hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Transit route network design problem
The transit route network design problem is a mathematical optimization problem in the context of transportation networks with well-defined stops, routes and timetables such as bus and railway networks.

The problem can be broken down into five subproblems: transportation network design, frequency setting, timetable development, vehicle scheduling, and crew scheduling.

Mathematical optimization
Mathematical optimization (alternatively spelled optimisation) or mathematical programming is the selection of a best element, with regard to some criteria, from some set of available alternatives. It is generally divided into two subfields: discrete optimization and continuous optimization. Optimization problems arise in all quantitative disciplines from computer science and engineering to operations research and economics, and the development of solution methods has been of interest in mathematics for centuries.

In the more general approach, an optimization problem consists of maximizing or minimizing a real function by systematically choosing input values from within an allowed set and computing the value of the function. The generalization of optimization theory and techniques to other formulations constitutes a large area of applied mathematics.
Rainier Motor Car Company
Rainier Motor Car Company was an American automobile manufacturer founded in 1905 by John T. Rainier in Flushing, New York and from 1908 produced in Saginaw, Michigan. The company specialized in manufacturing large and luxurious automobiles.  In 1909, the company was bought by General Motors who maintained the brand until 1911.

Luxury car
A luxury car is a passenger automobile providing superior comfort levels, features, and equipment. More expensive materials and surface finishes are used, and buyers expect a correspondingly high build quality.

The term is relative and unavoidably subjective, reflecting both objective qualities of a car and the projected and perceived image of the vehicle's marque. Luxury brands rank above premium brands, though there is no clear distinction between the two.

Luxury cars span from sports cars to large saloons and sport utility vehicles. "Compact" luxury vehicles also fill a niche.
The Wedding March (1929 film)
The Wedding March (French: La marche nuptiale) is a 1929 French silent comedy film directed by André Hugon and starring Pierre Blanchar, Louise Lagrange and Paul Guidé.

It was made by the French subsidiary of Paramount Pictures. The film's sets were designed by the art director Christian-Jaque.

Pierre Blanchar
Pierre Blanchar (French pronunciation: [pjɛʁ blɑ̃ʃaʁ]; 30 June 1892 – 21 November 1963) was a French actor. He appeared in more than 50 films between 1922 and 1961. Blanchar was married to actress Marthe Vinot, with whom he had a daughter, actress Dominique Blanchar. He played Napoleon in the 1938 British film A Royal Divorce alongside Ruth Chatterton as Josephine. He later appeared alongside Michèle Morgan in the 1946 film Pastoral Symphony.
Qalandia
Qalandia or Qalandiya (Arabic: قلنديا), also known as Kalandia (Hebrew: קלנדיה), is a Palestinian village located in the West Bank, between Jerusalem and Ramallah, just west of the West Bank barrier. The village had a population of 572 residents in 2017. Qalandia is also the name of a refugee camp, established by UNRWA in 1949. It is located just east of Jerusalem municipality. Qalandia refugee camp was built for Palestinian refugees who fled from Lydda, Ramla, and Jerusalem during the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight.

Qalandia Camp
Qalandia Camp is a Palestinian refugee camp established in 1949 by the Red Cross on land leased from Jordan. It covers 353 dunums (0.353 km2; 35.3 ha) as of 2006 and had a population of 8,336 in 2017. Israeli authorities consider it part of Greater Jerusalem, and it remains under their control.
Kerstin Casparij
Kerstin Yasmijn Casparij (Dutch: [ˈkɛrstɪ ɲɑsˈmɛiŋ kɑspaːˈrɛi]; born 19 August 2000) is a Dutch professional footballer who plays as a right-back or central midfielder for Women's Super League club Manchester City and the Netherlands national team.

Manchester City W.F.C.
Manchester City Women's Football Club (formerly Manchester City Ladies F.C.) is an English women's football club based in Manchester who play in the Women's Super League. It is affiliated with Manchester City which plays in the Premier League.
Shahryar (poet)
Akhlaq Mohammad Khan (16 June 1936 – 13 February 2012), better known by his pen name (takhallus in Urdu language)  Shahryar, was an Indian academic, and a doyen of Urdu poetry in India.

As a Hindi film lyricist, he is best known for his lyrics in Gaman (1978)  and Umrao Jaan (1981) directed by Muzaffar Ali. He retired as the head of the Urdu Department at the Aligarh Muslim University, and thereafter he remained a sought-after-name in mushairas or poetic gatherings, and he also co-edited the literary magazine Sher-o-Hikmat.

He was awarded the Sahitya Akademi Award in Urdu for Khwab Ka Dar Band Hai (1987), and in 2008 he won the Jnanpith Award, the highest literary award and only the fourth Urdu poet to win the award. He has been widely acknowledged as the finest exponent of modern Urdu poetry.

Aligarh Muslim University
Aligarh Muslim University is a collegiate, central, and research university located in Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India, which was originally established by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan as the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College in 1875. Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College became Aligarh Muslim University in 1920, following the Aligarh Muslim University Act.

The university offers more than 300 courses in traditional and modern branches of education. It is an Institute of National Importance and is listed in the Union List under the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution of India.
Sebastián González (Argentine footballer)
Sebastián Emanuel González Valdéz (born March 4, 1992) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for San Martín SJ. He played for the Argentina U-17 in the FIFA U-17 World Cup Nigeria 2009.

San Martín de San Juan
Club Atlético San Martín, mostly known as San Martín de San Juan, is an Argentine football club from the city of San Juan. The team currently plays in the Primera Nacional, the second division of the Argentine football league system.

It was founded on 27 September 1907 and is considered the best club of the San Juan Province.
Guido Calabresi
Guido Calabresi (born October 18, 1932) is an Italian-born American jurist who serves as a senior circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. He is a former Dean of Yale Law School, where he has been a professor since 1959. Calabresi is considered, along with Ronald Coase and Richard Posner, a founder of the field of law and economics.

United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
The United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit (in case citations, 2d Cir.) is a federal court with appellate jurisdiction over the district courts in the following districts:

District of Connecticut

Eastern District of New York

Northern District of New York

Southern District of New York

Western District of New York

District of Vermont
Poseci Bune
Poseci Waqalevu Bune (9 September 1946 – 22 November 2023) was a Fijian civil servant, diplomat, politician and Cabinet Minister. He served as chair of the Public Service Commissioner, secretary to the Prime Minister, and as Fiji's permanent representative to the United Nations, as well as a Cabinet Minister in the governments of Mahendra Chaudhry and Laisenia Qarase, and in the military regime of Frank Bainimarama. Bune died of prostate cancer on 22 November 2023, at the age of 77.

Public Service Commission (Fiji)
The Public Service Commission (PSC) is a statutory agency in Fiji within the Ministry of Civil Service that is responsible for overseeing standards of all civil servants.

Established in 1970 by Fiji's constitution, the Commission is led by a chairperson and consists of not less than three and not more than five members; all appointed by the President of Fiji on the advice of the Constitutional Offices Commission.
Bratislav Jugović
Bratislav Jugović (Serbian Cyrillic: Братислав Југовић; born 9 February 1980) is a politician in Serbia. He has served in the municipal government of Čačak and was elected to the National Assembly of Serbia in the 2020 parliamentary election. At one time a leading member of the Movement of Socialists (Pokret socijalista, PS), Jugović is now a member of the Serbian Progressive Party (Srpska napredna stranka, SNS).

Čačak
Čačak (Serbian Cyrillic: Чачак, pronounced [tʃǎːtʃak]) is a city and the administrative center of the Moravica District in central Serbia. It is located in the West Morava Valley. According to the 2022 census, the city itself has a population of 69,598 while the city administrative area has 105,612 inhabitants.

The city lies about 144 km south of the Serbian capital, Belgrade. It is also located near the Ovčar-Kablar Gorge ("Serbian Mount Athos"), with over 30 monasteries built in the gorge since the 14th century.
St Andrew's Cathedral, Singapore
Saint Andrew's Cathedral is an Anglican cathedral in Singapore. It is located near City Hall, Downtown Core, within the Central Area in Singapore's central business district. It is the cathedral church of the Anglican Diocese of Singapore and serves as the mother church to 27 parishes and more than 55 congregations. The church has existed on the site since 1836, although the current building was constructed in 1856–1861. The logo of the cathedral is the St Andrew's Cross.

In 2006, it marked the 150th anniversary of the St Andrew's Church Mission, which was initiated in 1856. After a period of more than 2 years of restorative works, the Cathedral Nave was reopened and dedicated by Bishop Titus Chung on 24 December 2023.

Former City Hall, Singapore
1°17′26″N 103°51′06″E﻿ / ﻿1.2906°N 103.8517°E﻿ / 1.2906; 103.8517

The Former City Hall building in Singapore is a national monument gazetted on 14 February 1992. It can be found in front of the historical Padang and adjacent to the Former Supreme Court of Singapore, it was designed and built by the architects of the Singapore Municipal Commission, A. Gordans and F. D. Meadows from 1926 to 1929. A flight of stairs takes visitors from the Corinthian colonnade to the main building. The building was constructed to replace several houses designed by architect G.D. Coleman. It was first known as the Municipal Building until 1951, when the town of Singapore was granted city status by King George VI.
Nikollë Zaharia
Nikollë Zaharia, also known as Nikola Zakarija or Nikola Sakat (fl. 1364–1388), was a 14th-century Albanian nobleman of the Zaharia family who served as the castellan of Budva under the Balsha family. He was a prominent figure in the political affairs of the southern Adriatic, holding Ragusan and Venetian citizenship, and at times acting as an ally or adversary in their conflicts with each other as well as Kotor and King Tvrtko I of Bosnia. Following the death of Balsha II in 1385, Zaharia sought independence from Zeta together with his brothers. He is last mentioned in 1388, after which his son Koja Zaharia emerged as the autonomous lord of Dagnum and Shati. Through his daughter’s marriage to Komnen Arianiti, Nikollë became the maternal grandfather of several leading figures of the Arianiti family, including Gjergj Arianiti.

Budva
Budva (Cyrillic: Будва, pronounced [bûːdv̞a] or [bûdv̞a]) is a town in the Coastal region of Montenegro. It had 17,479 inhabitants as of 2023, and is the centre of Budva Municipality. The coastal area around Budva, known as the Budva Riviera, is the center of Montenegrin tourism, renowned for its well-preserved medieval walled city, sandy beaches, and diverse nightlife. Budva is 2,500 years old, which makes it one of the oldest settlements on the Adriatic coast.
Out (manga)
Out (アウト, Auto) is a Japanese manga series written by Tatsuya Iguchi and illustrated by Makoto Mizuta. It began serialization in Akita Shoten's Young Champion magazine in June 2012. A live-action film adaptation premiered in November 2023.

Akita Shoten
Akita Publishing Co., Ltd. (株式会社秋田書店, Kabushiki-gaisha Akita Shoten) is a Japanese publishing company headquartered in Chiyoda, Tokyo. It was founded by Teio Akita in 1948. As of May 2023, the company's president is Shigeru Higuchi. The company is known for publishing the manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Champion, which serialized works such as Osamu Tezuka's Black Jack, Keisuke Itagaki's Baki the Grappler, and Shinji Mizushima's Dokaben.
Calanticaria
Calanticaria is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Asteraceae.

Its native range is eastern Mexico.

Botanists Schilling & Panero in 2002 and 2011, studied the subtribe Helianthinae based on molecular sequences of nuclear ITS, ETS, and cpDNA, coming to a conclusion that the genus Viguiera Kunth, did not constitute a monophyletic group. Among their conclusions they proposed to reclassify the genus, dividing and relocating its species in at least eleven genera: Aldama La Llave, Bahiopsis Kellogg, Calanticaria (B.L. Rob. & Greenm.) E.E. Schill. & Panero, Davilanthus E.E. Schill. & Panero, Dendroviguiera E.E. Schill. & Panero, Gonzalezia E.E. Schill. & Panero, Heiseria E.E. Schill. & Panero, Heliomeris Nutt., Hymenostephium Benth., Sidneya E.E. Schill. & Panero and Viguiera Kunth.

Viguiera
Viguiera is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. It contains around 19–40 species, which are commonly known as goldeneyes and are native to the New World. These are herbs to bushy shrubs that bear yellow or orange daisy-like flowers.
Aston Francis
Aston Francis (born March 20, 1997) is an American professional basketball player who last played for the Lakeland Magic of the NBA G League. He played college basketball for three seasons at Wheaton College, where he won the Bevo Francis Award after averaging an NCAA-leading 34.3 points per game in his senior season. Francis previously played for Tyler Junior College.

Wheaton College (Illinois)
Wheaton College is a private Evangelical Christian liberal arts college in Wheaton, Illinois, United States. It was founded by evangelical abolitionists in 1860. Wheaton College was a stop on the Underground Railroad and graduated one of Illinois' first Black college graduates. Colloquially known as the "Harvard of Evangelical Schools", it has been considered one of the leading Christian universities in the United States and an influential institution in North American evangelicalism and as an anchor of the "Bible belt" centered around the Wheaton area.
Lokman Slim
Lokman Mohsen Slim (Arabic: لقمان محسن سليم; 17 July 1962 – 4 February 2021) was a Lebanese Shiite publisher, political activist, and commentator. As a contributor to the development of civil-society initiatives, several of which he founded, he promoted a Culture of Remembrance to cope with the many past and present conflicts of Lebanon and the whole region. Slim was known to be a prominent critic of Hezbollah (as well as all other sectarian parties).

He was found shot to death in his car in Hezbollah-dominated southern Lebanon in 2021. Many people, including Slim's sister have alleged Hezbollah to have committed the assassination, a charge that Hezbollah has denied.

Lebanese Shia Muslims
Lebanese Shia Muslims (Arabic: المسلمون الشيعة اللبنانيون), historically and communally known as Matāwila (Arabic: متاولة, plural of متوالي mutawāli; pronounced as متوالي metouéle in Lebanese Arabic), are Lebanese people who are adherents of Shia Islam in Lebanon, which plays a major role alongside Lebanon's main Sunni, Maronite and Druze sects. Shiite Muslims in Lebanon are synonymous with Twelver Shi'ism and are distinguished from Alawites and Isma'ilis.

Today, Shiite Muslims constitute around 31.2% of the Lebanese population per the CIA's World Factbook. Under the terms of an unwritten agreement known as the National Pact between the various political and religious leaders of Lebanon, Shiites are the only sect eligible for the post of Speaker of Parliament.
Loch a' Mhadail
Loch a' Mhadail or Loch a' Mhiotailt is a small freshwater lochan that lies immediately to the south-west of Loch Veyatie and is connected by a channel to Loch Veyatie within the area of Inverpolly. The channel measures about 20 foot in length, 10 feet in width and 1 foot in depth. When the water level is low, Loch a' Mhadail is separated from Loch Veyatie by a dyke made of Gneiss.

Loch Veyatie
Loch Veyatie (Scottish Gaelic: Loch Mheathadaidh) is a large freshwater loch in north-west Scotland. It stretches for 6 km north-westwards from the settlement of Elphin, and lies between Suilven and Cùl Mòr. The loch is located in an area known as the Assynt-Coigach National Scenic Area, one of 40 such areas in Scotland.
Snowbank Lake (Idaho)
Snowbank Lake is a small alpine lake in Elmore County, Idaho, United States, located in the Sawtooth Mountains in the Sawtooth National Recreation Area.  No trails lead directly to this lake although Sawtooth National Forest trails 458, 494, and 459 are relatively close.

Snowbank Lake is in the Sawtooth Wilderness, and a wilderness permit can be obtained at a registration box at trailheads or wilderness boundaries.

Sawtooth National Recreation Area
The Sawtooth National Recreation Area (SNRA) is a national recreation area in central Idaho, United States that is managed as part of Sawtooth National Forest. The recreation area, established on August 22, 1972, is managed by the U.S. Forest Service, and includes the Sawtooth, Hemingway–Boulders, and Cecil D. Andrus–White Clouds wilderness areas. Activities within the 730,864-acre (2,957.70 km2) recreation area include hiking, backpacking, White water rafting, camping, rock climbing, kayaking, mountain biking, fishing, and hunting.

The SNRA headquarters are about seven miles (11 km) north of Ketchum on Highway 75. SNRA also has a ranger station in Stanley, near its northern boundary.
Abell 13
Abell 13 (known as the Onion ring nebula) is a large and highly evolved planetary nebula located 3900 light years from Earth in the constellation of Orion. It has a reddish color and is very faint. Abell 13 has a circular outer ring of Ha (Hydrogen-alpha).

The nebula was discovered in 1955 by an American astronomer named George Ogden Abell on the photo plates of the Palomar Observatory Sky Survey (POSS).

Hydrogen-alpha
Hydrogen-alpha, typically shortened to H-alpha or Hα, is a deep-red visible spectral line of the hydrogen atom  with a wavelength of 656.28 nm in air and 656.46 nm in vacuum. It is the first spectral line in the Balmer series and is emitted when an electron falls from a hydrogen atom's third- to second-lowest energy level. H-alpha has applications in astronomy where its emission can be observed from emission nebulae and from features in the Sun's atmosphere, including solar prominences and the chromosphere.
Tineg
Tineg, officially the Municipality of Tineg (Ilocano: Ili ti Tineg; Adasen: Ili niye Tineg; Tagalog: Bayan ng Tineg), is a  municipality in the province of Abra, Philippines. According to the 2024 census, it has a population of 5,059 people.

Abra (province)
Abra, officially the Province of Abra (Ilocano: Probinsia ti Abra; Inlaod Itneg: Probinsiya ta Abra; Maeng Itneg: Probinsiya di Abra; Moyadan Itneg: Probinsiya ti Abra; Filipino: Lalawigan ng Abra), is a province in the Cordillera Administrative Region of the Philippines. Its capital is the municipality of Bangued, the most populous in the province. It is bordered by Ilocos Norte on the northwest, Apayao on the northeast, Kalinga on the mid-east, Mountain Province on the southeast, and Ilocos Sur on the southwest.
Tom Taggart (Canadian politician)
Tom Taggart is a Canadian politician who was elected to the Nova Scotia House of Assembly in the 2021 Nova Scotia general election. He represents the riding of Colchester North as a member of the Progressive Conservative Association of Nova Scotia.

Before his election to the legislature, Taggart served on the Colchester County council. He previously ran in Colchester North in the 1993 Nova Scotia general election, losing to Ed Lorraine.

Ed Lorraine
Edward F. Lorraine (April 15, 1928 – June 18, 2008) was a Canadian politician and farmer. He represented the electoral district of Colchester North in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1981 to 1984, and 1988 to 1999. He was a member of the Nova Scotia Liberal Party.

Born in Onslow, Colchester County, Nova Scotia, Lorraine was a cattle farmer who was elected to Colchester County Council in 1972, serving as warden from 1973 to 1981. He was first elected to the provincial legislature in 1981, winning the Colchester North riding by 11 votes. He was defeated in the 1984 election, but regained the seat in 1988. Lorraine was re-elected in 1993, and in 1997 was appointed to the Executive Council of Nova Scotia as Minister of Agriculture. He remained in that position following the 1998 election, and did not seek re-election in 1999. In 2004, Lorraine was named to the Atlantic Agricultural Hall of Fame.

Lorraine died on June 18, 2008, at the age of 80.
Aaron Boupendza
Aaron Salem Boupendza Pozzi (7 August 1996 – 16 April 2025) was a Gabonese professional footballer who played as a forward.

Trained at CF Mounana, where he won the Gabon Championnat National D1 in 2015–16, he signed for Bordeaux in 2016. He played only for the reserve team and out on loan, finishing as top scorer of the Championnat National for Pau in 2017–18. In 2020 he signed for Hatayspor, and was top scorer in the Süper Lig in 2020–21. He then had one season each with Al Arabi of the Qatar Stars League and Al Shabab of the Saudi Pro League, winning a Qatar FA Cup with the former in 2022. He won the Supporters' Shield with FC Cincinnati in 2023, and had brief spells in Romania with Rapid București in Romania and Zhejiang FC in China before his death at age 28.

A full international for the Gabon national team since 2016, Boupendza represented the country at the 2021 Africa Cup of Nations.

Qatar FA Cup
The Qatar FA Cup is an annual knockout football competition in domestic Qatari football. The tournament was announced right after the 2020–21 Qatar Stars League ended, where the bottom 8 teams from the Qatar Stars League and the entire Qatari Second Division participate.
Mission High School (Mission, Texas)
Mission High School is a secondary school located in Mission, Texas.  It is a part of the Mission Consolidated Independent School District.

It serves sections of Mission, Palmhurst, and Alton, as well as the Mission CISD portion of the unincorporated area of West Sharyland.

For many years, Mission High School was the city's only high school. As of 2011, it competed in the 5-A Texas classification was home to some 2,200 students. At its peak, it was home to over 4,000 students before MCISD split the Mission High School attendance zone into two, with the addition of Veterans Memorial High School.

Mission High students were victims of the September 21, 1989 Alton, Texas bus crash; the students' school bus, also carrying students to Mission Junior High, fell into a caliche pit after a collision with a truck, causing 21 deaths.

Veterans Memorial High School (Mission, Texas)
Veterans Memorial High School is a senior high school in Mission, Texas and a part of the Mission Consolidated Independent School District.
It was made in 2002 and had the first graduation in 2004.
It serves sections of Mission, Alton, and Palmhurst.