hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
History of the SAT
The SAT is a standardized test commonly used for the purpose of admission to colleges and universities in the United States. The test, owned by the College Board and originally developed by Carl Brigham, was first administered on June 23, 1926, to about 8,000 students. The test was introduced as a supplement to the College Board essay exams already in use for college admissions, but ease of administration of the SAT and other factors led to the discontinuation of the essay exams  during World War II. The SAT has since gone through numerous changes in content, duration, scoring, and name; the test was taken by more than 1.97 million students in the graduating high school class of 2024.

Carl Brigham
Carl Campbell Brigham (May 4, 1890 – January 24, 1943) was an American eugenicist and professor of psychology at Princeton University's Department of Psychology and a pioneer in the field of psychometrics.  He sat on the advisory council of the American Eugenics Society (later known as the Society for Biodemography and Social Biology) and his early writings heavily influenced the eugenics movement and anti-immigration legislation in the United States. He created the SAT for The College Board.
Joe Orton
John Kingsley Orton (1 January 1933 – 9 August 1967), known by the pen name of Joe Orton, was an English playwright, author, and diarist.

His public career, from 1964 until his murder in 1967 by his partner, was short but highly influential. During this brief period he shocked, outraged, and amused audiences with his scandalous black comedies. The adjective Ortonesque refers to work characterised by a similarly dark yet farcical cynicism.

Farce
Farce is a form of comedy that relies on exaggerated, improbable, or ridiculous situations to entertain an audience. It is typically marked by physical humor, absurdity, satire or parody, improbable scenarios, misunderstandings, and broadly stylized characters and performances.
Laura Flippes
Laura Esther Ghislaine Schneider (née Flippes; born 13 December 1994) is a French handballer for Metz Handball and the French national team. She is an Olympic champion in 2021, a World champion in 2017 and 2023, and European champion in 2018.

2017 World Women's Handball Championship
The 2017 IHF World Women's Handball Championship, the 23rd event hosted by the International Handball Federation, was held in Germany from 1 to 17 December 2017. Germany was the only applicant for this championship. Germany was host of the World Championships in 1965 and 1997.

France won their second title after 2003, by defeating reigning champions Norway 23–21 in the final.
C17orf75
Protein Njmu-R1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the C17orf75 gene.  C17orf75 is also known as SRI2 (sensitization to ricin complex subunit 2) and is a human protein encoding gene located at 17q11.2 on the complementary strand. The C17orf75 gene is ubiquitously expressed at medium-low levels throughout the body and at slightly higher levels in the brain and testes. This protein is thought to be part of a complex associated with Golgi-mediated vesicle capture.

Testicle
A testicle, also called testis (pl. testes) is the male gonad in all gonochoric animals, including humans, and is homologous to the ovary, which is the female gonad.  Its primary functions are the production of sperm and the secretion of androgens, primarily testosterone.

The release of testosterone is regulated by luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary gland. Sperm production is controlled by follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the anterior pituitary gland and by testosterone produced within the gonads.
1st Light Cavalry Lancers Regiment of the Imperial Guard (Polish)
The 1st Polish Light Cavalry Lancers Regiment of the Imperial Guard (French: 1er régiment de chevau-légers lanciers de la Garde impériale (polonais); Polish: 1. Pułk Szwoleżerów-Lansjerów Gwardii Cesarskiej (Polski)) was a foreign Polish light cavalry lancers regiment which served as part of Napoleon's Imperial Guard during the Napoleonic Wars. The regiment fought in many battles, distinguishing itself at Wagram, Berezina, Hanau and especially Somosierra. On at least three occasions, light-cavalrymen of the regiment saved Napoleon's life.

Battle of Berezina
The Battle of (the) Berezina (or Beresina) took place from 26 to 29 November 1812, between Napoleon's Grande Armée and the Imperial Russian Army under Field Marshal Wittgenstein and Admiral Chichagov. Napoleon was retreating toward Poland in chaos after the aborted occupation of Moscow and trying to cross the Berezina River at Borisov. The outcome of the battle was inconclusive as, despite heavy losses, Napoleon managed to cross the river and continue his retreat with the surviving remnants of his army.
Mel Daniels
Melvin Joe Daniels (July 20, 1944 – October 30, 2015) was an American professional basketball player. He played in the American Basketball Association (ABA) for the Minnesota Muskies, Indiana Pacers, and Memphis Sounds, and in the National Basketball Association for the New York Nets. One of the greatest players in ABA history, Daniels was a two-time ABA Most Valuable Player, three-time ABA Champion and a seven-time ABA All-Star. Daniels was the All-time ABA rebounding leader, and in 1997, he was named a unanimous selection to the ABA All-Time Team. Daniels was enshrined into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 2012.

Bobby Leonard
William Robert "Slick" Leonard (July 17, 1932 – April 13, 2021) was an American professional basketball player, coach and color commentator. He played college basketball for the Indiana Hoosiers, where he was a two-time All-American and a member of their national championship squad in 1953. After playing professionally in the National Basketball Association (NBA), Leonard coached the Indiana Pacers to three American Basketball Association (ABA) championships. He was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame as a coach in 2014.
Wandope
Wandope (also known as Wanlope  is a fell in the north-western area of the English Lake District. It lies to the east of Crummock Water and south of Crag Hill. From the summit there are excellent panoramas of the Sca Fell and High Stile ranges.

Crummock Water
Crummock Water is a lake in the Lake District in North West England. It is 2.5 miles (4.0 km) long, 0.6 miles (0.97 km) wide, 140 feet (43 m) deep, and has an area of 2.5 square kilometres (0.97 sq mi). The lake's primary inflow is Buttermere Dubs, itself the outflow of Buttermere, and its outflow is the River Cocker, which meets the River Derwent at Cockermouth before entering the Irish Sea at Workington. It is in the unitary authority of Cumberland and the ceremonial county of Cumbria. It is in the parish of Buttermere, and its western shore forms part of the western boundary of the parish.
Fork Particle
Fork Particle is a computer graphics visual effects modeling and software development kit (SDK) developed and sold by Fork Particle, Inc. Fork Particle uses its real time particle system technology to simulate visual effects or particle effects such as CGI explosions, fire, rain, smoke, dust, etc. Fork Particle is used in video games and visual simulation software such as a flight simulator. It has been licensed to game developers for Windows, macOS, Linux, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Xbox 360 and Xbox One.

Notable Fork Particle licensees include Ubisoft, Trickstar Games, Firaxis Games, ZeniMax Online Studios, Electronic Arts, Microsoft, LEGO, and Sony. Video games that have utilized Fork Particle’s technology include The Elder Scrolls Online, Sid Meier's Civilization: Beyond Earth, Rocksmith 2014 Edition, Empire Earth III, LEGO Universe, Splosion Man, Sid Meier's Civilization V and Sid Meier's Civilization VI.

Visual effects
Visual effects (sometimes abbreviated as VFX) is the process by which imagery is created or manipulated outside the context of a live-action shot in filmmaking and video production.
The integration of live-action footage and other live-action footage or computer-generated imagery (CGI) elements to create realistic imagery is called VFX.

VFX involves the integration of live-action footage (which may include in-camera special effects) and generated-imagery (digital or optics, animals or creatures) which look realistic, but would be dangerous, expensive, impractical, time-consuming or impossible to capture on film. Visual effects using CGI have more recently become accessible to the independent filmmaker with the introduction of affordable and relatively easy-to-use animation and compositing software.
George Eisman
George Eisman (August 5, 1950 – April 23, 2017) was an American registered dietitian and veganism activist. He was the co-founder of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Vegetarian Nutrition Practice Group. In 1993, he was inducted into the Vegan Hall of Fame.

North American Vegetarian Society
The North American Vegetarian Society (NAVS) is a charity and activist organization with the stated objectives of supporting vegetarians and informing the public about the benefits of vegetarianism.

It was initially founded in 1974 to organize the International Vegetarian Union's 1975 World Vegetarian Congress in Orono, Maine, which has been called the most significant event of the vegetarian movement in the United States in the 20th century.

In 1977, the organization started an annual event, World Vegetarian Day. The following year the International Vegetarian Union joined in holding the event. The event is celebrated October 1 of each year and kicks off a month-long event, Vegetarian Awareness Month, which ends November 1 with World Vegan Day.
Simon Olsson
Simon Olsson (born 14 September 1997) is a Swedish professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Allsvenskan club Elfsborg and the Sweden national team.

Olsson started his senior career with local fifth tier side AFK Linköping in 2013, before moving to the youth system of IF Elfsborg in 2014. He made his debut for Elfsborg's senior team in 2016, but his breakthrough came the following season in 2017, where he started 25 matches and registered two goal contributions. He helped Elfsborg secure consecutive European finishes in 2020 and 2021. After making 170 appearances and scoring 13 times for Elfsborg across six years, he left for Eredivisie team Heerenveen in 2022. After two and a half seasons with the Dutch side, he returned to Elfsborg in January 2025.

At the youth international level, Olsson represented the U17 and U19 Swedish national teams, and made his senior team debut in a friendly in 2024.

2021 Allsvenskan
The 2021 Allsvenskan was the 97th season since its establishment in 1924 of Sweden's top-level football league, Allsvenskan. A total of 16 teams participated. Malmö FF were the defending champions after winning the title in the previous season, and they defended the championship in the 30th and final round on 4 December 2021 and secured their 22nd Swedish championship title by playing a scoreless tie at home against Halmstads BK, resulting in Malmö FF winning the title on better goal difference than the runner-up (AIK). This was the first time the title was defended since 2017, and the third consecutive defense of the title that went to Malmö FF, having also defended the title in 2014.

The 2021 Allsvenskan season began on 10 April and ended on 4 December 2021 (not including play-off matches).
Grodno Sejm
Grodno Sejm (Polish: Sejm grodzieński; Lithuanian: Gardino seimas) was the last Sejm (session of parliament) of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Grodno Sejm, held in autumn 1793 in Grodno, Grand Duchy of Lithuania (now Grodno, Belarus) is infamous because its deputies, bribed or coerced by the Russian Empire, passed the act of Second Partition of Poland. The Sejm started on 17 June and ended on 23 November 1793. It ratified the division of the country in a futile attempt to prevent its subsequent complete annexation two years later in the 1795 Third Partition of Poland.

Third Partition of Poland
The Third Partition of Poland (1795) was the last in a series of the Partitions of Poland–Lithuania and the land of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth among Prussia, the Habsburg monarchy, and the Russian Empire which effectively ended Polish–Lithuanian national sovereignty until 1918. The partition was the result of the Kościuszko Uprising and was followed by a number of Polish–Lithuanian uprisings during the period.
Solar eclipse of December 5, 2048
A total solar eclipse will occur at the Moon's ascending node of orbit on Saturday, December 5, 2048, with a magnitude of 1.044. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is greater than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide. Occurring about 16.5 hours before perigee (on December 6, 2048, at 8:00 UTC), the Moon's apparent diameter will be larger.

The path of totality will be visible from parts of Chile, Argentina, Namibia, and Botswana. A partial solar eclipse will also be visible for parts of southern and central South America, Antarctica, and Southern Africa.

Lunar node
A lunar node is either of the two orbital nodes of the Moon; that is, the two points at which the orbit of the Moon intersects the ecliptic. The ascending (or north) node is where the Moon moves into the northern ecliptic hemisphere, while the descending (or south) node is where the Moon enters the southern ecliptic hemisphere.

They are the reason for eclipse season, being the intersection necessary for the alignment of Sun, Earth and Moon.
Claude Hayes (artist)
Claude Hayes RI (1852 – 25 January 1922) was a British and Irish artist who specialised in landscape painting; he is especially remembered for his landscape watercolours, though he also painted many oils in the earlier part of his career.

Many of his oil paintings were of wintry scenes, whereas in watercolours he turned more to "open spaces with large expanses of sky and distance", which remained typical of his art throughout his life. He tended to concentrate on flat country, preferring English scenery. Animals and people were often included, but at a relatively small scale. Martin Hardie, who knew him well and greatly admired him, praises especially his "power of following broken ground into receding distance with able indication of form and colour values", and "his transparent use of fresh and untroubled colour", noting a "kinship with the Impressionists" in a work of 1912.

Royal Institute of Painters in Water Colours
The Royal Institute of Painters in Water Colours (RI), initially called the New Society of Painters in Water Colours, is one of the societies in the Federation of British Artists, based in the Mall Galleries in London.
Sunnah prayer
A Sunnah prayer (Arabic: صلاة السنة, romanized: Salāt as-Sunnah) is a type of optional or non-obligatory ritual prayer performed by Muslims in addition to the five daily obligatory prayers. These prayers are associated with the practices of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad and are considered commendable.

Rak'a
A Rak'a (Arabic: ركعة rakʿah, pronounced [ˈrakʕah] lit. "bow"; plural: ركعات rakaʿāt) is a single iteration of prescribed movements and supplications performed by Muslims as part of the prescribed obligatory prayer known as salah. Each of the five daily prayers observed by Muslims consists of a number of raka'at.
Anna Warburg
Anna Beata Warburg (27 December 1881, Stockholm — 8 June 1967, Netzer Sereni, Israel) was a Swedish-born Jewish kindergarten specialist who is remembered for her pioneering work both in Sweden and Germany. In 1896 she moved to Germany where she attended a course at the Pestalozzi-Fröbel Haus. Her interest in the Fröbel approach led to the establishment of a Fröbel kindergarten in Grängesberg, Sweden. During a further period in Germany, in 1911 she founded a kindergarten in Hamburg. On returning to Sweden in 1916, she helped found the Swedish Fröbel Foundation in 1918 before moving back to Germany where she ran the German Fröbel Federation until the Nazis rescinded her membership. Forced to leave Germany in 1938, she became an enthusiastic figure in the Swedish kindergarten movement. She and her husband spent their later years in Israel where she died in 1967.

Netzer Sereni
Netzer Sereni (Hebrew: נֵצֶר סֶרֶנִי) is a kibbutz in central Israel. Located in the Shephelah between Be'er Ya'akov and Ness Ziona, it falls under the jurisdiction of Gezer Regional Council. In 2023 it had a population of 1,083.
Nazikeda Kadın (consort of Abdul Hamid II)
Nazikeda Kadın (Turkish pronunciation: [nazik̟ʰeda kʰadɯn]; Ottoman Turkish: نازك ادا قادین; born Mediha Tsanba; c. 1848 – 11 April 1895; meaning 'One of delicate manners') was the first consort and chief consort (BaşKadin) of Sultan Abdul Hamid II of the Ottoman Empire.

Kadın (title)
Kadın (Ottoman Turkish: قادین) was the title given to the imperial consort of the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire towards the beginning of the seventeenth century. The title came into official usage at the end of the century, and remained in usage until the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
Queen's Crescent Market
Queen's Crescent Market is an outdoor street market held every Thursday and Saturday on Queen's Crescent in Kentish Town, Camden between the junction with Malden Road in the West and the junction with Grafton Road in the East.  Licences to trade are issued by Camden London Borough Council.

The market sells food, discounted clothing and a wide variety of household products. In 2011, the Camden Council database reported 77 sites.

Many traders run stalls that have been passed from generation to generation. This is in contrast to the much more recent and considerably more famous Camden markets nearby, which primarily attract tourists and those from other parts of London).

Aesthetically Queen's Crescent market is a mixture, with plain white houses sitting side by side with large council estates, some of which sit in landscaped grounds.

London Borough of Camden
The London Borough of Camden (/ˈkæmdən/ ⓘ) is a borough in Inner London, England. Camden Town Hall, on Euston Road, lies 1.4 mi (2.3 km) north of Charing Cross. The borough was established on 1 April 1965 from the former metropolitan boroughs of Holborn,  St Pancras and Hampstead.

To the south it shares with the City of Westminster parts of the West End, where it also borders the City of London. The cultural and commercial land uses in the south contrast with the bustling mixed-use districts such as Camden Town and Kentish Town in the centre and leafy residential areas around Hampstead Heath in the north. Well known attractions include The British Museum, The British Library, the famous views from Parliament Hill, the London Zoo, the BT Tower, the converted Roundhouse entertainment venue, and Camden Market. As of 2021 it has a population of 210,136. Politically, its local authority is Camden London Borough Council.
Kabardian Civil War (1562–1567)
The Kabardian Civil War (1562–1567) was a internal feudal conflict between the Pro-Muscovite Idarey Faction led by the famous Kabardian prince Temryuk Idar and the Pro-Ottoman/Crimean Pshiapshiqo faction led by Pshiapshiqo Qeytuqo allied with the Karachay-Balkar Biyarslan clan.

Crimean Khanate
The Crimean Khanate, self-defined as the Throne of Crimea and Desht-i Kipchak, and in old European historiography and geography known as Little Tartary, was a Crimean Tatar state existing from 1441 to 1783. Established by Hacı I Giray in 1441.

In 1783, violating the 1774 Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca (which had guaranteed non-interference of both Russia and the Ottoman Empire in the affairs of the Crimean Khanate), the Russian Empire annexed the khanate. Among the European powers, only France came out with an open protest against this act, due to the longstanding Franco-Ottoman alliance.
Jake Webster
Jake Ngapera Webster (born 29 October 1983) is a former New Zealand international rugby league footballer who last played as a centre for the Keighley Cougars in League 1.

He previously played as a centre and winger for the Melbourne Storm and Gold Coast Titans in the NRL, and as a centre and second-row forward for the Castleford Tigers and Hull Kingston Rovers in the Super League. Webster also played for the Bradford Bulls in the Championship.

Gold Coast Titans
The Gold Coast Titans are a professional rugby league football club, based on the Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. The club competes in the National Rugby League (NRL) premiership, Australia's elite rugby league competition. Since 2008, the Titans have played their home games at Robina Stadium in Robina. The Titans joined the NRL in 2007.

The Gold Coast Titans were the first national-level franchise from the Gold Coast region since the previous franchise, the Gold Coast-Tweed Giants / Gold Coast Seagulls / Gold Coast Chargers, which existed from 1988 to 1998.
Sound and language in Middle-earth
J. R. R. Tolkien was both a philologist and an author of high fantasy. He had a private theory that the sound of words was directly connected to their meaning, and that certain sounds were inherently beautiful. Scholars believe he intentionally chose words and names in his constructed Middle-earth languages to create feelings such as of beauty, longing, and strangeness. Tolkien stated that he wrote his stories to provide a setting for his languages, rather than the other way around. Tolkien constructed languages for the Elves to sound pleasant, and the Black Speech of the evil land of Mordor to sound harsh; poetry suitable for various peoples of his invented world of Middle-earth; and many place-names, chosen to convey the nature of each region. The theory is individual, but it was in the context of literary and artistic movements such as Vorticism, and earlier nonsense verse that stressed language and the sound of words, even when the words were apparently nonsense.

Nonsense verse
Nonsense verse is a form of nonsense literature usually employing strong prosodic elements like rhythm and rhyme. It is often whimsical and humorous in tone and employs some of the techniques of nonsense literature.

Limericks are probably the best known form of nonsense verse, although they tend nowadays to be used for straightforward humour, rather than having a nonsensical effect.

Among writers in English noted for nonsense verse are Edward Lear, Lewis Carroll, Mervyn Peake, Edward Gorey, Colin West, Dr. Seuss, and Spike Milligan. The Martian Poets and Ivor Cutler are considered by some to be in the nonsense tradition.