hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Loop of Henle
The loop of Henle (/ˈhɛnli/; also known as Henle's loop, Henle loop, nephron loop) is the portion of a nephron that leads from the proximal convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted tubule. Named after its discoverer, the German anatomist Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle, the loop of Henle's main function is to create a concentration gradient in the medulla of the kidney.

By means of a countercurrent multiplier system, which uses electrolyte pumps, the loop of Henle creates an area of high urea concentration deep in the medulla, near the papillary duct in the collecting duct system. Water present in the filtrate in the papillary duct flows through aquaporin channels out of the duct, moving passively down its concentration gradient. This process reabsorbs water and creates a concentrated urine for excretion.

Collecting duct system
The collecting duct system of the kidney consists of a series of tubules and ducts that physically connect nephrons to a minor calyx or directly to the renal pelvis. The collecting duct participates in electrolyte and fluid balance through reabsorption and excretion, processes regulated by the hormones aldosterone and vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone).

There are several components of the collecting duct system, including the connecting tubules, cortical collecting ducts, and medullary collecting ducts.
Five wisdoms
The Five Wisdoms are five kinds of wisdoms which appear when the mind is purified of the five disturbing emotions and the natural mind appears.

All of those five wisdoms are represented by one of the five buddha-families.

The last four these five are also called the "four wisdoms" (四智).

Five Tathāgatas
In Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhism, the Five Tathāgatas (Skt: पञ्चतथागत, pañcatathāgata); (Ch: 五方佛, Wǔfāngfó) or Five Wisdom Tathāgatas (Ch: 五智如来, Wǔzhì Rúlái); (Mn: Язгуурын таван бурхан, Yazguuryn Tavan Burkhan) , are the five cardinal male and female Buddhas that are inseparable co-equals, although the male cardinal Buddhas are more often represented. Collectively, the male and female Buddhas are known as the Five Buddha Families (pañcabuddhakula).

The five are also called the Five Great Buddhas or the Five Jinas (Skt. for "conqueror" or "victor"). They are understood to manifest in humans as Five Wisdom Energies, which are both personality tendencies and corresponding enlightened states of being.
Potamididae
Potamididae, common name potamidids (also known as horn snails or mudwhelks) are a family of small to large brackish water snails that live on mud flats, mangroves and similar habitats. They are amphibious gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Cerithioidea.

Traditionally, potamidids and batillariids have been confused because they have similar shells and they live in similar environments. For many fossil taxa the family assignment to either of these two families is still unresolved or controversial.

According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) the family Potamididae has no subfamilies.

Batillariidae
Batillariidae, common name batillariids or mudcreepers, are a family of marine, cerithioidean gastropod molluscs in thesuperfamily Cerithioidea.

They consist of 14 living species, classified in six to eight genera.

According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) the family Batillariidae has no subfamilies. However, a recent molecular study has found that the Batillariidae as traditionally conceived are not monophyletic. The Neotropical genera Lampanella and Rhinocoryne are sister to the Planaxidae. The monophyletic Batillariidae sensu stricto are restricted to the northwestern Pacific and Australasia.

A revised generic classification has been suggested that is consistent with a molecular phylogenetic hypothesis. Accordingly, within the Batillariidae four genera Batillaria, Pyrazus, Velacumantus and Zeacumantus have been recognized. This delimitation of taxa is consistent with a revised definition of the family based on shell characters.
Clarence (American TV series)
Clarence is an American animated television series created by Skyler Page for Cartoon Network. The series revolves around the titular character and his two best friends, Jeff and Sumo. Page, a former storyboard artist for Adventure Time and revisionist for Secret Mountain Fort Awesome, developed the series at Cartoon Network Studios as part of their shorts development program in 2012.

The pilot aired after the 2014 Hall of Game Awards show on February 17, 2014. Clarence officially premiered on April 14, 2014, and was seen by approximately 2.3 million viewers, outperforming shows in its same demographic in the time slot. The series' pilot was nominated for a Creative Arts Emmy Award. It completed its five-year run on June 24, 2018, after three seasons and 130 episodes.

Hall of Game Awards
The Hall of Game Awards was an award show presented by Cartoon Network. The inaugural ceremony was hosted by Tony Hawk and aired on February 25, 2011. There were four installments of the awards, the last being held in February 17, 2014.
Nasir Iqbal (footballer)
Nasir Iqbal (15 June 1982 – 12 January 2018) was a Pakistani footballer who played as a midfielder. He was part of the squad which won the 2004 South Asian Games with Pakistan. He also represented the Pakistan Army departmental team in Pakistan's domestic football.

Football at the 2004 South Asian Games
Men's football tournament at 2004 South Asian Games was held across 3 venues in Pakistan from March 28 to April 6, 2004. The tournament was delayed twice due to developments related to Pakistan's support as a major non-NATO ally in the fight against terrorism against the Afghan Taliban and Al-Qaeda in Afghanistan and US foreign policy at the time following 9/11. Pakistan won the football tournament, defeating India 1–0, for its third title.

The tournament was the first to introduce an under-23 tournament system for the football events.
II-57 road (Bulgaria)
Republican Road II-57 (Bulgarian: Републикански път II-57) is a 2nd class road in Bulgaria, running in general direction northwest–southeast through the territory of Stara Zagora and Sliven Provinces. Its length is 41.5 km.

Sliven Province
42°41′N 26°21′E﻿ / ﻿42.683°N 26.350°E﻿ / 42.683; 26.350

Sliven Province (Bulgarian: Област Сливен, former name Sliven okrug) is a province in southeastern Bulgaria, named after its administrative and industrial centre—the city of Sliven. It has a territory of 3,544.1 km2 (1,368.4 sq mi) that is divided into four municipalities, with a total population, as of December 2009, of 204,887.
Babai Abbai
Babai Abbai (transl. Uncle - Nephew) is a 1985 Indian Telugu-language comedy film written and directed by Jandhyala. The film stars Nandamuri Balakrishna and Anitha Reddy, with Suthi Veerabhadra Rao and Suthi Velu in key roles. The film features music composed by Chakravarthy.

The film's plot is inspired by the 1954 Telugu film Vaddante Dabbu, which was based on the 1902 novel Brewster's Millions by George Barr McCutcheon. Babai Abbai marks the debut of Anitha Reddy as a heroine and introduces Vizag Prasad in a supporting role. The film was released on 8 February 1985.

K. Chakravarthy
K. Chakravarthy (born Kommineni Appa Rao; 8 September 1936 – 3 February 2002) was an Indian music director and actor who primarily worked in Telugu cinema. He made his debut in 1971 with Mooga Prema and went on compose music for over 1000 films, predominantly in Telugu language (884 films), followed by Kannada (60 films). He won two Nandi Awards.
Javier Aguirre
Javier Aguirre Onaindía (Spanish pronunciation: [xaˈβjeɾ aˈɣire]; born 1 December 1958), nicknamed El Vasco (The Basque), is a Mexican football manager and former footballer who played as a midfielder. He is currently manager of the Mexico national team.

Aguirre played for Mexico in the 1986 World Cup. He is currently in his third managerial stint with the team; he previously coached them to the World Cup in 2002 and 2010. He has also won two CONCACAF Gold Cup titles (in 2009 and 2025) and led Mexico to the final of the 2001 Copa América. Later, he managed Japan and Egypt.

At club level, Aguirre led six clubs in Spain's La Liga. He finished fourth with Osasuna in 2006 and Atlético Madrid in 2008. He took Atlético and Mallorca to Copa del Rey finals, losing in 2005 and 2024 respectively. He also won the CONCACAF Champions League with Monterrey in 2021.

2025 CONCACAF Gold Cup
The 2025 CONCACAF Gold Cup was the 18th edition of the CONCACAF Gold Cup, the biennial international men's soccer championship of the North, Central American and Caribbean region organized by CONCACAF. Canada and the United States hosted the tournament, which began on June 14, 2025.

The final was played on July 6, 2025, at NRG Stadium in Houston, where defending champion Mexico won its record-extending tenth title after defeating the United States 2–1.

The majority of the tournament's venues were in the Western United States to avoid scheduling conflicts with the 2025 FIFA Club World Cup, which was held at the same time primarily on the East Coast.
Treaty of Tsarskoye Selo
The Treaty of Tsarskoye Selo (Danish: Traktaten i Zarskoje Selo, Russian: Царскосельский договор) also called Mageskiftetraktakten in Danish, was a territorial and dynastic treaty between the Russian Empire and Denmark–Norway. Signed on 1 June 1773, it transferred control of ducal Schleswig-Holstein to the Danish crown in return for Russian control of the County of Oldenburg and adjacent lands within the Holy Roman Empire. The treaty reduced the fragmentation of Danish territory and led to an alliance between Denmark–Norway and Russia that lasted into the Napoleonic Wars. It also made possible the construction of the Eider Canal, parts of which were later incorporated into the Kiel Canal.

Duchy of Holstein
The Duchy of Holstein (German: Herzogtum Holstein; Danish: Hertugdømmet Holsten) was the northernmost state of the Holy Roman Empire, located in the present German state of Schleswig-Holstein. It originated when King Christian I of Denmark had his County of Holstein-Rendsburg elevated to a duchy by Emperor  Frederick III in 1474. Members of the Danish House of Oldenburg ruled Holstein – jointly with the Duchy of Schleswig – for its entire existence.

From 1490 to 1523 and again from 1544 to 1773 the Duchy was partitioned between various Oldenburg branches, most notably the dukes of Holstein-Glückstadt (identical with the Kings of Denmark) and Holstein-Gottorp. The duchy ceased to exist when the Kingdom of Prussia annexed it in 1866 after the Austro-Prussian War.
Kakhovka
Kakhovka (Ukrainian: Каховка, pronounced [kɐˈxɔu̯kɐ]) is a port city on the Dnieper River in Kakhovka Raion, Kherson Oblast, of southern Ukraine. It hosts the administration of the Kakhovka urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. It had a population of 34,749 (2022 estimate). Kakhovka has been under Russian occupation since February 2022.

It is home to the KZEZO (Electro-Welding Equipment Plant) and the Tavria Games festival. Kakhovka gives its name to the Soviet-built Kakhovka Dam, which was destroyed in June 2023 during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, and the reservoir that had until then flooded the Great Meadow.

Kakhovka Reservoir
The Kakhovka Reservoir (Ukrainian: Каховське водосховище, romanized: Kakhovs'ke vodoskhovyshche) was a water reservoir on the Dnieper River in Ukraine. It was created in 1956 by construction of the Kakhovka Dam at Nova Kakhovka. It was one of several reservoirs in the Dnieper reservoir cascade.

The dam was breached on 6 June 2023, which consensus attributes to Russian forces mining and blowing the base of the dam, while Russia alternatively described it as a "terrorist" act, in the case of the Russian-installed mayor of Nova Kakhovka, or as caused by a lack of maintenance, in the case of the Russian government. By the end of June, the reservoir was completely dry.
Gearheads (video game)
Gearheads is a strategy video game developed by R/GA Interactive and Philips Media, and published by Philips Media for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS in June 1996. The player deploys wind-up toys to get them across an arena while attempting to prevent toys from crossing from the other side. Players can play against the computer or another player. Single, customisable games can be played, or the player can play a series of games with set rules and a limited number of lives in a tournament.

The game was designed by Eric Zimmerman and Frank Lantz, and developed in eighteen months. A major part of the game's design was the toys' interaction with each other, and the effectiveness of certain toy setups led Zimmerman and Lantz to coin a term for them. Critical reception was mixed, with some reviewers praising its addictiveness and others criticising its sounds and artificial intelligence.

Strategy video game
A strategy video game is a video game genre that emphasizes strategic or tactical planning and decision-making, often involving the indirect control of multiple units and the management of limited resources, rather than the quick reflexes typical of action games.

Strategy video games are commonly divided into two main forms: turn-based strategy (TBS), in which players act in discrete turns, and real-time strategy (RTS), in which play proceeds continuously. Many also incorporate elements such as tactics, diplomacy, economics, or exploration.

Electronic strategy games developed in part from earlier non-digital board games and wargames, and scholars note that the definition of “strategy” in games is not entirely uniform across contexts.
François Morel (composer)
François Morel (14 March 1926 – 14 January 2018) was a Canadian composer, pianist, conductor, and music educator. An associate of the Canadian Music Centre, he was made a Knight of the National Order of Quebec in 1994 and was awarded the Prix Denise-Pelletier in 1996. He has had his works premiered by the CBC Symphony Orchestra, the Montreal Symphony Orchestra, and the Philadelphia Orchestra.

National Order of Quebec
The National Order of Quebec (French: l'Ordre national du Québec), also known as the Order of Quebec, is a civilian honour for merit in the Canadian province of Quebec. Instituted in 1984 when Lieutenant Governor Jean-Pierre Côté granted royal assent to the Loi sur l'Ordre national du Québec (National Order of Quebec Act), the order is administered by the Governor-in-Council and is intended to honour current or former Quebec residents for conspicuous achievements in any field, being thus described as the highest honour in Quebec. In 1986, the order was expanded to include honorary membership for people outside Quebec.
Outline of psychology
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to psychology:

Psychology refers to the study of subconscious and conscious activities, such as emotions and thoughts. It is a field of study that bridges the scientific and social sciences and has a huge reach. Its goal is to comprehend individuals and groups by both establishing general principles and researching specific cases. Psychology is the study of people and the reasons for their behavior. It has grown in popularity in the last few decades and is now an undergraduate course at many universities.

There are a variety of psychology branches that people specialize in, as outlined below.

Outline of neuroscience
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to neuroscience:

Neuroscience is the scientific study of the structure and function of the nervous system. It encompasses the branch of biology that deals with the anatomy, biochemistry, molecular biology, and physiology of neurons and neural circuits. It also encompasses cognition, and human behavior. Neuroscience has multiple concepts that each relate to learning abilities and memory functions. Additionally, the brain is able to transmit signals that cause conscious/unconscious behaviors that are responses verbal or non-verbal. This allows people to communicate with one another.
Izod impact strength test
The Izod impact strength test is an ASTM standard method of determining the impact resistance of materials. A pivoting arm is raised to a specific height (constant potential energy) and then released. The arm swings down hitting a notched sample, breaking the specimen. The energy absorbed by the sample is calculated from the height the arm swings to after hitting the sample. A notched sample is generally used to determine impact energy and notch sensitivity.

The test is similar to the Charpy impact test but uses a different arrangement of the specimen under test. The Izod impact test differs from the Charpy impact test in that the sample is held in a cantilevered beam configuration as opposed to a three-point bending configuration.

The test is named after the English engineer Edwin Gilbert Izod (1876–1946), who described it in his 1903 address to the British Association, subsequently published in Engineering.

ASTM International
ASTM International, formerly known as American Society for Testing and Materials, is a standards organization that develops and publishes voluntary consensus technical international standards for a wide range of materials, products, systems and services. Some 12,575 apply globally. The headquarters is in West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, about 5 mi (8.0 km) northwest of Philadelphia. It was founded in 1902 as the American Section of the International Association for Testing Materials.

In addition to its traditional standards work, ASTM operates several global initiatives advancing additive manufacturing, advanced manufacturing, and emerging technologies, including the Additive Manufacturing Center of Excellence (AM CoE), the acquisition of Wohlers Associates for market intelligence and advisory services, and the NIST-funded Standardization Center of Excellence (SCOE).
Bristol Ferry Boats
Bristol Ferry Boats is a brand of water bus services operating around Bristol Harbour in the centre of the English city of Bristol, using a fleet of distinctive yellow-and-blue painted ferry boats. The services were formerly owned by the Bristol Ferry Boat Company, but are now the responsibility of Bristol Community Ferry Boats, a community interest company that acquired the fleet of the previous company.

The company operates scheduled ferry services, along with educational and public boat cruises and private hire of boats. Scheduled services operate on two routes linking Bristol city centre to Temple Meads railway station and Hotwells, serving 17 landing stages throughout the length of the harbour, including one at Brunel's famous SS Great Britain. Services are provided on a commercial basis without subsidy and are subject to competition.

Hotwells
Hotwells is a neighbourhood in the English port city of Bristol. It is located to the south of and below the high ground of Clifton, and directly to the north of the Floating Harbour. The southern entrance to the Avon Gorge, which connects the docks to the sea, lies at the western end of Hotwells. The eastern end of the area is at the roundabout where Jacobs Well Road meets Hotwell Road. Hotwells is split between the city wards of Clifton, and Hotwells and Harbourside.
2015 TCR International Series Singapore round
The 2015 TCR International Series Singapore round was the ninth round of the 2015 TCR International Series season as well as the second round of the 2015 TCR Asia Series season. It took place on 19–20 September at the Marina Bay Street Circuit.

Kevin Gleason won the first race, starting from third position, driving a Honda Civic Type R TCR (FK2), and Jordi Gené gained the second one, driving a SEAT León Cup Racer.

2015 TCR Asia Series
The 2015 TCR Asia Series season was the first season of the TCR Asia Series. The season began at Sepang on 5 September and finished on 22 November at the Guia Circuit in Macau, after four rounds.

Michael Choi won the drivers' championship, driving a Honda Civic TCR, and Asia Racing Team won the teams' championship.
Flag of Mandatory Palestine
During the Mandate period in Palestine, between 1920 and 1948, when Palestine was governed by Britain under terms which were formalised in the League of Nations Mandate for Palestine of July 24, 1922, the de facto flag was the Union Jack or Union Flag of the United Kingdom, but several localised flags existed for Mandate government departments and government officials. The only Palestine-specific flag not restricted to official government use was the Palestine ensign (red with the Union Flag in the canton, and a white circle on the fly with the mandate's name inside it), which was flown by ships registered in the British Mandate territory from 1927 to 1948. It was based on the British Red Ensign (civil ensign) instead of the Blue Ensign (used as the basis for the flags of nearly all other British-ruled territories in Africa and Asia) since it was intended for use only at sea by non-government ships.

Red Ensign
The Red Ensign or Red Duster is the civil ensign of the United Kingdom. It is one of the British ensigns, and it is used either plain or defaced with either a badge or a charge, mostly in the right half.

It is the flag flown by British merchant or passenger ships since 1707. Prior to 1707, an English red ensign and a Scottish red ensign were flown by the English Royal Navy and the Royal Scots Navy, respectively. The precise date of the first appearance of these earlier red ensigns is not known, but surviving payment receipts indicate that the English navy was paying to have such flags sewn in the 1620s.
Símon Ólafsson
Símon Ólafsson (born 15 July 1956) is an Icelandic former basketball player and a former member of Icelandic national team. He won the Icelandic championship in 1976 and the Icelandic Cup 1975 and 1982. In 1981, he was named the Icelandic Basketball Player of the Year. In 2001, Símon was named as one of the twelve best Icelandic men's basketball players of the 20th century.

Úrvalsdeild karla (basketball)
Úrvalsdeild karla (English: Men's Premier League), also known as Bónus deild karla for sponsorship reasons, is the highest men's professional basketball competition among clubs in Iceland, where play determines the national champion. It is organized by the Icelandic Basketball Federation (Icelandic: Körfuknattleikssamband Íslands - KKÍ).
The season consists of a home-and-away schedule of 22 games, followed by an eight-team playoff round. Quarterfinals, semifinals and finals series are best-of-five. The bottom clubs are relegated, and replaced by the top team from the regular-season phase and the four-team playoff round winner of the second-level First Division (Icelandic: 1. deild karla).
Bogor–Padalarang–Kasugihan railway
The Bogor–Padalarang–Kasugihan railway is a railway line in Indonesia from Bogor railway station in Bogor City to Kasugihan railway station in Cilacap Regency via Padalarang railway station in West Bandung Regency.

Padalarang railway station
Padalarang Station is a railway station complex in Padalarang, West Bandung Regency, West Java, Indonesia. The complex is planned to serve long-distance train services from Kereta Api Indonesia, commuter trains from KAI Commuter, and Jakarta-Bandung high-speed trains from Kereta Cepat Indonesia China (KCIC). The complex is in the form of two different station buildings, each operated by KAI and KCIC, and connected via a pedestrian bridge.

The station is located near the Cihaliwung area and Cihaliwung traditional market, on the heart of the capital city of Western Bandung Regency, the Padalarang town.

The station is located on the western side of Bandung Metropolitan area, it is the junction where two railway routes (Cikampek–Padalarang and Manggarai–Padalarang) merged. It previously had a short branchline that goes into Kertas Padalarang paper mill.