hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
COVID-19 pandemic in Iowa
The COVID-19 pandemic was confirmed to have reached the U.S. state of Iowa in March 2020. The first known cases were three individuals who had traveled on a cruise in Egypt before returning home to Johnson County on March 3. Initially, case clusters were focused at meatpacking plants and congregate care facilities. By late October, community spread had become a concern, and some areas of the state had reported over 20% test positivity. A headline stated that "Iowa hospitals fear overwhelming patient surge if coronavirus cases continue to climb."

Johnson County, Iowa
Johnson County is located in the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2020 census, the population was 152,854, and was estimated to be 160,080 in 2024, making it the fourth-most populous county in Iowa. The county seat and the largest city is Iowa City, home of the University of Iowa. Johnson County is included in the Iowa City metropolitan area, which is also included in the Cedar Rapids-Iowa City Corridor Combined Statistical Area.
Héctor Moreno
Héctor Alfredo Moreno Herrera (born 17 January 1988) is a Mexican former professional footballer who played as a centre-back.

Moreno progressed through the youth ranks of Universidad Nacional, making his senior debut in 2006 at the age of 18. In 2007, he transferred to Dutch club AZ Alkmaar, where he won the Eredivisie title. He joined Spanish side Espanyol in 2011 and remained with the team for four seasons before returning to the Netherlands with PSV Eindhoven. Subsequent moves included Roma in Italy, Real Sociedad in Spain, and Al-Gharafa in Qatar. Moreno later returned to Mexico to play for Monterrey, retiring after four years with the club.

Moreno was a member of the Mexico national under-17 team that won the 2005 World Championship held in Peru. He has also represented Mexico at the 2010, 2014, 2018, and 2022 FIFA World Cup, as well as the 2011 and 2019 CONCACAF Gold Cup, the Copa América Centenario, and the 2013 and 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup.

AZ Alkmaar
Alkmaar Zaanstreek (Dutch: [ˈɑl(ə)kmaːr ˈzaːnstreːk]), better known internationally as AZ Alkmaar, or simply and most commonly as AZ (pronounced [aːˈzɛt]) in the Netherlands, is a Dutch professional football club from Alkmaar and the Zaan district. The club plays in the Eredivisie, the highest professional football league in the Netherlands.

AZ won the Eredivisie in 1980–81 and 2008–09. In 1981, they also reached the UEFA Cup final, which they lost to Ipswich Town. The team has won the KNVB Cup on four occasions, and one Johan Cruyff Shield.
Ray Dempsey
Ray Dempsey is a Gaelic football manager and former player. He was briefly manager of the Limerick county team from 2022 until 2023.

Dempsey played for Mayo in the 1989 and in the 1996 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Finals. He got 64 appearances out of Mayo over the years and he hit 16–97 so that makes him part of Mayo's top 10 scorers since 1950.

Dempsey was a losing finalist for Mayo again but this time it was in 2022 Hunt. Kevin McStay bet him in the end to take the manager job of him. Oisín McConville hit out at this decision but then McConville was going to be part of Dempsey's management anyway until he went and took himself away of to Wicklow to try his luck there.

A former manager of the mayo minor and under-21 teams, Dempsey was appointed manager of the senior Limerick team on a two-year term, announced on 7 October 2022. He left after five months after overseeing five games. He had allegedly met with the players and selector Mick Fitzgerald replaced him.

Manager (Gaelic games)
In Gaelic games, a manager or (in Irish) bainisteoir is involved in the direction and instruction of the on-field operations of a team. The role entails the application of sport tactics and strategies during the game itself, and usually entails substitution of players and other such actions as needed. At games, the manager may sometimes wear a bib with the word "manager" or "bainisteoir" adorning it. Many managers were former players themselves, and are assisted in coaching the team by a group of selectors (in Irish roghnóirí).
State v. Abbott
State v. Abbott, 36 N.J. 63, 174 A.2d 881 (1961), is a landmark case in the American legal doctrine of retreat. In it, the New Jersey Supreme Court unanimously adopted a duty to retreat—a legal requirement that a threatened person cannot stand one's ground and apply lethal force in self-defense, but must instead retreat to a place of safety. This retreat rule is an exception to the right of self-defense.

The duty to retreat, as endorsed in Abbott, is in direct opposition to the “true man” doctrine articulated in Erwin v. State, 29 Ohio St. 186 (1876). This common law view holds the law “will not permit the taking of [human life] to repel mere trespass, . . . but a true man who is without fault is not obliged to fly from an assailant.”

Most states at the time of Abbott followed the no-retreat “true man” approach; since Abbott, it has been in major flux.

Duty to retreat
In law, the duty to retreat, or requirement of safe retreat,: 550  is a legal requirement in some jurisdictions that a threatened person cannot harm another in self-defense (especially lethal force) when it is possible instead to retreat to a place of safety.: 549–554  This requirement contrasts with some other jurisdictions to stand one's ground, meaning being allowed to defend one's self instead of retreating.

It is a specific component which sometimes appears in the criminal defense of self-defense, and which must be addressed if criminal defendants are to prove that their conduct was justified. Depending on the state the criminal defendants have to prove a minimal time period of safe retreat.
1977 Thailand Regional Games
The 11th Thailand National Games (Thai: กีฬาเขตแห่งประเทศไทย ครั้งที่ 11, also known as the 1977 National Games and the 1977 Inter-Provincial Games) were held in Bangkok, Thailand from 11 to 17 December 1977, with contests in 14 sports and athletes from 10 regions. These games were the qualification for Thai athletes in the 1978 Asian Games.

1978 Asian Games
The 8th Asian Games (Thai: กีฬาเอเชียนเกมส์ครั้งที่ 8), also known as Bangkok 1978 (Thai: กรุงเทพมหานคร 1978), were held from 9 to 20 December  1978, in Bangkok, Thailand. Originally, the host city was Singapore but Singapore dropped its plan to host the Games due to financial problems. Then Islamabad, the capital of Pakistan, was decided to host the 8th Games.  But Islamabad also dropped its plan to host the Asian Games due to conflicts with Bangladesh and India. The Imperial State of Iran withdrew because of the Iranian revolution.

Thailand offered to help and the Asiad therefore was held in Bangkok. On the political front, Israel was expelled from the Asian Games. A total number of 3,842 athletes, coming from 25 countries, competed in these Asian Games. Debuting sports were archery and bowling.
Sabena Flight Academy
CAE Oxford Aviation Academy Brussels - Sabena Flight Academy is an aviation training organisation created in 1953, and located in Steenokkerzeel (Belgium). The school is now part of CAE Global Academy. The training is performed in Brussels, in Mesa at CAE Oxford Aviation Academy Phoenix (formerly Sabena Airline Training Center).
Sabena Flight Academy is one of the oldest airline transport pilot schools in Europe.

The "Airline Transport Pilot Integrated" ("ATP Integrated") course is a full-time, integrated Joint Aviation Authorities/European Aviation Safety Agency (JAA/EASA) course leading to the award of a 'frozen' (becoming unfrozen when the candidate has completed 1500 hours in a multi-pilot environment) Airline Transport Pilot License (ATPL).

Airline transport pilot licence
The airline transport pilot license (ATPL), or in the United States of America, an airline transport pilot (ATP) certificate,  is the highest level of aircraft pilot certificate.

In the United States, those certified as airline transport pilots (unconditional) are authorized to act as pilot in command on scheduled air carriers' aircraft under CFR 14 Part 121. In EASA states and the United Kingdom, pilots must hold an ATPL before they can be pilot in command of a multi-pilot aircraft flown for commercial air transport operations.
Alexandra Elbakyan
Alexandra Asanovna Elbakyan (Russian: Алекса́ндра Аса́новна Элбакя́н; Armenian: Ալեքսանդրա Ասանովնա Էլբակյան; born 6 November 1988) is a Kazakhstani computer programmer and creator of the website Sci-Hub, which provides free access to research papers without regard for copyright. Sci-Hub provides access to nearly all scholarly literature published before 2020, but a much lower proportion of those published since then.

Elbakyan has been described as "Science's Pirate Queen". In 2016, Nature included her in their list of the top ten "people who mattered" in science. Since 2011, she has been living in Russia.

Programmer
A programmer, computer programmer or coder is an author of computer source code – someone with skill in computer programming.
The professional titles software developer and software engineer may be used for jobs that require a programmer.
Dutton Park railway station
Dutton Park railway station is located on the Beenleigh line in Queensland, Australia. It serves the Brisbane suburb of Dutton Park.  The station is one of the oldest on the network.

To the west of the station lies the NSW North Coast dual gauge line primarily used by Gold Coast, NSW TrainLink XPT and freight services.

Gold Coast railway line
The Gold Coast railway line is an interurban railway line operated by Queensland Rail in Queensland, Australia, connecting Brisbane with the Gold Coast. The line has 17 stations. In 2021, a journey from Central station to the terminus of this line was scheduled to take 1 hour 23 minutes. There are plans for several new stations along the existing line, as well as an extension south.

The line ran to Tweed Heads in the early 1900s until the 1960s. A new Gold Coast railway opened in 1996 with an extension to Varsity Lakes opened in 2009. In December 2017 the G:link light rail services connected to the line at Helensvale station. Duplication of the line progressed in stages.
Nagaon Express
Nagaon Express (earlier Tambaram–Silghat Town Express), is a weekly Express train belonging to Northeast Frontier Railway zone of Indian Railways that connects Silghat Town of Assam and Chennai Tambaram in the South Indian metropolis of Chennai, Tamil Nadu via New Jalpaiguri , Malda Town , Rampurhat , Asansol.
The train was extended to Tambaram on a trial basis from August 2017. The train was also extended from Guwahati to Silghat Town.

Asansol Junction railway station
Asansol Junction (station code: ASN) is a railway station of Eastern Railway in Asansol of Paschim Bardhaman district in the Indian state of West Bengal. The station is on the Howrah–Delhi main line. It is the 8th busiest railway station in India in terms of frequency of trains after Kanpur Central, Vijayawada Junction, Delhi Junction, New Delhi, Ambala Cant, Howrah and Patna Junction. Around 171 trains pass through the station daily.
It serves Asansol and the surrounding areas.
Bridges' Battery Illinois Light Artillery
Bridges' Battery Illinois Light Artillery was an artillery battery from Illinois that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Organized on 17 June 1861 as Company G, 19th Illinois Infantry Regiment, it was detached as an independent artillery battery on 14 January 1863. The battery fought in the Tullahoma campaign, at the battles of Chickamauga and Missionary Ridge, and in the Knoxville campaign in 1863. Bridges' Battery participated in the Atlanta campaign in 1864, fighting at Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, Adairsville, Pickett's Mill, Kennesaw Mountain, Peachtree Creek, Atlanta, and Jonesboro. The unit fought at Franklin and Nashville shortly before it was renamed Battery B, 1st Illinois Light Artillery Regiment on 21 December 1864. It spent the rest of the war with the Nashville garrison and was mustered out in July 1865.

Battle of Peachtree Creek
The Battle of Peachtree Creek was fought in Georgia on July 20, 1864, as part of the Atlanta campaign in the American Civil War. It was the first major attack by Lt. Gen. John Bell Hood since taking command of the Confederate Army of Tennessee. The attack was against Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman's Union army, which was perched on the doorstep of Atlanta. The main armies in the conflict were the Union Army of the Cumberland, commanded by Maj. Gen. George Henry Thomas and two corps of the Confederate Army of Tennessee.
Pimpingos District
Pimpingos District is one of fifteen districts of the Cutervo Province in the Cajamarca Region in Peru. It was created on 22 October 1910 by Law No. 1296. It is one of the oldest districts of the province.

Department of Cajamarca
Cajamarca (Spanish pronunciation: [kaxaˈmaɾka]; Quechua: Kashamarka; Aymara: Qajamarka) is a department of Peru. It is located to the north of the country and shares a border with Ecuador. It is administered by a regional government. The capital is the city of Cajamarca, which has an elevation of 2,700 metres (8,900 ft) above sea level in the Andes Mountain Range, the longest mountain range in the world. Part of its territory includes the Amazon rainforest, the largest in the world.
HMS Starr (1805)
HMS Starr was a 16-gun Merlin-class ship sloop of the Royal Navy.  She was built by Tanner, of Dartmouth, to plans by Sir William Rule, and launched in July 1805. As a sloop she served on convoy duty, though she also participated in the invasion of Martinique in early 1809. She was rebuilt as a bomb vessel in May 1812 and renamed Meteor. As Meteor she served in the Baltic and then off the United States, participating in attacks on up the Potomac and on Baltimore and New Orleans. She was sold in October 1816.

HMS Volcano (1804)
HMS Heron was originally the merchant vessel Jason, launched at Newcastle in 1803, that the Admiralty purchased in 1804 for the Royal Navy for use as 16-gun ship-sloop under the name HMS Heron. During the Napoleonic Wars she served as a convoy escort on the Leeward Islands station. Then in 1810 the Admiralty had her converted into a bomb vessel and renamed her HMS Volcano. As Volcano she served during the War of 1812, and in particular participated in the Battle of Baltimore. The Admiralty sold her in 1816. New owners returned her to mercantile service under her original name of Jason. She was wrecked in 1821.
Héctor Feliciano
Hector Feliciano (born 1952) is a Puerto Rican journalist and author whose book  "The Lost Museum: The Nazi Conspiracy to Steal the World's Greatest Works of Art" has shed light on an estimated 20,000 works of art plundered by the Nazis; each one is owned by a museum or a collector somewhere.

Nazi plunder
Nazi authorities systematically plundered art and valuables from occupied European countries. Jewish property was looted beginning in 1933 in Germany and was a key part of the Holocaust. Nazis also plundered occupied countries, sometimes with direct seizures, and sometimes under the guise of protecting art through Kunstschutz units. In addition to gold, silver, and currency, cultural items of great significance were stolen, including paintings, ceramics, books, and religious treasures.

Many of the artworks looted by the Nazis were recovered by the Allies' Monuments, Fine Arts, and Archives program (MFAA, also known as the Monuments Men and Women), following the war; however many of them are still missing or were returned to countries but not to their original owners. An international effort to identify Nazi plunder which still remains unaccounted for is underway, with the ultimate aim of returning the items to their rightful owners, their families, or their respective countries.
Coimbatore District (Madras Presidency)
Coimbatore District was one of the districts of the erstwhile Madras Presidency of British India. It covered the areas of the present-day districts of Coimbatore, Erode and Tirupur and the Kollegal taluk of present-day Karnataka. It covered a total area of 20,400 square kilometres (7,860 sq mi) and was sub-divided into 10 taluks. The administrative headquarters was Coimbatore city. Most of Coimbatore's inhabitants were Tamil-speaking but there were also large numbers of Malayalam, Telugu and Kannada speaking people.

Kollegal
Kollegal (or Kollegala) is the Major taluk in the Chamarajanagara District of Karnataka State in the south of India. Kollegala is well known for its silk industry which attracts traders from all over the state.
Al-Qadi al-Nu'man
Abū Ḥanīfa al-Nuʿmān ibn Muḥammad ibn Manṣūr ibn Aḥmad ibn Ḥayyūn al-Tamīmiyy (Arabic: النعمان بن محمد بن منصور بن أحمد بن حيون التميمي, generally known as al-Qāḍī al-Nu‘mān (القاضي النعمان) or as ibn Ḥayyūn (ابن حيون) (died 974 CE/363 AH) was an Isma'ili jurist and the official historian of the Fatimid Caliphate. He was also called Qāḍī al-Quḍāt (قَاضِي القضاة) "Jurist of the Jurists" and Dāʻī al-Duʻāt (داعي الدعاة) "Missionary of Missionaries".

Qadi
A qadi (/ˈkɑːdi/; Arabic: قاضي, romanized: qāḍī) is the magistrate or judge of a Sharia court, who also exercises extrajudicial functions such as mediation, guardianship over orphans and minors, and supervision and auditing of public works.
Vic Aldridge
Victor Aldridge (October 25, 1893 – April 17, 1973), nicknamed "the Hoosier Schoolmaster", was an American right-handed pitcher in Major League Baseball who played for the Chicago Cubs, Pittsburgh Pirates and New York Giants, and was known to be an excellent curveball pitcher. Before his playing career he was a schoolmaster, hence his nickname. His most significant actions as a player occurred during the 1925 World Series, where Aldridge completed and won games two and five, only to have the most disastrous first inning in the seventh game of the World Series ever. After his retirement from baseball, he served as a state senator in the Indiana General Assembly. Aldridge is a member of the Indiana Baseball Hall of Fame, inducted in 2007.

Indiana Senate
The Indiana State Senate is the upper house of the Indiana General Assembly, the state legislature of the U.S. state of Indiana. The Senate is composed of 50 members representing an equal number of constituent districts. Senators serve four-year terms without term limits. According to the 2010 U.S. census, the average state senator represents 129,676 people.

The Senate convenes at the Indiana Statehouse in Indianapolis, Indiana.
Canada women's national handball team
The Canada women's national handball team is the national team of Canada. It takes part in international handball competitions. It is governed by the Canadian Team Handball Federation.

The team participated in the 1995 World Women's Handball Championship and in the 1997 World Women's Handball Championship.

1995 World Women's Handball Championship
The 1995 World Women's Handball Championship was the 12th edition of the World Championship. It took place in Austria and Hungary 5–17 December 1995. It was the only to have 20 teams and the first to have multiple hosts. South Korea won its first title in Vienna.
Abu l-Hasan Ali I
Abu l-Hasan Ali I (Arabic: أبو الحسن علي الأول), commonly referred to as Ali I Bey (Arabic: علي باي الأول ;   30 June 1688 – 22 September 1756) ) was the second leader of the Husainid Dynasty and the ruler of Tunisia from 1735 to 1756.

Muhammad I ar-Rashid
Muhammad I ar-Rachid (Arabic: محمد الأول الرشيد), commonly referred to as Rachid Bey (Arabic: رشيد باي ; 1710 – 12 February 1759) was the third leader of the Husainid Dynasty and the ruler of Tunisia from 1756 until his death. His son was Mahmud ibn Muhammad.
World Climate Research Programme
The World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) is an international programme that helps to coordinate global climate research. The WCRP was established in 1980, under the joint sponsorship of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the International Council for Science (ICSU), and has also been sponsored by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO since 1993.

The programme is funded by its three sponsors and additional contributions by nation states or other donors. WCRP uses these funds to organize science workshops or conferences and support collaboration between climate scientists at an international level. Its expert groups also develop international standards for climate data and propose future emphasis areas in international climate research, among others.

International Council for Science
The International Council for Science (ICSU, after its former name, International Council of Scientific Unions) was an international non-governmental organization devoted to international cooperation in the advancement of science. Its members were national scientific bodies and international scientific unions.

In 2017, the ICSU comprised 122 multi-disciplinary National Scientific Members, Associates and Observers representing 142 countries and 31 international, disciplinary Scientific Unions. ICSU also had 22 Scientific Associates. In July 2018, ICSU merged with the International Social Science Council (ISSC) to form the International Science Council (ISC) at a constituent general assembly in Paris.
Holyoke Transcript-Telegram
The Holyoke Transcript-Telegram, or T‑T, was an afternoon daily newspaper covering the city of Holyoke, Massachusetts, United States, and adjacent portions of Hampden County and Hampshire County.

Published as a daily since 1882, after four years of heavy losses the newspaper ceased publication in January 1993; at the time it was one of the longest running Massachusetts papers to fold, two decades longer than the Boston Post. Long owned by the Dwight family, the T-T's last owner was Newspapers of New England, which had been founded by the Dwights as a holding company for the T-T and other newspapers it had acquired.

With the departure of the T-T, Holyoke lost its only newspaper of record. Daily newspaper readers in the city turned to newspapers in nearby cities, which increased their coverage of Holyoke: the Union-News of Springfield, now called The Republican; and the Daily Hampshire Gazette of Northampton.

Daily Hampshire Gazette
The Daily Hampshire Gazette is a six-day morning daily newspaper based in Northampton, Massachusetts, United States, and covering all of Hampshire County, southern towns of Franklin County, and Holyoke. The newspaper prints Monday through Saturday, with the latter labeled "Weekend Edition". As of 2026, it is the longest running daily newspaper in Massachusetts.
Juan Esnáider (footballer, born 1992)
Juan Esnáider Ruiz (born 31 January 1992) is a Spanish former professional footballer who played as a forward.

He played as high as Segunda División in his own country (with Real Zaragoza), totalling 148 games and 20 goals in the Segunda División B for Zaragoza B, Huesca, Toledo, Mérida, Tudelano and Navalcarnero. He also had brief spells in the top divisions of Switzerland and Finland.

Deportivo Aragón
Real Zaragoza Deportivo Aragón is the reserve team of Real Zaragoza, a Spanish football club based in Zaragoza, in the autonomous community of Aragon. Founded in 1958, currently plays in Segunda Federación – Group 2, holding home matches at Ciudad Deportiva del Real Zaragoza, with a capacity of 2,500 seats.