hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Wildlife Game Refuges Act of 1916
The Wildlife Game Refuges Act of 1916 placed aside certain United States Federal park lands as nature reserves free from hunting and poaching, and placed the United States Forest Service in charge of enforcing such provisions.  The purpose was to increase the total big-game population (both inside and outside the game refuges), using the ecological principle of refuges.

Refuge (ecology)
A refuge is a concept in ecology, in which an organism obtains protection from predation by hiding in an area where it is inaccessible or cannot easily be found. Due to population dynamics, when refuges are available, populations of both predators and prey are significantly higher, and significantly more species can be supported in an area.
Artistic Infusion Program
The Artistic Infusion Program (AIP) is a program of the United States Mint, established in 2003, which invites American artists to create designs for U.S. coins and medals, most notably the 50 State, DC and US Territories, and America the Beautiful quarters. The goal of the AIP is to enrich and diversify the design of United States coins and medals by contracting a collection of artists with varying artistic skills and talents. The program was created after some entries in the 50 State quarters series were described as being of poor quality, with a Mint spokesperson saying the AIP would ensure "excellence in design".

District of Columbia and United States Territories quarters
The District of Columbia and United States Territories quarters were a series of six quarters minted by the United States Mint in 2009 to honor the District of Columbia and the unincorporated United States insular areas of Puerto Rico, Guam, the United States Virgin Islands, American Samoa, and the Northern Mariana Islands. The islands commonly grouped together as the United States Minor Outlying Islands were not featured, as the law defined the word "territory" as being limited to the areas mentioned above. They followed the completion of the 50 State Quarters Program. The coins used the same George Washington obverse as with the quarters of the previous 10 years. The reverse of the quarters featured a design selected by the Mint depicting the federal district and each territory. Unlike on the 50 State quarters, the motto "E Pluribus Unum" preceded and was the same size as the mint date on the reverse.
Kajsa Ollongren
Jkvr. Karin Hildur "Kajsa" Ollongren (Dutch: [ˈkɑisaː ˈʔɔlɔŋgreːn] ⓘ; Swedish: [ˈkâjsa ˈɔ̌lːɔnɡreːn] ⓘ; born 28 May 1967) is a Dutch-Swedish politician who served as Dutch Minister of Defence from 10 January 2022 to 2 July 2024. A member of the Democrats 66 (D66), she previously served as Minister of the Interior and Kingdom Relations and Deputy Prime Minister in the third Rutte cabinet (2017–2022), and briefly as Mayor of Amsterdam (October 2017). Since June 2025 she is EU Special Representative (EUSR) for human rights of the Council of the European Union.

Third Rutte cabinet
The third Rutte cabinet was the cabinet of the Netherlands from 26 October 2017 until 10 January 2022 (since 15 January 2021 demissionary). It was formed by a coalition government of the political parties People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD), Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA), Democrats 66 (D66) and Christian Union (CU) after the general election of 2017.

The cabinet served during the late 2010s and the start of the 2020s. Notable issues during the third Rutte cabinet included the childcare allowance affair (Dutch: toeslagenaffaire), the farmers' protests and the COVID-19 pandemic in the Netherlands. The cabinet fell on 15 January 2021 as a response to a critical report about the childcare allowance affair.
Otto IV, Count of Waldeck
Otto IV, Count of Waldeck at Landau (c. 1440 – 14 October 1494 at Wetterburg Castle in Arolsen) was the third and last ruling count of the elder Waldeck-Landau line.  He was the grandson of Count Adolph III (d. 1431), who had founded the elder Waldeck-Landau line in 1387 and was the third and only surviving son of Count Otto III (d. 1458 or 1459) and his wife Anna of Oldenburg.  His elder brothers John and Henry had died unmarried and childless in 1431 and 1438 respectively.

Bad Arolsen
Bad Arolsen (German: [baːt ˈʔaːʁɔlzn̩] ⓘ, until 1997 Arolsen, Bad being the German name for Spa) is a small town in northern Hesse, Germany, in Waldeck-Frankenberg district. From 1655 until 1918 it served as the residence town of the Princes of Waldeck-Pyrmont and then until 1929 as the capital of the Waldeck Free State. The International Tracing Service has its headquarters in Bad Arolsen.
Dissociation (chemistry)
Dissociation in chemistry is a general process in which molecules (or ionic compounds such as salts, or complexes) separate or split into other things such as atoms, ions, or radicals, usually in a reversible manner. For instance, when an acid dissolves in water, a covalent bond between an electronegative atom and a hydrogen atom is broken by heterolytic fission, which gives a proton (H+) and a negative ion. Dissociation is the opposite of association or recombination.

Heterolysis (chemistry)
In chemistry, heterolysis or heterolytic fission (from Greek  ἕτερος (heteros) 'different' and  λύσις (lusis) 'loosening') is the process of cleaving/breaking a covalent bond where one previously bonded species takes both original bonding electrons from the other species. During heterolytic bond cleavage of a neutral molecule, a cation and an anion will be generated. Most commonly the more electronegative atom keeps the pair of electrons becoming anionic while the more electropositive atom becomes cationic.

Heterolytic fission almost always happens to single bonds; the process usually produces two fragment species.

The energy required to break the bond is called the heterolytic bond dissociation energy, which is similar (but not equivalent) to homolytic bond dissociation energy commonly used to represent the energy value of a bond.

One example of the differences in the energies is the energy required to break a H−H bond
Mueang Ham Hok
Mueang Ham Hok (Thai: เมืองหามหอก) was a large, well-defined double-moated former settlement in Ban Khwao subdistrict, Ban Khwao, Chaiyaphum, northeastern Thailand. It was inhabited from the 6th – 17th centuries from the Dvaravati to the mid-Ayutthaya periods.

The city was abandoned around the 17th century, due to the wars between Ayutthaya and Nakhon Ratchasima during the reign of King Narai.: 14, 17  The people were then evacuated northeastward to settled in Ban Khi Lek Yai (บ้านขี้เหล็กใหญ่), near the present-day Mueang Chaiyaphum.: 14, 19

The social and political structure of Mueang Ham Hok remains unclear, as no inscriptions have been found in the area and there is no mention of it in other historical documents. Mueang Ham Hok was listed as a historical site by the Fine Arts Department in 1936.

Chaiyaphum
Chaiyaphum (Thai: ชัยภูมิ, pronounced [tɕʰāj.jā.pʰūːm]; Northeastern Thai: ไซยภูมิ, pronounced [sa᷇j.ɲā.pʰu᷇ːm]) is a town (thesaban mueang) in northeastern Thailand, capital of Chaiyaphum Province. As of 2015 it had a population of 58,350, and covers the full tambon Nai Mueang of Mueang Chaiyaphum District. Chaiyaphum is 337 road kilometres northeast of Bangkok.

As of 2021, there are wild elephants in the town.
Victor H. Reis
Victor Herbert Reis (born February 11, 1935) is a technologist and former U.S. government official, best known as the architect and original sponsor of the U.S. nuclear Stockpile Stewardship Program and its associated Accelerated Strategic Computing Initiative (ASCI), which resulted in the creation of several new generations of government-sponsored supercomputers.

Advanced Simulation and Computing Program
The Advanced Simulation and Computing Program (ASC) is a super-computing program run by the National Nuclear Security Administration, in order to simulate, test, and maintain the United States nuclear stockpile. The program was created in 1995 in order to support the Stockpile Stewardship Program (or SSP). The goal of the initiative is to extend the lifetime of the current aging stockpile.
RS-27
The RS-27 (Rocket System-27) was a liquid-propellant rocket engine developed in 1974 by Rocketdyne to replace the aging MB-3 in the Delta.  Incorporating components of the venerable MB-3 and the H-1 designs, the RS-27 was a modernized version of the basic design used for two decades.  It was used to power the first stage of the Delta 2000, 3000, 5000, and the first model of the Delta II, the Delta 6000.

The RS-27 was a modified Rocketdyne H-1 built to power the first stage of the Saturn I and Saturn IB and replaced the MB-3 engine that had been used on previous versions of the Delta launcher.  NASA had a large supply of surplus H-1 engines in the early 1970s, as the Apollo program was ending. In addition to its main engine, the RS-27 included two vernier engines to provide vehicle roll control during flight. RS-27 was later developed into the RS-27A and RS-56.

Liquid-propellant rocket
Liquid rocket fuel.

Oxidizer.

Pumps carry the fuel and oxidizer.

The combustion chamber mixes and burns the two liquids.

Combustion product gasses enter the nozzle through a throat.

Exhaust exits the rocket.

A liquid-propellant rocket or liquid rocket uses a rocket engine burning liquid propellants. (Alternate approaches use gaseous or solid propellants.) Liquids are desirable propellants because they have reasonably high density and their combustion products have high specific impulse (Isp). This allows the volume of the propellant tanks to be relatively low.
Joy Jegede
Joy Jegede  (born 16 December 1991) is a Nigerian international footballer who plays as a defender. She is a member of the Nigeria women's national football team, and previously of the under-20 side. She was part of the team at the 2012 African Women's Championship. On club level, she captains Nigerian-based Delta Queens, and previously played for Bobruichanka Bobruisk in Belarus.

Nigeria women's national under-20 football team
The Nigeria women's national under-20 football team, nicknamed the Falconets, represents Nigeria in international youth women's football competitions. Its primary role is the development of players in preparation for the senior women's national team. The team competes in a variety of competitions, including the biennial FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup and African U-20 Women's World Cup qualification, which are the top competitions for this age group.

The team has qualified for every edition of the FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup and has been runners-up twice, losing to Germany on both occasions, in 2010 and 2014.
Vitali set
In mathematics, a Vitali set is an elementary example of a set of real numbers that is not Lebesgue measurable, found by Giuseppe Vitali in 1905. The Vitali theorem is the existence theorem that there are such sets. Each Vitali set is uncountable, and there are uncountably many Vitali sets. The proof of their existence depends on the axiom of choice.

Uncountable set
In mathematics, an uncountable set, informally, is an infinite set that contains too many elements to be countable. The uncountability of a set is closely related to its cardinal number: a set is uncountable if its cardinal number is larger than aleph-null, the cardinality of the natural numbers.

Examples of uncountable sets include the set ⁠⁠ of all real numbers and set of all subsets of the natural numbers.
Muscovite War of Succession
The Muscovite War of Succession, or Muscovite Civil War, was a war of succession in the Grand Duchy of Moscow (Muscovy) from 1425 to 1453. The two warring parties were Vasily II, the son of the previous Grand Prince of Moscow Vasily I, and on the other hand his uncle, Yury Dmitrievich, the Prince of Zvenigorod, and the sons of Yuri Dmitrievich, Vasily Kosoy and Dmitry Shemyaka. In the intermediate stage, the party of Yury conquered Moscow, but in the end, Vasily II regained his crown.

According to Alef (1956), it was "the only struggle for succession in Moscow's history", as well as "the only civil war within the Muscovite principality". He argued that "the death rate in the Moscow family was so high that the dynasty barely maintained itself. When the inheritors to the family patrimony increased sharply at the end of the fourteenth century, an internecine struggle was foreordained. This element helps explain the stability and strength of Moscow in the fourteenth century."

Vasily I of Moscow
Vasily I Dmitriyevich (Russian: Василий I Дмитриевич; 30 December 1371 – 27 February 1425) was Grand Prince of Vladimir and Moscow from 1389. He was the heir of Dmitry Donskoy, who reigned from 1359 to 1389.

He entered an alliance with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1392 and married Sophia, the only daughter of Vytautas, though the alliance turned out to be fragile, and they waged war against each other in 1406–1408.

The raid on the Volga region in 1395 by the Turco-Mongol emir Timur resulted in a state of anarchy for the Golden Horde and the independence of Moscow. In 1412, Vasily resumed submission to the Horde.
Charles Marsh Schomberg
Captain Sir Charles Marsh Schomberg KCH CB (1779 – 2 January 1835) was an officer of the British Royal Navy, who served during French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, and later served as Lieutenant-Governor of Dominica.

Royal Guelphic Order
The Royal Guelphic Order (German: Königlicher Guelphen-Orden), sometimes referred to as the Hanoverian Guelphic Order, is a Hanoverian order of chivalry instituted on 28 April 1815 by the Prince Regent (later King George IV). It takes its name from the House of Guelph, of which the House of Hanover was a branch. Since Hanover and the United Kingdom shared a monarch until 1837, the order was frequently bestowed upon British subjects.
Covert Avenue
Covert Avenue is a major, 1.68-mile (2.70 km) county highway in Nassau County, on Long Island, New York. Designated as the unsigned Nassau County Route C52, it connects Elmont and the Incorporated Village of New Hyde Park, is owned by Nassau County, and is maintained by the Nassau County Department of Public Works.

Elmont, New York
Elmont is an unincorporated hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) located in northwestern Hempstead in Nassau County, New York, United States, along its border with the borough of Queens in the City of New York. The population was 35,265 at the time of the 2020 census.

The hamlet is famous for Belmont Park which hosts the Belmont Stakes, the third leg of the prestigious Triple Crown of thoroughbred racing. Elmont is also home to UBS Arena, home of the NHL's New York Islanders.

Elmont has tried incorporating itself as a village multiple times, but has been unable to successfully do so.
Guyora Binder
Guyora Binder (born 7 November 1956) is a legal scholar and writer.

Binder has been faculty at University at Buffalo Law School and Boston University School of Law, and has been published in the Boston University Law Review.

In 2012, he wrote Felony Murder, an examination of the felony murder crime in the US.

Boston University School of Law
The Boston University School of Law (BU Law) is the law school of Boston University, a private research university in Boston. Established in 1872, it is the third-oldest law school in New England, after Harvard Law School and Yale Law School. Approximately 630 students are enrolled in the full-time J.D. degree program (approximately 210 per class) and about 350 in the school's five LLM degree programs. BU Law was one of the first law schools in the country to admit students to study law regardless of race or gender.
Transcendentals
In philosophy, the transcendentals (Latin: transcendentalia, from transcendere "to exceed") are the ultimate "properties of being" that exist beyond the material world, nowadays commonly considered to be truth, unity (oneness), beauty, and goodness. Formulation of transcendentals as a set arose from medieval scholasticism, namely Aquinas, though the underlying thought originated with Plato, Augustine, and Aristotle in the West.

From the time of Albertus Magnus in the High Middle Ages, the transcendentals have been the subject of metaphysics. Although there was disagreement about their number, there was consensus that, in addition to the basic concept of being itself (ens), unity (unum), truth (verum) and goodness (bonum) were part of the transcendental family. Since then, thing, or reality (res), something (aliquid) and, more recently, beauty (pulchrum) have been added. Today, they are found in theology, particularly in Catholic thought, as unity, truth, goodness and beauty.

Albertus Magnus
Albertus Magnus OP (c. 1200 – 15 November 1280), also known as Saint Albert the Great, Albert of Swabia, Albert von Bollstadt, or Albert of Cologne, was a German Dominican friar, philosopher, scientist, and bishop. He is considered one of the greatest medieval philosophers and thinkers.

Canonized in 1931, he was known during his lifetime as Doctor universalis and Doctor expertus; late in his life the sobriquet Magnus was appended to his name. Scholars such as James A. Weisheipl and Joachim R. Söder have referred to him as the greatest German philosopher and theologian of the Middle Ages. The Catholic Church distinguishes him as one of the Doctors of the Church.
Pleomax
Pleomax was a brand that was previously part of the Samsung C&T Corporation. Its products range from PC accessories, storage media to batteries.The brand was first launched in 2004. The brand changed ownership to Eofficekorea, and became defunct in 2024.

Samsung C&T Corporation
Samsung Construction and Trading Corporation (Korean: 삼성물산 주식회사; stylized as Samsung C&T) is a South Korean construction and engineering company. It was founded in 1938 as the first Samsung company and was initially involved in construction and overseas trading operations. Since 1995, it has largely focused on global engineering and construction projects, trade and investments, fashion and real estate. The corporation is governed by an 11-member Board of Directors, made up of the President and CEOs of its four working groups (Engineering & Construction, Trading & Investment, Fashion, and Resort), the corporation's CFO, and six independent members. Samsung C&T employs over 17,000 people. The firm is often regarded as the holding company of Samsung chaebol  as it is a major shareholder of various Samsung affiliates.
Bill Ray (politician)
Bill C. Ray Sr. (April 6, 1922 – September 9, 2013) was an American businessman, politician, and writer. He served as a member of the Alaska Legislature for 22 years (six in the House and an additional 16 in the Senate) as a Democrat representing Juneau.

Alaska House of Representatives
The Alaska House of Representatives is the lower house in the Alaska State Legislature, the state legislature of the U.S. state of Alaska. The House is composed of 40 members, each of whom represents a district of approximately 17,756 people per 2010 census figures.  Members serve two-year terms without term limits. With 40 representatives, the Alaska House is the smallest state legislative lower chamber in the United States. The House convenes at the State Capitol in Juneau.
Georgia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2023
Georgia was represented at the Eurovision Song Contest 2023 with the song "Echo", written by Giorgi Kukhianidze, Beni Kadagidze, and Irina Khechanovi, and performed by Khechanovi herself under her stage name Iru. The Georgian participating broadcaster, the Georgian Public Broadcaster (GPB), selected its representative through the fifth season of The Voice Georgia, while the song "Echo" was internally selected and released on 16 March 2023.

Georgia was drawn to compete in the second semi-final of the Eurovision Song Contest which took place on 11 May 2023. Performing during the show in position 11, "Echo" was not announced among the top 10 entries of the second semi-final and therefore did not qualify to compete in the final. It was later revealed that Georgia placed 12th out of the 16 participating countries in the semi-final with 33 points.

The Voice Georgia
The Voice Sakartvelo (Georgian: The Voice საქართველო), known in English as The Voice Georgia, is a Georgian reality television show and singing competition broadcast on 1TV.

From seasons one through three, the show was called The Voice of Georgia (Georgian: ახალი ქართული ხმა, Akhali Kartuli Khma, lit. 'New Georgian Voice') and was broadcast on IMEDI TV. It is part of the international franchise The Voice based on the reality singing competition, The Voice of Holland, launched in the Netherlands, created by Dutch television producer John de Mol.

One of the show's important premises is the contestants' singing quality. Three or four coaches, themselves popular performing artists, composers, and producers, train talents in their team and occasionally perform with them. Talents are selected in blind auditions, where the coaches cannot see, but only hear the auditioner.
Sunstone
Sunstone is a microcline or oligoclase feldspar, which when viewed from certain directions  exhibits a spangled appearance. It has been found in Southern Norway, Sweden, various localities in the United States, and on some beaches along the midcoast of South Australia.

Oligoclase
Oligoclase is a rock-forming mineral belonging to the plagioclase feldspars. In chemical composition and in its crystallographic and physical characters it is intermediate between albite (NaAlSi3O8) and anorthite (CaAl2Si2O8). The albite:anorthite molar ratio of oligoclase ranges from 90:10 to 70:30.

Oligoclase is a high sodium feldspar crystallizing in the triclinic system. The Mohs hardness is 6 to 6.5 and the specific gravity is 2.64 to 2.66. The refractive indices are: nα = 1.533–1.543, nβ = 1.537–1.548, and nγ = 1.542–1.552. In color it is usually white, with shades of grey, green, or red.

Oligoclase is a common mineral in the more silica-rich varieties of igneous rock and in many metamorphic rocks.
Same-sex marriage in Yukon
Same-sex marriage has been legal in Yukon since July 14, 2004, immediately following a ruling from the Supreme Court of Yukon. This made the territory the fourth jurisdiction in Canada, and the seventh in the world after the Netherlands, Belgium, Ontario, British Columbia, Quebec and Massachusetts, to legalise same-sex marriage. Yukon was the first of Canada's three territories to legalise same-sex marriage, and the only one to do so before the federal legalisation of same-sex marriage in July 2005 by the Parliament of Canada.

Same-sex marriage in British Columbia
Same-sex marriage has been legal in British Columbia since July 8, 2003, after a series of court rulings in Barbeau v. British Columbia which ultimately landed in favour of same-sex couples seeking marriage licences. This made British Columbia the second province in Canada, the second jurisdiction in North America and the fourth in the world, after the Netherlands, Belgium and Ontario, to legalise same-sex marriage.
National Party South Africa (2008)
The National Party of South Africa (NP), also called the National Party, was a right-wing South African political party. It competed for the Western Cape province in the 2009 provincial election and municipal council seats in the 2011 local government elections.

2009 South African general election
General elections were held in South Africa on 22 April 2009 to elect members of the National Assembly and provincial legislatures. These were the fourth general elections held since the end of the apartheid era.

The North Gauteng High Court ruled on 9 February 2009 that South African citizens living abroad should be allowed to vote in elections. The judgment was confirmed by the Constitutional Court on 12 March 2009, when it decided that overseas voters who were already registered would be allowed to vote. Registered voters who found themselves outside their registered voting districts on election day were also permitted to vote for the national ballot at any voting station in South Africa.

The result was a victory for the ruling African National Congress (ANC), which won 264 of the 400 seats in the National Assembly, a fifteen seat reduction compared to the 2004 elections and losing its two-thirds supermajority. ANC leader Jacob Zuma became president.