hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
General of The Salvation Army
General is the title of the international leader and chief executive officer of The Salvation Army, a Christian denomination with extensive charitable social services that gives quasi-military rank to its ministers (who are therefore known as officers). The General is elected by the High Council of The Salvation Army and serves a term of five years, which may be extended to seven years. According to the organization, the General is purported to be chosen by God, and the council identifies that person. The position is roughly equivalent to the position of Archbishop in many other Christian denominations. Lyndon Buckingham is the current General, who assumed office on 3 August 2023 upon the retirement of Brian Peddle. The organization's founder, William Booth, was the first and longest-serving General. There have been 22 Generals as of 2023.

Chief of the Staff of The Salvation Army
The Chief of the Staff of The Salvation Army is a Commissioner appointed by the General of The Salvation Army as the second in command internationally. The Chief of the Staff is stationed at International Headquarters in London.

The office of Chief of the Staff was created in 1880 by General William Booth. The first officer to take the position was his son, Bramwell Booth, in 1881.

The Chief of the Staff also summons all Commissioners and Territorial Commanders of The Salvation Army to form a High Council to elect a new general when a vacancy exists.
Langley extrapolation
Langley extrapolation is a method for determining the Sun's irradiance at the top of the atmosphere with ground-based instrumentation, and is often used to remove the effect of the atmosphere from measurements of, for example, aerosol optical thickness or ozone. It is based on repeated measurements with a Sun photometer operated at a given location for a cloudless morning or afternoon as the Sun moves across the sky. It is named for American astronomer and physicist Samuel Pierpont Langley.

Optical depth
In physics, optical depth or optical thickness is the natural logarithm of the ratio of incident to transmitted radiant power through a material.
Thus, the larger the optical depth, the smaller the amount of transmitted radiant power through the material. 
Spectral optical depth or spectral optical thickness is the natural logarithm of the ratio of incident to transmitted spectral radiant power through a material. Optical depth is dimensionless, and in particular is not a length, though it is a  monotonically increasing function of optical path length, and approaches zero as the path length approaches zero. The use of the term "optical density" for optical depth is discouraged.

In chemistry, a closely related quantity called "absorbance" or "decadic absorbance" is used instead of optical depth: the common logarithm of the ratio of incident to transmitted radiant power through a material. It is the optical depth divided by  loge(10), because of the different logarithm bases used.
Cloisters Cross
The Cloisters Cross (also known as the Bury St Edmunds Cross), is a complex 12th-century ivory Romanesque altar cross or processional cross. It is named after The Cloisters, part of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, which acquired it in 1963.

The cross is usually said to have been carved in England between 1150 and 1160, although some scholars believe it is more likely to be central European. It is made from walrus ivory and measures 225⁄8 × 141⁄4 in. (57.5 × 36.2 cm). It includes highly detailed carvings on both sides and a number of inscriptions. The imagery features the crucifixion of Jesus and the symbols of the Evangelists. It is generally held to contain antisemitic images and texts, but this is subject to debate.

Four Evangelists
In Christian tradition, the Four Evangelists are Matthew, Mark, Luke and John, the authors attributed with the creation of the four canonical Gospel accounts. In the New Testament, they bear the following titles: the Gospel of Matthew; the Gospel of Mark; the Gospel of Luke; and the Gospel of John.
Edificio de la Intendencia Metropolitana de Santiago
The Edificio de la Intendencia Metropolitana is a government building housing the Intendencia for the Santiago Metropolitan Region, in Santiago, Chile. It is located in the very heart of the civic district of Santiago, at 93 Morandé Street–at the southeast corner of Morandé and Moneda streets–, close to the Palacio de La Moneda. It was originally built to house El Diario Ilustrado, a newspaper that occupied the building until 1928, when the newspaper owners sold the building to the government of Chile to accommodate offices for the Intendencia de Santiago.

La Moneda Palace
Palacio de La Moneda (Spanish: [paˈlasjo ðe la moˈneða], Palace of the Mint), or simply La Moneda, is the seat of the president of the Republic of Chile. It also houses the offices of three cabinet ministers: Interior, General Secretariat of the Presidency, and General Secretariat of the Government. Located in downtown Santiago, it occupies an entire block in the Civic District, bordered by Moneda street to the north, Morandé street to the east, Alameda del Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins to the south, and Teatinos street to the west.
Mohd Zaman Khan
Tan Sri Mohd Zaman Khan bin Rahim Khan (21 December 1941 – 11 September 2021) was a former Malaysian police officer.

He was well-known for handling many high-profile cases in the 1990s, such as the Mona Fandey murder case, bringing down local gangster P. Kalimuthu (Bentong Kali), and helping to coordinate rescue efforts during the Highland Towers apartment collapse.

Bentong Kali
Kalimuthu s/o Pakirisamy Thevar or P. Kalimuthu (22 January 1961 – 29 June 1993), known professionally as Bentong Kali, was a Malaysian criminal and gangster, who gained a national attention in the 1990s. He was implicated in 17 different murders, and terrorized the capital Kuala Lumpur through violence, extortion and heroin smuggling. He also made headlines when he challenged the police to arrest him. He was finally gunned down by Royal Malaysia Police's Special Actions Unit from Bukit Aman, Kuala Lumpur.
Neneh MacDouall-Gaye
Neneh MacDouall-Gaye (born 8 April 1957) is a Gambian politician and diplomat. She served as Yahya Jammeh's last Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2015 to 2017 and as Gambian Ambassador to the United States in 2009.

Minister of Foreign Affairs (The Gambia)
The Minister of Foreign Affairs, International Cooperation and Gambians Abroad, commonly known as just the Minister of Foreign Affairs, is a cabinet position in the Gambia, appointed by the President of the Gambia. The minister oversees the Ministry of Foreign Affairs as well as the Gambia's external relations with foreign countries. The Minister is responsible for all Gambian embassies and diplomatic missions overseas and is assisted in this task by civil servants, including a Permanent Secretary, a Deputy Permanent Secretary for Administration and Finance, a Deputy Permanent Secretary for Technical, and a Principal Assistant Secretary.
Vadim Shershenevich
Vadim Gabrielevich Shershenevich (Russian: Вадим Габриэлевич Шершеневич; 25 January 1893 – 18 May 1942) was a Russian poet. He was highly prolific, working in more than one genre, moving from Symbolism to Futurism after meeting Marinetti in Moscow. Later he pioneered the post-revolutionary avant-garde Imaginist movement, but abandoned it in favour of the theatre.

Filippo Tommaso Marinetti
Filippo Tommaso Emilio Marinetti (Italian: [fiˈlippo tomˈmaːzo mariˈnetti]; 22 December 1876 – 2 December 1944) was an Italian poet, editor, art theorist and founder of the Futurist movement. He was associated with the utopian and Symbolist artistic and literary community Abbaye de Créteil between 1907 and 1908. Marinetti is best known as the author of the Manifesto of Futurism, which was written and published in 1909, and as a co-author of the Fascist Manifesto, in 1919.
Brdo-Brijuni Process
The Brdo-Brijuni Process (Slovene: Proces Brdo-Brioni, Croatian: Proces Brdo-Brijuni) is an annual multilateral event in the Western Balkans. It was initiated in 2013 by Slovenian president Borut Pahor and Croatian president Ivo Josipović. The first official meeting was in Brdo pri Kranju, Slovenia. The main focus of the Process is the enlargement of the European Union with countries of the Western Balkans. Similar meetings were held at the prime-ministerial level in 2010 and 2011 by then-Prime Ministers of Slovenia and Croatia, Borut Pahor and Jadranka Kosor. The Brdo-Brijuni process includes Slovenia and Croatia (EU member states) and candidates and potential candidates for EU membership from the Western Balkans (Serbia, Montenegro, Albania, North Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo).

In 2014, the Berlin Process was initiated by then-Chancellor of Germany Angela Merkel, in which all of the Brdo-Brijuni Process countries are included as well.

President of Slovenia
The president of Slovenia, officially the president of the Republic of Slovenia (Slovene: Predsednik Republike Slovenije), is the head of state of Slovenia. The office was established on 23 December 1991 when the National Assembly passed a new constitution after the separation of Slovenia from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Five individuals have occupied the post of president of the Republic since Slovenia achieved its independence. The incumbent is Nataša Pirc Musar, Slovenia's first female president. The president's official workplace is the Presidential Palace in Ljubljana.
Rapid Penang
Rapid Penang (stylised as rapidPenang) is a public bus brand operating within the George Town Conurbation in Malaysia. Established in 2007 as a subsidiary of Prasarana Malaysia, it serves as the main public transport system within the state of Penang, with routes extending into neighbouring towns in Kedah and Perak. Rapid Penang forms part of Rapid Bus, which also operates public bus services across the Klang Valley.

As of 2025, Rapid Penang's fleet comprises 350 buses operating on a total of 47 routes throughout the conurbation. Additionally, since 2024, Rapid Penang has been expanding its demand-responsive transport (DRT) service, with a fleet of 17 vans to address last mile connectivity at specific locations within Penang.

Transit bus
A transit bus (also big bus, commuter bus, city bus, town bus, urban bus, stage bus, public bus,  public transit bus, or simply bus) is a type of bus used in public transport bus services.  Several configurations are used, including low-floor buses, high-floor buses, double-decker buses, articulated buses and midibuses.

These are distinct from all-seated coaches used for intercity travel and smaller minibuses, for more flexible services.
1932 Washington gubernatorial election
The 1932 Washington gubernatorial election was held on November 8, 1932. Democratic nominee Clarence D. Martin defeated Republican nominee John Arthur Gellatly with 57.29% of the vote.

Martin was the first Democrat elected governor of Washington with an absolute majority. He was also the first Democratic gubernatorial candidate in Washington to ever win Pacific County and San Juan County and the first since 1892 to win Jefferson County. Additionally, Clallam County, Clark County, Kitsap County, Thurston County, Wahkiakum County, and Whatcom County voted Democratic for the first time since 1896.

Clallam County, Washington
Clallam County is a county in the U.S. state of Washington. As of the 2020 census, the population was 77,155, with an estimated population of 77,616 in 2023. The county seat and largest city is Port Angeles; the county as a whole comprises the Port Angeles, WA Micropolitan Statistical Area. The name is a Klallam word for "the strong people". The county was formed on April 26, 1854. Located on the Olympic Peninsula, it is south from the Strait of Juan de Fuca, which forms the Canada–US border, as British Columbia's Vancouver Island is across the strait.

Clallam County was a bellwether, voting for the winning candidate in every presidential election from 1980 to 2020, holding the longest record for predicting official presidential election winners in the entire country. It has also voted the winning candidate in every election since 1920 except for 1968, 1976, and 2024.
Majed Chergui
Majed Chergui (born 1956 in Casablanca) is a Swiss and French physicist specialized in ultrafast dynamics of light-induced processes. He is a Honorary professor of the EPFL (École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) and the Université de Lausanne. He was founding director of the Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science (LACUS) at the EPFL between 2016 and 2021.

He is now project leader at Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste (Italy).

University of Lausanne
The University of Lausanne (UNIL; French: Université de Lausanne) in Lausanne, Switzerland, was founded in 1537 as a school of Protestant theology, before being made a university in 1890. The university is the second-oldest in Switzerland, and one of the oldest universities in the world to be in continuous operation. As of fall 2017, about 15,000 students and 3,300 employees studied and worked at the university. Approximately 1,500 international students attend the university (120 nationalities), which has a wide curriculum including exchange programs with other universities.

Together with the École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) the university forms a vast campus at the shores of Lake Geneva.
WordJong
WordJong is a puzzle video game developed by American teams Gameblend Studios and Magellan Interactive and published by Destineer for the Nintendo DS. The gameplay of WordJong combines the elements of Mahjong and Scrabble. WordJong was then released in Europe on September 17, 2010, and in Australia on September 30, 2010, which was published by Funbox Media.

Puzzle video game
Puzzle video games make up a broad genre of video games that emphasize puzzle solving. The types of puzzles can test problem-solving skills, including logic, pattern recognition, sequence solving, spatial recognition, and word completion. Many puzzle games involve a real-time element and require quick thinking, such as Tetris (1985) and Lemmings (1991).
Ukrainian Association of the Blind
The Ukrainian Association of the Blind (Ukrainian: Українське товариство сліпих), known by the acronym UTOS (УТОС), is a Ukrainian public organization for the visually impaired. The UTOS was founded on 4 June 1933, by the All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee, and the Council of People's Commissars of the Ukrainian SSR, to establish a Ukrainian society for the blind. Now various companies produce a UASB range of household goods and garden equipment from polymers, as well as low-voltage electrical products and equipment for production and engineering facilities.

All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee
All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee (Ukrainian: Всеукраїнський центральний виконавчий комітет, romanized: Vseukrainskyi tsentralnyi vykonavchyi komitet) was a representative body of the All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets. It was the supreme legislative, administrative, executive controlling state power of Soviet Ukraine (Ukrainian SSR) between the sessions of the Congress of Soviets that acted between 1917 until 1938. In the very beginning this institution was established as the Central Executive Committee of Soviet of Ukraine at the First All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets in Kharkiv on January 6-7, 1918. At the same congress was elected the People's Secretariat of Ukraine.

On March 19, 1919, the committee issued a declaration, in which it passed most of its authority to the Sovnarkom of Ukraine at that time headed by Christian Rakovsky.
Umar Ata Bandial
Umar Ata Bandial (Urdu: عمر عطا بندیال, [ʊmər ətaː bənd̪jaːl]; born 17 September 1958) is a Pakistani jurist who served as the 28th Chief Justice of Pakistan from February 2022 to September 2023. He was appointed as the Chief Justice after the approval by President Arif Alvi on 13 January 2022. He assumed his office on 2 February 2022 and retired on 16 September 2023. Previously, Bandial served as a Justice of Lahore High Court from 1 June 2012 to 16 June 2014.

Bandial served as the Chief Justice of Pakistan for one year, six months, and 25 days from 2 February 2022, until his retirement on 16 September 2023.

Lahore High Court
The Lahore High Court (LHC) is the highest court in the judiciary of the Pakistani province of Punjab. It has supreme appellate jurisdiction over all provincial cases in Punjab. Established as a high court on 21 March 1882, the High Court is based in Lahore, which is its principal seat; alongside its secondary benches based in Rawalpindi, Multan, and Bahawalpur.

A proposal was sent by lawyers to set up new high court benches in Faisalabad, Sialkot, D.G.Khan and Gujranwala divisions but full court of Lahore High Court turned down this request.
Heart of Wessex Combined Authority
The Heart of Wessex Combined Authority is a proposed combined authority in south-west England. The proposal is linked to the English Devolution Bill, first outlined in 2024 by the Starmer ministry. The region would have a directly elected mayor.

English Devolution and Community Empowerment Bill
The English Devolution and Community Empowerment Bill, also known as simply the English Devolution Bill or as the Take Back Control Bill, is a UK Government bill which will establish a new framework for devolution of powers to local government and combined authorities in England.
Eric Heffer
Eric Samuel Heffer (12 January 1922 – 27 May 1991) was a British socialist politician. He was Labour Member of Parliament for Liverpool Walton from 1964 until his death. Due to his experience as a professional joiner, he made a speciality of the construction industry and its employment practices, but was also concerned with trade union issues in general. He changed his view on the European Common Market from being an outspoken supporter to an outspoken opponent, and served a brief period in government in the mid-1970s. His later career was dominated by his contribution to debates within the Labour Party and he defended the Liverpool City Council.

1964 United Kingdom general election
A general election was held in the United Kingdom on Thursday 15 October 1964. It resulted in the Conservatives, led by Prime Minister Alec Douglas-Home, narrowly losing to the Labour Party, led by Harold Wilson; Labour secured a parliamentary majority of four seats and ended its thirteen years in opposition since the 1951 election. At age 47, Wilson became the youngest Prime Minister since Lord Rosebery in 1894.
He Luli
He Luli (Chinese: 何鲁丽; Wade–Giles: Ho Lu-li; 7 June 1934 – 19 March 2022) was a Chinese politician and paediatrician. She entered politics after practicing medicine for 27 years, serving as vice-mayor of Beijing, chairwoman of the Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang, Vice Chairperson of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, and Vice Chairperson of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress.

He Luli was the daughter of He Siyuan, the Kuomintang mayor of Beijing who negotiated the peaceful surrender of the city to the Chinese Communist Party near the end of the Chinese Civil War.

Vice Chairperson of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress
The vice chairpersons of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress are deputies to the chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, responsible for assisting the chairman in his work.

The vice chairpersons are formally nominated by the Presidium of the NPC during a session and approved by the delegations of the NPC, though in reality are chosen within the ruling Chinese Communist Party (CCP). The chairman, vice chairpersons and the secretary-general of the NPCSC collectively constitute the Council of Chairpersons. A vice chairperson may be delegated to exercise some of the chairman's powers by the chairman. In the case that the chairman becomes incapacitated, NPCSC temporarily elects one of the vice chairpersons until the chairman is able to resume their work or a new chairman is elected by the NPC. Since 1982, vice chairpersons are appointed for a term of five years, and cannot serve for more than two terms.
Bahria Town Rawalpindi
Bahria Town Rawalpindi (Urdu: بحریہ ٹاؤن راولپنڈی) is a privately owned gated community located within Islamabad–Rawalpindi metropolitan area near the capital city of Islamabad, Pakistan. The suburb was developed and is owned by Malik Riaz and his Bahria Town Group.

The  gated community housing over 100,000 people, is developed as a series of phased projects. Unlike typical housing societies in Pakistan, it features its own independent power supply, generating and distributing electricity to residents through the Bahria Town Electric Supply Company.

It is the oldest and first project of Malik Riaz, it was originally known as "Bahria Town Islamabad" due to its partial location in the capital territory, however with the subsequent launch of "Bahria Enclave" in Islamabad, it is now simply called Bahria Town.

Islamabad–Rawalpindi metropolitan area
The Islamabad–Rawalpindi metropolitan area, commonly referred to as Islamabad–Rawalpindi or the Twin Cities, is the fourth-largest metropolitan area of Pakistan, after Karachi, Lahore, and Faisalabad. With a population of over 5.7 million, it is the third-most populous metropolitan area in the Punjab region, the largest in northern Punjab, and fourth in the entire country. It consists of the twin cities of Islamabad and Rawalpindi; administratively within the Islamabad Capital Territory and the province of Punjab.

The area includes the Pothohar Plateau in northern Punjab, with and the colonial-era city of Rawalpindi, as well as the modern planned city of Islamabad. The region received a major boom with the construction of Islamabad as the capital city of Pakistan in the 1960s.
Breakdown (music)
In music, a breakdown is a section of a song in which various instruments have solo parts (breaks).  This may take the form of all instruments playing the verse together, and then several or all instruments individually repeating the verse as solo parts.

A breakdown is a popular musical section, particularly in bluegrass, notable examples being Earl Scruggs' "Foggy Mountain Breakdown" and Bill Monroe's "Bluegrass Breakdown".

Verse–chorus form
Verse–chorus form is a musical form going back to the 1840s, in such songs as "Oh! Susanna", "The Daring Young Man on the Flying Trapeze", and many others. It became passé in the early 1900s, with advent of the AABA (with verse) form in the Tin Pan Alley days. It became commonly used in blues and rock and roll in the 1950s, and predominant in rock music since the 1960s. In contrast to 32-bar form, which is focused on the refrain (contrasted and prepared by the B section), in verse–chorus form the chorus is highlighted (prepared and contrasted with the verse).

The chorus often sharply contrasts the verse melodically, rhythmically, and harmonically, and assumes a higher level of dynamics and activity, often with added instrumentation. This is referred to as a "breakout chorus". See: arrangement.
Hancock Aortic Tissue Valve
The Hancock Aortic Tissue Valve is a prosthetic heart valve used in cardiac surgery to replace a damaged or diseased aortic valve. It is a bioprosthetic valve, meaning it is constructed using biological tissues, specifically porcine (pig) valve tissue. This valve is widely utilized in the field of cardiovascular surgery to restore proper blood flow through the heart.

Cardiac surgery
Cardiac surgery, or cardiovascular surgery, is a  surgery on the heart or great vessels performed by cardiac surgeons. It is often used to treat complications of ischemic heart disease (for example, with coronary artery bypass grafting); to correct congenital heart disease; or to treat valvular heart disease from various causes, including endocarditis, rheumatic heart disease, and atherosclerosis. It also includes heart transplantation.