hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Automatic basis function construction
In machine learning, automatic basis function construction, also known as basis discovery, is a technique that finds a set of general-purpose (task-independent) basis functions to simplify complex data (state space) into a smaller, manageable form (lower-dimensional embedding) while accurately capturing the value function. Unlike methods relying on expert-designed functions, this approach works without prior knowledge of the specific problem area (domain), making it effective in situations where creating tailored basis functions is challenging or impractical.

State space (computer science)
In computer science, a state space is a discrete space representing the set of all possible configurations of a system. It is a useful abstraction for reasoning about the behavior of a given system and is widely used in the fields of artificial intelligence and game theory.

For instance, the toy problem Vacuum World has a discrete finite state space in which there are a limited set of configurations that the vacuum and dirt can be in. A "counter" system, where states are the natural numbers starting at 1 and are incremented over time has an infinite discrete state space. The angular position of an undamped pendulum is a continuous (and therefore infinite) state space.
Duncan Webb
Duncan Alexander Webb (born 1967) is a New Zealand politician, lawyer and academic. He was a law professor at the University of Canterbury from 2000 to 2008, then became a partner at law firm Lane Neave. He was elected as a member of the New Zealand House of Representatives for Christchurch Central, representing the Labour Party, in the 2017 general election.

He was Chief Government Whip, Minister of Commerce and Consumer Affairs and Minister for State Owned Enterprises in the Sixth Labour Government.

Minister of Commerce and Consumer Affairs
The Minister of Commerce and Consumer Affairs is a minister in the New Zealand Government with the responsibilities including corporate law and governance, financial markets, competition policy, consumer policy, protecting intellectual property, and trade policy and international regulatory cooperation, most of which is administered by the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment. The position was established as Minister of Commerce in 1987 and superseded the previous office of Minister of Trade and Industry.

Starting from October 2014, the position was combined with the now-disestablished Minister of Consumer Affairs.

The present Minister is Scott Simpson.
Artichoke (company)
Artichoke, also known as the Artichoke Trust, is a London-based British company and registered charitable trust that stages arts spectacles and live events.  It was founded in 2005 by Helen Marriage, former director of the Salisbury International Arts Festival, and Nicky Webb.

Salisbury International Arts Festival
Salisbury International Arts Festival (founded in 1974) is an annual multi-arts festival that delivers over 150 arts events each year in and around the city of Salisbury, England. Events include concerts, comedy, poetry, dance, exhibitions, outdoor spectacles, and commissioned works.

The festival makes use of the surrounding landscape, hosting events in settings including the ancient circles of Stonehenge, Old Wardour Castle, the Wiltshire chalk downs, and Salisbury Cathedral. Every four years a new director is chosen to deliver the annual festival.

In 2018 the festival organisers amalgamated with Salisbury Playhouse and Salisbury Arts Centre to form Wiltshire Creative.
Reductive amination
Reductive amination (also known as reductive alkylation) is a form of amination that converts a carbonyl group to an amine via an intermediate imine. The carbonyl group is most commonly a ketone or an aldehyde. It is a common method to make amines and is widely used in green chemistry since it can be done catalytically in one-pot under mild conditions. In biochemistry, dehydrogenase enzymes use reductive amination to produce the amino acid glutamate. Additionally, there is ongoing research on alternative synthesis mechanisms with various metal catalysts which allow the reaction to be less energy taxing, and require milder reaction conditions. Investigation into biocatalysts, such as imine reductases, have allowed for higher selectivity in the reduction of chiral amines which is an important factor in pharmaceutical synthesis.

Ketone
In organic chemistry, a ketone /ˈkiːtoʊn/ is an organic compound with the structure R−C(=O)−R', where R and R' can be a variety of carbon-containing substituents. Ketones contain a carbonyl group −C(=O)− (a carbon-oxygen double bond C=O). A ketone derived from an alkane is an alkanone. The simplest ketone is acetone (where R and R' are methyl), with the formula (CH3)2CO. Many ketones are of great importance in biology and industry. Examples include many sugars (ketoses), many steroids, e.g., testosterone, and the solvent acetone.
Texas State Highway 90
State Highway 90 (SH 90) is a state highway that runs 42 miles (68 km) between  Madisonville, Texas and Navasota.  It was originally designated by 1933 along its current route, except that it extended southwest from Navasota to Brenham.  This section was transferred to SH 105 in 1973.

Madisonville, Texas
Madisonville is a city in and the county seat of Madison County, Texas, United States. The population was 4,420 at the 2020 census. Both the City of Madisonville and the County of Madison were named for U.S. President James Madison, the fourth chief executive.
True Story (song)
"True Story" is a song by American singer-songwriter Ariana Grande from her seventh studio album, Eternal Sunshine (2024). It was released on March 8, 2024, through Republic Records, as the seventh track from the album. It was written and produced by Grande and Max Martin, with Ilya receiving production credits as well. An a cappella version was included on the "Slightly Deluxe" edition of Eternal Sunshine. However, this version is not included on the "Slight Deluxe and Also Live" version of the album, being replaced by the remix of "The Boy Is Mine" with Brandy and Monica.

Ilya Salmanzadeh
Ilya Salmanzadeh (Persian: ایلیا سلمان‌زاده; /sɑːlmənˈzɑːdə/; born 19 September 1986), known mononymously as Ilya, is an Iranian-born Swedish songwriter, producer, and singer. He rose to prominence outside of Sweden after co-writing and producing Ariana Grande's hit single "Problem" for her second studio album My Everything (2014). He is a six-time Grammy Awards nominee, including three nominations for Album of the Year: Thank U, Next (2020), Justice (Triple Chucks Deluxe) (2022), Special (2023).
Moses Gate Country Park
Moses Gate Country Park, part of which is also known as Crompton Lodges, (National Grid Ref: SD 749063) is a 750 acre (300 hectare) site situated at Moses Gate in the Croal and Irwell Valleys 3 miles (4.8 km) south of Bolton town centre on the A6053 road which connects Farnworth to Little Lever. It is a Local Nature Reserve.

Local nature reserve
Local nature reserve (LNR) is a statutory designation for certain nature reserves in Great Britain. The Wild Life Conservation Special Committee established them and proposed a national suite of protected areas comprising national nature reserves, conservation areas (which incorporated suggestions for Sites of Special Scientific Interest), national parks, geological monuments, local nature reserves and local educational nature reserves.

There are now over 1,280 LNRs in England, covering almost 40,000 hectares, which range from windswept coastal headlands and ancient woodlands to former inner city railways and long abandoned landfill sites.
Bodycote
Bodycote plc is a supplier of heat treatments, metal joining, hot isostatic pressing and coatings services. Based in Macclesfield, United Kingdom, it is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 250 Index.

Heat treating
Heat treating (or heat treatment) is a group of industrial, thermal and metalworking processes used to alter the physical, and sometimes chemical properties of a material. The most common application is metallurgical. Heat treatments are also used in the manufacture of many other materials, such as glass. Heat treatment involves the use of heating or chilling, normally to extreme temperatures, to achieve the desired result, such as the softening or hardening of a material. Heat treatment techniques include annealing, case hardening, precipitation strengthening, tempering, carburizing, normalizing and quenching. Although the term heat treatment applies only to processes where the heating and cooling are done for the specific purpose of altering properties intentionally, heating and cooling often occur incidentally during other manufacturing processes, such as hot forming or welding.
Health Utilities Index
The Health Utilities Index (HUI) is a rating scale used to measure general health status and health-related quality of life (HRQoL).  HUI questionnaires are designed to map onto two classification systems, HUI-2 and HUI-3, capable of measuring 24,000 and 972,000 unique health states, respectively.  HUI classifications measure a range of health domains with examples including sensation, mobility, pain, cognition, ambulation, and emotion.  Health utility values are commonly produced using HUI as a component of the quality-adjusted life years (QALY) calculation used in population health and economics.

Quality-adjusted life year
The quality-adjusted life year (QALY) is a generic measure of disease burden, including both the quality and the quantity of life lived. It is used in economic evaluation to assess the value of medical interventions. One QALY equates to one year in perfect health. QALY scores range from 1 (perfect health) to 0 (dead). QALYs can be used to inform health insurance coverage determinations, treatment decisions, to evaluate programs, and to set priorities for future programs.

Critics argue that the QALY oversimplifies how actual patients would assess risks and outcomes, and that its use may restrict patients with disabilities from accessing treatment. Proponents of the measure acknowledge that the QALY has some shortcomings, but that its ability to quantify tradeoffs and opportunity costs from the patient, and societal perspective make it a critical tool for equitably allocating resources.
Jump, South Yorkshire
Jump is a village in the metropolitan borough of Barnsley in South Yorkshire, England.
It is north-east of Hoyland, separated from it by the Jump Valley, through which a stream runs.

Until 1974, Jump was part of the Wombwell Urban District,  in the West Riding of Yorkshire. Jump came under the Hoyland STD dialling code area 022 674 until around 1980.

Hoyland
Hoyland is a town in the Metropolitan Borough of Barnsley in South Yorkshire, England.

The town has also been known as Nether Hoyland. When the urban district council was formed the name used was Hoyland Nether Urban District Council.  Hoyland Nether comprised the town of  Hoyland, Hoyland Common, Upper Hoyland, Elsecar, Milton, Platts Common and Wentworth.

Hoyland is part of the Metropolitan Borough of Barnsley in the metropolitan county of South Yorkshire, but it lies within the historic boundaries of the West Riding of Yorkshire. In 2001 it had a population of 15,497. At the 2011 Census the appropriate ward (Hoyland Milton) had a population of 11,852.

The name Hoyland derives from Old Norse meaning 'land on a hill spur'.

There is a Høyland in Norway also, The first element meaning "high" or "tall". The last element is land which means "land" or "district".
Typothorax
Typothorax is an extinct genus of typothoracine aetosaur that lived in the Late Triassic. Its remains have been found in North America. Two species are known: T. coccinarum, the type species, and T. antiquum.

Aetosaurinae
Aetosaurinae is one of the two main clades of aetosaurs, the other being Desmatosuchia. It is a stem-based taxon defined as all aetosaurs more closely related to Aetosaurus than Desmatosuchus. Aetosaurinae currently comprises Aetosaurus, similar forms such as Coahomasuchus and Stenomyti, and the widespread and successful aetosaur clade Typothoracinae.
My Boy Lollipop (album)
My Boy Lollipop was the first album for Jamaican singer Millie Small and her only album for Smash Records. The title track has been credited by NME with sparking the popularity of reggae and ska, as well as opening doors for other genres of  Jamaican music on the global stage.

The album peaked at No. 132 on the Billboard 200 on Aug. 29, 1964. The album spawned two hits on the Billboard Hot 100 that same year: "My Boy Lollipop," peaked at No. 2 on the on July 4th, and “Sweet William” peaked at No. 40 on Sept. 5th. The single "Don't You Know" did not chart.

My Boy Lollipop
"My Boy Lollipop" (originally "My Girl Lollypop") is a song written in the mid-1950s by Robert Spencer of the doo-wop group The Cadillacs, and usually credited to Spencer, Morris Levy, and Johnny Roberts. It was first recorded in 1956 by American singer Barbie Gaye under the title "My Boy Lollypop". A later version recorded by Jamaican singer Millie Small in 1964, with very similar rhythm, became an international hit that time and is one of the first songs to introduce ska music.
Berberism
Berberism is a Berber ethnonationalist movement that started in Kabylia in Algeria during the French colonial era with the Kabyle myth, largely driven by colonial capitalism and France's divide and conquer policy. The Berberist movement originally manifested itself as anti-Arab racism, Islamophobia, and Francophilia, that was sanctioned and sponsored by French colonial authorities. The movement later spread to other Berber communities in the Maghreb region of North Africa and was facilitated by colonial policies such as the Berber Dahir in Morocco. The Berberist movement in Algeria and Morocco is in opposition to cultural Arabization, pan-Arabism, and Islamism. Some Berberist movements, particularly those in the diaspora such as MAK, may pursue separatist agendas aimed at secession from Maghrebi states.

Divide and conquer
The term divide and conquer in politics refers to an entity gaining and maintaining political power by using divisive measures. This includes the exploitation of existing divisions within a political group by its political opponents, and also the deliberate creation or strengthening of such divisions.
Asbjørn Midtgaard
Asbjørn Engelhardt Midtgaard (born 20 September 1997) is a Danish professional basketball player. He last played for the Antwerp Giants of the BNXT League. He played college basketball for the Wichita State Shockers and the Grand Canyon Antelopes.

Grand Canyon Antelopes men's basketball
The Grand Canyon Antelopes men's basketball team represents Grand Canyon University in Phoenix, Arizona. They are a member of the Mountain West Conference. They are led by head coach Bryce Drew and play their home games at Global Credit Union Arena. They made the jump to NCAA Division I and joined the WAC on July 1, 2013. And then joined the Mountain West on July 8, 2025, one year earlier than their expected 2026 departure.

During their time as a member of the NAIA, they were national champions in 1975, 1978, and 1988. Since joining Division I in 2013–14, the Antelopes have appeared four times in the NCAA Tournament, most recently in 2025.
Geoff Hoon
Geoffrey William Hoon (born 6 December 1953) is a British former politician who served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Ashfield in Nottinghamshire from 1992 to 2010 for the Labour Party. He is a former Defence Secretary, Transport Secretary, Leader of the House of Commons and Government Chief Whip.

He had previously been a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for Derbyshire from 1984 to 1994.

Secretary of State for Transport
The secretary of state for transport, also referred to as the transport secretary, is a secretary of state in the Government of the United Kingdom, with overall responsibility for the policies of the Department for Transport. The incumbent is a member of the Cabinet of the United Kingdom.

The office holder works alongside the other transport ministers. The corresponding shadow minister is the shadow secretary of state for transport, and the secretary of state is also scrutinised by the Transport Select Committee.

The position of secretary of state for transport is held by Heidi Alexander, who was appointed by Keir Starmer following the resignation of Louise Haigh.
Rima Rima
Rima Rima (Quechua rima speaking, rima rima a flower (Ranunculus weberbaueri syn. Krapfia weberbaueri)), is a 5,248-metre-high (17,218 ft) mountain in the Cordillera Blanca in the Andes of Peru. It is situated in the Ancash Region, Huaraz Province, Independencia District, northeast of Huaraz (Waras). Rima Rima lies southeast of Wallunarahu, on the ridge southwest of Ranrapallqa.

Ranrapallqa (in the distance), Rima Rima, Churup (middle, left), Qullapaqu and Wamashrahu as seen from Huaraz

Ranrapalca
Ranrapalca (possibly from Quechua ranra stony, pallqa bifurcation, division into two parts) is a mountain in the Cordillera Blanca range in the Andes of Peru. It has an elevation of 6,162 m (20,217 ft). It is located in the region of Ancash, east of Ocshapalca. Its territory is within Huascarán National Park, province of Huaraz, within the territory of the local communes Independencia and Tarica.
Rally 'round the flag effect
The rally 'round the flag effect, also referred to as the rally 'round the flag syndrome, is a concept used in political science and international relations to explain increased short-run popular support of a country's government or political leaders during periods of international crisis or war. Because the effect can reduce criticism of governmental policies, it can be seen as a factor of diversionary foreign policy.

International crisis
The term international crisis is a widespread term without a single common definition.   To some, it involves "a sequence of interactions between the governments of two or more sovereign states in severe conflict, short of actual war, but involving the perception of a dangerously high probability of war".
Krishna Chandra Singh Pradhan
Krishna Chandra Singh Pradhan (Nepali: कृष्णचन्द्रसिंह प्रधान; 1925–2010) was a famous litterateur and critic of Nepal. He received the prestigious Madan Puraskar for Kavi Vyathit ra Kavya Sadhana, a literary criticism on Kedar Man Vyathit in 1958.

Madan Puraskar
The Madan Puraskar (Nepali: मदन पुरस्कार) is a literary honor in Nepal which Madan Puraskar Guthi confers annually for an outstanding book in the Nepali language published within the calendar year. It is considered as the most prestigious literature award in Nepal. It is awarded on the day of Ghatasthapana every year alongside Jagadamba Shree Puraskar.
Xiguayuan Formation
The Xiguayuan Formation is an Early Cretaceous (Barremian) geologic formation in Hebei Province of China. Fossil ornithopod tracks have been reported from the formation. It was deposited in a shallow lacustrine setting and is noted for its hyperpycnite facies.

Ornithopoda
Ornithopoda (/ˌɔːrnəˈθɒpədə/) is a clade of ornithischian dinosaurs, called ornithopods (/ˈɔːrnəθəˌpɒdz, ɔːrˈnɪθ-/). They represent one of the most successful groups of herbivorous dinosaurs during the Cretaceous. The most primitive members of the group were bipedal and relatively small-sized, while advanced members of the subgroup Iguanodontia became quadrupedal and developed large body size. Their major evolutionary advantage was the progressive development of a chewing apparatus that became the most sophisticated ever developed by a non-avian dinosaur, rivaling that of modern mammals such as the domestic cow. They reached their apex of diversity and ecological dominance in the hadrosaurids (colloquially known as 'duck-bills'), before they were wiped out by the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event along with all other non-avian dinosaurs. Members are known worldwide.
Scott Armstrong (wrestler)
Joseph Scott James (born May 4, 1961) is an American wrestling referee producer, former referee and retired professional wrestler better known as Scott Armstrong, who is currently signed to Diamond Championship Wrestling. He worked for WWE. James is the oldest son of Bob Armstrong and has three brothers who became wrestlers, Brad, Steve and Brian.

Bunkhouse Buck
James "Jimmy" Golden (born August 1, 1950) is an American retired professional wrestler. He is best known for his tenure with World Championship Wrestling (WCW) under the ring name Bunkhouse Buck. He also appeared in WWE as Jack Swagger Sr.

A member of the Golden wrestling family, he is the son of Billy Golden and the father of Bobby Golden. Golden's cousins are Robert and Ron Fuller, and he is the uncle of Eddie and Evan Golden. His grandfather is Roy Welch and his uncle is Buddy Fuller.
Front Mission Evolved
Front Mission Evolved is a third-person shooter video game developed by Double Helix Games and published by Square Enix. Unlike previous Front Mission titles which have a tactical role-playing game structure, players engage in combat in real time on 3D maps using giant robotic weapons of war known as "Wanzers." The game also features a single player story mode and several multiplayer combat modes with up to eight players.

The game features a story reboot of the Front Mission series and deals with the rising tensions in the late 22nd century between global powers utilizing orbital elevators to expand their reach into space. The story begins as one state's elevator is attacked by parties unknown.

The game received mixed reviews, with critics finding the gameplay to be unpolished and the story to be generic.

Third-person shooter
Third-person shooter (TPS) is a subgenre of 3D shooter games in which the gameplay consists primarily of shooting. It is closely related to first-person shooters, but with the player character visible on-screen during play. While 2D shoot 'em up games also employ a third-person perspective, the TPS genre is distinguished by having the game presented with the player's avatar as a primary focus of the camera's view.
Kurt Okraku
Kurt Edwin Simon Okraku (born June 1, 1971) is a Ghanaian football administrator who has served as the President of the Ghana Football Association since October 2019. He is a former sports journalist and past Executive chairman of Dreams. He also served on various executive committees of the Ghana Football Association as well as the national team, the Ghana Black Stars.

Ghana national football team
The Ghana national football team represents Ghana in men's international football. The team is named the Black Stars after the Black Star of Africa in the flag of Ghana. It is governed by the Ghana Football Association, the governing body for football in Ghana. Prior to 1957, it played as the Gold Coast.

Ghana qualified for the FIFA World Cup for the first time in 2006. The team has won the Africa Cup of Nations four times (1963, 1965, 1978, and 1982), while finishing as runners-up five times (1968, 1970, 1992, 2010, and 2015). They have also qualified for the CHAN four times, finishing as runners-up twice (2009 and 2014).

In 2009, Ghana achieved a historic milestone by becoming the first African nation to win the FIFA U-20 World Cup, defeating Brazil in the final in Egypt.

As at November 20, 2025, Ghana ranked 72nd in the world and 17th among African football nations.