hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Five whys
Five whys (or 5 whys) is an iterative interrogative technique used to explore the cause-and-effect relationships underlying a particular problem. The primary goal of the technique is to determine the root cause of a defect or problem by repeating the question "why?" five times, each time directing the current "why" to the answer of the previous "why".

The method asserts that the answer to the final "why" asked in this manner should reveal the root cause of the problem. The number of whys may be higher or lower depending on the complexity of the analysis and problem.

The technique was described by Taiichi Ohno at Toyota Motor Corporation. Others at Toyota and elsewhere have criticized the five whys technique for being too basic and having an arbitrarily shallow depth as a root cause analysis tool (see § Criticism).

Taiichi Ohno
Ohno Taiichi (大野耐一, Ōno Taiichi; February 29, 1912 – May 28, 1990) was a Japanese industrial engineer and businessman. He is considered to be the father of the Toyota Production System, which inspired Lean Manufacturing in the U.S. He devised the seven wastes (or muda in Japanese) as part of this system. He wrote several books about the system, including Toyota Production System: Beyond Large-Scale Production.
Bouquet of Black Orchids
Bouquet of Black Orchids is a 1993 compilation of tracks by the Tear Garden created by Nettwerk Europe for the European market. It contains songs from the band's first two LPs (Tired Eyes Slowly Burning, The Last Man to Fly) and first two EPs (The Tear Garden, Sheila Liked the Rodeo).

Tired Eyes Slowly Burning
Tired Eyes Slowly Burning is the debut album of the Canadian band the Tear Garden, released in 1987 through Nettwerk. It is the band's first studio album, preceded by their self-titled EP, released a year prior. That EP is appended to the end of Tired Eyes Slowly Burning as tracks 7 through 10.
Jabulile Baloyi
Jabulile Baloyi is a South African former player and professional soccer manager who is the current head coach of Sasol Women's League side the University of the Free State.

In 2018 she led University of Johannesburg to the USSA title and defended it in 2019.

Sasol Women's League
The Sasol Women's League is the second-tier South African women's association football league, sponsored by Sasol since 2013.  It is semi-professional, and operates as a provincial league, with two "streams" of 8-10 teams in each of South Africa's nine provinces (in some cases, multiple streams per province), and each province's champion then competing in a single-location National Championship tournament.

The championship's two finalists are then promoted to the (professional, first-tier) SAFA Women's League, while the bottom two teams in each province's standings are relegated to the SAFA Women's Regional League of their respective province.
Canace
In Greek mythology, Canace (/ˈkænəˌsiː/; Ancient Greek: Κανάκη, romanized: Kanákē, lit. 'barking') was the daughter of Aeolus, the king of Thessaly, and Enarete, daughter of Deimachus. She is known for the story, told by Euripides and Ovid, of her incestuous relationship with her brother Macareus and her subsequent suicide.

Ancient Thessaly
Thessaly or Thessalia (Attic Greek: Θεσσαλία, Thessalía or Θετταλία, Thettalía) was one of the traditional regions of Ancient Greece. During the Mycenaean period, Thessaly was known as Aeolia, a name that continued to be used for one of the major tribes of Greece, the Aeolians, and their dialect of Greek, Aeolic.
Juanmi (footballer, born 1993)
Juan Miguel Jiménez López (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈxwam miˈɣel xiˈmeneθ ˈlopeθ]; born 20 May 1993), known as Juanmi [ˈxwammi], is a Spanish professional footballer who plays for as a forward for La Liga club Getafe.

He came through the youth ranks at Málaga, starting in its reserves and making his first-team debut in 2010, also spending time on loan at Racing de Santander in 2013. In La Liga, he also represented Real Sociedad, Betis, Cádiz and Getafe, totalling over 300 games and 60 goals and winning the Copa del Rey in 2022. He spent one season in the Premier League with Southampton, and another in the Saudi Pro League with Al-Riyadh.

Juanmi won the European Championship with Spain under-19s in 2011 and 2012, and made his senior international debut in 2015.

Málaga CF
Málaga Club de Fútbol (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈmalaɣa ˈkluβ ðe ˈfuðβol], Málaga Football Club), or simply Málaga, is a club based in Málaga, Andalusia, Spain, who compete in Segunda División, the second tier of the Spanish league system, following their promotion from the Primera Federación in the 2023–24 season.

They won the UEFA Intertoto Cup in 2002 and qualified for the following season's UEFA Cup, reaching the quarter-final stages. They also qualified for the 2012–13 UEFA Champions League, where they were quarter-finalists. Since June 2010, the owner of the club has been Qatari investor Abdullah ben Nasser Al Thani.
Akiseyama Mitsuhiko
Akiseyama Mitsuhiko (Japanese: 明瀬山 光彦; born July 18, 1985 as Mitsuhiko Fukao (深尾 光彦, Fukao Mitsuhiko)) is a former Japanese professional sumo wrestler from Kasugai, Aichi. An amateur sumo competitor while studying at Nihon University, he made his professional debut in January 2008. He has two lower-division championships in jonokuchi and makushita, and reached the top makuuchi division in March 2016. His highest rank was maegashira 12. He wrestled for Kise stable, where he now coaches under the name of Izutsu.

Professional sumo divisions
Professional sumo as administered by the Japanese Sumo Association is divided into six ranked divisions. Wrestlers are promoted and demoted within and between these divisions based on the merit of their win–loss records in official tournaments. For more information, see kachi-koshi and make-koshi. Wrestlers are also ranked within each division. The higher a wrestler's rank within a division is, the general level of opponents he will have to face becomes stronger. According to tradition, each rank is further subdivided into East and West, with East being slightly more prestigious, and ranked slightly higher than its West counterpart. The divisions, ranked in order of hierarchy from highest to lowest, are as follows:
Từ Đạo Hạnh
Từ Đạo Hạnh (Chinese: 徐道行; 1072 – 1116), commonly called Đức Thánh Láng (德聖𣼽), was a Vietnamese Zen master of the Lý dynasty. His life is recorded in many legendary and mythical stories. Before the legend of Liễu Hạnh spread, he was regarded as one of the most famous Vietnamese saints, counted among the Four Immortals.

The most famous legend about him is that he shed his body and reincarnated as the son of Sùng Hiền hầu, named Lý Dương Hoán, who later became Lý Thần Tông. Because of this legend and the mystical folklore surrounding him, he was long considered one of the Vietnamese Four Immortals until the cult of Liễu Hạnh emerged.

He is venerated at Thiên Phúc Temple (now in Sài Sơn commune, Quốc Oai District, Hà Nội), popularly known as Thầy Temple and Láng Temple, as well as Nền Temple in Hanoi. The annual Thầy Temple Festival is held on the 3rd day of the 3rd lunar month, believed to be the date of his passing.

Liễu Hạnh
Princess Liễu Hạnh (Vietnamese: Liễu Hạnh Công chúa, chữ Hán: 柳杏公主) is one of The Four Immortals in Vietnamese folk religion, and also a leading figure in the Four Palaces belief of the Đạo Mẫu, in which she governs the Earth realm and represents the Heaven realm on behalf of Mẫu Cửu Trùng Thiên.

Her personal cult was created by women in Nam Định Province, in the village of Van Cat. It is believed that the cult was created by rice farmers in need of land and water, and at its peak was extremely popular. The cult was mostly suppressed during the Communist Party of Vietnam's early reign, as worship was considered to be Taoist in nature, and was a tool of oppression. However, after Doi Moi (begun 1986) the cult has been regaining popularity steadily.
M2 (Johannesburg)
The M2 is a major highway and metropolitan route in Greater Johannesburg, South Africa. It is named the Francois Oberholzer Freeway. It runs just to the south of the Johannesburg Central Business District eastwards where it connects with the N3 (only a short segment goes to the west of the Johannesburg CBD) and enters Germiston, ending near its CBD. The north–south M1 intersects with the M2 just to the south-west of the Johannesburg CBD.

Johannesburg CBD
The Johannesburg Central Business District, commonly called Johannesburg CBD, is one of the main business centres of Johannesburg, South Africa. It is the densest collection of skyscrapers in Africa, however, due to white flight and urban blight, many of the buildings are unoccupied as tenants have left for more secure locations in the Northern Suburbs, in particular Sandton and Rosebank. There are significant movements to revive the area.
Demy de Zeeuw
Demy Patrick René de Zeeuw (born 26 May 1983) is a Dutch former professional footballer who played as a defensive midfielder. He previously played for AGOVV, Go Ahead Eagles, AZ and AFC Ajax. While at AZ he was a key player in the squad that won the 2008–09 Dutch league, the club's first championship victory in 28 years. Following this success he transferred to Ajax, with whom he won the 2009–10 Dutch Cup, and the 2010–11 Dutch league title. A good tackler and a gifted passer of the ball, he made 24 appearances for the Netherlands national team.

2010–11 Eredivisie
The 2010–11 Eredivisie is the 55th season of Eredivisie since its establishment in 1955. It began on 6 August 2010 with the first matches of the season and ended on 29 May 2011 with the last matches of the European competition and relegation playoffs. FC Twente were the reigning champions, having won their first Dutch championship the previous season. A total of 18 teams took part in the league.
Ajax won their 30th title after beating FC Twente 3–1 on 15 May 2011.
Mikhail Schweitzer
Mikhail (Moisei) Abramovich Schweitzer (Russian: Михаил (Моисей) Абрамович Швейцер, 16 February 1920, Perm – 2 June 2000, Moscow) was a Soviet and Russian film director and screenwriter. People's Artist of the USSR (1990).

People's Artist of the USSR
People's Artist of the USSR, also sometimes translated as National Artist of the USSR, was an honorary title granted to artists of the Soviet Union. The term is confusingly used to translate two Russian language titles: Народный артист СССР (Narodny artist SSSR), awarded in performing arts and Народный художник СССР (Narodny khudozhnik SSSR), granted in some visual arts.

As those titles were granted by the government, honorees were afforded certain privileges and would often receive commissions from the Minister of Culture of the Soviet Union. Accordingly, artists and authors who expressed criticism of the Communist Party were seldom granted such recognition, if not outright censored. Each Soviet Republic, as well as the Autonomous Republics (ASSRs), had a similar award that would be held previously by virtually every receiver of the higher title of People's Artist of the USSR.
Matiri Central Forest Reserve
03°12′38.26″N 31°11′50.21″E﻿ / ﻿3.2106278°N 31.1972806°E﻿ / 3.2106278; 31.1972806

Matiri Central Forest Reserve is a protected tropical forest reserve that is located in Kyenjojo district of western Uganda. The central forest covers an area of 64 square kilometres (25 sq mi) and is among the few surviving natural forest reserves in the Tooro region.

Tooro Kingdom
The Tooro Kingdom is a Bantu kingdom located within the borders of Uganda. The current Omukama of Tooro is King Oyo Nyimba Kabamba Iguru Rukidi IV. King Oyo Nyimba Kabamba Iguru Rukidi IV took to the throne of Tooro kingdom in 1995 at the age of just three years, after the death of his father Omukama Patrick David Matthew Kaboyo Rwamuhokya Olimi III on August 26, 1995, at the age of 50.

The people native to the kingdom are the Batooro, and their language is likewise called Rutooro. The Batooro and Banyoro speak closely related languages, Rutooro and Runyoro, and share many other similar cultural traits. The Batooro live on Uganda's western border, south of Lake Albert.
Lucky You (Isaiah Falls EP)
Lucky You is an extended play (EP) by American R&B singer-songwriter Isaiah Falls, released on 17 October 2025 by LVRS ONLY. The EP contains six tracks and features guest appearances from SiR, Alex Isley, Chase Shakur and Joyce Wrice.

Sir (singer)
Sir Darryl Andrew Farris (born November 5, 1986), known mononymously as Sir (stylized as SiR), is an American singer and songwriter. Born and raised in Inglewood, California, he released his debut album Seven Sundays (2015), via indie label Fresh Selects. He would go on to secure a record deal with Carson-based indie label Top Dawg Entertainment (TDE), where he released his second album November (2018). His third album, Chasing Summer (2019), was also issued by TDE, in conjunction with major-label RCA Records.
Gaumee Film Award for Best Choreography
The Gaumee Film Award for Best Choreography is given as part of the Gaumee Film Awards for Maldivian Films.

The award was first given in 1995. Here is a list of the award winners and the nominees of the respective award ceremonies.

Gaumee Film Awards
The Gaumee Film Awards aka Dhivehi Film Awards are presented by National Centre for the Arts to honour both artistic and technical excellence of professionals in the Maldivian film industry. The Gaumee Film Award ceremony is the oldest film events in Maldives.

The ceremony had been sponsored by various private organisations in the past as well as in present provisions. A live ceremony was broadcast to television audiences.
Heretic (band)
Heretic is an American heavy metal band from Los Angeles. Beginning in 1984, the group's initial career saw two releases on Metal Blade Records and touring alongside noted heavy metal groups. After their 1988 breakup, singer Mike Howe joined Metal Church while other members founded Reverend.

Guitarist Brian Korban and earlier vocalist Julian Mendez reformed Heretic in 2011.  The band released their second full-length album the following year.

Metal Blade Records
Metal Blade Records (often shortened to Metal Blade) is an American independent record label founded by Brian Slagel in 1982 based in the U.S. state of California. The label primarily focuses on heavy metal.
Ricardo Batista (footballer)
Ricardo Jorge Cecília Batista (born 19 November 1986) is a professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Primeira Liga club Casa Pia.

He totalled 95 Primeira Liga appearances over six seasons, for Olhanense, Vitória de Setúbal and Casa Pia. He also played in England (with Fulham, Milton Keynes Dons and Wycombe Wanderers), Angola and Romania.

Batista won caps for Portugal at under-21 level. In 2024, he switched his allegiance to Angola.

Portugal national under-21 football team
The Portugal national under-21 football team is the national under-21 football team of Portugal and is controlled by the Portuguese Football Federation (FPF). They are nicknamed "Esperanças". Esperança means hope, thus they are Portugal's hopes for the future.

Following the realignment of UEFA's youth competitions in 1976, the Portuguese under-21 team was formed. Until 1994, the team had a rather poor record, failing to qualify for each of the first eight UEFA under-21 Championships. Since 1994, the team has improved its record greatly, qualifying for five of the next seven tournaments, including the 2006 finals.

Having qualified for the 2006 tournament finals, UEFA announced that Portugal would host the finals in May and June. From 2007 onwards, host nations will be announced before the qualification stage and will not need to qualify.
Chafarinas Islands
The Chafarinas Islands (Spanish: Islas Chafarinas IPA: [ˈislas tʃafaˈɾinas], Berber languages: Igumamen Iceffaren or Takfarinas, Arabic: جزر الشفارين or الجزر الجعفرية), also spelled Zafarin, Djaferin or Zafarani, are a group of three Spanish small islets located in the Alboran Sea off the coast of Africa with an aggregate area of 0.525 square kilometres (0.203 sq mi), 45 km (28.0 mi) to the east of Nador and 3.3 km (2.1 mi) off the Moroccan town of Ras Kebdana. They are uninhabited except for a garrison of the Spanish Army, though there was also a civil population roughly between the mid-19th and mid-20th centuries.

The Chafarinas Islands are one of the Spanish territories in North Africa off the Moroccan coast known as plazas de soberanía. The islands are administered by Spain but also claimed by Morocco as part of its territory alongside other Spanish overseas territories in Northern Africa.

Ras Kebdana
Ras Kebdana or Ras El Ma (Tarifit: Qabuyawa ⵇⴰⴱⵓⵢⴰⵡⴰ; Arabic: رأس الماء) is a town in Nador Province, Oriental, Morocco. It is a seaport, is located in the province of Nador.  According to the 2014 census, it has a population of 7,580.
British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
The British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the British Pharmacological Society. It covers all aspects of drug action in humans. As of 2020, the editor-in-chief is Serge Cremers (Columbia University).

Wiley-Blackwell
Wiley-Blackwell is an international scientific, technical, medical, and scholarly publishing business of John Wiley & Sons. It was formed by the merger of John Wiley & Sons Global Scientific, Technical, and Medical business with Blackwell Publishing in 2007.

Wiley-Blackwell is now an imprint that publishes a diverse range of academic and professional fields, including biology, medicine, physical sciences, technology, social science, and the humanities.
Fiat Doblò
The Fiat Doblò is a panel van and leisure activity vehicle produced by Italian automaker Fiat since 2000. It was unveiled at the Paris Motor Show in October 2000. A second-generation Doblò succeeded the original vehicle in 2010 for most markets, and it was sold in the United States as the RAM ProMaster City from 2015 to 2022. The second generation was also sold in Europe and the UK as the Opel/Vauxhall Combo. The third-generation Doblò, a rebadged version of the Citroën Berlingo, was unveiled in June 2022, and is also sold as the Opel or Vauxhall Combo, Peugeot Partner, and Toyota ProAce.

Fiat Palio
The Fiat Palio is a supermini car released by the Italian manufacturer Fiat in April 1996. It was produced until 2018 as hatchback, and 2020 as a wagon.

The Palio is a world car and was developed by Fiat Automóveis with an aim at developing countries. It has been produced in various countries worldwide, and its platform was also used in the Siena sedan, the Palio Weekend station wagon, the Palio Adventure crossover and the Strada light pick-up truck.
Oughterside
Oughterside is a village in the Cumberland district of the English county of Cumbria. Nearby settlements include the town of Aspatria and the villages of Hayton and Prospect. For transport there is the A596 road nearby. Oughterside is 2.1 miles away from Aspatria and is 6 miles from Cockermouth, the birthplace of William Wordsworth. Carlisle is the closest city to Oughterside that offers transport links to other locations across the UK through the railway network. Oughterside is located on the North Western edge of the Lake District.

Aspatria
Aspatria /əsˈpeɪtriə/ is a town and civil parish in Cumberland, Cumbria, England. The town rests on the north side of the Ellen Valley, overlooking a panoramic view of the countryside, with Skiddaw to the South and the Solway Firth to the North. Its developments are aligned approximately east–west along the A596 Carlisle to Workington road and these extend to approximately 2 miles (3.2 km) in length. It lies about 8 miles (13 km) northeast of Maryport, a similar distance to the Southwest of Wigton, about 9 miles (14 km) north of Cockermouth and 5 miles (8.0 km) from the coast and Allonby. A Roman road leading from "Old Carlisle" to Ellenborough passed through the hamlet.

It is served by Aspatria railway station. Aspatria is located on the fringe of the English Lake District.

The parish church of St Kentigern was rebuilt in 1848. Fragments of masonry and crosses from earlier structures on the same site are preserved there.
Julião Menezes
Julião Menezes (7 August 1909 – 2 July 1980), popularly known as Dr. Juliao Menezes, was an Indian freedom fighter, medical practitioner, author, and nationalist leader. He played a prominent role in the annexation of Goa from the Portuguese rule and was active in the Goa liberation movement. Menezes established the publication Gomantak Praja Mandal, to promote nationalism among Goans. He was a member of the provisional committee of the Indian National Congress in Portuguese Goa and was present at its session in 1948. He played an active role during its formation. Menezes, along with socialist leader Ram Manohar Lohia, planned the civil disobedience movement against Salazar's regime in Goa on 18 June 1946, a day that is now celebrated as Goa Revolution Day.

Goans
Goans (Romi Konkani: Goenkar, Portuguese: Goeses) is the demonym used to describe the people native to Goa, India, formerly part of Portuguese India (Estado Português da Índia). They form an ethno-linguistic group resulting from the assimilation of Indo-Aryan, Dravidian, Indo-Portuguese, Austro-Asiatic ethnic and/or linguistic ancestries. They speak different dialects of the Konkani language, collectively known as Goan Konkani. "Goanese", although sometimes used, is an incorrect term for Goans.
Kangaroo Valley, New South Wales
Kangaroo Valley (Dharawal language: Parronrah) is a river valley along the Kangaroo River in the Shoalhaven region of New South Wales, Australia, located west of the seaside in the City of Shoalhaven. It is also the name of the small suburb within it, formerly known as Osborne, with a population of 879 in the 2016 census. The township is accessed by the Moss Vale Road, which links Moss Vale to the Princes Highway at Bomaderry north of Nowra via the B73 route.

City of Shoalhaven
The City of Shoalhaven is a local government area in the South Coast region of New South Wales, Australia. The area is about 200 kilometres (120 mi) south of Sydney. The Princes Highway passes through the area, and the South Coast railway line traverses the northern section, terminating at Bomaderry. At the 2021 census, the population was 108,531.
Burgess inequality
In analytic number theory, the Burgess inequality (also called the Burgess bound) is an inequality  that provides an upper bound for character sums

where  is a Dirichlet character modulo a cube free  that is not the principal character .

The inequality was proven in 1963 along with a series of related inequalities, by the British mathematician David Allan Burgess. It provides a better estimate for small character sums than the Pólya–Vinogradov inequality from 1918. More recent results have led to refinements and generalizations of the Burgess bound.

Dirichlet character
In analytic number theory and related branches of mathematics, a complex-valued arithmetic function  is a Dirichlet character of modulus  (where  is a positive integer) if for all integers  and :

1.  that is,  is completely multiplicative.

2. .

3. ; that is,  is periodic with period .

The simplest possible character, called the principal character and usually denoted , exists for all moduli:

Dirichlet characters were named after German mathematician Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet, who introduced these functions in his 1837 paper on primes in arithmetic progressions.