hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Prickly forest skink
The prickly skink, or prickly forest skink (Gnypetoscincus queenslandiae), is a morphologically and genetically distinctive species of skink endemic to rainforests of the Wet Tropics of Queensland World Heritage Area, in north-eastern Australia. Unlike most small skinks, which have smooth scales, this species has rough, ridged and pointed scales. These keeled scales may be an adaptation to its high-rainfall habitat, to its microhabitat in rotting logs, or to camouflage it when moving through forest leaf-litter.

Skink
Skinks are lizards that constitute the family Scincidae, which is part of the infraorder Scincomorpha. With more than 1,500 described species across 100 different taxonomic genera, the family Scincidae is one of the most diverse families of lizards. Skinks are characterized by their smaller legs in comparison to typical lizards and are found in different habitats except arctic and subarctic regions.
Pyin Oo Lwin District
Pyin Oo Lwin  District (Burmese: ပြင်‌ဦးလွင်‌ခရိုင်, MLCTS: MLCTS) is a district of the Mandalay Region in central Myanmar. It lies northeast of Mandalay, and consists solely of Pyin Oo Lwin Township.

Prior to 2022, it contained five townships with the Myitnge River as its southern boundary. To the east it is bordered by Shan State and in part by the Chaung Magyi (Chaung means stream).  It goes north as far as the town of Dakaung where it adjoins Htigyaing Township, Katha District in Sagaing Region. Its western boundary, is for the most part the Irrawaddy, but a very small portion of Thabeikkyin Township is west of the Irrawaddy, near the town of Baw in Sagaing Region. To the southwest it borders Mandalay District.

Thabeikkyin Township
Thabeikkyin Township (Burmese: သပိတ်ကျင်းမြို့နယ်, Tha Pate Kyin Township) is a township of Thabeikkyin District in the Mandalay Region of Burma. It is the northernmost township in Mandalay Region and, although it primarily lies on the east bank (left bank) of the Irrawaddy, it has a small enclave on the western bank extending as far as the village of Gagalaw, near the town of Baw in Katha District, Sagaing Region. On the south it borders Singu Township, on the east, Mogote Township and further north Shan State, while it abuts Tigyaing Township of Sagaing Region to the north.
Theory of indispensable attributes
The theory of indispensable attributes (TIA) is a theory in the context of perceptual organisation which asks for the functional units and elementary features that are relevant for a perceptual system in the constitution of perceptual objects. Earlier versions of the theory emerged in the context of an application of research on vision to audition, and analogies between vision and audition were emphasised,
whereas in more recent writings the necessity of a modality-general theory of perceptual organisation and objecthood is stressed.

The subject of perceptual organisation, and with it TIA, constitute a prime example of how theories of Gestalt psychology  have been taken up and kept alive in cognitive psychology.

TIA has been drawn on in the context of music research, in the areas of music philosophy,
and systematic music theory.

Perceptual system
A perceptual system is a computational system (biological or artificial) designed to make inferences about properties of a physical environment based on scenes.

In this context, a scene is defined as sensory information that can flow from a physical environment into a computational system via sensory transduction. A sensory organ (biological or artificial) is used to capture this information. Therefore, a perceptual system must incorporate input from at least one sensory organ.

Examples of perceptual systems include:

The visual system

The auditory system

The olfactory system

The somatosensory system

A bat's sonar/echolocation system

A man-made light meter

A man-made motion detector

Research in the field of perceptual systems focuses on computational aspects of perception. For this reason, there is significant overlap with neuroscience, sensor design, natural scene statistics, and computer science.
Perron–Frobenius theorem
In matrix theory, the Perron–Frobenius theorem, proved by Oskar Perron (1907) and Georg Frobenius (1912), asserts that a real square matrix with positive entries has a unique eigenvalue of largest magnitude and that eigenvalue is real.  The corresponding eigenvector can be chosen to have strictly positive components, and also asserts a similar statement for certain classes of nonnegative matrices. This theorem has important applications to probability theory (ergodicity of Markov chains); to the theory of dynamical systems (subshifts of finite type); to economics (Okishio's theorem, Hawkins–Simon condition);
to demography (Leslie population age distribution model); 
to social networks (DeGroot learning process); to  Internet search engines (PageRank); and even to the ranking of American football
teams. The first to discuss the ordering of players within tournaments using Perron–Frobenius eigenvectors is Edmund Landau.

Square matrix
In mathematics, a square matrix is a matrix with the same number of rows and columns. An n-by-n matrix is known as a square matrix of order . Any two square matrices of the same order can be added and multiplied.

Square matrices are often used to represent simple linear transformations, such as shearing or rotation. For example, if  is a square matrix representing a rotation (rotation matrix) and  is a column vector describing the position of a point in space, the product  yields another column vector describing the position of that point after that rotation. If  is a row vector, the same transformation can be obtained using , where  is the transpose of .
Who's Who (UK)
Who's Who is a reference work. It has been published annually in the form of a hardback book since 1849, and has been published online since 1999. It has also been published on CD-ROM. It lists, and gives information on, people from around the world who influence British life. Entries include notable figures from government, politics, academia, business, sport and the arts. Who's Who 2025 is the 177th edition and includes more than 32,500 people.

In 2004, the book was described as the United Kingdom's most prominent work of biographical reference.

The book is the original Who's Who book and "the pioneer work of its type". The book is an origin of the expression "who's who" used in a wider sense.

Hardcover
A hardcover, hard cover, or hardback (also known as hardbound, and sometimes as casebound) book is one bound with rigid protective covers (typically of binder's board or heavy paperboard covered with buckram or other cloth, heavy paper, or occasionally leather). It has a flexible, sewn spine which allows the book to lie flat on a surface when opened. Modern hardcovers may have the pages glued onto the spine in much the same way as paperbacks. Following the ISBN sequence numbers, books of this type may be identified by the abbreviation Hbk.
One Direction: This Is Us
One Direction: This Is Us is a 2013 documentary concert film about four parts English and one part-Irish boy band One Direction. It opened in the United Kingdom on 29 August 2013. It also opened a day later in the United States. The film follows the group on their Take Me Home Tour. It was a commercial success and grossed $68 million worldwide.

Hannah Montana & Miley Cyrus: Best of Both Worlds Concert
Hannah Montana and Miley Cyrus: Best of Both Worlds Concert is a 2008 American concert comedy film produced and released by Walt Disney Pictures presented in Disney Digital 3-D. It was first released in the United States and Canada for one week beginning on February 1, 2008. The film is directed by Bruce Hendricks and produced by Art Repola.

The world television premiere on Disney Channel was on July 26, 2008. The Disney Channel premiere brought 5.9 million viewers.
Section 114 notice
A section 114 notice is a report issued by the chief financial officer (or Section 151 officer) of a British public body to prevent certain types of expenditure. It takes its name from section 114 of the Local Government Finance Act 1988 (c. 41).

The most common type of notice is made under section 114(3) which restricts all spending except for that which funds statutory services. Despite the fact that local authorities in the United Kingdom cannot go bankrupt, issuing a section 114 notice is often described in the media as a council effectively declaring bankruptcy. Most councils under a section 114 notice will then pass a new budget to introduce cuts and reduce spending.

Amongst other instances, section 114 notices have been issued by Hackney Council in 2000, Northamptonshire Council twice in 2018, Croydon Council in 2020 and 2022, Slough Council in 2021, Thurrock Council in 2022, and Woking Borough Council and Birmingham City Council in 2023.

Chief financial officer
A chief financial officer (CFO) is an officer of a company or organization who is assigned the primary responsibility for making decisions for the company for projects and its finances; i.a.: financial planning, management of financial risks, record-keeping, and financial reporting, and, increasingly, the analysis of data.
The CFO thus has ultimate authority over the finance unit and is the chief financial spokesperson for the organization.

The CFO typically reports to the chief executive officer (CEO) and the board of directors and may additionally have a seat on the board. The CFO directly assists the chief operating officer (COO) on all business matters relating to budget management, cost–benefit analysis, forecasting needs, and securing of new funding. Some CFOs have the title CFOO for chief financial and operating officer. In most countries, finance directors (FD) typically report into the CFO, and FD is the level before reaching CFO.
Santosh Upadhyaya
Dr. Santosh Upadhyaya (Nepali: सन्तोष उपाध्याय , born: March 20, 1991) is a Nepalese doctor, entrepreneur, television presenter and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Mr. Nepal 2019 and represented his country at Mister Supranational 2021 and was third runner up of the competition and the winner of Mister Influencer subtitle. 
He was the winner of first edition of Supra Star Search 2020.

Mister Supranational 2021
Mister Supranational 2021 was the 5th edition of the Mister Supranational pageant. It was held on August 22, 2021 in Nowy Sącz, Poland. Nate Crnkovich of the United States crowned Varo Vargas of Peru as his successor at the end of the event. This edition marks the first time in history that Peru won the Mister Supranational pageant, the second South American country and the third Latin American country to do so.

The edition was originally scheduled at the end of 2020 but was postponed due to the global COVID-19 pandemic.
Battle of Cesar
The Battle of Cesar, in Portuguese: Batalha de Cesar, was a battle that took place on 23 March 1035, between the armies of Bermudo III, King of León, and the Moorish armies of Abu'l-Qasim, the emir of the Taifa of Seville, near the village of Cesar, Aveiro.

The result of the battle was a defeat of the Moorish armies, which limited the warlike capacity of the Taifa of Seville in the Beiras region, increasing its loss of influence and power in the region, leading to the Beiras Campaign and the definitive conquest of Coimbra by Ferdinand I of León in 1064.

County of Portugal
The County of Portugal (Galician-Portuguese: Comtato de Portugalle; referred to as Portugalia in contemporary documents) refers to two successive medieval counties in the region around Guimarães and Porto, today corresponding to litoral northern Portugal, within which the identity of the Portuguese people formed. The first county existed from the mid-ninth to the mid-eleventh centuries as a vassalage of the Kingdom of Asturias and the Kingdom of Galicia and also part of the Kingdom of León, before being abolished as a result of rebellion. A larger entity under the same name was then reestablished in the late 11th century and subsequently elevated by its count in the mid-12th century into an independent Kingdom of Portugal.
Teejay Arunasalam
Teejay Arunasalam is British playback singer and actor who has worked in Indian cinema, particularly Tamil language films. After making his acting debut in the Tamil film Asuran (2019) alongside Dhanush, he has also appeared in significant roles in Thatrom Thookrom (2020), anthology web series Putham Pudhu Kaalai Vidiyaadhaa (2022), and in Pathu Thala (2023) with Silambarasan.

Silambarasan
Silambarasan Tesingu Rajendar (born 3 February 1983), popularly known as Simbu or by his initials as STR, is an Indian actor, producer,director and playback singer who primarily works in Tamil cinema. He is a recipient of two Edison Awards and three SIIMA Awards.

He is the eldest son of actor/director T. Rajendar. He began his acting career by playing roles as a child artist in films directed by his father, before his first lead role in his father's Kadhal Azhivathillai (2002).

In 2004, he starred in Manmadhan which was a huge success and became a turning point in his acting career. He went on to star in several commercially successful films such as Saravana (2006), Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa (2010), Vaanam (2011), Achcham Yenbadhu Madamaiyada (2016), Chekka Chivantha Vaanam (2018) and Maanaadu (2021).
Mister Venezuela 2019
Mister Venezuela 2019 was the 15th Mister Venezuela pageant. It was held at the Estudio 1 de Venevisión in Caracas, Venezuela on April 13, 2019.

At the end of the event, Christian Nunes of Distrito Capital titled Jorge Eduardo Nuñez of Zulia as Mister Venezuela 2019. He represented Venezuela at the Mister World 2019 pageant placing in the Top 29 and then in Mister Supranational 2023 pageant.

The runner-up position went to Leonardo Carrero of Mérida.

Mister World 2019
Mister World 2019 was the tenth edition of the Mister World competition. It was held on 23 August 2019 at the Smart Araneta Coliseum in Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines. Rohit Khandelwal of India crowned Jack Heslewood of England as his successor at the end of the event.
Convallarioideae
Convallarioideae is a monocot subfamily of the family Asparagaceae. It used to be treated as a separate family, Ruscaceae s.l., but this family was merged into Asparagaceae in the APG III system of 2009. Initially the name Nolinoideae was used, derived from the type genus Nolina. This name was supposed to have been published by Burnett in 1935. However, this has been shown to be an error, as Burnett based a subfamily on the Solanaceae genus Nolana not Nolina.

The subfamily includes genera that had been placed in a range of different families, including Ruscaceae s.s., Nolinaceae, Dracaenaceae, Convallariaceae and Eriospermaceae. Like many groups of lilioid monocots, the genera included here were once included in a wide interpretation of the family Liliaceae.

Sensu
Sensu is a Latin word meaning "in the sense of". It is used in a number of fields including biology, geology, linguistics, semiotics, and law. Commonly it refers to how strictly or loosely an expression is used in describing any particular concept, but it also appears in expressions that indicate the convention or context of the usage.
GWAS Central
GWAS Central (previously HGBASE, HGVbase and HGVbaseG2P) is a publicly available database of summary-level findings from genetic association studies in humans, including genome-wide association studies (GWAS).

It is funded through the GEN2PHEN project by the European Union under their Seventh Framework Programme.

Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development
The Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development, also called Framework Programmes or abbreviated FP1 to FP9, are funding programmes created by the European Union/European Commission to support and foster research in the European Research Area (ERA). Starting in 2014, the funding programmes were named Horizon.

The funding programmes began in 1984 and continue to the present day. The most recent programme, Horizon Europe, has a budget of 95.5 billion Euros to be distributed over 7 years.

The specific objectives and actions vary between funding periods. In FP6 and FP7, focus was on technological research. In Horizon 2020, the focus was on innovation, delivering economic growth faster, and delivering solutions to end users that are often governmental agencies.
Lalchand Rajput
Lalchand Sitaram Rajputpronunciationⓘ; (born 18 December 1961) is an Indian cricket coach and former cricketer. He was appointed head coach of the United Arab Emirates national cricket team in 2024.

Rajput played in two Tests and four ODIs from 1985 to 1987. He took up coaching after the conclusion of his playing career and has also held administrative positions with the Mumbai Cricket Association. He has served as head coach of India (2007–2008), Afghanistan (2016–2017), Zimbabwe (2018–2022) and the United Arab Emirates (2024–present). He was appointed Manager of the Indian team at the 2007 ICC World Twenty20, which he led the team to be the maiden champions of the tournament.

2007 World Twenty20
The 2007 ICC World Twenty20 was the inaugural edition of the Men's T20 World Cup, formerly known as the ICC World Twenty20 that was contested in South Africa from 11 to 24 September 2007. Twelve teams took part in the thirteen-day tournament—the ten Test-playing nations and the finalists of the 2007 World Cricket League Division One tournament: Kenya and Scotland. India won the tournament, beating Pakistan in the final at Johannesburg by 5 runs.
Rolf Schoembs Vidyashram
Rolf Schoembs Vidyashram (commonly known as RSV) is a non-formal primary school located in Ghosaldanga, near Bishnubati village in the Bolpur-Sriniketan area of Birbhum district, West Bengal, India. It was founded in 1996 by the Ghosaldanga Bishnubati Adibasi Seva Sangha with financial support from Rolf Schoembs, a German friend of the Santal community. The school was established to provide culturally relevant education for Santal children and to promote learning through their mother tongue, Santali.

Santal people
The Santal (or Santhal) are an Austroasiatic-speaking Munda ethnic group of the Indian subcontinent. They constitute the largest tribal community in the Indian states of Jharkhand and West Bengal, and are also present in Odisha, Bihar, Assam, and Tripura. They are the largest ethnic minority in northern Bangladesh's Rajshahi Division and Rangpur Division. They have a sizeable population in Nepal. The Santals speak Santali, the most widely spoken language of the Munda subfamily of Austroasiatic languages.
Zahid Chauhan
Dr Zahid Chauhan OBE, FRCGP is a British general practitioner and Labour Party politician who has been councillor for Alexandra Ward on Oldham Council since 2013. He  served as Mayor of Oldham from May 2023 to May 2025 when he was succeeded by Eddie Moores

Royal College of General Practitioners
The Royal College of General Practitioners (RCGP) is the professional body for general (medical) practitioners (GPs/Family Physicians/Primary Care Physicians) in the United Kingdom. The RCGP represents and supports GPs on key issues including licensing, education, training, research and clinical standards. It is the largest of the medical royal colleges, with more than 54,000 members. The RCGP was founded in 1952 in London, England and is a registered charity. Its motto is Cum Scientia Caritas – "Compassion [empowered] with Knowledge."
Dulce de leche
Dulce de leche (Spanish: [ˈdulse ðe ˈletʃe, ˈdulθe]), caramelized milk, milk candy, or milk jam is a confection commonly made by heating sugar and milk over several hours. The substance takes on a spreadable, sauce-like consistency and derives its rich flavour and colour from non-enzymatic browning. It is typically used to top or fill other sweet foods.

Food browning
Browning is the process of food turning brown due to the chemical reactions that take place within. The process of browning is one of the chemical reactions that take place in food chemistry and represents an interesting research topic regarding health, nutrition, and food technology. Though there are many different ways food chemically changes over time, browning in particular falls into two main categories: enzymatic versus non-enzymatic browning processes.

Browning has many important implications on the food industry relating to nutrition, technology, and economic cost. Researchers are especially interested in studying the control (inhibition) of browning and the different methods that can be employed to maximize this inhibition and ultimately prolong the shelf life of food.
303 (film)
303 is a 2018 German romantic road movie directed by Hans Weingartner. The film stars Mala Emde and Anton Spieker as strangers who journey across Europe in a Mercedes 303 camper van, leading to deep conversations and an evolving connection. The film was praised for its authentic dialogue, emotional depth, and naturalistic performances.

303 premiered on February 16, 2018, at the Berlin International Film Festival, where it opened the Generation section. It was released in Germany on July 19, 2018, and in Austria the following day. The film made its first broadcast on Bayerischer Rundfunk on August 19, 2021, as part of the night program, although it was shown in a version shortened by about 20 minutes. It received a positive reception from both audiences and critics.

Campervan
A campervan, also referred to as a camper, caravanette, motorhome or RV (recreational vehicle) in North America, is a self-propelled vehicle that provides transport and sleeping accommodation, and usually cooking facilities. The term describes a van that has been fitted out, whereas a motorhome is one with a coachbuilt body.
Lopushnia
Lopushnia, Lopushnya, sometimes Lopushna (Ukrainian: Лопушня, Polish: Lopuszna, Lopusznia) is a village of 282 people in Ivano-Frankivsk Raion of Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast in the western part of Ukraine. It is the first village on the highway when entering Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast from the side of Berezhany and Ternopil Oblast. Lopushnia belongs to Rohatyn urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. The river Narayivka flows through Lopushnia.

In terms of administration the village is subordinated to the village council in Verkhnia Lypytsia, a much larger neighbouring village 2 km away.

There are daily bus connections between Lopushnia and Rohatyn, and between Lopushnia and Berezhany. The village is easily accessible by road and public transport.

There are vast deposits of limestone in the hills. Limestone is being mined and slaked here.

The closest railway station is in Pidvysoke, less than 1 km away.

Verkhnia Lypytsia
Verkhnia Lypytsia (Ukrainian: Верхня Липиця, literally "Upper Lypytsya"), also Upper Lipitsa, is a village in Ivano-Frankivsk Raion, Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast, Ukraine. It belongs to Rohatyn urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine.

Close to the village there is an Iron Age archaeological site, which gives its name to the Lipitsa culture.

Until 18 July 2020, Verkhnia Lypytsia belonged to Rohatyn Raion. The raion was abolished in July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast to six. The area of Rohatyn Raion was merged into Ivano-Frankivsk Raion.