A monument marks the site where a group of Comanche Indians were massacred by a detachment of Texas Rangers and militia under Ranger Captain "Sul" Ross. The Indian camp was attacked as retaliation against recent Comanche attacks on settlers.

This raid is primarily remembered as the place where Cynthia Ann Parker was recovered after she had been captured in the Fort Parker massacre, 24 years earlier.

Foard County, Texas
Foard County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2020 census, its population was 1,095. Its county seat is Crowell, which is also the county's only incorporated community. The county is named for Robert Levi Foard, an attorney who served as a major with the Confederate Army, in the American Civil War.

Foard County was one of 46 prohibitions, or entirely dry, counties in the state of Texas until voters approved a referendum to permit the legal sale of alcoholic beverages in May 2006.
Battle of Zhyryshty
The Battle of Zhyryshty Crossing was fought in October 1731 between the forces of Grand Kabarda and the Crimean Khanate. It was part of the larger Crimean-Circassian Wars, where the Crimean Khanate attempted to subjugate the independent Kabardian principalities. The battle resulted in a decisive Kabardian victory, forcing the Crimean forces to retreat across the Terek River.

Crimean Khanate
The Crimean Khanate, self-defined as the Throne of Crimea and Desht-i Kipchak, and in old European historiography and geography known as Little Tartary, was a Crimean Tatar state existing from 1441 to 1783. Established by Hacı I Giray in 1441.

In 1783, violating the 1774 Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca (which had guaranteed non-interference of both Russia and the Ottoman Empire in the affairs of the Crimean Khanate), the Russian Empire annexed the khanate. Among the European powers, only France came out with an open protest against this act, due to the longstanding Franco-Ottoman alliance.
Boulevard Recreation Ground electric railway station
Boulevard Recreation Ground electric railway station was the third of five calling points on the 1+1⁄4 miles (2.0 km) eastern, "street" section of the inter-urban Grimsby and Immingham Electric Railway when travelling from Corporation Bridge, Grimsby to Immingham Dock.

The halt was called "Boulevard Recreation Ground" on timetables, but was shown as "Beeson Street" on tickets. The adjacent passing loop was also known as "Beeson Street"

Immingham Dock electric railway station
Immingham Dock electric railway station was the western terminus of the inter-urban Grimsby and Immingham Electric Railway which ran from Corporation Bridge, Grimsby with a reversal at what was euphemistically called Immingham Town.
Conservation and restoration of lacquerware
The conservation and restoration of lacquerware prevents and mitigates deterioration or damage to objects made with lacquer. The two main types of lacquer are Asian, made with sap from the Urushi tree, and European, made with a variety of shellac and natural resins. Lacquer can be damaged by age, light, water, temperature, or damaged substrate.

Conservation treatments include dry cleaning, wet cleaning, consolidation and filling losses. Eastern cultures use Asian lacquer to repair damages and fill and consolidate losses. Western cultures typically use alternate materials that can be reversed with minimal risk to the original object.

Sap
Sap is a fluid transported in the xylem cells (vessel elements or tracheids) or phloem sieve tube elements of a plant.  These cells transport water and nutrients throughout the plant.

Sap is distinct from latex, resin, or cell sap; it is a separate substance, separately produced, and with different components and functions.

Insect honeydew is called sap, particularly when it falls from trees, but is only the remains of eaten sap and other plant parts.
Velsk
Velsk (Russian: Вельск) is a town and the administrative center of Velsky District in Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia, located on the left bank of the Vel River at its confluence with the Vaga River, 545 kilometers (339 mi) south of Arkhangelsk, the administrative center of the oblast. Population:  23,885 (2010 Census); 26,241 (2002 Census); 25,967 (1989 Soviet census).

Arkhangelsk
Arkhangelsk (Russian: Архангельск, pronounced [ɐrˈxanɡʲɪlʲsk]) is a city and the administrative center of Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia. It lies on both banks of the Northern Dvina near its mouth into the White Sea. The city spreads for over 40 kilometres (25 mi) along the banks of the river and numerous islands of its delta. Arkhangelsk was the chief seaport of medieval and early modern Russia until 1703, when it was replaced by the newly founded Saint Petersburg.

A 1,133-kilometer-long (704 mi) railway runs from Arkhangelsk to Moscow via Vologda and Yaroslavl, and air travel is served by the Talagi Airport and the smaller Vaskovo Airport. As of the 2021 Census, the city's population was 301,199.
Alois Höfler
Alois Höfler (German: [ˈhøːflɐ]; April 6, 1853 – February 26, 1922) was an Austrian philosopher and university professor of education. He was seen by the logical positivist Otto Neurath as an important link between Bernard Bolzano's work and the Vienna Circle.

Otto Neurath
Otto Karl Wilhelm Neurath (/ˈnɔɪrɑːt/; Austrian German: [ˈɔtoː ˈnɔʏraːt]; 10 December 1882 – 22 December 1945) was an Austrian-born philosopher of science, sociologist, and political economist. He was also the inventor of the ISOTYPE method of pictorial statistics and an innovator in museum practice. Before he fled his native country in 1934, Neurath was one of the leading figures of the Vienna Circle.
Kurmanji
Kurmanji (Kurdish: کورمانجی, romanized: Kurmancî, lit. 'Kurdish', pronunciationⓘ), also termed Northern Kurdish, is the northernmost of the Kurdish languages, spoken predominantly in southeast Turkey, northwest and northeast Iran, northern Iraq, northern Syria and the Caucasus and Khorasan regions. It is the most widely spoken form of Kurdish.

Kurmanji is also the common and ceremonial language of Yazidis. Their sacred book Mishefa Reş and all prayers are written and spoken in Kurmanji.

Ethnologue reports that the use of Kurmanji is declining in Turkey even when the language is used as a language of wider communication (LWC) by immigrants to Turkey, and that the language is threatened because it is losing speakers.

Romanization of Kurdish
The romanization of Kurdish language is the practice of transcribing the Kurdish, traditionally written in both Arabic and Latin scripts, into a standardized Latin alphabet. The development of Kurdish romanization systems supports the need for digital communication, linguistic research, and accessibility for Kurdish speakers and Kurdish speakers in diaspora communities. These systems strive to maintain phonetic precision and consistency across the diverse Kurdish dialects.