hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Role of skin in locomotion
Role of skin in locomotion  describes how the integumentary system is involved in locomotion. Typically the integumentary system can be thought of as skin, however the integumentary system also includes the segmented exoskeleton in arthropods and feathers of birds. The primary role of the integumentary system is to provide protection for the body. However, the structure of the skin has evolved to aid animals in their different modes of locomotion.
Soft bodied animals such as starfish rely on the arrangement of the fibers in their tube feet for movement. Eels, snakes, and fish use their skin like an external tendon to generate the propulsive forces need for undulatory locomotion. Vertebrates that fly, glide, and parachute also have a characteristic fiber arrangements of their flight membranes that allows for the skin to maintain its structural integrity during the stress and strain experienced during flight.

Undulatory locomotion
Undulatory locomotion is the type of motion characterized by wave-like movement patterns that act to propel an animal forward.  Examples of this type of gait include crawling in snakes, or swimming in the lamprey.  Although this is typically the type of gait utilized by limbless animals, some creatures with limbs, such as the salamander, forgo use of their legs in certain environments and exhibit undulatory locomotion.  In robotics this movement strategy is studied in order to create novel robotic devices capable of traversing a variety of environments.
Chad Jeffries
Chad Jeffries (born December 25, 1992) is an American football quarterback for the Vienna Knights of the Austrian Football League for the 2026 season. From 2018 to 2022, he played for the Danube Dragons in the Austrian Football League and won the Austrian Bowl with them in 2022. He was signed by the Munich Ravens in the European League of Football for the 2023 season.

Austrian Football League
The Austrian Football League (AFL) is a professional American football league in Austria. The league currently comprises eight teams, and operates on a system of promotion and relegation. It plays by rules based on those of the U.S. National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA).

Founded in 1982, the AFL is the highest tier level of American football in the country; below is a tier pyramid system consisting of teams playing in divisions I through IV. Winners of each division move up to the next level of play. The AFL is considered among the best and strongest leagues in Europe.
Ontario Highway 501
Secondary Highway 501, commonly referred to as Highway 501, was a provincially maintained secondary highway in the Canadian province of Ontario. The highway was 13.1 kilometres (8.1 mi) long, connecting Highway 103 north of Port Severn with Honey Harbour.

Highway 501 was first assumed by the Department of Highways (DHO), predecessor to the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario, in 1956, along with most secondary highways in Ontario. In the early 1970s, the route was transferred to the newly established District Municipality of Muskoka and has since been known as Muskoka Road 5, or Honey Harbour Road. Today Muskoka Road 5 is accessed from Highway 400 at exit 156.

Ministry of Transportation (Ontario)
The Ministry of Transportation (MTO) is a provincial ministry of the Government of Ontario responsible for the planning, management and maintenance of transportation infrastructure in the Canadian province of Ontario. The MTO is headquartered in Toronto.

Founded in 1916 as the Department of Public Highways of Ontario, the MTO oversees the province's 16,900 km (10,500 mi) network of highways. This includes the 400-series highways, with the section of Highway 401 that passes through Toronto being the busiest in North America. Metrolinx, a crown agency that oversees GO Transit and the Presto fare card system, reports to the MTO. The ministry is also responsible for vehicle registration and issuing drivers licences.
Amanita farinosa
Amanita farinosa, commonly known as the floury amanita, eastern American floury amanita or the American floury amanita, is a North American poisonous mushroom of the genus Amanita, a genus of fungi including some of the most deadly mushrooms.

Mushroom poisoning
Mushroom poisoning is poisoning resulting from the ingestion of mushrooms that contain toxic substances. Symptoms can vary from slight gastrointestinal discomfort to death in about 10 days. Mushroom toxins are secondary metabolites produced by the fungus.

Mushroom poisoning is usually the result of ingestion of wild mushrooms after misidentification of a toxic mushroom as an edible species. The most common reason for this misidentification is a close resemblance in terms of color and general morphology of the toxic mushrooms species with edible species. To prevent mushroom poisoning, mushroom gatherers familiarize themselves with the mushrooms they intend to collect, as well as with any similar-looking toxic species. The safety of eating wild mushrooms may depend on methods of preparation for cooking. Some toxins, such as amatoxins, are thermostable and mushrooms containing such toxins will not be rendered safe to eat by cooking.
Bogdan Bogdanović (architect)
Bogdan Bogdanović (Serbian Cyrillic: Богдан Богдановић; 20 August 1922 – 18 June 2010) was a Serbian and Yugoslav architect, urbanist and essayist. He taught architecture at the University of Belgrade Faculty of Architecture, where he also served as dean. Bogdanović wrote numerous articles about urbanism, especially about its mythic and symbolic aspects, some of which appeared in international journals such as El País, Die Zeit, and others. He was also involved in politics, as a Yugoslav Partisan in World War II, later as mayor of Belgrade. When Slobodan Milošević rose to power and nationalism gained ground in Yugoslavia, Bogdanović became a dissident.

Bogdanović is best known for designing monuments and memorials commemorating victims and resistance fighters of World War II built all over Yugoslavia from the early 1950s to the 1980s. In particular, the monumental concrete sculpture titled Stone Flower near the site of Jasenovac concentration camp gained international attention.

Mayor of Belgrade
The mayor of Belgrade (Serbian: Градоначелник Београда, romanized: Gradonačelnik Beograda) is the head of the City of Belgrade (the capital and largest city of Serbia). The mayor acts on behalf of the city, and performs an executive function in the City of Belgrade. The position is important as the city is the most important hub of economy, culture, science and technology in Serbia.

The current mayor of Belgrade is Aleksandar Šapić of the Serbian Progressive Party, elected after the 2024 City Assembly election.
Hecataeus of Abdera
Hecataeus of Abdera (Greek: Ἑκαταῖος ὁ Ἀβδηρίτης; c. 360 BC – c. 290 BC) was an ancient Greek historian and ethnographer. None of his works survive; his writings are attested by later authors in various literary fragments, in particular his Aegyptica, a work on the society and culture of the Egyptians, and On the Hyperboreans. He is one of the authors (FGrHist 264) whose fragments were collected in Felix Jacoby's Fragmente der griechischen Historiker.

Historian John Dillery called Hecataeus "a figure of extraordinary importance for the study of Greek and non-Greek [cultures] in the Hellenistic period."

Literary fragment
A literary fragment is a piece of text that may be part of a larger work, or that employs a 'fragmentary' form characterised by physical features such as short paragraphs or sentences separated by white space, and thematic features such as discontinuity, ambivalence, ambiguity, or lack of a traditional narrative structure.

While it is difficult to classify literary fragments, a number of critics agree on a basic taxonomy of two types of fragment: those who intentionally use fragmentation as a form in their writing, and those that are fragmented because they are incomplete or because parts have been lost over time.

As a form, the literary fragment has been employed during the Romantic, Modernist, Postmodern and Contemporary literary periods as a way to reckon with the challenges of modernity.
NK Bosna Visoko
Nogometni klub Bosna Visoko (English: Bosna Football Club) is a professional association football club from the city of Visoko that is situated in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Currently, Bosna plays in the Second League of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Group Center) and plays its home matches on Stadion Luke which has a capacity of 5,200 seats.

The club's greatest success was in the late 1990s. Guided by manager Ivo Ištuk, Bosna won the Bosnian Cup, Bosnian Supercup and came close to winning the league title in the 1997–98 season.

Second League of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
The Second League of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Bosnian: Druga liga Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine / Друга лига Федерације Босне и Херцеговине) is a football league in Bosnia and Herzegovina. This level is organized into four different leagues: Sjever (North), Centar (Center), Jug (South) and Zapad (West). (Until the 2011–12 season there was two West leagues.)

This is the second level of football in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the third level of football in the country. Two teams are promoted to the First League of FBiH at the end of the season, while bottom teams (depending on league and number of lower leagues) are relegated to the cantonal leagues. (See Bosnia and Herzegovina football league system.)
HarbourVest Partners
HarbourVest Partners, LLC is a private equity fund of funds and one of the largest private equity investment managers globally. The firm invests in all types of private equity funds, including venture capital and leveraged buyout funds, and also directly in operating companies.

Founded in 1982 as Hancock Venture Partners, a subsidiary of John Hancock Insurance, HarbourVest is based in Boston, Massachusetts with offices in Beijing, Bogota, Seoul, Tel Aviv, Tokyo, Toronto, London, Singapore and Hong Kong.  HarbourVest has approximately 80 investment professionals globally and manages approximately $75 billion of investor commitments.

Investors in HarbourVest funds include various types of institutional investors such as public and corporate pension funds, endowments, foundations and financial institutions.

In June 2024, HarbourVest Partners ranked 47th in Private Equity International's PEI 300 ranking among the world's largest private equity firms.

John Hancock Financial
John Hancock Life Insurance Company, U.S.A. is an American insurance company based in Boston. Established April 21, 1862, it was named in honor of John Hancock, a prominent American Patriot.

In 2004, Canadian multinational life insurance company Manulife Financial acquired John Hancock and operates it as an independent subsidiary. The company and the majority of Manulife's U.S. assets continue to operate under the John Hancock name.
Government of Marga Prohens
The government of Marga Prohens was formed on 10 July 2023, following the latter's election as President of the Balearic Islands by the Parliament of the Balearic Islands on 6 July and her swearing-in on 7 July, as a result of the People's Party (PP) emerging as the largest parliamentary force at the 2023 regional election. It succeeded the second Armengol government and is the incumbent Government of the Balearic Islands since 10 July 2023, a total of 920 days, or 2 years, 6 months and 5 days.

The cabinet comprises members of the PP, as well as an independent. The government received the external support of far-right Vox. The left-of-centre Socialist Party of the Balearic Islands (PSIB–PSOE), More for Mallorca (Més), More for Menorca (MxMe) and United We Can opposed the formation of the government.

President of the Government of the Balearic Islands
The president of the Balearic Islands is the head of government of the Balearic Islands, one of the 17 autonomous communities of Spain, while the monarch Felipe VI remains the head of state as King of Spain (and therefore of the Balearic Islands).
Tuncay Güney
Tuncay Güney (pronounced [ˈtundʒaj ˈɟynej]; born 25 August 1972 in Kargı), code name "Ipek" (silk), is a Turkish citizen of Dönmeh Jewish origin who claims to have infiltrated the Turkish Gendarmerie's intelligence organization JITEM, Ergenekon, the Workers' Party, and the Gülen movement before being outed. He is subordinate to Mehmet Eymür, who was discharged from the National Intelligence Organization (Turkish: Millî İstihbarat Teşkilâtı, MİT). The information Güney has gleaned on these organizations make him a key figure in the ongoing Ergenekon investigation. His statements form the backbone of the 2455-page Ergenekon indictment, which mentions him 492 times and labels him a suspect at large (Turkish: firari şüpheli).

Dönmeh
The Dönmeh (Hebrew: דוֹנְמֶה, romanized: Dōnme, Ottoman Turkish: دونمه, Turkish: Dönme) are a group of Sabbatean crypto-Jews in the Ottoman Empire who embraced Islam, but retained their Jewish faith and Kabbalistic beliefs in secret.

The Sabbatean movement was centered mainly in Thessalonika. It originated during and soon after the era of Shabbetai Tzevi, a 17th-century Romaniote Jewish rabbi and Kabbalist who claimed to be the Jewish Messiah and eventually feigned conversion to Islam under threat of capital punishment from the Ottoman sultan Mehmed IV. After Zevi's conversion to Islam, a number of Sabbatean Jews purportedly converted to Islam while remaining secretly faithful to Judaism after their leader, and became known as the "Dönmeh". Some live on into 21st-century Turkey. As of 2016, there were still 2,000 non-assimilated Dönmeh.
Tung Tau Estate
Tung Tau Estate (Chinese: 東頭邨) is a public housing estate and Tenants Purchase Scheme estate in the south of Wong Tai Sin, located between San Po Kong and Kowloon City, in Hong Kong. It was first built in the 1960s as resettlement housing, but has since been reconstructed.

It was divided into Tung Tau (I) Estate (東頭(一)邨) and Tung Tau (II) Estate (東頭(二)邨). The sole remaining housing block of Tung Tau (I) Estate was subsequently demolished. Tung Tau (II) Estate has 20 blocks built during the redevelopment in the 1980s and the 1990s.

Tenants Purchase Scheme
Tenants Purchase Scheme (TPS) is a scheme which allows tenants in public housing estates under the Hong Kong Housing Authority to purchase their flats. The price is set to be much lower than the market prices of private flats and Home Ownership Scheme (HOS) owing to the age of flats and restriction on selling.
Oesho
Oesho (Bactrian: Οηϸο) is a deity found on coins of 2nd to 6th-century, particularly the 2nd-century Kushan era. He was apparently one of the titular deities of the Kushan dynasty. Oesho is an early Kushan deity that is regarded as an amalgamation of Shiva.

By the time of the Kushan emperor Ooishki (Bactrian Οοηϸκι; often Romanised as Huvishka), who reigned in 140–180 CE, Oesho and the female deity Ardoksho (Ardoxsho; Ardochsho; Ardokhsho) were the only deities appearing on Kushan coins.

Bactrian language
Bactrian (Bactrian: Αριαο, romanized: ariao [arjaː], meaning "Iranian") was an Eastern Iranian language formerly spoken in the Central Asian region of Bactria (present-day Afghanistan) and used as the official language of the Kushan and the Hephthalite empires.
Shenandoah District (VHSL)
The Shenandoah District is a sports conference of the Virginia High School League which draws its members from the central part of the Shenandoah Valley, specifically clustered around Staunton and Waynesboro. The schools in the Shenandoah District compete in Region 1B with the schools of the Bull Run District, the Dogwood District, the James River District, the Tidewater District, and the Tri-Rivers District.

Virginia High School League
The Virginia High School League (VHSL) is the principal sanctioning organization for interscholastic athletic competition among public high schools in the U.S. state of Virginia. The VHSL first sponsored debate and also continues to sponsor state championships in several academic activities.

Private and religious schools and teams of homeschooled students belong to other sanctioning organizations, the largest of which is the Virginia Independent Schools Athletic Association.  Proposals in the Virginia General Assembly to mandate that the VHSL allow homeschooled students to compete for the public high school they would otherwise attend have failed to pass.
Marsh Lake, Yukon
Marsh Lake (Lingít: Kóoshdaa Xágu) is an unincorporated community on the Alaska Highway on the shores of Marsh Lake southeast of Whitehorse in Canada's Yukon. The area was organized in 2001, as a local area council to help the residents with some form of municipal government.

Whitehorse
Whitehorse is the capital of Yukon, and the largest city in Northern Canada. It was incorporated in 1950 and is located at kilometre 1426 (Historic Mile 918) on the Alaska Highway in southern Yukon. Whitehorse's downtown and Riverdale areas occupy both shores of the Yukon River, which rises in British Columbia and meets the Bering Sea in Alaska. The city was named after the White Horse Rapids for their resemblance to the mane of a white horse.

Because of the city's location in the Whitehorse valley and relative proximity to the Pacific Ocean, the climate tends to be milder. At this latitude, winter days are short and summer days have up to about 19 hours of daylight.

As of the 2021 Canadian census, the population was 28,201 within city boundaries and 31,913 in the census agglomeration. These figures represent approximately 70 and 79 percent, respectively, of the total population of Yukon.
Roberto Jimenez (grappler)
Roberto Jimenez is an American-born Ecuadorian grappler and Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ) black belt competitor.

A multiple-time World, Pan and American Nationals champion in juvenile and lower belt divisions, Jimenez is the 2022 ADCC South America Trials winner, 2022 Polaris middleweight GP champion, and 2023 World IBJJF Jiu-Jitsu No-Gi Championship absolute division champion.

Pan IBJJF Jiu-Jitsu Championship
The Pan Jiu-Jitsu Championship or Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Pan American Championship (commonly known as Pan Ams or Pans), is the largest Brazilian jiu-jitsu tournament held in the Americas. The event is held annually by the International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation.
Wadi Arus
Wadi Arus (Arabic: وادي عروس, romanized: Wādī ‘Arūs) is a valley or dry river, with intermittent flow, which flows almost exclusively during the rainy season, belonging to the river basin of Wadi Bih  (subbasin of Wadi Shah), north-east of the United Arab Emirates (UAE), in the Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah.

It is a tributary of the Wadi Shah, from its confluence with the Wadi Jib, and is formed mainly by the ravines and gullies that run along the western slope of the great border cliff between Oman and UAE, from 1 km approximately south of the summit of Jabal Sal (1,575 m); and by those coming from the north and northwest slopes of Jabal Yabanah (1,480 m).

Subbasin
A subbasin or sub-basin is a structural geologic feature where a larger basin is divided into a series of smaller basins with intervening intrabasinal highs.

The term subbasin has common use in geologic literature, but has yet to be included in the API Glossary of Geology.
Khushhal Bahl
Khushhal Bahl (11 November 1927 – 14 June 2014) was an Indian politician who served as a Member of Punjab Legislative Assembly representing Gurdaspur in 1972, 1977, 1992, and 2002 and as Cabinet Minister in various Governments of Punjab. He was affiliated with the Indian National Congress.

2002 Punjab Legislative Assembly election
Punjab Legislative Assembly election, 2002 was held in Indian state of Punjab in 2002, to elect 117 members to the Punjab Legislative Assembly. Indian National Congress gained majority of the seats. Amarinder Singh was elected as the Chief Minister.
Adnane Remmal
Adnane Remmal (Arabic: عَدنان رِمَّال, born 1962) is a Moroccan pharmacology professor, senior researcher, and entrepreneur in the field of biotechnology at Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University. His works focus on fighting antimicrobial resistance, one of the major threats to public health in both developed and emerging countries. Among other results, he has successfully patented a solution to boost antibiotics against antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and an alternative to replace antibiotics in poultry feed. In 2017, he was the recipient of the European Patent Office (EPO) Popular Prize category award. EPO President Benoît Battistelli declared "The public vote for Adnane Remmal recognises his contribution to fighting the growing threat of antibiotic-resistant microbes."

Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University
Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University (French: Université Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah; Arabic: جامعة سيدي محمد بن عبد الله) is a university in Fez city, Morocco, which was founded in 1975. It is named for Mohammed ben Abdallah.

In 2022, the Times Higher Education World University Rankings rated Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University as the best higher education institution in Morocco. It was the only Moroccan university to be ranked in the top 1,000 globally.
Suzuho Makaze
Suzuho Makaze (真風  涼帆, Makaze Suzuho, born July 18, 1986) is a Japanese actress and a former Takarazuka Revue otokoyaku (男役, "male role"), born in Kumamoto Prefecture, Kikuchi District. She was a leading actress of the Cosmos Troupe (Top Star).

Kumamoto Prefecture
Kumamoto Prefecture (熊本県, Kumamoto-ken; Japanese pronunciation: [kɯ.ma.mo.to, -toꜜ.keɴ]) is a prefecture of Japan located on the island of Kyūshū. Kumamoto Prefecture has a population of 1,683,115 (as of 1 October 2025) and has a geographic area of 7,409 square kilometres (2,861 sq mi). Kumamoto Prefecture borders Fukuoka Prefecture to the north, Ōita Prefecture to the northeast, Miyazaki Prefecture to the southeast, and Kagoshima Prefecture to the south.

Kumamoto is the capital and largest city of Kumamoto Prefecture, with other major cities including Yatsushiro, Amakusa, and Tamana. Kumamoto Prefecture is located in the center of Kyūshū on the coast of the Ariake Sea, across from Nagasaki Prefecture, with the mainland separated from the East China Sea by the Amakusa Archipelago. Kumamoto Prefecture is home to Mount Aso, the largest active volcano in Japan and among the largest in the world, with its peak 1,592 metres (5,223 ft) above sea level.
Mariana Percovich
Mariana Percovich (born 1 December 1963) is a Uruguayan playwright, teacher, and theater director. She graduated as a literature professor from the Instituto de Profesores Artigas (IPA) of Montevideo. Prior to her reintegration into EMAD, she had been the Performing Arts Coordinator of her country's Ministry of Education and Culture, where she spent four years. She has won the Florencio Award twice. She has been part of the company Complot since 2007.

Margarita Xirgu Multidisciplinary School of Dramatic Art
The Escuela Multidisciplinaria de Arte Dramático Margarita Xirgu (EMAD) (Spanish for 'Margarita Xirgu Multidisciplinary School of Dramatic Arts') is a public drama school in Montevideo, Uruguay. The institute offers a degree in acting and theater design, as well as a teaching degree in theater and body expression, and a technical degree in dramaturgy.

Founded in 1949, it is the first drama school in the country and the only public. In 2010, it was named in honor of the Spanish actress Margarita Xirgu who developed part of her career in Uruguay. For its first 50 years, the school operated in the east wing of the Solís Theatre and after operating in different locations, in 2024 it was established in the Centro neighborhood.