hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Apse line
An apse line, or line of apsides, is an imaginary line defined by an orbit's eccentricity vector. It is strictly defined for elliptic, parabolic, and hyperbolic orbits.

For such orbits the apse line is found:

for elliptical orbits – between the orbit's periapsis and apoapsis (also known as the major axis)

for parabolic and hyperbolic orbits – between the orbit's periapsis and focus

For circular orbits, the apse line is not defined because the eccentricity is equal to zero. As it is required as a base for the definition of true anomaly, it is usually arbitrarily assumed (as a line pointing into the direction of the vernal equinox).

Hyperbolic trajectory
In astrodynamics or celestial mechanics, a hyperbolic trajectory or hyperbolic orbit (from Newtonian theory:  hyperbola shape) is the trajectory of any object around a central body with enough velocity to escape the central object's gravitational field; expressed as orbital eccentricity designated by any number more than 1.

Under simplistic assumptions a body traveling along this trajectory will coast towards infinity, settling to a final excess velocity relative to the central body. As with parabolic trajectories, all hyperbolic trajectories are also escape trajectories. The specific energy of a hyperbolic trajectory orbit is positive.

Planetary flybys, used for gravitational slingshots, can be described within the planet's sphere of influence using hyperbolic trajectories.
Hamal
Hamal, /ˈhæməl/, is a star in the northern zodiacal constellation of Aries. It has the Bayer designation Alpha Arietis, which is Latinized from α Arietis and abbreviated Alpha Ari or α Ari. This star is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 2.0. Hamal is the brightest star in the constellation and, on average, the 50th-brightest star in the night sky. Based upon parallax measurements made with the Hipparcos astrometry satellite, Hamal is about 65.8 light-years (20.2 parsecs) from Earth. It is drifting closer to the Sun with a radial velocity of −14 km/s.

This is an aging giant star that is likely to host an orbiting planet with a mass greater than Jupiter.

Bayer designation
A Bayer designation is a stellar designation in which a specific star is identified by a Greek or Latin letter followed by the genitive form of its parent constellation's Latin name. The original list of Bayer designations contained 1564 stars. The brighter stars were assigned their first systematic names by the German astronomer Johann Bayer in 1603, in his star atlas Uranometria. Bayer catalogued only a few stars too far south to be seen from Germany, but later astronomers (including Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille and Benjamin Apthorp Gould) supplemented Bayer's catalog with entries for southern constellations.
Tom Garlepp
Thomas Michael Alexander Garlepp (born 20 April 1986) is an Australian basketball coach and former player. He played two years of college basketball in the United States for the UC Santa Barbara Gauchos before playing 11 seasons in the National Basketball League (NBL) between 2007 and 2018. He played for the Perth Wildcats, Adelaide 36ers, Gold Coast Blaze and Sydney Kings. He also had an extensive state league career, most notably playing for and coaching with the Norths Bears of the Waratah League / NBL1 East.

Garlepp served as head coach of the Australia women's national under-17 basketball team, the Sapphires, at the 2024 FIBA Under-17 Women's Basketball World Cup after helping them win gold at the 2023 FIBA Under-16 Women's Asian Championship.

NBL1 East
NBL1 East, formerly the Waratah League, is a semi-professional basketball league in New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory, comprising both a men's and women's competition. In 2021, Basketball New South Wales partnered with the National Basketball League (NBL) to bring NBL1 to New South Wales in 2022. NBL1 replaced the former Waratah League to create more professional pathways and opportunities for males and females playing basketball in New South Wales. As a result, the Waratah League became the east conference of NBL1. The league was previously a member of the Australian Basketball Association (ABA) from 2001 to 2008.
Delaware chicken
The Delaware is an American breed of chicken with an unusual plumage pattern. It was developed in the state of Delaware in the mid-twentieth century, and was initially known as the Indian River. It was briefly of some importance in the American chicken industry, until it was superseded by the common industrial Cornish Rock cross.

In the twenty-first century it is an endangered breed. It may be kept for meat, for eggs or for showing.

Rare breed
In modern agriculture, a rare breed is a breed of poultry or livestock that has a very small breeding population, usually from a few hundred to a few thousand. Because of their small numbers, rare breeds may have a threatened conservation status, and they may be protected under regional laws. Many countries have organizations devoted to the protection and promotion of rare breeds, for which they each have their own definition. In botany and horticulture, the parallel to rare animal breeds are heirloom plants, which are rare cultivars.
Lewis Bush (photographer)
Lewis K. Bush (born 1988) is a British photographer, writer, curator and educator. He aims "to draw attention to forms of invisible power that operate in the world", believing that "power is always problematic" because it is inherently "arbitrary and untransparent".

Bush's The Memory of History (2012), is about Europe's forgetfulness of its unresolved past and that past's re-emergence, as evidenced in the time of the European debt crisis; The Camera Obscured (2012) is about the absurdity of security guards preventing people from photographing buildings; Metropole (2015) is "an architectural critique on the changing face of London"; War Primer 3 (2013) is a reworking of Broomberg and Chanarin's book War Primer 2; and Shadows of the State (2018) is about numbers stations. All are self-published apart from Shadows of the State and the 2018 version of Metropole. The Memory of History and Metropole have been shown in solo exhibitions in London.

Adam Broomberg and Oliver Chanarin
Adam Broomberg (born 1970) and Oliver Chanarin (born 1971) are artists living and working in London.

Together they have had numerous international exhibitions. Their work is represented in major public and private collections. They were awarded the Deutsche Börse Photography Prize for their book War Primer 2, described as a "book that physically inhabits the pages of Bertolt Brecht's remarkable 1955 publication War Primer." They were awarded the International Center of Photography Infinity Award for their publication, Holy Bible.

Broomberg and Chanarin founded the imprint Chopped Liver Press to publish and sell their own books as well as those by other artists.

Broomberg was born in Johannesburg, South Africa and Chanarin was born in London.
Salem and Lowell Railroad
The Salem and Lowell Railroad, chartered in 1848, was a railroad in Massachusetts that connected the towns of Peabody (near Salem) and Tewksbury (near Lowell). The company connected to other railroads at both ends to provide service to its two namesake cities - the Lowell and Lawrence Railroad at Tewksbury Junction, and the Essex Railroad at Peabody. Construction was completed in 1850, with train operations contracted to the Lowell and Lawrence until 1858, when the Boston and Lowell Railroad took over both companies. In 1887, the Boston and Maine Railroad took over the Boston and Lowell and became the new operator of the Salem and Lowell. The line gradually declined in importance from the start of the 20th century, and was progressively abandoned from 1925 onwards. The last trains ran on the route in 1980, and the remainder of the route formally abandoned in 1987. Parts of the right of way are now a rail-trail.

Boston and Maine Railroad
The Boston and Maine Railroad (reporting mark BM; commonly known as Boston & Maine, abbreviated B&M) was a U.S. Class I railroad in northern New England. It was chartered in 1835, and became part of what was the Pan Am Railways network in 1983, most of which was purchased by CSX in 2022.

At the end of 1970, B&M operated 1,515 route-miles (2,438 km) on 2,481 miles (3,993 km) of track, not including Springfield Terminal. That year, it reported 2,774 million ton-miles (4,464 million kilometres) of revenue freight and 92 million passenger-miles (148 million kilometres).
The Horsemasters
The Horsemasters is a 2-part episode of the Disneyland TV show from 1961 which screened theatrically in some countries.

The film was one of several Disney films that were shot in England. The hunt scenes were filmed at Thursley in Surrey, where the Three Horseshoes public house was used as a backdrop. It was Annette Funicello's first co-starring role in a feature film. The film included a song written by the Sherman Brothers, the first song which the duo ever wrote for a Disney project. The film received a comic book adaptation in the Four Color series by Dell Comics.

Dell Comics
Dell Comics was the comic book publishing arm of Dell Publishing, which got its start in pulp magazines.  It published comics from 1929 to 1973.  At its peak, it was the most prominent and successful American company in the medium. In 1953, Dell claimed to be the world's largest comics publisher, selling 26 million copies each month.
Nikaah (film)
Nikaah (lit. marriage) is a 1982 Indian Hindi-language romantic drama film produced and directed by B. R. Chopra.

The film stars Raj Babbar, Deepak Parashar and Salma Agha in her Hindi film debut. The film also had Asrani and Iftekhar in supporting roles. The film's music was composed by Ravi and was a huge hit. The original name of the film was Talaq Talaq Talaq, but was renamed Nikaah on the insistence of Islamic clerics.

The film won Filmfare Award for Best Dialogue and Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer for 1982. It was the sixth highest grossing Bollywood film of 1982.

Divorce in Islam
Divorce according to Islamic law can occur in a variety of forms, some initiated by a husband and some by a wife. The main categories of Islamic customary law are talaq (repudiation), khulʿ (mutual divorce) and faskh (dissolution of marriage before the Religious Court). Historically, the rules of divorce were governed by sharia, as interpreted by traditional Islamic jurisprudence, though they differed depending on the legal school, and historical practices sometimes diverged from legal theory.

In modern times, as personal status (family) laws have been codified in Muslim-majority states, they generally have remained "within the orbit of Islamic law", but control over the norms of divorce shifted from traditional jurists to the state.
Balasaheb Mahadu Sanap
Balasaheb Mahadu Sanap is an Indian politician and member of the Bharatiya Janata Party. He is a first term member of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly. He is BJP's 1st Mayor and 1st Vice-Mayor Nashik Municipal Corporation. He was the city president of Bhartiya Janta Party till 22 August 2019. He is also President- Committee of Anusuchit Jati and Jamati of Maharashtra Government and Vice-President Committee of Mayors of Maharashtra Municipal Corporation.

He was rejected ticket in 2019 elections by BJP and he contested as NCP candidate and lost from Nashik East. After the election results he joined Shiv Sena.

In the 2019 assembly elections, he lost against Bharatiya Janata Party candidate Adv. Rahul Dhikle.

Maharashtra Legislative Assembly
The Maharashtra Legislative Assembly (ISO: Mahārāṣṭra Vidhānasabhā) is the lower house of the bicameral legislature of Maharashtra state in western India. It consists of 288 members directly elected from single-seat constituencies. The Assembly meets at Vidhan Bhavan in Mumbai, though the winter session is held in Nagpur. Along with the Maharashtra Legislative Council, it constitutes the legislature of Maharashtra. The presiding officer of the Assembly is the Speaker. Members of the Assembly are directly elected by the people of Maharashtra through elections held every five years, unless the Assembly is dissolved earlier. The current Assembly was elected in November 2024.
England at the FIFA Women's World Cup
England have participated six times at the FIFA Women's World Cup: in 1995, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019, and 2023. They have reached the quarter-finals in each of their participation and the semi-finals three times, reaching the final in 2023.

2011 FIFA Women's World Cup
The 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup was the sixth FIFA Women's World Cup competition, the world championship for women's national football teams. It was held from 26 June to 17 July 2011 in Germany, which won the right to host the event in October 2007. Japan won the final against the United States on a penalty shoot-out following a 2–2 draw after extra time and became the first Asian team to win a senior FIFA World Cup.

The matches were played in nine stadiums in nine host cities around the country, with the final played at the Commerzbank Arena in Frankfurt. Sixteen teams were selected for participation via a worldwide qualification tournament that began in 2009. In the first round of the tournament finals, the teams competed in round-robin groups of four teams for points, with the top two teams in each group proceeding. These eight teams advanced to the knockout stage, where two rounds of play decided which teams would participate in the final.
Ox-Tales
Ox-Tales refers to four anthologies of short stories written by 38 of the UK's best-known authors. All donated their stories to Oxfam. The books and stories are loosely based on the four elements: Earth, Fire, Air and Water.

The Ox-Tales books were published in partnership with Green Profile to raise revenue for Oxfam projects tackling poverty around the world. Oxfam receives a percentage of the cover price of each book sold (£3.50 per book if bought directly from an Oxfam shop or Oxfam's website and 50p if the books are purchased through other retailers).

Oxfam
Oxfam is a British-founded confederation of 21 independent non-governmental organizations (NGOs), focusing on the alleviation of global poverty, founded in 1942 and led by Oxfam International. It began as the Oxford Committee for Famine Relief in Oxford, UK, in 1942, to alleviate World War Two related hunger and continued in the aftermath of the war. Oxfam has an international presence with operations in 79 countries and 21 members in the Oxfam Confederation in Australia, Asia, Europe, the Middle East, North and Latin America and the Caribbean.

Since 2005, Oxfam International has been involved in a series of controversies as it expanded, especially concerning its operations in Haiti and Chad. There have been criticisms of its management of operations in the UK as well.
Tanzania (spider)
Tanzania is a genus of jumping spiders that was first identified in Tanzania, after which it is named, but now is recognised to have a much wider distribution. First circumscribed in 2008, it is a small spider, between 1.5 and 3 millimetres (0.059 and 0.118 in) in length. Its type species is Tanzania mkomaziensis, which was originally described in 2000 with the name Lilliput mkomaziensis. Along with the rest of the spiders in the genus Lilliput, this was moved to Tanzania in 2008. The genus is related to Euophrys and Talavera.

Most spiders in this genus are found in Africa, with T. yellapragadai endemic to India.

Jumping spider
Jumping spiders are spiders in the family Salticidae, with almost 700 genera and around 7,000 described species, making it the largest family of spiders – comprising 13% of spider species. Jumping spiders have some of the best vision among arthropods — being capable of stereoptic color vision — and use sight in courtship, hunting, and navigation.

Although they normally move unobtrusively and fairly slowly, most species are capable of very agile jumps, notably when hunting, but sometimes in response to sudden threats or crossing long gaps. Both their book lungs and tracheal system are well-developed, and they use both systems (bimodal breathing). Jumping spiders are generally recognized by their eye pattern. All jumping spiders have four pairs of eyes, with the anterior median pair (the two front middle eyes) being particularly large.
Vicky Hartzler
Vicky Jo Hartzler (née Zellmer; born October 13, 1960) is an American politician and businesswoman who served as the U.S. representative for Missouri's 4th congressional district from 2011 to 2023. A member of the Republican Party, she served as the Missouri state representative for the 124th district from 1995 to 2001.

Hartzler's congressional district comprised a large swath of western-central Missouri, anchored in Columbia and stretching to the eastern and southern Kansas City suburbs, including a sliver of Kansas City. The district also included Sedalia, Warrensburg, Moberly, and Lebanon.

Hartzler was a candidate in the 2022 United States Senate election in Missouri, but lost the Republican primary to Eric Schmitt.

Missouri House of Representatives
The Missouri House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the Missouri General Assembly, the upper chamber being the Missouri Senate. It has 163 members, representing districts with an average size of 37,000 residents. House members are elected for two-year terms during general elections held in even-numbered years.

Missouri's house is the fourth largest in the United States even as the state ranks 18th in population. The only states with a larger lower house in the United States are New Hampshire (400), Pennsylvania (203), and Georgia (180). Republicans have controlled the State House since 2003.

The next election will be held in 2026.
Eduardo Domínguez
Eduardo Rodrigo Domínguez (born 1 September 1978) is an Argentine football manager and former player who is the head coach of Campeonato Brasileiro Série A club Atlético Mineiro.

A former centre-back, Domínguez spent most of his career playing in his home nation, most remarkably for Vélez Sársfield and Huracán, winning the league with the former and the national cup and super cup with the latter. He also had stints in Colombia, with Independiente Medellín, and in the United States, with the LA Galaxy.

Domínguez retired as a player at Huracán in 2015 and immediately took on the role of head coach for the team. He subsequently worked at Colón, Nacional de Montevideo, Independiente, Estudiantes de La Plata and Atlético Mineiro. He led Colón to the club's first major honour, the 2021 Copa de la Liga Profesional. In charge of Estudiantes, he won five trophies, including league and cup titles.

Copa Argentina
The Copa Argentina (English: Argentine Cup), officially known as the "Copa Argentina AXION energy" due to sponsorship reasons, is an official football cup competition organized by the Argentine Football Association (AFA).

The first editions of the championship were contested by teams playing in Primera División that did not earn eligibility to participate in the Copa Libertadores of the following year, and the best placed clubs playing in regional leagues.

The tournament was re-launched in 2011, with teams of all divisions that form the Argentine football league system taking part of the championship. The winner of Copa Argentina qualifies for the Supercopa Argentina against the reigning champions of Primera División.

Boca Juniors is the most successful team with four titles won, the latest in 2019–20.
Charles Frohman
Charles Frohman (July 15, 1856 – May 7, 1915) was an American theater manager and producer, who discovered and promoted many stars of the American stage. Frohman produced over 700 shows, and among his biggest hits was Peter Pan, both in London and the US.

In 1896, Frohman co-founded the Theatrical Syndicate, a nationwide chain of theaters that dominated the American touring company business for more than two decades until the Shubert brothers grew strong enough to end its virtual monopoly. He partnered with English producers, including Seymour Hicks, with whom he produced a string of London hits prior to 1910, such as Quality Street, The Admirable Crichton, The Catch of the Season, The Beauty of Bath, and A Waltz Dream.

At the height of his fame, Frohman died in the 1915 sinking of the RMS Lusitania by a German submarine off the coast of Ireland.

Shubert family
The Shubert family, of brothers Lee, Sam, and Jacob, was a central force in the establishment and expansion of both  the legitimate theatre and vaudeville in the United States in the first half of the 20th century. By 1924, the Shubert Organization they founded controlled 75 percent of all American theatres, producing 25 percent of all plays, triggering the creation of Actor's Equity as a performing arts labor union in backlash.  The organization's dominance resulted in a mid-1950s Supreme Court antitrust ruling forcing the brothers to partially divest their empire.

As of 2024, the Shubert Organization owns 17 Broadway theaters in New York City's Theater District, still the hub of the theatre industry in America, as well as off-Broadway venues and theatres in Boston and Philadelphia.
Vanya Voynova
Vanya Voynova (Bulgarian: Ваня Войнова; 27 December 1934 – 9 March 1993) was a Bulgarian basketball player. She has played for Slavia Sofia from 1950 to 1968, winning the European Champions' Cup in 1959 and 1963 and Bulgarian league 12 times from 1953 to 1965. With the Bulgaria women's national basketball team, she has won silver in the 1959 World Championship, bronze in the 1964 World Championship, gold in the 1958 European Championship, silver in the 1960 European Championship and 1964 European Championship and bronze in the 1954 European Championship and 1962 European Championship. She has been inducted into the Women's Basketball Hall of Fame in 2001 and FIBA Hall of Fame in 2007.

EuroBasket Women 1964
The 1964 European Women Basketball Championship, commonly called EuroBasket Women 1964, was the 9th regional championship held by FIBA Europe. The competition was held in Hungary. Soviet Union won the gold medal and Bulgaria the silver medal while Czechoslovakia won the bronze.
Government of Saskatchewan
The Government of Saskatchewan (French: Gouvernement de la Saskatchewan) is the provincial government of the province of Saskatchewan.  Its powers and structure are set out in the Constitution Act, 1867.

In modern Canadian use, the term "government" refers broadly to the cabinet of the day (formally the Executive Council), elected from the Legislative Assembly and the non-political staff within each provincial department or agency – that is, the civil service.

The province of Saskatchewan has a unicameral legislature, the Saskatchewan Legislature, composed of the Lieutenant Governor and the Legislative Assembly, which operates in the Westminster system of government. The political party that wins the largest number of seats in the legislature normally forms the government, and the party's leader becomes premier of the province, i.e., the head of the government.

Premier of Saskatchewan
The premier of Saskatchewan is the first minister and head of government for the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. The current premier of Saskatchewan is Scott Moe, who was sworn in as premier on February 2, 2018, after winning the 2018 Saskatchewan Party leadership election. The first premier of Saskatchewan was Liberal Thomas Walter Scott, who served from 1905 to 1916. Since Saskatchewan was created as a province in 1905, 15 individuals have served as premier.