hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Shirin Su Rural District (Maneh County)
Shirin Su Rural District (Persian: دهستان شيرين سو) is in Shirin Su District of Maneh County, North Khorasan province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Kalimani. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Khartut.

Central District (Maneh County)
The Central District of Maneh County (Persian: بخش مرکزی شهرستان مانه) is in North Khorasan province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Mohammadabad. The previous capital of the district was the city of Pish Qaleh.
Thermodynamics of micellization
In colloidal chemistry, the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of a surfactant is one of the parameters in the Gibbs free energy of micellization. The concentration at which the monomeric surfactants self-assemble into thermodynamically stable aggregates is the CMC. The Krafft temperature of a surfactant is the lowest temperature required for micellization to take place. There are many parameters that affect the CMC. The interaction between the hydrophilic heads and the hydrophobic tails play a part, as well as the concentration of salt within the solution and surfactants.

Critical micelle concentration
In colloidal and surface chemistry, the critical micelle concentration (CMC) is defined as the concentration of surfactants above which micelles form and all additional surfactants added to the system will form micelles.

The CMC is an important characteristic of a surfactant. Before reaching the CMC, the surface tension changes strongly with the concentration of the surfactant. After reaching the CMC, the surface tension remains relatively constant or changes with a lower slope. The value of the CMC for a given dispersant in a given medium depends on temperature, pressure, and (sometimes strongly) on the presence and concentration of other surface active substances and electrolytes. Micelles only form above critical micelle temperature.

For example, the value of CMC for sodium dodecyl sulfate in water (without other additives or salts) at 25 °C, atmospheric pressure, is 8x10−3 mol/L.
Peabody-Whitehead Mansion
The Peabody-Whitehead mansion is a historic residence located at 1128 Grant Street in Denver, Colorado. The three-story brick mansion was designed in 1889 by architect Frank Edbrooke, designer of Denver’s famous Brown Palace Hotel. The mansion has been listed as a Denver landmark since 1993.

The mansion was originally owned by battlefield surgeon and prominent early figure in Denver's medical community Dr. William Riddick Whitehead. In 1903 and 1904, it served as the residence of Colorado Governor James Hamilton Peabody.

The media and local residents use the names "Peabody mansion" and "Peabody house" interchangeably to refer to both the Denver mansion and a different historic mansion located in Cañon City. However, James Peabody himself referred to the Cañon City home as the “Peabody House”, while “Peabody Mansion” was the name given to the home in Denver.

In 2012, the mansion was featured in an episode of the Travel Channel show Ghost Adventures.

Peabody Mansion
The Peabody Mansion is the former home of former Colorado governor James Hamilton Peabody. It was built on the corner of 4th and River, now 4th and Royal Gorge Boulevard (U.S. Highway 50) in Cañon City, Colorado. The mansion is a red brick Victorian two-story and is the current home of the Cañon City Chamber of Commerce. The house was built in 1881 by James Clelland, Governor Peabody's father-in-law. In the early 1990s, the building was slated to be demolished, but city residents asked that it be spared. Subsequently, the city purchased the house, which had been split up into apartments, and renovated it into office space for the Chamber of Commerce.
Auto Finance Bank
Auto Finance Bank (Russian: Авто Финанс Банк), named until July 2023 RN Bank (Russian: РН Банк), is a Moscow-based bank established in 2013, owned by the Russian car manufacturer AvtoVAZ and aimed at financing its car sales.

The first financial affiliate of AvtoVAZ, AvtoVAZbank (Russian: АвтоВАЗбанк), operated as such from 1988 to 1996. In 1997, AvtoVAZ replaced it with Automotive Banking House, later renamed Lada-Credit (Russian: Лада-Кредит). From the late 2000s onwards, AvtoVAZ partnerered with other banking companies for financing. RCI Banque entered into the Russian market in 2006, financing Renault and Nissan sales. RN Bank was established in 2013 as a joint venture owned by UniCredit Bank Russia (as majority holder), RCI Banque and Nissan to finance Renault, Nissan and AvtoVAZ sales. It was acquired by AvtoVAZ in 2023 and later renamed.

RCI Banque
RCI Banque SA (French pronunciation: [ɛʁ se i bɑ̃k]), trading as Mobilize Financial Services, is a France-based international company that is a wholly owned subsidiary of Renault and part of Renault's Mobilize unit.  RCI Banque specialises in automotive financing, insurance, and related activities for the Renault group brands (Renault, Dacia, Mobilize and Alpine) globally for the Nissan group brands (Nissan, Infiniti) in Europe, Russia, Asia and South America; and for Mitsubishi Motors in the Netherlands.

RCI Banque has been designated in 2015 as a Significant Institution under the criteria of European Banking Supervision, and as a consequence is directly supervised by the European Central Bank.
Moline Plow Company
The Moline Plow Company was an American manufacturer formed in the 1870s and headquartered in Moline, Illinois, USA. Its primary products were plows and other farm implements, but it also produced the Moline Universal Tractor (1916–1923), the Stephens automobile (1916–1924), and wagons and carriages (during its earlier years).

After divesting itself from the tractor and automobile businesses, the company refocused on implement production and changed its name to the Moline Implement Company in 1925.

In 1929, the Moline Implement Company merged with two other companies, the Minneapolis Steel & Machinery Company and the Minneapolis Threshing Machine Company, to form the Minneapolis-Moline Power Implement Company.

Tractor
A tractor is an engineering vehicle specifically designed to deliver a high tractive effort (or torque) at slow speeds, for the purposes of hauling a trailer or machinery such as that used in agriculture, mining or construction.  Most commonly, the term is used to describe a farm vehicle that provides the power and traction to mechanize agricultural tasks, especially (and originally) tillage, and now many more. Agricultural implements may be towed behind or mounted on the tractor, and the tractor may also provide a source of power if the implement is mechanised.
New York State Route 420
New York State Route 420 (NY 420) is a north–south state highway in St. Lawrence County, New York, in the United States. The southern terminus of the route is at an intersection with U.S. Route 11 (US 11) in the town of Stockholm. Its northern terminus is at a junction with NY 37 in the village of Massena. NY 420 passes through undeveloped regions of St. Lawrence County for most of its routing and briefly overlaps with NY 11C in the hamlet of Winthrop.

NY 420 was originally part of Route 32, an unsigned legislative route created by the New York State Legislature in 1908. The Winthrop–Massena portion of Route 32 became part of the signed NY 56 in the mid-1920s; however, NY 56 was realigned in 1927 to follow a new alignment well to the south of Winthrop. The former routing of NY 56 between Winthrop and Massena was redesignated as NY 420 as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York. NY 420 was extended southward to its current terminus south of Winthrop in 1980.

St. Lawrence County, New York
St. Lawrence County is the northernmost county in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2020 census, the population was 108,505. The county seat is Canton.
The county is named for the Saint Lawrence River. This was as named by early French explorer Jacques Cartier for the Christian saint Lawrence of Rome, as he visited the river on the saint's feast day. The county is part of the North Country region of the state.

St. Lawrence County comprises the Ogdensburg-Massena, NY Micropolitan Statistical Area and is New York's largest county by area.
Battle of Xiao
The Battle of Xiao or Yao (Chinese: 殽之戰) took place between Qin and Jin, both of which were major principality states during the Spring and Autumn period of the Zhou dynasty. It occurred in 627 BC at the Xiao Mountains, a branch of the Qinling Range between Yellow River and Luo River, in modern-day Henan province of China.

Jin (Chinese state)
Jin (traditional Chinese: 晉; simplified Chinese: 晋, Old Chinese: *tsi[n]-s), originally known as Tang (唐), was a major state during the middle part of the Zhou dynasty, based near the centre of what was then China, on the lands attributed to the legendary Xia dynasty: the southern part of modern Shanxi. Although it grew in power during the Spring and Autumn period, its aristocratic structure saw it break apart when the duke lost power to his nobles. In 403 BC, the Zhou court recognized Jin's three successor states: Han, Zhao, and Wei. The Partition of Jin marks the end of the Spring and Autumn period and the beginning of the Warring States period.
LG Cyon
CYON (Korean: 싸이언) was LG Electronics's mobile phone brand for the domestic South Korean market. LG established the brand in 1997. It was used until 2011, when LG Electronics retired the Cyon brand and all new mobile phones were rebranded as LG.

Pantech
Pantech Inc. (Korean: 주식회사 팬택) is a South Korean company that manufactures mobile phones. Established in 1990, its market is mainly domestic with partners in the United States, Japan, China, Europe and Vietnam. In 2012 Pantech was the second best-selling handset maker in South Korea, according to Gartner. In 2013 Samsung Electronics bought a 10% stake in Pantech. Pantech also partners with PCD for specialized phones.

For the U.S. market, the company primarily manufactures phones for the two largest wireless carriers, AT&T and Verizon. Pantech launched an eco-friendly 3G messaging phone for AT&T as well as a 4G LTE Android handset for Verizon Wireless in 2012. Both smartphones have touchscreens and QWERTY keyboards that slide out.

According to a report in July 2014 from CNET, Pantech is facing bankruptcy risk with a debt of $475 million. In October 2015, BusinessKorea said that Korean regulators have approved the acquisition by a domestic technology group led by Optis and Solid.
Nader Ardalan
Nader Ardalan (born  9 March 1939) is an Iranian American architect, urban planner, educator, theorist, and author. Ardalan has had a significant impact on contemporary architecture in Iran, the Middle East, and North America as an architect, researcher, and theoretician. He is most identified with designing the Iran Centre for Management Studies in Tehran, the Azadi Stadium, and the Souq Sharq in Kuwait City, and with the co-authorship of the influential book The Sense of Unity. He holds legal citizenship in Iran and the United States.

Iran Centre of Management Studies
Iran Center for Management Studies (ICMS) was an institute located in Tehran, Iran. It was established in 1971 with the aim of providing graduate-level training for future managerial and leadership positions in business, government and other institutions in Iran.
Powdered activated carbon treatment
Powdered Activated Carbon Treatment (PACT) is a wastewater technology in which powdered activated carbon is added to an anaerobic or aerobic treatment system.  The carbon in the biological treatment process adsorbs recalcitrant compounds that are not readily biodegradable, thereby reducing the chemical oxygen demand of the wastewater and removing toxins.  The carbon also acts as a "buffer" against the effects of toxic organics in the wastewater.

In such a system, biological treatment and carbon adsorption are combined into a single, synergistic treatment step.  The result is a system which offers significant cost reduction compared to activated sludge and granular carbon treatment options. The addition of the powdered activated carbon stabilizes biological systems against upsets and shock loading, controls color and odor, and may reduce disposal costs while removing soluble organics.

Aerobic treatment system
An aerobic treatment system (ATS), often called an aerobic septic system, is a small scale sewage treatment system similar to a septic tank system, but which uses an aerobic process for digestion rather than just the anaerobic process used in septic systems.  These systems are commonly found in rural areas where public sewers are not available, and may be used for a single residence or for a small group of homes.

Unlike the traditional septic system, the aerobic treatment system produces a high quality secondary effluent, which can be sterilized and used for surface irrigation.  This allows much greater flexibility in the placement of the leach field, as well as cutting the required size of the leach field by as much as half.
Ernesto Macías Tovar
Ernesto Macías Tovar (born June 29, 1955) is a Colombian politician and social communicator. He was councilman of Garzón between 1980 and 1982. In the 2014 legislative elections he was elected Senator of the Republic for the Democratic Center, in this position he took office on July 20, 2014. He was President of the Senate of the Republic from 2018 to 2019.

Senate of Colombia
The Senate of the Republic of Colombia  (Spanish: Senado de la República de Colombia) is the upper house of the Congress of Colombia, with the lower house being the Chamber of Representatives. The Senate has 108 members elected for concurrent (non-rotating) four-year terms.
Goronyosaurus
Goronyosaurus is an extinct genus of marine lizard belonging to the mosasaur family. Fossils of Goronyosaurus are exclusively known from the Late Maastrichtian of the Iullemmeden Basin in West Africa, specifically the Dukamaje Formation of Niger and Nigeria and Farin Doutchi Formation of Niger. The type specimen was first described in 1930 as Mosasaurus nigeriensis, but subsequent remains revealed a highly unique set of adaptations that prompted the species to be reclassified as the only species of the new genus Goronyosaurus in 1972. These unique adaptations have made Goronyosaurus notoriously difficult to classify within the Mosasauridae and it is often left out of phylogenetic analyses, although most authors agree that Goronyosaurus belonged to Mosasauridae.

Goronyosaurus possesses unique teeth, which are unlike the teeth of any other mosasaur. Instead of the cutting teeth common among mosasaurs, Goronyosaurus has straight teeth with rounded apices adapted for smashing food.

Mosasaur
Mosasaurs (from Latin Mosa meaning the 'Meuse', and Greek σαύρος sauros meaning 'lizard') are an extinct group of large aquatic reptiles within the family Mosasauridae that lived during the Late Cretaceous. Their first fossil remains were discovered in a limestone quarry at Maastricht on the Meuse in 1764. They belong to the order Squamata, which includes lizards and snakes.

During the last 20 million years of the Cretaceous period (Turonian–Maastrichtian ages), with the extinction of the ichthyosaurs and pliosaurs, mosasaurids became the dominant marine predators. They themselves became extinct as a result of the K-Pg event at the end of the Cretaceous period, about 66 million years ago.
Neil Komadoski (ice hockey, born 1982)
Neil Grant Komadoski Jr. (born February 10, 1982, in Chesterfield, Missouri) is a Canadian-American professional ice hockey scout and former player. He was drafted in the third round, 81st overall, by the Ottawa Senators in the 2001 NHL Entry Draft.  He is the son of former Los Angeles King and St. Louis Blues player Neil Komadoski.

After playing four seasons with Notre Dame, Komadoski made his professional debut with Ottawa's American Hockey League (AHL_ farm club, the Binghamton Senators, at the end of the 2003–04 season.  After three full seasons in Binghamton, Komadoski was invited to the training camp of the St. Louis Blues, who eventually assigned him to their AHL affiliate, the Peoria Rivermen. After the 2007–08 season Komadoski had to retire due to a knee injury.

Chesterfield, Missouri
Chesterfield is a city in St. Louis County, Missouri, United States. It is a western suburb of St. Louis. As of the 2020 census, the population was 49,999, making it the state's 14th most populous city. The broader valley of Chesterfield was originally referred to as "Gumbo Flats", derived from its soil, which though very rich and silty, resembled gumbo when wet.
Alison Luff
Alison Nicole Luff (born December 20, 1988) is an American actress and singer  known for her work in musical theatre, including as Elphaba in the First National Tour of Wicked and in Broadway roles such as Miss Honey in Matilda and Anne Hathaway in & Juliet. From 2021 to 2023, she has appeared in a lead role in the Starz drama series Heels.

Her other Broadway credits include Ghost the Musical, Les Misérables, Escape to Margaritaville,  Waitress and & Juliet.

Ghost (musical)
Ghost is a musical with book and lyrics by Bruce Joel Rubin and music and lyrics by Dave Stewart and Glen Ballard. Based on the hit 1990 romantic fantasy thriller film of the same name, it centres on lovers Sam and Molly, who are attacked as they are returning to their apartment. When Sam dies he becomes caught between the real world and the next. Molly is in danger and Sam cannot leave her. A medium, Oda Mae Brown, helps Sam to get in touch with Molly to warn her.

The musical had its world premiere at the Manchester Opera House in Manchester in March 2011. Ghost then began its West End premiere in summer 2011, opening on 19 July. A Broadway transfer opened in April 2012. It toured the UK in 2013, after the London production closed in October 2012.
Kattippara
Kattippara (Hard Rock in Malayalam) often called as Kattipara, is a Panchayat in  Kozhikode district, Kerala. It is located about 10 km from Thamarassery town. It is a village with a lot of hilly areas. As the name indicates, it is famous for hard rocks which we can find everywhere in this village. The adjacent villages are Thalayad, Chamal, Kolikkal, Unnikulam, Puthupadi and Thamarassery.

Thamarassery
Thamarassery, formerly known as Thazhmalachery, is one of the taluks and a major hill town in the Kozhikode district of Kerala, India, 30 km north-east of Kozhikode city and 29 km east of Koyilandy. The town lies on National highway 766.
Alberta Highway 26
Highway 26 is an east–west highway in central Alberta, Canada that connects Highway 13 in Camrose  to Highway 14 near Kinsella.  The route follows 12th Correction Line for its entire length, and does not pass through any communities east of Camrose.

The Highway 26 designation first belonged to a stretch of road near Drumheller.  The present-day alignment near Camrose was not commissioned until the 1970s, and in 2009 was extended from Highway 36 to reach the current eastern terminus at Highway 14.

Alberta Highway 14
Highway 14 is an east-west highway in central Alberta, Canada. It stretches from Edmonton through Wainwright to the Alberta–Saskatchewan border, running parallel to the more northern Highway 16. Highway 14 is about 245 kilometres (152 mi) long.

Along with Saskatchewan Highway 40 (with which it connects at the boundary), it forms part of the Poundmaker Trail, named after Chief Poundmaker of the Cree.
Vengampudur
Vengampudur  is a panchayat town in Erode taluk of Erode district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is located in the north-western part of the state. Spread across an area of 17.1 km2 (6.6 sq mi), it had a population of 7,443 individuals as per the 2011 census.

Nagar panchayat
A nagar panchayat (transl. 'town council') or town panchayat or Notified Area Council (NAC) in India is a settlement in transition from rural to urban and therefore a form of an urban political unit comparable to a municipality. An urban centre with more than 12,000 and less than 40,000 inhabitants is classified as a nagar panchayat. The population requirement for a town panchayat can vary from state to state.

Such councils are formed under the panchayati raj administrative system. In census data, the abbreviation T.P. is used to indicate a "town panchayat". Tamil Nadu was the first state to introduce the panchayat town as an intermediate step between rural villages and urban local bodies (ULB). The structure and the functions of the nagar panchayat are decided by the state government.
North American gambling treatment centers
North American gambling treatment centers are intended to treat gambling addiction.  In general, gambling addiction treatment is considered an add-on to other addiction treatments. All three treatment centers that offer gambling addiction treatment in North America treat gambling in addition to alcohol addiction and other substances addictions.

Drug rehabilitation
Drug rehabilitation is the process of medical or psychotherapeutic treatment for dependency on psychoactive substances such as alcohol, prescription drugs, and street drugs such as cannabis, cocaine, heroin, and amphetamines. The general intent is to enable the patient to confront substance dependence, if present, and stop substance misuse to avoid the psychological, legal, financial, social, and medical consequences that can be caused.

Treatment includes medication for comorbidities, counseling by experts, and sharing of experience with other recovering individuals.
Wind Tre
Wind Tre S.p.A., stylized as WINDTRE, is an Italian telecommunications company of the CK Hutchison Holdings Limited group, which offers mobile and fixed-line telephony services.

It was born on 31 December 2016 from the merger of two Italian telecommunications companies, namely 3 Italy and Wind Telecomunicazioni, controlled respectively by CK Hutchison Holdings and VimpelCom.

Since 7 September 2018, CK Hutchison Holdings has been the sole shareholder of Wind Tre as, following approval by the European Commission, the Hong Kong group completed the acquisition of the remaining 50% of the company from VEON (formerly VimpelCom).

As of 2022, it is the first Italian mobile operator for SIM HUMAN, third instead after TIM and Vodafone in total active cards.

Veon (company)
VEON Ltd. (formerly VimpelCom Ltd.), also known as VEON Group, is a multinational telecommunication and digital services company. Headquartered in Dubai, the company is publicly traded on the U.S.-based NASDAQ stock exchange. VEON operates in six markets in Europe and Asia, including Bangladesh, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan. Specific brands include Banglalink in Bangladesh, Jazz in Pakistan, Kyivstar in Ukraine, and units operating in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan under the Beeline brand. In 2024, the company had 160 million total customers, 1.8 million fixed line customers, and 111 million monthly active users of its digital services, with products and services in areas such as mobile financial services, entertainment, health, and education among others.