hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Classic Mac OS memory management
Historically, the classic Mac OS used a form of memory management that has fallen out of favor in modern systems. Criticism of this approach was one of the key areas addressed by the change to Mac OS X.

The original problem for the engineers of the Macintosh was how to make optimum use of the 128 KB of RAM with which the machine was equipped, on Motorola 68000-based computer hardware that does not support virtual memory. Since at that time the machine could only run one application program at a time, and there was no fixed secondary storage, the engineers implemented a simple scheme that worked well with those particular constraints. That design choice did not scale well with the development of the machine, creating various difficulties for both programmers and users.

Memory protection
Memory protection is a way to control memory access rights on a computer, and is a part of most modern instruction set architectures and operating systems.  The main purpose of memory protection is to prevent a process from accessing memory that has not been allocated to it.  This prevents a bug or malware within a process from affecting other processes, or the operating system itself.  Protection may encompass all accesses to a specified area of memory, write accesses, or attempts to execute the contents of the area. An attempt to access unauthorized memory results in a hardware fault, e.g., a segmentation fault, storage violation exception, generally causing abnormal termination of the offending process. Memory protection for computer security includes additional techniques such as address space layout randomization and executable-space protection.
John Tolkien (priest)
John Francis Reuel Tolkien (16 November 1917 – 22 January 2003) was an English Roman Catholic priest and the eldest son of J. R. R. Tolkien. He served as a parish priest in Oxford, Coventry, Birmingham, and Stoke-on-Trent. He was also a chaplain at the University College of North Staffordshire and to two schools, as well as a governor of St Joseph's College. During his lifetime and after his death, there were a number of allegations of child sexual abuse against him: he was questioned by the police but never charged or convicted.

School governor
In England, Wales and Northern Ireland, school governors are the overseers of a school. In state schools, they have three main functions:

Giving the school a clear vision, ethos and strategic direction

Holding the headteacher to account for the educational performance of the school and its pupils

Overseeing the financial performance of the school and making sure its money is well spent.

They are the largest volunteer force in the country.
Greg Sowders
Gregory Michael Sowders (born March 17, 1960) is an American drummer and music publisher. He is a founding member of alternative country and Paisley Underground band the Long Ryders, and Senior Vice President and Head of A&R at Warner Chappell Music in the United States.

Warner Chappell Music
Warner Chappell Music, Inc. is an American music publishing company and a subsidiary of the Warner Music Group. Warner Chappell Music's catalog consists of over 1.4 million compositions and 150,000 composers, with offices in over 40 countries.

It was formed in 1987 when Warner Music Group acquired Chappell & Co. and combined it with its existing music publishing division. Although the company previously had sheet music publishing activities, these were sold in 2005 and the company now focuses on music licensing and related services.
Fufe Makatong
Fufe Bohutsana Providence Makatong (born 15 February 1970) is a South African politician and the Northern Cape MEC for Roads and Public Works. She was appointed to the position on 26 June 2020. She has served as a member of the Northern Cape Provincial Legislature since 12 June 2020, and previously from 2014 to 2019. Between 2018 and 2019, she was the MEC for Health. Makatong is the treasurer of the provincial African National Congress structure.

Northern Cape Provincial Legislature
The Northern Cape Provincial Legislature is the legislature of the Northern Cape province of South Africa. It is a unicameral body of 30 members elected every five years. The current legislature was elected on 29 May 2024 with the African National Congress getting the most seats (15 members). It is situated in Kimberley, in a newly built complex to the west of the city centre on the edge of Galeshewe.

The Northern Cape Provincial Legislature, like the eight other provincial legislatures in South Africa, was created on 27 April 1994 by the Interim Constitution of South Africa, which dissolved the four original provinces (and their provincial councils) and created the nine current provinces. It is currently constituted in terms of Chapter Six of the Constitution of South Africa, which defines the structure of the provincial governments.
OTs-21 Malysh
The OTs-21 Malysh (Russian: ОЦ-21 «Малыш», meaning "kid") is a 9 mm semi-automatic pistol designed by the KBP Instrument Design Bureau for special applications where concealment is a key priority.

The Malysh operates on the simple blowback principle; it is a double action only design with the ammunition capacity limited to five 9×18mm Makarov rounds (can use only 57-N-181S cartridges) in a box magazine with a base extension for more comfortable holding and firing. It features an internal hammer and there are no protrusions to hinder rapid withdrawal from a pocket or holster. The pistol has no safety other than the need for a definite pressure on the trigger. There are also no sights other than a groove along the top of the slide, emphasizing the intention that the OTs-21 Malysh is limited to very short-range engagements.

9×18mm Makarov
The 9×18mm Makarov (designated 9mm Makarov by the C.I.P. and often called 9×18mm PM) is a Soviet pistol and submachine gun cartridge. During the latter half of the 20th century, it was a standard military pistol cartridge of the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc, analogous to the 9×19mm Parabellum in NATO and Western Bloc military use.
Battle of Koregaon
The Battle of Koregaon  was fought on 1 January 1818 between the British East India Company and the Peshwa faction of the Maratha Confederacy, at Koregaon Bhima.

A 28,000-strong force led by Peshwa Baji Rao II whilst on their way to attack the company-held Pune, were unexpectedly met by an 800-strong Company force that was on its way to reinforce the British troops in Pune. The Peshwa dispatched around 2,000 soldiers to attack the force which sought entrenchment in Koregaon. Led by Captain Francis Staunton, the Company troops defended their position for nearly 12 hours, before the Peshwa's troops ultimately withdrew, fearing the imminent arrival of a larger British force.

The battle was part of the Third Anglo-Maratha war, a series of battles that culminated in the defeat of the Peshwa rule and subsequent rule of the British East India Company in nearly all of Western, Central and Southern India. There is a "victory pillar" (obelisk) in Koregaon commemorating the battle.

Obelisk
An obelisk (/ˈɒbəlɪsk/; from Ancient Greek  ὀβελίσκος (obelískos), diminutive of ὀβελός (obelós) ' spit, nail, pointed pillar'), less often spelled obelisque, is a tall, slender, tapered monument with four sides and a pyramidal or pyramidion top. Originally constructed by Ancient Egyptians and called tekhenu, the Greeks used the Greek term obeliskos to describe them, and this word passed into Latin and ultimately English. Though William Thomas used the term correctly in his Historie of Italie of 1549, by the late sixteenth century (after reduced contact with Italy following the excommunication of Queen Elizabeth), Shakespeare failed to distinguish between pyramids and obelisks in his plays and sonnets. Ancient obelisks are monolithic and consist of a single stone; most modern obelisks are made of several stones.
Jama'are River
The Jama'are River, also known as the Bunga River in its upper reaches, starts in the highlands near Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria and flows northeast through Bauchi State and Yobe State before joining the Hadejia River to form the Yobe River. There has recently been controversy over a plan to build the Kafin Zaki Dam on this river, with concerns over the effect on seasonal flooding and the water table.

Hadejia River
The Hadejia River (Hausa: kogin Haɗeja) is a river in Northern Nigeria and is a tributary of the Yobe River (Komadugu Yobe). 
Among the cities and towns that lie on or near its banks are Hadejia and Nguru. 
Damming of the river for the purposes of irrigation has led to a decrease in the amount of water in the Hadejia-Nguru wetlands, which the river forms along with Nguru Lake.

The Hadejia river is now 80% controlled by the Tiga and Challawa Gorge dams in Kano State.
Cabin Run, Columbia County, Pennsylvania
Cabin Run is a tributary of West Branch Briar Creek in Columbia County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately 1.2 miles (1.9 km) long and flows through North Centre Township. The watershed of the stream has an area of 0.72 square miles (1.9 km2). The waters of the stream are slightly acidic. Its watershed lies over shale and siltstone.

Several early attempts at settlement on Cabin Run occurred in 1777 and 1778.

Siltstone
Siltstone, also known as aleurolite, is a clastic sedimentary rock that is composed mostly of silt. It is a form of mudrock with a low clay mineral content, which can be distinguished from shale by its lack of fissility.

Although its permeability and porosity is relatively low, siltstone is sometimes a tight gas reservoir rock, an unconventional reservoir for natural gas that requires hydraulic fracturing for production to be economical.

Siltstone was prized in ancient Egypt for manufacturing statuary and cosmetic palettes. The siltstone quarried at Wadi Hammamat was a hard, fine-grained siltstone that resisted flaking and was almost ideal for such uses.
Bahinemo language
Bahinemo (Gahom) is a Sepik language spoken in East Sepik Province, Papua-New Guinea.

It is spoken in 4 villages, including in Gahom village (4°37′46″S 142°44′53″E﻿ / ﻿4.629412°S 142.747919°E﻿ / -4.629412; 142.747919﻿ (Gahom/Moli)) of Tunap/Hunstein Rural LLG in East Sepik Province.

East Sepik Province
East Sepik is a province in Papua New Guinea. Its capital is Wewak. East Sepik has an estimated population of 450,530 people (2011 census) and is 43,426 km square in size. Its density is 10.4 people per square kilometer.
Classic FM Hall of Fame
The Classic FM Hall of Fame is an annual compilation of the 300 most popular classical works as polled by listeners of Classic FM through a public vote. With more than 200,000 voters, each choosing their three favourites in order of preference, Classic FM claim their Hall of Fame is the world's most comprehensive poll of classical music tastes.

The countdown, first broadcast in 1996, airs over the four-day Easter holiday weekend.

The compilation is notable for featuring a wide variety of classical works. Pieces by composers such as Elgar and Beethoven feature alongside works by contemporary composers such as Karl Jenkins and Ludovico Einaudi. Film soundtracks by John Williams, John Barry and Ennio Morricone are also regular features of the chart. For the first time in 2012, the chart featured two original works from video game soundtracks.

In 2015, 12 pieces of music from video game soundtracks were voted into Classic FM's top 300 chart.

Karl Jenkins
Sir Karl William Pamp Jenkins, CBE, FRAM, HonFLSW (born 17 February 1944) is a Welsh multi-instrumentalist and composer. His best known works include the song "Adiemus" (1995, from the Adiemus album series), Palladio (1995), The Armed Man (2000), his Requiem (2005) and his Stabat Mater (2008).

Jenkins was educated in music at Cardiff University and the Royal Academy of Music, and he is a fellow and an associate of the latter. He joined the jazz-rock band Soft Machine in 1972 and became the group's lead songwriter in 1974. He continued to work with Soft Machine until 1984, but has not been involved with any incarnation of the group since. He has composed music for advertising campaigns and has won the industry prize twice.
Northern Saskatchewan International Children's Festival
Northern Saskatchewan International Children's Festival is held in early June on the shore of the South Saskatchewan River in Kiwanis Park, downtown, Saskatoon.  Talented children's performers from around the world are mainstage at this event such as Al Simmons, Pied Pumpkin, Michel Lauziere, Sharon Hampson and Bram Morrison. Across Canada there are similar festivals such as those nearby namely the Winnipeg International Children's Festival, Regina International Children's, Northern Alberta Int'l Children's Festival, Calgary Int'l Children's Festival.  Tickets are purchased for the mainstage events. The festival provides crafts, parades, face painting and many other varied site activities in the park for festival attendees. The festival is staffed and run primarily by volunteers, and funded by community sponsors.

Winnipeg International Children's Festival
The Winnipeg International Children's Festival, also known as Kidsfest, is a children's festival held annually at The Forks National Historic Park. The festival is run by "Winnipeg International Children's Festival", which is a charitable, non-profit, community-based organization.
Piazza della Palma
Piazza Randolfo Pacciardi, better known as Piazza della Palma (lit. 'Square of the Palm tree'), is a public square in the historic centre of Grosseto, Tuscany, Italy.

Originally named after a palm tree first planted in the 18th century and continuously replanted over time, the square is officially dedicated to Randolfo Pacciardi but remains popularly known as Piazza della Palma.

Randolfo Pacciardi
Randolfo Pacciardi (1 January 1899 – 14 April 1991) was an Italian politician.

He was a long-time member of the secular, centre-left Italian Republican Party.

An ardent anti-fascist, he lived in exile for many years and was an officer of the International Brigades during the Spanish Civil War. He was later politically active in post-war Italy. His support for various plans to install a presidential republic in Italy during the Cold War has been a source of controversy.
Golapi Ekhon Bilatey
Golapi Ekhon Bilatey is a 2010 Bangladeshi film written and directed by Amjad Hussain. It stars Mithun Chakraborty, Moushumi, Shabnur, Ferdous Ahmed, Prabir Mitra and Ahmed Sharif. Amjad Hussain directed two other films before, Golapi Ekhon Traine (1978), Golapi Ekhon Dhakay (1995) but they are not the prequel of this film. The filming of Golapi Ekhon Bilatey began in May 2006 and it was released on 29 January 2010 in Bangladesh.

Shabnur
Kazi Sharmin Nahid Nupur (born 17 December 1975)  known by her stage name Shabnur, is a Bangladeshi film actress. She was one of the highest paid actresses in Bangladesh. Considered one of the most popular actresses  in Bangladesh in the 1990s, her career expands over two decades where she acted in more than 150 films.

She first appeared on screen in 1993 in the film Chandni Raatey but her breakthrough came with Tumi Amar (1994), in which she starred alongside Salman Shah. This helped her quickly becoming a sensation in the industry and led her acting in big role movies such as Jibon Shongi, Shopner Thikana, Moner Majhe Tumi, Ananda Ashru.

She won Bangladesh National Film Award for Best Actress for her role in the film Dui Noyoner Alo (2005).
Friedrich Kaulbach
Theodor Friedrich Wilhelm Christian Kaulbach (8 July 1822 – 17 September 1903) was a German painter from Bad Arolsen, Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont. His father was Christian Kaulbach (1777–1847), a cabinet maker in Arolsen.  He was also the cousin and at one time the student of the painter Wilhelm von Kaulbach, son of Philipp Karl Friedrich v. Kaulbach (1775–1846), goldsmith and amateur painter.

Wilhelm von Kaulbach
Wilhelm von Kaulbach (15 October 1805 – 7 April 1874) was a German painter, noted mainly as a muralist, but also as a book illustrator.  His murals decorate buildings in Munich. He is associated with the Düsseldorf school of painting.
Anita Bhadel
Anita Bhimsingh Bhadel (born 23 December 1972) is an Indian politician, social worker, and former Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Women and Child Development in the Government of Rajasthan. She is a member of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly, representing the Ajmer South constituency and belongs to the Bharatiya Janata Party. She was honoured with the Nari Shakti Puraskar in 2017.

Government of Rajasthan
The Government of Rajasthan is the supreme governing authority of the Indian state of Rajasthan and its 41 districts. It consists of an executive branch, led by the governor of Rajasthan, as well as judiciary and legislative branches. Jaipur is the capital of Rajasthan, and houses the Vidhan Sabha (legislative assembly) and the secretariat. There are various programs announced by the Government of Rajasthan.
Dock Mathieson
John Davie ("Dock") Mathieson (20 May 1914 – 3 December 1985) was a Scottish musician. In between his early and late careers as a teacher, he was a musical director for British films in the 1940s and 1950s. He was instrumental in securing Ralph Vaughan Williams's score for the 1948 film Scott of the Antarctic, which the composer later reworked as the Sinfonia antartica. Other films on which Mathieson worked included The Lavender Hill Mob (1951), The Titfield Thunderbolt (1953) and The Ladykillers (1955).

The Lavender Hill Mob
The Lavender Hill Mob is a 1951 British comedy film from Ealing Studios, written by T. E. B. Clarke, directed by Charles Crichton, starring Alec Guinness and Stanley Holloway and featuring Sid James and Alfie Bass. The title refers to Lavender Hill, a street in Battersea, a district in London SW11, near to Clapham Junction railway station. It was one of the first films to feature Audrey Hepburn, in a minor role.

The British Film Institute ranked The Lavender Hill Mob the 17th greatest British film of all time. The original film was digitally restored and re-released to UK cinemas on 29 July 2011 to celebrate its 60th anniversary. It is one of fifteen films listed in the category "Art" on the Vatican film list.
Ghulam Akbar Khan Niazi
Ghulam Akbar Khan Niazi is a Pakistani-Saudi Arabian physician. He served as a military doctor in the Saudi Arabian National Guard Medical Services for three decades, later becoming its director, as well as being a family physician in the Saudi royal family and founding the Islamabad Medical and Dental College in Pakistan.

Islamabad Medical and Dental College
Islamabad Medical and Dental College (Urdu: اسلام آباد طبی اور دندان سازی کالج) is a private medical and dental college located in Islamabad, Pakistan. It has a campus spread over 7.5 acres (3 ha) at the foothills of the Margalla Hills. The college gives admission to 100 MBBS, 50 BDS, and 4 MDS students each year.
Kjøra
Kjøra is a village in Orkland Municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway. The village is located along the Trondheimsfjord. The village is located about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) southeast of the village of Selbekken and about 17 kilometres (11 mi) north of the Råbygda/Orkanger/Fannrem urban area.

Selbekken
Selbekken is a village in Orkland Municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway. The village is located directly south of the village of Lensvik along the Trondheimsfjorden and the Norwegian County Road 710. The 0.49-square-kilometre (120-acre) village has a population (2024) of 448 and a population density of 914 inhabitants per square kilometre (2,370/sq mi).

The lake Øyangsvatnet lies about 6.5 kilometres (4.0 mi) west of the village, the village of Ingdalen lies about 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) to the south, and the village of Vassbygda lies about 20 kilometres (12 mi) to the north.
Ardetosaurus
Ardetosaurus is an extinct genus of diplodocid sauropod dinosaurs from the Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) Morrison Formation of northern Wyoming, United States. The genus contains a single species, Ardetosaurus viator. It was first described in 2024 on the basis of a partial articulated skeleton, including vertebrae from the neck, back, and tail, hip bones, and part of the left hindlimb. The genus is a member of the Diplodocinae, a subfamily of large long-necked dinosaurs with whiplike tails. Ardetosaurus represents one of many distinct sauropod taxa that coexisted in this formation.

The Ardetosaurus holotype was collected in 1993 before being shipped to Switzerland, from which it was later sent to Germany, where it was damaged by a museum fire, and later the Netherlands, where it is now housed. It can be distinguished from other diplodocines based on a unique arrangement of laminae on its vertebrae.

Kimmeridgian
In the geologic timescale, the Kimmeridgian is an age in the Late Jurassic Epoch and a stage in the Upper Jurassic Series. It spans the time between 154.8 ±0.8 Ma and 149.2 ±0.7 Ma (million years ago). The Kimmeridgian follows the Oxfordian and precedes the Tithonian.
Willie and the Hand Jive
"Willie and the Hand Jive" is a song written by Johnny Otis and originally released as a single in 1958 by Otis, reaching #9 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and #5 on the Billboard R&B chart.  The song has a Bo Diddley beat and was partly inspired by the music sung by a chain gang Otis heard while he was touring.  The lyrics are about a man who became famous for doing a dance with his hands, but the song has been accused of glorifying masturbation, though Otis always denied it.  It has since been covered by numerous artists, including The Crickets, The Strangeloves, Eric Clapton, Cliff Richard, Kim Carnes, George Thorogood, The Bunch, and in live performances by The Grateful Dead.  Clapton's 1974 version was released as a single and reached the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at No. 26. Thorogood's 1985 version reached No. 25 on the Billboard Rock Tracks chart.

The Strangeloves
The Strangeloves were a band created in 1964 by the New York-based American songwriting and production team of Bob Feldman, Jerry Goldstein, and Richard Gottehrer.  They initially pretended to be from Australia.  The Strangeloves' most successful singles were "I Want Candy," "Cara-Lin", and "Night Time".
Götzis railway station
Götzis railway station (German: Bahnhof Götzis) is a railway station in Götzis in the Feldkirch district of the Austrian federal state of Vorarlberg. It was opened on 1 July 1872, together with the rest of the Vorarlberg railway. The station is owned and operated by the Austrian Federal Railways (ÖBB).

Bludenz railway station
Bludenz railway station (German: Bahnhof Bludenz) serves the city of Bludenz, in the Bludenz district of the Austrian federal state of Vorarlberg. It is owned and operated by the Austrian Federal Railways (ÖBB). Opened in 1872, it forms the junction between the Arlberg railway and the Vorarlberg railway. The station is also a terminus of the Bludenz–Schruns railway (Montafonerbahn).

Regional train services belong to the Vorarlberg S-Bahn, with the S1 service also being part of the Bodensee S-Bahn.