hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Chortiatis massacre
The Chortiatis Massacre (Greek: Σφαγή του Χορτιάτη) was a violent reprisal by the Greek collaborationist Security Battalions and German army troops during the Axis Occupation of Greece. On 2 September 1944, a platoon of Greek People's Liberation Army (ELAS) fighters ambushed a government water supply column outside Chortiatis village. Several hours later an Axis punitive expedition into the area led to the destruction of the village and the parallel execution of 146 of its citizens, most of whom were women and children.

Chortiatis
Chortiatis (Greek: Χορτιάτης) is a suburb and a former municipality in the Thessaloniki regional unit, Greece. Since the 2011 Kallikratis local government reform it is part of the municipality Pylaia-Chortiatis, of which it is a municipal unit. It lies at 600 metres altitude on the slopes of the Mount Chortiatis, from which it takes its name. The municipal unit Chortiatis has an area of 109.934 km2, and the community Chortiatis has an area of 57.315 km2.
Kintetsu-Tambabashi Station
Kintetsu-Tambabashi Station (近鉄丹波橋駅, Kintetsu Tanbabashi-eki) is a passenger railway station located in  Fushimi-ku in Kyoto, Japan. It is operated by the private railway operator Kintetsu Railway.It is station number B07. It is closely connected by a sheltered pedestrian bridge to Tambabashi Station on the Keihan Electric Railway Keihan Line.

Kintetsu Railway
Kintetsu Railway Co., Ltd. (近畿日本鉄道株式会社, Kinki-nippon Tetsudō Kabushiki-gaisha), referred to as Kintetsu (近鉄) and officially Kinki-Nippon Railway, is a Japanese passenger railway company, managing infrastructure and operating passenger train service. Its railway system is the largest in Japan, excluding Japan Railways Group. The railway network connects Osaka, Nara, Kyoto, Nagoya, Tsu, Ise, and Yoshino. Kintetsu Railway Co., Ltd. is a wholly owned subsidiary of Kintetsu Group Holdings Co., Ltd.
Li Congyi
Li Congyi (Chinese: 李從益) (931 – June 23, 947), known as the Prince of Xu (許王), was an imperial prince of the Later Tang dynasty of China. He was the youngest son of its second emperor, Li Siyuan (Emperor Mingzong). During the chaos following the destruction of the Later Tang's successor state, the Later Jin dynasty, he was forced to claim imperial title by Xiao Han, a general of the Liao dynasty (whose forces had destroyed the Later Jin), and was subsequently killed by Liu Zhiyuan, the founder of the succeeding Later Han dynasty.

Later Jin (Five Dynasties)
Jin, known as the Later Jìn (simplified Chinese: 后晋; traditional Chinese: 後晉; pinyin: Hòu Jìn, 936–947) or the Shi Jin (石晉) in historiography, was an imperial dynasty of China and the third of the Five Dynasties during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. It was founded by Shi Jingtang (Emperor Gaozu) with aid from the Liao dynasty, which assumed suzerainty over the Later Jin. After Later Jin's second ruler, Shi Chonggui (Emperor Chu), fell out with the Liao dynasty, the Liao invaded in 946 and in 947, annihilated the Later Jin and annexed its former territories.
Military conquests of Umar's era
Umar was the second Rashidun Caliph and reigned during 634–644. Umar ibn Al-Khattāb caliphate is notable for its vast conquests. Aided by brilliant field commanders, he was able to incorporate present-day Iraq, Iran, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, Syria, Jordan, Palestine, Lebanon, Egypt, and parts of Afghanistan, Turkmenistan and south western Pakistan into the Caliphate. During his reign, the Byzantines lost more than three fourths of their territory and in Persia, Umar ibn Al-Khattāb became the king (ruler) of Iran after the fall of the Sassanid Empire.

Historians estimate more than 4,050 cities were conquered during the reign of Umar ibn Al-Khattāb.

Military conquests of Umar ibn Al-Khattāb era are:

Muslim conquest of Persia
The Muslim conquest of Persia or Arab conquest of Iran occurred between 633 and 651, when the Rashidun Caliphate conquered the Sasanian Empire as part of the early Muslim conquests, which began under Muhammad in 622.
Mary Fraser Dott
Mary Fraser Dott (died about 1980) was a Scottish nationalist political activist and founding member of the National Party of Scotland and the Scottish National Party. She was a candidate for the Edinburgh East by-election of 1947.

1947 Edinburgh East by-election
A 1947 by-election for the constituency of Edinburgh East in the United Kingdom House of Commons was held on 27 November 1947, caused by the appointment of the sitting Labour MP George Thomson as Lord Justice Clerk. The seat was retained by the Labour Party, with their candidate John Wheatley winning the seat.
Aptheker v. Secretary of State
Aptheker v. Secretary of State, 378 U.S. 500 (1964), was a landmark decision of the US Supreme Court on the right to travel and passport restrictions as they relate to Fifth Amendment due process rights and First Amendment free speech, freedom of assembly and freedom of association rights.  It is the first case in which the US Supreme Court considered the constitutionality of personal restrictions on the right to travel abroad.

In Aptheker, the petitioner challenged Section 6 of the Subversive Activities Control Act of 1950, which made it a crime for any member of a Communist organization to attempt to use or obtain a passport.

NAACP v. Button
NAACP v. Button, 371 U.S. 415 (1963), is a ruling by the Supreme Court of the United States which held that the reservation of jurisdiction by a federal district court did not bar the U.S. Supreme Court from reviewing a state court's ruling, and also overturned certain laws enacted by the state of Virginia in 1956 as part of the Stanley Plan and massive resistance, as violating the First and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution. The statutes struck down by the Supreme Court (and one overturned by the Virginia Supreme Court after the 1959 remand in Harrison v. NAACP) had expanded the definitions of the traditional common law crimes of champerty and maintenance, as well as barratry, and had been targeted at the NAACP and its civil rights litigation.
Quality Street (confectionery)
Quality Street is a line of tinned and boxed toffees, chocolates and sweets, first manufactured in 1936 by Mackintosh's in Halifax, West Yorkshire, England. It was named after J. M. Barrie's play Quality Street. Since 1988, the confectionery has been produced by Nestlé. Quality Street has long been a competitor to Cadbury Roses, which were launched by Cadbury in 1938.

Toffee
Toffee is an English confection made by caramelizing sugar or molasses (creating inverted sugar) along with butter, and occasionally flour. The mixture is heated until its temperature reaches the hard crack stage of 149 to 154 °C (300 to 310 °F). While being prepared, toffee is sometimes mixed with nuts or raisins.
TLC (TV series)
TLC (stylized tlc) is a darkly surreal farce-like sitcom set in a fictional NHS hospital called South Middlesex. Written by Fintan Coyle, co-creator of hit game show Weakest Link, it was first broadcast on the BBC on 11 November 2002 and ran over six episodes until 16 December. There were some very mixed opinions on the show among both critics and viewers, but it achieved decent ratings and featured an excellent comedy cast including Richard Griffiths, Alexander Armstrong and The League of Gentlemen's Reece Shearsmith. The series was released on DVD in the UK on 29 October 2007.

The Weakest Link (British game show)
The Weakest Link is a British television quiz show, mainly broadcast on BBC Two and BBC One. It was devised by Fintan Coyle and Cathy Dunning and developed for television by the BBC Entertainment Department. The game begins with a team of nine contestants (eight in the revival), who take turns answering general knowledge questions within a time limit to create chains of nine correct answers in a row. At the end of each round, the players then vote one contestant, "the weakest link", out of the game. After two players are left, they play in a head-to-head penalty shootout format, with five questions asked to each contestant in turn, to determine the winner.
Jane Harman
Jane Margaret Harman (née Lakes, June 28, 1945) is an American former politician who served as the U.S. representative for California's 36th congressional district from 1993 to 1999 and again from 2001 to 2011. A member of the Democratic Party, she was the ranking member on the House Intelligence Committee (2002–2006), before she chaired the Homeland Security Committee's Intelligence Subcommittee (2007–2011). Harman was a conservative Blue Dog Democrat.

Resigning from Congress in February 2011, Harman became president and CEO of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. She succeeded former U.S. representative Lee Hamilton and was the first ever woman to lead the organization. She stepped down in February 2021. She is also a distinguished scholar and president emerita.

United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence
The United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence (HPSCI), also known as the House Intelligence Committee, is a committee of the United States House of Representatives, currently chaired by Rick Crawford. It is the primary committee in the U.S. House of Representatives charged with the oversight of the United States Intelligence Community, though it does share some jurisdiction with other committees in the House, including the Armed Services Committee for some matters dealing with the Department of Defense and the various branches of the U.S. military.

The committee was preceded by the Select Committee on Intelligence between 1975 and 1977. House Resolution 658 established the permanent select committee, which gave it status equal to a standing committee on July 14, 1977.
Artem Markelov (figure skater)
Artem Alexeyevich Markelov (Russian: Артём Алексеевич Маркелов; born July 10, 2003) is an American ice dancer. With his skating partner and wife, Leah Neset, he is a two-time Challenger Series bronze medalist, the 2024 World Junior champion, 2023–24 Junior Grand Prix Final champion, a two-time ISU Junior Grand Prix gold medalist, and a three-time U.S. junior national champion (2022, 2023, 2024).

2024 U.S. Figure Skating Championships
The 2024 U.S. Figure Skating Championships were held January 22–28, 2024, at the Nationwide Arena in Columbus, Ohio. Medals were awarded in men's singles, women's singles, pair skating, and ice dance at the senior and junior levels. The results were part of the U.S. selection criteria for the 2024 World Championships and 2024 World Junior Championships.
Barefooted Flight
The Barefooted Flight or also known as the Years of Great Disasters (Kazakh: «Ақтабан шұбырынды, Алқакөл сұлама») is a name given to the defeat, indiscriminate attacks on civilians and expulsion of the Kazakhs from Kazakhstan from 1723 to 1730. The expulsion and the indiscriminate attacks on civilians included the Senior Jüz, Middle Jüz and the Junior Jüz, as the Kyrgyz and Karakalpaks. As it was described as the "worst case of nomadic-sedentary relations: steppe pastoralists ravaged the cultivated land of sedentary neighbours".

Jüz
A jüz (Modern Kazakh tribes) (/ˈ(d)ʒ(j)uːz/; Kazakh: ءجۇز  / жүз, pronounced [ʒʉz], also translated as 'horde') is one of the three main territorial and tribal divisions in the Kypchak Plain area that covers much of the contemporary Kazakhstan. It represents the main tribal division within the ethnic group of the Kazakhs.

The  Senior jüz (Kazakh: ۇلى ءجۇز, Ұлы Жүз, romanized: Ūly Jüz) covers territories of southern and southeastern Kazakhstan, northwestern China (Xinjiang) and parts of Uzbekistan.

The  Middle jüz (Kazakh: ورتا ءجۇز, Орта жүз, romanized: Orta Jüz) consists of six tribes, covering northern, central and eastern Kazakhstan, and northwestern China.

The  Junior jüz (Kazakh: كىشى ءجۇز, Кіші жүз, romanized: Kışı Jüz)) consists of three tribes, covering western Kazakhstan and eastern European  Russia (Orenburg Oblast).
Butterworth–Kulim Expressway
Butterworth–Kulim Expressway, (BKE; Malay: Lebuhraya Butterworth–Kulim), is an expressway in Penang, Malaysia. The 17 km (11 mi) expressway connects Butterworth, Penang in the west to Lunas, Kedah in the east. It is also a main route to the East–West Highway (Federal Route 4) via Baling, Kedah and Gerik, Perak.

Butterworth Outer Ring Road
Butterworth Outer Ring Road (BORR) (Malay: Lebuhraya Lingkaran Luar Butterworth) is a coastal expressway located in Butterworth, Penang, Malaysia. This 14 km (8.7 mi) expressway connects Sungai Dua in the north until Perai in the south.
Durdans, Mundesley
The Durdans Bed and Breakfast Hotel is located in the English seaside village of Mundesley in the county of Norfolk, United Kingdom. The guest house is a 4-star bed and breakfast with a Silver Award from Visit Britain.

Mundesley
Mundesley /ˈmʌn.zli/ is a coastal village and a civil parish in the English county of Norfolk. The village is 20 miles (32 km) north-northeast of Norwich, 7 miles (11 km) southeast of Cromer and 6 miles (9.7 km) north-northeast of the town of North Walsham.
2020 Ligier European Series
The 2020 Ligier European Series was the first season of the Ligier European Series. The five-event season began at Circuit Paul Ricard on 18 July and finished at Algarve International Circuit on 31 October.

Circuit Paul Ricard
The Circuit Paul Ricard (French pronunciation: [siʁkɥi pɔl ʁikaʁ]) is a French motorsport race track built in 1969 at Le Castellet, Var, near Marseille, with finance from pastis magnate Paul Ricard. Ricard wanted to experience the challenge of building a racetrack. The circuit has hosted the FIA Formula One French Grand Prix intermittently from 1971 to 2022.
Closure (mathematics)
In mathematics, a subset of a larger set is closed under a given operation on the larger set if performing that operation on members of the subset always produces a member of that subset. For example, the natural numbers are closed under addition, but not under subtraction: 1 − 2 is not a natural number, although both 1 and 2 are.

Similarly, a subset is said to be closed under a collection of operations if it is closed under each of the operations individually.

The closure of a subset is the result of a closure operator applied to the subset. The closure of a subset under some operations is the smallest superset that is closed under these operations. It is often called the span (for example linear span) or the generated set.

Set (mathematics)
In mathematics, a set is a collection of different things; the things are called elements or members of the set and are typically mathematical objects: numbers, symbols, points in space, lines, geometric shapes, variables, or other sets.  A set may be finite or infinite. There is a unique set with no elements, called the empty set; a set with a single element is a singleton.

Mathematics typically does not define precisely what constitutes a "set" or "collection", because such a definition would have to be in terms of something else previously defined.  Instead, sets serve as foundational objects whose behavior is described by axioms modeled on intuition about collections, and then essentially all other mathematical objects are rigorously defined in terms of sets.

Set theory studies possible axiom systems and their consequences.
Since the first half of the 20th century, ZFC (Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory with the axiom of choice) has been the axiom system most commonly used.
Cable layer
A cable layer or cable ship is a deep-sea vessel designed and used to lay underwater cables for telecommunications, for electric power transmission, military, or other purposes. Cable ships are distinguished by large cable sheaves for guiding cable over bow or stern or both. Bow sheaves, some very large, were characteristic of all cable ships in the past, but newer ships are tending toward having stern sheaves only, as seen in the photo of CS Cable Innovator at the Port of Astoria on this page. The names of cable ships are often preceded by "C.S." as in CS Long Lines.

The first transatlantic telegraph cable was laid by cable layers in 1857 to 1858. It briefly enabled telecommunication between Europe and North America before misuse resulted in failure of the line. In 1866 the SS Great Eastern successfully laid two transatlantic cables, securing future communication between the continents.

Submarine power cable
A submarine power cable is a transmission cable for carrying electric power below the surface of the water. These are called "submarine" because they usually carry electric power beneath salt water (arms of the ocean, seas, straits, etc.) but it is also possible to use submarine power cables beneath fresh water (large lakes and rivers). Examples of the latter exist that connect the mainland with large islands in the St. Lawrence River.
Rachel Appoh
Rachel Florence Appoh (born 6 October 1980) is a Ghanaian politician and former National Democratic Congress (NDC) member of Parliament for Gomoa Central Constituency, Central Region of Ghana. Formerly the Deputy Minister of Gender, Children and Social Protection, she was succeeded by Naana Ayiah Quansah during the 2016 parliamentary elections

Naana Eyiah Quansah
Naana Eyiah is a Ghanaian politician and a member of the New Patriotic Party. She is the former member of parliament for Gomoa Central Constituency in the Central Region of Ghana. She was a Deputy Minister for Interior.
Georgios Xenopoulos
Georgios Xenopoulos, SJ (Greek: Γεώργιος Ξενόπουλος; 23 August 1898 – 28 January 1980) was a Greek Jesuit and prelate of the Catholic Church. From 1947 until his retirement in 1974, he was the Bishop of Santorini and the Bishop of Syros. In addition, he was at various times the apostolic administrator of the Archdiocese of Athens, the Diocese of Crete, and the Apostolic Vicariate of Salonica. He died in 1980, aged 81.

Archdiocese of Athens
The Archdiocese of Athens (Latin: Archidioecesis Atheniensis or Athenarum) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or archdiocese of the Catholic Church in Greece. Its cathedra is found within the neoclassic Cathedral Basilica of St. Dionysius the Areopagite, in the episcopal see of Athens.
Ean Randolph
Ean Randolph (born April 22, 1984) is a former American and Canadian football wide receiver. He was signed by the Kansas City Chiefs of the National Football League (NFL) as an undrafted free agent in 2007. He played college football at South Florida.

Randolph was also a member of the Montreal Alouettes.

South Florida Bulls football
The South Florida Bulls football team represents the University of South Florida (USF). The Bulls began playing in 1997, and compete in the American Conference (The American) of the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) within the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). The team currently plays its home games at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa, Florida, however the Bulls will host home games at a new $340 million on-campus stadium starting in the 2027 season.
Marc Bernardin
Marc Bernardin (born November 29, 1971) is an American journalist, public speaker, TV and comic book writer, and podcaster.  He has served as film editor for the Los Angeles Times and senior editor for The Hollywood Reporter and Entertainment Weekly.  He has written for GQ, Wired, Details, Vulture, Playboy, and Empire. He has been a staff writer for Castle Rock, Treadstone and Carnival Row, and a supervising producer on Star Trek: Picard.

Castle Rock (TV series)
Castle Rock is an American supernatural horror television series, adapted from Stephen King's fictional town of Castle Rock, Maine. The series was created by Sam Shaw and Dustin Thomason, and premiered on July 25, 2018, on Hulu.

The first season starred André Holland, Melanie Lynskey, Bill Skarsgård, Jane Levy, and Sissy Spacek. A second season acting as a separate stand-alone story premiered on October 23, 2019, starring Lizzy Caplan, Paul Sparks, Barkhad Abdi, Yusra Warsama, Elsie Fisher, Matthew Alan, and Tim Robbins. In November 2020, Hulu cancelled the series after two seasons.
Phạm Thành Lương
Phạm Thành Lương (born 10 September 1988) is a Vietnamese football manager and former player who is the assistant coach of V.League 1 club Công An Hà Nội.

Thành Lương played as a left winger. After emerging through ACB Hanoi's youth academy and spending seven seasons with the senior side, he moved to Hanoi T&T in December 2012. Since then, he went on to become a mainstay for Hanoi FC, and had won 12 major honours, including five V.League 1 titles, three Vietnamese Cups and four Vietnamese Super Cups. At international level, Thành Lương won 78 caps for Vietnam, and was a part of the squad which won 2008 AFF Championship. He retired in 2023, at age 35.

Thành Lương began his managerial career in 2023, when he was appointed by Hòa Bình.

Vietnamese National Football Cup
Vietnamese National Football Cup (Vietnamese: Giải Bóng đá Cúp Quốc Gia Việt Nam), officially stylized as the National Cup (Vietnamese: Cúp Quốc gia), is a Vietnamese football competition. It is one of the most important club competitions in Vietnam.

The Vietnamese Cup was first held in 1992. Cảng Sài Gòn was the first cup winner.
Thonmi Sambhota
Thonmi Sambhota (Thönmi Sambhoṭa, (Tib. ཐོན་མི་སམ་བྷོ་ཊ།, Wylie thon mi sam+b+ho Ta; c.619-7th C.) is a figure credited by Tibetan traditions with creating the first Tibetan script, based on the Gupta alphabet, after being sent by king Songsten Gampo to study in India. He is also credited with serving the king as his minister and escorting two princesses from Nepal and China into Tibet to become Songtsen Gampo's queens. The authenticity of this legend has been questioned.

Gupta script
The Gupta script (sometimes referred to as Gupta Brahmi script or Late Brahmi script) was used for writing Sanskrit and is associated with the Gupta Empire of the Indian subcontinent, which was a period of material prosperity and great religious and scientific developments. The Gupta script was descended from Brāhmī and gave rise to the Śāradā and Siddhaṃ scripts. These scripts in turn gave rise to many of the most important Indic scripts, including Devanāgarī (the most common script used for writing Sanskrit since the 19th century), the Gurmukhī script for Punjabi, the Odia script, the Bengali-Assamese script and the Tibetan script.
Nicolas Bonnet (ski mountaineer)
Nicolas Bonnet  (born 6 November 1984) is a French ski mountaineer, runner, mountain guide and coach of the national team.

Bonnet was born in Briançon. He started ski mountaineering in 1998 and competed first in 2002. He holds several national titles in different age classes. In 2006, he was also 2006 "junior" class World champion of vertical race, and placed 1st in the "junior" class at the Patrouille des Glaciers as well as at the short distance race of the Pierra Menta. On 12 April 2007 he broke his own course record on the Pelvoux course with a total time of 3 hours 18 minutes. Together with the Germans Benedikt Böhm and Sebastian Haag he planned a speed ski mountaineering tour on the Manaslu, but had to withdraw due to the bad weather conditions and danger of avalanches. He is member of the Team Ecrins Hautes-Alpes and belongs to the national selection since 2007.

Ski mountaineering
Ski mountaineering (abbreviated to skimo) is a skiing discipline that involves climbing mountains either on skis or carrying them, depending on the steepness of the ascent, and then descending on skis. There are two major categories of equipment used: free-heel telemark skis and skis based on alpine skis, where the heel is free for ascents, but is fixed during descent. The discipline may be practiced recreationally or as a competitive sport.

Competitive ski mountaineering is typically a timed racing event that follows an established trail through challenging winter alpine terrain while passing through a series of checkpoints. Racers climb and descend under their own power using backcountry skiing equipment and techniques. More generally, ski mountaineering is an activity that variously combines ski touring, telemark, backcountry skiing, and mountaineering.

Ski mountaineering made its debut as an Olympic Games event in the 2026 Winter Olympics.