hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Nyiragongo Territory
Nyiragongo Territory is a territory in North Kivu in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. Covering an area of 333 square kilometers, it had a population of 338,966 as of 2022. The territory is bordered to the north by the Bwisha Chiefdom in Rutshuru Territory, to the south by Karisimbi commune in the city of Goma, to the east by Rwanda, and to the west by the Virunga National Park, which separates it from the Bahunde Chiefdom in Masisi Territory.

Established by presidential ordinance on 20 August 1998, with administrative foundations dating back to District Commissioner's Order No. 58 of 22 June 1929, Nyiragongo Territory is composed solely of Bukumu Chiefdom. This chiefdom is further divided into seven groupements, which are subdivided into 58 villages. The territory is historically governed by the Kumu people, but its population is ethnically diverse, including the native Shi, Nande, Hunde and the Congolese Banyarwanda as well as other ethnic groups.

Karisimbi (commune)
1°38′00″S 29°11′00″E﻿ / ﻿1.63333°S 29.18333°E﻿ / -1.63333; 29.18333

Karisimbi is a commune in Goma in the North Kivu Province of the eastern region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The commune takes its name from the nearby Mount Karisimbi, a prominent volcano in the Virunga Mountains. Spanning an area of approximately 33,372 square kilometers, Karisimbi extends from Goma International Airport to the outskirts of the Mugunga neighborhood. It is bordered by the Masisi Territory to the south and Rwanda to the east.

Primarily a residential area, Karisimbi hosts limited commercial activity and a structured administrative division. The commune is organized into 11 neighborhoods—Murara, Ndosho, Virunga, Bujovu, Mugunga, Kasika, Mabanga Nord, Mabanga Sud, Majengo, Kahembe, and Katoyi—which are further subdivided into 39 cells and 209 avenues.
Surge protector
A surge protector, spike suppressor, surge suppressor, surge diverter, surge protection device (SPD), transient voltage suppressor (TVS), or transient voltage surge suppressor (TVSS) is an appliance or device intended to protect electrical devices in alternating current (AC) circuits from voltage spikes with very short duration measured in microseconds, which can arise from a variety of causes including lightning strikes in the vicinity.

A surge protector limits the voltage supplied to the electrical devices to a certain threshold by short-circuiting current to ground or absorbing the spike when a transient occurs, thus avoiding damage to the devices connected to it.

Key specifications that characterize this device are the clamping voltage, or the transient voltage at which the device starts functioning, the joule rating, a measure of how much energy can be absorbed per surge, and the response time.

Joule
The joule (/dʒuːl/ JOOL, or /dʒaʊl/ JOWL; symbol: J) is the unit of energy in the International System of Units (SI). In terms of SI base units, one joule corresponds to one kilogram-metre squared per second squared (1 J = 1 kg⋅m2⋅s−2). One joule is equal to the amount of work done when a force of one newton displaces a body through a distance of one metre in the direction of that force. It is also the energy dissipated as heat when an electric current of one ampere passes through a resistance of one ohm for one second. It is named after the English physicist James Prescott Joule (1818–1889).
Potez 540
The Potez 540 was a French multi-role aircraft of the 1930s. Designed and built by Potez, it served with the French Air Force as a reconnaissance bomber, also serving with the Spanish Republican Air Force during the Spanish Civil War. Although obsolete as a bomber, it remained in service in support roles and in France's overseas colonies at the start of World War II.

Potez
Potez (pronounced [pɔtɛz]) was a French aircraft manufacturer founded as Aéroplanes Henry Potez by Henry Potez at Aubervilliers in 1919. The firm began by refurbishing war-surplus SEA IV aircraft, but was soon building new examples of an improved version, the Potez SEA VII.
Cholesterol signaling
Cholesterol is a cell signaling molecule that is highly regulated in eukaryotic cell membranes. In human health, its effects are most notable in inflammation, metabolic syndrome, and neurodegeneration. At the molecular level, cholesterol primarily signals by regulating clustering of saturated lipids and proteins that depend on spatial biology and clustering for their regulation.

Spatial biology
Spatial biology is the study of biomolecules and cells in their native three-dimensional context. Spatial biology encompasses different levels of cellular resolution including (1) subcellular localization of DNA, RNA, and proteins, (2) single-cell resolution and in situ communications like cell-cell interactions and cell signaling, (3) cellular neighborhoods, regions, or microenvironments, and (4) tissue architecture and organization in organs. Dysregulation of tissue organization is a common feature in human disease progression including tumorigenesis and neurodegeneration. Many fields within biology are studied for their individual contribution to spatial biology.
Columbia Pike–Metro Center Line
The Columbia Pike–Metro Center Line, designated Route A49, is a rush hour-only bus route operated by the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority between the neighborhood of Culmore and Metro Center station of the Red, Blue, Orange, and Silver lines of the Washington Metro. This line is part of the Pike Ride service, which runs through Columbia Pike. This line provides service to Culmore in Fairfax County, Virginia and Downtown Washington, D.C.

Downtown (Washington, D.C.)
Downtown is the central business district of Washington, D.C., located in Northwest D.C. It is the third largest central business district in the United States. The "Traditional Downtown" has been defined as an area roughly between Union Station in the east and 16th Street NW in the west, and between the National Mall on the south and  Massachusetts Avenue on the north, including Penn Quarter. However, nowadays, Downtown D.C. can often refer to a larger area, as the DC Office of Planning states:

…most residents, workers, and visitors think of Downtown in a broader sense — including areas as far north as Dupont Circle, as far west as Foggy Bottom, and as far east as Capitol Hill. Only about half of the central city workforce is located within the city’s traditional Downtown.

A small portion of this area is known as the Downtown Historic District and was listed on the NRHP in 2001.
Behan Bhai (1968 film)
Behan Bhai is a 1968 Pakistani drama film directed by Hassan Tariq, who also wrote the screenplay. The film stars an ensemble cast of Nadeem, Kamal, Rani, Deeba, Ejaz, Husna, Aliya Begum, Tani Begum, and Aslam Pervaiz. The music was composed by A. Hameed. The film was screened at Lok Virsa Museum, Pakistan, in March 2017.

Aliya Begum
Aliya, also known as Aaliya (Punjabi, Urdu: عالیہ) is a Pakistani film actress. She acted in both Urdu and Punjabi films and is known for her roles in films Andaleeb, Anhoni, Maula Jatt, Yeh Adam, Lado Rani and Neend Hamari Khwab Tumhare.
Duchess of Gloucester
Duchess of Gloucester is the principal courtesy title used by the wife of the Duke of Gloucester. There have been five titles referring to Gloucester since the 14th century. The current duchess is Birgitte, the wife of Prince Richard. He inherited the dukedom on 10 June 1974 upon the death of his father, Prince Henry, the third son of George V.

Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh
Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh (25 April 1776 – 30 April 1857) was the eleventh child and fourth daughter of King George III and his consort Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.

She married her first cousin, Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh, when both were 40, and was his widow in later life. In her last years, her niece Queen Victoria was on the throne as the fourth monarch during Mary's life, after her father and two of her brothers, George IV and William IV. Dying aged 81 at Gloucester House, Weymouth, Mary was the longest-lived and last survivor of George III's fifteen children (thirteen of whom lived to adulthood).
Albert Southwick (historian)
Albert Brown Southwick (June 22, 1920 – April 16, 2021) was an American historian, editorial writer, and newspaper columnist best known for his writings on Worcester County, Massachusetts, and local history. He served as the chief editorial writer for the Worcester Telegram & Gazette and continued contributing columns on local history until late in life.

Telegram & Gazette
The Telegram & Gazette (and Sunday Telegram) is the only daily newspaper of Worcester, Massachusetts. The paper, headquartered at 100 Front Street and known locally as the Telegram or the T & G, offers coverage of all of Worcester County, as well as surrounding areas of the western suburbs of Boston, Western Massachusetts, and several towns in Windham County in northeastern Connecticut.
Aircraft Radio Corporation
Aircraft Radio Corporation (ARC) – not to be confused with Aeronautical Radio, Inc. (ARINC) – was a principal pioneer and major manufacturer of avionics for military and commercial aircraft, and later general aviation (light) aircraft, from the 1920s to the 1950s—subsequently acquired and rebranded by a succession of other companies, each of whom changed the official name, of the enterprise, while initially continuing ARC's primary function, staffing, facilities and product focus.

Consequently, many in the aviation industry—including many within its current and former parent companies—have unofficially referred to ARC, by its original name, as a continuing specific entity, regardless of its official names or owners at any point in time.

Avionics
Avionics (a portmanteau of aviation and electronics) are the electronic systems used on aircraft. Avionic systems include communications, navigation, the display and management of multiple systems, and the hundreds of systems that are fitted to aircraft to perform individual functions. These can be as simple as a searchlight for a police helicopter or as complicated as the tactical system for an airborne early warning platform.
Eakin–Nagata theorem
In abstract algebra, the Eakin–Nagata theorem states: given commutative rings  such that  is finitely generated as a module over , if  is a Noetherian ring, then  is a Noetherian ring. (Note the converse is also true and is easier.)

The theorem is similar to the Artin–Tate lemma, which says that the same statement holds with "Noetherian" replaced by "finitely generated algebra" (assuming the base ring is a Noetherian ring).

The theorem was first proved in Paul M. Eakin's thesis (Eakin 1968) and later independently by Masayoshi Nagata (1968). The theorem can also be deduced from the characterization of a Noetherian ring in terms of injective modules, as done for example by David Eisenbud in (Eisenbud 1970); this approach is useful for a generalization to non-commutative rings.

David Eisenbud
David Eisenbud (born 8 April 1947 in New York City) is an American mathematician.  He is a professor of mathematics at the University of California, Berkeley and former director of the then Mathematical Sciences Research Institute (MSRI), now known as Simons Laufer Mathematical Sciences Institute (SLMath). He served as Director of MSRI from 1997 to 2007, and then again from 2013 to 2022.
Common palmar digital nerves of median nerve
In the palm of the hand, the median nerve is covered by the skin and the palmar aponeurosis, and rests on the tendons of the Flexor muscles. Immediately after emerging from under the transverse carpal ligament the median nerve becomes enlarged and flattened and splits into a smaller, lateral, and a larger, medial portion.

The medial portion of the nerve divides into two common palmar digital nerves (common volar digital nerves).

The first of these gives a twig to the second lumbricalis and runs toward the cleft between the index and middle fingers, where it divides into two proper digital nerves for the adjoining sides of these digits;

the second runs toward the cleft between the middle and ring fingers, and splits into two proper digital nerves for the adjoining sides of these digits; it communicates with a branch from the ulnar nerve and sometimes sends a twig to the third lumbricalis.

Middle finger
The middle finger, long finger, second finger, third finger, tall finger or tall man is the third digit of the human hand, typically located between the index finger and the ring finger.  It is typically the longest digit. In anatomy, it is also called the third finger, digitus medius, digitus tertius or digitus III.
Poverty Bay Rugby Football Union
The Poverty Bay Rugby Football Union is the governing body for rugby union within the Gisborne district, in the area surrounding Poverty Bay on the east coast of the North Island of New Zealand. The men's representative team play from Rugby Park, Gisborne, and currently compete in the Heartland Championship.

Hawke's Bay Rugby Union
The Hawke's Bay Rugby Union (HBRU) is the governing body of rugby union in the Hawke's Bay region of New Zealand. The union is based in Napier.

The Hawke's Bay representative team are nicknamed The Magpies.
Rubén Rochina
Rubén Rochina Naixes (born 23 March 1991) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a winger or a forward.

He began his professional career with Barcelona B before joining Blackburn Rovers in 2011, spending three years with the club that included two loan spells, at Zaragoza and Rayo Vallecano. He also played professionally in Russia for FC Rubin Kazan.

FC Barcelona Atlètic
Futbol Club Barcelona Atlètic, commonly referred to as Barcelona B, Barça Atlètic or Barça B, is a football team based in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, that competes in Segunda Federación – Group 3, the fourth tier of the Spanish league system. Founded in 1970, it is the reserve team of FC Barcelona and it plays its home fixtures at Johan Cruyff Stadium.

Reserve teams in Spain play in the same league system as the senior team, rather than in a reserve team league. They must play at least one level below their main side, and they are not eligible to play in the Copa del Rey.
Calendar Girl (2020 film)
Calendar Girl is an American documentary film about Ruth Finley (1920–2018), founder and editor of the Fashion Calendar. It was directed and produced by Christian D. Bruun and produced and written by Natalie Nudell. The film premiered at the 2020 DOC NYC via virtual screenings.

The Fashion Calendar
The Fashion Calendar is an American bi-weekly publication founded by Ruth Finley in 1945, listing all fashion related events in New York City.

The calendar is considered the main resource for scheduling and managing fashion events in New York City. The calendar was acquired by the CFDA on October 1, 2014.
Ophicleide
The ophicleide (/ˈɒfɪklaɪd/ OFF-ih-klyde) is a family of conical-bore keyed brass instruments invented in early 19th-century France to extend the keyed bugle into the lower range. Of these, the bass ophicleide in eight-foot (8′) C or 9′ B♭ took root over the course of the 19th century in military bands and as the bass of orchestral brass sections throughout Western Europe, replacing the serpent and its later upright derivatives. By the end of the 19th century, however, it had been largely superseded, in bands by the euphonium and in orchestras by early forms of the modern tuba, some developed from valved ophicleides. The late 20th century saw a revival of interest in the instrument for historically informed performance practice, and ophicleides are built by a small number of manufacturers.

Brass section
The brass section of the orchestra, concert band, and jazz ensemble consist of brass instruments, and is one of the main sections in all three ensembles. The British-style brass band contains only brass and percussion instruments.

They contain instruments given Hornbostel-Sachs classification 423 (brass instruments).
John Lewis Gaddis
John Lewis Gaddis (born April 2, 1941) is an American Cold War historian, political scientist, and writer. He is the Robert A. Lovett Professor of Military and Naval History at Yale University. He is best known for his work on the Cold War and grand strategy, and he has been hailed as the "Dean of Cold War Historians" by The New York Times. Gaddis is also the official biographer of the prominent 20th-century American diplomat and historian George F. Kennan. George F. Kennan: An American Life (2011), his biography of Kennan, won the 2012 Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography.

Pulitzer Prize for Biography
The Pulitzer Prize for Biography is one of the seven American Pulitzer Prizes annually awarded for Letters, Drama, and Music. The award honors "a distinguished and appropriately documented biography by an American author." Award winners receive US$15,000.

From 1917 to 2022, this prize was known as the Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography and was awarded to a distinguished biography, autobiography or memoir by an American author or co-authors, published during the preceding calendar year. It is one of the original Pulitzers. The program was inaugurated in 1917 with seven prizes, four of which were awarded that year.
Beatriz Haddad Maia
Beatriz "Bia" Haddad Maia (Brazilian Portuguese: [beaˈtɾiz ʁaˈdadʒi ˈmajɐ]; born 30 May 1996) is a Brazilian professional tennis player. She reached career-high rankings of world No. 10 in singles and doubles by the WTA, becoming the first Brazilian woman to enter the top 10 in singles in the Open Era. Her most notable results are a major semifinal at the 2023 French Open and a major quarterfinal at the 2024 US Open. She was also a runner-up with Anna Danilina in a major doubles event, at the 2022 Australian Open. She is currently the No. 1 singles player from Brazil.

Haddad Maia has won twelve WTA Tour titles, four in singles and eight in doubles.

Playing for the Brazil Fed Cup team, she has a win–loss record of 33–14 (12–2 in doubles) as of August 2025.

WTA rankings
The WTA rankings are the ratings defined by the Women's Tennis Association, introduced in November 1975. The computer that calculates the ranking is nicknamed "Medusa".

Aryna Sabalenka is the current world No. 1 in women's singles.
Sarigol Rural District
Sarigol Rural District (Persian: دهستان ساریگل) is in Bam District of Bam and Safiabad County, North Khorasan province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Dahaneh-ye Ojaq, whose population at the time of the 2016 National Census was 1,046 people in 345 households.

Bam and Safiabad County
Bam and Safiabad County (Persian: شهرستان بام و صفی‌آباد) is in North Khorasan province, Iran. Its capital is the city of Safiabad, whose population at the time of the 2016 National Census was 3,427 people in 1,020 households.
Berislavić family of Grabarje
The Berislavić family of Grabarje (Croatian: Berislavići Grabarski), (Serbian: Бериславићи Грабарски) also known as Berislavić family of Dobor (Croatian: Berislavići Doborski), (Serbian: Бериславићи Доборски), was a Croatian noble family from the Požega County of Slavonia.

Požega County
Požega County (Croatian: Požeška županija; Hungarian: Pozsega vármegye) was a historic administrative subdivision (županija) of the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia. Croatia-Slavonia was an autonomous kingdom within the Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen (Transleithania), the Hungarian part of the dual Austro-Hungarian Empire. Its territory is now in eastern Croatia. The capital of the county was Požega (Croatian, in Hungarian: Pozsega).
Oktavia Aigner-Rollett
Oktavia Aigner-Rollett (née Oktavia Auguste Rollett; 23 May 1877, Graz — 22 May  1959, Ibid.) was an Austrian physician. She was one of the first women to receive a doctorate from the University of Graz, and was the first female doctor to work at the General Hospital.

University of Graz
The University of Graz (German: Universität Graz, formerly: Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz) in Graz is the largest public research university in Styria and the second oldest university in Austria. Its name is derived from Archduke Charles II of Inner Austria and Francis I of Austria. The University of Graz was founded on January 1, 1585.

The Faculty of Medicine was spun off as the Medical University of Graz on January 1, 2004, under the University Act 2002.
Alice Hutchison
Alice Hutchison (12 August 1874 – 1953) was a British medical doctor who served in the Balkan and First World Wars. She was one of the first women to lead a war-time hospital unit and was awarded the Serbian Order of Saint Sava.

Order of St. Sava
The Order of St. Sava (Serbian: Орден Светог Саве, romanized: Orden Svetog Save) is an ecclesiastic decoration conferred by the Serbian Orthodox Church and a dynastic order presented by the house of Karađorđević. It was previously a state order awarded by both the Kingdom of Serbia and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes/Kingdom of Yugoslavia.

The state order was awarded to nationals and foreigners for meritorious achievements in the field of religion, education, science and the arts as well as for social and relief work. It was abolished in 1945 with the proclamation of the People’s Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the end of the monarchy, while continuing as a dynastic order, with appointments currently made by Alexander, Crown Prince of Yugoslavia.

The ecclesiastic order is awarded to ecclesiastic and secular persons with special merits.
Holywood Exchange
Holywood Exchange is a major retail development on the borders of Belfast and Holywood, Northern Ireland. It is beside Belfast City Airport, in the townland of Knocknagoney. The site was previously known as D5 and Harbour Exchange. At present, the development comprises an eleven-unit, 13,940 m2 (150,000 ft2) retail warehouse centre with (as of September 2025); Harvey Norman, Lidl, Next Home, EZ Living Interiors, Home Bargains and Decathlon.

Located beside the retail warehouse is a Sainsbury's superstore and service station, a B&Q Warehouse, and an IKEA store. Like the expansion of the Sprucefield Development, Holywood Exchange has been controversial and the subject of repeated planning problems and legal disputes.

Next plc
Next plc, trading as Next and styled as NEXT, is a British multinational clothing, footwear, and home products retailer, which has its headquarters in Enderby, England. It has around 700 stores, of which about 500 are in the United Kingdom, and 200 across Europe, Asia, and the Middle East. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. Next is the largest clothing retailer by sales in the United Kingdom, having overtaken Marks & Spencer in early 2012, and then again in 2014.
Szarlej Mine
Szarlej Mine (Szarley, German: Scharley, Scharlei) was a zinc ore (calamine) mine that operated in the area of present-day Szarlej, a district of Piekary Śląskie in Poland. It was established in 1811 and operated until around 1896. Until the mid-19th century, it was the largest and richest zinc ore mine in Upper Silesia (other significant mines of this type included Neue Helene and Cecylia). It was one of the largest calamine mines in Europe.

Upper Silesia
Upper Silesia (Polish: Górny Śląsk [ˈɡurnɨ ˈɕlɔ̃sk] ⓘ ; Silesian: Gůrny Ślůnsk, Gōrny Ślōnsk; Czech: Horní Slezsko; German: Oberschlesien [ˈoːbɐˌʃleːzi̯ən] ⓘ ; Silesian German: Oberschläsing; Latin: Silesia Superior) is the southeastern part of the historical and geographical region of Silesia, located today mostly in Poland, with small parts in the Czech Republic. The area is predominantly known for its heavy industry (mining and metallurgy).