hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Histidine–tRNA ligase
In enzymology, a histidine–tRNA ligase (EC 6.1.1.21) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

ATP + L-histidine + tRNAHis  AMP + diphosphate + L-histidyl-tRNAHis

The 3 substrates of this enzyme are ATP, L-histidine, and tRNAHis, whereas its 3 products are AMP, diphosphate, and L-histidyl-tRNAHis.

This enzyme participates in histidine metabolism and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis.

Histidine
Histidine (symbol His or H) is an essential amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated –NH3+ form under biological conditions), a carboxylic acid group (which is in the deprotonated –COO− form under biological conditions), and an imidazole side chain (which is partially protonated), classifying it as a positively charged amino acid at physiological pH. Initially thought essential only for infants, it has now been shown in longer-term studies to be essential for adults also. It is encoded by the codons CAU and CAC.

Histidine was first isolated by Albrecht Kossel and Sven Gustaf Hedin in 1896. The name stems from its discovery in tissue, from ἱστός histós "tissue". It is also a precursor to histamine, a vital inflammatory agent in immune responses. The acyl radical is histidyl.
Saa paper
Saa paper (Thai: กระดาษสา, Shan: ကြေစာ, ce-saa) is a Mainland Southeast Asia mulberry paper, made from the bark of the saa tree, or paper mulberry. Saa paper is traditionally handmade but is now also machine-made.

Paper mulberry
The paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera, syn. Morus papyrifera L.) is a species of flowering tree in the family Moraceae. It is native to East and Southeast Asia, including mainland China, Hong Kong, India, Japan, Korea, Myanmar and Taiwan. It is widely cultivated elsewhere as an introduced species in New Zealand, parts of Europe, the United States, and Africa. The tree is valued for its versatile uses. Its inner bark is traditionally processed into barkcloth and is also an important raw material in papermaking.

Other common names include aute and tapa cloth tree. The specific Latin epithet papyrifera describes the use of its barks for papermaking.
Sprue (manufacturing)
A sprue is a large diameter vertical channel through which liquid material is introduced into a mold. It connects the pouring basin to the runner. In many cases it controls the flow of material into the mold.  During casting or molding, the material in the sprue will solidify and need to be removed from the finished part. It is usually tapered downwards to minimize turbulence and formation of air bubbles.

Casting
Casting is a manufacturing process in which a liquid material is usually poured into a mold, which contains a hollow cavity of the desired shape, and then allowed to solidify. The solidified part is also known as a casting, which is ejected or broken out of the mold to complete the process. Casting materials are usually metals or various time setting materials that cure after mixing two or more components together; examples are epoxy, concrete, plaster and clay. Casting is most often used for making complex shapes that would be otherwise difficult or uneconomical to make by other methods. Heavy equipment like machine tool beds, ships' propellers, etc. can be cast easily in the required size, rather than fabricating by joining several small pieces. Casting is a 7,000-year-old process. The oldest surviving casting is a copper frog from 3200 BC.
Rosina Bierbaum
Rosina M. Bierbaum (born September 30, 1952) is currently the Roy F. Westin Chair in Natural Economics and Research Professor at the University of Maryland's School of Public Policy. She is also a professor and former dean at the University of Michigan School of Natural Resources and Environment (SNRE). She was hired in October 2001, by then-University of Michigan President, Lee Bollinger. She is also the current Chair of  The Scientific and Technical Advisory Panel (STAP) that provides independent scientific and technical advice to the GEF (Global Environment Facility that serves as a financial mechanism for several environmental conventions) on its policies, strategies, programs, and projects.

School for Environment and Sustainability
The School for Environment and Sustainability (SEAS) is the school of environmental science and sustainability studies at the University of Michigan, a public research university in Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Ramsay Crooks
Ramsay Crooks (2 January 1787 – 6 June 1859) was an American fur trader who was president of the American Fur Company after John Jacob Astor sold out of the company from 1834 to 1839.

Ramsay helped W. Price Hunt to organize and lead an overland trip to Astoria in the Oregon Country for John Jacob Astor in 1809 through 1813, as a partner in the Pacific Fur Company. He became general manager of the American Fur Company in 1817 and became president of the company in 1834.

He was the father of American Civil War Colonel William Crooks who served in the 6th Minnesota Regiment.

Wilson Price Hunt
Wilson Price Hunt (March 20, 1783 – April 13, 1842) was an early pioneer and explorer of the Oregon Country in the Pacific Northwest of North America. Employed as an agent in the fur trade under John Jacob Astor, Hunt organized and led the greater part of a group of about 60 men on an overland expedition to establish a fur trading outpost at the mouth of the Columbia River.  The Astorians, as they have become known, were the first major party to cross to the Pacific after the Lewis and Clark Expedition.
KS ROW Rybnik
Klub Sportowy ROW Rybnik, also known as ROW Rybnik, is a Polish motorcycle speedway team based in Rybnik, which currently competes in Ekstraliga (speedway). 
Rybnik is one of the oldest and most successful teams in Polish speedway having won the league championship on twelve occasions. ROW is one of the several clubs of the once united ROW Rybnik multi-sports club.

Ekstraliga (speedway)
The Speedway Ekstraliga (English: Speedway Extraleague, Polish: Ekstraliga żużlowa), officially known as PGE Ekstraliga for sponsorship reasons, is the top division of motorcycle speedway in Poland and determines the winner of the Team Speedway Polish Championship. It has been called the "richest and most popular speedway league in the world", and attracts riders from all over the world. The Ekstraliga has the highest average attendances for any sport in Poland not counting football.

With the fall of communism in Poland in the 1990s and the resultant sharp increase in the value of the Złoty, the sport began to attract a wider range of star riders from other countries. The first of these was Denmark's Hans Nielsen.

In 2000, the First Division was renamed Ekstraliga, and the number of teams was reduced. Since 2015 the official sponsor of Ekstraliga is the Polish energy company PGE, which signed the financial contract for three consecutive seasons in 2021.
Pointing and calling
Pointing and calling is a method in occupational safety for avoiding mistakes by pointing at important indicators and verbally calling out their status. It is especially common on Japanese railways, where it is referred to as shisa kanko (指差喚呼), shisa kakunin kanko (指差確認喚呼) or yubisashi koshō (指差呼称); in Mainland Chinese and Taiwanese railways, where it is called 指差呼唤; 指差確認 (zhǐchā hūhuàn); and in Indonesian railways, where it is known as tunjuk-sebut. Gesturing at and verbalizing these indicators helps with focus. The method was first used by train drivers and is now commonly used in Japanese industry. It is recommended by the Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association (JISHA, 中央労働災害防止協会), and a part of railway management regulations in China. It is not common outside of Asia, though it is used in the New York City Subway system, Toronto's subway and GO Transit, and many systems built to Chinese standards, such as the Addis Ababa-Djibouti Railway.

Toronto subway
The Toronto subway is a rapid transit system serving Toronto and the neighbouring city of Vaughan in Ontario, Canada. It is operated by the Toronto Transit Commission (TTC), an agency of the City of Toronto. The system is a rail network consisting of five lines: Line 1 Yonge–University, Line 2 Bloor–Danforth, Line 4 Sheppard, Line 5 Eglinton, and Line 6 Finch West.

In 1954, the TTC opened Canada's first underground rail line, then known as the "Yonge subway" and now part of Line 1, under Yonge Street between Union Station and Eglinton Avenue with 12 stations. As of 2026, the network encompasses 109 stations and 99.4 kilometres (61.8 mi) of route. In 2024, the system had a ridership of 331,789,000, or about 1,079,700 per weekday as of the third quarter of 2025, making it the busiest rapid transit system in Canada in terms of daily ridership. As of February 2026, there are 21 stations under construction as part of one new line (the Ontario Line) and two extensions to existing lines.
9th Venice International Film Festival
The 9th annual Venice International Film Festival was held from 19 August to 4 September 1948.

Italian filmmaker Luigi Chiarini was the Jury President for the International Competition. The Grand International Prize of Venice was awarded to Hamlet by Laurence Olivier.

Golden Lion
The Golden Lion (Italian: Leone d'oro) is the highest prize given to a film at the Venice Film Festival. The prize was introduced in 1949 by the organizing committee and is widely regarded as one of the film industry's most prestigious and distinguished prizes. In 1970, the Golden Lion for Lifetime Achievement was introduced, an honorary prize for people who have made an important contribution to cinema.

The prize was introduced in 1949 as the Golden Lion of Saint Mark, which was one of the best known symbols of the ancient Republic of Venice. In 1954, the prize was permanently named the Golden Lion.
Are You Lost?
Are You Lost? (Japanese: ソウナンですか？, Hepburn: Sōnan desu ka?; "Are We Shipwrecked?") is a Japanese manga series written by Kentarō Okamoto and illustrated by Riri Sagara. It was serialized in Kodansha's seinen manga magazine Weekly Young Magazine from January 2017 to March 2022. Kodansha published ten tankōbon volumes. Kodansha USA digitally published the manga in North America. An anime television series adaptation by Ezóla aired in Japan from July to September 2019.

Ezóla
Ezóla is a Japanese animation brand used as a collective name by Diomedéa and Studio Blanc starting in 2018. The two studios co-produced My Girlfriend Is Shobitch in 2017 prior to the creation of the "Ezóla" brand.
Tsuyoshi Yamaguchi (politician)
Tsuyoshi Yamaguchi (山口 壯, Yamaguchi Tsuyoshi; born 3 October 1954) is a Japanese politician of the Liberal Democratic Party and a member of the House of Representatives. He also served as Minister of the Environment from October 2021 to August 2022.

Minister of the Environment (Japan)
The Minister of the Environment (環境大臣, Kankyou Daijin) is a member of the Cabinet of Japan and is the leader and chief executive of the Ministry of the Environment. The minister is nominated by the Prime Minister of Japan and is appointed by the Emperor of Japan.

The current minister is Hirotaka Ishihara, who took office on 21 October 2025.
Illusion of Kate Moss
The illusion of Kate Moss is an art piece first shown at the conclusion of the Alexander McQueen runway show The Widows of Culloden (Autumn/Winter 2006). It consists of a short film of English model Kate Moss dancing slowly while wearing a long, billowing gown of white chiffon, projected life-size within a glass pyramid in the centre of the show's catwalk. Although sometimes referred to as a hologram, the illusion was made using a 19th‑century theatre technique called Pepper's ghost.

McQueen conceived the illusion as a gesture of support for Moss; she was a close friend of his and was embroiled in a drug-related scandal at the time of the Widows show. It is regarded by many critics as the highlight of the Widows runway show, and it has been the subject of a great deal of academic analysis, particularly as a wedding dress and as a memento mori. The illusion appeared in both versions of Alexander McQueen: Savage Beauty, a retrospective exhibition of McQueen's designs.

Memento mori
Memento mori (Latin for "remember [that you have] to die") is an artistic symbol or trope acting as a reminder of the inevitability of death. The concept has its roots in the philosophers of classical antiquity and Christianity, and appeared in funerary art and architecture from the medieval period onwards.

The most common motif is a skull, often accompanied by bones. Often, this alone is enough to evoke the trope, but other motifs include a coffin, hourglass, or wilting flowers to signify the impermanence of life. Often, these would accompany a different central subject within a wider work, such as portraiture; however, the concept includes standalone genres such as the vanitas and Danse Macabre in visual art and cadaver monuments in sculpture.
Gan Eng Seng School Founding Site
The Gan Eng Seng School's Founding Site (Chinese: 颜永成学校创校地点), marked by twin commemorative plaques at present, is located at the junction of Telok Ayer Street and Cecil Street in the southern part of Singapore, near the Telok Ayer Chinese Methodist Church. On 30 August 1997, the site was designated as a national historical site along with five other schools by the National Heritage Board (NHB), being one of the oldest educational establishments in Singapore.  The others are Raffles Institution, Raffles Girls' School, St Margaret's Secondary School, Singapore Chinese Girls' School and Anglo-Chinese School.

Telok Ayer Chinese Methodist Church
Telok Ayer Chinese Methodist Church (Abbreviation: TACMC), (Chinese: 卫理公会直落亚逸礼拜堂) is located on Telok Ayer Street within the Downtown Core of Singapore's central business district. The church is approximately 450 metres from Telok Ayer MRT station.

Founded in 1889, TACMC is the first Chinese Methodist Church to be established in Singapore. It has stood on Telok Ayer Street for more than a hundred years.

TACMC is presently affiliated to the Chinese Annual Conference of the Methodist Church in Singapore. The church was gazetted a national monument by Singapore's Urban Redevelopment Authority on 23 March 1989.
Jabala ibn al-Ayham
Jabala ibn al-Ayham (Arabic: جبلة بن الأيهم) was the last ruler, or phylarch, of the Ghassanid dynasty in Syria in the 7th century. He commanded Arab Christian tribal contingents on behalf of the Byzantine Empire against Arab Muslim forces during the Muslim conquest of Syria in the 630s.

In the battles of Dumat al-Jandal in northern Arabia and the decisive battle of Yarmuk in southern Syria in 636, his forces were defeated. He supposedly converted to Islam, before breaking ties with the faith in protest to indignities he consequently suffered related to Islamic egalitarian principles. Afterward, he left Syria permanently, taking refuge with his tribesmen in Byzantine Anatolia. Historians are divided on the historicity of Jabala due the lack of contemporary source material, with some arguing his personality was essentially a literary device of later Islamic writers.

Battle of Dawmat al-Jandal
The Battle of Daumat al-Jandal took place between Muslims and Rebel Arab tribes in August 633 CE. This was a part of the Riddah wars. Daumat al-Jandal was given to Iyad ibn Ghanm to crush the rebels, but he failed in doing so, and send for help to Khalid ibn Walid who was in Iraq in those days.
Hekia Parata
Patricia Hekia Parata (born 1 November 1958) is a former New Zealand public servant, diplomat, and politician.

After a career as a senior public servant, Parata was a member of the New Zealand House of Representatives, representing the National Party, from 2008 until 2017. She served as the Minister of Education in the Fifth National Government.

Pauline Gardiner
Pauline Mona Gardiner (née Wayman, born 27 September 1947) is a former New Zealand Member of Parliament, first for the New Zealand National Party and then for United New Zealand. She was married to soldier, writer and public servant Wira Gardiner.
Process-oriented psychology
Process-oriented psychology, also called process work, is a depth psychology theory and set of techniques developed by Arnold Mindell and associated with transpersonal psychology, somatic psychology and post-Jungian psychology. Process oriented psychology has been applied in contexts including individual therapy and working with groups and organisations. It is known for extending dream analysis to body experiences and for applying psychology to world issues including socioeconomic disparities, diversity issues, social conflict and leadership.

Depth psychology
Depth psychology (from the German term Tiefenpsychologie) is the practice and research of the science of the unconscious, covering both psychoanalysis and psychology. It is also defined as the psychological theory that explores the relationship between the conscious and the unconscious, as well as the patterns and dynamics of motivation and the mind.  The theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Gustav Jung, and Alfred Adler are all considered its foundations.
Tiller (horse)
Tiller (foaled 14 April 1974) was an American thoroughbred racehorse. Racing mainly on turf he won sixteen of his forty races between February 1977 and September 1980. He was not a champion, but won many important races and defeated many of the best racehorses of his era including Exceller and John Henry.

He was unraced as a two-year-old and won three minor races as a three-year-old in 1977. In the following year he showed much-improved form, winning seven races including the Fort Marcy Handicap, Edgemere Handicap, Bowling Green Handicap and Tidal Handicap as well as finishing second in the Washington D C International. In 1979 he raced in California, winning the San Marcos Handicap and San Antonio Handicap on dirt and the San Juan Capistrano Handicap on turf. He also finished second to Affirmed in that year's Santa Anita Handicap.

As a six-year-old he won the Sword Dancer Invitational Handicap and a second Tidal Handicap before he sustained a career-ending injury in September.

San Marcos Stakes
The San Marcos Stakes is an American Grade III Thoroughbred horse race held annually in late January or early February at Santa Anita Park in Arcadia, California. Open to horses aged four and older, it is raced on turf over a distance of one and one-quarter miles.

Inaugurated in 1952 as a one-mile race on dirt, in 1954 it was changed to one and one-quarter miles and became Santa Anita Park's first graded stakes race on turf. It was raced on dirt again in 1956, 1962, 1969, 1973, 1975, 1978 through 1983, and in 1996.

Run as handicap prior to 2000, it is now raced under allowance weight conditions, with specified weight reductions for horses who meet certain conditions. It was open to three-year-olds and up from 1955 through 1959. There was no race held in 1970 and for 1978 it was set at a distance of 1 and one-eighth miles.
Crusheen GAA
Crusheen GAA is a Gaelic Athletic Association club located in Crusheen, County Clare, Ireland.  The club is almost exclusively concerned with the game of hurling. In October 2010, Crusheen became Clare hurling champions for the first time in their 123-year history with a 2–13 to 1–11 win against Cratloe. In their first ever Munster Club Championship, they were defeated by Kilmallock in the quarter-final by 0–14 to 2–11 
In October 2011, Crusheen retained their county title after defeating Sixmilebridge at a waterlogged Cusack Park.

In November 2011, Crusheen played in their first ever Munster Senior Club Hurling Final against Na Piarsaigh from Limerick, the match finishing in a 0–14 to 1–11 draw. In the replay Na Piarsaigh won the title by 1–13 to 0–09.

2011–12 All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship
The 2011–12 All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship was the 42nd staging of the All-Ireland hurling club championship since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1970.  The draw for the 2011–12 fixtures took place in August 2011. The championship began on 9 October 2011 and ended on 17 March 2012. Clarinbridge were the defending champions, however, they did not qualify for the championship.

Loughgiel Shamrocks secured the title with a 4–13 to 0–17 defeat of Coolderry in the All-Ireland final.
This was their second All-Ireland title.
V. M. Bhuvana Krishnan
Lieutenant General V. M. Bhuvana Krishnan, PVSM, AVSM, YSM is a serving general officer of the Indian Army. He is presently serving as the Quarter Master General. He earlier served as the General Officer Commanding, XVII Corps. He is also the Colonel of the Regiment of the Dogra Regiment & Dogra Scouts since 1 November 2022.

Dogra Regiment
The Dogra Regiment is an infantry regiment of the Indian Army. The regiment traces its roots directly from the 17th Dogra Regiment of the British Indian Army. When transferred to the Indian Army like its sister regiments, the numeral prefix was removed. Dogra Regiment Units Maximum filled with Rajputs And Sikh. Units of the Dogra Regiment have fought in all conflicts that independent India has been engaged in, making it one of the most prestigious and most decorated regiments of the Indian Army.
Champion of the Raj
Champion of the Raj is a turn-based strategy video game developed by Level 9 Computing and published by Personal Software Services. It was released exclusively in the United Kingdom for the Amiga, Atari ST, and IBM PC compatibles in 1991. It is the thirteenth and final instalment in the Strategic Wargames series. The game revolves around European imperialism and colonialism in India. Six factions–British, French, Mogul, Sikhs, Gurkhas, and Marathas–fight to gain overall control of India.

The core of the gameplay is focused on strategy, in which the player must conquer all territories of India through diplomatic or offensive means. It also contains action sequences, including traditional elephant racing and big-game hunting. Critics praised its colourful graphics and storyline, but strongly disliked the long load times and frequent disk swapping.

Big-game hunting
Big-game hunting is the hunting of large game animals for trophies, taxidermy, meat, and commercially valuable animal by-products (such as horns, antlers, tusks, bones, fur, body fat, or special organs). The term is often associated with the hunting of Africa's "Big Five" game (lion, African elephant, Cape buffalo, African leopard, and African rhinoceros), and Indian rhinoceros and Bengal tigers on the Indian subcontinent.
Shirley McKague
Shirley J. McKague (née Woolard, December 4, 1935 – May 21, 2020) was an American politician from Idaho. She was an Idaho State Senator, representing the 20th District as a Republican from 2007 to 2012. She previously served as an Idaho State Representative for Districts 14B and 20B from 1997 until her appointment to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Senator Gerry Sweet.

Idaho House of Representatives
The Idaho House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the Idaho Legislature.

It consists of 70 representatives elected to two-year terms. The state is divided into 35 districts, each of which elects two representatives to separate seats. It meets at the Idaho State Capitol in Boise, Idaho, in the State Capitol Building.