hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Child soldiers in Africa
Children under the age of 18 have been used by national armed forces and other armed groups in Africa. Typically, this classification includes children serving in non-combatant roles (such as cooks or messengers), as well as those serving in combatant roles. In 2008, it was estimated that 40 percent of child soldiers worldwide were in Africa, and the use of child soldiers in armed conflict was increasing faster than any other continent. Additionally, average age of children recruited as soldiers appears to be decreasing. As of 2017, the UN listed that seven out of fourteen countries recruiting and using child soldiers in state forces or armed groups were in Africa: Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Mali, Nigeria, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan.

Violent non-state actor
In international relations, violent non-state actors (VNSAs), also known as non-state armed actors or non-state armed groups (NSAGs), are individuals or groups that are wholly or partly independent of governments and which threaten or use violence to achieve their goals.

VNSAs vary widely in their goals, size, and methods. They may include narcotics cartels, popular liberation movements, religious and ideological organizations, corporations (e.g. private military contractors), self-defence militia, and paramilitary groups established by state governments to further their interests.

While some VNSAs oppose governments, others are allied to them. Some VNSAs are organized as paramilitary groups, adopting methods and structure similar to those of state armed forces. Others may be informally structured and use violence in other ways, such as kidnapping, using improvised explosive devices, or hacking into computer systems.
Raphael Tuju
Raphael Tuju, EGH (born 30 March 1959) is a Kenyan politician, media professional, and public servant. Before joining politics, he worked as a journalist, television producer, and communications consultant. He was the first African TV producer to win an International Emmy award for a documentary on health and development. In 2002, Tuju was elected to Parliament to represent Rarieda constituency, beginning his political career.

Order of the Golden Heart (Kenya)
Order of the Golden Heart of the Republic of Kenya is the highest award in Kenya, and is split into three classes: Chief of the Order of the Golden Heart (C.G.H.), Elder of the Order of the Golden Heart (E.G.H.) and Moran of the Order of the Golden Heart (M.G.H.)
Noui Laïfa
Noui Laïfa (born 23 July 1986) is a French football player who plays for Championnat National 3 club Sainte-Geneviève. He plays as a defensive midfielder often playing in a withdrawn position as a deep-lying playmaker.

Sainte-Geneviève Sports
Sainte-Geneviève Sports is a French multi-sport club based in Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois, Essonne. It was founded in 1936. The senior football team plays at the Stade Léo Lagrange, and competes in the Championnat National 3. The colours of the club are red and white.
Rafael Medoff
Rafael Medoff (born c. 1959) is an American professor of Jewish history and the founding director of The David Wyman Institute for Holocaust Studies, which is based in Washington, D.C. and focuses on issues related to America's response to the Holocaust.

United States and the Holocaust
A neutral state, the United States entered the war on the Allied side in December 1941. The American government first became aware of the Holocaust in German-occupied Europe in 1942 and 1943. Following a report on the failure to assist the Jewish people by the Department of State, the War Refugee Board was created in 1944 to assist refugees from the Nazis. As one of the most powerful Allied states, the United States played a major role in the military defeat of Nazi Germany and the subsequent Nuremberg trials. The Holocaust saw increased awareness in the 1970s that instilled its prominence in the collective memory of the American people continuing to the present day. The United States has been criticized for taking insufficient action in response to the Jewish refugee crisis in the 1930s and the Holocaust during World War II.
Dhanesh Adlakha
Dhanesh Adlakha is an Indian politician from Haryana. He became a Member of the Haryana Legislative Assembly in the 2024 election, representing the Badkhal constituency as a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party.

Haryana Legislative Assembly
The Haryana Legislative Assembly (ISO: Hariyāṇā Vidhāna Sabhā) is the unicameral legislature of the Indian state of Haryana. The seating of the assembly is at Chandigarh, the capital of the state. There are 90 seats in the house filled by direct election using a single-member first-past-the-post voting system. The term of office is five years.
Víctor Valdés
Víctor Valdés Arribas (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈbiɣtoɾ βalˈdes aˈriβas]; born 14 January 1982) is a Spanish football coach and former professional player who played as a goalkeeper.

He spent most of his professional career with Barcelona in La Liga appearing in 535 official games whilst winning 21 major titles. Valdés won the Ricardo Zamora Trophy for the league's least scored-against goalkeeper five times, four of which consecutively. After leaving Barcelona in 2014, he played for Manchester United, Standard Liège and Middlesbrough before retiring in 2017.

Valdés played 20 games for Spain between 2010 and 2014, with most of his international career being as a back-up to Iker Casillas and Pepe Reina. He was part of the Barcelona team that defeated Real Madrid 6–2 and 5–0, respectively, in 2009 and 2010.

Ricardo Zamora Trophy
The Zamora Trophy (Spanish: Trofeo Ricardo Zamora) is a football award, established by Spanish newspaper Marca in 1958. The award goes to the goalkeeper who has the lowest "goals-to-games" ratio.

In the inaugural year of the award, the winning goalkeeper had to play at least 15 league matches in the current season. In 1964, the limit for matches a goalkeeper had to play was raised to 22. In 1983, it was raised to 28 matches, including the rule that the goalkeeper had to play at least 60 minutes in match for it to count.

In the last couple of years the list of goalkeepers who would have won the trophy prior to 1958 has been published. For these seasons, a limit of matches that the goalkeeper had to play has been applied. For the leagues with only 10 teams the limit of matches was 14, for those of 12 teams it was 17 and for those of 14 the limit was 20 matches. For those leagues of 16 teams it is 22 – as originally established for the trophy from 1964 to 1983.
Polynomial decomposition
In mathematics, a polynomial decomposition expresses a polynomial f as the functional composition  of polynomials g and h, where g and h have degree greater than 1; it is an algebraic functional decomposition. Algorithms are known for decomposing univariate polynomials in polynomial time.

Polynomials which are decomposable in this way are composite polynomials; those which are not are indecomposable polynomials or sometimes prime polynomials (not to be confused with irreducible polynomials, which cannot be factored into products of polynomials). The degree of a composite polynomial is always a composite number, the product of the degrees of the composed polynomials.

The rest of this article discusses only univariate polynomials; algorithms also exist for multivariate polynomials of arbitrary degree.

Function composition
In mathematics, the composition operator  takes two functions,  and , and returns a new function .  When the composite function  (pronounced " of ") is evaluated at an input , the result is . That is, the function  is applied after applying  to .

The composition of functions is a special case of the composition of relations, sometimes also denoted by . As a result, all properties of composition of relations are true of composition of functions, such as associativity.
Hideo Noda
Hideo Noda (野田 英夫, Noda Hideo; July 15, 1908 – January 12, 1939), also known as Hideo Benjamin Noda and Benjamin Hideo Noda, was a Japanese-American modernist painter and muralist, member of the Shinseisakuha movement in Japan, student of Arnold Blanch, and uncle of Japanese printmaker Tetsuya Noda, as well as alleged communist spy recruited by Whittaker Chambers.

Arnold Blanch
Arnold Blanch (June 4, 1896 – October 3, 1968), was born and raised in Mantorville, Minnesota. He was an American modernist painter, etcher, illustrator, lithographer, muralist, printmaker and art teacher.
Jung Jin-ho (baseball)
Jung jin-ho (Korean: 정진호; Hanja: 鄭振浩; born 2 October 1988) is a retired South Korean professional baseball outfielder. His major position was right field, though he sometimes played as center fielder or left fielder.

He graduated from Chung-Ang University and was selected by the Doosan Bears in the 2011 draft (2nd draft, 5th round).

On 7 June 2017, Jung hit for the 23rd cycle in KBO League history against the Samsung Lions. He is the first player to hit for the cycle in the KBO's minimum innings (5 innings). On 1 May 2018, he hit the 84th inside-the-park home run in KBO history; he did this against the KT Wiz.

Korea Baseball Organization
The Korea Baseball Organization (KBO; Korean: 한국야구위원회) is the governing body for the professional leagues of baseball in South Korea. The KBO was founded in 1981 and has governed two leagues: the KBO League (KBO 리그) and KBO Futures League (KBO 퓨처스리그 (farm league) since 1982. It is one of two major baseball governing bodies; the other is the Korea Baseball Association (대한야구협회), which is the governing body for amateur baseball competitions.

The KBO is a member of the International Baseball Federation (IBAF), and is responsible for the national baseball team for the World Baseball Classic and Asia Series. National team participation in other competitions is governed by the Korea Baseball Association.
The Boat Race 1988
The 134th Boat Race took place on 2 April 1988. Held annually, the event is a side-by-side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames.  Oxford won by 5+1⁄2 lengths in a time of 18 minutes 27 seconds, the equal-fourth fastest time in the event's history.  The race was umpired by former Cambridge rowing Blue Mike Sweeney.

In the reserve race, Cambridge's Goldie won, while Oxford won the Women's Boat Race.

Blue (university sport)
A blue is an award of sporting colours earned by athletes at some universities and schools for competition at the highest level. The awarding of blues began at Oxford and Cambridge universities in England. They are now awarded at a number of other British universities and at some universities in Australia and New Zealand.
Louis II de La Trémoille (1612–1666)
Louis II de La Trémoille  (25 December 1612 – 12 October 1666), Marquess, then Duke of Noirmoutier, was a French aristocrat often simply referred to as "Noirmoutier". A General and Maréchal de camp who fought at the Battle of Lens and in The Fronde, following which he served as Governor of Mount Olympus in Charleville-Mézières.

Charleville-Mézières
Charleville-Mézières (French pronunciation: [ʃaʁləvil mezjɛʁ] ⓘ) is a commune of northern France and the prefecture of the Ardennes department, in the Grand Est region.
Charleville-Mézières is located on the banks of the river Meuse.
Lick a Shot
"Lick a Shot" is a UK exclusive single by American hip hop group Cypress Hill, released in 1994 by Ruffhouse and Columbia Records. The song originally appeared on the group's second album, Black Sunday (1993) and reached number 20 on the UK Singles Chart. It was written by group members Louis Freese and Lawrence Muggerud and produced by the latter. "Lick a Shot" was interpolated at the end of the Korn song "Blind".

DJ Muggs
Lawrence Muggerud (born January 28, 1968), known professionally as DJ Muggs, is an American hip-hop producer. He has been a member of Cypress Hill, a member of the trip hop band Cross My Heart Hope to Die and the leader of hip hop and art collective Soul Assassins.

During his career, he has produced tracks for House of Pain, Funkdoobiest, Daddy Freddy, Pavlos Fyssas, Die Antwoord, Westside Gunn, remixed songs for Janet Jackson, U2, Kaliphz, Simply Red, Depeche Mode, and collaborated with Tricky, GZA, Sick Jacken, Planet Asia, Ill Bill, Meyhem Lauren and Roc Marciano. As part of Cypress Hill, he received three Grammy nominations for "Insane in the Brain", "I Ain't Goin' Out Like That" and "Throw Your Set in the Air".

He composed the film score of the 2023 feature film Divinity, along with musician and composer Dean Hurley.
Haupt Racing Team
The Haupt Racing Team (short: HRT) is a German auto racing team founded in 2020 by Hubert Haupt. It currently functions as the official Ford Performance Team in Europe. HRT competes in DTM, ADAC GT Masters, GT World Challenge Europe and NLS. Over the last couple of years, HRT has accumulated lots of success including a DTM Driver's Championship, an ADAC GT Masters title and titles in the GTWC Europe.

Nürburgring Langstrecken-Serie
The Nürburgring Langstrecken-Serie (NLS) is an organisation of motorsport clubs of which each hosts one event of a nine-race (eight in 2024) series held on the Nürburgring Nordschleife.

Participants of NLS races range from amateurs in small road legal cars with rollcages and harnesses to professional factory teams racing Group GT3 cars. The NLS series is closely associated with the Nürburgring 24 Hours, as for the most part it has similar rules, and mainly the same participants. In the calendar, several weeks around the 24h date in May/June are taken off to allow teams to prepare for the 24h, and to fix their cars afterwards. However, the 24h is no longer a part of the championship.

The championship is known for its large quantity of cars as well as its variety, with an average of 113 cars starting per race in 2023.
Repatriation of Bunun remains at National Taiwan University
The repatriation of Bunun remains at National Taiwan University refers to a dispute between the Bunun Mayuan Village (Bunun: Damayan, Chinese: 馬遠部落, and Japanese: 馬遠村: 345 )  and National Taiwan University (NTU) over the return of ancestral remains.

In 1960, a research team from NTU's College of Medicine excavated human remains from the Damayan Tribe cemetery in Wanrong, Hualien County, without the consent of the families, and transported them to the university's laboratory for academic study.

In 2017, the Damayan Tribe formed a self-help association and petitioned in Taipei for the return of their ancestral remains. NTU gave a verbal promise but failed to deliver. On November 15, 2023, the group staged another protest at NTU, calling for public attention.

Bunun language
The Bunun language (Chinese: 布農語) is spoken by the Bunun people of Taiwan. It is one of the Formosan languages, a geographic group of Austronesian languages, and is subdivided in five dialects: Isbukun, Takbunuaz, Takivatan, Takibaka and Takituduh. Isbukun, the dominant dialect, is mainly spoken in the south of Taiwan. Takbunuaz and Takivatan are mainly spoken in the center of the country. Takibaka and Takituduh both are northern dialects. A sixth dialect, Takipulan, became extinct in the 1970s.

The Saaroa and Kanakanavu, two smaller minority groups who share their territory with an Isbukun Bunun group, have also adopted Bunun as their vernacular.
Çakmak Line
The Çakmak Line (Turkish: Çakmak Hattı) is a defensive line established by Turkey, first on the Kırklareli-Edirne line and then in Çatalca in order to deter and counter any attack by the Germans on the Eastern Thrace border. It was built in anticipation of the outbreak of World War II. It stretched from the Sea of Marmara to the Black Sea.

East Thrace
East Thrace or Eastern Thrace, also known as Turkish Thrace or European Turkey, is the part of Turkey that is geographically in Southeast Europe. Turkish Thrace accounts for 3.03% of Turkey's land area and 15% of its population. The largest city is Istanbul, which straddles the Bosporus between Europe and Asia. East Thrace is of historic importance as it is next to a major sea trade corridor and constitutes what remains of the once-vast Ottoman region of Rumelia. It is currently also of specific geostrategic importance because the sea corridor, which includes two narrow straits, provides access to the Mediterranean Sea from the Black Sea for the navies of five countries: Russia, Ukraine, Romania, Bulgaria, and Georgia. The region also serves as a future connector of existing Turkish, Bulgarian, and Greek high-speed rail networks.
Due to the guest worker agreement with Turkey and Germany, some Turks in Germany originally come from Eastern Thrace, mostly from the Kırklareli Province.
2004 FINA Men's Water Polo World League
The 2004 FINA Men's Water Polo World League was the third edition of the annual event, organised by the world's governing body in aquatics, the FINA. After a preliminary round, the Super Final was held in Long Beach, United States.

FINA Water Polo World League
The FINA Water Polo World League was an international water polo league organized by FINA (now World Aquatics), which played annually, typically from winter through to June. League play featured continental tournaments for men and women, from which the top teams emerged to play in the championship tournament (the Super Final) where the league champion team is crowned.

Men's league play began in 2002, to capitalize on increased worldwide popularity of water polo created by the 2000 Olympic Games, especially in Europe, North America, and Australia. The women's league was added in 2004, based on growing interest in women's play.

In October 2022, FINA announced that the tournament would be replaced with the FINA Water Polo World Cup and FINA Women's Water Polo World Cup from 2023 on.
Dental papilla
In embryology and prenatal development, the dental papilla is a condensation of ectomesenchymal cells called odontoblasts, seen in histologic sections of a developing tooth. It lies below a cellular aggregation known as the enamel organ. The dental papilla appears after 8–10 weeks of intra uteral life. The dental papilla gives rise to the dentin and pulp of a tooth.

The enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental follicle together forms one unit, called the tooth germ. This is of importance because all the tissues of a tooth and its supporting structures form from these distinct cellular aggregations. Similar to dental follicle, the dental papilla has a very rich blood supply and provides nutrition to the enamel organ.

Ectomesenchyme
Ectomesenchyme has properties similar to mesenchyme. The origin of the ectomesenchyme is disputed. It is either like the mesenchyme, arising from mesodermic cells, or conversely arising from neural crest cells. The neural crest is a critical group of cells that form in the cranial region during early vertebrate development. Ectomesenchyme plays a critical role in the formation of the hard and soft tissues of the head and neck, such as bones, muscles, teeth, and notably, the pharyngeal arches.
National Museum of Tanzania
The National Museum of Tanzania (NMT), (Swahili: Makumbusho ya Taifa), is a consortium of several Tanzanian museums whose purpose is to preserve and show objects from the history and natural environment of Tanzania. The consortium developed from the National Museum of Dar es Salaam, established in 1934 by Tanganyika governor Harold MacMichael. Six more museums later joined the consortium, namely the Village Museum in Dar es Salaam, the National History Museum and the Arusha Declaration Museum in Arusha, the Mwalimu Julius K. Nyerere Memorial Museum in Butiama, and the Majimaji Memorial Museum as well as the Dr. Rashid M. Kawawa Museum in Songea.

Arusha Declaration
The Arusha Declaration (Swahili: Azimio la Arusha) and TANU’s Policy on Socialism and Self Reliance (1967), referred to as the Arusha Declaration, is known as Tanzania’s most prominent political statement of African Socialism, 'Ujamaa', or brotherhood (Kaitilla, 2007).  The Arusha declaration is divided into five parts: The TANU "Creed"; The Policy of Socialism; The Policy of Self Reliance; the TANU Membership; and the Arusha Resolution.
Yoon Byung-in
Yoon Byung-in (May 18, 1920 – April 3, 1983), also known in English reference as Byung-in Yoon, was a Korean Grandmaster of martial arts. He is believed to be the first Korean national to study Chuan Fa (Chinese Gung Fu) in China and to return to teach it in Korea. He was an influential instructor to many current and past Masters and Grandmasters, and himself a master of many styles and studies of Martial Arts.

Chinese martial arts
Chinese martial arts, commonly referred to with umbrella terms kung fu (/ˈkʌŋ ˈfuː/; Chinese: 功夫; pinyin: gōngfu; Jyutping: gung1 fu1; Cantonese Yale: gūng fū), kuoshu (Chinese: 國術; pinyin: guóshù; Jyutping: gwok3 seot6) or wushu (Chinese: 武術; pinyin: wǔshù; Jyutping: mou5 seot6), are multiple fighting styles that have developed over the centuries in Greater China. These fighting styles are often classified according to common traits, identified as "families" of martial arts. Examples of such traits include Shaolinquan  (少林拳) physical exercises involving Five Animals (五形) mimicry or training methods inspired by Old Chinese philosophies, religions and legends. Styles that focus on qi manipulation are called internal (内家拳; nèijiāquán), while others that concentrate on improving muscle and cardiovascular fitness are called external (外家拳; wàijiāquán). Geographical associations, as in northern (北拳; běiquán) and southern (南拳; nánquán), is another popular classification method.
Bristol and South Wales Union Railway
The Bristol and South Wales Union Railway was built to connect Bristol, England, with south Wales.  The route involved a ferry crossing of the River Severn but was considerably shorter than the alternative route through Gloucester.  The ferry was replaced by the Severn Tunnel in 1886 but part of the route continues to be used, forming parts of the Cross-Country Route and the South Wales Main Line.

Cross Country Route
The Cross Country Route is a long-distance railway route in England, which runs from Bristol Temple Meads to York via Birmingham New Street, Derby, Sheffield and Leeds or Doncaster. Inter-city services on the route, which include some of the longest passenger journeys in the UK such as Aberdeen to Plymouth, are operated by CrossCountry.

It is classed as a high-speed line because its sections from Birmingham to Wakefield Westgate and from Leeds to York have a speed limit of 125 mph (200 km/h); however, the section from Birmingham to Bristol is limited to 100 mph (160 km/h) because of numerous level crossings, especially half-barrier level crossings, and the section from Wakefield to Leeds has the same limit because of a number of curves.
István Avar
István Avar (German: Stefan Auer, Romanian: Ștefan Auer) (28 May 1905 – 13 October 1977) was a footballer and manager of German descent who at various times competed for both Hungary and Romania as a forward. He played for Újpest FC, most famous for playing for the Hungary national team in the 1934 World Cup. He was born in Arad, Hungary, which became part of Romania in 1920.

With Újpest, Avar won the Mitropa Cup in 1929, being the competition's top scorer with ten goals, and the Coupe des Nations in 1930. After 1941, he became the player-manager of Kaposvári Rákóczi. He died in Kaposvár in 1977, aged 72.

1929 Mitropa Cup
The 1929 season of the Mitropa Cup football club tournament was won by Újpest FC in a two-legged final against Slavia Prague. This was the third edition of the tournament, and the first edition in which Italian clubs competed and Yugoslavian clubs did not compete. Clubs from Yugoslavia were barred from the competition after King Alexander declared a royal dictatorship on January 6 of that year, so Italy entered.