hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Keynes–Ramsey rule
In macroeconomics, the Keynes–Ramsey rule is a necessary condition for the optimality of intertemporal consumption choice. Usually it is expressed as a differential equation relating the rate of change of consumption with interest rates, time preference, and (intertemporal) elasticity of substitution. If derived from a basic Ramsey–Cass–Koopmans model, the Keynes–Ramsey rule may look like

where  is consumption and  its change over time (in Newton notation),  is the discount rate,  is the real interest rate, and  is the (intertemporal) elasticity of substitution.

The Keynes–Ramsey rule is named after Frank P. Ramsey, who derived it in 1928, and his mentor John Maynard Keynes, who provided an economic interpretation.

Mathematically, the Keynes–Ramsey rule is a necessary first-order condition for an optimal control problem, also known as an Euler–Lagrange equation.

Elasticity of substitution
Elasticity of substitution is the ratio of percentage change in capital-labour ratio with the percentage change in Marginal Rate of Technical Substitution.  In a competitive market, it measures the percentage change in the two inputs used in response to a percentage change in their prices. It gives a measure of the curvature of an isoquant, and thus, the substitutability between inputs (or goods), i.e. how easy it is to substitute one input (or good) for the other.
Michael Epps
Michael Epps (born 12 March 1992) is a British/New Zealand racing driver who competed in the British Touring Car Championship in 2016 and 2017 for Team Hard. Due to budget issues, Epps was unable to continue in the series and raced the supporting Clio Cup in 2018 and Ginetta G55 in 2019.

British Touring Car Championship
The British Touring Car Championship (BTCC), officially known as the Kwik Fit British Touring Car Championship for sponsorship reasons, is a touring car racing series held each year in the United Kingdom, currently organised and administered by TOCA. It was established in 1958 as the British Saloon Car Championship and was renamed as the British Touring Car Championship for the 1987 season. It is one of the oldest, most popular and most prestigious touring car series in the world. The championship, currently running Next Generation Touring Car regulations, has been run to various national and international regulations over the years including FIA Group 2, FIA Group 5, FIA Group 1, FIA Group A, FIA Super Touring and FIA Super 2000. A lower-key Group N class for production cars ran from 2000 until 2003.
McGill Redbirds football
The McGill Redbirds football team represents McGill University in Canadian football in U Sports and is based in Montreal, Quebec. The program is one of the oldest in all of Canada, having begun organized competition in 1874. The team won its first collegiate championship in 1902 and also won in 1912, 1913, 1919, 1928, 1938 and 1960 prior to the inauguration of the Vanier Cup in 1965. McGill appeared in the Vanier Cup final in 1969, 1973 and 1987, with the Redmen finally winning the title in the 1987 game. McGill plays out of Percival Molson Memorial Stadium, where the Canadian Football League's Montreal Alouettes also play.

The program had long used the Redmen moniker until the name was dropped in May 2019 after nearly 80% of students voted to change the name in a 2018 referendum held by McGill's student union. The team adopted the Redbirds name on November 17, 2020.

U Sports
U Sports (stylized as U SPORTS) is the national sport governing body for universities in Canada, comprising the majority of degree-granting universities in the country and four regional conferences: Ontario University Athletics (OUA), Réseau du sport étudiant du Québec (RSEQ), Canada West (CW), and Atlantic University Sport (AUS). The equivalent body for organized sports at colleges in Canada is the Canadian Collegiate Athletic Association (CCAA). Some institutions are members of both bodies for different sports.
Tom Allan (footballer)
Thomas James Allan (born 30 October 1994) is an English professional footballer who plays as a centre back or left back for National League North club Farsley Celtic. He has played in the Football League for York City.

Allan started his career with hometown club York City aged eight and had a loan spell with Hucknall Town of the Northern Premier League Division One South in 2011. He signed a professional contract with York in December 2012, and made his first-team debut in League Two shortly after. He had a loan spell with Conference North club Harrogate Town in 2013 before being released by York in 2014. He spent one season with Conference Premier club Gateshead before being released.

Farsley Celtic F.C.
Farsley Celtic Football Club was a football club based in Farsley, West Yorkshire, England. The club was founded in 1908, but folded in 2010 and were reformed as Farsley AFC before returning to the name Farsley Celtic in 2015. In 2025 the club resigned from the Northern Counties East League and was liquidated shortly after, becoming the phoenix club FC Farsley. The club played at Throstle Nest.
Susanne Jung
Susanne Jung (born 17 May 1963) is a retired East German javelin thrower. She represented the club SC Turbine Erfurt.

She won the silver medal at the 1987 Summer Universiade and finished fifth at the 1987 World Championships.

Her personal best throw was 69.60 metres with the old javelin type, achieved in August 1987 in Potsdam. This ranks her ninth among German old-type-javelin throwers, behind Petra Felke (who held the world record), Antje Kempe, Silke Renk, Beate Koch, Karen Forkel, Tanja Damaske, Ruth Fuchs and Ingrid Thyssen.

Petra Felke
Petra Meier  (née Felke; born 30 July 1959) is a retired German track and field athlete who competed in the javelin throw. Representing East Germany, she became the Olympic Champion in 1988 and broke the world record four times between 1985 and 1988. She is the only woman to throw a javelin 80 metres or more, with her world record of 80.00 m (262 ft 5 1⁄2 in). This throw was the world record from 1988 until 1999, when a new javelin design was implemented. She also won the javelin title at the 1989 IAAF World Cup and silver medals at the World Championships in 1987 and 1991.
Josephine Chukwunonye
Josephine Chiwendu Chukwunonye Listenⓘ (born 19 March 1992) is a Nigerian professional footballer who plays as a defender. She has previously played for Nigerian domestic side Rivers Angels for seven years, and for Washington Spirit in the National Women's Soccer League.

Rivers Angels F.C.
Rivers Angels F.C. (formerly Larry Angels F.C.) is a Nigerian professional football club based in Port Harcourt, Rivers State in Nigeria. They play in the Nigeria Women Premier League, the top flight in the national female soccer league pyramid.
Leave It to Henry
Leave It to Henry is a 1949 American comedy film directed by Jean Yarbrough and written by D.D. Beauchamp. The film stars Raymond Walburn, Walter Catlett, Gary Gray, Mary Stuart, Barbara Brown and Houseley Stevenson. The film was released on June 12, 1949, by Monogram Pictures.

Houseley Stevenson
Houseley Stevenson (30 July 1879 – 6 August 1953) was a British-American character actor who was born in London on July 30, 1879, and died in Duarte, California on August 6, 1953.

He began his movie career in 1936 and had a short career in early television productions. Stevenson performed in live stage productions in New York under the name Houseley Stevens. He was a resident teacher at the Pasadena Playhouse in California. He was the father of actors Houseley Stevenson Jr., Edward Stevenson and Onslow Stevens.
Foreign relations of the Byzantine Empire
The foreign relations of the Byzantine Empire were conducted by the emperor. Preferring diplomacy over war, the emperor would use alliances, treaty's and diplomatic tactics to achieve goals. Military confrontations also occurred, with Dimitri Obolensky calling it as a form of "defensive imperialism". The conduct of its foreign relations is a large factor to the Empire's longevity of 1,123 years.

Dimitri Obolensky
Dimitri Dimitrievich Obolensky FBA FSA (Russian: Дмитрий Дмитриевич Оболенский; 1 April [O.S. 19 March] 1918 – 23 December 2001) was a Russian-British historian who was Professor of Russian and Balkan History at the University of Oxford and the author of various historical works.
AN/APG-66
The AN/APG-66 radar is an X-band solid state medium range (up to 80 nautical miles (150 km; 92 mi)) pulse-Doppler planar array radar originally designed by the Westinghouse Electric Corporation (now Northrop Grumman) for use in early generations of the F-16 Fighting Falcon. Later F-16 variants use the AN/APG-68 or the AN/APG-83. This radar was employed in all domestic and export versions of the F-16A/B models throughout the production.  Subsequent upgrades have been installed in many varying aircraft types including the U.S. Customs and Border Protection's C-550 Cessna Citation, US Navy P-3 Orion, and Piper PA-42 Cheyenne II's.

In accordance with the Joint Electronics Type Designation System (JETDS), the "AN/APG-66" designation represents the 66th design of an Army-Navy airborne electronic device for radar fire-control equipment. The JETDS system also now is used to name all Department of Defense electronic systems.

United States Customs and Border Protection
United States Customs and Border Protection (CBP) is the largest federal law enforcement agency of the United States Department of Homeland Security. It is the country's primary border control organization, charged with regulating and facilitating international trade, collecting import duties, as well as enforcing U.S. regulations, including trade, customs, and immigration. The CBP is one of the largest law enforcement agencies in the United States. It has a workforce of more than 45,600 federal agents and officers. It is headquartered in Washington, D.C.
Dark Lies the Island (film)
Dark Lies the Island is a 2019 Irish drama film directed by Ian Fitzgibbon from a screenplay adapted by Kevin Barry from his short story of the same name. It stars Peter Coonan, Charlie Murphy, Moe Dunford, Pat Shortt and Tommy Tiernan. It was produced by Grand Pictures. It premiered at the Dublin Film Festival on February 27, 2019, and went on general release in Ireland and the United Kingdom on October 18 of that year.

Pat Shortt
Patrick Shortt (born 12 December 1967) is an Irish actor, comedian, writer, and entertainer. His role in the 2007 film Garage led to him receiving the IFTA for Best Actor. He is most notably remembered for his role as Tom in the television series Father Ted.
On Our Selection (1912 play)
On Our Selection is a 1912 Australian play by Bert Bailey and Edmund Duggan based on the stories with the same name by Steele Rudd. Bailey played Dad Rudd in the original production.

It was one of the most popular Australian plays of all time.

Steele Rudd
Steele Rudd was the pen name of Arthur Hoey Davis (14 November 1868 – 11 October 1935) an Australian author, best known for his short story collection On Our Selection.

In 2009, as part of the Q150 celebrations, Rudd was named one of the Q150 Icons for his role in Queensland literature.
Shadow in the Cloud
Shadow in the Cloud is a 2020 action horror film directed by Roseanne Liang, from a screenplay by Liang and Max Landis, starring Chloë Grace Moretz, Beulah Koale, Taylor John Smith, Callan Mulvey and Nick Robinson. It follows a female flight officer on a top-secret mission in the Pacific during the Second World War, who after boarding a Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress, encounters an evil gremlin during the flight.

The film was an international co-production between New Zealand and United States, The film premiered on September 12, 2020, at the 2020 Toronto International Film Festival, where it won the People's Choice Award for Midnight Madness. It was released on January 1, 2021, by Vertical Entertainment and Redbox Entertainment.

Nick Robinson (American actor)
Nicholas John Robinson (born March 22, 1995) is an American actor. As a child, he appeared in a 2008 stage production of A Christmas Carol and Mame, after which he had a main role in the television sitcom Melissa & Joey (2010–2015).

Robinson went on to play a supporting role in the adventure film Jurassic World (2015) and took on lead roles in several teen dramas, including The Kings of Summer (2013), The 5th Wave (2016), Everything, Everything (2017), and Love, Simon (2018). He has since starred in the drama miniseries A Teacher (2020) and Maid (2021).
Tibor Pleiß
Tibor Pleiß (/plaɪs/, alternative spelling Pleiss; born 2 November 1989) is a German professional basketball player for Rasta Vechta of the Basketball Bundesliga (BBL). Standing 7 feet 3 inches (2.21 m), he plays at the center position. He is also a regular member of the German national team.

SC Rasta Vechta
Sportclub Rasta Vechta is a German basketball club based in Vechta, Lower Saxony. The club plays in the Basketball Bundesliga (BBL), following their promotion from the ProA in 2022–23.

Founded in 1979, the club has spent the majority of its history in the lower-tier German leagues. In 2012, the team was promoted to the second-tier ProA and ever since has been balancing between relegation from the BBL and promotion from ProA.
Olympikus
Olympikus is a Brazilian sports brand, which makes sports equipment for running and fitness. The brand is owned by Vulcabras Azaleia.

Current products by Olympikus include athletic shoes and apparel. In the past, the company also sponsored several volleyball and football teams.

Sneakers
Sneakers (US) or trainers (UK), also known by a wide variety of other names, are shoes primarily designed for sports or other forms of physical exercise, but are also widely used for everyday casual wear.

They were popularized by companies such as Converse, Nike and Spalding in the mid 20th century. Like other parts of the global clothing industry, shoe manufacturing is heavily concentrated in Asia with nine in ten shoes produced there.
Dirty Dancing (2017 film)
Dirty Dancing is a 2017 American television film directed by Wayne Blair and written by Jessica Sharzer. It is a made-for-TV musical remake of the 1987 film of the same name, and serves as the third installment overall in the titular franchise. The film stars Abigail Breslin, Colt Prattes, Debra Messing, Bruce Greenwood, Sarah Hyland, Nicole Scherzinger and Tony Roberts. It aired on May 24, 2017, on ABC. In its original broadcast, the film was seen by 6.61 million viewers with a 1.4 Nielsen rating in the 18-49 age demographic and a 5 share.

It received mixed to negative reviews from a majority of critics, and Nicole Scherzinger's performance was the only one to receive high praise.

Abigail Breslin
Abigail Breslin (born April 14, 1996) is an American actress. Following a string of film parts as a young child, she rose to prominence at age 10 after playing Olive Hoover in Little Miss Sunshine (2006), for which Breslin received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. She went on to establish herself as a mainstream actress with roles in films such as No Reservations (2007), Nim's Island (2008), Definitely, Maybe (2008), My Sister's Keeper, Zombieland (both 2009), Rango (2011), The Call, August: Osage County, Ender's Game (all 2013), Maggie (2015), and Stillwater (2021). Breslin's other projects include the Fox series Scream Queens (2015–2016), where she portrayed Libby Putney, her first regular role on television.
Central Park–North Main Street Historic District
The Central Park–North Main Street Historic District is a nationally recognized historic district located in Charles City, Iowa, United States.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.  At the time of its nomination it consisted of 17 resources, which included 16 contributing buildings and one contributing site.  The buildings were built from 1877 to 1914, and with one exception, are masonry.  The one exception is a frame house.  Most of the buildings are two stories in height.  The exceptions are 1½-story Carnegie library and two large limestone buildings that are three stories in height. The district is L-shaped, starting at the Cedar River and including the buildings on the west side of North Main Street up to and including Central Park, the town square.  There are also three buildings on the west side of the square along North Jackson Street.

National Register of Historic Places property types
The U.S. National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) classifies its listings by various types of properties. Listed properties generally fall into one of five categories, though there are special considerations for other types of properties which do not fit into these five broad categories or fit into more specialized subcategories. The five general categories for NRHP properties are: building, district, object, site, and structure.
M-87 (Michigan highway)
M-87 is the designation of a former state trunkline highway in the Lower Peninsula of the US state of Michigan, which prior to 1960 ran east–west between the towns of Fenton and Holly. The highway served as a connector between US Highway 23 (US 23) and the former routing of US 10, which ran along what is now the Interstate 75 (I-75) corridor. The highway connected the downtown areas of each community as well as running through then-rural areas of Genesee and Oakland counties. The trunkline was decommissioned in late 1960, removing it from the system.

Holly, Michigan
Holly is a village in north Oakland County, Michigan, United States. The population was 5,997 at the 2020 census. The village is located within Holly Township. It is about 15 miles (24 km) south of Flint and 55 miles (89 km) northwest of Detroit.
Frances Robles
Frances Robles is an American journalist on the international desk for The New York Times. Robles contributed to two team Pulitzer Prizes while at the Miami Herald and was a member of three teams that were finalists for the prestigious prize. In 2021 she shared a  George Polk Award at the Times for foreign reporting, on the murder of Haitian president Jovenel Moïse. She also won a Polk Award for  for her coverage of Louis Scarcella, a Brooklyn homicide detective who used shady methods to convict defendants. (More than a dozen murder convictions were overturned in the wake of her coverage.) 
In 2015 she was elected to the hall of fame of the National Association of Hispanic Journalists and in 2024 she won Columbia University's Cabot Gold Medal from the Maria Moors Cabot Prizes. At the Times, Robles served on the NewsGuild bargaining committee. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/17/nyregion/polk-awards-honor-articles-on-nsa-surveillance.html

Maria Moors Cabot Prizes
The Maria Moors Cabot Prizes are the oldest international awards in the field of journalism. They are presented each fall by the Trustees of Columbia University to journalists in the Western hemisphere who are viewed as having made a significant contributions to upholding freedom of the press in the Americas and Inter-American understanding. Since 2003, the prize can be awarded to an organization instead of an individual.
1994 Massachusetts elections
A Massachusetts general election was held on November 8, 1994 in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

The election included:

statewide elections for United States Senator, Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Attorney General, Secretary of the Commonwealth, Treasurer, and Auditor;

district elections for U.S. Representatives, State Representatives, State Senators, and Governor's Councillors; and

ballot questions at the state and local levels.

Democratic and Republican candidates were selected in party primaries held September 20, 1994.

Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts
The secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts is a constitutional officer in the executive branch of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Originally appointed under authority of the English Crown pursuant to the Charter of the Massachusetts Bay Company, the office of secretary of the Commonwealth (equivalent to "secretaries of state" in other U.S. jurisdictions) became an elective one in 1780. Twenty-seven individuals have occupied the office of secretary of the Commonwealth over the ensuing centuries. The incumbent is William F. Galvin, a Democrat who has held the office since 1995.
Artists' Repertory Theatre
Artists' Repertory Theatre (ART) is community theatre group based in Fresno, California. Founded in 2005, the group's maiden performance took place in 2006, with the critically acclaimed Love's Fire.  In 2009, ART produced the Fresno premier of the Pulitzer Prize–winning Rabbit Hole, by David Lindsay-Abaire, and caused a local stir with the Fresno premier Richard O'Brien's The Rocky Horror Show.

According to the Fresno Bee, ART is one of few theatre groups in Fresno with an "established reputation for quality."

David Lindsay-Abaire
David Lindsay-Abaire (né Abaire; born November 30, 1969) is an American playwright, lyricist and screenwriter. He received the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 2007 for his play Rabbit Hole, which also earned several Tony Award nominations. Lindsay-Abaire won both the 2023 Tony Award for Best Book of a Musical and Tony Award for Best Original Score for the musical adaptation of his play Kimberly Akimbo.
FC Samtskhe Akhaltsikhe
FC Samtskhe (Georgian: საფეხბურთო კლუბი სამცხე) is a Georgian association football club based in Akhaltsikhe. Following the 2025 season, they were promoted to Liga 4, the fourth tier of Georgian football.

The club is governed by the local municipality.

Liga 4 (Georgia)
Liga 4 (Georgian: ლიგა 4), organized by the Georgian Football Federation, is the fourth tier of the national football league.
It was founded in 2019 as a part of comprehensive reorganization of the league system.

As of the 2026 season, Algeti hold the longest tenure in this division. They have been in Liga 4 since its inaugurating season.

There will be two former top-division teams in the 2026 season: Borjomi (2005–09) and Mertskhali (1990–92, 2003–04). Eight junior teams of higher league members are also represented in the division this year.
Makur Maker
Makur Maker (born 4 November 2000) is a South Sudanese-Australian professional basketball player for the Taipei Taishin Mars of the Taiwan Professional Basketball League (TPBL). A consensus five-star recruit, he committed to play college basketball for Howard University, becoming the highest-ranked player in the modern recruiting era to commit to a historically black college or university (HBCU).

Born in Nairobi, Maker grew up in Perth, Western Australia, before playing high school basketball in North America. He is the cousin of basketball players Thon and Matur Maker.

Taiwan Professional Basketball League
The Taiwan Professional Basketball League (TPBL, Chinese: 台灣職業籃球大聯盟) is a professional basketball league in Taiwan composed of 7 teams. It is the fourth Taiwanese professional basketball league after the Chinese Basketball Alliance (CBA; 1994–1999), P. League+ (PLG; founded in 2020), and T1 League (2021–2024).