hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Dambazawa
The Dambazawa (or Danbazawa) are a Fulani clan residing mainly in Kano State, Nigeria. They were among the key promoters, planners and executors of the Fulani jihad in Kano, which took place between 1804 and 1807 under the leadership of Shehu Usuman dan Fodiyo. The clan was said to be the top financiers of the jihad because it was said to be extremely wealthy at the time of the jihad. Other Fulani clans that participated in the jihad included: the Jobawa, the Yolawa, the Sullubawa, the Danejawa and others, as well as a contingent of the native Hausa people led by Malam Usuman bahaushe. Together, they formed a formidable force and toppled the 158-year Kutumbawa dynasty led by its last ruler Muhammad Alwali dan Yaji dan Dadi bakutumbe who ruled between 1781 and 1806.

Jihad of Usman dan Fodio
The  Jihad of  Usman dan Fodio (Hausa: Jihadin Usman dan Fodio; ListenⓘListenⓘ) was a religio-military conflict in present-day Nigeria and Cameroon.  The war began when Usman dan Fodio, a prominent Islamic scholar and teacher, was exiled from Gobir by King Yunfa, one of his former students.

Usman dan Fodio assembled an Islamic army to lead a jihad against Gobir and other Hausa Kingdoms of northern Nigeria.  The forces of Usman dan Fodio slowly took over more and more of the Hausa kingdoms, capturing Gobir in 1808 and executing Yunfa.  The war resulted in the creation of the Sokoto Caliphate, initially headed by Usman dan Fodio himself, which became one of the largest states in Africa in the 19th century. His success inspired similar jihads in Western Africa.
Bazaar of Heracleides
The Bazaar of Heracleides (Syriac: ܬܰܓܘܼܪܬܳܐ ܕܗܰܪܰܩܠܝܼܕܶܣ) is a theological and historical apologetic work attributed to Nestorius, the 5th-century Patriarch of Constantinople. Composed in 451 or 452, the work survives only in a Syriac translation and constitutes one of the most significant surviving texts authored by Nestorius, whose writings were largely destroyed following his condemnation at the Council of Ephesus of 431.

The work was preserved for centuries in a Church of the East monastery in Qudshanis, Hakkari, and despite suffering significant damage during the massacre of Assyrian Christians by Bedir Khan Beg, it was later rediscovered in the 19th century. Its publication and study renewed scholarly interest in the Christological controversies of late antiquity and provided fresh evidence for reassessing Nestorius's life, thought, and the historical circumstances surrounding his condemnation.

1843 and 1846 massacres in Hakkari
A series of massacres in Hakkari in the years 1843 and 1846 of Assyrian Christians were carried out by the Kurdish emirs of Bohtan and Hakkari, Bedir Khan Beg and Nurullah Beg
along with allied Assyrian tribes who were against the rule of Shimun XVII Abraham. According to Dr. Smith, the population lost as a result of these events was between 10,000 and 15,000, of which around 10,000 were killed during the first campaign. Another American missionary, Justin Perkins, estimated that approximately 7,000 Nestorians were killed in Tehoma alone in 1846.
History of Rangpur
The Rangpur region predominantly includes the northern Bangladeshi districts of Rangpur, Dinajpur, Panchagarh, Gaibandha, Kurigram, Thakurgaon, Lalmonirhat and Nilphamari. Since 2010, Rangpur City has been the headquarters of the Rangpur Division of Bangladesh.

Kurigram District
Kurigram District (Bengali: কুড়িগ্রাম জেলা) is a district of Bangladesh in Rangpur Division. The district is located in northern Bangladesh along the country's border with India. Under British rule, the area was organized as a mahakuma and was not established as a district until 1984 under Chief Martial Law Administrator, Hussain Muhammad Ershad's decentralization programme.
Quaker Gardens, Islington
Quaker Gardens is a small public garden in the extreme south of the London Borough of Islington, close to the boundary with the City of London, in the area known historically as Bunhill Fields. It is managed by Islington Borough Council. It comprises the surviving fragment of a former burying ground for Quakers (members of the Religious Society of Friends), in use from 1661 to 1855. George Fox (d. 1691), one of the founders of the movement, was among those buried here.

The gardens lie to the west of Bunhill Row, to the south of Banner Street, and to the north of Chequer Street, and can be entered from either Banner Street or Chequer Street. In addition to the public garden, the site includes a children's playground and a tarmac ball court with basketball hoops. A Quaker meeting house, the last remaining part of the former Bunhill Memorial Buildings, stands at the north-west corner of the gardens.

Friends meeting house
A Friends meeting house is a meeting house of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers), where meeting for worship is usually held.

Typically, Friends meeting houses are simple and resemble local residential buildings. Ornamentation, spires, and steeples are usually avoided.

When Quakers speak of a "church," it generally refers to the persons of the worshipping community, rather than the building itself.
Lunar Seismic Profiling Experiment
The Lunar Seismic Profiling Experiment  (LSPE) was a lunar science experiment, deployed by astronauts on the lunar surface in 1972 as part of Apollo 17. The goal of the LSPE was to record the seismic response generated by a variety of sources including the detonation of eight explosive charges, the ascent propulsion system on the lunar module and any natural sources.

Lunar module
A lunar module is a lunar lander designed to allow astronauts to travel between a spacecraft in lunar orbit and the lunar surface. As of 2021, the Apollo Lunar Module is the only lunar module to have ever been used in human spaceflight, completing six lunar landings from 1969 to 1972 during the United States' Apollo program.

The LK lunar module was developed by the Soviet Union in the 1960s as a part of several Soviet crewed lunar programs. Several LK modules were flown without crew in low Earth orbit, but the LK lunar module never flew to the Moon, as the development of the N1 Rocket Launch Vehicle required for the lunar flight suffered setbacks (including several launch failures), and after the first crewed Moon landings were achieved by the United States, the Soviet Union cancelled both the N1 Rocket and the LK Lunar Module programs without any further development.
Gigi Yim
Gigi Wang Lung-hay (Chinese: 王爖熹, [wɔŋ˩ lʊŋ˩ hej˥]; born 9 April 2005), commonly known as her stage name Gigi Yim Ming-hay (Chinese: 炎明熹, [jim˩ mɪŋ˩ hej˥]), is a Hong Kong singer and actress, and was a former member of the Hong Kong girl group After Class. She is noted for winning TVB's reality talent competition Stars Academy in 2021. Yim made her solo debut in September 2021 with the single "Noble Truth" (真話的清高).

After Class (group)
After Class is a Hong Kong Cantopop girl group formed from Hong Kong broadcaster TVB's reality talent show Stars Academy in 2021. The group consists of three members: Windy Zhan, Chantel Yiu and Yumi Chung. They debuted on 27 November 2021, with the first single Present for Future (要為今日回憶).
CycleStreets
CycleStreets is a not-for-profit United Kingdom organisation that provides a free-to-use national cycle journey planner for the United Kingdom. The planner uses OpenStreetMap data for routing, Shuttle Radar Topography Mission for height data and official postcode data. It was launched in March 2009 and by January 2010 had planned 100,000 journeys. As of August 2015, the site has planned over 45 million itineraries. It was 'Highly Commended' at the 2009 ACT Travelwise awards. It provides worldwide routing using OpenStreetMap data.

Postal code
A postal code (also known locally in various English-speaking countries throughout the world as a postcode, post code, PIN or ZIP Code) is a series of letters or digits or both, sometimes including spaces or punctuation, included in a postal address for the purpose of sorting mail.

As of August 2021, the Universal Postal Union lists 160 countries which require the use of a postal code.

Although postal codes are usually assigned to geographical areas, special codes are sometimes assigned to individual addresses or to institutions that receive large volumes of mail, such as government agencies and large commercial companies. One example is the French CEDEX system.
Plotting algorithms for the Mandelbrot set
There are many programs and algorithms used to plot the Mandelbrot set and other fractals, some of which are described in fractal-generating software. These programs use a variety of algorithms to determine the color of individual pixels efficiently.

Julia set
In complex dynamics, the Julia set and the Fatou set are two complementary sets (Julia "laces" and Fatou "dusts") defined from a function. Informally, the Fatou set of the function consists of values with the property that all nearby values behave similarly under repeated iteration of the function, and the Julia set consists of values such that an arbitrarily small perturbation can cause drastic changes in the sequence of iterated function values.
Thus the behavior of the function on the Fatou set is "regular", while on the Julia set its behavior is "chaotic".

The Julia set of a function  f  is commonly denoted  and the Fatou set is denoted  These sets are named after the French mathematicians Gaston Julia and Pierre Fatou whose work began the study of complex dynamics during the early 20th century.
Timothy Cheruiyot
Timothy Cheruiyot (born 20 November 1995) is a Kenyan middle-distance runner specialising in the 1500 metres. He is the 2020 Tokyo Olympic silver medallist in the event and the 11th fastest athlete all time over the distance. At the World Athletics Championships, Cheruiyot won the silver medal in 2017 in London, and a gold in 2019 in Doha.

He took the silver medal in his specialty event at the 2018 and 2022 Commonwealth Games, and is also a two-time African Championship silver medallist from 2016 and 2018. Cheruiyot won the 1500 m Diamond League title on four occasions: in 2017, 2018, 2019, and 2021.

2016 African Championships in Athletics
The 20th African Championships in Athletics was held in Durban, South Africa from 22 to 26 June 2016. It was the second time that Durban and South Africa hosted this competition. 720 athletes from 43 African national federations participated.
A (The Walking Dead)
"A" is the sixteenth and final episode of the fourth season of the post-apocalyptic horror television series The Walking Dead, which aired on AMC on March 30, 2014. The episode was written by Scott M. Gimple and Angela Kang, and directed by Michelle MacLaren.

As multiple paths collide on each group's travels, Rick (Andrew Lincoln) remembers the past and comes face to face with sheer brutality. As the so-called sanctuary, "Terminus", begins to reveal its true face, the group struggles to survive. Themes explored in this episode include preparedness and the extremities of living in a lawless world. The latter is explored through Rick's guilt and trauma after being forced to brutally murder two men to protect his son, Carl (Chandler Riggs).

Michelle MacLaren
Michelle Maxwell MacLaren is a Canadian television director and producer. She has directed episodes of The X-Files, Better Call Saul, Breaking Bad, The Walking Dead, Game of Thrones, and Westworld.

MacLaren won two back-to-back Primetime Emmy Awards for producing Breaking Bad in 2013 and 2014.
Ropotamo
The Ropotamo (Bulgarian: Ропотамо [ropoˈtamo], from the Ancient Greek word Ροπόταμος ropotamos meaning "border river") is a river in south-eastern Bulgaria. It takes its source from the Bosna Ridge in the Strandzha Mountains, running for 48.5 km to empty into the Black Sea near Cape Saint Demetrius between Dyuni and Primorsko.

The river is most often noted for its 30 m-wide mouth that is home to an abundance of flora species, over 100 of which endangered in the country. The lower section of the river is a protected area since 1940 and forms part of the Ropotamo Reserve. The lower Ropotamo is a popular tourist attraction because of the water lilies and the rock formations above the river, on some of which white-tailed eagles nest.

Ropotamo Glacier on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Ropotamo River.

Bosna (ridge)
Bosna (Bulgarian: Босна) is a ridge in the northern reaches of the Strandzha mountain range situated in the south-eastern part of the Balkan peninsula close to the Black Sea coast. While Strandzha is shared between Bulgaria and Turkey, the Bosna ridge is located entirely within the Bulgarian section of the mountain range. Its highest peak is Papiya (501,4 m). The ridge is approximately 65 km in length and 25 km in width. Most of Bosna falls within the borders of Strandzha Nature Park, the largest protected area in Bulgaria.
Toul-Croix de Metz Airfield
Toul-Croix De Metz Airfield is a former military airfield which is located approximately one mile (1.6 km) northeast of Toul (Département de Meurthe-et-Moselle, Lorraine); 160 miles (260 km) east of Paris.

The airfield had its probable origins as early as 1912, as an Aéronautique Militaire airfield, later being extensively used by the United States Army Air Service. It became a permanent airfield between the wars and during the Phony War with Nazi Germany (1939–1940) was the home of G.C. II/5 (The French Air Force descendant of the World War I Lafayette Escadrille) equipped with American Curtis Hawk 75A fighters. Seized in the Battle of France, it became a Luftwaffe airfield until being captured by the United States Third Army in September 1944. It then became a United States Army Air Forces combat airfield until the end of the war.

After the war, the airfield was redeveloped into a private industrial estate.

United States Army Central
The United States Army Central, formerly the Third United States Army, commonly referred to as the Third Army and as ARCENT, is a military formation of the United States Army that saw service in World War I and World War II, in the 1991 Gulf War, and in the coalition occupation of Iraq. It is best known for its campaigns in World War II under the command of General George S. Patton.

The Third Army is headquartered at Shaw Air Force Base, South Carolina with a forward element at Camp Arifjan, Kuwait. It serves as the echelon above corps for the Army component of CENTCOM, whose area of responsibility (AOR) includes Southwest Asia, around 20 countries of the world, in Africa, Asia, and the Persian Gulf.
Juliana Cabral
Juliana Ribeiro Cabral (born 3 October 1981), commonly known as Juliana Cabral or simply Juliana, is a Brazilian former footballer who played as a defender for the Brazil women's national football team. At club level she represented several leading teams in Brazil and Kopparbergs/Göteborg FC of the Swedish Damallsvenskan.

After making her senior international debut as a 15-year-old, Juliana played for Brazil in the 1999 and 2003 editions of the FIFA Women's World Cup, and the 2000 and 2004 Olympics. At the 2004 tournament in Athens she captained Brazil's silver medal-winning team.

2003 FIFA Women's World Cup
The 2003 FIFA Women's World Cup was the fourth edition of the FIFA Women's World Cup, the quadrennial championship of women's national soccer teams organized by FIFA. It was held in the United States from September 20 to October 12, 2003, at six venues in six cities across the country. The tournament was won by Germany, who became the first country to win both the men's and women's World Cup.

China was originally awarded the right to host the tournament, which would have taken place from September 23 to October 11 in four cities. A severe outbreak of SARS in early 2003 affected Guangdong in southern China and prompted FIFA to move the Women's World Cup to the United States, who had hosted the previous edition in 1999. China was instead granted hosting rights for the 2007 FIFA Women's World Cup and financial compensation while the United States Soccer Federation made new arrangements to host at smaller stadiums.
Juan Antonio Pérez López
Juan Antonio Pérez López (1934–1996) was a Spanish business theorist. He was professor of Organizational Behavior at the IESE Business School (Spain), where he became Dean (1978–1984). He was also a visiting professor at PAD Business School of the Universidad de Piura (Peru) and IAE Business School of the Austral University (Argentina). His research and publications focus on Action Theory and its implications for Organizational Behavior. They collect and integrate economic, sociological, and ethical aspects.

IESE Business School
IESE Business School is the graduate business school of the University of Navarra. It was established in Barcelona in 1958 by Opus Dei. From 1963, in collaboration with Harvard Business School it offers a two-year Master of Business Administration degree. It also offers two  Executive MBAs, and master´s degrees (Master in Management and Master in Finance) and executive education courses. It has other campuses in Madrid, Munich, New York City, and São Paulo.

As of 2026  IESE Business School has more than 60,000 alumni worldwide from different countries. It has been recognised by EQUIS, AACSB, and ANECA. It ranks among the top five in the international rankings of business schools worldwide according to the Financial Times, and The Economist.
Good Design Awards
Good Design Award or Good Design Awards can refer to:

Good Design Award (Chicago Athenaeum), awarded by the Chicago Athenaeum Museum of Architecture and Design since 1996

Good Design Award (Museum of Modern Art), awarded between 1950 and 1955 in the context of the exhibition series Good Design at the Museum of Modern Art, New York and the Merchandise Mart, Chicago

Good Design Award (Japan) is an award sponsored by the Japan Institute of Design Promotion

Good Design Award (Museum of Modern Art)
The Good Design exhibition series was an industrial design program organized by the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York, in cooperation with the Merchandise Mart in Chicago, held between 1950 and 1955. No awards were granted to designers whose work was put on view in these exhibitions, despite misinformation suggesting otherwise.
Adham Sharara
Adham Sharara (born Cairo 24 March 1953) is a Canadian sports official. He is current Chairman and Honorary President of the International Table Tennis Federation, having succeeded Xu Yinsheng in 1999. He retired as ITTF President on 2014, and was succeeded by the Deputy President the German Thomas Weikert.

International Table Tennis Federation
The International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF) is the governing body for national table tennis associations that use ITTF-approved sponge table tennis rackets. The federation oversees rules and regulations, seeks technological improvement for the sport, and organizes numerous international competitions, including the World Table Tennis Championships.
Sally Scull
Sally Skull (born Sarah Jane Newman, c. 1818 – 1866) was the daughter of Rachel Rabb Newman and Joseph Newman, and arrived in Spanish Texas with the first settlers in Stephen F. Austin's colony in the early 1820s. She gained notoriety for her prowess in husbandry, skill in horse trading, marksmanship with the two pistols she carried, commanding language, and for transporting cotton and essential goods for the Confederacy. Skull owned and operated a successful horse ranch, where she employed ethnically Mexican men as ranch hands and teamsters for her caravan and horse wrangling ventures to South Texas and Northern Mexico, Skull was also reported to speak Spanish as well as a native speaker. Skull's livelihood took her well outside of typically female occupations for the time, which was considered "man's work".

Old Three Hundred
The "Old Three Hundred" were 297 grantees who purchased 307 parcels of land from Stephen Fuller Austin in Mexican Texas. Each grantee was head of a household, or in some cases, a partnership of unmarried men. Austin was an American approved in 1822 by Mexico as an empresario for this effort, after the nation had gained independence from Spain. By 1825,  the colony had a population of 1,790, including 443 enslaved African Americans. Because the Americans believed they needed enslaved workers, Austin negotiated with the Mexican government to gain approval, as the new nation was opposed to slavery. Mexico abolished it in 1829.

The colony encompassed an area that ran from the Gulf of Mexico on the south, to near present-day Jones Creek in Brazoria County, Brenham in Washington County, Navasota in Grimes County, and La Grange in Fayette County. It was the first authorized colony of Anglo-American settlers and enslaved African Americans in Mexico.
Yohan Tavares
Yohan Tavares (born 2 March 1988) is a professional footballer who plays as a central defender for French  Ligue 2 club Stade Lavallois.

Over ten seasons, he amassed Portuguese Primeira Liga totals of 244 matches and five goals for Beira-Mar, Estoril, Vitória de Setúbal, Tondela and B-SAD. He also competed professionally in his birth nation, Belgium, Thailand and Cyprus.

Born in France, Tavares represented Portugal at youth level.

G.D. Estoril Praia
Grupo Desportivo Estoril Praia (Portuguese pronunciation: [ɨʃtuˈɾil ˈpɾajɐ]), commonly known as Estoril, is a Portuguese professional sports club from Estoril, Cascais, Lisbon. Founded on 17 May 1939, its football team currently plays in Primeira Liga and hold home games at the Estádio António Coimbra da Mota, with a seating capacity of 5,094. As a sports club, Estoril has departments for football, futsal and basketball.

Since the club's establishment, the senior football team has won nine secondary trophies, with the most recent being the 2011–12 Liga de Honra. As a result, some personnel of the club received awards in relation to their performances in the 2011–12 season, of which include Licá, who won the LPFP Liga de Honra Player of the Year, Vagner, who won the LPFP Liga de Honra Goalkeeper of the Year, and Marco Silva, who won the LPFP Liga de Honra Coach of the Year.
Siege of Cairo
The siege of Cairo, also known as the Cairo campaign, was a siege that took place during the French Revolutionary Wars, between French and British with Ottoman forces and was the penultimate action of the Egyptian Campaign. British commander John Hely-Hutchinson advanced to Cairo, where he arrived after a few skirmishes in mid June. Joined by a sizeable Ottoman force Hutchinson invested Cairo and on 27 June the surrounded 13,000-strong French garrison under General Augustin Daniel Belliard, out-manned and out-gunned then surrendered. The remaining French troops in Egypt under Jacques-François Menou disheartened by this failure, retired to Alexandria.

Battle of Alexandria (1801)
The Battle of Alexandria (also known as the Battle of Canope/Canopus) was fought on 21 March 1801, where the British army and naval forces repelled an assault by the French army as part of the French invasion of Egypt and Syria. Led by General Sir Ralph Abercromby, the British engaged a French force under Divisional-general Jacques-François Menou near the ruins of Nicopolis, on the narrow spit of land between the Mediterranean Sea and Abukir. The British routed Menou's army after several hours of fierce fighting, though Abercromby was mortally wounded. About half of the French casualties at Alexandria were caused by British naval force. John Hely-Hutchinson, who replaced Abercromby, led the British army to Alexandria and laid siege to the city, which surrendered in September.