hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Hartley's test
In statistics, Hartley's test, also known as the Fmax test or Hartley's Fmax, is used in the analysis of variance to verify that different groups have a similar variance, an assumption needed for other statistical tests. It was developed by H. O. Hartley, who published it in 1950.

The test involves computing the ratio of the largest group variance, max(sj2) to the smallest group variance, min(sj2). The resulting ratio, Fmax, is then compared to a critical value from a table of the sampling distribution of Fmax. If the computed ratio is less than the critical value, the groups are assumed to have similar or equal variances.

Hartley's test assumes that data for each group are normally distributed, and that each group has an equal number of members. This test, although convenient, is quite sensitive to violations of the normality assumption. Alternatives to Hartley's test that are robust to violations of normality are O'Brien's procedure, and the Brown–Forsythe test.

Brown–Forsythe test
The Brown–Forsythe test is a statistical test for the equality of group variances based on performing an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) on a transformation of the response variable. When a one-way ANOVA is performed, samples are assumed to have been drawn from distributions with equal variance. If this assumption is not valid, the resulting F-test is invalid. The Brown–Forsythe test statistic is the F statistic resulting from an ordinary one-way analysis of variance on the absolute deviations of the groups or treatments data  from their individual medians.
Anne Tropper
Anne C. Tropper (born 1954) is a Professor of Physics at the University of Southampton. Her work considers solid-state and semiconductor lasers; specifically the development of ytterbium-doped silica fibre lasers and Vertical External-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers. She was elected a Fellow of The Optical Society in 2006, and awarded the 2021 SPIE Maiman Laser Award for her contributions to laser source science and technology.

Vertical-external-cavity surface-emitting-laser
A vertical-external-cavity surface-emitting-laser (VECSEL) is  a small semiconductor laser similar to a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL). VECSELs are used primarily as near infrared devices in laser cooling and spectroscopy, but have also been explored for applications such as telecommunications.
Sherlock Holmes and the Miskatonic Monstrosities
Sherlock Holmes and the Miskatonic Monstrosities is a mystery novel by James Lovegrove. It is a Sherlock Holmes pastiche that involves H. P. Lovecraft's Cthulhu Mythos. It is the second book in  Lovegrove's The Cthulhu Casebooks trilogy, with the first novel, Sherlock Holmes and the Shadwell Shadows, having been released a year previously.

Cthulhu Mythos
The Cthulhu Mythos is a mythopoeia and a shared universe, originating in the works of American horror writer H. P. Lovecraft. The term was coined by August Derleth, a contemporary correspondent and protégé of Lovecraft, to describe the settings, tropes, and lore employed by Lovecraft and his literary successors. The name "Cthulhu" derives from the central creature in Lovecraft's seminal short story "The Call of Cthulhu", first published in the pulp magazine Weird Tales in 1928.

Richard L. Tierney, a writer who also wrote Mythos tales, later applied the term "Derleth Mythos" to distinguish Lovecraft's works from Derleth's later stories, which modify key tenets of the Mythos. Authors of Lovecraftian horror in particular frequently use elements of the Cthulhu Mythos.: viii–ix
Katharina Schulze
Katharina Elisabeth Schulze (born 20 June 1985) is a German politician of Alliance 90/The Greens who has been serving as a member of the State Parliament of Bavaria (Landtag) since 2013. Along with Ludwig Hartmann, she was one of the two leading candidates of her party in the 2018 Bavarian state election. Since 2019, she has been part of her party's national leadership, under co-chairs Annalena Baerbock and Robert Habeck.

Landtag of Bavaria
The Landtag of Bavaria, officially known in English as the Bavarian State Parliament, is the unicameral legislature of the German state of Bavaria. The parliament meets in the Maximilianeum in Munich.

Elections to the Landtag are held every five years and have to be conducted on a Sunday or public holiday. The following elections have to be held no earlier than 59 months and no later than 62 months after the previous one, unless the Landtag is dissolved. The most recent elections to the Bavarian Landtag were held on 8 October 2023.

Bavaria's current state government, the third Söder cabinet, was formed after the 2023 election and is a coalition of the Christian Social Union (CSU) and the Free Voters (FW). An identical coalition was in power as the second Söder cabinet between 2018 and 2023. Markus Söder has been Minister-President of Bavaria since March 2018, when he succeeded Horst Seehofer.
Rosslare Strand railway station
Rosslare Strand railway station (Irish: Stáisiún Thrá Ros Láir) is in Rosslare Strand, County Wexford, Ireland.
It is the junction of the Dublin–Rosslare railway line and the Limerick–Rosslare railway line, the Rosslare Strand to Waterford section of which is currently not in use.

Limerick–Rosslare railway line
The Limerick–Rosslare Main Line is a railway route in Ireland that linked the city of Limerick on the Atlantic coast with Rosslare Europort on the coast of the Irish Sea. It also serves the city of Waterford, and at Limerick Junction it connects with the Dublin–Cork railway line.

Since 2010 there has been no service between Waterford and Rosslare Europort, and all trains terminate at Waterford. Rosslare (Europort and Strand) and Wexford have still at least three trains a day to Dublin, and three back (morning, afternoon and evening). The line between Rosslare and Waterford has been closed to passenger trains since September 2010, though it is still maintained by Iarnród Éireann.

Plans for reopening the Waterford to Rosslare section were confirmed after inclusion in the All Island Strategic Rail Review and the revised Trans-European Transport Network in 2024.
Football at the 1968 Summer Olympics – Men's African Qualifiers – Group 2
The 1968 Summer Olympics football qualification – Africa Group 2 was one of the three African groups in the Summer Olympics football qualification tournament to decide which teams would qualify for the 1968 Summer Olympics football finals tournament in Mexico. Group 2 consisted of six teams: Ethiopia, Madagascar, Nigeria, Sudan Tanzania and Uganda. The teams played home-and-away knockout matches. Nigeria qualified for the Summer Olympics football finals after defeating Ethiopia 3–2 on aggregate in the final round.

Football at the 1968 Summer Olympics
The 1968 Olympic football tournament was played as part of the 1968 Summer Olympics. The tournament features 16 men's national teams from five continental confederations. The 16 teams are drawn into four groups of four and each group plays a round-robin tournament. At the end of the group stage, the top two teams advanced to the knockout stage, beginning with the quarter-finals and culminating with the gold medal match at the Azteca Stadium on 26 October 1968. This was the first time an Asian team won a medal, Japan claiming bronze.
Battles and operations of the Indian National Army
Battles and operations involving the Indian National Army (INA) during the Second World War took place in the South-East Asian theatre in the South-East Asian theatre. The INA’s involvement spanned espionage activities during the Malayan campaign in 1942, participation in the Japanese Ha-Go and U-Go offensives in the Upper Burma and Manipur, and later defensive engagements during the Allied Burma campaign.

The INA’s counterpart in Europe, the Indische Legion, saw limited deployment. Although it participated in duties along the Atlantic Wall and was involved in special operations in Persia and Afghanistan, as well as a small deployment in Italy, its overall military role remained minor.

While the INA was not considered a significant conventional military threat, it though not a significant conventional military threat, the INA posed a substantial strategic concern—particularly for the British Indian Army. As Wavell noted, it was considered a target of prime importance.

Operation U-Go
The U Go offensive, or Operation C (Japanese: ウ号作戦, U Gō sakusen), was the Japanese offensive launched in March 1944 against forces of the British Empire in the northeast Indian regions of Manipur and the Naga Hills (then administered as part of Assam). Aimed at the Brahmaputra Valley, through the towns of Imphal and Kohima, the offensive along with the overlapping Ha Go offensive was one of the last Japanese offensives during the Second World War. The offensive culminated in the Battles of Imphal and Kohima, where the Japanese and their allies were first held and then pushed back.
Skagerrak (power transmission system)
Skagerrak is the name of a 1,700 MW high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission facility between Tjele (Denmark) and Kristiansand (Norway).  It is owned and operated by Statnett in Norway, and Energinet in Denmark. The lines connect the hydroelectric-based Norwegian grid and the wind and thermal power-based Danish grid. In operation it enables more renewable energy in the energy mix, and more efficient use of electricity.

Viborg, Denmark
Viborg (Danish pronunciation: [ˈviˌpɒˀ] ⓘ) is a city in central Jutland, Denmark, the capital of both Viborg municipality and Region Midtjylland. Viborg is also the seat of the Western High Court, the High Court for the Jutland peninsula. Viborg Municipality is the second-largest Danish municipality, covering 3.3% of the country's total land area.
Central Bar bombing
The Central Bar bombing was a bomb attack on a pub in the town of Gilford near Portadown in County Down in Northern Ireland on 31 December 1975. The attack was carried out by members of the Irish National Liberation Army (INLA) using the covername "People's Republican Army" although contemporary reports also said the "Armagh unit" of the "People's Republican Army" (the name under which the INLA operated throughout 1975) had claimed responsibility. Three Protestant civilians were killed in the bombing.

Tullyvallen massacre
The Tullyvallen massacre took place on 1 September 1975, when Irish republican gunmen attacked an Orange Order meeting hall at Tullyvallen, near Newtownhamilton in County Armagh, Northern Ireland. The Orange Order is an Ulster Protestant and unionist brotherhood. Five Orangemen were killed and seven wounded in the shooting. The "South Armagh Republican Action Force" claimed responsibility, saying it was retaliation for a string of attacks on Catholic civilians by Loyalists. It is believed members of the Provisional IRA carried out the attack, despite the organisation being on ceasefire.
Mackenzie v. Hare
Mackenzie v. Hare, 239 U.S. 299 (1915), is a United States Supreme Court case that upheld Section 3 of the Expatriation Act of 1907, which dictated that all American women who voluntarily married a foreign alien renounced their American citizenship. While the statute has since been repealed, this case remains significant because of its precedent that Congress can designate acts which serve as implied voluntary renunciation of one's American citizenship.

Renunciation of citizenship
Renunciation of citizenship is the voluntary loss of citizenship. It is the opposite of naturalization, whereby a person voluntarily obtains citizenship. It is distinct from denaturalization, where citizenship is revoked by the state.
Joseph Anang
Joseph Tetteh Anang (born 8 June 2000) is a Ghanaian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for League of Ireland Premier Division club St Patrick's Athletic. A former youth international for England, he plays for the Ghana national team.

Ghana national football team
The Ghana national football team represents Ghana in men's international football. The team is named the Black Stars after the Black Star of Africa in the flag of Ghana. It is governed by the Ghana Football Association, the governing body for football in Ghana. Prior to 1957, it played as the Gold Coast.

Ghana qualified for the FIFA World Cup for the first time in 2006. The team has won the Africa Cup of Nations four times (1963, 1965, 1978, and 1982), while finishing as runners-up five times (1968, 1970, 1992, 2010, and 2015). They have also qualified for the CHAN four times, finishing as runners-up twice (2009 and 2014).

In 2009, Ghana achieved a historic milestone by becoming the first African nation to win the FIFA U-20 World Cup, defeating Brazil in the final in Egypt.

As at November 20, 2025, Ghana ranked 72nd in the world and 17th among African football nations.
John C. Kleczka
John Casimir Kleczka (May 6, 1885 – April 21, 1959) was a Polish American lawyer, judge, and Republican politician from Milwaukee, Wisconsin.  He was a member of the United States House of Representatives for the 66th and 67th congresses, and was the first Polish American elected to congress.  He later served as a Wisconsin circuit court judge in Milwaukee County for nearly 23 years.

67th United States Congress
The 67th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C., from March 4, 1921, to March 4, 1923, during the first two years of Warren Harding's presidency.  The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the 1910 United States census.

The Republicans increased their majorities in both chambers—gaining supermajority status in the House—and with Warren G. Harding being sworn in a president, this gave the Republicans an overall federal government trifecta for the first time since the 61st Congress in 1909.

This was the first Congress to feature a woman senator appointed in the United States Senate, Rebecca L. Felton of Georgia, who held in office for one day.
Clark electrode
The Clark electrode is an electrode that measures ambient oxygen partial pressure in a liquid using a catalytic platinum surface according to the net reaction:

O2 + 4 e− + 4 H+ → 2 H2O

It improves upon a bare platinum electrode by using a semipermeable membrane to reduce fouling and metal plating onto the platinum.

Semipermeable membrane
Semipermeable membrane is a type of synthetic or biologic, polymeric membrane that allows certain molecules or ions to pass through it by osmosis. The rate of passage depends on the pressure, concentration, and temperature of the molecules or solutes on either side, as well as the permeability of the membrane to each solute. Depending on the membrane and the solute, permeability may depend on solute size, solubility, properties, or chemistry. How the membrane is constructed to be selective in its permeability will determine the rate and the permeability. Many natural and synthetic materials which are rather thick are also semipermeable. One example of this is the thin film on the inside of an egg.

Biological membranes are selectively permeable, with the passage of molecules controlled by facilitated diffusion, passive transport or active transport regulated by proteins embedded in the membrane.
Chloroalkyl ether
Chloroalkyl ethers are a class of organic compounds with the general structure R-O-(CH2)n-Cl, characterized as an ether connected to a chloromethyl group via an alkane chain.

Chloromethyl methyl ether (CMME) is an ether with the formula CH3OCH2Cl. It is used as an alkylating agent and industrial solvent to manufacture dodecylbenzyl chloride, water repellents, ion-exchange resins, polymers, and as a chloromethylation reagent. In organic synthesis the compound is used for the introduction of the methoxymethyl (MOM) protecting group.

Closely related compounds of industrial importance are bis(chloromethyl) ether (BCME) (closely related to chemical weapon sulfur mustard) and benzyl chloromethyl ether (BOMCl).

Methoxymethyl ethers (MOMs) and methoxyethyl ethers (MEMs) are common protecting groups in organic synthesis.

Ether
In organic chemistry, ethers are a class of compounds that contain an ether group, a single oxygen atom bonded to two separate carbon atoms, each part of an organyl group (e.g., alkyl or aryl). They have the general formula R−O−R′, where R and R′ represent the organyl groups. Ethers can again be classified into two varieties: if the organyl groups are the same on both sides of the oxygen atom, then it is a simple or symmetrical ether, whereas if they are different, the ethers are called mixed or unsymmetrical ethers. A typical example of the first group is the solvent and anaesthetic diethyl ether, commonly referred to simply as "ether" (CH3−CH2−O−CH2−CH3). Ethers are common in organic chemistry and even more prevalent in biochemistry, as they are common linkages in carbohydrates and lignin.
Gloucester Catholic High School
Gloucester Catholic High School is a co-educational six-year Catholic high school located in Gloucester City, in Camden County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. The school is managed by the Diocese of Camden. The school serves students in seventh through twelfth grades. Gloucester Catholic High School has been accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools Commissions on Elementary and Secondary Schools since 1991.

As of the 2023–24 school year, the school had an enrollment of 270 students and 19.8 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 13.6:1. The school serves students who feed into the high school from 50 different parochial and public schools within the Diocese of Camden.

For the class of 2017, 90% of the students went on to college (56% to 4-year institutions, and 34% to 2-year institutions), while 10% into the military, trade schools or the workforce. Scholarship and grant money awarded to this class totaled over $14 million.

Diocese of Camden
The Diocese of Camden (Latin: Dioecesis Camdensis) is a diocese of the Catholic Church in the U.S. state of New Jersey. It consists of about 475,000 Catholics in the South Jersey counties of Atlantic, Camden, Cape May, Cumberland, Gloucester, and Salem. The mother church is the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception in Camden. The bishop is Joseph A. Williams.
Ruthie Tompson
Ruth Irene Tompson (July 22, 1910 – October 10, 2021) was an American camera technician, animation checker and supercentenarian. She was known for her work on animated features at The Walt Disney Company and was declared a Disney Legend in 2000.

Disney Legends
34°9′29.65″N 118°19′35″W﻿ / ﻿34.1582361°N 118.32639°W﻿ / 34.1582361; -118.32639

Disney Legends is a Hall of Fame award that is awarded by the Walt Disney Company to individuals who "[have] made a significant impact on the Disney legacy". The honor was established in 1987, and was traditionally awarded annually during a special private ceremony. Since 2009, it has been awarded on a biennial basis  during Disney's D23 Expo.

Starting in 2024, the Disney Legends awards ceremony was moved from D23 Expo's traditional venue at the Anaheim Convention Center to the larger Honda Center down the street and was hosted by Ryan Seacrest.  The ceremony was recorded and made available for streaming the next day on Disney+.
2nd Grochow Uhlan Regiment
The 2nd Grochów Uhlan Regiment of General Jozef Dwernicki (Polish: 2 Pułk Ułanów Grochowskich im. Generała Józefa Dwernickiego, 2 puł) was a cavalry regiment of Polish I Corps in Russia, Polish Army in the Second Polish Republic, and the Home Army during Operation Tempest (1944). The regiment was formed in November 1917 in Volhynia, and in 1921–1939, it was garrisoned in Suwałki, in the barracks of former Imperial Russian Army's 2nd Pskov Dragoons Regiment. In the 1939 Invasion of Poland it was part of Suwalska Cavalry Brigade.

1st Polish Corps in Russia
1st Polish Corps in Russia (Polish: I Korpus Polski w Rosji; Russian: 1-й Польский корпус) was a military formation formed on 24 July 1917 in Minsk from Polish and Lithuanian personnel serving in the Western and Northern Fronts of the Russian Army.

In the chaotic period at the end of  World War I on the Eastern Front, the Polish I Corps fought against the Red Army, cooperated with the German Ober Ost forces in taking Minsk, and after acknowledging the Regency Council in May 1918, it surrendered to the German forces in Babruysk. The soldiers were given safe passage to Warsaw, where they became part of the newly created Polish Army.
Speech-to-song illusion
The speech-to-song illusion is an auditory illusion discovered by Diana Deutsch in 1995. A spoken phrase is repeated several times, without altering it in any way, and without providing any context. This repetition causes the phrase to transform perceptually from speech into song. Though mostly notable with languages that are non-tone, like English and German, it is possible to happen with tone languages, like Thai and Mandarin.

Diana Deutsch
Diana Deutsch (born 15 February 1938) is a British-American psychologist. She is a professor of psychology at the University of California, San Diego, and is a researcher on the psychology of music. She is known for her work on absolute pitch (perfect pitch), which she has shown is more prevalent among speakers of tonal languages.  Deutsch is the author of Musical Illusions and Phantom Words: How Music and Speech Unlock Mysteries of the Brain (2019), the editor for Psychology of Music, and also the compact discs Musical Illusions  and Paradoxes (1995) and Phantom Words and Other Curiosities (2003).
Nivia Palma
Nivia Palma Manríquez (born 18 December 1959) is a Chilean politician and lawyer who served as minister of national assets. She is known for having a critical opinion to the Concertación, a centre-leftist coalition which governed during 20 years.

Palma worked as a lawyer specializing in labor law, being a trade union advisor and CEO of the non-governmental organization OFASAN (North Zone Trade Union Advisory Office). She has also been a professor in the PgD of Pontifical Catholic University of Chile in Cultural Administration, and she also taught in the University of Chile, specifically in its master's degree in cultural management.

In 2021, Palma worked as Paula Narváez's chief of campaign in the 2021 presidential primaries, in which she lost against the christian-democrat Yasna Provoste.

Ministry of National Assets
The Ministry of National Assets (Spanish: Ministerio de Bienes Nacionales, MBN) is a cabinet-level ministry of the Government of Chile responsible for the administration and management of state-owned property. Its core functions include overseeing public lands, regulating small real estate ownership, and ensuring proper use of national assets held for public use. Through territorial planning, legal regularization, and public information systems, the ministry contributes to Chile's social, economic, and environmental development.

The current minister is Catalina Parot.