hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Sami Michael
Sami Michael (Hebrew: סמי מיכאל, Arabic: سامي ميخائيل; 15 August 1926 – 1 April 2024) was an Iraqi-Israeli author, having migrated from Iraq to Israel at the age of 23. From 2001, Michael was the President of The Association for Civil Rights in Israel (ACRI).

Michael was among the first in Israel to call for the creation of an independent Palestinian state to exist alongside the state of Israel. In his novels, Michael writes about the aspirations and struggles of both Jews and Arabs. This new approach in modern Hebrew literature was controversial and has been widely discussed in academia and in the media. Michael was awarded the EMET Prize in 2007. Michael defined himself not as a Zionist, but as an Israeli in order to make room for the inclusion of all citizens in Israel.

Association for Civil Rights in Israel
The Association for Civil Rights in Israel (ACRI) (Hebrew: האגודה לזכויות האזרח בישראל, romanized: HaAgudah LeZkhut HaEzrakh BeYisrael; Arabic: جمعية حقوق المواطن في اسرائيل, romanized: Jamʻīyat Ḥuqūq al-Muwāṭin fī Isrāʼīl) was created in 1972 as an independent, non-partisan not-for-profit organization with the mission of protecting human rights and civil rights in Israel and the territories under its control. ACRI is Israel's oldest and largest human rights organization. Headquartered in Tel Aviv, with offices in Jerusalem, and Nazareth, the organization promotes transparency and accountability in government.

ACRI has been accused by critics, including former Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin, of defending terrorists.
William M. Leech Jr.
William M. Leech Jr. (November 1935 – June 11, 1996) was an American attorney and public servant in Tennessee, who served as the state's Attorney General & Reporter from 1978 to 1984. He played a significant role in judicial and constitutional reform in Tennessee and in developing state divisions for environmental enforcement, antitrust, and consumer protection.

Tennessee Attorney General
The Tennessee attorney general (officially, attorney general and reporter) is the chief law enforcement officer and lawyer for the U.S. state of Tennessee. The office of the attorney general is located at the state capitol in Nashville, Tennessee. The current office holder is Jonathan Skrmetti, who was appointed in 2022 by the Tennessee Supreme Court for an eight-year term. His service officially began when he was sworn in by the current governor of Tennessee, Bill Lee, on September 1, 2022.
William I of Guelders and Jülich
William (5 March 1364 – 16 February 1402, Arnhem) was Duke of Guelders, as William I, from 1377 and Duke of Jülich, as William III, from 1393.  William was known for his military activities, participating in the Prussian crusade five times and battling with neighbors in France and Brabant throughout his rule.  His allies included Holy Roman Emperors, Charles IV and Wenceslaus, Richard II of England, and Conrad Zöllner von Rothenstein, the Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights.  During his reign the duchies of Guelders and Jülich were temporarily unified.

Duchy of Brabant
The Duchy of Brabant, a state of the Holy Roman Empire, was established in 1183. It developed from the Landgraviate of Brabant of 1085–1183, and formed the heart of the historic Low Countries. The Duchy comprised part of the Burgundian Netherlands from 1430 and of the Habsburg Netherlands from 1482, until it was partitioned after the Dutch revolt of 1566–1648.

The 1648 Peace of Westphalia ceded present-day North Brabant (Dutch: Noord-Brabant) to the Generality Lands of the Dutch Republic, while the reduced duchy remained part of the Habsburg Netherlands until French Revolutionary forces conquered it in 1794 — a change recognized by the Treaty of Campo Formio in 1797.

Today all the duchy's former territories, apart from exclaves, are divided between Belgium and the Dutch province of North Brabant.
Roger Teillet
Jean-Baptiste Roger Joseph Camille Teillet PC (21 August 1912 – 1 May 2002) was a Canadian politician, becoming the first self-identifying Métis member of the Canadian Cabinet in 1963.

He served in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba as a Liberal-Progressive from 1953 to 1959, and in the House of Commons of Canada as a Liberal from 1962 to 1968. Teillet was a cabinet minister in the government of Lester B. Pearson, and retained that post after Pearson stepped down and Pierre Elliott Trudeau became the new Liberal leader.

Liberal-Progressive
Liberal-Progressive was a label used by a number of candidates in Canadian elections between 1925 and 1953. In federal and Ontario politics there was no Liberal-Progressive Party, as such. The term generally referred to candidates endorsed by Liberal and Progressive constituency associations or to individual candidates who claimed the label, sometimes running against a straight Liberal or straight Progressive candidate. In Manitoba, a party existed with this name provincially, and Liberal-Progressives ran federally in Manitoba under the leadership of Robert Forke, with the support of the Liberal Party.
Amami Japanese
Amami Japanese (トン普通語, Ton-futsūgo) is a variety of the Japanese language spoken on the island of Amami Ōshima. Its native term Ton-futsūgo means "potato standard". Much like Okinawan Japanese, it is a descendant of Standard Japanese but with influences from the traditional Ryukyuan languages (in this case, Amami Japanese is influenced by the Amami Ōshima language).

Amami Ōshima
Amami Ōshima (Japanese: 奄美大島; Okinawan: Uushima; Amami Ōshima: Ushima), also known as Amami, is the largest island in the Amami archipelago between Kyūshū and Okinawa. It is one of the Satsunan Islands, all of which belong to Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan.

The island, 712.35 km2 in area, has a population of approximately 73,000 people. Administratively it is divided into the city of Amami, the towns of Tatsugō, Setouchi, and the villages of Uken and Yamato in Kagoshima Prefecture. Much of the island is within the borders of the Amami Guntō National Park.

In 2021, it was listed as part of the serial UNESCO World Heritage Site of Amami-Ōshima Island, Tokunoshima Island, northern part of Okinawa Island, and Iriomote Island.
Keith Burridge
Keith Burridge (born 1 July 1950) is a British researcher and Kenan distinguished Professor at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. His research on focal adhesions includes the discovery of many adhesion proteins including vinculin, talin and paxillin, and ranks him in top 1% of the most cited scientist in the field of molecular biology and genetics. Burridge has published more than 200 peer reviewed articles.

Focal adhesion
Focal adhesions (FAs)  also cell–matrix adhesions  are large multiprotein complexes through which mechanical force and regulatory signals are transmitted between the extracellular matrix (ECM) and an interacting cell. Focal adhesions are associated with the outer cell membrane, located at the ends of actin fibres of the cytoskeleton. They mediate the regulatory signaling events of a cell's response to ECM adhesion.

Focal adhesions serve as the mechanical linkages to the ECM, and as a biochemical signaling hub to concentrate and direct numerous signaling proteins at sites of integrin binding and clustering.
Edmond Jacques Eckel
Edmond J. Eckel FAIA (June 22, 1845 – December 12, 1934) was an architect in practice in St. Joseph, Missouri, from 1872 until his death in 1934. In 1880 he was the founder of Eckel & Mann, later Eckel & Aldrich and Brunner & Brunner, which was the oldest architectural firm in Missouri prior to its eventual dissolution in 1999.

St. Joseph, Missouri
St. Joseph is a city in and the county seat of Buchanan County, Missouri, United States. Located on the Missouri River, it is the principal city of the St. Joseph Metropolitan Statistical Area, which includes Buchanan, Andrew, and DeKalb counties in Missouri and Doniphan County, Kansas. As of the 2020 census, St. Joseph had a population of 72,473, making it the 8th most populous city in the state, and the 3rd most populous in Northwest Missouri. St. Joseph is located roughly 30 miles (48 km) north of the Kansas City, Missouri city limits and approximately 125 miles (201 km) south of Omaha, Nebraska.

The city was named after the town's founder Joseph Robidoux and the biblical Saint Joseph. In the nineteenth century, it was the death place of American outlaw Jesse James. It was also the starting point of the Pony Express serving the West. Today, St. Joseph is home to Missouri Western State University, which enrolls over 3,800 students.
2016 in North Korea
In the year 2016, North Korea conducted two nuclear tests: one in January and the other in September. Additionally, the country conducted several missile tests. As consequence, the United Nations Security Council adopted three resolutions against North Korea.

The 7th Congress of the Workers' Party of Korea was held in May. In August North Korea took part in the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, winning two gold, four silver, and two bronze medals.

7th Congress of the Workers' Party of Korea
The 7th Congress of the Workers' Party of Korea (WPK) was held in the April 25 House of Culture in Pyongyang, North Korea, from 6 to 9 May 2016. The congress is the highest organ of the party, and is stipulated to be held every four years. 3,467 delegates represented the party's membership. The congress saw the appointment of Kim Jong Un as WPK leader, with the title changed from First Secretary to Chairman. It was the first party congress convened since 1980.
Maurice Dubofsky
Maurice "Mush" Dubofsky (August 10, 1909 – January 25, 1970) was an American football player and coach. He played college football at Georgetown and professional football for the New York Giants. He later served as the line coach for the Georgetown football team for 16 years and coached at the high school level for several years. He was also the head coach of Georgetown's club football team in 1968 and 1969.

Georgetown Hoyas football
The Georgetown Hoyas football team represents Georgetown University in the Division I Football Championship Subdivision level of college football. Like other sports teams from Georgetown, the team is named the Hoyas, which derives from the chant, Hoya Saxa. They play their home games at Cooper Field on the Georgetown University campus in Washington, D.C. Their best season in the recent era was produced in 2011 when the team produced an 8–3 record.
Jeff Wolfert
Jeff Wolfert (born October 22, 1985) is an American former football kicker. He made his professional debut with the Omaha Nighthawks of the United Football League (UFL). In three years as the Missouri Tigers' place-kicker, Wolfert was a perfect 185-for-185 on extra point attempts and set the school's single-season and career scoring records.

Missouri Tigers football
The Missouri Tigers football program represents the University of Missouri (often referred to as Mizzou) in college football, the Tigers are members in Southeastern Conference (SEC) of the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) part of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA).
ݨ
ݨ, (Arabic letter noon with small tah (U+0768), ṇūṇ), is an additional letter of the Arabic script, not used in the Arabic alphabet itself but used in Shahmukhi Punjabi, and Shina to represent a retroflex nasal consonant, [ɳ].

ڼ is the twenty-ninth letter of Pashto alphabet. It represents the retroflex nasal letter (IPA: [ɳ]) or Ṇ in Latin Alphabets, which is ण in Devanagari and ਣ in Gurmukhi. In Sindhi, ڻ is used.

The Unicode for the letter ݨ was approved in 2005 and is used since version 4.1.
Shahmukhi uses the letter ⟨ݨ⟩ for /ɳ/. Previously, ڑن was used to represent a voiced retroflex nasal.

It is a compound of nūn and ṛe ⟨ڑ⟩, for example:

کݨ مݨ، چھݨ چھݨ۔

Voiced retroflex nasal
A voiced retroflex nasal is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɳ⟩.

Like all the retroflex consonants, the IPA symbol is formed by adding a rightward-pointing hook (right-tail) extending from the bottom of ⟨n⟩, the letter used for the corresponding alveolar consonant. It is similar to ⟨ɲ⟩, the letter for the palatal nasal, which has a leftward-pointing hook (left-tail) extending from the bottom of the left stem, and to ⟨ŋ⟩, the letter for the velar nasal, which has a leftward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the right stem.
Mexicana Universal Chihuahua
Mexicana Universal Chihuahua (until 2016 called Nuestra Belleza Chihuahua) is a state-level contest in the state of Chihuahua, Mexico, which selects the state representative for the national contest Mexicana Universal (formerly called Nuestra Belleza México), thus aspiring to represent the country internationally on one of the platforms offered.

The state organization has achieved the following results since 1994:

Winner: 3 (1995, 2019, 2022)

1st Runner-up: 1 (2018)

2nd Runner-up: 1 (1996)

3rd Runner-up: 1 (2001)

4th Runner-up: 1 (2013)

Top 10/11/12: 9 (1998, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012)

Top 15/16: 2 (2014, 2016)

Top 20/21: 1 (2003)

Unplaced: 16 (1994, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2015, 2017, 2021, 2023)

Absences: 1 (2005)

Nuestra Belleza México 1998
Nuestra Belleza México 1998 was the 5th Nuestra Belleza México pageant. The contest was held for the second consecutive time at the Salon Teotihuacan of the Centro Internacional de Convenciones Acapulco of Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico on September 19, 1998. Thirty-two contestants of the Mexican Republic competed for the national title, featuring the first back to back victories in Nuestra Belleza Mexico history: Silvia Salgado from Nuevo León was crowned by outgoing Nuestra Belleza México titleholder Katty Fuentes, also from Nuevo León. Salgado competed at Miss Universe 1999 in Trinidad and Tobago where she was a Semi-finalist in the Top 10. She was the second Neoleonesa to win this title.

The Nuestra Belleza Mundo México title was won by Vilma Zamora from Guanajuato, who later competed at Miss World 1998 in Seychelles. Zamora was crowned by outgoing Nuestra Belleza Mundo México titleholder Blanca Soto. She was the first Guanajuatense to win this title.
Adam Gemili
Adam Ahmed Gemili (born 6 October 1993) is a British sprinter. He is the 2014 European champion at 200 metres, three-time European champion in the 4 × 100 metres relay, and part of the Great Britain team that won gold at the 2017 World Championships in the same event. He has finished fourth in the 200 m at the 2016 Rio Olympic Games, and fourth and fifth in separate editions of the World Championships in the same event.

He was the first British athlete and the first sprinter of either North African or Middle Eastern descent to run both the 100 m in less than 10 seconds and the 200 m in less than 20 seconds. He was also the first man of North African, Arab or Iranian heritage to break the 10-second barrier in the 100 metres.

A silver medalist in the 100 metres and 4 × 100 m relay in the 2014 Commonwealth Games, Gemili is also a former World Junior champion at 100 m and European Under-23 champion at 100 m and 4 × 100 m relay. He is a three-time national champion in the 200 m.

2014 European Athletics Championships
The 2014 European Athletics Championships was held in Zürich, Switzerland, between 12 and 17 August 2014. It was the first time that Switzerland had hosted the European Athletics Championships since 1954.

Great Britain headed the medal table, with 12 gold medals, comfortably their best return from a European championships, despite winning only one field event medal. France, second on gold medals won with 9, won the most medals, 25.
Kabir Anurag
Kabir Anurag (born 8 August 2007) is a Singaporean racing driver, set to race in the Formula Regional European Championship with ART Grand Prix. He previously raced in Italian F4 from 2023 to 2025.

Anurag is a member of the Alpine Academy.

Italian F4 Championship
Italian Formula 4 Championship is the first formula racing series regulated according to FIA Formula 4 regulations. The inaugural season was the 2014 Italian F4 Championship, effectively replacing the Formula Abarth.

The Italian F4 championship is regarded as amongst the most competitive of the national/regional F4 championships. Lance Stroll, Lando Norris, Mick Schumacher, Jack Doohan, Zhou Guanyu, Ollie Bearman, and Andrea Kimi Antonelli have since driven in Formula One, and numerous Italian F4 drivers have had professional careers in other series.
Lygia
Lygia (Greek: Λυγιά) is a village and a community in the municipal unit of Vartholomio, Elis, Greece. The community includes the villages Arkoudi, Glyfa, Ioniki and Paralia. Lygia is situated in the low hills of the southern part of the Kyllini peninsula, 3 km from the Ionian Sea. It is 4 km southeast of Kastro, 4 km east of Loutra Kyllinis and 4 km west of Vartholomio.

Arkoudi is the westernmost village of the community, 4 km southwest of Lygia, on the coast near Loutra Kyllinis. Its population was 77 in 2001. Glyfa is 2 km southwest of Lygia, and had 249 inhabitants in 2001. Paralia is 3 km south of Lygia, on the coast. It had 96 inhabitants. The village Ioniko is adjacent to the east of Paralia, and has no permanent residents.

Kastro-Kyllini
Kastro-Kyllini (Greek: Κάστρο-Κυλλήνη) is a former municipality in Elis, West Greece, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Andravida-Kyllini, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 49.322 km2. The population was 3,272 in 2021. The municipality Kastro-Kyllini was created in 1999 as part of the Kapodistrias reform from the formerly independent communities Kyllini, Kato Panagia, Kastro and Neochori, that became municipal districts. After the 2011 Kallikratis reform, these municipal districts became (dependent) communities. Its seat of administration was the small port town of Kyllini.
Kerrytown, Ann Arbor
Kerrytown borders the Old Fourth Ward historic district in Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. It is approximately bound by Main Street to the west, Depot Street to the north, Division Street to the east, and Huron Street to the south. It is known for its brick streets and sidewalks, diverse array of shops and vibrant culture. It includes several iconic establishments, including the Ann Arbor Farmers Market, the Kerrytown Concert House, Zingerman's Deli, the Ann Arbor Hands-On Museum, and Community High School. Kerrytown is also known for its LGBT population and progressive politics.

The Kerrytown Farmers' Market, started in May 1919 and moved to its current location in 1921, is a central public space in the district.

Zingerman's
Zingerman's, or Zingerman's Community of Businesses, is a gourmet food business group headquartered in Ann Arbor, Michigan. The original business and current flagship operation is Zingerman's Delicatessen.

Starting from the original deli, Zingerman's Community of Businesses (ZCoB) has expanded to nine Ann Arbor based businesses with over 500 total employees. Each business has shared ownership between original founders Paul Saginaw and Ari Weinzweig, and the managing partners who started each business. Each business has its own organizational structure, but they carry out the same standards and commit to the company's values.
The Complexity of Songs
"The Complexity of Songs" is a scholarly article by computer scientist Donald Knuth published in 1977 as an in-joke about computational complexity theory. The article capitalizes on what it argues is the tendency of popular songs to devolve from long and content-rich ballads to highly repetitive texts with little or no meaningful content. The article states that a song of length N words may be produced remembering, e.g., only O(log N) words ("space complexity" of the song) or even less.

Space complexity
The space complexity of an algorithm or a data structure is the amount of memory space required to solve an instance of the computational problem as a function of characteristics of the input. It is the memory required by an algorithm until it executes completely. This includes the memory space used by its inputs, called input space, and any other (auxiliary) memory it uses during execution, which is called auxiliary space.

Similar to time complexity, space complexity is often expressed asymptotically in big O notation, such as 
   etc., where n is a characteristic of the input influencing space complexity.
Akhilesh Kumar Tyagi
Akhilesh Kumar Tyagi (born 15 May 1956) is an Indian plant biologist and formerly, the director of National Institute of Plant Genome Research, senior professor of the University of Delhi and president of the National Academy of Sciences, India. Known for his studies on plant genomics and biotechnology, Tyagi is an elected fellow of all the three major Indian science academies namely Indian Academy of Sciences, Indian National Science Academy and National Academy of Sciences, India as well as The World Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Agricultural Sciences. The Department of Biotechnology of the Government of India awarded him the National Bioscience Award for Career Development, one of the highest Indian science awards, for his contributions to biosciences in 1999.

Department of Biotechnology
The Department of Biotechnology (DBT) is an Indian government department, under the Ministry of Science and Technology responsible for administrating development and commercialisation in the field of modern biology and biotechnology in India. It was set up in 1986.
Decoding (semiotics)
Decoding, in semiotics, is the process of interpreting a message sent by an addresser (sender) to an addressee (receiver). The complementary process – creating a message for transmission to an addressee – is called encoding.

Message
A message is a unit of communication that conveys information from a sender to a receiver. It can be transmitted through various forms, such as spoken or written words, signals, or electronic data, and can range from simple instructions to complex information.

The consumption of the message relies on how the recipient interprets the message, there are times where the recipient contradicts the intention of the message which results in a boomerang effect. Message fatigue is another outcome recipients can obtain if a message is conveyed too much by the source.

One example of a message is a press release, which may vary from a brief report or statement released by a public agency to commercial publicity material. Another example of a message is how they are portrayed to a consumer via an advertisement.
Palma Vecchio
Palma Vecchio (c. 1480 – 30 July 1528), born Jacopo Palma, also known as Jacopo Negretti, was a Venetian painter of the Italian High Renaissance. He is called Palma Vecchio in English and Palma il Vecchio in Italian ("Palma the Elder") to distinguish him from Palma il Giovane ("Palma the Younger"), his great-nephew, who was also a painter.

High Renaissance
In art history, the High Renaissance was a short period of the most exceptional artistic production in the Italian states, particularly Rome, capital of the Papal States, and in Florence, during the Italian Renaissance. Most art historians state that the High Renaissance started between 1490 and 1500, and ended in 1520 with the death of Raphael, although some say the High Renaissance ended about 1525, or in 1527 with the Sack of Rome by the mutinous army of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, or about 1530. The best-known exponents of painting, sculpture, and architecture of the High Renaissance include Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, and Bramante. In the 21st century, the use of the term has been frequently criticized by some academic art historians for oversimplifying artistic developments, ignoring historical context, and focusing only on a few iconic works.