hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
2023 French pension reform strikes
A series of protests began in France on 19 January 2023 with a demonstration of over one million people nationwide, organised by opponents of the pension reform bill proposed by the Borne government to increase the retirement age from 62 to 64.

The strikes led to widespread disruption, including garbage piling up in the streets and public transport cancellations. In March, the government used Article 49.3 of the Constitution to force the bill through the French Parliament, sparking more protests and two failed no confidence votes, contributing to an increase in violence in protests alongside the union-organised strike action.

Several organizations, including human rights groups such as Reporters Without Borders and France's Human Rights League condemned France's crackdown on protests and also denounced the assault on journalists. In addition, the Council of Europe also criticised the "excessive use of force by agents of the state".

Human Rights League (France)
The Human Rights League (French: Ligue des droits de l'homme, LDH), officially the French League for the Defense of Human Rights and Citizen (French: Ligue française pour la défense des droits de l'homme et du citoyen), is a human rights NGO association whose mission includes to observe, defend and promulgate human rights within the French Republic in all spheres of public life. The LDH is a member of the International Federation of Human Rights Leagues (FIDH).
Emasculation
Emasculation is the removal of the external male sex organs, which includes both the penis and the scrotum, the latter of which contains the testicles. It is distinct from castration, where only the testicles are removed. Although the terms are sometimes used interchangeably, the potential medical consequences of emasculation are more extensive due to the complications arising from the removal of the penis. There are a range of religious, cultural, punitive, and personal reasons why someone may choose to emasculate himself or another person.

The term emasculation may be used in a metaphorical sense, referring to the perceived loss of attributes traditionally associated with masculinity, such as strength, power, or autonomy.

Masculinity
Masculinity (also called manhood or manliness) is a set of attributes, behaviors, and roles generally associated with men and boys. Masculinity can be theoretically understood as socially constructed, and there is also evidence that some behaviors considered masculine are influenced by both cultural factors and biological factors. To what extent masculinity is biologically or socially influenced is subject to debate. It is distinct from the definition of the biological male sex, as anyone can exhibit masculine traits. Standards of masculinity vary across different cultures and historical periods. In Western cultures, its meaning is traditionally drawn from being contrasted with femininity.
Yarivanu
Yaarivanu (transl. Who is he?) is a 1984 Indian Kannada-language thriller film, directed by Dorai–Bhagavan and produced by Parvathamma Rajkumar. The film stars Rajkumar, Srinath, B. Saroja Devi, Roopa Devi, Hema Choudhary and Puneeth Rajkumar. The screenplay, dialogues and lyrics were written by Chi. Udaya Shankar and story was by M. D. Sundar. Master Lohith played a double role in the movie, though both roles never appear together onscreen. It was his second dual role movie after the 1983 movie Eradu Nakshatragalu.

Dorai–Bhagavan
Dorai–Bhagavan were an Indian filmmaking duo consisting of directors B. Dorai Raj (died 2000) and S. K. Bhagavan (5 July 1933 – 20 February 2023), active mainly in Kannada cinema. The duo directed twenty seven films together, most of which starred Rajkumar and were highly successful at box-office. Fourteen of them were based on Kannada novels. Bhagavan was the principal of Adarsha Film Institute, Bangalore.
Circassian nationalism
Circassian nationalism is the desire among Circassians worldwide to preserve their heritage and culture, save their language from extinction, raise awareness about the Circassian genocide, return to Circassia and establish a completely autonomous or independent Circassian state in its pre-Russian invasion borders.

In almost every community of Circassians around the world, a local advisory council called the "Adyghe Khase" can be found. The goal of such councils are to provide Circassians with a comfortable place where they can speak Circassian, engage in Circassian cultural activities, learn about the laws of Adyghe Xabze or seek advice. These advisory councils are coordinated on a local and regional basis, and communicate internationally through the International Circassian Association (ICA).

Autonomy
In developmental psychology and moral, political,  bioethical philosophy, autonomy is the capacity to make an informed, uncoerced decision. Autonomous organizations or institutions are independent or self-governing. Autonomy can also be defined from a human resources perspective, where it denotes a (relatively high) level of discretion granted to an employee in their work. In such cases, autonomy is known to generally increase job satisfaction. Self-actualized individuals are thought to operate autonomously of external expectations. In a medical context, respect for a patient's personal autonomy is considered one of many fundamental ethical principles in medicine.
Cindy Dunn
Cindy Adams Dunn is the current Pennsylvania Secretary of Conservation and Natural Resources. She was nominated for the position in June 2015 by Pennsylvania Governor Tom Wolf.

She previously served as president and chief executive officer of PennFuture, a statewide Pennsylvania environmental advocacy organization and, prior to that as Pennsylvania Deputy Secretary of Conservation and Technical Services from 2007 until 2013.

Dunn was re-nominated for the position in 2023 by Governor Josh Shapiro and was confirmed 50-0 by the Pennsylvania State Senate on June 7.

Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources
The Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (DCNR), established in 1995, is the agency in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania responsible for maintaining and preserving the state's 124 state parks and 20 state forests; providing information on the state's natural resources; and working with communities to benefit local recreation and natural areas. The agency has its headquarters in the Rachel Carson State Office Building in Harrisburg.
Seidu Salifu
Seidu Salifu is a Ghanaian footballer who last played for Ümraniyespor in Turkey  after a short spell at Adana Demirspor  Formerly of Club Africain in the Tunisian Ligue Professionnelle 1, he plays as a midfielder. In 2013, coach Sellas Tetteh called him up to be a member of the Ghana Under 20 national team for the 2013 African Youth Championship in Algeria, and he was a member of the Ghana Under 20 national team for the 2013 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Turkey. In March 2015, he got his debut call up into Ghana national football team.

2013 African U-20 Championship
The 2013 African U-20 Championship officially known as the Orange African U-20 Championship, Algeria 2013 was the 19th edition of the African U-20 Championship. The competition was held in Algeria in the cities of Oran and Aïn Témouchent from March 16 to 30 March 2013. The semifinalists will participate in 2013 FIFA U-20 World Cup.
Axel Bertram
Axel Bertram (26 March 1936 - 16 March 2019) was a German commercial artist, type designer, illustrator, magazine designer and medalist.   During his later decades he became, in addition, a knowledgeable and dedicated expert on calligraphy.   Confident in his judgements, he also contributed articles to newspapers and magazines, though this was motivated more by a personal drive to share his enthusiasm for his ideas on design than because he aspired to any sort of career as a journalist or commentator.

To paraphrase several of the tributes paid to his memory after he died (which seem to have originated with a press release issued by the Leipzig publishing business, Lehmstedt Verlag), only the specialists knew his name, but virtually every East German citizen was familiar with Bertram's work and, after the East German coinage redesign that started in 1969, carried examples of it in a purse or a pocket when leaving home.

Type foundry
A type foundry is a company that designs or distributes typefaces. Before digital typography, type foundries manufactured and sold metal and wood typefaces for hand typesetting, and matrices for line-casting machines like the Linotype and Monotype, for letterpress printers. Today's digital type foundries accumulate and distribute typefaces (typically as digitized fonts) created by type designers, who may either be freelancers operating their own independent foundry, or employed by a foundry. Type foundries may also provide custom type design services.
Grace Banker
Grace D. Banker (October 25, 1892 – December 17, 1960) was a telephone operator who served during World War I (1917–1918) as chief operator of mobile for the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) in the U.S. Army Signal Corps. She led thirty-three women telephone operators known popularly as Hello Girls. They were assigned in New York to travel to France to operate telephone switch boards at the war front in Paris, and at Chaumont, Haute-Marne. They also operated the telephone switch boards at First Army headquarters at Ligny-en-Barrois, about 5 miles (8.0 km) to the south of Saint-Mihiel, and later during the Meuse-Argonne Offensive. After her return to civilian life, Banker and her team members were treated as citizen volunteers and initially not given recognition as members of the military. In 1919, Banker was honoured with the Distinguished Service Medal for her services with the First Army headquarters during the St. Mihiel and Meuse-Argonne Offensives, with a commendation.

Chaumont, Haute-Marne
Chaumont, also known Chaumont-en-Bassigny (French pronunciation: [ʃomɔ̃ ɑ̃ basiɲi]), is a commune of France, and the prefecture of the Haute-Marne department. As of 2019, it has a population of 21,847.

The city stands on the river Marne and is situated on the Paris-Est–Mulhouse-Ville railway, which runs over a 52 m (171 ft) tall and 600 m (2,000 ft) long viaduct built in 1856. Chaumont station has rail connections to Paris, Reims, Dijon, Mulhouse and regional destinations.
Charles Coffin Jewett
Charles Coffin Jewett (August 12, 1816 – January 9, 1868) was an American librarian, in 1848 becoming the Librarian and Assistant Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution before being appointed superintendent of the Boston Public Library in 1858. He was born in Lebanon, Maine.

Boston Public Library
The Boston Public Library (BPL) is a municipal public library system in Boston, Massachusetts, founded in 1848. The Boston Public Library is also Massachusetts' Library for the Commonwealth  (formerly library of last recourse), meaning all adult residents of the state are entitled to borrowing and research privileges, and the library receives state funding.  The Boston Public Library contains approximately 24 million items, making it the third-largest public library in the United States behind the federal Library of Congress and New York Public Library, which is also privately endowed. The Boston Central Library in Copley Square was designated as a Boston Landmark by the Boston Landmarks Commission in 2000.
President's Award for Industrial Development
The President's Award for Industrial Development (Bengali: রাষ্ট্রপতির শিল্প উন্নয়ন পুরস্কার) is a national award presented by the Government of Bangladesh to recognize outstanding contributions to the country's industrial sector. Administered by the Ministry of Industries, the award aims to promote excellence and encourage innovation, productivity, and sustainable practices among industrial enterprises.

Ministry of Industries (Bangladesh)
The Ministry of Industries (Bengali: শিল্প মন্ত্রণালয়, romanized: Śilpa Montronaloy) is a ministry of the Government of Bangladesh responsible for formulating and implementing industrial policy, promoting industrial growth, and ensuring the sustainable development of the industrial sector across the country. The ministry oversees state-owned industrial enterprises and supports the development of manufacturing, small and medium industries, and industrial infrastructure.
Valérie Boyer
Valérie Boyer (French pronunciation: [valeʁi bwaje]; born 11 June 1962) is a French politician who has served as a Senator for the Bouches-du-Rhône department since 2020. A member of The Republicans (LR), she was previously elected to the National Assembly from 2007 until 2020. Boyer has also been a municipal councillor of Marseille since 2001.

2020 French Senate election
Senatorial elections were held on 27 September 2020 to renew 172 of the 348 seats in the Senate of the French Fifth Republic. The elections were a modest victory for the centre-right Republicans. The environmentalist Europe Ecology – The Greens party entered the upper chamber, while Emmanuel Macron's centrist La République En Marche! party maintained their position, despite losses in the 2020 municipal elections earlier in the year. The far-right National Rally kept their one seat; the Corsican nationalists gained their first seat as well.
Walnut Hall (Durham, North Carolina)
Walnut Hall, also known as the Willie P. Mangum House, was a plantation in Durham County, North Carolina, near Bahama. It was the estate of Willie Person Mangum, who served as President pro tempore of the United States Senate. Walnut Hall was a 600-acre plantation that produced tobacco, corn, and wheat through the forced labour of enslaved people. In 1863, Mangum's daughter, Martha Person Mangum, started a school for girls at the plantation. The plantation was later sold to William B. Hampton. In 1933, a large section of the house was destroyed in a fire. The remaining structure of the house was destroyed in another fire in 1980. Since 1977, the land where Walnut Hall stood has been part of the G.W. Hill Forest, managed by North Carolina State University. The family cemetery, which remains on the property, is the burial place of Senator Mangum and his former teacher, John Chavis.

Durham County, North Carolina
Durham County is a county located in the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2020 census, the population was 324,833, making it the sixth-most populous county in North Carolina. Its county seat is Durham, which is the only incorporated municipality predominantly in the county, though very small portions of cities and towns mostly in neighboring counties also extend into Durham County. The central and southern parts of Durham County are highly urban, consisting of the city as well as several unincorporated suburbs. Southeastern Durham County is dominated by the Research Triangle Park, most of which is in Durham County. The northern third of Durham County is rural in nature. Durham County is the core of the Durham–Chapel Hill, NC Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Raleigh–Durham–Cary, NC Combined Statistical Area, which had an estimated population of 2,368,947 in 2023.
ASM Belfort
Association Sportive Municipale Belfortaine Football Club is a French association football team from Belfort, Franche-Comté, currently playing in the Championnat National 3, the fifth tier in the French football league system.

Belfort
Belfort (French pronunciation: [bɛlfɔʁ] ⓘ; archaic German: Beffert, Beffort; Frainc-Comtou: Béfoûe) is a city in northeastern France, situated approximately 25 km (16 mi) from the Swiss border. It is the prefecture of the Territoire de Belfort.

Belfort is 400 km (250 mi) from Paris and 55 km (34 mi) from Basel. The residents of the city are called "Belfortains". The city is located on the river Savoureuse, on a strategically important natural route between the Rhine and the Rhône – the Belfort Gap (Trouée de Belfort) or Burgundian Gate (Porte de Bourgogne). It is located approximately 16 km (10 mi) south from the base of the Ballon d'Alsace mountain range, source of the Savoureuse. The city of Belfort has 46,443 inhabitants (2019). Belfort is the centre of a larger functional area (metropolitan area) with 133,597 inhabitants (2018), between the larger metropolitan areas of Mulhouse and Montbéliard.
Deaf culture in the United States
In the United States, deaf culture was born in Connecticut in 1817 at the American School for the Deaf, when a deaf teacher from France, Laurent Clerc, was recruited by Thomas Gallaudet to help found the new institution. Under the guidance and instruction of Clerc in language and ways of living, deaf American students began to evolve their own strategies for communication and for living, which became the kernel for the development of American Deaf culture.

Laurent Clerc
Louis Laurent Marie Clerc (French: [lɔʁɑ̃ klɛʁ]; 26 December 1785 – 18 July 1869) was a French teacher called "The Apostle of the Deaf in America" and was regarded as the most renowned deaf person in American deaf history.  He was taught by Abbé Sicard and deaf educator Jean Massieu, at the Institution Nationale des Sourds-Muets in Paris. With Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet, he founded the first school for the deaf in North America, the Asylum for the Education and Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb, on April 15, 1817, in the old Bennet's City Hotel, Hartford, Connecticut. The school was subsequently renamed the American School for the Deaf and in 1821 moved to 139 Main Street, West Hartford. The school remains the oldest existing school for the deaf in North America.
Vallassinese dialect
Vallassinese is variety of the Western Lombard language spoken in the Vallassina valley of Italy (about 6,000 speakers). It belongs to the Comasco-Lecchese group and it has many subdialects.

Asso subdialect resembles to Canzés (Brianzoeu group), but it has some characteristics from Valbrona dialect.

Valbrona subdialect has influences from Lecchese (Comasco-Lecchese group)

In Sormano, Caglio, Rezzago there are influences from dialect of Pian del Tivano (north), which has isolated characteristics (like the presence of ò instead of stressed a in all closed syllables, phenomenon that you can sometimes see in Northern Brianzoeu but only in syllables closed by l) and from Laghée.

In Lasnigo, Barni, Magreglio and Civenna there are influences from Laghée.

Laghée dialect
Laghée (pronounced [laˈɡeː]; literally "of the Lake") is a dialect of Western Lombard language spoken in the north of province of Como (Lombardy), on the coast of the eponymous lake.

Singer Davide Van De Sfroos uses a diluted koine inspired by the Laghée dialect as his preferred language for lyrics.
Frankie Frisch
Frank Francis Frisch (September 9, 1897—March 12, 1973), nicknamed "the Fordham Flash" or "the Old Flash", was an American professional baseball second baseman and manager. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the New York Giants (1919–1926) and St. Louis Cardinals (1927–1937), and managed the Cardinals (1933–1938), Pittsburgh Pirates (1940–1946), and Chicago Cubs (1949–1951). He is a member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum and the St. Louis Cardinals Hall of Fame Museum. He is tied with Yogi Berra for most World Series doubles at 10 and holds the record for the most World Series hits at 58 for a player who never played for the New York Yankees, exceeded only by Berra and Mickey Mantle.

Leo Durocher
Leo Ernest Durocher (French spelling Léo Ernest Durocher) (/dəˈroʊ.ʃər/; July 27, 1905 – October 7, 1991), nicknamed "Leo the Lip" and "Lippy", was an American professional baseball player, manager, and coach. He played in Major League Baseball as an infielder. Upon his retirement, he ranked fifth all-time among managers with 2,008 career victories, second only to John McGraw in National League history. Durocher still ranks twelfth in career wins by a manager. A controversial and outspoken character, Durocher's half-century in baseball was dogged by clashes with authority, the baseball commissioner, the press, and umpires; his 100 career ejections as a manager trailed only McGraw when he retired, and he still ranks third on the all-time list. He won three National League pennants and one world championship. In 25 years as a manager, Durocher had only 4 losing seasons.

Durocher was posthumously elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1994.
Castledermot GAA
Castledermot GAA is a Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) club in Castledermot, County Kildare, Ireland. The club has won 6 7 Kildare Senior Hurling Championships and teams representing the club were the first winners of the Intermediate Football Championship and Senior Camogie Championship. The club, which was named "Kildare club of the year" in 2004, is the home club of All-Ireland football finalist of 1935, mark kane, who played for the club 1925–1942. mark kane was goalkeeper on the Kildare hurling team of the millennium.

Kildare Senior Camogie Championship
Camogie was played in Kildare shortly after the sport was first organized in 1904. However, due to sparse records it is not certain when the first senior camogie championship was held. The earliest record of Camogie appears in an advertisement by Athy Ladies Hurling Club advertised a members reunion in July 1909. Kildare sent delegates to the Camogie congress of 1932, and a county board was formed in 1934 with Fr Byrne CC of Caragh as President, Mrs B McCarthy as vice-president, William Fisher of Newbridge as secretary, and Polly Smyth of Newbridge as treasurer. Camogie was reorganized at a county convention in 1954, and has been played in Kildare continuously since.
Cable machine
A cable machine is an item of equipment used in weight training or functional training. It consists of a rectangular, vertically oriented steel frame about 3 metres wide and 2 metres high, with a weight stack attached via a cable and pulley system to one or more handles. The cables that connect the handles to the weight stacks run through adjustable pulleys that can be fixed at any height. This allows a variety of exercises to be performed on the apparatus.  One end of the cable is attached to a perforated steel bar that runs down the centre of the weight stack.  To select the desired amount of resistance, move the metal pin into the labelled hole in the weight stack.  The other end of the cable forms a loop, which allows the user to attach the appropriate handle for the exercise.  Most cable machines have a minimum of 20 pounds (~9 kilograms) of resistance in order to counterbalance the weight of the typical attachment.

Strength training
Strength training, also known as weight training or resistance training, is exercise designed to improve physical strength. It may involve lifting weights, bodyweight exercises (e.g., push-ups, pull-ups, and squats), isometrics (holding a position under tension, like planks), and plyometrics (explosive movements like jump squats and box jumps).

Training works by progressively increasing the force output of the muscles and uses a variety of exercises and types of equipment. Strength training is primarily an anaerobic activity, although circuit training also is a form of aerobic exercise.

Strength training can increase muscle, tendon, and ligament strength as well as bone density, metabolism, and the lactate threshold; improve joint and cardiac function; and reduce the risk of injury in athletes and the elderly. For many sports and physical activities, strength training is central or is used as part of their training regimen.
Jasmin Čeliković
Jasmin Čeliković (Bosnian pronunciation: [jǎsmiːn tʃělikoʋitɕ]; born 7 January 1999) is a Bosnian professional footballer who plays as a centre back for Albanian club  Vllaznia Shkodër.

Čeliković started his professional career at Rijeka, who loaned him to Inter Zaprešić in 2018 and to Zrinjski Mostar in 2019. The club later loaned him to Sereď and Željezničar.

ŠKF Sereď
ŠKF Sereď (Slovak pronunciation: [ˈserec]) is a Slovak football team, based in the town of Sereď, that plays in the 3rd tier 3. Liga, of the Slovak league system. It was founded as Sereďský športový klub in 1914. The club won the Slovak 2. Liga in 2017–18, thereby earning promotion to Slovakia's Super Liga.