hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Extracts from Letters to Henslow
Extracts from Letters to Henslow, taken from ten letters Charles Darwin wrote to John Stevens Henslow from South America during the second survey expedition of HMS Beagle, were read to the Cambridge Philosophical Society on 16 November 1835 by Henslow and Adam Sedgwick, followed on 18 November by geological notes from the letters which Sedgwick read to the Geological Society of London. On 1 December 1835 they were printed as a pamphlet for private distribution.

This pamphlet helped to establish Darwin's reputation among scientists and the informed public. On first learning of this pamphlet's publication Darwin was "a good deal horrified" at Henslow making public "what had been written without care or accuracy", but "No hay remedio" (it can't be helped).

Geological Society of London
The Geological Society of London, known commonly as the Geological Society, is a learned society based in the United Kingdom. It is the oldest national geological society in the world and the largest in Europe, with more than 12,000 Fellows.

Fellows are entitled to the postnominal FGS (Fellow of the Geological Society), over 2,000 of whom are Chartered Geologists (CGeol). The Society is a registered charity, no. 210161
. It is also a member of the Science Council, and is licensed to award Chartered Scientist to qualifying members.

The mission of the society is: "Making geologists acquainted with each other, stimulating their zeal, inducing them to adopt one nomenclature, facilitating the communication of new facts and ascertaining what is known in their science and what remains to be discovered".
Battle of Bovey Heath
The battle of Bovey Heath took place on 9 January 1646 at Bovey Tracey and Bovey Heath (about 10 miles (16 km) south-west of Exeter in Devon, England)  during the First English Civil War. A Parliamentarian cavalry detachment under the command of Oliver Cromwell surprised and routed the Lord Wentworth's Royalist camp.

After a series of losses for the Royalists in the southwest of England, they had retreated to Exeter and beyond. The Parliamentarian New Model Army besieged Exeter, and when a Royalist army was raised to try to relieve the city, the Parliamentarian commander, Sir Thomas Fairfax launched a preemptive strike. He first sent Cromwell to attack the cavalry lodged at Bovey Heath, where they were able to rout the Royalists who were not prepared for an attack. Wentworth and most of his leading commanders were able to escape, but Wentworth was stripped of command of the Royalist army in the West, which passed to the Lord Hopton.

Bovey Tracey
Bovey Tracey (/ˌbʌvi ˈtreɪsi/) is a town and civil parish in Devon, England. It is located on the edge of Dartmoor, which gives rise to the slogan used on the town's boundary signs: The Gateway to the Moor. It is often known locally as Bovey. About 10 miles (16 km) south-west of Exeter, it lies on the A382 road, about halfway between Newton Abbot and Moretonhampstead. The village is at the centre of the electoral ward of Bovey. At the 2024 census, it had a population of 8,204, which was an increase on the 7,168 recorded in the 2011 census.
Jim Lemon
James Robert Lemon (March 23, 1928 – May 14, 2006) was an American outfielder, manager and coach in Major League Baseball. A powerful right and left fielder, right-handed hitting and throwing Lemon teamed with first baseman fellow slugger Roy Sievers and later with future baseball Hall of Fame home run champion Harmon Killebrew and power-hitting outfielder Bob Allison to form the most formidable homer-hitting tandems in the 60-year history of the original 20th century Washington Senators major league franchise.

Roy Sievers
Roy Edward Sievers (November 18, 1926 – April 3, 2017) was an American professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a first baseman and left fielder from 1949 through 1965. A five-time All-Star, Sievers was the first American League (AL) rookie-of-the-year in 1949, and the 1957 AL home run leader and RBI champion. He played for the St. Louis Browns, Washington Senators, Chicago White Sox, Philadelphia Phillies, and the expansion Washington Senators. Sievers batted and threw right-handed.
Chris Magnus
Christopher J. Magnus (born October 26, 1960) is an American former law enforcement professional who served as the commissioner of U.S. Customs and Border Protection from 2021 to 2022. He was previously chief of police in Tucson, Arizona; Fargo, North Dakota; and Richmond, California. He is an advocate of community policing and of sanctuary cities and states.

On November 12, 2022, Magnus submitted his resignation to President Joe Biden, who was reported to have requested it days prior. Magnus had initially refused to resign and was threatened with termination if he did not.

United States Customs and Border Protection
United States Customs and Border Protection (CBP) is the largest federal law enforcement agency of the United States Department of Homeland Security. It is the country's primary border control organization, charged with regulating and facilitating international trade, collecting import duties, as well as enforcing U.S. regulations, including trade, customs, and immigration. The CBP is one of the largest law enforcement agencies in the United States. It has a workforce of more than 45,600 federal agents and officers. It is headquartered in Washington, D.C.
Maine Poets Society
The Maine Poets Society (MPS) is a non-profit state-level poetry organization affiliated with the National Federation of State Poetry Societies. It has affiliate chapters in the U.S. state of Maine, where the society hosts events and conferences and maintains award and educational programs related to poetry.

National Federation of State Poetry Societies
The National Federation of State Poetry Societies, Inc. (NFSPS) is a national organization of state poetry societies in the United States. It was established in 1959 and now includes affiliates in 32 U.S. states. The federation hosts conferences and maintains awards and educational programs related to poetry.
Maria Radner
Maria Friderike Radner (German: [ˈʁaːdnɐ] ⓘ; 7 May 1981 – 24 March 2015) was a German contralto who performed internationally in opera and in concerts. She studied at the Robert Schumann Hochschule in Düsseldorf. She was described as an "extremely talented interpreter of Wagner's music" by Stern magazine and Abendzeitung. Possessing the "rare pitch of a true alto", she frequently appeared as Erda in Wagner's Der Ring des Nibelungen at the Leipzig Opera, Schwertleite in Die Walküre at the Teatro Comunale di Firenze with Zubin Mehta, and in Mahler's Symphony No. 2 (Resurrection) conducted by Antonio Pappano in Rome and Milan. Her debut at the Metropolitan Opera in 2012 in Götterdämmerung was part of that company's documentary Wagner's Dream.

Radner, her husband, and her infant son were among the 150 people killed in March 2015 when Germanwings Flight 9525 was deliberately crashed by its co-pilot, Andreas Lubitz.

Robert Schumann Hochschule
Robert Schumann Hochschule is a school for music studies at university level in Düsseldorf, Germany. It has a student body of some 850 from over forty countries. Forty-seven full-time and part-time faculty and two hundred associate professors provide individual instruction.
Tourist Trap (TV series)
Tourist Trap is a Welsh TV mockumentary-style comedy series following the fictional tourist board WOW Wales. Sally Phillips heads the cast as the director of the organization. The show was first broadcast on BBC One Wales in 2018 as part of the channel's Festival Of Funny. As of 2024, the series is available to stream for free in the UK on BBC iPlayer.

Sally Phillips
Sally Elizabeth Phillips (born 10 May 1970) is an English actress, comedian and television presenter. She co-created and was one of the writers of the sketch comedy show Smack the Pony. She is also known for her roles in Jam & Jerusalem as Natasha "Tash" Vine, Miranda as Tilly, I'm Alan Partridge as Sophie, Parents as Jenny Pope, Set the Thames on Fire as Colette in 2015, Zapped as Slasher Morgan, and her guest appearances as the fictional Prime Minister of Finland, Minna Häkkinen, in the US TV series Veep. Phillips also co-starred in Pride and Prejudice and Zombies as Mrs Bennet and in the role of Shazzer in all four films of the Bridget Jones franchise.

From 2004 to 2019, Phillips played the title role in the BBC Radio 4 comedy show Clare in the Community. In 2018 she was curator for series 12 of The Museum of Curiosity on BBC Radio 4.
Noboru Aota
Noboru Aota (青田 昇, Aota Noboru; November 22, 1924 – November 4, 1997) was a Japanese professional baseball player. An outfielder, he played with the Tokyo Kyojin/Yomiuri Giants, Hankyu Braves, and Taiyo-Shochiku Robins from 1942 to 1959, playing in both the Japanese Baseball League and Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB). A five-time league home run champion, he was one of the first true sluggers of Japanese professional baseball despite being a frame of 5'7" and weight of just 171 lbs. Aota was selected as a Best Nine Award-winner five times and a NPB All-Star six separate times. In 2009, he was inducted to the Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame.

Best Nine Award
The Best Nine Award is an annual Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) honor bestowed upon the best players across the Central League and Pacific League at each position during the season. As determined by a pool of journalists, one player from each position, plus one for the designated hitter in the Pacific League since 1975, is selected for the honor. The Central League plans to utilize the designated hitter starting in the 2027 season, which may possibly mean that they may amend the Best Nine Award to accommodate for a best player at the DH position just like the Pacific League does.
Rafael Morais
Rafael Morais is a Portuguese actor and film director. He has worked with several globally awarded filmmakers, such as Lav Diaz, Marco Martins, Joao Canijo, and Tiago Guedes. He won the Best Actor prize at the 2023 Prishtina International Film Festival for his performance in Albania's 95th Academy Awards submission, A Cup of Coffee and New Shoes On, which was lauded as one of the best of the year by Variety and Screen International.

Prishtina International Film Festival
The Prishtina International Film Festival, also known as the Pristina Film Festival and PriFilmFest, is a film festival held annually in Pristina, Kosovo, that screens prominent international cinema productions in the Balkan region and beyond, and draws attention to the Kosovar film industry. It was created after the 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence. The first festival was held in 2009, and featured actress Vanessa Redgrave as the host. In 2015, the festival was cancelled due to a cut in funding by the Ministry of Culture of Kosovo. The 7th edition of the festival, which was scheduled to take place from 24 April to 1 May, was thus instead held in Tirana, Albania on 24 and 25 April and renamed to "PriFest in Exile".
Philippine ten-peso coin
The Philippine ten-peso coin (₱10) is the second largest denomination coin of the Philippine peso.

Two versions of this denomination are in circulation; the bi-metallic coin, first issued in 2000, with the dual profiles of Andrés Bonifacio and Apolinario Mabini on obverse and the 1993 logo of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas on the reverse. The current version, issued since 2017, features a portrait of Apolinario Mabini on the obverse side and the Kapa-kapa and the current logo of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas on the reverse side.

Firstly, the ten peso coin was produced in conjunction along with the ten peso note, which commenced at the year 1988 and again from 2000 until production for its banknote version became obsolete when the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) stopped printing the banknotes upon making the coin became general public circulation on July 2001 due to the note's faster wear and tear from everyday use.

Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas
The Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (lit. 'Central Bank of the Philippines'; commonly abbreviated as BSP in both Filipino and English) is the central bank of the Philippines. It was established on January 3, 1949, and then re-established on July 3, 1993, pursuant to the provision of Republic Act 7653 or the New Central Bank Act of 1993 as amended by Republic Act 11211 or the New Central Bank Act of 2019. The principal author was Senator Franklin Drilon. It was signed by President Rodrigo Duterte.
Peer victimization
Peer victimization is harassment or bullying that occurs among members of the same peer group. It is often used to describe the experience among children or young people of being a target of the aggressive and abusive behavior of other children, who are not siblings and not necessarily age-mates.

Cyberbullying
Cyberbullying (cyberharassment or online bullying/harassment) is a form of bullying or harassment using electronic means. Since the 2000s, it has become increasingly common, especially among teenagers and adolescents, due to young people's increased use of social media. Related issues include online/internet harassment and trolling. In 2015, according to cyberbullying statistics from the i-Safe Foundation, over half of adolescents and teens had been bullied online, and about the same number had engaged in cyberbullying. Both the bully and the victim are negatively affected, and the intensity, duration, and frequency of bullying are three aspects that increase the negative effects on both of them.
Sam Oji
Samuel Udoka Oji (9 October 1985 – 28 August 2021) was an English professional footballer who played as a centre-back.

Oji played in the Football League for Doncaster Rovers, Bristol Rovers, Leyton Orient and Hereford United, and in the Swedish Superettan for Ljungskile SK, before knee injuries kept him out of football for two years. He resumed his career with Tamworth of the Conference Premier. He then played in the League of Ireland for Limerick and Galway United and in non-league football for Worcester City and Hednesford Town. Oji joined Highgate United in 2018, and was appointed assistant manager of that club in July 2021.

Superettan
Superettan (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈsʉ̂ːpɛrˌɛtːan]; lit. 'the Super First (Division)') is an association football league and the second highest league in the league system of Swedish men's football. Contested by 16 clubs, it operates on a system of promotion and relegation with Allsvenskan and Division 1. Seasons run from April to October, with teams playing 30 matches each, totalling 240 matches in the season.

The league was created in 2000. The second tier of Swedish football had previously consisted of a varying number of regionalized leagues operating under the Division 2 (1924–1986) and Division 1 (1987–1999) names.
Bakhodir Kurbanov (general)
Colonel General Bakhodir Nizamovich Kurbanov (Uzbek: Bahodir Nizomovich Qurbonov, Баходир Низамович Курбанов) is an Uzbek military leader who has served as the Chairman of the State Security Service of Uzbekistan since 2024.

Abdusalom Azizov
Abdusalom Abdumavlonovich Azizov (Uzbek: Abdusalom Abdumavlonovich Azizov; born 20 January 1960) is an Uzbek military leader who was the Minister of Defence of Uzbekistan from 4 September 2017 to 11 February 2019. He served as head of the State Security Service from 2019-2024.
Jullutahuarco
Jullutahuarco (possibly from Quechua qulluta, kalluta mortar, warkhu hanging; a coin,) is a mountain in the west of the Huayhuash mountain range in the Andes of Peru, about 5,400 metres (17,717 ft) high. It is located in the Lima Region, Cajatambo Province, Copa District. Jullutahuarco lies on the sub-range west of Yerupaja, south of Rajucollota, Huacrish and Auxilio. It is situated north of the Huayllapa River.

Rajucollota
Rajucollota (possibly from Quechua rahu snow, ice, mountain with snow, qulluta, kalluta mortar), Suerococha (possibly from Quechua suyru very long dress tracked after when worn, qucha lake,), named after the nearby lake, or Diablo Mudo (Spanish for "dumb devil") is a mountain in the west of the Huayhuash mountain range in the Andes of Peru, about 5,427 metres (17,805 ft) high. It is located in the Ancash Region, Bolognesi Province, Pacllon District, and in the Lima Region, Cajatambo Province, Copa District. Rajucollota lies on a sub-range west of Yerupaja, west of the mountain Huacrish, northwest of the mountain Auxilio and north of the lake Suerococha.
Dixon Glacier
Dixon Glacier is located in the U.S. state of Montana in Glacier National Park. The glacier is situated in a cirque immediately to the north of The Sentinel at an elevation between 8,500 feet (2,600 m) and 7,400 feet (2,300 m) above sea level. Immediately east of the Continental Divide, the glacier is 1 mi (1.6 km) east of Thunderbird Glacier. Dixon Glacier covers an area of approximately 59 acres (0.24 km2) and between 1966 and 2005 lost over 45 percent of its surface area.

Thunderbird Glacier
Thunderbird Glacier is in Glacier National Park in the U.S. state of Montana. The glacier is situated on the east side Continental Divide below Thunderbird Mountain at an average elevation of 8,000 feet (2,400 m) above sea level. As of 2005, Thunderbird Glacier consisted of numerous ice patches covering a total of 58 acres (0.23 km2), which is over 33 percent smaller than it was in 1966.
Picture for Women
Picture for Women is a photographic work by Canadian artist Jeff Wall. Produced in 1979, Picture for Women is a key early work in Wall's career and exemplifies a number of conceptual, material and visual concerns found in his art throughout the 1980s and 1990s. An influential photographic work, Picture for Women is a response to Édouard Manet's Un bar aux Folies Bergère and is a key photograph in the shift from small-scale black and white photographs to large-scale colour that took place in the 1980s in art photography and museum exhibitions. It is the subject of a monographic book written by David Campany and published as part of Afterall Books' One Work series.

Afterall
Afterall is a nonprofit contemporary art research and publishing organisation. It is based in London, at Central Saint Martins. It publishes the journal Afterall; the book series Readers, One Works and Exhibition Histories.
Attacks on Jabalia refugee camp (2023–present)
From 9 October 2023, as part of the Gaza war, the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) has conducted airstrikes in Jabalia refugee camp, saying it was a stronghold for Hamas and other militant groups.

In Jabalia camp, a densely populated region of Gaza, over sixty people were killed in airstrikes on 31 October, and much of the market was destroyed. Forty-five people were killed in an airstrike on the next day, and part of a residential complex was destroyed.

On 31 May 2024, the IDF withdrew from Jabalia. Palestinian officials said that 70% of the refugee camp was destroyed. The Israeli military said that it had destroyed Palestinian rocket launchers and over 10 kilometers of underground tunnels, as well as recovered the bodies of seven Israeli hostages.

Palestinian tunnel warfare in the Gaza Strip
A vast network of underground tunnels used for warfare and to avoid Israeli airstrikes exists in the Gaza Strip. This infrastructure runs throughout the Gaza Strip and towards Egypt and Israel, and has been developed by Hamas and other Palestinian military organizations to facilitate the storing and shielding of weapons; the gathering and moving of fighters, including for training and communication purposes; the launching of offensive attacks against Israel; and the transportation of Israeli hostages. On several occasions, Palestinian militants have also used this tunnel network, which is colloquially referred to as the Gaza metro,‌ to infiltrate Israel and Egypt while masking their presence and activities within the Gaza Strip itself. According to Iranian military officer Hassan Hassanzadeh, who commands the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps from Tehran, the Gaza Strip's tunnels run for more than 500 kilometres (310 mi) throughout the territory.
Colorado State Highway 151
State Highway 151 (SH 151) is a 33.960-mile-long (54.653 km) state highway in far southern Colorado. SH 151's western terminus is at SH 172 in Ignacio, and the eastern terminus is at U.S. Route 160 (US 160) east of Chimney Rock.

Chimney Rock, Colorado
Chimney Rock is an unincorporated community and former post office in Archuleta County, Colorado, United States. The Chimney Rock community is located along U.S. Route 160, 3.4 miles (5.5 km) northwest of the Chimney Rock pillar in Chimney Rock National Monument.
William Rush (politician)
William Rush (November 3, 1919 – August 5, 2000), better known as Willie Rush, was an American politician and soccer player from Maryland. He served as a member of the Maryland House of Delegates from 1963 to 1982, representing the Baltimore County district from 1963 to 1966, the 6th District from 1967 to 1974 and the 9th District from 1975 to 1982.

Maryland Legislative District 9
Maryland's Legislative District 9 is one of 47 districts in the state for the Maryland General Assembly. It covers parts of Montgomery County and Howard County. The district is divided into two sub-districts for the Maryland House of Delegates: District 9A and District 9B.
Alexander Denton (died 1576)
Alexander Denton (1542-8 January 1576) of Hillesden in Buckinghamshire was a landowner and member of the Buckinghamshire gentry. He is best known for his two monuments, one in Hereford Cathedral the other in Hillesden Church.

Hereford Cathedral
Hereford Cathedral, formally the Cathedral of Saint Mary the Virgin and Saint Ethelbert the King in Hereford, is a Church of England cathedral in Hereford, England. It is the seat of the bishop of Hereford and the principal church of the diocese of Hereford. The cathedral is a grade I listed building.

A place of worship has existed on the site of the present building since the 8th century or earlier. The present building was begun in 1079. Substantial parts of the building date from both the Norman and the Gothic periods.

The cathedral has the largest library of chained books in the world, its most famous treasure being the Mappa Mundi, a medieval map of the world created around 1300. The map is listed on the UNESCO Memory of the World Register.
Pennsylvania Route 271
Pennsylvania Route 271 (PA 271) is a north–south state route located in Western Pennsylvania.  Its southern terminus is at PA 711 in Oak Grove in Ligonier Township, and its northern terminus is at U.S. Route 219 (US 219) in Northern Cambria. The route was designated on May 27, 1935 in coordination with the release of a new state road map.

The easy grade section of the highway in Johnstown is notorious for the many rockslides that occur on the hillside above the road. PennDOT conducted explosive blasting on the hillside in January 2008 in an effort to bring down rocks and permanently correct the rockslide problem.

Northern Cambria, Pennsylvania
Northern Cambria is a borough in Cambria County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is part of the Johnstown, Pennsylvania Metropolitan Statistical Area. As of the 2020 census, Northern Cambria had a population of 3,560.
Tricholaena
Tricholaena is a genus of Asian, African, and Italian plants in the grass family.

Species

Tricholaena capensis (Licht. ex Roem. & Schult.) Nees - Free State, Namibia, Cape Province

Tricholaena monachne (Trin.) Stapf & C.E.Hubb. - drier parts of Africa from Kenya to Cape Province; also Ghana, Togo, Madagascar, Réunion, Pakistan

Tricholaena teneriffae (L.f.) Link - drier parts of Africa from Morocco to Egypt to Tanzania; Canary Islands; Cape Verde, Arabian Peninsula, Middle East, India, Pakistan, Calabria, Sicily

Tricholaena vestita (Balf.f.) Stapf & C.E.Hubb. - Socotra

formerly included

see Brachiaria Digitaria Eriachne Melinis Miscanthus Paspalum Saccharum

Miscanthus
Miscanthus, or silvergrass, is a genus of African, Eurasian, and Pacific Island plants in the grass family, Poaceae. The name is derived from the Greek words "miskos", meaning "stem", and "anthos", meaning "flower", in reference to the stalked spikelets on plants of this genus. Several species are known for their height and biomass production, and may be used as ornamental grasses.