hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Protocol data unit
In telecommunications, a protocol data unit (PDU) is a single unit of information transmitted among peer entities of a computer network. It is composed of protocol-specific control information and user data. In the layered architectures of communication protocol stacks, each layer implements protocols tailored to the specific type or mode of data exchange.

For example, the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) implements a connection-oriented transfer mode, and the PDU of this protocol is called a segment, while the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) uses datagrams as protocol data units for connectionless communication. A layer lower in the Internet protocol suite, at the Internet layer, the PDU is called a packet, irrespective of its payload type.

Internet layer
The internet layer is a group of internetworking methods, protocols, and specifications in the Internet protocol suite that are used to transport network packets from the originating host across network boundaries; if necessary, to the destination host specified by an IP address. The internet layer derives its name from its function facilitating internetworking, which is the concept of connecting multiple networks with each other through gateways.

The internet layer does not include the protocols that fulfill the purpose of maintaining link states between the local nodes and that usually use protocols that are based on the framing of packets specific to the link types. Such protocols belong to the link layer. Internet-layer protocols use IP-based packets.

A common design aspect in the internet layer is the robustness principle: "Be liberal in what you accept, and conservative in what you send" as a misbehaving host can deny Internet service to many other users.
Aman Singh
Aman Singh is a Canadian politician who represented the electoral district of Richmond-Queensborough in the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia from 2020 until 2024, as a member of the British Columbia New Democratic Party. He is the first turban-wearing Sikh to be elected Member of the Legislative Assembly in BC.

Richmond-Queensborough
Richmond-Queensborough is a provincial electoral district for the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia, Canada. It was created in the 2015 redistribution from parts of Richmond East and New Westminster. It was first contested in the 2017 election.
Atlético Chiapas
Club Atlético Chiapas was a Mexican football club based in Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas. The club played in the Liga de Nuevos Talentos of the Segunda División de México and played their home team match games in the Estadio Víctor Manuel Reyna. The club was dissolved on July 19, 2015.

Jaguares F.C.
Jaguares Fútbol Club, simplified as Jaguares FC, is a Mexican professional football club based in Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas. It competes in Liga Premier, the third level division of Mexican football, and plays its home  matches at the Estadio Victor Manuel Reyna. Founded in 2002 as Jaguares de Chiapas Fútbol Club, the club changed its name to Chiapas Fútbol Club in 2013. The San Luis franchise was moved to Tuxtla Gutiérrez, after the original Jaguares franchise was moved to Querétaro in 2013. The club was disaffiliated and dissolved after its relegation in 2017, and refounded in 2024 under its current name.
HIOC
HIOC is a small-molecule agent which acts as a selective TrkB receptor agonist (active at at least 100 nM; prominent activation at 500 nM). It was derived from N-acetylserotonin (NAS). Relative to NAS, HIOC possesses greater potency and a longer half-life (~30 min or less for NAS in rats, while HIOC is still detectable up to 24 hours after administration to mice; ~4 hour half-life for HIOC in mouse brain tissues). It is described as producing long-lasting activation of the TrkB receptor and downstream signaling kinases associated with the receptor. HIOC is systemically active and is able to penetrate the blood-brain-barrier. In animal studies, HIOC was found to robustly protect against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity, an action which was TrkB-dependent.

A chemical synthesis of HIOC was published in 2015.

N-Acetylserotonin
N-Acetylserotonin (NAS), also known as normelatonin, is a naturally occurring chemical intermediate in the endogenous production of melatonin from serotonin. It also has biological activity in its own right, including acting as a melatonin receptor agonist, an agonist of the TrkB, and having antioxidant effects.
Rag paper
Rag paper is a category of paper that is made from a pulp of discarded textiles, rope and other fibre products. Rag paper in its various forms was a widely-used paper for most of the past two millennia. Production spread along the Silk Road from its early 2nd-century origin in China to the Islamic world by the 8th century. It was introduced into Christian Europe by the 12th century, and western Europe came to dominate rag production up until the mid-19th century, when rag paper was displaced in favour of far more cost-efficient pulpwood acidic paper.

Rag paper is valued today as a specialty paper for its archival quality and tear resistance compared to wood pulp paper. Modern rag paper is often cotton paper, made from cotton linters, with a usual pH of 6.4 and degree of polymerization of 1481.2.

Acidic paper
Acidic paper is paper which was manufactured using acidic substances. Widely used since the mid-nineteenth century, its pages become yellow within years, extremely brittle over decades, and eventually unreadable in the library and archive collections intended to preserve them. This process has been called slow fire.
Museum of Lands, Mapping and Surveying
The Museum of Lands, Mapping and Surveying is a museum at 317 Edward Street, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It collects and exhibits material relating to the surveying of Queensland and the maps created.  It is a sub-branch of the Queensland Museum. It actively digitises and makes available historic maps and aerial imagery under open licences.

Edward Street, Brisbane
Edward Street is a busy thoroughfare in the Brisbane central business district, Queensland, Australia.  It is a one-way street located between Albert Street and Creek Street, and runs from Upper Edward Street to Alice Street. It is named after Edward VII of the United Kingdom.

A number of prominent Brisbane landmarks are situated on Edward Street. The Central Station, the Queen Street Mall, the Metro Arts Theatre and the City Botanic Gardens can be accessed from Edward Street.

A number of Brisbane CBD shopping centres have entrances from Edward Street. These include QueensPlaza, Wintergarden, MacArthur Central, ANZAC Square Arcade and Rowes Arcade.
1997 Sydney International – Women's doubles
Lindsay Davenport and Mary Joe Fernandez were the defending champions but they competed with different partners that year, Davenport with Natasha Zvereva and Fernandez with Katrina Adams.

Adams and Fernandez lost in the quarterfinals to Sabine Appelmans and Miriam Oremans.

Davenport and Zvereva lost in the final 6–3, 6–1 against Gigi Fernández and Arantxa Sánchez Vicario.

Lindsay Davenport
Lindsay Ann Davenport Leach (born June 8, 1976) is an American former professional tennis player. She was ranked as the world No. 1 in women's singles by the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) for 98 weeks (including as the year-end No. 1 four times), and as the world No. 1 in women's doubles for 32 weeks. Davenport won 55 WTA Tour-level singles titles, including three majors (the 1998 US Open, 1999 Wimbledon Championships, and 2000 Australian Open), the gold medal at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics, and the 1999 Tour Finals. She also won 38 doubles titles, including three majors (the 1996 French Open, 1997 US Open, and the 1999 Wimbledon Championships) and three consecutive Tour Finals.

In 2005, TENNIS Magazine ranked Davenport as the 29th-greatest player (male or female) of the preceding 40 years. She amassed career-earnings of US$22,166,338; formerly first in the all-time rankings. Davenport was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 2014.
2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election
Legislative Assembly elections were held in Delhi on 29 November 2008 to elect 70 members of the Delhi Legislative Assembly. The voter turnout for the election was 57.60% an increase by 4.18% than the previous election in 2003.
The Indian National Congress won the election comfortably winning 43 of the 70 seats, while the opposition Bharatiya Janata Party managed to win 23 seats. Sheila Dikshit of the Indian National Congress was sworn in as the Chief Minister for the third consecutive time.

2003 Delhi Legislative Assembly election
The Delhi state assembly elections 2003 were elections for the Legislative Assembly of Delhi held on 1 December 2003 with the results declared on 4 December.  The Indian National Congress retained control of the Legislative Assembly. Of the 70 elected legislators 63 were men and 7 women.
John B. Yale
John Brooks Yale (1845 – 1904) was an American telegraph and railroad entrepreneur, treasurer of the Yale Lock Company. He was an early founder and secretary-treasurer of the Bankers and Merchants Telegraph Company, competing against financier Jay Gould, the robber baron of the Western Union. They operated over 400 offices, and controlled about 100,000 miles of wiring across the country, including lines of the Chicago Board of Trade and the New York Stock Exchange.

Yale's company would be bankrupted by Gould's schemes, and be acquired by industrialist John W. Mackay, one of the Bonanza Kings, and be merged with the Postcal Telegraph Co.. Yale was also the son of Yale lock inventor Linus Yale Jr., and the son-in-law of millionaire Hugh McCulloch, the last U.S. Treasury Secretary of Abraham Lincoln.

Bonanza Kings
The Bonanza Kings, also called the Silver Kings, was a nickname given to the four men who started a stock brokerage called Flood and O'Brien, more commonly known as the Bonanza Firm. Bonanza is a Spanish term meaning "rich ore body"; in 1873, after gaining control of the Consolidated Virginia Mining Company, they discovered a large vertical ore body more than 1,200 feet deep which became known as the "big bonanza".
The Legend of Robert the Doll
The Legend of Robert the Doll (also known as The Revenge of Robert the Doll) is a 2018 British supernatural horror film written and directed by Andrew Jones. The film is a direct sequel to The Toymaker (2017), taking place before the events of Robert, and is the fourth installment in the Robert the Doll film series. It stars Lee Bane, Harriet Rees, Judith Haley, Eloise Juryeff and Gareth Lawrence.

Robert (film)
Robert (also known as Robert the Doll) is a 2015 British horror film written and directed by Andrew Jones. The first instalment in the Robert the Doll film series, it stars Suzie Frances Garton, Lee Bane, Flynn Allen, Judith Haley and Megan Lockhurst. The film was inspired by a haunted doll named Robert.
South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests
The South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests is an ecoregion in the Western Ghats of southern India with tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests. This biome covers the Nilgiri Hills between elevation of 250 and 1,000 m (820 and 3,280 ft) in Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu states.

South Western Ghats montane rain forests
The South Western Ghats montane rain forests is an ecoregion in South India, covering the southern portion of the Western Ghats in Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu at elevations from 1,000 to 2,695 m (3,281 to 8,842 ft). Annual rainfall in this ecoregion exceeds 2,800 mm (110 in).
Apdaly Lopez
Carlos "Apdaly" Lopez (born December 2, 1994) is an off-road racing driver from Tecate, Baja California. Lopez won the gold medal in the Stadium Super Trucks class at the X Games Austin 2014. His father, Juan Carlos Lopez, is also a professional off-road racer.

X Games Austin 2014
X Games Austin 2014 was an action sporting event that took place over June 5–8, 2014, at the Circuit of the Americas in Austin, Texas.

While the Summer X Games in past years was typically held in California, this was the first full X Games event to be held in the state of Texas; in 2003, a special "Global Championships" event was held in San Antonio, Texas.  The games were originally announced to be held on May 15–18, but were slipped to the next month, the reason given by ESPN was for a more favorable broadcast window.

X Games Austin gained a 4-day attendance of 160,000 and an all-time total of 5,069,115. It was also announced on the ESPN broadcast that next year's X Games will again be hosted in Austin, Texas and that a new event, Moto X Flat Track will make its debut.
Ryūshi Yanagisawa
Ryūshi Yanagisawa (柳澤 龍志, born June 22, 1972) is a Japanese professional wrestler, mixed martial artist and kickboxer. His real name is Atsushi Yanagisawa (柳澤 敦史). As a martial artist, he competed in K-1, Pancrase Hybrid Wrestling (Pancrase) and Fighting Network RINGS. As a professional wrestler he competed in New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) and Inoki Genome Federation (IGF).

Inoki Genome Federation
The Inoki Genome Federation (イノキ・ゲノム・フェデレーション, Inoki Genomu Federēshon) (IGF), also known in China as International Glory Fighting, was a Japanese professional wrestling and mixed martial arts promotion founded by Antonio Inoki in 2007.
Miss Earth 2024
Miss Earth 2024 was the 24th edition of the Miss Earth pageant, held at the Okada Manila, in Parañaque, Metro Manila, Philippines, on November 9, 2024.

Drita Ziri of Albania crowned Jessica Lane of Australia as her successor at the end of the event, marking their first victory in the pageant. This win makes Australia the sixth country overall and the first from the oceanic region to win all of the Big Four beauty pageants.

Meanwhile, Lane's elemental court includes Iceland's Hrafnhildur Haraldsdóttir as Miss Earth Air, United States's Bea Millan-Windorski as Miss Earth Water, and Peru's Niva Antezana as Miss Earth Fire.

Drita Ziri
Drita Ziri (born 26 May 2005) is an Albanian beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss Earth 2023. She is the first Albanian to win the Miss Earth title and to win one of the Big Four beauty pageants. Winning the title at 18 years and 210 days, she became the youngest winner of Miss Earth.
Collider (Cartel album)
Collider is the fourth studio album by American rock band Cartel. In 2008 Cartel left Epic to sign with Wind-Up. Following this the group released Cycles (2009). Bassist Jeff Lett left to focus on school, and the band parted ways with Wind-Up. In October 2011 the group self-released In Stereo. The band called the idea of self-releasing music as "experiment[al]". Following a tour with Set Your Goals in March and April 2012 the group started writing new material. In August, the band started recording, and they finished in January 2013. The album was produced by vocalist Will Pugh and guitarist Joseph Pepper. After making a few songs available for streaming, the album was self-released on March 26, 2013. It charted at number 141 on the Billboard 200 chart. To support the album, the band toured the U.S. and the UK alongside New Found Glory, State Champs, Kids in Glass Houses and Mayday Parade.

State Champs
State Champs is an American pop-punk band from Albany, New York, formed in 2010. They are currently signed to Pure Noise Records and have released three EPs and five full-length albums. Their 2013 debut album The Finer Things debuted at number 2 on the Billboard Heatseekers Albums chart. They released an acoustic EP titled The Acoustic Things in October 2014 and their second studio album Around the World and Back one year later, in October 2015. In May 2017, they released a deluxe version of the album. Their third album, Living Proof, was released in 2018. In May 2022, the band released their fourth studio album, Kings of the New Age. In November 2024, their self-titled fifth album was released.
Cruel World
Cruel World is a 2005 American independent splatter/comedy horror film starring Edward Furlong, Laura Ramsey, Daniel Franzese, Nate Parker, Brian Geraghty, and Jaime Pressly. It tells the story of a psychotic man who loses a reality game show and subsequently kills the host where he then the house where the show took place to film his own reality show where the losers are killed rather than being sent home. The killings are done in serial killer style, and filmed as snuff films. The film combines elements of a typical slasher film with elements of reality television.

The film was met with negative reviews.

Jaime Pressly
Jaime Elizabeth Pressly (born July 30, 1977) is an American actress and model. Known for her role as Joy Turner on the NBC sitcom My Name Is Earl (2005–2009), she won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series and garnered nominations for a Golden Globe Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award. She has appeared in such films as Can't Hardly Wait (1998), Inferno (1999), Not Another Teen Movie (2001), The Karate Dog (2004), and I Love You, Man (2009). For her portrayal of Jill Kendall on the CBS sitcom Mom (2014–2021), she was nominated for the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series.
Violet Horner
Violet Horner (1892 – 1970) was an American silent film actress. She had several starring roles including in one of the Lena Rivers films (based on the Mary Jane Holmes novel) released in 1914 and a series of films made with Billy Quirk for Gem Motion Picture Company including Billy's Adventure.

Her father was an engineer and she spent some of her youth living with him in Brazil. She began her career in theater.

She worked for IMP and Fox Film studios.

Gem Motion Picture Company
Gem Motion Picture Company was an American silent-era film studio. It was co-founded by filmmaker Stanner E.V. Taylor and his wife, actress Marion Leonard in 1911. After management issues, the company evolved to primarily act as a producer of short comedies starring Billy Quirk.
Battle of Tetovo
The Battle of Tetovo (Macedonian: Битка за Тетово, romanized: Bitka za Tetovo, Albanian: Beteja e Tetovës), that lasted from March to August 2001, was the largest engagement during the 2001 insurgency in Macedonia, in which Macedonian security forces battled the National Liberation Army (NLA) for control of the city.

Ohrid Agreement (2001)
The Ohrid Framework Agreement (Macedonian: Охридски рамковен договор, romanized: Ohridski ramkoven dogovor, Albanian: Marrëveshja e Ohrit) was the peace deal signed by the government of the Republic of Macedonia (now North Macedonia) and representatives of the Albanian minority on 13 August 2001. The agreement was signed by the country's four political parties after international mediators demanded their commitment to its ratification and implementation within a four-year period.
N37 road (Belgium)
The N37 is a regional road in Belgium that connects Aalter in East Flanders to Ieper (Ypres) in West Flanders. It serves as an important route for both commuters and freight traffic, passing through towns such as Tielt, Pittem, Ardooie, and Ruiselede.

Ruiselede
Ruiselede (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈrœysəˌleːdə]; West Flemish: Ruuslee; historically Ruysselede) is a former municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders. This town only comprises the town of Ruiselede proper. On January 1, 2006, Ruiselede had a total population of 5,113. The total area is 30.20 km2 which gives a population density of 169 inhabitants per km2.

Ruiselede was the location of a coastal radio site. From 1923 to 1940 it had a VLF aerial. On 30 December 1933, the mast was demolished when an aircraft collided with it.
Moncouche River
The Moncouche River (French: rivière Moncouche) is a tributary of the east bank of the Métabetchouane River, crossing the Laurentides Wildlife Reserve, flowing in the province from Quebec, to Canada. The course of this river crosses the:

unorganized territory of Belle-Rivière, in the Lac-Saint-Jean-Est Regional County Municipality, in the administrative region of Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean;

unorganized territory of Lac-Jacques-Cartier, in the MRC of La Côte-de-Beaupré Regional County Municipality, in the administrative region of Capitale-Nationale.

Forestry is the main economic activity in this valley; recreational tourism, second.

The surface of the Moncouche River (except the rapids zones) is usually frozen from the end of November to the beginning of April, however the safe circulation on the ice is generally done from mid-December to the end of March.

Lac-Jacques-Cartier, Quebec
Lac-Jacques-Cartier (French pronunciation: [lak ʒak kaʁtje]) is a large unorganized territory in the Capitale-Nationale region of Quebec, Canada, in the La Côte-de-Beaupré Regional County Municipality, making up more than 85% of this regional county. It is unpopulated and undeveloped, almost entirely part of the Jacques-Cartier National Park and the Laurentides Wildlife Reserve.

Quebec Route 175 bisects the territory, and passes on the western shore of Jacques-Cartier Lake, after which the territory is named and source of the Jacques-Cartier River.
Skelmersdale United F.C.
Skelmersdale United Football Club is a football club from Skelmersdale, Lancashire. They are currently members of the Liverpool County Premier League and play at Rossett Park, Crosby. The club is a member of both the Liverpool County Football Association and the Lancashire County Football Association.

Burscough F.C.
Burscough Football Club is an English football club based in Burscough, Lancashire. The club is a member of the North West Counties League, and competes in the Premier Division. Its home ground is The Community Stadium, in Burscough.
Stuart J. Edelstein
Stuart J. Edelstein (born 1941) is a biophysicist, emeritus professor from the University of Geneva, professor at the École Normale Supérieure and visiting scientist at the Babraham Institute.

His research focuses on the properties of allosteric proteins, which conformations and activities are affected by the binding of ligands. Using mathematical models and 3D structures, he studied the function of hemoglobin, solving the structure of mutant form leading to sickle-cell disease. He then turned his attention on the allosteric regulation of neurotransmitter receptors, in particular the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in collaboration with Jean-Pierre Changeux.

Babraham Institute
The Babraham Institute is a life sciences research institution focussing on healthy ageing. The Babraham Institute is based on the Babraham Research Campus, partly occupying a former manor house, but also laboratory and science facility buildings on the campus, surrounded by an extensive parkland estate, just south of Cambridge, England. It is an independent and charitable organization which is involved in biomedical research, including healthy aging and molecular biology. The director is Dr Simon Cook who also leads the Institute's signalling research programme.

The Babraham Institute is a member of EU-LIFE, an alliance of leading life sciences research centres in Europe. It is also a partner organisation of the University of Cambridge