hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
1st Middlesex Engineers
The 1st Middlesex Engineers was the senior engineer unit of Britain's Volunteer Force, raised in 1860 and originally recruited from the South Kensington Museum. It provided Royal Engineers (RE) units to the 47th (1/2nd London) Division, the 47th (London) Infantry Division, the 56th (London) Divisions, and the 60th (2/2nd London) Division during both World Wars. The engineers served on the First World War's Western Front from 1915 to 1918, and in a number of theatres during the Second World War. It also served in the postwar Territorial Army, until 1967.

Volunteer Force
The Volunteer Force was a citizen army of part-time rifle, artillery and engineer corps, created as a popular movement throughout the British Empire in 1859. Originally highly autonomous, the units of volunteers became increasingly integrated with the British Army after the Childers Reforms in 1881, before forming part of the Territorial Force in 1908. Most of the regiments of the present Army Reserves  Infantry, Artillery, Engineers and Signals units are directly descended from Volunteer Force units.
St Vigeans
St Vigeans (Scottish Gaelic: Cill Fhèichin) is a small village and parish in Angus, Scotland, immediately to the north of Arbroath.  Originally rural, it is now more or less a suburb of the town of Arbroath.

Angus, Scotland
Angus (Scots: Angus; Scottish Gaelic: Aonghas) is one of the 32 local government council areas of Scotland, and a lieutenancy area. The council area borders Aberdeenshire, Dundee City and Perth and Kinross. Main industries include agriculture and fishing. Global pharmaceuticals company GSK has a significant presence in Montrose in the east of the county.

Angus was historically a province, and later a sheriffdom and county (called Forfarshire or the County of Forfar until 1928), bordering Kincardineshire to the north-east, Aberdeenshire to the north and Perthshire to the west; southwards it faced Fife across the Firth of Tay. The county included Dundee until 1894, when it was made a county of a city. The pre-1894 boundaries of Angus continue to be used as a registration county. Between 1975 and 1996 Angus was a lower-tier district within the Tayside region. The district took on its modern form and powers in 1996, since when the local authority has been Angus Council.
Stabian Baths
The Stabian Baths are an ancient Roman bathing complex in Pompeii, Italy. They were the oldest and the largest of the five public baths in the city and centrally located at the intersection of two main streets. Their original construction dates to c. 125 BC, making them one of the oldest bathing complexes known from the ancient world. They were remodelled and enlarged many times up to the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 AD.

Excavations in 2021 and 2023 have revised the layout of several phases of the baths and discovered two previously unknown laconica (saunas or sweat baths) under the palaestra courtyard.

Thermae
In ancient Rome, thermae (from Greek θερμός thermos, "hot") and balneae (from Greek βαλανεῖον balaneion) were facilities for bathing. Thermae usually refers to the large imperial bath complexes, while balneae were smaller-scale facilities, public or private, that existed in great numbers throughout Rome.

Most Roman cities had at least one – if not many – such buildings, which were centers not only for bathing, but socializing and reading as well. Bathhouses were also provided for wealthy private villas, town houses, and forts. They were supplied with water from an adjacent river or stream, or within cities by aqueduct. The water would be heated by fire then channelled into the caldarium (hot bathing room). The design of baths is discussed by Vitruvius in De architectura (V.10).
Pakistani cricket team in England in 1962
The Pakistan cricket team toured England in the 1962 season to play a five-match Test series against England. They also played a match in Ireland. The team is officially termed the Second Pakistanis as it was their second tour of England, following their inaugural tour in 1954. The Test series was the third between the two teams after those in England in 1954 and in Pakistan in 1961–62. Ted Dexter captained England in four Tests and Colin Cowdrey in one; Javed Burki captained Pakistan in all five Tests. England won the series 4–0 with one match drawn.

The Second Pakistanis played 36 matches in all, 29 of them rated first-class including the five Tests. They won only four of their first-class fixtures and lost eight, the other 17 matches being drawn. Their outstanding player on tour was Mushtaq Mohammad, who was selected as one of the Wisden Cricketers of the Year.

1962 English cricket season
1962 was the 63rd season of County Championship cricket in England.

It was also the last season to feature the venerable Gentlemen v Players fixture: as a result of the distinction between amateurs ("Gentlemen") and professionals ("Players") being abolished following the end of the season, all first-class cricketers became nominally professional (or "Players").

Yorkshire won the County Championship, and England easily defeated an inexperienced Pakistan team.
Avigad Vonshak
Avigad Vonshak (Hebrew: אביגד וונשאק) is a professor emeritus at the French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands at the Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel.

Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research
The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research (BIDR) constitute one of the academic faculties of Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (BGU), and are located on BGU's Sede Boqer Campus in Midreshet Ben-Gurion in the heart of the Negev Desert in Israel. The BIDR is home to approximately 70 academic faculty and 90 technical and administrative staff members. In addition, 220 graduate students and 50 post-doctoral scholars, coming from over 30 different countries, study at the BIDR within the framework of the Albert Katz International School for Desert Studies. The BIDR comprises three internationally recognized research institutes: the Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, the French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, and the Swiss Institute for Dryland Environmental Research. The stated mission of the BIDR is to combat desertification and to explore global challenges by bringing together water, food, energy, and environmental research.
Acute severe asthma
Acute severe asthma, also known as status asthmaticus, is an acute exacerbation of asthma that does not respond to standard treatments of bronchodilators (inhalers) and corticosteroids. Asthma is caused by multiple genes, some having protective effect, with each gene having its own tendency to be influenced by the environment although a genetic link leading to acute severe asthma is still unknown. Symptoms include chest tightness, rapidly progressive dyspnea (shortness of breath), dry cough, use of accessory respiratory muscles, fast and/or labored breathing, and extreme wheezing. It is a life-threatening episode of airway obstruction and is considered a medical emergency. Complications include cardiac and/or respiratory arrest. The increasing prevalence of atopy and asthma remains unexplained but may be due to infection with respiratory viruses.

Atopy
Atopy is the tendency to produce an exaggerated immunoglobulin E (IgE) immune response to otherwise harmless substances in the environment. Allergic diseases are clinical manifestations of such inappropriate, atopic responses.

Atopy may have a hereditary component, although contact with the allergen or irritant must occur before the hypersensitivity reaction can develop (characteristically after re-exposure). Maternal psychological trauma during pregnancy may also be a strong indicator for development of atopy.

The term atopy was coined by Arthur F. Coca and Robert Cooke in 1923 from the Greek ἀτοπία meaning "the state of being out of place", "absurdity". Many physicians and scientists use the term atopy for any reaction mediated by IgE (even those that are appropriate and proportional to the antigen), but many pediatricians reserve it to refer only to a genetically mediated predisposition to an excessive IgE reaction.
MV Karadeniz Powership Osman Khan
MV Karadeniz Powership Osman Khan is a Liberia-flagged floating power plant owned and operated by Karpowership. In 2016, she was launched from the Hat-San Shipyard in Altinova, Yalova, Turkey, marking the beginning of her mission to supply electricity to the Ghana power grid.

Electricity sector in Ghana
Ghana generates electric power from hydropower, fossil-fuel (thermal energy), and renewable energy sources such as wind and solar energy. Electricity generation is one of the key factors in order to achieve the development of the Ghanaian national economy, with aggressive and rapid industrialization; Ghana's national electric energy consumption was 265 kilowatt hours per person in 2009.

Ghana exports some of its generated energy and fossil fuels to other countries. Electricity transmission is under the operations of Ghana Grid Company. The distribution of electricity is under Northern Electricity Distribution Company and Electricity Company of Ghana.
Forestville Line
The Forestville Line, designated as Route K12, was a daily bus route operated by the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority between Suitland station and Branch Avenue station of the Green Line of the Washington Metro. The line operated every 15 – 45 minutes during weekdays and 60 minutes during weekends. Trips were roughly 30 – 40 minutes long. There were a few early morning/late night and rush hour trips that only operate between the Suitland Metro Station & Penn Mar Shopping Center.

Suitland station
Suitland station is an island platformed Washington Metro station in Suitland, Maryland, United States. The station was opened on January 13, 2001, and is operated by the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA). The station is located at Silver Hill Road and Suitland Parkway, providing service for only the Green Line.

Groundbreaking for the final segment of the Green Line occurred on September 23, 1995, and the station opened on January 13, 2001. Its opening coincided with the completion of approximately 6.5 miles (10.5 km) of rail southeast of the Anacostia station and the opening of the Branch Avenue, Congress Heights, Naylor Road and Southern Avenue stations.
Abner E. Sprague
Abner E. Sprague (March 28, 1850 – December 27, 1943), born in Illinois, was a pioneer of Larimer County, Colorado, arriving in the Colorado Territory at the age of 14. He grew up in the Big Thompson Valley and settled in Estes Park and Loveland. He was an explorer, surveyor, mountaineer, civil engineer, innkeeper, rancher, and author.

Most of his adult life was spent operating Sprague Hotel and Sprague Lodge outside of Estes Park. He built roads, brought in water and electricity for Sprague Lodge, and acted as a mountain guide for his visitors. Sprague Hotel, on Sprague's ranch, was called a dude ranch.

His works include Reminiscence of a Pioneer and My Pioneer Life: The Memoirs of Abner E. Sprague. He also contributed to Enos Mills' The story of Estes Park and a guidebook.

Sprague Lake, Sprague Mountain, and Sprague Pass in Rocky Mountain National Park were named after Sprague. Enos Mills named Sprague Glacier.

Enos Mills
Enos Abijah Mills  (April 22, 1870 – September 21, 1922) was an American naturalist, author and homesteader. He was the main figure behind the creation of Rocky Mountain National Park.

He traveled throughout the Rocky Mountains for years, communing with animals rather than killing them for food or safety. He operated the Longs Peak House as a summer place of respite for writers, publicists, and other intelligentsia. It was considered the Roycroft of the Rocky Mountains. Mills was appointed government lecturer by President Theodore Roosevelt.

Enos Mills was inducted into the Colorado Business Hall of Fame by Junior Achievement and the Rocky Mountain and the Denver Metro Chamber of Commerce in 2016.
May 2031 lunar eclipse
A penumbral lunar eclipse will occur at the Moon’s ascending node of orbit on Wednesday, May 7, 2031, with an umbral magnitude of −0.0892. A lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon moves into the Earth's shadow, causing the Moon to be darkened. A penumbral lunar eclipse occurs when part or all of the Moon's near side passes into the Earth's penumbra. Unlike a solar eclipse, which can only be viewed from a relatively small area of the world, a lunar eclipse may be viewed from anywhere on the night side of Earth. Occurring about 2 days before perigee (on May 9, 2031, at 3:35 UTC), the Moon's apparent diameter will be larger.

Lunar node
A lunar node is either of the two orbital nodes of the Moon; that is, the two points at which the orbit of the Moon intersects the ecliptic. The ascending (or north) node is where the Moon moves into the northern ecliptic hemisphere, while the descending (or south) node is where the Moon enters the southern ecliptic hemisphere.

They are the reason for eclipse season, being the intersection necessary for the alignment of Sun, Earth and Moon.
Steven Gwon Sheng Louie
Steven Gwon Sheng Louie (26 March 1949, Taishan, Guangdong, China) is a computational condensed-matter physicist. He is a professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley and senior faculty scientist in the Materials Sciences Division at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, where his research focuses on nanoscience. He is also scientific director of the Theory of Nanostructured Materials Facility at the Molecular Foundry.

He was born in Taishan, Guangdong province, China in 1949 and moved to San Francisco when he was 10. His Chinese name is 雷干城 (pinyin: Léi Gānchéng). He received his PhD degree in 1976 from Berkeley, working with Professor Marvin L. Cohen.

Lei (surname)
Lei is the pinyin romanization of the Chinese surname 雷 (Léi). It is the 69th name on the Hundred Family Surnames poem.

Additionally, the very common Chinese surname Li (李) is pronounced Lei in Standard Cantonese, and is sometimes romanized as "Lei", particularly among the Macanese.
Canton of Cherbourg-Octeville-Sud-Ouest
The Canton of Cherbourg-Octeville-Sud-Ouest in France was situated in the department of Manche and the region of Basse-Normandie. It had 19,161 inhabitants (2012). It was disbanded following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015. Cherbourg-Octeville was its seat.

The canton comprised the following communes:

Cherbourg-Octeville (partly)

Couville

Hardinvast

Martinvast

Saint-Martin-le-Gréard

Tollevast

Cherbourg-Octeville
Cherbourg-Octeville (French: [ʃɛʁbuʁ ɔkt(ə)vil] ⓘ) is a former commune in the Manche department in Normandy in north-western France. It was formed when Cherbourg and Octeville merged on 28 February 2000. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Cherbourg-en-Cotentin, of which it became a delegated commune.

Cherbourg-Octeville is represented by a delegate mayor (Sébastien Fagnen, elected in 2017) and a delegate municipal council.
Rob Zicari
Robert D. Zicari (born August 5, 1974), also known as Rob Black, is an American pornographer, entrepreneur, podcaster and professional wrestling promoter. Together with his then-wife Janet "Lizzy Borden" Romano, he owned the porn company Extreme Associates. Zicari was prosecuted for distribution of obscenity by the United States Department of Justice in 2004. The case was dismissed but was reinstated upon appeal in 2005. Zicari entered into a plea agreement with the government in 2009, ending the case.

Obscenity
An obscenity is any utterance or act that strongly offends the prevalent morality of the time. It is derived from the Latin obscēnus, obscaenus, "boding ill; disgusting; indecent", of uncertain etymology. Generally, the term can be used to indicate strong moral repugnance and outrage in expressions such as "obscene profits" and "the obscenity of war". As a legal term, it usually refers to descriptions and depictions of people engaged in sexual and excretory activity.
Purfleet Rifle Range railway station
Purfleet Rifle Range was a railway station on the London, Tilbury and Southend Railway. It was opened for military use in 1911 and public use in 1921 and closed in 1948. It was located between Purfleet and Rainham railway stations.

London, Tilbury and Southend Railway
The London, Tilbury and Southend Railway (LT&SR), was a British railway company, whose network connected  Fenchurch Street station, in central London, with destinations in east London and Essex, including Barking, Upminster, Grays, Tilbury, Southend and Shoeburyness. The company and its assets were sold to the Midland Railway in 1912. The network over which they operated is largely intact and is currently operated as part of Great British Railways (c2c).
Darius Latham
Darius Latham (born November 9, 1994) is an American former professional football defensive tackle who played for the Oakland Raiders of the National Football League (NFL) from 2016 to 2017. He played college football for the Indiana Hoosiers.

Indiana Hoosiers football
The Indiana Hoosiers football program represents Indiana University Bloomington in NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision college football (FBS) and in the Big Ten Conference. The Hoosiers have played their home games at Memorial Stadium in Bloomington, Indiana since 1960.

The Hoosiers have won the Big Ten Championship three times, doing it first in 1945, again in 1967, and most recently in 2025. Indiana has appeared in 17 bowl games, including the 1968 and 2026 Rose Bowl games. In 2024 they made the College Football Playoff. In 2025, the Hoosiers achieved their second-ever undefeated regular season and won their first national championship in program history. Six Indiana players have been inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame, including Zora Clevenger, Bill Ingram, Pete Pihos, George Taliaferro, John Tavener, and Anthony Thompson, who was also National Player of the Year in 1989. The Hoosiers are currently led by head coach Curt Cignetti.
Old Jewish Cemetery, Prague
The Old Jewish Cemetery (Czech: Starý židovský hřbitov) is a Jewish cemetery in Prague, Czech Republic, which is one of the largest of its kind in Europe and one of the most important Jewish historical monuments in Prague. It served its purpose from the first half of the 15th century until 1786. Renowned personalities of the local Jewish community were buried here; among them rabbi Jehuda Liva ben Becalel – Maharal (ca. 1526–1609), businessman Mordecai Meisel (1528–1601), historian David Gans (ca. 1541–1613) and rabbi David Oppenheim (1664–1736). Today the cemetery is administered by the Jewish Museum in Prague.

Mordecai Meisel
Mordecai Marcus Meisel (Czech: Miška Marek Majzel; 1528, Prague – 13 March 1601, Prague) was a philanthropist and communal leader of the Jewish community in Prague. He was one of the first court Jews of Eastern Europe.
George Fenton
George Richard Ian Howe Fenton (born 19 October 1949), known professionally as George Fenton, is an English composer. Best known for his work writing film scores and music for television, he has received five Academy Award nominations, several Ivor Novello, BAFTA, Golden Globe, Emmy and BMI Awards, and a Classic BRIT. He is one of 18 songwriters and composers to have been made a Fellow of the Ivors Academy (formally BASCA).

He has frequently collaborated with the directors Richard Attenborough, Nora Ephron, Alastair Fothergill, Stephen Frears, Nicholas Hytner, Ken Loach, Andy Tennant, Neil Jordan and Terry Gilliam.

Ivor Novello Awards
The Ivor Novello Awards, named after the Welsh entertainer Ivor Novello, are awards for songwriting and composing. They have been presented annually in London by the Ivors Academy, formerly called the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers, and Authors, since 1956.
Count of Diois
Count of Die, Diois or Dyois (French: Comte de Die or Diois; Vivaro-Alpine Occitan: Còmte de Diá or Diés) is a title of nobility, originally in the French peerage.

It has been created multiple times. It existed as an entity in the Middle Ages from at least the 10th Century, later passing to the Counts of Valentinois and the Bishop-Counts of Die (or Diois) before both were incorporated into Dauphiny proper. It was re-created in 1350 by King Philip VI of France from part of the lands and titles sold to him by Dauphin Humbert II of Viennois. At this time, Dauphiny comprised the Counties of Valentinois, Albon, Grésivaudan, Grenoble, Oisans, Briançon (or Briançonnais), Embrun, and Gap; the Barony of La Tour du Pin; and the Dauphiny of Viennois. The County of Diois was also given to Cesar Borgia, then Duke of Valentinois, by King Louis XII of France.

Die, Drôme
Die (French: [di] ⓘ; Vivaro-Alpine: Diá [djɔ]; Arpitan: Dia [dja]) is a commune, a former episcopal see, and a subprefecture of the Drôme department in southeastern France. The region around Die is known as the Diois [fr] (Vivaro-Alpine: Diés; Arpitan: Diês).

Die is perhaps best known for its sparkling wine Clairette de Die. It was a county in the High Middle Ages and was once the see of a Roman Catholic diocese with its church serving as a cathedral . Die has several historic monuments encircled by Gallo-Roman city walls.
Charles W. Dayton
Charles Willoughby Dayton (October 3, 1846 – December 7, 1910) was an American politician and judge from New York. He was a member of the New York State Assembly in 1881. He was postmaster of New York City from 1893 to 1897. He was elected judge of the New York Supreme Court in 1906.

New York Supreme Court
The Supreme Court of the State of New York is the superior court in the Judiciary of New York.  It is vested with unlimited civil and criminal jurisdiction, although in many counties outside New York City it acts primarily as a court of civil jurisdiction, with most criminal matters handled in county courts.

New York is the only state where supreme court is a trial court rather than a court of last resort (which in New York is the Court of Appeals). Also, although it is a trial court, the Supreme Court sits as a "single great tribunal of general state-wide jurisdiction, rather than an aggregation of separate courts sitting in the several counties or judicial districts of the state." The Supreme Court is established in each of New York's 62 counties.

A separate branch of the Supreme Court called the Appellate Division serves as the highest intermediate appellate court in New York.
Subdivisions of the canton of Vaud
The canton of Vaud is divided into 10 districts.

Several districts have been merged.

Some districts have been divided into cercles, e.g. Yverdon District was divided into the cercles of Molondin, Belmont-sur-Yverdon, Yverdon and Champvent.

There are 300 municipalities in Vaud.

Yverdon-les-Bains
Yverdon-les-Bains (French pronunciation: [ivɛʁdɔ̃ le bɛ̃] ⓘ) (called Eburodunum and Ebredunum during the Roman era; Arpitan: Invèrdon) commonly known as Yverdon, is a municipality in the district of Jura-Nord vaudois of the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. It is the seat of the district. The population of Yverdon-les-Bains, as of December 2020, was 29,955.

Yverdon is located in the heart of a natural setting formed by the Jura mountains, the plains of the Orbe, the hills of the Broye and Lake Neuchâtel. It is the second most important town in the Canton of Vaud. It is known for its thermal springs and is an important regional centre for commerce and tourism.

It was awarded the Wakker Prize in 2009 for the way the city handled and developed the public areas and connected the old city with Lake Neuchâtel.
John Baird (American football)
John Baird (born c. 1877) was an American football player.  He played at the fullback and quarterback positions for Princeton University from 1895 to 1898 and was selected as a member of the 1896 College Football All-America Team.

Frank Hinkey
Frank Augustus Hinkey (December 23, 1870 – December 30, 1925) was an American college football player and coach.  He was notable for being one of only three college football players in history to be named a four-time consensus All-American.  He was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in 1951.