hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Robert Cowles
Robert Lewis Cowles III (born July 31, 1950) is a retired American Republican politician from Green Bay, Wisconsin.  He served 38 years as a member of the Wisconsin Senate, representing Wisconsin's 2nd Senate district from 1987 to 2025.  Before being elected to the Senate, he served four years in the Wisconsin State Assembly (1983–1987).

Wisconsin's 2nd Senate district
The 2nd Senate district of Wisconsin is one of 33 districts in the Wisconsin Senate.  Located in northeast Wisconsin, the district comprises all of Menominee County along with the southern half of Oconto County, the eastern half of Shawano County, and much of eastern Outagamie County and northwest Brown County.  It includes the cities of Oconto, Oconto Falls, Clintonville, and Shawano, and the villages of Bonduel, Howard, Little Chute, Seymour, and Suamico, along with parts of the cities of Green Bay, Appleton, and Kaukauna.  The district also contains the entirety of the Oneida and Menominee Indian reservations.
Prenex normal form
A formula of the predicate calculus is in prenex normal form (PNF) if it is written as a string of quantifiers and bound variables, called the prefix, followed by a quantifier-free part, called the matrix. Together with the normal forms in propositional logic (e.g. disjunctive normal form or conjunctive normal form), it provides a canonical normal form useful in automated theorem proving.

Every formula in classical logic is logically equivalent to a formula in prenex normal form. For example, if , , and  are quantifier-free formulas with the free variables shown then

is in prenex normal form with matrix , while

is logically equivalent but not in prenex normal form.

Rewriting
In mathematics, linguistics, computer science, and logic, rewriting covers a wide range of methods of replacing subterms of a formula with other terms. Such methods may be achieved by rewriting systems (also known as rewrite systems, rewrite engines, or reduction systems). In their most basic form, they consist of a set of objects, plus relations on how to transform those objects.

Rewriting can be non-deterministic. One rule to rewrite a term could be applied in many different ways to that term, or more than one rule could be applicable. Rewriting systems then do not provide an algorithm for changing one term to another, but a set of possible rule applications. When combined with an appropriate algorithm, however, rewrite systems can be viewed as computer programs, and several theorem provers and declarative programming languages are based on term rewriting.
Georgies
Georgies, also spelled Georgie's, is a gay dive bar in Asbury Park, New Jersey. Opened in 1999, it is known colloquially as "the gay Cheers". In addition to static entertainment such as pool and sports match broadcasts, Georgies features live programs most nights; these include go-go dancing, karaoke and drag shows. The bar also hosts a variety of fundraisers to benefit the local community. Georgies closed for several months in early 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, but it reopened for outdoor service in June and for limited indoor service in September of the same year. Critics note Georgies for its relaxed, non-judgmental atmosphere and its tight-knit community of regulars.

Go-go dancing
Go-go dancers are dancers who are employed to entertain crowds at nightclubs or other venues where music is played. Go-go dancing originated in the early 1960s at the French bar Whisky a Gogo, located in the town of Juan-les-Pins. The French bar then licensed its name to the West Hollywood rock club Whisky a Go Go, which opened in January 1964 and chose the name to reflect the already popular craze of go-go dancing. Many 1960s-era nightclub dancers wore short, fringed skirts and high boots which eventually came to be called go-go boots. Nightclub promoters in the mid‑1960s then conceived the idea of hiring women dressed in these outfits to entertain patrons.
8th Vermont Infantry Regiment
The 8th Vermont Infantry Regiment was a three-year infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It served in both major theaters, first in Louisiana and then in Virginia, from February 1862 to June 1865. It was a member of the XIX Corps.

The regiment was mustered into Federal service on February 18, 1862, at Brattleboro, Vermont. It was engaged in, or present at, the Occupation of New Orleans, Raceland, Boutte Station, Bayou des Allemands, the Steamer "Cotton," Bisland, and Port Hudson, in the Department of the Gulf, and Opequon, Fisher's Hill, Cedar Creek, and Newtown in the Shenandoah Valley campaign.

2nd Louisiana Cavalry Regiment
The 2nd Louisiana Cavalry Regiment was a unit of mounted volunteers recruited in Louisiana that fought in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. Breazeale's Cavalry Battalion was formed in July 1862 and was augmented by five additional companies in September 1862 to form a regiment. It served for the entire war west of the Mississippi River in the Trans-Mississippi Department. The regiment fought at Georgia Landing, Fort Bisland, Irish Bend, and Brashear City in 1863 and Henderson's Hill and Mansfield in 1864. Afterward, the regiment fought in minor skirmishes before the Trans-Mississippi's final surrender on 26 May 1865.
Weds
Weds Co., Ltd. is a Japanese wheel manufacturer for both motorsport and street use. Weds currently produces three brands of wheels; WedsSport, Kränze, and Maverick. The company is most notable for their WedsSport line of motorsport wheels and for WedsSport's longtime sponsorship of the Super GT racing team, Racing Project Bandoh.

Super GT
Super GT (stylized as SUPER GT) is a sports car racing series that began in 1993. Launched as the All Japan Grand Touring Car Championship (全日本GT選手権, Zen Nihon GT Senshūken), the series was renamed to Super GT in 2005. It is the top level of sports car racing in Japan.

The series is sanctioned by the Japan Automobile Federation (JAF) and managed by the GT Association (GTA). Autobacs has been the title sponsor of the series and its predecessor since 1998.
Anomalous velocity
In wave mechanics, anomalous velocity refers to the group velocity of a wave packet that is transverse to an applied electric field, arising even in the absence of a magnetic field. It results from the interference of wave functions and is thus a quantum mechanical effect for the case of electrons.

When an electric field is applied to a system, electron wave packets are generally expected to move along the direction of the field. However, due to the presence of Berry curvature in momentum space, wave packets can exhibit a motion transverse to the electric field, known as anomalous motion. This phenomenon is not limited to electrons but also applies to other wave-like particles such as photons and ultracold atoms.

Berry connection and curvature
In physics, Berry connection and Berry curvature are related concepts which can be viewed, respectively, as a local gauge potential and gauge field associated with the Berry phase or geometric phase. The concept was first introduced by S. Pancharatnam as geometric phase and later elaborately explained and popularized by Michael Berry in a paper published in 1984 emphasizing how geometric phases provide a powerful unifying concept in several branches of classical and quantum physics.
María Eugenia Girón
Maria Eugenia Girón is a Spanish businesswoman born in Madrid who was the chief executive officer of Carrera y Carrera jewellers from 1999 to 2006. During her career she worked for Loewe,  was a consultant to the Guggenheim Museum, as well as a senior financial analyst for the First National Bank of Chicago. Recently, she is board member of several companies.

Loewe (fashion brand)
Loewe S.A. (/loʊˈɛveɪ/ loh-EV-ay, Spanish: [loˈeβe], German: [ˈløːvə] ⓘ; stylized as LOEWE) is a Spanish luxury fashion house specialising in leather goods, clothing, perfumes and other fashion accessories. Founded in 1846 in Madrid, Loewe has been part of the conglomerate LVMH since 1996; it continues to be LVMH’s oldest luxury fashion house.

The company was established in Madrid in 1846 by fashion designer Enrique Loewe. By the early 20th Century, many notable people took great interest in Loewe and Queen Victoria Eugenie became a regular customer. In 1905, Alfonso XIII granted them the Royal Warrant of Appointment and thus Loewe became Purveyor of the Royal Household of Spain. The company quickly grew in popularity and was promoted by figures such as Ernest Hemingway, Ava Gardner, Rita Hayworth, Marlene Dietrich and Sophia Loren amongst others.
William Fitzherbert (New Zealand politician)
Sir William Fitzherbert KCMG (15 August 1810 – 6 February 1891) was a New Zealand politician. He served as Minister of Finance, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and Speaker of the Legislative Council.

Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives
In New Zealand, the speaker of the House of Representatives, commonly known as the speaker of the House (Māori: te mana whakawā o te Whare), is the presiding officer and highest authority of the New Zealand House of Representatives. The individual who holds the position is elected by members of the House from among their number in the first session after each general election. They hold one of the highest-ranking offices in New Zealand. The current Speaker is Gerry Brownlee, who was elected on 5 December 2023.

The speaker's role – similar to that of  speakers in other countries that use the Westminster system – involves presiding over debates by determining who may speak, maintaining order during debate, and disciplining members who break the rules of the House. Aside from duties relating to presiding over the House, the speaker also performs administrative and procedural functions, and remains a member of Parliament (MP).
Joey Mantia
Joey Mantia (born February 7, 1986) is a former American speed skater and inline speed skater, an Olympic bronze medalist, 28-time world champion, and a world record holder. He also won two gold medals at the 2003 Pan American Games and a gold medal at the 2007 Pan American Games. He won the American Speed Skater of the Year award three times in a row, in 2005, 2006, and 2007, and the 2007 Elmer Ringeisen Sportsmanship Award. In October 2010, after winning two world titles at the inline skating championships in Colombia, he was ranked second among male competitors in the USOC Athlete of the Month competition.

As of January 7, 2010, Mantia held the world records for the road race over 500 m (38.6 seconds), 10,000 m (13 minutes, 46.801 seconds), and 20,000 m (28 minutes, 56.189 seconds), and the world records for the track race over 300 m (24.250 seconds) and 15,000 m (22 minutes, 32.644 seconds).

Inline speed skating
Roller speed skating is the roller sport of racing on inline skates. The sport may also be called inline racing or speed skating by participants. Although it primarily evolved from racing on traditional roller skates, the sport is similar enough to ice speed skating that many competitors are known to switch between inline and ice speed skating according to the season.
Holzstöcke
The Holzstöcke is an elongated, densely forested, mountain range running from north to south in the German state of Baden-Württemberg. It is up to about 700 m above sea level (NN) and covers and area of 381.9 square kilometres. It is a large, terraced landscape that is part of the Iller-Lech Plateau in the Alpine Foreland of south Germany. It lies southwest of the city of Ulm in the counties of Alb-Donau-Kreis and Biberach in Upper Swabia and rises above the valley floors by about 75 metres.

Normalnull
Normalnull ("standard zero") or Normal-Null (short N. N. or NN) is an outdated official vertical datum used in Germany. Elevations using this reference system were to be marked Meter über Normal-Null (“meters above standard zero”). Normalnull has been replaced by Normalhöhennull (NHN).
Starkville–Columbus combined statistical area
The Starkville–Columbus, MS Combined Statistical Area was formerly known as Columbus–West Point was defined as consisting of Clay and Lowndes counties in northeastern Mississippi, which were separately treated as the  West Point Micropolitan Statistical Area and Columbus Micropolitan Statistical Area, respectively. As of the 2000 census, the CSA had a population of 83,565.

The metropolitan area delineations published by the Office of Management and Budget in February 2013 no longer include Clay County as a micropolitan statistical area and they no longer treat the two counties as a combined statistical area. When the 2023 core-based statistical areas were defined, the Columbus micropolitan area and the Starkville micropolitan area were combined, and the West Point micropolitan area was no longer defined

Lowndes County, Mississippi
Lowndes County is a county on the eastern border of the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 58,879. Its county seat is Columbus. The county is named for U.S. Congressman William Jones Lowndes.

Lowndes County comprises the Columbus, MS Micropolitan Statistical Area. Since the late 20th century, it has been designated as one of three counties in the Golden Triangle region of the state.
Alabama literature
Alabama literature includes the prose fiction, poetry, films and biographies that are set in or created by those from the US state of Alabama. This literature officially began emerging from the state circa 1819 with the recognition of the region as a state. Like other forms of literature from the Southern United States, Alabama literature often discusses issues of race, stemming from the history of the slave society, the American Civil War, the Reconstruction era and Jim Crow laws, and the US Civil Rights Movement. Alabama literature was inspired by the latter's significant campaigns and events in the state, such as the Montgomery Bus Boycott and Selma to Montgomery marches.

Some of the most notable pieces of literature from this region include Harper Lee's novel To Kill A Mockingbird, Winston Groom's novel Forrest Gump, and Fannie Flagg's novel Fried Green Tomatoes at the Whistlestop Cafe. The biographies of Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King Jr. are also highly significant.

Fried Green Tomatoes at the Whistle Stop Cafe
Fried Green Tomatoes at the Whistle Stop Cafe is a 1987 novel by American author Fannie Flagg. Set in Alabama, it weaves together the past and the present through the blossoming friendship between Evelyn Couch, a middle-aged housewife, and Ninny Threadgoode, an elderly woman who lives in a nursing home. Every week Evelyn visits Ninny, who recounts stories of her youth in Whistle Stop, Alabama, where her sister-in-law, Idgie, and her friend, Ruth, ran a café. These stories, along with Ninny's friendship, enable Evelyn to begin a new, satisfying life while allowing the people and stories of Ninny's youth to live on. The book explores themes of family, aging, lesbianism, and the dehumanizing effects of racism on both black and white people. It was adapted as a feature film, Fried Green Tomatoes, which was released in 1991.
Verrier Elwin
Harry Verrier Holman Elwin (29 August 1902 – 22 February 1964) was a British-born Indian anthropologist, ethnologist and tribal activist. He is best known for his early work with the Baigas and Gonds of Orissa and Madhya Pradesh in central India. He later also worked on the tribals of several North East Indian states especially North-East Frontier Agency (NEFA).

Elwin served as the deputy director of the Anthropological Survey of India upon its formation in 1945. Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru later appointed Elwin as an adviser on tribal affairs for north-eastern India, and went on to become the Anthropological Adviser to the Government of NEFA. He was awarded the third highest civilian honour of the Padma Bhushan.

Elwin was a prolific researcher and writer. His autobiography, The Tribal World of Verrier Elwin, posthumously won him the 1965 Sahitya Akademi Award in English Language.

North-East Frontier Agency
The North–East Frontier Agency (NEFA), originally known as the North-East Frontier Tracts (NEFT), was one of the political divisions in British India, and later the Republic of India until 20 January 1972, when it became the Union Territory of Arunachal Pradesh and some parts of Assam. Its administrative headquarters was Shillong (until 1974, when it was transferred to Itanagar). It received state status on 20 February 1987.
Guide Star Catalog
The Guide Star Catalog (GSC), also known as the Hubble Space Telescope, Guide Catalog (HSTGC), is a star catalog compiled to support the Hubble Space Telescope with targeting off-axis stars. GSC-I contained approximately 20,000,000 stars with apparent magnitudes of 6 to 15. GSC-II contains 945,592,683 stars out to magnitude 21. As far as possible, binary stars and non-stellar objects have been excluded or flagged as not meeting the requirements of Fine Guidance Sensors. This is the first full sky star catalog created specifically for navigation in outer space.

Star catalogue
A star catalogue is an astronomical catalogue that lists stars. In astronomy, many stars are referred to simply by catalogue numbers. There are a great many different star catalogues which have been produced for different purposes over the years, and this article covers only some of the more frequently quoted ones. Star catalogues were compiled by many different ancient people, including the Babylonians, Greeks, Chinese, Persians, and Arabs. They were sometimes accompanied by a star chart for illustration. Most modern catalogues are available in electronic format and can be freely downloaded from space agencies' data centres. The largest is being compiled from the spacecraft Gaia and thus far has over a billion stars.

Completeness and accuracy are described by the faintest limiting magnitude V (largest number) and the accuracy of the positions.
Alpine F1 Team
Alpine Racing Limited (/ˈælpɪn/), currently racing as BWT Alpine F1 Team for sponsorship reasons, is the name under which the Enstone-based Formula One team has been competing since the start of the 2021 Formula One World Championship. Formerly named Renault F1 Team and owned by the French automotive company Groupe Renault as well as Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi Alliance, the team was rebranded for 2021 to promote Renault's sports car brand, Alpine, and continued to serve as Renault's works team, a position the team kept until Renault pulled out of Formula One (as an engine manufacturer) at the end of 2025. The team is based in Enstone, Oxfordshire, England and competes with a French licence.

Lotus F1
Formula One portal

Lotus F1 Team was a British Formula One racing team. The team competed under the Lotus name from 2012 until 2015, following the renaming of the former Renault team based at Enstone in Oxfordshire. The Lotus F1 Team was majority owned by Genii Capital. Lotus F1 was named after its branding partner Group Lotus.  The team achieved a race victory and fourth position in the Formula One Constructors' World Championship in their first season under the Lotus title. Lotus F1 achieved 2 race victories in their time on the grid, both courtesy of Kimi Räikkönen. The team was sold back to Renault on 18 December 2015. The Lotus F1 Team name was officially dropped on 3 February 2016, as Renault announced that the team would compete as Renault Sport Formula One Team.
Arabah
The Arabah/Araba (Arabic: وادي عربة, romanized: Wādī ʿAraba) or Aravah/Arava (Hebrew: הָעֲרָבָה, romanized: hāʿĂrāḇā, lit. 'dry area') is a loosely defined geographic area located south of the Dead Sea drainage basin and north of the Gulf of Aqaba in southeastern Israel and southwestern Jordan.

The old meaning, which was in use up to around the early 20th century, covered almost the entire length of what today is called the Jordan Rift Valley, running in a north–south orientation between the southern end of the Sea of Galilee and the northern tip of the Gulf of Aqaba of the Red Sea at Aqaba–Eilat. This included the Jordan Rift Valley between the Sea of Galilee and the Dead Sea, the Dead Sea itself, and what today is commonly called the Arava Valley. The contemporary use of the term is restricted to this southern section alone.

Gulf of Aqaba
The Gulf of Aqaba (Arabic: خَلِيج الْعَقَبَة, romanized: Khalīj al-ʿAqaba) or Gulf of Eilat (Hebrew: מפרץ אילת, romanized: Mifrátz Eilát) is a large gulf at the northern tip of the Red Sea, southeast of the Sinai Peninsula, and west of the Arabian Peninsula. Its coastline is divided among four countries: Egypt, Israel, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia.
Manganin
Manganin is a trademarked name for an alloy of typically 84.2% copper, 12.1% manganese, and 3.7% nickel. It was first developed by Edward Weston in 1892, improving upon his Constantan (1887).

Manganin foil and wire is used in the manufacture of resistors, particularly ammeter shunts, because of its virtually zero temperature coefficient of resistance value and long term stability. Several Manganin resistors served as the legal standard for the ohm in the United States from 1901 to 1990.  Manganin wire is also used as an electrical conductor in cryogenic systems, minimizing heat transfer between points which need electrical connections.

Manganin is also used in gauges for studies of high-pressure shock waves (such as those generated from the detonation of explosives) because it has low strain sensitivity but high hydrostatic pressure sensitivity.

Temperature coefficient
A temperature coefficient describes the relative change of a physical property that is associated with a given change in temperature. For a property R that changes when the temperature changes by dT, the temperature coefficient α is defined by the equation below:

Here α has the dimension of an inverse temperature and can be expressed e.g. in 1/K or K−1.

If the temperature coefficient itself does not vary too much with temperature and , a linear approximation will be useful in estimating the value R of a property at a temperature T, given its value R0 at a reference temperature T0:

where ΔT is the difference between T and T0.

For strongly temperature-dependent α, this approximation is only useful for small temperature differences ΔT.

Temperature coefficients are specified for various applications, including electric and magnetic properties of materials as well as reactivity. The temperature coefficient of most of the reactions lies between 2 and 3.
Jean Babou
Jean II Babou (1511 - 3 October 1569) was a French soldier, notable as grand-bailiff (grand-bailli) of Touraine and France's Grand Master of Artillery (1567). He was Lord of La Bourdaisière, count of Sagonne, Lord of Thuisseau, Chissé, Vouillon, Pruniers, Germigny and Brain sur l'Authion.

Brain-sur-l'Authion
Brain-sur-l'Authion (French pronunciation: [bʁɛ̃ syʁ lotjɔ̃] ⓘ) is a former commune in the Maine-et-Loire department in western France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Loire-Authion.
Ketki Kadam
Ketki or Ketaki Kadam is an Indian television actress who appeared as Humaira on Zee TV's Qubool Hai opposite Rishabh Sinha / Vikrant Massey / Mohit Sehgal where she played the parallel lead role in the show.

Zee TV
ZEE TV, also known as Z TV, is an Indian Hindi language general entertainment pay television channel owned by Zee Entertainment Enterprises. It was launched on 1 October 1992 as the oldest privately owned television channel in India. It now broadcasts worldwide.