hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Carlo Somigliana
Carlo Somigliana (20 September 1860 – 20 June 1955) was an Italian mathematician and a classical mathematical physicist, faithful member of the school of Enrico Betti and Eugenio Beltrami. He made important contributions to linear elasticity: the Somigliana integral equation, analogous to Green's formula in potential theory, and the Somigliana dislocations are named after him. Other fields he contribute to include seismic wave propagation, gravimetry and glaciology. One of his ancestors through his mother was Alessandro Volta.

Mathematical physics
Mathematical physics is the development of mathematical methods for application to problems in physics. The Journal of Mathematical Physics defines the field as "the application of mathematics to problems in physics and the development of mathematical methods suitable for such applications and for the formulation of physical theories". An alternative definition would also include those mathematics that are inspired by physics, known as physical mathematics.
John Stuper
John Anton Stuper (born May 9, 1957) is an American former baseball coach and pitcher. He attended Point Park University before playing professionally from 1982 to 1985 for the St. Louis Cardinals and the Cincinnati Reds. He then served as the head coach of the Yale Bulldogs (1993–2022).

Yale Bulldogs baseball
The Yale Bulldogs baseball team is a varsity intercollegiate athletic team of Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, United States. The team is a member of the Ivy League, which is part of the National Collegiate Athletic Association's Division I. Yale's first baseball team was fielded in 1864. The team plays its home games at Bush Field in New Haven, Connecticut. The Bulldogs are coached by Brian Hamm.
Nia Franklin
Nia Imani Franklin (born July 27, 1993) is an American composer and beauty pageant titleholder. In June 2018, she was crowned Miss New York 2018. On September 9, 2018, she was crowned Miss America 2019 in Atlantic City, New Jersey, by the outgoing Miss America 2018, Cara Mund.

With her win, 2019 became the first year that all four major United States–based pageants were won by black women; other titleholders were Zozibini Tunzi of South Africa (as Miss Universe 2019), Kaliegh Garris (as Miss Teen USA 2019), and Cheslie Kryst (as Miss USA 2019).

Cara Mund
Cara D. Mund (/ˈkɑːrə/ KAR-ə; born December 8, 1993) is an American attorney and former Miss America from Bismarck, North Dakota. In June 2017, she was crowned Miss North Dakota 2017. On September 10, 2017, she was crowned Miss America 2018 in Atlantic City and became the first contestant from North Dakota to win the competition.
Ordinary World (album)
Ordinary World is the second studio album by American band Get Set Go, released on January 17, 2006 through TSR Records. The album marks a shift in sound for the band, going for more of an indie rock approach when compared to the slick pop-punk sound of its predecessor, So You've Ruined Your Life. All of the album's tracks were written during a time in which the band's main songwriter, Michael Torres, was addicted to drugs. Lyrical themes include misanthropy, drugs, alcohol, terrorism, the end of the world, murder, and relationship problems. It is the first album to feature long-time band members Eric Summer and Dave Palamero.

So You've Ruined Your Life
So You've Ruined Your Life is the debut studio album by American band Get Set Go, released on September 30, 2003 through TSR Records. The album displays the band's early pop-punk sound, and is the only album to feature founding members Patrick Flores and Amy Woods in its entirety. The hidden track, "Wait", has been used in the TV series Grey's Anatomy and has been used in the first volume of the series soundtrack.
Texan schooner San Antonio
The Texan schooner San Antonio was a two-masted schooner of the Second Texas Navy from 1839-1840. She was the sister ship of the San Jacinto and the San Bernard. In 1840, San Antonio was part of the Texas Navy flotilla led by Commodore Edwin Ward Moore which was dispatched to assist Yucatecan rebels that had taken up arms against Mexico.  In February 1842, while re-provisioning in New Orleans, the crew of the San Antonio mutinied and the Lieutenant was killed.  This was the only mutiny in the history of the Texas Navy. That fall, the San Antonio sailed for Campeche and was never heard from again.

Texan schooner Brutus
The Texan schooner Brutus was one of the four ships of the First Texas Navy (1836–1838) that during the Texas Revolution wreaked havoc on towns along the coast of Mexico, blockaded Mexican ports, and captured ships bound for Mexico with goods and munitions of war.

Her final, and most controversial, voyage was to the Yucatan, where along with her sister ship Invincible, she captured numerous prizes. Among them was the British ship Eliza Russell, the capture of which caused a diplomatic incident as Texas was seeking official recognition from the United Kingdom. When Brutus returned to Galveston to face official sanctions, Mexican ships attacked her and Invincible; both ran aground in Galveston harbor and were battered apart by storms.  With the destruction of Brutus, the first Texas Navy ceased to exist.
The Lady (2011 film)
The Lady is a 2011 British biographical film directed by Luc Besson, starring Michelle Yeoh as Aung San Suu Kyi and David Thewlis as her late husband Michael Aris.  Yeoh called the film "a labour of love" but also confessed it had felt intimidating for her to play the Nobel laureate.

Michael Aris
Michael Vaillancourt Aris (27 March 1946 – 27 March 1999) was a British historian who wrote and lectured on Bhutanese, Tibetan, and Himalayan culture and history. He was the husband of Aung San Suu Kyi, who would later become State Counsellor of Myanmar.
JMSDF Yokosuka Naval Base
The Yokosuka Naval Base (Japanese: 横須賀基地, Hepburn: Yokosuka Kichi), also simply known as the JMSDF Yokosuka Naval Base, is a group of ports and land facilities of the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF), which are scattered in multiple districts of Yokosuka City, Kanagawa Prefecture, and where the Yokosuka District Force, etc. are located. It is not officially called a base, but it is used as a common name. The base sits alongside the United States Fleet Activities Yokosuka.

It has a facility where people can train with Japan's technology to create water pressure in the deep sea (water depth 450 meters). Not only allied countries such as the United States, Thailand, and Vietnam, but also the navy of hypothetical enemy countries such as Russia are visiting.

Yokosuka
Yokosuka (横須賀市, Yokosuka-shi; pronounced [jokosɯ̥ka]) is a city in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan.

As of February 2024, the city has a population of 373,797, and a population density of 3,708 inhabitants per square kilometre (9,600/sq mi). The total area is 100.7 km2 (38.9 sq mi). Yokosuka is the 11th-most populous city in the Greater Tokyo Area, and the 12th in the Kantō region. The city is home to United States Fleet Activities Yokosuka.
Markeyite
Markeyite, a uranyl carbonate mineral discovered in the Markey Mine in Utah, USA. A group led by Anthony R. Kampf, a mineralogist at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, USA discovered its structure.

Cotype material for this mineral resides in the collections of the Natural History Museum, Los Angeles County, USA, and the Fersman Mineralogical Museum, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia.

Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County
The Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County is a museum located in Exposition Park in Los Angeles, next to the California Science Center. It is the largest natural and historical museum in the Western United States, with a collection of nearly 35 million specimens and artifacts covering 4.5 billion years of history. This large collection consists of not only specimens for exhibition but also vast research collections housed on and offsite.

The museum is associated with two other museums in Greater Los Angeles: the Page Museum at the La Brea Tar Pits in Hancock Park and the William S. Hart Ranch and Museum in Newhall. The three museums work together to achieve their common mission: "to inspire wonder, discovery, and responsibility for our natural and cultural worlds".
FCC Computer Inquiries
In the United States, the Federal Communications Commission Computer Inquiries were a trio of interrelated FCC Inquiries focused on problems posed by the convergence of regulated telephony with unregulated computing services. These Computer Inquiries created rules and requirements designed to prevent cross subsidization, discrimination, and anti-competitive behavior from companies such as Bell Operating Companies (BOCs) to enter the enhanced services market.

Enhanced service
Enhanced service is service offered over commercial carrier transmission facilities used in interstate communications, that employs computer processing applications that act on the format, content, code, protocol, or similar aspects of the subscriber's transmitted information; provides the subscriber with additional, different, or restructured information; or involves subscriber interaction with stored information.
Low Island (Nunavut)
Low Island is one of the many uninhabited Canadian arctic islands in Qikiqtaaluk Region, Nunavut. It is a Baffin Island offshore island located in Frobisher Bay just off the Bartlett Narrows, southeast of the capital city of Iqaluit. Other islands in the immediate vicinity include Culbertson Island, Mark Island, McAllister Island, Mitchell Island, and Precipice Island.

Another Low Island lies in the Milne Inlet of northern Baffin Island.

Baffin Island
Baffin Island (formerly Baffin Land and also James Island), in the Canadian territory of Nunavut, is the largest island in Canada, the second-largest island in the Americas (behind Greenland), and the fifth-largest island in the world. Its area is 507,451 km2 (195,928 sq mi) (slightly smaller than Thailand) with a population density of 0.026/km2 (0.067/sq mi); the population was 13,039 according to the 2021 Canadian census; and it is located at 68°N 70°W﻿ / ﻿68°N 70°W﻿ / 68; -70﻿ (Baffin Island). Iqaluit, the capital of Nunavut, is located on Frobisher Bay on the southern tip of the island.
Seminole District
The AA Seminole District is a district in Region III of the Virginia High School League.  The schools of the district are located in and around the Lynchburg Metro (Lynchburg, Virginia).  US 29, which passes through the area, is named the Seminole Trail through much of Virginia.  All current member schools have won at least one state championship in football since 1988.

The Seminole District gained State-wide recognition in the mid-2010s during an ongoing court case between VHSL and Liberty Christian Academy.  The case went in favor of LCA, and the school became the first private institution to become a member of VHSL.  The Bulldogs soon after became the eighth member of the league.

Virginia High School League
The Virginia High School League (VHSL) is the principal sanctioning organization for interscholastic athletic competition among public high schools in the U.S. state of Virginia. The VHSL first sponsored debate and also continues to sponsor state championships in several academic activities.

Private and religious schools and teams of homeschooled students belong to other sanctioning organizations, the largest of which is the Virginia Independent Schools Athletic Association.  Proposals in the Virginia General Assembly to mandate that the VHSL allow homeschooled students to compete for the public high school they would otherwise attend have failed to pass.
130T steam locomotive (Ferrocarriles Vascongados)
The 130T was a steam locomotive type originally operated by Ferrocarriles Vascongados in the Basque Country, Spain. One of the locomotives, named Aurrera, has been preserved at the Basque Railway Museum and is used regularly to haul heritage trains.

Ferrocarriles Vascongados
Ferrocarriles Vascongados was a railway company in the Basque Country, Spain; founded in 1906 as the merger of three railway companies. It operated the Bilbao-San Sebastián line, as well as the Elorrio branch and the Deba railway. FEVE took over its operations in 1972, which in 1982 were transferred to the new company Basque Railways. Ferrocarriles Vascongados was dissolved in 1995, after more than two decades without activity.
Bethesda Trolley Trail
The Bethesda Trolley Trail, at one time known as the North Bethesda Trail, is a 5.9-mile (9.5 km) rail trail in southern Montgomery County, Maryland. It runs from Bouic Avenue next to the Twinbrook Metro Station in the city of Rockville to Battery Lane Park in Bethesda.

The trail runs primarily on the abandoned right-of-way of the streetcar line that connected Bethesda to Rockville, but also partially on roads, sidewalks, and side paths.

Montgomery County, Maryland
Montgomery County is the most populous county in the U.S. state of Maryland. As of the 2020 United States census, the county's population was 1,062,061, increasing by 9.3% from 2010. The county seat is Rockville, while its most populous place is Germantown. The county is adjoined to Washington, D.C., the nation's capital, and is part of the Washington metropolitan area and the Washington–Baltimore combined statistical area. Most of the county's residents live in Silver Spring, Bethesda, Germantown, and the incorporated cities of Rockville and Gaithersburg.

The average household income in Montgomery County is the 20th-highest among U.S. counties as of 2020.

The county has the highest percentage (29.2%) of residents over 25 years of age who hold post-graduate degrees. Like other counties in the Washington metropolitan area, the county has several U.S. government offices, scientific research and learning centers, and business campuses.
Danny Webb (motorcyclist)
Daniel Webb (born 22 March 1991 in Tunbridge Wells, Kent, England) is a British motorcycle racer. For 2021 he competed in the World Supersport Championship until mid-way through the season, then in the British Supersport Championship as a replacement for injured Kyle Smith.

During 2020 he competed in World Supersport for Wepol Racing on a Yamaha R6, after racing in the International Road Race Championship aboard a BMW S1000RR. In 2022 FIM Endurance World Championship he rides for Polish based Wojcik Racing Team in superstock category.

FIM Endurance World Championship
The Endurance World Championship (FIM EWC) is the premier worldwide endurance championship in motorcycle road racing. The championship season consists of a series of endurance races (with a duration of six, eight, twelve or twenty-four hours) held on permanent racing facilities. The results of each race are combined to determine three World Championships – riders, teams and manufacturers.

Until 2016, the championship was held on a yearly basis, but in order to take advantage of the winter break in MotoGP and WorldSBK season, since September 2016 it runs from September to July, with the European races held in September, and then spring and summer of the next year. Scheduling arrangements for the 2020 and 2021 COVID-19 years were different.
Danton Cole
Danton Edward Cole (born January 10, 1967) is an American former professional hockey player and the former head coach of the Michigan State Spartans men's hockey team. He had guided the USA Hockey Under-18 team to a pair of gold medals and a bronze medal at the IIHF World U18 Championships during his seven seasons at the helm from 2010 to 2017. As a player, he spent seven seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Winnipeg Jets, Tampa Bay Lightning, New Jersey Devils, New York Islanders and Chicago Blackhawks.

USA Hockey National Team Development Program
The United States National Team Development Program (NTDP)  represents the United States in the IIHF World U18 Championship. Additionally the team plays domestically against opponents in the United States Hockey League (under-17 and under-18 teams), the National Collegiate Athletic Association (under-18 team), and other international tournaments. The program was started in 1996 by USA Hockey as a way to identify elite ice hockey players under the age of 18, and centralize their training. There are two teams in the program: under-17 and under-18. Both teams are based in Plymouth, Michigan.
Tsunako
Tsunako (つなこ; born January 28, 1986) is a Japanese video game creator and illustrator who worked for Idea Factory. She has designed and illustrated characters for various games and print media. She is best known for illustrating the Hyperdimension Neptunia video game series, published by Idea Factory and developed by Compile Heart, as well as the Date A Live light novel series, written by Kōshi Tachibana.

Idea Factory
Idea Factory Holdings Co., Ltd. (アイディアファクトリー株式会社, Aidia Fakutorī Kabushiki-gaisha) is a Japanese video game developer and publisher founded by former Data East employees in October 1994. The company is known for its role-playing games and visual novels, including titles released under its Otomate brand.

A division of the company produces otome games under the name of Otomate (see list below). An international publishing subsidiary, Idea Factory International, was opened in California in 2013 to localize and distribute titles outside Japan.

In 2022, the company announced Altergear, a division focused on visual novel titles aimed at a male audience.
Aliʻi of Koʻolau
The Aliʻi of Koʻolau were the rulers of Koʻolau Range on the island of Oahu, in ancient Hawaii. Ancient Hawaiians believed that the Chiefs of Koʻolau were the descendants of the god named Wākea. Chiefs could have different noble ranks; those who were born from the unions of full siblings had the highest known rank. The first ruler of Koʻolau was High Chief Kalehenui.

Kalehenui
Chief Kalehenui (Hawaiian for "Kalehe the Great") was an ancient Hawaiian nobleman (Aliʻi) of Tahitian ancestry, and he lived on Oahu.

He was a son of wizard Maweke (chief of the highest known rank) and his wife Naiolaukea, and thus a brother of Chiefs Mulielealiʻi and Keaunui, who was the father of the very High Chiefess Nuakea of Molokai.

It was Kalehenui who was a ruler of Koʻolau Range; dominion over Koʻolau was given to Kalehenui by Maweke.
1957 Punjab Legislative Assembly election
Elections to the Second Punjab Legislative Assembly were held in 1957. 661 candidates contested for the 154 seats of the 121 constituencies in the Assembly. There were 21 two-member constituencies and 84 single-member constituencies.

2nd Punjab Assembly
The 1957 Punjab Legislative Assembly election was the Second Vidhan Sabha (Legislative Assembly) election of the state when the Indian National Congress emerged as the largest party with 120 seats in the 154-seat legislature in the election. The Bharatiya Jana Sangh became the official opposition, holding 9 seats.
Tales of the Outer Planes
Tales of the Outer Planes is an adventure module for the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy role-playing game, set in that game's Outer Planes. TSR, Inc. published the module in 1988 for the Advanced Dungeons & Dragons rules. The module is a collection of adventures designed by Deborah A. Christian, Vince Garcia, Thomas M. Kane, David and Martha Ladyman, Christopher Mortika, John Nephew, Bruce Nesmith, Bill Slavicsek, Rick Swan, John Terra, and Ray Winninger. Its cover art is by Jeff Easley. Its interior art is by Chris Miller and Jeff Easley, and cartography by Dave LaForce.

David S. LaForce
David "Diesel" S. LaForce is an American artist who worked on Dungeons & Dragons adventures published by TSR. His artwork and cartography appeared in many TSR products produced from 1979 to 1984 including the classic adventures Q1 Queen of the Demonweb Pits, A1 Slave Pits of the Undercity, and B2 Keep on the Borderlands (the most published roleplaying adventure of all time). LaForce became known for his meticulous and creative approach to adventure maps, and eventually became TSR's staff cartographer. He continued to produce maps for many TSR publications until he left the company in 1997 following its takeover by Wizards of the Coast.
John Zuhlsdorf
John Todd Zuhlsdorf (born October 28, 1959), also known as Father Z, is an American traditionalist Catholic priest known for his blogging activities. Incardinated in the Diocese of Velletri-Segni, he lived and worked in the Diocese of Madison from 2014 to 2021, broadcasting a daily Tridentine Mass and issuing commentary on individuals and events from a traditionalist Catholic perspective.

Diocese of Madison
The Diocese of Madison (Latin: Diœcesis Madisonensis) is a Latin Church diocese in the southwestern part of Wisconsin in the United States. The diocese has approximately 167,000 Catholics in 102 parishes with 98 priests in active ministry.

As of 2025, the bishop of Madison is Donald J. Hying. St. Bernard Catholic Church is expected to be consecrated as the cathedral in 2025; the previous cathedral, Cathedral of St. Raphael, was destroyed by fire in 2005.
Bob Carr (Michigan politician)
Milton Robert Carr (March 27, 1943 – August 27, 2024) was an American lawyer, academic, and politician from Michigan.

Carr served in the U.S. House of Representatives from Michigan's 6th and 8th congressional districts for eight terms and one term, respectively. Carr's career in the U.S. House had a two-year hiatus in which he had lost his seat to Jim Dunn in 1980 before being reelected to Congress in 1982.

Following his career in Congress, Carr became of counsel at a Washington, D.C.–based communications law firm in 2005. He was involved with the United States Association of Former Members of Congress, where he served on the board of directors.

Michigan's 6th congressional district
Michigan's 6th congressional district is a United States congressional district in southeast Michigan. In 2022, the district was redrawn to be centered around Ann Arbor and Washtenaw County, as well as western and southern Wayne County, a small part of southwestern Oakland County, and the city of Milan in Monroe County. In previous redistrictings, the 6th district consisted of all of Berrien, Cass, Kalamazoo, St. Joseph, and Van Buren counties, and includes most of Allegan county.

The district is currently represented by Democrat Debbie Dingell, who previously represented the old 12th district.
History of computer science
The history of computer science began long before the modern discipline of computer science, usually appearing in forms like mathematics or physics. Developments in previous centuries alluded to the discipline that we now know as computer science. This progression, from mechanical inventions and mathematical theories towards modern computer concepts and machines, led to the development of a major academic field, massive technological advancement across the Western world, and the basis of massive worldwide trade and culture.

Universal Turing machine
In computer science, a universal Turing machine (UTM) is a Turing machine capable of computing any computable sequence, as described by Alan Turing in his seminal paper "On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem". Common sense might say that a universal machine is impossible, but Turing proves that it is possible. He suggested that we may compare a human in the process of computing a real number to a machine that is only capable of a finite number of conditions ⁠⁠; which will be called "m-configurations". He then described the operation of such machine, as described below, and argued:

It is my contention that these operations include all those which are used in the computation of a number.

Turing introduced the idea of such a machine in 1936–1937.