hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Zero-day vulnerability
A zero-day (also known as a 0-day) is a vulnerability or security hole in a computer system unknown to its developers or anyone capable of mitigating it. Until the vulnerability is remedied, threat actors can exploit it in a zero-day exploit, or zero-day attack.

The term "zero-day" originally referred to the number of days since a new piece of software was released to the public, so "zero-day software" was obtained by hacking into a developer's computer before release. Eventually the term was applied to the vulnerabilities that allowed this hacking, and to the number of days that the vendor has had to fix them. Vendors who discover the vulnerability may create patches or advise workarounds to mitigate it, though users need to deploy that mitigation to eliminate the vulnerability in their systems. Zero-day attacks are severe threats.

Exploit (computer security)
An exploit is a method or piece of code that takes advantage of vulnerabilities in software, applications, networks, operating systems, or hardware, typically for malicious purposes.
The term "exploit" derives from the English verb "to exploit," meaning "to use something to one’s own advantage."
Exploits are designed to identify flaws, bypass security measures, gain unauthorized access to systems, take control of systems, install malware, or steal sensitive data.
While an exploit by itself may not be a malware, it serves as a vehicle for delivering malicious software by breaching security controls.

Researchers estimate that malicious exploits cost the global economy over US$450 billion annually.
In response to this threat, organizations are increasingly utilizing cyber threat intelligence to identify vulnerabilities and prevent hacks before they occur.
Brian Mwila
Brian Mwila (born 16 June 1994) is a Zambian professional footballer who plays as a striker for Zanaco F.C. and  the Zambian national team.

Mwila's playing career begun in his native Zambia where he turned out for Lime Hotspurs, Kabwe Warriors and Green Buffaloes before moving to South Africa to join Platinum Stars in 2017. He left the club shortly after to return to Zambia where he joined Buildcon and later that year joined Altach.

He made his senior international debut for Zambia earlier in 2017 and helped his nation to a runners-up finish in the COSAFA Cup later that year.

2017 COSAFA Cup
The 2017 COSAFA Cup (known as Castle Lager COSAFA Cup South Africa 2017 for sponsorship reasons) is the 17th edition of the COSAFA Cup, an international football competition consisting of national teams of member nations of the Council of Southern Africa Football Associations (COSAFA).  It was held in South Africa from 25 June to 9 July.
Stock Yards branch
The Stock Yards branch was a rapid transit line which was part of the Chicago 'L' system from 1908 to 1957. The branch served the Union Stock Yards and the Canaryville neighborhood of Chicago and consisted of eight elevated stations. It opened on April 8, 1908, and closed on October 6, 1957.

New City, Chicago
New City is one of Chicago's 77 official community areas, located on the southwest side of the city in the South Side district. It contains the neighborhoods of Canaryville and Back of the Yards. The boundaries of New City are Pershing Road to the north, Western Avenue/Boulevard and CSX railroad tracks to the west, Norfolk Southern railroad tracks to the east, and Garfield Boulevard to the south.

The area was home to the famous Union Stock Yards from 1865 until it closed in 1971, and the International Amphitheatre from 1934 until it was demolished in 1999.
Rajiv Mehrishi
Rajiv Mehrishi (born on 8 August 1955) is a retired IAS officer of the 1978 batch belonging to the Rajasthan cadre who served as the 13th Comptroller and Auditor General of India (C&AG) and Vice Chairman of the United Nations Panel of External Auditors.

Prior to this he also served as the  Home Secretary, Finance Secretary and Economic Affairs Secretary of India. He also served as the Chief Secretary, Government of Rajasthan. He was awarded the Padma Bhushan, India's third highest civilian award,  in 2022 by the Indian Government in the Civil Service. More recently he wrote a book, India 2022.

Government of Rajasthan
The Government of Rajasthan is the supreme governing authority of the Indian state of Rajasthan and its 41 districts. It consists of an executive branch, led by the governor of Rajasthan, as well as judiciary and legislative branches. Jaipur is the capital of Rajasthan, and houses the Vidhan Sabha (legislative assembly) and the secretariat. There are various programs announced by the Government of Rajasthan.
Abaza Mehmed Pasha
Abaza Mehmed Pasha (Turkish: Abaza Mehmed Paşa, Abkhaz: Меҳмеҭ Росҭом-иԥа Лакырба, ма Кыржәаа); 1576 – August 23, 1634) was a statesman and military commander of the Ottoman Empire, the namesake of the Abaza rebellion. He was the beylerbey of the Bosnia Eyalet in 1628–1631. He was executed by Sultan Murad IV in 1634.

He was involved in the Abaza and Celali rebellions.

Murad IV
Murad IV (Ottoman Turkish: مراد رابع, Murād-ı Rābiʿ; Turkish: IV. Murad, 27 July 1612 – 8  February 1640) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1623 to 1640, known both for restoring the authority of the state and for the brutality of his methods. Murad IV was born in Constantinople, the son of Sultan Ahmed I (r. 1603–17) and Kösem Sultan. He was brought to power by a palace conspiracy when he was just 11 years old, and he succeeded his uncle Mustafa I (r. 1617–18, 1622–23). Until he assumed absolute power on 18 May 1632, the empire was ruled by his mother, Kösem Sultan, as nāʾib-i salṭanat (regent). His reign is most notable for the Ottoman–Safavid War, of which the outcome would partition the Caucasus between the two Imperial powers for around two centuries, while it also roughly laid the foundation for the current Turkey–Iran–Iraq borders.
South Bank, Queensland
South Bank is a cultural, social, educational and recreational precinct in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. The precinct is located in the suburb of South Brisbane, on the southern bank of the Brisbane River.

Queensland Conservatorium Griffith University
Queensland Conservatorium Griffith University (formerly the Queensland Conservatorium of Music) is a selective, audition based music school located in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, and is part of Griffith University.
Abando (Bilbao metro)
Abando is a station on lines 1 and 2 of the Bilbao metro. The station is located in the neighborhood of Abando, in the district with the same name. The station is located close to Bilbao-Abando railway station, to which it is directly connected. It opened on 11 November 1995. It is one of the busiest stations in the network.

Line 1 (Bilbao metro)
Line 1 of the Bilbao metro is a rapid transit line in Biscay, Basque Country, Spain. It runs from Etxebarri to Plentzia. Its route covers the municipality of Etxebarri, the city of Bilbao, the right bank of the Nervión river and Uribe Kosta. The line has 29 stations.
Night Creepers
The Night Creepers are fictional characters from the G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero toyline, comic books and animated series. They are a syndicate of hi-tech ninjas/corporate mercenaries hired by Cobra as spies and assassins.

Storm Shadow (G.I. Joe)
Storm Shadow is a fictional character from the G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero toyline, comic books and animated series. He is best known as the Cobra Commander's ninja bodyguard, and for his history with fellow ninja Snake Eyes.

Throughout his history, he has changed sides several times; conflicted in loyalties between Cobra, G.I. Joe, and his blood brother, Snake Eyes. Storm Shadow is one of the most prominent characters in the G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero franchise, and has appeared in every series since its inception. He is portrayed by South Korean actor Lee Byung-hun in the 2009 live-action film G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra, and its 2013 sequel G.I. Joe: Retaliation, while British actor Andrew Koji portrayed him in the 2021 film Snake Eyes.
Seamus Moynihan
Séamus Moynihan is an Irish former Gaelic footballer from Shronedarraugh, a townland halfway between Barraduff and Glenflesk, County Kerry.  He has played football for St Brendan's College, Glenflesk, East Kerry, University College Cork, Institute of Technology Tralee, Kerry Minor, U21 and Senior teams, Munster Railway Cup side and the Ireland international rules football team.  He was a member of the Kerry Senior Football Panel from 1992 to 2006. He resides in Shronedarraugh with his wife Noreen, son Jamie and two daughters Clíona and Eve.

Institute of Technology, Tralee
The Institute of Technology, Tralee (IT Tralee; Irish: Institiúid Teicneolaíochta Thrá Lí) was an institute of technology, located in Tralee, Ireland. It was established in 1977 as the Regional Technical College, Tralee. In January 2021, itself and the Cork Institute of Technology were dissolved to become the Munster Technological University, Ireland's second technological university.
The Port of 40 Thieves
The Port of 40 Thieves is a 1944 American crime film directed by John English, written by Dane Lussier, and starring Stephanie Bachelor, Tom Keene, Lynne Roberts, Olive Blakeney, Russell Hicks and George Meeker. The film was released on August 13, 1944, by Republic Pictures.

Tom Keene (actor)
Tom Keene (born George Duryea; December 30, 1896 – August 4, 1963) was an American actor known mostly for his roles in B Westerns. During his almost 40-year career in motion pictures Tom Keene worked under three different names. From 1923, when he made his first picture, until 1930 he worked under his birth name, George Duryea. The last film he made under this name was Pardon My Gun. Beginning with the 1930 film Tol'able David, he used Tom Keene as his moniker. This name he used until 1944 when he changed it to Richard Powers. The first film he used this name in was Up in Arms. He continued to primarily use this name for the rest of his film career, though still used Tom Keene on occasion.
Ernest Dawkins
Ernest Dawkins (born 2 November 1953 in Chicago, Illinois, United States) is an American jazz saxophonist, principally active in free jazz and post-bop.

Ernest Khabeer Dawkins was a neighbor of Anthony Braxton as a child. He played bass and drums early in life before switching to saxophone in 1973. During that decade he began studying with members of the Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians, such as Joseph Jarman and Chico Freeman, as well as at the Vandercook College of Music. He worked with Ed Wilkerson and the Ethnic Heritage Ensemble and Douglas Ewart before founding his own New Horizons Ensemble, which played regularly in Chicago into the 2000s, as well as at jazz festivals and on tour in Europe.

Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians
The Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians (AACM) is an American nonprofit organization, founded in 1965 in Chicago by pianist Muhal Richard Abrams, pianist Jodie Christian, drummer Steve McCall, and composer Phil Cohran. The AACM is devoted "to nurturing, performing, and recording serious, original music," according to its charter. It supports and encourages jazz performers, composers and educators. Although founded in the jazz tradition, the group's outreach and influence has, according to Larry Blumenfeld, "touched nearly all corners of modern music."  Per the AACM, it "pays homage to the diverse styles of expression within the body of Black Music in the USA, Africa and throughout the world."
Picard–Lefschetz theory
In mathematics, Picard–Lefschetz theory studies the topology of a complex manifold by looking at the critical points of a holomorphic function on the manifold. It was introduced by Émile Picard for complex surfaces in his book Picard & Simart (1897), and extended to higher dimensions by Solomon Lefschetz (1924). It is a complex analog of Morse theory, which studies the topology of a real manifold by looking at the critical points of a real function. Pierre Deligne and Nicholas Katz (1973) extended Picard–Lefschetz theory to varieties over more general fields, and Deligne used this generalization in his proof of the Weil conjectures.

Nick Katz
Nicholas Michael Katz (/kæts/; born December 7, 1943) is an American mathematician, working in arithmetic geometry, particularly on p-adic methods, monodromy and moduli problems, and number theory.  He is currently a professor of Mathematics at Princeton University and an editor of the journal Annals of Mathematics.
Yudai Okimoto
Yudai Okimoto (沖本 優大, Okimoto Yūdai; born 28 May 2005) is a Japanese badminton player who competes in men's singles. A member of the Japanese national team, he plays for the BIPROGY team. Okimoto won a team gold medal and a boys' singles silver medal at the 2023 Asian Junior Championships. His first senior international title came at the 2024 Finnish International. On the World Tour, he reached the final of the 2025 Korea Masters, a Super 300 tournament. As of February 2026, Okimoto's highest world ranking is 40.

Japan national badminton team
The Japan national badminton team (Japanese: 日本代表バドミントンチーム) represents Japan in international badminton competitions. The Japanese women's team have won the Uber Cup 6 times, with their most recent being the 2018 Uber Cup. The men's team won their first Thomas Cup title in 2014. The mixed team were runners-up three times at the Sudirman Cup.

The Japanese badminton team has been prestigious in the Olympics, having won a gold medal in the 2016 Summer Olympics and a silver and 2 bronze medals.
Taiaroa Royal
Taiaroa Royal CF is a New Zealand dancer and choreographer. Royal co-founded the contemporary Māori dance company Okareka with Taane Mete. As a dancer he has performed with New Zealand companies the Royal New Zealand Ballet, Douglas Wright Dance Company, Atamiria and Black Grace. He has choreographed contemporary dance and also music videos including for Evermore and Ardijah, and for the World of Wearable Art (WOW) in Wellington. He is a 2023 recipient of an Arts Foundation of New Zealand Laureate Award.

Winston Churchill Memorial Trusts
Winston Churchill Memorial Trusts (WCMT) are three independent but related living memorials to Sir Winston Churchill, based in the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand. They exist for the purpose of administering Churchill Fellowships, also known as Churchill Travelling Fellowships, to provide an opportunity for applicants to travel overseas to conduct research in their chosen fields.

The Trusts were established in 1965, after the death of Churchill, by a combination of public subscription and government contributions.

The operating name of the UK Trust is The Churchill Fellowship.
International Standard Atmosphere
The International Standard Atmosphere (ISA) is a static atmospheric model of how the pressure, temperature, density, and viscosity of the Earth's atmosphere change over a wide range of altitudes or elevations. It has been established to provide a common reference for temperature and pressure and consists of tables of values at various altitudes, plus some formulas by which those values were derived. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) publishes the ISA as an international standard, ISO 2533:1975. Other standards organizations, such as the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and the United States Government, publish extensions or subsets of the same atmospheric model under their own standards-making authority.

Pressure
Pressure (symbol: p or P) is the force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area over which that force is distributed.: 445  Gauge pressure (also spelled gage pressure) is the pressure relative to the ambient pressure.

Various units are used to express pressure. Some of these derive from a unit of force divided by a unit of area; the SI unit of pressure, the pascal (Pa), for example, is one newton per square metre (N/m2); similarly, the pound-force per square inch (psi, symbol lbf/in2) is the traditional unit of pressure in the imperial and US customary systems. Pressure may also be expressed in terms of standard atmospheric pressure; the unit atmosphere (atm) is equal to this pressure, and the torr is defined as 1⁄760 of this. Manometric units such as the centimetre of water, millimetre of mercury, and inch of mercury are used to express pressures in terms of the height of column of a particular fluid in a manometer.
Millennium Stadium Charitable Trust
The Millennium Stadium Charitable Trust (Welsh: Ymddiriedolaeth Elusennol Stadiwm y Mileniwm) is a charitable trust based in Wales, which was established 8 February 2001 and is registered with the Charity Commission. The Trust was established between the Millennium Stadium plc and the Millennium Commission when the Millennium Stadium was built in 1999.

Charity Commission for England and Wales
The Charity Commission for England and Wales (Welsh: Comisiwn Elusennau Cymru a Lloegr) is the statutory regulator of registered charities in England and Wales. It maintains the public register of charities and oversees compliance with charity law.

The Commission is a non-ministerial department of His Majesty's Government that regulates registered charities in England and Wales and maintains the Central Register of Charities. Its counterparts in Scotland and Northern Ireland are the Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator and the Charity Commission for Northern Ireland.

The commission has four sites in London, Taunton, Liverpool and Newport. Its website lists the latest annual reports submitted by charities in England and Wales.

During the financial year 2022–2023, the Commission regulated £88 billion of charity income and £85 billion of charity spend.
Walter Prince
Walter Farr Prince  (May 9, 1861 – August 4, 1938)  was an American professional baseball player from 1883 to 1889. He played two seasons in Major League Baseball, principally as a first baseman, from 1883 to 1884.  His longest stint with one team was 43 games with the Washington Nationals (AA) in 1884.

Washington Nationals (American Association)
The Washington Nationals of 1884 were a short-lived baseball team in the American Association. They won 12 games and lost 51. Their home games were played at Athletic Park in Washington, D.C. They were also known as the Washington Statesmen.

The Nationals were managed for all but one game by former player Holly Hollingshead. John Bickerton managed their final game on August 2, 1884, a loss to the New York Metropolitans. Their top hitter was shortstop Frank Fennelly, who went 75-for-257, a batting average of .292. By far their best pitcher was Bob Barr, who was 9–23 with an ERA of 3.46.

This team should not be confused with the other 1884 Washington Nationals franchise, a different team which played in the Union Association during its only year of operation.

In 1891, the AA had another team in Washington, which moved to the National League in 1892.
Karen Muenster
Karen K. Muenster (née Nelsen; born October 15, 1942) is an American politician and businesswoman. A Democrat, she served in the South Dakota Senate from 1985 to 1992 and as the minority whip from 1988 to 1992. She previously served on the Vermillion City Council.

South Dakota Democratic Party
The South Dakota Democratic Party is the affiliate of the Democratic Party in the U.S. state of South Dakota. The party currently has very weak electoral power in the state, controlling none of South Dakota's statewide or federal elected offices.

Important members in the history of the South Dakota Democratic Party include Dick Kneip, Jim Abourezk, George McGovern, Tom Daschle, Tim Johnson and Stephanie Herseth Sandlin.
HMS Blanche (1909)
HMS Blanche was the second of two Blonde-class scout cruisers built for the Royal Navy in the first decade of the 20th century. She led the 1st Destroyer Flotilla from completion until 1912 and was then briefly transferred to the 4th Destroyer Flotilla before the ship was assigned to the 3rd Battle Squadron in 1913. During World War I, Blanche was assigned to several different battleship squadrons of the Grand Fleet. She was present at, but did not fight in, the Battle of Jutland in mid-1916. The ship was converted into a minelayer in early 1917 and made 16 sorties to lay mines during the war. Blanche was paid off in 1919 and sold for scrap in 1921.

3rd Battle Squadron
The 3rd Battle Squadron was a naval squadron of the British Royal Navy consisting of battleships and other vessels, active from at least 1914 to 1945.  The 3rd Battle Squadron was initially part of the Royal Navy's Home Fleet. During the First World War, the Home Fleet was renamed the Grand Fleet. During the Second World War, the squadron covered Atlantic convoys.
Elisabeth von Rapperswil
Elisabeth von Rapperswil (also von Habsburg-Laufenburg, von Homberg; c.1251/1261 – 1309) was the last countess of the House of Rapperswil, and secured by her second marriage the female line of the Counts of Rapperswil and the extensive possessions of Rapperswil in the former Zürichgau to the Laufenburg line. Her son by first marriage was Reichsvogt Wernher von Homberg, and her oldest son by second marriage was Count Johann von Habsburg-Laufenburg who passed over the title of the count of Rapperswil to his oldest son Johann II and his brothers Rudolf and Gotfried.

Reichsvogt
Reichsvogt (German: [ˈʁaɪçsˌfoːkt]; Imperial Advocate) was the term for the office of a Vogt that was nominated by the king of the Holy Roman Empire as his representative. Especially in what is now Switzerland, the Reichsvogt was a very influential position in the High Middle Ages.
Shivani Surve
Shivani Surve is an Indian actress known for working in television and films both in Hindi and  Marathi. She made her acting debut in 2011 with Phulwa by playing Champa and is best known for her role of Vividha in Star Plus's show Jaana Na Dil Se Door.

She made her film debut with the  Marathi film Triple Seat in 2019 for which she won Filmfare Award Marathi for Best Female Debut. She has played Devyani in the Star Pravah serial  Devyani,  Shivani Bedi in Ek Deewaana Tha on Sony Entertainment Television. She was also a contestant in the reality show Bigg Boss (Marathi TV series) season 2 in 2019 and became 3rd Runner up of the show.

Star Pravah
Star Pravah is an Indian Marathi language general entertainment pay television channel owned by JioStar, a joint venture between Viacom18 and Disney India. It primarily telecasts family dramas, comedies, reality shows and films.
Priscilla Laws
Priscilla Watson Laws (January 18, 1940 - December 12, 2023) was an American physics educator, known for her work in activity-based physics education. She was a research professor of physics at Dickinson College.

Physics education
Physics education or physics teaching refers to the education methods currently used to teach physics. The occupation is called physics educator or physics teacher. Physics education research refers to an area of pedagogical research that seeks to improve those methods. Historically, physics has been taught at the high school and college level primarily by the lecture method together with laboratory exercises aimed at verifying concepts taught in the lectures. These concepts are better understood when lectures are accompanied with demonstration, hand-on experiments, and questions that require students to ponder what will happen in an experiment and why. Students who participate in active learning for example with hands-on experiments learn through self-discovery. By trial and error they learn to change their preconceptions about phenomena in physics and discover the underlying concepts. Physics education is part of the broader area of science education.