hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
2011 Bahraini parliamentary by-elections
Eighteen parliamentary by-elections were held in Bahrain in 2011 following the resignation of 18 MPs from the largest political party in parliament, Al Wefaq, in protest at governmental actions during the Bahraini uprising. Security forces closed Pearl Roundabout and attacked protestors in the village of Sanabis. The elections were held using a two-round system, with the first round on 24 September and the second on 1 October 2011 in the constituencies where no candidate had received a majority of the vote in the first round.

Pearl Roundabout
The Gulf Cooperation Council or GCC Roundabout, known as Pearl Roundabout or Lulu Roundabout (Arabic: دوار اللؤلؤ(ة), romanized: Dawwār al-luʾluʾ(ah), lit. 'Roundabout of the pearl(s)'), was a roundabout located near the financial district of Manama, Bahrain. The roundabout was named after the pearl monument that previously stood at the site and was destroyed on 18 March 2011 by government forces as part of a crackdown on protesters during the Bahraini uprising of 2011.  The roundabout itself was replaced on its site by the Al Farooq Junction in 2017 in a traffic reconfiguration.
John Jacob Withrow
John Jacob Withrow  (1833 – August 5, 1900) was a Toronto businessman and politician. He proposed the first edition of the Canadian National Exhibition and organised the annual event for several years.

Withrow was born in York, Upper Canada, and opened a construction business. In 1873, he was elected as alderman for the Toronto City Council. He tried to convince the Provincial Fair Association to permanently establish their annual fair in Toronto. When they refused, he established an annual fair in Toronto, which later became the Canadian National Exhibition. He twice ran, unsuccessfully, to become mayor of Toronto. After leaving city council, he sat on the board of various businesses and philanthropic organisations. He declared bankruptcy after losing his investments in a depression in the 1890s. He died in Toronto after suffering from a stroke.

Canadian National Exhibition
The Canadian National Exhibition (CNE), also known as The Exhibition or The Ex, is an annual fair that takes place at Exhibition Place in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, on the third Friday of August leading up to and including Labour Day, the first Monday in September. With approximately 1.6 million visitors each year, the CNE is Canada's largest annual community event and one of the top fairs in North America.

The exhibition, then known as the Toronto Industrial Exhibition, first took place in 1879, largely to promote agriculture and technology in Toronto and area. Agriculturists, engineers, and scientists exhibited their discoveries and inventions at the CNE. The event has since expanded to include a carnival, live music, parades, an air show, various entertainments, sporting events, as well as art displays and specialty vendors and foods. Special events include the Warriors' Day Parade, the Labour Day Parade and the Canadian International Air Show.
Regulation of flamethrowers in the United States
In the United States, flamethrowers are broadly legal for personal ownership and use. California requires a permit for the possession of a flamethrower, and only Maryland has outright banned their ownership and use. No federal laws exist regarding flamethrowers, as they are not defined as weapons under the National Firearms Act. The United States is a signatory of the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, protocol III of which limits military use of flamethrowers; this does not extend to civilian use.

Beginning in 2015, several companies began selling flamethrowers to civilians. This brought increased interest in their regulation, with unsuccessful attempts to regulate flamethrowers at both the federal and state level as of 2022. Proponents of regulation have highlighted the potential dangers of civilian use of flamethrowers, while opponents have identified legitimate uses and pointed to the nearly nonexistent record of flamethrower incidents in the United States.

National Firearms Act
The National Firearms Act (NFA), 73rd Congress, Sess. 2, ch. 757, 48 Stat. 1236 was enacted on June 26, 1934, and currently codified and amended as I.R.C. ch. 53. The law is an Act of Congress in the United States that, in general, imposes an excise tax on the manufacture and transfer of certain firearms and mandates the registration of those firearms. The NFA is also referred to as Title II of the federal firearms laws, with the Gun Control Act of 1968 ("GCA") as Title I.

All transfers of ownership of registered NFA firearms must be done through the National Firearms Registration and Transfer Record (the "NFA registry"). The NFA also requires that the permanent transport of NFA firearms across state lines by the owner must be reported to the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF). Temporary transports of some items, most notably suppressors (also referred to as silencers), do not need to be reported.
Anna Novakov
Anna Novakov is a Serbian-American art historian, critic, educator, and curator based at Saint Mary's College of California. A prolific writer, Novakov has received numerous awards and grants for her research and art criticism. In addition to her published essays, collaborations with artists, museum catalogues and exhibition reviews, she is the primary contributor and editor of more than ten books.

Saint Mary's College of California
Saint Mary's College of California is a private Catholic college in Moraga, California, United States. Established in 1863, it is administered by the De La Salle Brothers. The college offers undergraduate and graduate programs with a total student count at under 4,000 as of 2018.
Mount Steller (Chugach Mountains)
Mount Steller is a peak at the far eastern end of the Chugach Mountains of Alaska, United States. It is notable for its isolated location among extensive icefields, and for its large rise above local terrain. For example, it rises 8,000 feet (2,400 m) above the Bering Glacier to the south in about 4 horizontal miles (6.4 km).

Mount Steller is the high point of Waxell Ridge, an east–west trending ridge on the south side of the Bagley Icefield, one of the largest icefields in North America. The large Bering Glacier flows past the east and south slopes of the ridge, while the Steller Glacier flows from its west side.

The mountain was named for the naturalist Georg Wilhelm Steller.

Due to its isolated location, poor weather, and comparatively low absolute elevation by Alaskan standards, Mount Steller was not climbed until recently. The first ascent was in 1992.

Ice field
An ice field (also spelled icefield) is a mass of interconnected valley glaciers (also called mountain glaciers or alpine glaciers) on a mountain mass with protruding rock ridges or summits. They are often found in the colder climates and higher altitudes of the world where there is sufficient precipitation for them to form. The higher peaks of the underlying mountain rock that protrude through the icefields are known as nunataks. Ice fields are larger than alpine glaciers, but smaller than ice caps and ice sheets. The topography of ice fields is determined by the shape of the surrounding landforms, while ice caps have their own forms overriding underlying shapes.
Ross MacMahon
Ross Roe MacMahon (born 1698 in Enagh, County Monaghan) was ordained to the priesthood in 1727.  He was appointed as Roman Catholic Bishop of Clogher on 8 November 1738 following the appointment of his predecessor, Bernard MacMahon, to the see of Armagh on 8 November 1737.  Bishop MacMahon was himself appointed to the same see on 3 August 1747; he died in Armagh on 29 October 1748.  Bishop MacMahon served as Bishop of Clogher for just under nine years.

Bernard MacMahon (bishop)
Dr. Bernard MacMahon (1680–27 May 1747) was Bishop of Clogher 1727–1737 and Archbishop of Armagh 1738–1747.

MacMahon was appointed as Roman Catholic Bishop of Clogher on 17 August 1727, following the death of his predecessor, Hugh MacMahon. Bernard MacMahon was transferred to the position of Archbishop of Armagh on 8 November 1737. In 1741, he would go into hiding as a result of him not promoting a priest to a parish; this would result in a warrant being issued for his arrest. He died in Armagh on 27 May 1747.
Mitchell Trubisky
Mitchell David Trubisky (/truːˈbɪski/ troo-BISS-kee; born August 20, 1994) is an American professional football quarterback for the Buffalo Bills of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the North Carolina Tar Heels and was selected second overall by the Chicago Bears in the 2017 NFL draft.

Trubisky's most successful season was in 2018 when he led the Bears to their first division title since 2010, earning him Pro Bowl honors. Due to inconsistent play, he was not re-signed by the Bears after his rookie contract expired in 2021 and spent one season as a backup with the Buffalo Bills. He joined the Pittsburgh Steelers the following year, alternating as the starter and backup for two seasons, before rejoining the Bills in 2024.

2017 NFL draft
The 2017 NFL draft was the 82nd annual meeting of National Football League (NFL) franchises to select newly eligible American football players. It was held in front of the Philadelphia Museum of Art on April 27–29, returning to Philadelphia for the first time since 1961.

The player selections were announced from an outdoor theater built on the Rocky Steps, marking the first time an entire NFL draft was held outdoors. The NFL announced that the draft was the most attended in history, with more than 250,000 people present. Starting with this draft, compensatory picks could be traded. The record for most trades made during an NFL draft was set this year at 37, surpassing the 34 trades made in the 2008 NFL draft. The number of trades was surpassed in 2019, when 40 trades were made.
Helene Fuld College of Nursing
Helene Fuld College of Nursing is a private nursing school in New York City.  The college offers associate and comprehensive baccalaureate science degrees to Licensed Practical Nurses, Registered Nurses, and individuals who are not already nurses. The college is located in the East Harlem section of Manhattan in the Mount Morris Park Historic District across from Marcus Garvey Park. It was founded in 1945.

National League for Nursing
The National League for Nursing (NLN) is a national organization for faculty nurses and leaders in nurse education.  It offers faculty development, networking opportunities, testing services, nursing research grants, and public policy initiatives to more than 45,000 individual and 1,000 education and associate members.
Nura (company)
Nura was a consumer electronics company based in Melbourne, Australia. Nura designed and manufactured headphones with personalized sound technology. Nura's proprietary technology automatically measures the user's hearing sensitivities to different frequencies by monitoring sounds generated from the inner ear. This process takes 1–2 minutes. The headphones then adapt the frequency response to the user's sensitivities, allowing them to hear more detail when listening to music.

In October 2017, Nura launched their debut product, the Nuraphone.

In July 2018, Nura added active noise cancellation to their headphones via a software update.

In April 2023, Nura was acquired by Denon, a part of the Masimo Corporation, to integrate their personalized audio technology into Denon earbuds and headphones. Denon discontinued the sale of Nura-branded products shortly after.

Active noise control
Active noise control (ANC), also known as noise cancellation (NC), or active noise reduction (ANR), is a method for reducing unwanted sound by the addition of a second sound specifically designed to cancel the first. The concept was first developed in the late 1930s; later developmental work that began in the 1950s eventually resulted in commercial airline headsets with the technology becoming available in the late 1980s. The technology is also used in road vehicles, mobile telephones, earbuds, and headphones.
2008–09 UCI Asia Tour
The 2008–09 UCI Asia Tour was the 5th season of the UCI Asia Tour. The season began on 4 October 2008 with the Tour of Milad du Nour and ended on 13 September 2009 with the Tour de Hokkaido.

The points leader, based on the cumulative results of previous races, wears the UCI Asia Tour cycling jersey. Hossein Askari from Iran was the defending champion of the 2007–08 UCI Asia Tour. Ghader Mizbani of Iran was crowned as the 2008–09 UCI Asia Tour champion.

Throughout the season, points are awarded to the top finishers of stages within stage races and the final general classification standings of each of the stages races and one-day events. The quality and complexity of a race also determines how many points are awarded to the top finishers, the higher the UCI rating of a race, the more points are awarded.

The UCI ratings from highest to lowest are as follows:

Multi-day events: 2.HC, 2.1 and 2.2

One-day events: 1.HC, 1.1 and 1.2

2007–08 UCI Asia Tour
The 2007–08 UCI Asia Tour was the 4th season of the UCI Asia Tour. The season began on 28 October 2007 with the Japan Cup and ended on 15 September 2008 with the Tour de Hokkaido.

The points leader, based on the cumulative results of previous races, wears the UCI Asia Tour cycling jersey. Hossein Askari from Iran was the defending champion of the 2006–07 UCI Asia Tour and was crowned as the 2007–08 UCI Asia Tour champion.

Throughout the season, points are awarded to the top finishers of stages within stage races and the final general classification standings of each of the stages races and one-day events. The quality and complexity of a race also determines how many points are awarded to the top finishers, the higher the UCI rating of a race, the more points are awarded.

The UCI ratings from highest to lowest are as follows:

Multi-day events: 2.HC, 2.1 and 2.2

One-day events: 1.HC, 1.1 and 1.2
Alexander Brückner
Alexander Brückner (5 August 1834, Saint Petersburg – 15 November 1896, Jena) was a Baltic German historian who specialized in Russian studies. He was the father of geographer Eduard Brückner.

He studied history and economics at the universities of Heidelberg, Jena and Berlin, receiving his doctorate in Heidelberg with a dissertation on the history of the Diet of Worms (1521). As a student, his instructors included Johann Gustav Droysen, Ludwig Häusser, Leopold von Ranke and Friedrich von Raumer. From 1861 to 1867 he served as a professor of history at the Imperial Law School in St. Petersburg, and afterwards was a professor of history at the University of Odessa (from 1867) and the Imperial University of Dorpat (1872–1891).

Johann Gustav Droysen
Johann Gustav Bernhard Droysen (/ˈdrɔɪzən/; German: [ˈdʁɔʏzn̩]; 6 July 1808 – 19 June 1884) was a German historian. His history of Alexander the Great was the first work representing a new school of German historical thought that idealized power held by so-called "great" men.
Ödön Mihalovich
Ödön (Edmund) Péter József de Mihalovich (September 13, 1842 in Fericsánci, Slavonia – April 22, 1929 in Budapest) was a Hungarian composer and music educator.

Mihalovich first studied in Pest with Mihály Mosonyi. In 1865, he moved to Leipzig, studying there with Moritz Hauptmann, and, in 1866, he completed his studies in Munich with Peter Cornelius. Mihalovich then moved back to Pest; in 1872, he became president of the city's Wagner Society and, in 1887, he followed Franz Liszt as the head of the Budapest Academy of Music, a position he held until 1919.

He was also, according to a contemporary source  a pupil of Hans von Bülow.

While Mihalovich's works are thoroughly Wagnerian in style, he was supportive of Hungarian nationalism and encouraged composers such as Béla Bartók and Zoltán Kodály.

A symphony in D minor was published by Breitkopf & Härtel in 1883.

Zoltán Kodály
Zoltán Kodály (UK: /ˈkoʊdaɪ/, US: /koʊˈdaɪ/; Hungarian: Kodály Zoltán, pronounced [ˈkodaːj ˈzoltaːn]; 16 December 1882 – 6 March 1967) was a Hungarian composer, ethnomusicologist, music pedagogue, linguist, and philosopher. He is well known internationally as the creator of the Kodály method of music education.
Black Caesar (album)
Black Caesar is a soundtrack album recorded by James Brown for the film of the same name and released in February 1973. The album also features The J.B.'s and Lyn Collins.

While critical reception was mixed due to being seen as disconnected to the film's plot, it has since been recognized as one of James Brown's better late works.

The J.B.'s
The J.B.'s (sometimes punctuated The JB's or The J.B.s) was James Brown's band from 1970 through the early 1980s. On records, the band was sometimes billed under alternate names such as Fred Wesley and the JBs, The James Brown Soul Train, Maceo and the Macks, A.A.B.B., Fred Wesley and the New JBs, The First Family, and The Last Word. In addition to backing Brown, the J.B.'s played behind Bobby Byrd, Lyn Collins, and other singers associated with the James Brown Revue, and performed and recorded as a self-contained group. In 2015, they were nominated for induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame but failed to be inducted and can be considered for Musical Excellence in the future. They have been eligible since 1995.
Victoria Elise
Victoria Elise is an American model born in Würzburg, Germany. During her career she has appeared on the covers or pages of magazines like Maxim, Sports Illustrated, Ask Men, Esquire and Playboy, among others, and has participated in advertising campaigns for brands like Miller Lite, Monster, Blue Moon and Fashion Nova.

Maxim (magazine)
Maxim (stylized in all caps) is an international men's magazine, devised and launched in the United Kingdom in 1995, but based in New York City since 1997. It is known for its photography of actors, singers and female models whose careers are at their peak.  Maxim has a circulation of about 9 million readers each month. Maxim Digital reaches more than 4 million unique viewers each month. Maxim magazine publishes 16 editions, sold in 75 countries worldwide.
Bera Bach
Bera Bach is a summit, height 807 metres, in the Carneddau mountains in north Wales. It is part of a ridge leading west from Garnedd Uchaf. The summit is a rocky tor, characteristic of the northern Carneddau.  Bera Mawr and Bera Bach are together known as the Berau, meaning 'ricks' or 'stacks'. They are both excellent examples of the area's tors. To the west, the ridge continues to Drosgl. Despite Bach in Welsh meaning small, it is higher than Bera Mawr (mawr in Welsh meaning 'big').

Bera Bach can be climbed either from Aber Falls, or alternatively from Bethesda via Gyrn Wigau and Drosgl.

Carneddau
The Carneddau (lit. 'the cairns'; Carneddau is a Welsh plural form, and is sometimes anglicised to Carnedds) are a group of mountains in Snowdonia, Wales. They include the largest contiguous areas of high ground (over 2,500 feet (760 m) or 3,000 feet (910 m) high) in Wales and England (although larger areas over 2,000 feet (610 m) are found in Northern England), as well as six or seven of the highest peaks in the country—the Fifteen Peaks. The range also encloses a number of lakes such as Llyn Cowlyd and Llyn Eigiau, and the Aber Falls waterfall. It is delimited by the Irish Sea to the north, the Conwy valley to the east, and by the A5 road from Betws-y-Coed to Bethesda to the south and west. The area covers nearly 200 square kilometres (80 sq mi), about 10% of the area of Snowdonia. The area is bordered by three main roads—the A55 (to the north), the A5 to the south and the A470 to the east.
Landywood railway station
Landywood railway station is situated in the village of Landywood in Staffordshire,
England.  As well as Landywood, the station also serves the adjacent villages of Cheslyn Hay and Great Wyrley (The former Wyrley and Cheslyn Hay railway station closed in the 1960s). The LNWR also operated an earlier halt at Landywood which closed on 1 January 1916.

The station, and all trains serving it, are operated by West Midlands Railway.

Walsall railway station
Walsall railway station serves the town of Walsall, in the West Midlands, England. It is managed by West Midlands Trains, which also operates all services that stop here under the West Midlands Railway brand. The main entrance is situated inside the Saddlers Shopping Centre, in the middle of the town.
John Speke (landowner)
Sir John Speke (c.1442–1518) of Whitelackington, Somerset and of Heywood in the parish of Wembworthy and of Bramford Speke both in Devon, was Sheriff of Devon in 1517 and a Member of Parliament (1477). He was knighted in 1501. His monument is the Speke Chantry in Exeter Cathedral, in which he survives his recumbent effigy.

Chantry
A chantry is an ecclesiastical term that may have either of two related meanings:

a chantry service, a set of Christian liturgical celebrations for the dead (made up of the Requiem Mass and the Office of the Dead), or

a chantry chapel, a building on private land, or an area in a parish church or cathedral reserved for the performance of these celebrations.

In the Medieval Era through to the Age of Enlightenment it was commonly believed such liturgies might help atone for misdeeds and assist the soul to obtain eternal peace.
Matt Grzelcyk
Matthew Grzelcyk (/ˈɡrɪzlɪk/ GRIZ-lik; born January 5, 1994) is an American professional ice hockey player who is a defenseman for the Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League (NHL). He was selected by the Boston Bruins with the 85th overall pick in the third round of the 2012 NHL entry draft, with whom he spent the first eight seasons of his NHL career, and has also played for the Pittsburgh Penguins.

2012 NHL entry draft
The 2012 NHL entry draft was the 50th entry draft for the National Hockey League. It was held on June 22–23, 2012, at Consol Energy Center in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It was the first time that Pittsburgh hosted the draft since the 1997 NHL entry draft. The top three selections were Nail Yakupov by the Edmonton Oilers, Ryan Murray by the Columbus Blue Jackets, and Alex Galchenyuk by the Montreal Canadiens.

As of 2025 there are 54 active NHL players from this draft.
School choice in the United States
School choice in the United States   allows students and families to select alternatives to public schools. It is the subject of fierce debate in various state legislatures across the United States.

The most common type of school choice in the United States, measured both by the number of programs and by the number of participating students, are scholarship tax credit programs. These allow individuals or corporations to receive tax credits toward their state taxes in exchange for donations made to non-profit organizations that grant private school scholarships. A similar subsidy may be provided by a state through a school voucher program.

Other school choice options include open enrollment laws (which allow students to attend public schools other than their neighborhood school), charter schools, magnet schools, virtual schools, homeschooling, education savings accounts (ESAs), and individual education tax credits or deductions.

Coverdell education savings account
A Coverdell education savings account (also known as an education savings account, a Coverdell ESA, a Coverdell account, or just an ESA, and formerly known as an education individual retirement account), is a tax advantaged investment account in the U.S. designed to encourage savings to cover future education expenses (elementary, secondary, or college), such as tuition, books, and uniforms (for the same year as the distribution). It is found at Section 530 of the Internal Revenue Code (26 U.S.C. § 530). Coverdell ESAs were first introduced under the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997.

The account is named for its primary champion in the United States Senate, the late Senator Paul Coverdell (R-GA).