hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Felino Castle
The Castello di Felino or Felino Castle is a medieval manor house located on a hillside location at Al Castello Road 1 in Felino, in the province of Parma, region of Emilia Romagna, Italy; the building is home to a restaurant and the Felino salami museum.

Province of Parma
The province of Parma (Italian: provincia di Parma) is a province in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. Its largest town and capital is the city of Parma.

It is made up of 47 comuni (sg.: comune). It has an area of 3,449 square kilometres (1,332 sq mi) and a total population of around 450,000.

The province is bordered by the province of Reggio Emilia to the east, the Piacenza to the west, Lombardy's provinces of Cremona and Mantua to the north and by Liguria's provinces of La Spezia and Genoa and Tuscany's Province of Massa-Carrara to the south.
Stage6
Stage6 was a video sharing website owned and operated by DivX, Inc., where users could upload, share, and view video clips. Stage6 was different from other video services in that it streamed high quality video clips that were user-encoded with DivX and Xvid video codecs.

The website never went beyond beta status, and was shut down by DivX Inc. on February 29, 2008 because of apparent inability to support Stage6 financially, or other officially unspecified reasons.

In June 2008, CNET hailed Stage6 as one of the greatest defunct websites in history.

Video codec
A video codec is software or hardware that compresses and decompresses digital video. In the context of video compression, codec is a portmanteau of encoder and decoder, while a device that only compresses is typically called an encoder, and one that only decompresses is a decoder.

The compressed data format usually conforms to a standard video coding format. The compression is typically lossy, meaning that the compressed video lacks some information present in the original video. A consequence of this is that decompressed video has lower quality than the original, uncompressed video because there is insufficient information to accurately reconstruct the original video.

There are complex relationships between the video quality, the amount of data used to represent the video (determined by the bit rate), the complexity of the encoding and decoding algorithms, sensitivity to data losses and errors, ease of editing, random access, and end-to-end delay (latency).
Thomas Walker Arnold
Sir Thomas Walker Arnold CIE FBA (19 April 1864 – 9 June 1930) was a British orientalist and historian of Islamic art. He taught at Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College (MAO College), later Aligarh Muslim University, and Government College University, Lahore.

Arnold was a friend of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, who influenced him to write the famous book The Preaching of Islam, and of Shibli Nomani, with whom he taught at Aligarh. He taught Syed Sulaiman Nadvi and the poet-philosopher Muhammad Iqbal. He was the first English editor for the first edition of The Encyclopaedia of Islam.

Government College University, Lahore
The Government College University (colloquially known as GCU; Punjabi, Urdu: گورنمنٹ کالج یونیورسٹی) is a public research university in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Founded as Government College, Lahore, in 1864 under British administration, it became a university in 2002.
Apricot VX FT
The VX FT, later rebranded as the FTs, is a computer released by Apricot Computers in late 1989. The VX FT was the first complete computer system to ship with Intel's i486 processor. Intended as a fault-tolerant file server, the VX FT features five full-height drive bays accommodating up to 5 GB of hard disk space, eight Micro Channel expansion slots (making it one of few PS/2 clones), a built-in uninterruptible power supply, and up to 16 MB of RAM.

File server
In computing, a file server (or fileserver) is a computer attached to a network that provides a location for shared disk access, i.e. storage of computer files (such as text, image, sound, video) that can be accessed by  workstations within a computer network. The term server highlights the role of the machine in the traditional client–server scheme, where the clients are the workstations using the storage. A file server does not normally perform computational tasks or run programs on behalf of its client workstations (in other words, it is different from e.g. an application server, which is another type of server).

File servers are commonly found in schools and offices, where users use a local area network to connect their client computers.
Lakrisal
Lakrisal is a Malaco brand of salty liquorice (liquorice and ammonium chloride flavored candy) sold in the Nordic countries and the Netherlands.

Unlike most salty liquorice candies, Lakrisal does not contain any starch or gum arabic (E414). Instead, it is made almost entirely of sugar, liquorice, and ammonium chloride. Because of this, Lakrisal drops are powdery, and have been pressed to stay in one piece like tablets.

Persons suffering from hypertension should avoid excessive intake of Lakrisal.

Lakrisal is also unlike most salty liquorice candies by not being black. Instead, it is a very light brownish gray colour. Lakrisal drops are disk-shaped, about 18 mm in diameter and about 4 mm thick. They are sold in tubes of about 20 drops each.

Ammonium chloride
Ammonium chloride is an inorganic chemical compound with the chemical formula NH4Cl, also written as [NH4]Cl. It is an ammonium salt of hydrogen chloride. It consists of ammonium cations [NH4]+ and chloride anions Cl−. It is a white crystalline salt that is highly soluble in water. Solutions of ammonium chloride are mildly acidic. In its naturally occurring mineralogic form, it is known as salammoniac. The mineral is commonly formed on burning coal dumps from condensation of coal-derived gases. It is also found around some types of volcanic vents. It is mainly used as fertilizer and a flavouring agent in some types of liquorice. It is a product of the reaction of hydrochloric acid and ammonia.
Tiaki Wai
Tiaki Wai Metro Water Ltd is a council-controlled organisation that will be responsible for delivering drinking water, wastewater and stormwater services in the Wellington Region. It is the successor to Wellington Water and is expected to formally come into existence on 1 July 2026. Tiaki Wai is a partnership between the five Wellington local government bodies (Wellington City Council, Porirua City Council, Lower Hutt City Council, Upper Hutt City Council and the Greater Wellington Regional Council) and two Māori mana whenua iwi (tribes) Ngāti Toa Rangatira and Taranaki Whānui ki te Upoko o te Ika.

Wellington City Council
Wellington City Council is a territorial authority in New Zealand, governing the city of Wellington, the country's capital city and third-largest city by population, behind Auckland and Christchurch. It consists of the central historic town and certain additional areas within the Wellington metropolitan area, extending as far north as Linden and covering rural areas such as Mākara and Ohariu. The city adjoins Porirua in the north and Hutt City in the north-east. It is one of nine territorial authorities in the Wellington Region.

The council represents a population of 210,800 as of June 2025 and consists of a mayor and fifteen councillors elected from six wards (Northern, Onslow-Western, Lambton, Eastern, Southern general wards and Te Whanganui-a-Tara Māori ward). It administers public works, sanitation, land use and building consents, among other local services. The council has used the marketing slogan "Absolutely Positively Wellington" in an official capacity since the early 1990s.
Ana Voog
Ana Clara Voog (born 18 April 1966) is a musician, visual artist, performance artist and writer from Minneapolis, Minnesota. Voog is the former front woman of The Blue Up?, a pop rock band from the Minneapolis area. On 22 August 1997 Voog began anacam, one of the first webcams (inspired by JenniCam) that lifecasted, i.e., broadcast twenty-four hours a day live from a home. In her own words anacam was "the internet's 1st 24/7 art+life cam!"

Webcam
A webcam is a video camera which is designed to record or stream to a computer or computer network. They are primarily used in video telephony, live streaming and social media, and security. Webcams can be built-in computer hardware, like a laptop, or peripheral devices, and are commonly connected to a device using USB or wireless protocol.

Webcams have been used on the Internet as early as 1993, and the first widespread commercial one became available in 1994. Early webcam usage on the Internet was primarily limited to stationary shots streamed to web sites. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, instant messaging clients added support for webcams, increasing their popularity in video conferencing. Computer manufacturers later started integrating webcams into laptop hardware. In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic caused a shortage of webcams due to the increased number of people working from home and children attending school remotely.
Nimm, o Gott, die Gaben, die wir bringen
"Nimm, o Gott, die Gaben, die wir bringen" (Accept, O God, the gifts we bring) is the beginning of a Christian offertory hymn with German text by Raymund Weber, and a melody that Andrew Lloyd Webber composed for his musical Jesus Christ Superstar. The song, of the genre Neues Geistliches Lied (NGL), is part of German hymnals, including Gotteslob. Two other songs use the same melody.

Neues Geistliches Lied
Neues Geistliches Lied (German: [ˈnɔʏəs ˈɡaɪstlɪçəs ˈliːt], lit. new spiritual song), abbreviated NGL, is a music genre of songs in German intended for church usage, and based on contemporary lyrics and with music by contemporary composers.
Magnus Hirschfeld Medal
The Magnus Hirschfeld Medal is awarded by the German Society for Social-Scientific Sexuality Research (DGSS) for outstanding service to sexual science, granted in the categories "Sexual Research" and "Sexual Reform". It is named in honour of German sexology pioneer Magnus Hirschfeld (though DGSS diverges from some of Hirschfeld's theories).

Sexology
Sexology is the scientific study of human sexuality, including human sexual interests, behaviors, and functions. The term sexology does not generally refer to the non-scientific study of sexuality, such as social criticism.

Sexologists apply tools from several academic fields, such as anthropology, biology, medicine, psychology, epidemiology, sociology, and criminology. Topics of study include sexual development (puberty), sexual orientation, gender identity, sexual relationships, sexual activities, paraphilias, and atypical sexual interests. It also includes the study of sexuality across the lifespan, including child sexuality, puberty, adolescent sexuality, and sexuality among the elderly. The field of sexology also encompasses the study of sexuality among individuals with mental or physical disabilities. The sexological study of sexual dysfunctions and disorders, including erectile dysfunction and anorgasmia, are also mainstays.
Panellinios V.C.
Panellinios V.C. is the men's volleyball section of Panellinios G.S., the Greek multi-sports club, that is based in Athens. It was one of the first volleyball clubs in Greece, and is also one of the most successful, since it has won six Greek Championships. Panellinios also has a women's team that has won two Greek Women's Championships, and one Greek Women's Cup.

A1 Ethniki Volleyball
The A1 Ethniki (Greek: Α1 Εθνική Κατηγορία), often referred to as the Greek Volleyball League, is the highest professional volleyball league in Greece. It is run by the Hellenic Volleyball Federation. It is considered one of the top national leagues in European volleyball, as its clubs have made significant success in European competitions.
Farndon, Nottinghamshire
Farndon is a small village and civil parish in the Newark and Sherwood district of Nottinghamshire, England. It lies along the historic Fosse road on the banks of the River Trent and is 3 miles (4 km) south-west of Newark-on-Trent. The population of the civil parish as of the 2011 census was 2,405, this increased to 2,479 at the 2021 census. The A46 road previously ran through the village until the development of a new dual carriageway bypass.

Fosse Way
The Fosse Way was a Roman road built in Britain during the first and second centuries AD that linked Isca Dumnoniorum (Exeter) in the southwest and Lindum Colonia (Lincoln) to the northeast, via Lindinis (Ilchester), Aquae Sulis (Bath), Corinium (Cirencester), and Ratae Corieltauvorum (Leicester). Much of its route is still used by modern roads, lanes and byways.
Mitch McDowell
Mitch McDowell was an American musician, bandleader, songwriter and producer. At least seven of his compositions were national hits for acts such as Booty People, General Caine, Ada Dyer, and Chico DeBarge.

Chico DeBarge
Jonathan Arthur "Chico" DeBarge (born June 23, 1966) is an American R&B singer and musician. DeBarge was formerly a member of the DeBarge family musical group DeBarge. As a solo artist, he scored a 1986 US Top Forty hit with the song "Talk to Me".
Ahmed Fathy
Ahmed Fathy Abdelmonem Ahmed Ibrahim (Egyptian Arabic: أحمد فتحى عبد المنعم أحمد إبراهيم; born 10 November 1984) is an Egyptian former professional footballer who played as a full-back.

Considered by some as one of Africa's best-ever full-backs, Fathy started his career with Egyptian side Ismaily SC before moving to England to play in the Premier League with Sheffield United in 2007. Fathy returned to Egypt after only a few months however, signing for Al Ahly where he remained until April 2020 when he signed for Pyramids FC, whilst also spending some time on loan at both the Kuwait side Kazma and Hull City back in England. Alongside his club career, Fathy represented Egypt from 2002, playing over one hundred games and scoring nine goals for his country.

Egypt national football team
The Egypt national football team (Egyptian Arabic: منتخب مصر لكرة القدم), nicknamed The Pharaohs (Egyptian Arabic: الفراعنة), represents Egypt in men's international football, and is governed by the Egyptian Football Association (EFA), the governing body of football in Egypt.

Egypt is Africa's oldest national football team and has won the Africa Cup of Nations a record seven times. The team has made three appearances in the FIFA World Cup and was the first-ever African and Middle Eastern team to make such an appearance.

Internationally, Egypt earned the honour of becoming a bronze medalist at the 2001 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Argentina.
Gordon Warwick
Dr. Gordon Thomas Warwick (1918–1983) was a geomorphologist and speleologist, based for his entire working career at Birmingham University. Following upon his death in 1983, a medal was instituted in his honour by the British Geomorphological Research Group, of which he was a founder member.

Speleology
Speleology (from Ancient Greek  σπήλαιον (spḗlaion) 'cave' and  -λογία (-logía) 'study of') is the scientific study of caves and other karst features, as well as their composition, structure, physical properties, history, ecology, and the processes by which they form (speleogenesis) and change over time (speleomorphology). The term speleology is also sometimes applied to the recreational activity of exploring caves, but this is more properly known as caving, potholing (British English), or spelunking (United States and Canadian English). Speleology and caving are often connected, as the physical skills required for in situ study are the same.

Speleology is a cross-disciplinary field that combines the knowledge of chemistry, biology, geology, physics, meteorology, and cartography to develop portraits of caves as complex, evolving systems.
Salyut Machine-Building Association
Salyut Machine-Building Production Association (Russian: Научно-производственный центр газотурбостроения «Салют») is a company based in Moscow, Russia. NPC Salyut have three plants and office with further plants outside Moscow city. It is a subsidiary of United Engine Corporation.

Salyut is a leading commercial and military aircraft engine production association. Aircraft engine repairs and diagnostic services are also provided. Under conversion programs, Salyut produces a variety of commercial machinery and small engines.

Salyut manufactured the AL-21F turbofan engine for the Su-24 Fencer and the AL-31F engine for the Su-27 Flanker.

Saturn AL-31
The Saturn AL-31 (originally Lyulka) is a family of axial flow turbofan engines, developed by the Lyulka-Saturn design bureau in the Soviet Union, now NPO Saturn in Russia, originally as a 12.5-tonne (122.6 kN, 27,560 lbf) powerplant for the Sukhoi Su-27 long range air superiority fighter. The AL-31 currently powers the Su-27 family of combat aircraft and some variants of the Chengdu J-10 multirole jet fighter. Assembly of the engine is also performed under license in India by HAL, for the Sukhoi Su-30MKI. Improved variants power the fifth-generation Sukhoi Su-57 and Chengdu J-20.
Hteik Su Phaya Gyi
Princess Hteik Su Phaya Gyi (Burmese: ထိပ်စုဘုရားကြီး pronounced [tʰeɪʔ sṵ pʰə.yá dʑí]; 5 April 1923 – 31 December 2021), also known as Su Su Khin or Pwar May or Princess Tessie, was a Burmese princess and the final surviving royal of the Konbaung dynasty. Daughter of Princess Myat Phaya Galay (a daughter of the last king of Burma), she was a senior member of the Royal House of Konbaung.

Upon the death of her younger brother Taw Phaya in 2019, she became the last living grandchild of King Thibaw.

Thibaw Min
Thibaw Min, also Thebaw (Burmese: သီပေါ‌မင်း, pronounced [θìbɔ́ mɪ́ɰ̃]; 1 January 1859 – 16 December 1916), was the last king of the Konbaung dynasty of Burma (Myanmar) and also the last Burmese monarch in the country's history. His reign ended when the Royal Burmese armed forces were defeated by the forces of the British Empire in the Third Anglo-Burmese War, on 29 November 1885, prior to its official annexation on 1 January 1886.
Wetton, Staffordshire
Wetton is a village in the Staffordshire Moorlands in Staffordshire, England. It is in the Peak District and at the top of the east side of the Manifold Valley. The population recorded in the 2001 Census was 157. At the time of the 2011 Census the population was recorded under Ilam. This article describes the location, some of the main features of the village, and a number of places of historical or general interest in or near the village. These include Long Low, Wetton, a prehistoric burial site unique to England.

Because the post town is Ashbourne, Derbyshire, many sources of tourist information wrongly describe Wetton as being in Derbyshire.

Alstonefield
Alstonefield (alternative spelling: Alstonfield) is a village and civil parish in the Peak District National Park and the Staffordshire Moorlands district of Staffordshire, England about 7 miles (11 km) north of Ashbourne, 10 miles (16 km) east of Leek and 16 miles (26 km) south of Buxton. The parish had a population of 274 according to the 2001 census, increasing to 304 at the 2011 census.

The village has two pubs; The George and The Watts Russell Arms.

The civil parish also contains the hamlets of Hopedale, Stanshope and Milldale.

In Wilson's 1870–1872 Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales, the spellings Allstonefield and Allstonfield were used.

The poet and writer Charles Cotton (28 April 1630 – 16 February 1687), best known for translating the work of Michel de Montaigne from the French, for his contributions to The Compleat Angler and for the influential The Compleat Gamester, was born in the village.
York University Busway
The York University Busway is a bus-only roadway in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, which stretches 1.8 kilometres (1.1 mi) from Finch West subway station to Dufferin Street. It is used by the Toronto Transit Commission's 939B Finch Express bus route.

The busway was constructed in 2009 as part of a series of bus-only roadways and bus lanes stretching 6.5 kilometres (4.0 mi) from Downsview station (now Sheppard West) to York University to serve the 196 York University Rocket bus rapid transit route. After the opening of the Toronto–York Spadina subway extension on December 17, 2017, route 196 was discontinued and the other segments of bus infrastructure were repurposed.

Finch West station
Finch West is a Toronto subway interchange station serving Line 1 Yonge–University and Line 6 Finch West in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is located at the intersection of Keele Street and Finch Avenue West. It opened as a through station for Line 1 on December 17, 2017, and became the eastern terminus of Line 6 on December 7, 2025.
Australia national quadball team
The Australian national quadball team, known as the Dropbears, is the representative national team in the sport of quadball for Australia. The team made history in 2016 when it won the 2016 IQA World Cup, becoming the first non-United States Quidditch World Champions.

Australia made its international debut in 2012 at the IQA Summer Games in Oxford, UK, and is one of only 4 national teams to have competed in all 6 IQA World Cups. Until 2025, the Dropbears were the only team to ever beat the  United States at an international level, and after beating them at the 2025 World Cup to win bronze, are the only team to beat the USA twice.

The team is regulated by Quadball Australia and is a national member of the International Quadball Association.

Quadball in Australia
Quidditch, also known as Quadball, in Australia is played by a mixture of university and community teams. Due to the geographic demographics of the country, most major competitive tournaments are held in the eastern states. There are currently over 30 registered teams in the country.
Wijewardene family
The Wijewardene family is a Sri Lankan family that is prominent in enterprise and politics. Along with many members who have been successful politicians across generations, the family includes two Chief Justices, two Prime Ministers and two Presidents of Sri Lanka.

Prime Minister of Sri Lanka
The prime minister of Sri Lanka, officially the prime minister of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka is the second-highest ranking office in the executive branch of the Government of Sri Lanka, after the President of Sri Lanka, and ranks first in the presidential line of succession. The prime minister is the most senior member of parliament in the cabinet of ministers. The Cabinet is collectively held accountable to parliament for their policies and actions. The powers and functions of the prime minister has changed several times since the creation of the office in 1947.

Harini Amarasuriya is the 16th and current prime minister of Sri Lanka, serving since 24 September 2024.
History of the camera
The history of the camera began even before the introduction of photography. Cameras evolved from the camera obscura through many generations of photographic technology – daguerreotypes, calotypes, dry plates, film – to the modern day with digital cameras and camera phones.

Calotype
Not to be confused with  the similar-sounding Kallitype process

Calotype or talbotype is an early photographic process introduced in 1841 by William Henry Fox Talbot, using paper coated with silver iodide. Paper texture effects in calotype photography limit the ability of this early process to record low contrast details and textures.

The term calotype comes from the Ancient Greek καλός (kalos), "beautiful", and τύπος (typos), "impression".
Juvenal of Jerusalem
Saint Juvenal (Greek: Άγιος Ιουβενάλιος) was Bishop of Jerusalem from 422. On the See of Jerusalem being recognised as a Metropolitinate by the Council of Chalcedon, he became the first Metropolitan of Jerusalem, an office he occupied until his death in 458. His jurisdictional reach over all three provinces of Roman Palestine would subsequently gain him the recognition as the first Patriarch of Jerusalem.

Metropolis (religious jurisdiction)
A metropolis, metropolitanate or metropolitan diocese is an episcopal see whose bishop is the metropolitan bishop or archbishop of an ecclesiastical province. Metropolises, historically, have been important cities in their provinces.