hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
2003 ricin letters
The 2003 ricin letters were two ricin-laden letters found on two occasions between October and November 2003. One letter was mailed to the White House and intercepted at a processing facility; another was discovered with no address in South Carolina. A February 2004 ricin incident at the Dirksen Senate Office Building was initially connected to the 2003 letters as well.

The letters were sent by someone referring to themselves as "Fallen Angel". The sender, who claimed to own a trucking company, expressed anger over changes in federal trucking regulations. As of 2008, no connection between the Fallen Angel letters and the Dirksen building incident has been established. A $100,000 reward was offered in 2004 by the federal law enforcement agencies investigating the case, but to date the reward remains unclaimed.

Ricin
Ricin (/ˈraɪsɪn/ RY-sin) is a lectin (a carbohydrate-binding protein) and a highly potent toxin produced in the seeds of the castor oil plant, Ricinus communis. The median lethal dose (LD50) of ricin for mice is around 22 micrograms per kilogram of body mass via intraperitoneal injection. Oral exposure to ricin is far less toxic. An estimated lethal oral dose in humans is approximately one milligram per kilogram of body mass.

Ricin is a toxalbumin and was first described by Peter Hermann Stillmark, the founder of lectinology. Ricin is chemically similar to robin.
Yitzhak Kaduri
Yitzhak Kaduri (Hebrew: יצחק כדורי, Arabic: إسحاق الخضوري), also spelled Kadouri, Kadourie, Kedourie (c. 1898 – January 28, 2006), was a Haredi rabbi and kabbalist. He taught and practiced the kavanot of the Rashash. His amulets were distributed to voters before the Israeli election in May 1996, in exchange for their votes for Benjamin Netanyahu and the Shas party. During his lifetime he published no religious articles or books.

At the time of his death, estimates of his age ranged from 103 to 108, and his birth year is still disputed. His funeral, held in Jerusalem, drew over 200,000 followers.

Yehuda Fatiyah
Yehuda Fetaya (Yehuda ben Moshe ben Yeshou`ah Fetaya; 1859–1942) was a leading Kabbalist and authored many works of Kabbalah, among which three are well known, Yayin haReqa`h, Bet Le`hem Yehuda and Min`hat Yehuda.
Platinum (Miranda Lambert album)
Platinum is the fifth studio album by American country music singer and songwriter Miranda Lambert. It was released on June 3, 2014, by RCA Nashville.

Lambert wrote or co-wrote eight of the album's 16 tracks while working with a host of session musicians and songwriters, as well as guest performers Little Big Town, The Time Jumpers, and Carrie Underwood. The album was produced by Frank Liddell, Chuck Ainlay, and Glenn Worf.

Platinum debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, becoming Lambert's first to top the chart, while selling 180,000 copies in its first week. It received widespread critical acclaim and earned Lambert a Grammy Award for Best Country Album as well as a CMA Award and ACM Award in the same category. The album was certified platinum for sales of one million copies in the United States.

Country Music Association Awards
The Country Music Association Awards, also known as the CMA Awards or CMAs, are presented to country music artists and broadcasters to recognize outstanding achievement in the country music industry. The televised annual presentation ceremony features performances and award presentations by popular country music artists, with occasional appearances from pop and rock artists. The CMA Awards were first presented in 1967, and televised for the first time the following year.
Vadym Sukharevsky
Vadym Olehovych Sukharevskyi (Ukrainian: Вадим Олегович Сухаревський), callsign Badger (Ukrainian: Борсук, romanized: Borsuk listenⓘ; born 6 October 1984) is a colonel of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. He had served as Commander of the Unmanned Systems Forces and Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of Ukraine since 2024 to 2025. He was the first officer of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, under whose command fire was opened to defeat Russian militants in the Donbas war. In 2022 he was awarded Hero of Ukraine.

Sukharevskyi was previously Commander of the 59th Motorized Infantry Brigade (2022–2024), Chief of Staff of the 35th Marine Brigade (2021–2022), Commander of the 503rd Marine Battalion (2016–2021), and previously served in the Airborne Forces.

Hero of Ukraine
A Hero of Ukraine (abbr.  HOU; Ukrainian: Герой України, romanized: Heroi Ukrainy) is the highest national decoration that can be conferred upon an individual citizen by the president of Ukraine.

The decoration was created in 1998 by President Leonid Kuchma. As of January 26, 2026, the total number of recipients was no less than 1,255 (of which decrees awarding 1,216 individuals were published, and for at least 39 individuals, the decrees were not made public).

The decoration is granted to two classes of recipients: to civilians, the Order of the State (abbr.  OS, Ukrainian: Орден Держави, romanized: Orden Derzhavy); and to military recipients, the Order of the Gold Star (abbr.  OGS, Орден «Золота Зірка», Orden "Zolota Zirka").

The first foreigner awarded the decoration was Belarusian Mykhailo Zhyznevskyi in June 2017.
Afa Anoaʻi Jr.
Afa Anoaʻi Jr. (born October 6, 1984) is an American professional wrestler. He is best known for his work with the professional wrestling promotion World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) in the late 2000s with the ring name Manu. He owns BattleField Pro Wrestling, a promotion based in Pennsylvania.

Samu (wrestler)
Samuel Fred Anoaʻi (born May 29, 1963) is an American retired professional wrestler, better known by his ring name Samu. He is signed to WWE on a Legends contract. He is best known for his appearances with World Championship Wrestling (WCW), Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW), and New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) in the 1980s and 1990s.
Francisco José Lloreda Mera
Francisco José Lloreda Mera (born 13 November 1965) is a Colombian lawyer, politician, writer, editor and newspaper director. He is serving as High Presidential Advisor for Coexistence and Citizen Security in the Administration of President Juan Manuel Santos Calderón. He previously served the government as Ambassador of Colombia to the Netherlands and as Minister of National Education of Colombia.

He has been a writer, editor, and director of the newspaper El País, founded in 1949 by his paternal grandfather Álvaro Lloreda Caicedo and great-uncles.  His grandfather was director of El Pais for 25 years, followed by his father.

Ministry of National Education (Colombia)
The Ministry of National Education (Spanish: Ministerio de Educación Nacional) is the national executive ministry of the Government of Colombia responsible for overseeing the instruction and education of the Colombian people, similar to education ministries in other countries.
Jocelyn Alo
Jocelyn Aloha Pumehana Alo (born September 23, 1998) is an American professional softball player for the Chicago Bandits of the Athletes Unlimited Softball League (AUSL). She previously played for the Oklahoma City Spark of the Association of Fastpitch Professionals (AFP). She played college softball for the Oklahoma Sooners and won consecutive Women's College World Series championships in 2021 and 2022. Alo was named 2018 NFCA National Freshman of the Year, and named USA Softball Collegiate Player of the Year in 2021 and 2022. She is the NCAA Division I career leader in home runs. Alo was drafted first overall by the Smash It Vipers in the inaugural WPF draft.

2022 NCAA Division I softball tournament
The 2022 NCAA Division I softball tournament was held from May 20 through June 9, 2022, as the final part of the 2022 NCAA Division I softball season. The tournament culminated with the 2022 Women's College World Series at USA Softball Hall of Fame Stadium in Oklahoma City.
Qaiser Rashid Khan
Qaiser Rashid Khan (31 March 1961 – 2 January 2024) was a Pakistani jurist and the chief justice of Peshawar High Court from 9 January 2021 to 31 March 2023. Born in Thana, Malakand, Khan earned his law degree from Khyber Law College and his Master of Arts degrees in Political Science and Journalism from the University of Peshawar before beginning his career in law. His tenure at the Peshawar High Court began in 2011, and he subsequently held various positions, including Senior Justice and Acting Chief Justice, before his death in 2024.

University of Peshawar
The University of Peshawar (Pashto: د پېښور پوهنتون; Hindko: پشور یونیورسٹی; Urdu: جامعۂ پشاور; abbreviated UoP; known more popularly as Peshawar University) is a public research university located in Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

The university is one of the oldest universities in the province, and is ranked as one of the highest rated universities in the country.
Globe Theatre
The Globe Theatre was a theatre in London associated with William Shakespeare. It was built in 1599 at Southwark, close to the south bank of the Thames, by Shakespeare's playing company, the Lord Chamberlain's Men. It was destroyed by fire on 29 June 1613. A second Globe Theatre was built on the same site by June 1614 and stayed open until the  London theatre closures of 1642. As well as plays by Shakespeare, early works by Ben Jonson, Thomas Dekker and John Fletcher were first performed here.

A modern reconstruction of the Globe, named "Shakespeare's Globe", opened in 1997 approximately 750 feet (230 m) from the site of the original theatre.

Ben Jonson
Benjamin Jonson (c. 11 June 1572 – 18 August [O.S. 6 August] 1637) was an English poet, playwright, and dramatist. Jonson's artistry exerted a lasting influence on English poetry and stage comedy. He popularised the comedy of humours; he is best known for the satirical plays Every Man in His Humour (1598), Volpone, or The Fox (c. 1606), The Alchemist (1610), and Bartholomew Fair (1614), and for his lyric and epigrammatic poetry. He is regarded as "the second most important English dramatist, after William Shakespeare, during the reign of James I."

Jonson was a classically educated, well-read and cultured man of the English Renaissance with an appetite for controversy (personal and political, artistic and intellectual). His cultural influence was of unparalleled breadth upon the playwrights and the poets of the Jacobean era (1603–1625) and of the Caroline era (1625–1642).
Spirovsky District
Spirovsky District  (Russian: Спи́ровский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-six in Tver Oblast, Russia. It is located in the center of the oblast and borders with Maksatikhinsky District in the north, Likhoslavlsky District in the east, Torzhoksky District in the south, and with Vyshnevolotsky District in the west. The area of the district is 1,498 square kilometers (578 sq mi). Its administrative center is the urban locality (an urban-type settlement) of Spirovo. Population: 12,203 (2010 Census);  13,805 (2002 Census); 15,412 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Spirovo accounts for 51.4% of the district's total population.

Tver Oblast
Tver Oblast (Russian: Тверская область, romanized: Tverskaya oblastʹ, IPA: [tvʲɪrˈskajə ˈobləsʲtʲ]) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). Its administrative center is the city of Tver. From 1935 to 1990, it was known as Kalinin Oblast (Russian: Калининская область). Population: 1,353,392 (2010 census).

Tver Oblast is a region of lakes, such as Seliger and Brosno. Much of the remaining area is occupied by the Valdai Hills, where the Volga, the Western Dvina, and the Dnieper have their source.

Tver Oblast is one of the tourist regions of Russia with a modern tourist infrastructure. There are many historic towns, such as Torzhok, Zubtsov, Kashin, Vyshny Volochyok, and Kalyazin. The oldest of these is Rzhev, primarily known for the Battles of Rzhev in World War II and the Rzhev Memorial. Staritsa was the seat of the last appanage principality in Russia, while Ostashkov, located on lake Seliger, is a major center of recreational and nature tourism.
Julio Aguilera
Julio César Aguilera Peña is a Venezuelan-American painter and sculptor born in Caracas, on July 28, 1961. Previously to his career as an artist, Aguilera was awarded the sixth Dan in Kung Fu when he was just 26 years old.

Chinese martial arts
Chinese martial arts, commonly referred to with umbrella terms kung fu (/ˈkʌŋ ˈfuː/; Chinese: 功夫; pinyin: gōngfu; Jyutping: gung1 fu1; Cantonese Yale: gūng fū), kuoshu (Chinese: 國術; pinyin: guóshù; Jyutping: gwok3 seot6) or wushu (Chinese: 武術; pinyin: wǔshù; Jyutping: mou5 seot6), are multiple fighting styles that have developed over the centuries in Greater China. These fighting styles are often classified according to common traits, identified as "families" of martial arts. Examples of such traits include Shaolinquan  (少林拳) physical exercises involving Five Animals (五形) mimicry or training methods inspired by Old Chinese philosophies, religions and legends. Styles that focus on qi manipulation are called internal (内家拳; nèijiāquán), while others that concentrate on improving muscle and cardiovascular fitness are called external (外家拳; wàijiāquán). Geographical associations, as in northern (北拳; běiquán) and southern (南拳; nánquán), is another popular classification method.
Erik Vollebregt
Jan Erik Vollebregt (born 10 December 1954, in Leiden) is a sailor from the Netherlands who represented his native country at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Kingston, Ontario. With twin brother Sjoerd Vollebregt as crew, Vollebregt finished 14th in the Sailing at the 1976 Summer Olympics – Flying Dutchman. Since in 1980 the  Netherlands boycotted the Moscow Olympics, Vollebregt represented his National Olympic Committee under the Dutch NOC flag in the Flying Dutchman. Again with his brother as crew, he took 7th place.

After the 1980 Olympics Vollebregt started a new Olympic Flying Dutchman campaign for the 1984 Olympics with Eddy Huisman but finally failed to qualify.

1980 Summer Olympics boycott
The United States led the 1980 Summer Olympics boycott to protest against the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. More than 60 countries joined the boycott to varying degrees, affecting athletes, fans, and international relations. The absence of so many competitors changed the outcomes of some events, led to alternative competitions, and influenced the 1984 Olympics, which the Soviets later boycotted. The Soviet Union, which hosted the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, and its satellite states later boycotted the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles.
Shea's Amphitheatre
Shea's Amphitheatre, also known as the Winnipeg Amphitheatre, was an indoor arena located in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. It seated 6,000 spectators.

Constructed between 1908 and 1909 for horse shows, the Amphitheatre was also used as an indoor ice rink during the winter, with an ice surface measuring 67 by 26 metres (220 ft × 86 ft). After a renovation in 1919 it was, for a time, the only artificial ice surface between Toronto and Vancouver.

Today, the headquarters of The Great-West Life Assurance Company occupy the site.

Canada Life
The Canada Life Assurance Company (French: La Compagnie d'Assurance du Canada sur la Vie), commonly known as Canada Life (Canada-Vie), is a Canadian insurance and financial services company with its headquarters in Winnipeg, Manitoba. The current company is the result of the 2020 amalgamation of The Great-West Life Assurance Company, London Life Insurance Company and The Canada Life Assurance Company, along with their holding companies (London Insurance Group Inc. and Canada Life Financial Corporation). The company is a wholly owned subsidiary of Great-West Lifeco.
Air Midwest (Nigeria)
Air Midwest was an upcoming privately owned airline project from Lagos, Nigeria, which was to be based at Murtala Mohammed International Airport. The  company has been licensed by the Nigerian Federal Ministry of Aviation to operate commercial flights, but for now, no further steps have been taken towards the full launch of services.

Murtala Muhammed International Airport
Murtala Muhammed International Airport (MMIA) (IATA: LOS, ICAO: DNMM) is an international airport located in Ikeja, Lagos State, Nigeria, and is the major airport serving the entire state. The airport was initially built during World War II and is named after Murtala Muhammed (1938–1976), the fourth head of state of Nigeria.
Pseudo-R-squared
In statistics, pseudo-R-squared values are used when the outcome variable is nominal or ordinal such that the coefficient of determination R2 cannot be applied as a measure for goodness of fit and when a likelihood function is used to fit a model.

In linear regression, the squared multiple correlation, R2 is used to assess goodness of fit as it represents the proportion of variance in the criterion that is explained by the predictors. 
In logistic regression analysis, there is no agreed upon analogous measure, but there are several competing measures each with limitations.

Four of the most commonly used indices and one less commonly used one are examined in this article:

Likelihood ratio R2L

Cox and Snell R2CS

Nagelkerke R2N

McFadden R2McF

Tjur R2T

Likelihood function
A likelihood function (often simply called the likelihood) measures how well a statistical model explains observed data by calculating the probability of seeing that data under different parameter values of the model. It is constructed from the joint probability distribution of the random variable that (presumably) generated the observations. When evaluated on the actual data points, it becomes a function solely of the model parameters.

In maximum likelihood estimation, the model parameter(s) or argument that maximizes the likelihood function serves as a point estimate for the unknown parameter, while the Fisher information (often approximated by the likelihood's Hessian matrix at the maximum) gives an indication of the estimate's precision.

In contrast, in Bayesian statistics, the estimate of interest is the converse of the likelihood, the so-called posterior probability of the parameter given the observed data, which is calculated via Bayes' rule.
Malipo County
Malipo County (Chinese: 麻栗坡县; pinyin: Málìpō Xiàn) is under the administration of the Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, in the southeast of Yunnan province, China, bordering Ha Giang Province to the southeast.

Hà Giang province
Hà Giang (Vietnamese pronunciation: [haː2 zaːŋ1], listenⓘ) was a province in the Northeast region of Vietnam. It was located in the far north of the country, and contains Vietnam's northernmost point. It shared a 270 km long border with Yunnan province of southern China, and thus was known as Vietnam's final frontier.  It covered an area of 7,927.55 km2 (3,060.84 mi2), comprising 1 city and 10 rural districts, with a population of 899,900 in 2023.

The provincial capital, also called Hà Giang, was connected by Highway 2 and is 320 km away from Hanoi. The border crossing was at Thanh Thủy, 25 km from the provincial capital. It was one of the poorest provinces of Vietnam as it had mountainous topography with the least potential for agricultural development.

In addition to Thanh Thủy, there were three smaller gates, namely the Phó Bảng, Xín Mần and Săm Pun.

On 12 June 2025, Hà Giang province was incorporated into Tuyên Quang province.
Princess Maria Fortunata d'Este
Maria Fortunata d'Este (24 November 1731 – 21 September 1803) was a Modenese princess by birth and a princess du sang by marriage. By her marriage to Louis François Joseph de Bourbon, Prince of Conti, her first cousin, she became the Countess of La Marche and later the Princess of Conti; and was a member of the French court of Kings Louis XV and Louis XVI. She was the last Princess of Conti, and died without issue.

Maria Beatrice d'Este, Duchess of Massa
Maria Beatrice d'Este (Maria Beatrice Ricciarda; 7 April 1750 – 14 November 1829) was the last descendant of the House of Este, of the House of Cybo-Malaspina and, through her maternal grandmother Ricciarda Gonzaga, also of the Novellara branch of the House of Gonzaga. Ducal princess of Modena and Reggio, she became the sovereign duchess of Massa and Carrara from 1790 until 1796 and from 1815 until her death in 1829. Through her marriage, she was co-founder of the new branch, House of Austria-Este.
Kenneth Clatterbaugh
Kenneth C. Clatterbaugh is an American philosopher. He was Chair of the department of Philosophy at the University of Washington for fifteen years. He retired in 2012. His interests are modern philosophy, social philosophy, and gender studies, philosophy of religion. His latest book is a satirical look at some aspects of American Christianity. It is a novel, not an academic book although it contains considerable philosophical argument.

He graduated from University of Iowa in 1962, received the Wilson Fellowship following his graduation. He received his Ph.D. from Indiana University Bloomington in 1967.

American philosophy
American philosophy is the activity, corpus, and tradition of philosophers affiliated with the United States. The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy notes that while it lacks a "core of defining features, American Philosophy can nevertheless be seen as both reflecting and shaping collective American identity over the history of the nation". The philosophy of the Founding Fathers of the United States is largely seen as an extension of the European Enlightenment. A small number of philosophies are known as American in origin, namely pragmatism and transcendentalism, with their most prominent proponents being the philosophers William James and Ralph Waldo Emerson respectively.
So Little Time
So Little Time is an American sitcom starring Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen in their third and final television sitcom (after Full House and Two of a Kind).

It aired on Fox Family: the first half of the series aired from June 2 to August 18, 2001, and the series then went on a four-month hiatus owing to network management changes. By December 2001, Fox Family had become ABC Family, and the remaining episodes aired from December 1, 2001, until May 4, 2002.

History of Freeform
American cable and satellite television network Freeform was originally launched as the CBN Satellite Service on April 29, 1977, and has gone through four different owners and six different name changes during its history. This article details the network's existence from its founding by the Christian Broadcasting Network to its current ownership by The Walt Disney Company, which renamed the network to Freeform on January 12, 2016.
Cynoglossus
Cynoglossus is a genus of fish in the family Cynoglossidae. Most species are indigenous to the Indo-Pacific region, but there are also a few in warmer parts of the East Atlantic. They are commonly found in shallow waters on a muddy or sandy bottom, including estuaries and a few species are restricted to fresh water. One species Cynoglossus sinusarabici has invaded the Mediterranean Sea through the Suez Canal from the Red Sea, a process known as Lessepsian or Erythrean migration.

Cynoglossus sinusarabici
Cynoglossus sinusarabici, the Red Sea tonguesole, is a species of tonguefish which occurs in the Red Sea and is now common in the eastern Mediterranean Sea following its migration through the Suez Canal. It was first recorded in the Mediterranean Sea off Israel in 1953 and successively observed in Turkey and Egypt. It has an elongated body with a rounded snout which has a rostral hook large, narrowly separated eyes. It has 99–101 dorsal fin rays, 78–79 rays in its anal fin and 8 rays in the caudal fin. The lateral line has 54–60 scales with 11 scales between the lateral line and the base of the dorsal fin. The lateral line is only present on the eyed side. It is uniform brown on the eyed side and whitish on the blind side. It grows to about 15 cm standard length.