hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Exhaustion of remedies
The doctrine of exhaustion of remedies prevents a litigant from seeking a remedy in a new court or jurisdiction until all claims or remedies have been exhausted (pursued as fully as possible) in the original one. The doctrine was originally created by case law based on the principles of comity.

Court
A court is an institution, often a government entity, with the authority to adjudicate legal disputes between parties  and administer justice in civil, criminal, and administrative matters in accordance with the rule of law.

Courts generally consist of judges or other judicial officers, and are usually established and dissolved through legislation enacted by a legislature. Courts may also be established by constitution or an equivalent constituting instrument.

The practical authority given to the court is known as its jurisdiction, which describes the court's power to decide certain kinds of questions, or petitions put to it. There are various kinds of courts, including trial courts, appellate courts, administrative courts, international courts, and tribunals.
Bidston Hill
Bidston Hill is 100 acres (0.40 km2) of heathland and woodland containing historic buildings and ancient rock carvings, on the Wirral Peninsula, near the Birkenhead suburb of Bidston, in Merseyside, England. With a peak of 231 feet (70 m), Bidston Hill is one of the highest points on the Wirral. The land was part of Sir Robert Vyner's estate and purchased by Birkenhead Corporation in 1894 for use by the public.

Sir Robert Vyner, 1st Baronet
Sir Robert Vyner, 1st Baronet (alternatively Viner) (1631 – 2 September 1688) was an English banker, goldsmith and Lord Mayor of London.

Vyner was born in Warwick, but migrated in early life to London, where he was apprenticed to his uncle, Sir Thomas Vyner (1588–1665), a goldsmith-banker, was Lord Mayor of the City of London in 1674–1675.
Thomas Olip
Thomas Olip (17 December 1913 - 29 April 1943) was a Slovene resistance activist against National Socialism in Carinthia.  He was captured on 1 December 1942, together with his diary.   He faced Nazi justice at Klagenfurt on 12 April 1943 and was executed by guillotine at Vienna on 29 April 1943.   His diary, which survived, became one of the most important source documents on the (otherwise sparsely recorded) anti-government resistance in the frontier lands between south-east Austria (between 1938 and 1945 part of Germany) and the northern part of Jugoslavia.

World War II in the Slovene Lands
World War II in the Slovene Lands started in April 1941 and lasted until May 1945. The Slovene Lands were in a unique situation during World War II in Europe. In addition to being trisected, a fate which also befell Greece, Drava Banovina (roughly today's Slovenia) was the only region that experienced a further step—absorption and annexation into neighboring Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Hungary. The Slovene-settled territory was divided largely between Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, with smaller territories occupied and annexed by Hungary and the Independent State of Croatia.
Carmelo Lazatin II
Carmelo Bautista Lazatin II (Tagalog: [karˈmɛlo bɔwˈtista laˈzatɪn]; born June 4, 1970) also known as Jon Lazatin, is a Filipino politician and businessman currently serving as the 35th mayor of Angeles City since 2025. He previously served as representative for Pampanga's first district from 2016 to 2025.

In February 2025, Lazatin was one of the 95 Lakas–CMD members who voted to impeach vice president Sara Duterte.

Pampanga's 1st congressional district
Pampanga's 1st congressional district is one of the four congressional districts of the Philippines in the province of Pampanga. It has been represented in the House of Representatives of the Philippines since 1916 and earlier in the Philippine Assembly from 1907 to 1916. The district consists of the independent city of Angeles, the adjacent city of Mabalacat, and the municipality of Magalang. It is currently represented in the 20th Congress by Carmelo Lazatin Jr. of the Partido Federal ng Pilipinas (PFP) and Kambilan.

Prior to its second dissolution in 1972, the district encompassed the western Pampanga municipalities of Angeles (which became a city in 1964), Bacolor, Floridablanca, Guagua, Lubao, Macabebe, Masantol, Porac, Santa Rita, and Sexmoan. Following the restoration of the Congress in 1987, it was redefined to encompass Angeles and neighboring northern Pampanga municipalities of Mabalacat and Magalang, a configuration that remains in effect to date.
2022 Men's Indoor Hockey Asia Cup
The 2022 Men's Indoor Hockey Asia Cup was the ninth edition of the Men's Indoor Hockey Asia Cup, the biennial international men's indoor hockey championship of Asia organized by the Asian Hockey Federation. It was held alongside the women's tournament held at the Indoor Stadium Huamark in Bangkok, Thailand from 8 to 15 August 2022.

Iran were the defending champions, winning all previous editions but were ultimately defeated by Malaysia by tieing up 4–4 but losing 3–2 in the shootouts making Malaysia the first team other than Iran to win a title at the Men's Indoor Hockey Asia Cup. Kazakhstan won the bronze medal after defeating Indonesia 5–4.

Men's Indoor Hockey Asia Cup
The Men's Indoor Hockey Asia Cup is an international men's indoor hockey competition organized by the Asian Hockey Federation. The winning team becomes the champion of Asia. The tournament serves as a qualification tournament for the Indoor Hockey World Cup.
Rong Li
Rong Li is the Director of Mechanobiology Institute, a Singapore Research Center of Excellence, at the National University of Singapore. She is a Distinguished Professor at the National University of Singapore's Department of Biological Sciences and Bloomberg Distinguished Professor of Cell Biology and Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine and Whiting School of Engineering. She previously served as Director of Center for Cell Dynamics in the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine’s Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences. She is a leader in understanding cellular asymmetry, division and evolution, and specifically, in how eukaryotic cells establish their distinct morphology and organization in order to carry out their specialized functions.

Evolution of cells
Evolution of cells refers to the evolutionary origin and subsequent evolutionary development of cells. Cells first emerged at least 3.8 billion years ago approximately 750 million years after Earth was formed.
British Airtours
British Airtours (stylised as British aırtours) was a charter airline in the United Kingdom with flight operations out of London Gatwick and Manchester Airports.

Established as BEA Airtours in 1969, it became a wholly owned subsidiary of British Airways (BA) following the merger between British European Airways (BEA) and British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) in the early 1970s. British Airtours adopted the Caledonian Airways name when the newly British Airways completed the acquisition of the rival British Caledonian in April 1988. Caledonian Airways was eventually sold to tour operator Inspirations in 1995, marking BA's exit from the mainstream inclusive tour market. In 1999, Thomas Cook acquired Inspirations and merged Caledonian Airways with Flying Colours to form JMC Air Services, a forerunner of the UK arm of the later Thomas Cook Airlines. On 23 September 2019, Thomas Cook Airlines ceased operations, thus ending the legacy of British Airtours.

Package tour
A package tour, package vacation, or package holiday comprises transport and accommodation advertised and sold together by a vendor known as a tour operator. Other services may be provided such as a rental car, activities or outings during the holiday. Transport can be via automobile, bus, or charter airline and may also include travel between areas as part of the holiday. Package holidays are a form of product bundling.

Package holidays are organised by tour operators and sold to consumers by travel agents. Some travel agents are employees of tour operators, while others are independent.
Yonasan Steif
Rabbi Yonasan Steif (Yiddish: יונתן שטייף‎; August 12, 1877 – August 25, 1958) was a senior dayan of Budapest, Hungary, before the Second World War, a man whom Rabbis Moshe Feinstein and Joel Teitelbaum referred to as the gadol hador (spiritual leader of the generation). He was a posek and halachic authority.

He served as senior dayan together with Rabbi Israel Welcz. The Rosh Beth Din was Rabbi Efraim Fishel Zussman Sofer. While Rabbi Steif may have assumed the role of rosh beth din as the year 1944 approached, he was not such for most of his tenure.

Beth din
A beth din (Hebrew: בֵּית דִּין, romanized: Bēṯ Dīn, Beit Din, lit. 'house of judgment', [beːθ ˈdiːn], Ashkenazic: beis din, plural: batei din) is a rabbinical court of Judaism. A hearing held before a beth din is called a din Torah (Hebrew: דין תורה, romanized: din Torah, lit. 'Torah law', plural dinei Torah). A beth din can be found both in Israel and in many Jewish diaspora communities.

A ruling (Hebrew: פסק, romanized: psak) from a beth din is based upon Jewish law (Hebrew: הלכה, romanized: halakha), though other legal systems are occasionally incorporated. Because it is not part of secular legal systems, when a case overlaps with secular courts its judgment is not always recognized by such courts.
Rail transport in Uruguay
The Uruguayan railway network has about 2900 km (1802 mi) of lines, all of 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) gauge, diesel traction with only 11 km (7 mi) of double track. Only half of the network is currently active. All the Uruguayan lines start from Montevideo, connecting the cities of Paysandú, Salto, Rivera and Río Branco. The rest of the lines (closed) connected the capital city with Fray Bentos, Cuareim, Artigas, Km. 329, Melo, La Paloma and Colonia del Sacramento.

Colonia del Sacramento
Colonia del Sacramento (Spanish: [koˈlonja ðel sakɾaˈmento] ⓘ; Brazilian Portuguese: Colônia do Sacramento; European Portuguese: Colónia do Sacramento) is a city in southwestern Uruguay, by the Río de la Plata, facing Buenos Aires, Argentina. It is one of the oldest towns in Uruguay and the capital of the Colonia Department. As of the 2023 census, it has a population of around 32,174.

Its historic quarter is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Modern Colonia del Sacramento produces textiles and has a free trade zone, in addition to a polytechnic centre and various government buildings.
Punchi Banda Nugawela
Punchi Banda Nugawela (known as P. B. Nugawela Dissawe) was a Ceylonese colonial-era legislator and  headmen. He was a member of the State Council of Ceylon and Diyawadana Nilame from 1916–1937.

Joining the public service as a clerk, he was appointed Rate Mahatmaya of Sarasiyapattuwa. He was later given the titular rank of Dissawe by the British Governor of Ceylon. In the 1920s he became an influential member of the Kandyan National Assembly and was elected to the first State Council in 1931 from Galagedra.

He married first Mallika Dunuwila, the older daughter of Dunuwila Disawa and Police Magistrate. After her death, he married her younger sister Anula Dunuwila. His children were E. A. Nugawela, Hugh Nugawela, ate Mahatmaya of Sarasiya Pattu; Clifford Nugawela; Hilda Nugawela Kumarihamy; Muriel Nugawela Kumarihamy; Malkanthi Nugawela Kumarihamy; Nita Nugawela Kumarihamy; Pearl Nugawela Kumarihamy.

State Council of Ceylon
The State Council of Ceylon was the unicameral legislature for Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), established in 1931 by the Donoughmore Constitution. The State Council gave universal adult franchise to the people of the colony for the first time. It replaced the Legislative Council of Ceylon, the colony's original legislative body.

There were only two State Councils: the First, elected in 1931, and the Second, elected in 1936. The 1947 Soulbury Constitution replaced the State Council with the Parliament of Ceylon, as part of a process of constitutional development leading up to independence, which took place on 4 February 1948.
2021 Israel Super Cup
The 2021 Israel Super Cup is the 26th edition of the Israel Super Cup (31st, including unofficial matches), an annual Israel football match played between the winners of the previous season's Top Division and the Israel State Cup. This will be the seventh edition since the Super cup's resumption in 2015.

The game will be played on 25 July 2021 between the 2020–21 Israeli Premier League champions, Maccabi Haifa, and the 2020–21 Israel State Cup winners, Maccabi Tel Aviv.

2020–21 Israel State Cup
The 2020–21 Israel State Cup (Hebrew: גביע המדינה, Gvia HaMedina) was the 82nd season of Israel's nationwide Association football cup competition and the 66th after the Israeli Declaration of Independence. The competition started in November 2020.

The cup winners qualified to the 2021–22 UEFA Europa Conference League second qualifying round.

Due to the second COVID-19 lockdown, the two lowest leagues in Israel were postponed. Therefore, it was decided that all teams from the fourth and fifth tiers would withdraw from the competition.
The Bad Batch (film)
The Bad Batch is a 2016 American dystopian thriller film directed and written by Ana Lily Amirpour. The film is about a young woman (Suki Waterhouse) exiled to a desert where she is attacked by a group of cannibals, led by a person called Miami Man (Jason Momoa), and barely escaping alive to a bizarre settlement run by a charismatic leader (Keanu Reeves). Giovanni Ribisi also stars.

The Bad Batch was selected to compete for the Golden Lion at the 73rd Venice International Film Festival, where it won the Special Jury Prize. It received a limited release in theaters by Neon on June 23, 2017, in addition to streaming on Netflix.

Special Jury Prize (Venice Film Festival)
The Special Jury Prize is an official award given at the Venice Film Festival to one of the feature films in competition slate since 2013. It is considered the third most prestigious prize at the festival, the runner-up to both the main award Golden Lion and the second place award Grand Jury Prize.

Philip Gröning was the first winner for The Police Officer's Wife in 2013.
Haircut (album)
Haircut is the ninth studio album by American blues rock band George Thorogood and the Destroyers. It was released on July 27, 1993, by the label EMI America Records. The first single from the album was "Get a Haircut", which charted in multiple countries. The album peaked at No. 120 on the Billboard 200. The band supported the album with a North American tour.

EMI America Records
EMI America Records was launched in 1978 by EMI as their second label in the United States after Capitol Records, relying on Capitol only for pressing, distribution, and international liaison.

In 1987, EMI America merged with Manhattan Records, resulting in the formation of EMI Manhattan Records. This entity underwent a rebranding in 1989, becoming known as EMI USA. In 1991, it joined the EMI Records Group North America (ERG) under the name EMI Records USA. The label was ultimately closed down in 1997, and its artists were split between Virgin Records America (acquired by Thorn EMI in 1992) and Capitol Records.

Since 2013, its catalog has been managed by Universal Music Group following their acquisition of EMI's recorded music division.
FK Istaravshan
FC Istaravshan (Tajik: Клуби футболи Строшан) is a Tajik professional football club based in Istaravshan, that competes in the Tajikistan Higher League. The club was folded in 2013, but has since reformed.

Tajikistan Higher League
The Ligai Olii Tojikiston or Tajikistan Top League (Tajik: Лигаи Олии Тоҷикистон; Russian: Высшая лига Таджикистана, romanized: Vysshaya liga Tadzhikistana) is the top division of professional football in Tajikistan. It is part of the Tajikistan Football League Organization and Tajikistan Football Federation.

It was founded in 1992, with 8 clubs participating. The first champion of the league was CSKA Pomir Dushanbe. Currently the most successful team is FC Istiklol.
Epiphone Wilshire
The Epiphone Wilshire is a solid body electric guitar made by Epiphone from 1959 to 1970. After Epiphone was acquired by Gibson in 1957, this was one of the many models produced to rival the very popular Fender Stratocaster. The original Wilshire's sound was known for its  pop, surf, and garage rock sound, although it could also be useful for "heavier" music of the 60's. It was positioned between the higher specification Crestwood and the lower specification Coronet. The Wilshire was reissued in two versions, the Wilshire II and Wilshire III, from 1982 to 1985. It was reissued again starting in 2009 and remains in the Epiphone catalog.

Epiphone Crestwood
The Epiphone Crestwood was a solid-body electric guitar launched in 1958 and discontinued in 1970. After Epiphone discontinued the Crestwood, a number of re-issues and replicas has been available from different companies.
Mary John Koothattukulam
Mary John Koothattukulam (22 January 1905 – 2 December 1998) was a Malayalam language poet from Kerala, India. In 1996, she was honoured with the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Overall Contributions.

Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award
Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award is given each year, since 1958, by the Kerala Sahitya Akademi (Kerala Literary Academy), to Malayalam writers for their outstanding books of literary merit. The awards are given in various categories. The Kerala Sahitya Akademi Fellowship is also awarded to induct Malayalam writers as distinguished members of the Akademi.
Thalayanai Pookal
Thalayanai Pookal is a 2016 Tamil family soap opera that airs on Zee Tamil. The show aired from 23 May 2016 to 29 June 2018 on Monday to Friday at 9:00 (IST). Later from 16 October 2017, the show shifted from Monday to Friday at 10:00 (IST). On 23 April 2018, the show shifted again to air Monday through Friday at 22:30 (IST) for 549 Episodes. The story is partially based on Balakumaran's novel Thalayanai Pookal. The show starred Anjali Rao, Nisha Krishnan, Sandra Amy, Delhi Ganesh Shrekar, Shreekumar, Neelima Rani and among others.

Nisha Ganesh
Nisha Ganesh is an Indian film and television actress who has appeared in Tamil films and serials. After making her breakthrough portraying Draupadi in the TV series Mahabharatham and hosting shows such as Surya Vanakkam on Sun TV, she has gone on to appear in supporting roles in feature films.
Boxy SVG
Boxy SVG is a proprietary vector graphics editor for creating illustrations, as well as logos, icons, and other elements of graphic design. It is primarily focused on editing drawings in the SVG file format. The program is available as both a web app and a desktop application for Windows, macOS, ChromeOS, and Linux-based operating systems.

Proprietary software
Proprietary software is software that grants its creator, publisher, or other rightsholder or rightsholder partner a legal monopoly by modern copyright and intellectual property law to exclude the recipient from freely sharing the software or modifying it, and—in some cases, as is the case with some patent-encumbered and EULA-bound software—from making use of the software on their own, thereby restricting their freedoms.

Proprietary software is a subset of non-free software, a term defined in contrast to free and open-source software; non-commercial licenses such as CC BY-NC are not deemed proprietary, but are non-free. Proprietary software may either be closed-source software or source-available software.
Bhimavaram Bullodu
Bhimavaram Bullodu is a 2014 Indian Telugu-language film written by Kavi Kalidas and directed by Udayasankar. Produced by Daggubati Suresh Babu on his home banner Suresh Productions, the film features Sunil, Ester Noronha And Vikramjeet Virk in the lead roles. Anoop Rubens composed music for this film while Santosh Rai Pathaje and Marthand K. Venkatesh handled the cinematography and editing departments respectively.

The story follows a young brain tumor patient who wants to wipe off the rowdyism around himself and the troubles he faces once he starts the work and discovers that he is not a cancer patient. The film released worldwide on 21 February 2014. Upon release, the film received mostly negative reviews from critics, but had good box office collections.

Anup Rubens
Anup Rubens, born Enoch Rubens, is an Indian music composer and singer who predominantly works in Telugu cinema. He has received  a Filmfare Award, a Nandhi Award,  GAMA Awards and a SIIMA Award.

Rubens popular works include Gowtam SSC (2005), Prema Kavali (2011), Ishq (2012), Sukumarudu (2013), Gunde Jaari Gallanthayyinde (2013), Manam (2014), Gopala Gopala (2015), Temper (2015), Soggade Chinni Nayana (2016), Katamarayudu (2017), Nene Raju Nene Mantri (2017), Paisa Vasool (2017), 30 Rojullo Preminchadam Ela (2021), Drushyam 2 (2021) and Bangarraju (2022).
Daisy Group
Daisy Group Holdings Limited, trading as Daisy Group or Daisy, is a British business-to-business (B2B) provider of IT, communications and cloud services to UK organisations. Today, Daisy Group has two operational divisions: Daisy Corporate Services and Daisy Communications. Their head office is in Nelson, Lancashire, England, and they also have a number of other offices throughout the UK, including Birmingham, Bristol, Farnborough, Glasgow, Horsham, Leeds, London, Manchester, Nottingham, Reading, Romford, Sevenoaks and Wakefield.

IT service management
Information technology service management (ITSM) are the activities performed by an organization to design, build, deliver, operate and control IT services offered to customers.

Differing from more technology-oriented IT management approaches like network management and  IT systems management, IT service management is characterized by adopting a process approach towards management, focusing on customer needs and IT services for customers rather than IT systems, and stressing continual improvement. The CIO WaterCooler's 2017 ITSM report states that business uses ITSM "mostly in support of customer experience (35%) and service quality (48%)."
Henry A. Osborn Jr.
Henry Amos Osborn Jr. (October 2/3, 1884 – October 26, 1918) was an American politician from Maryland. He served as a member of the Maryland House of Delegates, representing Harford County from 1910 to 1914.

Harford County, Maryland
Harford County is a county located in the U.S. state of Maryland. As of the 2020 census, the population was 260,924. Its county seat is Bel Air. Harford County is part of the Baltimore metropolitan area and the Washington–Baltimore combined statistical area. The county is part of the Central Maryland region of the state.
Beware the Woman
Beware the Woman is a 2023 novel by American author Megan Abbott. The story follows Jacy as she visits her new husband's family in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan for the first time. Published by Putnam on May 30, 2023, the novel was inspired by Gothic literature and themes of female bodily autonomy being violated. The novel received positive reviews, including starred reviews from Publishers Weekly and Booklist, and was listed as one of the best novels of 2023 by newspapers such as NPR, PBS NewsHour, The Guardian, The Irish Times, the Tampa Bay Times, the Sun Sentinel, and Literary Hub.

G. P. Putnam's Sons
G. P. Putnam's Sons is an American book publisher based in New York City, New York. The publisher was founded in 1838 and features books by authors such as Renée Ahdieh, C. J. Box, Edgar Allan Poe, and many others. Since 1996, it has been an imprint of the Penguin Group.