hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Jacques Drèze
Jacques H. Drèze (5 August 1929 – 25 September 2022) was a Belgian economist noted for his contributions to economic theory, econometrics, and economic policy as well as for his leadership in the economics profession. Drèze was the first president of the European Economic Association in 1986 and was the president of the Econometric Society in 1970.

Jacques Drèze was also the father of five sons. One son is the economist, Jean Drèze, who is known for his work on poverty and hunger in India (some of which has been in collaboration with Amartya K. Sen); another son, Xavier Drèze, was a professor of marketing at UCLA.

Economic policy
The economy of governments covers the systems for setting levels of taxation, government budgets, the money supply and interest rates as well as the labour market, national ownership, and many other areas of government interventions into the economy.

Most factors of economic policy can be divided into either fiscal policy, which deals with government actions regarding taxation and spending, or monetary policy, which deals with central banking actions regarding the money supply and interest rates.

Such policies are often influenced by international institutions like the International Monetary Fund or World Bank as well as political beliefs and the consequent policies of parties.
Maksym Ryabukha
Bishop Maksym Ryabukha, S.D.B. (Ukrainian: Максим Рябуха; born 18 May 1980) is a Ukrainian Greek Catholic hierarch as Titular Bishop of Stephaniacum and Archiepiscopal Exarch of Donetsk since 17 October 2024. Previously he served as an Auxiliary Bishop of the Archiepiscopal Exarchate of Donetsk since 19 September 2022 until 17 October 2024.

Salesians of Don Bosco
The Salesians of Don Bosco (SDB), formally known as the Society of Saint Francis de Sales (Latin: Societas Sancti Francisci Salesii), is a religious congregation of men in the Catholic Church, founded in 1859 by the Italian priest John Bosco to help poor and migrant youth during the Industrial Revolution. The congregation was named after Francis de Sales, a 17th-century bishop of Geneva.

The Salesians' charter describes the society's mission as "the Christian perfection of its associates obtained by the exercise of spiritual and corporal works of charity towards the young, especially the poor, and the education of boys to the priesthood". Its associated women's institute is the Salesian Sisters of Don Bosco, while the lay movement is the Association of Salesian Cooperators.
Ushkova House
The House of Zinaida Ushkova is a building in Kazan, in the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia, which was reconstructed in the beginning of the 20th century in an eclectic style. It is an impressive sight in the city center and an object of Russian heritage. In 1919 it became a central building of the National Library of the Republic of Tatarstan and is now open to visitors and tourists.

National Library of the Republic of Tatarstan
The National Library of the Republic of Tatarstan (Tatar: Татарстан Республикасы Милли китапханәсе, romanized: Tatarstan Respublikası Milli kitapxanäse) is the main state book depository in Tatarstan for national, republican, Russian and foreign publications. The library is located in Kazan, the capital of Tatarstan.
Fae Searcy
Fae Searcy (née Isenberg) was an American politician who served as clerk of the Supreme Court of Illinois. She was the first woman to hold a statewide elected office in Illinois. First appointed in a widow's succession following her husband's death in office, Searcy won election to two full terms.

Supreme Court of Illinois
The Supreme Court of Illinois is the state supreme court, the highest court of the judiciary of Illinois. The court's authority is granted in Article VI of the current Illinois Constitution, which provides for seven justices elected from the five appellate judicial districts of the state: three justices from the First District (Cook County) and one from each of the other four districts. Absent mid-term vacancy, each justice is elected for a term of ten years, which may be renewed and the chief justice is elected by the court from its members for a three-year term.
Jaisingnagar Assembly constituency
Jaisinghnagar is one of the 230 Vidhan Sabha (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of Madhya Pradesh state in central India. It comprises Shahdol, Jaisinghnagar and parts of Sohagpur and Jaisinghnagar tehsils, all in Shahdol district.

Shahdol district
Shahdol district (Hindi pronunciation: [ʃɛʱ.ɖoːl]) is a district of Madhya Pradesh state in east central India. Its old name was Matsya raj or Virat kingdom in the name of great king Maharaja Virata. With a total area of 6,205 km2 (2,396 sq mi) and a population of 10,66,063. Shahdol is an important district of Madhya Pradesh. The town of Shahdol is the district headquarters. The district formerly comprised Shahdol division.

The Virateshwara Temple in Sohagpur Vangana is the most important tourist destination of Shahdol and a structural masterpiece. The district extends 110 km (68 mi) from east to west and 170 km (110 mi) from north to south.
Gustavo Machado (politician)
Gustavo Machado Morales (19 July 1898 – 17 July 1983) was a Venezuelan politician and journalist, editor of the Communist Party of Venezuela's newspaper from 1948 to 1983 (with interruptions for exile and imprisonment) and President of the party from 1971 to 1983. As a leading Communist, he spent a substantial part of his life in exile or in prison. He was a founder member of the Venezuelan Revolutionary Party in February 1926, a forerunner of the Communist Party of Venezuela (founded in 1931). He was a member of the Generation of 1928 - activists opposing the dictatorship of Juan Vicente Gómez. During the 1945-8 democratic period he was a member of the Constituent Assembly and a candidate in the 1947 presidential election for the Communist Party. He was elected to the Venezuelan Chamber of Deputies four times, serving there for fifteen years.

1947 Venezuelan general election
General elections were held in Venezuela on 14 December 1947. They resulted in a decisive victory for Democratic Action (AD). The party's presidential candidate, Rómulo Gallegos received 74.3% of the vote, still the largest presidential win in Venezuela's modern history. AD also won supermajorities in both houses of Congress, with 83 of the 110 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 38 of the 46 seats in the Senate.

These were the first national elections held in Venezuela since the 1945 coup. They were also the first free regular elections since independence in 1830, as well as the first direct elections for president. In previous elections, the Congress of Venezuela had decided and voted on who would assume the presidency.
Marco Odermatt
Marco Odermatt (born 8 October 1997) is a Swiss World Cup alpine ski racer who races in giant slalom, super-G and downhill. In addition to the World Cup, Odermatt has competed for Switzerland at two Junior World Championships, three World Championships, the 2022 (where he won an Olympic gold medal) and 2026 Winter Olympics.

Alpine skiing at the 2022 Winter Olympics
Alpine skiing at the 2022 Winter Olympics was held at the Yanqing National Alpine Ski Centre in Yanqing District, China. The competitions took place from 6 to 20 February 2022.

Speed events were held on "Rock" course and technical events on "Ice River" course for both men and women. The team event was held on "Rainbow."

A total of 306 quota spots (153 per gender) were distributed to the alpine skiing, a reduction of 14 from 2018. Eleven events were contested: five for men, five for women, and one mixed (team).
Mango Groove (album)
Mango Groove is the self-titled debut album of Mango Groove, a South African pop fusion band whose sound is influenced by township music. Seven of the eleven songs on the album were released as singles. The album sold extremely well, breaking national sales records and maintaining a high rank in the radio charts for a year. The band dedicated the album to Mickey Vilakazi, a bandmate who died in June 1988.

Although the material won multiple awards from the South African Broadcasting Corporation, including "Best Album", the SABC censored the music video for the song "Hellfire", which had an anti-apartheid message.

SABC
The South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC) is the public broadcaster in South Africa, and provides 19 radio stations (AM/FM) as well as 6 television broadcasts and 3 OTT Services to the general public. It is one of the largest of South Africa's state-owned enterprises and the biggest state broadcaster in Africa.

Opposition politicians and civil society often criticise the SABC, accusing it of being a mouthpiece for whichever political party is in majority power, thus currently the ruling African National Congress; during the apartheid era it was accused of playing the same role for the National Party government.
1946 Copa de Competencia Británica Final
The 1946 Copa de Competencia Británica Final was the match that decided the winner of the 3rd edition of this Argentine domestic cup. The game was played on December 14, 1946. Boca Juniors defeated San Lorenzo de Almagro 3–1 at Estadio Monumental, a neutral venue for the match.

Estadio Monumental (Buenos Aires)
The Monumental Stadium (Spanish pronunciation: [esˈtaðjo mˌonumentˈal]; lit. 'Monumental Stadium', named after its monumental structure), also known as Estadio River Plate and currently known as Mâs Monumental for sponsorship reasons, is an association football stadium in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Located in the Belgrano neighbourhood, it is home of River Plate.

It was opened on 26 May 1938 and named after former club president Antonio Vespucio Liberti (1900–1978). It is the largest stadium in both Argentina and all of South America with a capacity of 85,018 and is also home of the Argentina national football team. It was the main venue in the 1951 Pan American Games. It hosted the 1978 FIFA World Cup Final between Argentina and the Netherlands. It has also hosted four finals of the Copa América, most recently in 2011, as well as many finals of the Copa Libertadores.
Sultan bin Fahd Al Saud
Sultan bin Fahd Al Saud (Arabic: سلطان بن فهد آل سعود; born 1951) is a member of House of Saud, son of King Fahd, and grandson of Saudi's founder King Abdulaziz. A graduate of the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, Prince Sultan is the former president (1999-2011) of Youth Welfare agency.

Royal Military Academy Sandhurst
The Royal Military Academy Sandhurst (RMAS or RMA Sandhurst), commonly known simply as Sandhurst, is one of several military academies of the United Kingdom and is the British Army's initial officer training centre. It is located in the town of Sandhurst, Berkshire, though its ceremonial entrance is in Camberley, Surrey, southwest of London. All British Army officers (including late-entry officers who were previously Warrant Officers) are trained at the academy, alongside other men and women from overseas. The academy also commands the University Officers' Training Corps (UOTC), which along with the General Staff Centre (GSC) and the Centre for Army Leadership (CAL) are collectively part of the formation known as Sandhurst Group (RMAS Group) part of Home Command.

Sandhurst is the British Army equivalent of the Britannia Royal Naval College and of the Royal Air Force College Cranwell.
Perverts (album)
Perverts is a studio recording by the American singer-songwriter and record producer Ethel Cain. It was self-released on January 8, 2025, through her record label Daughters of Cain with distribution from AWAL. She solely wrote, recorded, and produced it in 2024. Perverts is a drone, slowcore, and dark ambient project that Cain conceived as a side release to her main trilogy of albums, which began with Preacher's Daughter (2022). The lyrical themes of the project explore ways of perversion.

Perverts was preceded by the single "Punish" on November 1, 2024. The recording was well received by music critics, many of whom called it difficult to listen to and interpreted it as a shift from the sound of Preacher's Daughter. Commercially, it reached number 24 on the UK Album Downloads Chart.

Perversion
Perversion is a form of human behavior which is far from what is considered to be orthodox or normal. Although the term perversion can refer to a variety of forms of deviation, it is most often used to describe sexual behaviors that are considered particularly abnormal, repulsive or obsessive. Perversion usually differs from "deviant behavior", in that the latter covers areas of behavior (such as petty crime) for which perversion would be too strong a term. It is often considered derogatory, and, in psychological literature, the term paraphilia has been used as a replacement for most forms of sexual perversion, though this clinical term is controversial, and deviation is sometimes used in its place.
Ana Gomes
Ana Maria Rosa Martins Gomes GCC GOIH ComM (born 9 February 1954), better known as Ana Gomes, is a Portuguese former diplomat and politician of the Socialist Party (PS).

She earned wide recognition for her role in negotiating independence for East Timor, a former Portuguese colony, and in the reestablishment of diplomatic relations between Portugal and Indonesia. She later suspended her career as a diplomat to enter party politics, and served as a Member of the European Parliament from 2004 until 2019, where she was an outspoken campaigner on corruption and human rights.

On 10 September 2020, she officially announced her candidacy for the 2021 Portuguese presidential election, without official support from the Socialist Party. She finished second, with 13% of the votes, the best result ever achieved by a woman in a presidential election in Portugal.

Order of Prince Henry
The Order of Prince Henry (Portuguese: Ordem do Infante Dom Henrique) is a Portuguese order of knighthood created on 2 June 1960, to commemorate the quincentenary of the death of the Portuguese infante Prince Henry the Navigator, one of the main initiators of the Age of Discovery. Minor reforms of the constitution of the Order occurred in 1962 and 1980.

It is a five-tier order, whose titles are awarded for relevant services to Portugal and for services in the expansion of the Portuguese culture, its history and its values (with a particular focus on its maritime history). The number of members in each grade is restricted by its constitution, and titles are conferred by special decree by the Grand Master of the Order, i.e., the President of Portugal.
Duke of Ficalho
Duke of Ficalho (in Portuguese Duque de Ficalho) was a Portuguese title of nobility, granted by a decree issued by Queen Maria II of Portugal on May 14, 1836, to Eugénia de Almeida Portugal, 2nd Countess of Ficalho by marriage.

She was the eldest daughter of the 3rd Marquis of Lavradio.

The Queen elevated Dona Eugénia Almeida Portugal to the title of Marchioness and, in 1836, to Duchess of Ficalho (only during her life), when she became the queen's Maid of Honour (Camareira-Mór), the highest palatine office for a lady.

Marquess of Lavradio
Marquess of Lavradio is a Portuguese title of nobility created by Letters Patent of King José I of Portugal on 18 October 1753 for D. António de Almeida Soares de Portugal, 1st Count of Lavradio and 4th Count of Avintes.
Brunswick metropolitan area
The Brunswick metropolitan area is the Coastal Georgian metropolitan statistical area centered on the principal city of Brunswick, Georgia. The U.S. Office of Management and Budget, Census Bureau and other entities define Brunswick's metropolitan statistical area as comprising Glynn, Brantley, and McIntosh counties, including the cities of Brunswick and Darien. According to the 2020 census, the metropolitan area had a population of 113,495.

Darien, Georgia
Darien (/dɛəriˈɛn/) is a city in and the county seat of McIntosh County, Georgia, United States. It lies on Georgia's coast at the mouth of the Altamaha River, approximately 50 miles (80 kilometers) south of Savannah, and is part of the Brunswick, Georgia metropolitan statistical area. It is the second-oldest planned city in Georgia and was originally called New Inverness. The population of Darien was 1,460 at the 2020 census, down from 1,975 in 2010.
Porocyphus
Porocyphus is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Porocyphaceae. The genus was established in 1855 by the German lichenologist Gustav Wilhelm Körber to distinguish certain lichens from the related genus Collema, based on differences in their reproductive structures. Porocyphus species are found worldwide and are characterised by their pore-like fruiting bodies and simple spores. They form dark, gelatinous crusts on rocks, soil, and bark.

Collema
Collema (jelly lichen) is a genus of lichens in the family Collemataceae. The photobiont is the cyanobacterium genus Nostoc. Species in this genus typically grow on nutrient-rich bark or somewhat siliceous or calcareous rocks in humid environments.
Kanadikavu Shree Vishnumaya Kuttichathan Swamy temple
The Kannadikavu Shree Vishnumaya Kuttichathan Swami temple is a Vishnumaya temple located 20 km southwest of Thrissur in Peringottukara, Kerala, India.

The principal deity of the temple is Vishnumaya, a Kuttichathan, although 320 other Kuttichathans are also worshipped at the temple. Brahmashree Vishnubharatheeya currently serves as the temple's chief priest. The temple is associated with the Ezhava community, who traditionally worship Vishnumaya.

Peringottukara
Peringottukara is a village in the western coastal side of India, located on the western side of Thrissur district, Kerala. The village is much famous for Vishnumaya Temples.

Peringottukara was visited by Sree Narayana Guru who founded Sree Somashekhara Temple, a Shiva temple in 1919.
Julie Stoffer
Julie A. Stoffer is an American reality show personality, television host, and property manager. She is best known as a cast member on MTV's reality television series The Real World: New Orleans, the ninth season of The Real World series. Stoffer grew up mostly in Wisconsin, and was attending college at Brigham Young University when she was cast on The Real World, becoming the first Mormon to be featured on the show. She left the church with her husband in 2008 after realizing that her beliefs were no longer aligned with Mormonism and its roots. She identifies as an atheist.

The Real World: New Orleans (2000 season)
The Real World: New Orleans is the ninth season of MTV's reality television series The Real World, which focuses on a group of diverse strangers living together for several months in a different city each season, as cameras follow their lives and interpersonal relationships. It is the first season of The Real World to be filmed in West South Central States region of the United States, specifically in Louisiana.

The season featured seven people who lived in a remodeled Civil War-era mansion, called The Belfort, in the Garden District, New Orleans and is the first of two seasons to be filmed in New Orleans. Ten years later, the show made a return in the twenty-fourth season.

Filming took place over the course of 124 days between January and late May 2000 in the Belfort Mansion on St. Charles Avenue.  The season premiered June 13 of that year and consisted of 23 episodes.

Author Anne Rice had a guest appearance this season.
Bilinear map
In mathematics, a bilinear map is a function combining elements of two vector spaces to yield an element of a third vector space, and is linear in each of its arguments. Matrix multiplication is an example.

A bilinear map can also be defined for modules. For that, see the article pairing.

Module (mathematics)
In mathematics, a module is a generalization of the notion of vector space in which the field of scalars is replaced by a (not necessarily commutative) ring. The concept of a module also generalizes the notion of an abelian group, since the abelian groups are exactly the modules over the ring of integers.

Like a vector space, a module is an additive abelian group, and scalar multiplication is distributive over the operations of addition between elements of the ring or module and is compatible with the ring multiplication.

Modules are very closely related to the representation theory of groups. They are also one of the central notions of commutative algebra and homological algebra, and are used widely in algebraic geometry and algebraic topology.
Niue dollar
Niue, a country in free association with New Zealand, uses only one official legal tender currency, which is the New Zealand dollar.

Before the creation of the New Zealand dollar in 1967, Niue was a user of the New Zealand pound and its very early commemorative coins of Niue were in pound or shilling increments.

Niue first began issuing coins in 1966. These have been mostly bullion and non-circulating base metal commemorative issues. They are acceptable as legal tender within Niue, though unlikely to be found anywhere on the island.

Pitcairn Islands dollar
The Pitcairn Islands is a British overseas territory which uses the New Zealand dollar as its primary currency. However, the territory has issued commemorative Pitcairn Islands dollar coins since 1988. Although the Pitcairn Islands dollar is legal tender and pegged at par to the New Zealand dollar, it is not commonly used in general circulation and exists primarily to generate revenue for the territory from coin collectors, with the sale of coins and other numismatic items being a major source of revenue for the territory. Having a population of only 45 as of 2020 and with only one island in the group of four being populated, there is no need for local coinage. Coins are an important part of the Pitcairn Islands' tiny economy and help raise funds for the government's largely fixed and subsidised income.
Organized crime in London, Ontario
The city of London, Ontario, Canada was established in 1826, and has since grown into Canada's 11th largest municipality. The city has had a long history of organized crime, with several high-profile incidents occurring there over the years. In 1901, London's first MP, John Carling, attributed the growth of London to three factors: the establishment of regional courts and administration in 1826, the arrival of the military garrison in 1838, and the arrival of the railway in 1853. From its position along the Quebec City–Windsor Corridor, the city has attracted investment in commerce, culture and manufacturing, and attracted criminal enterprises to exploit that growth.

London has seen the establishment of Canadian chapters of the Ku Klux Klan, planned bank robberies, and in modern times, the establishment of a variety of crime syndicates, street gangs, outlaw motorcycle clubs and nationalist groups.

Gang
A gang is a group or society of associates, friends, or members of a family with a defined leadership and internal organization that identifies with or claims control over territory in a community and engages, either individually or collectively, in illegal, and possibly violent, behavior, with such behavior often constituting a form of organized crime.