hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Albert Popov
Albert Popov (Bulgarian: Алберт Попов; born 8 August 1997) is a Bulgarian World Cup alpine ski racer and specializes in slalom. Popov is the second Bulgarian ever to win a World Cup race, after Petar Popangelov 45 years to the day earlier.

Petar Popangelov
Petăr Popangelov (Bulgarian: Петър Попангелов, born 31 January 1959) is a Bulgarian alpine skier known at home by his nickname "Pepe" Popangelov. He won the 1977 European Cup in slalom World Cup in Lenggries, Germany. He continued racing in World Cup events for more than a decade from 1977 through 1988, finishing eleven times in first, second, or third place.
MARC-60
The MARC-60 (Mitsubishi Aerojet Rocketdyne Collaboration), also known as MB-60, MB-XX, and RS-73, is a liquid-fuel cryogenic rocket engine designed as a collaborative effort by Japan's Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and US' Aerojet Rocketdyne. The engine burns cryogenic liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen in an open expander cycle, driving the turbopumps with waste heat from the main combustion process.

Rocketdyne
Rocketdyne was an American rocket engine design and production company headquartered in Canoga Park, in the western San Fernando Valley of suburban Los Angeles, in southern California.

Rocketdyne was founded as a division of North American Aviation in 1955 and was later part of Rockwell International from 1967 until 1996 and Boeing from 1996 to 2005. In 2005, Boeing sold the Rocketdyne division to United Technologies Corporation, becoming Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne as part of Pratt & Whitney. In 2013, Rocketdyne was sold to GenCorp, Inc., which merged it with Aerojet to form Aerojet Rocketdyne. The space portion of Aerojet Rocketdyne will be spun off as a new company named "Rocketdyne" in the second half of 2026, following an acquisition from L3Harris by AE Industrial Partners.
Deependra Singh Hooda
Lieutenant General Deependra Singh Hooda, PVSM, UYSM, AVSM, VSM & Bar, ADC (born 12 November 1956) is the former General Officer Commanding-in-Chief of the Indian army's Northern Command. The General Officer was the Northern Army Commander during the 'surgical strike' in September 2016. He is most prominently known for his views on Kashmir with a strong emphasis on human rights. With a career spanning forty years, he has served on both the Northern and Eastern borders of India.

Param Vishisht Seva Medal
Param Vishisht Seva Medal (PVSM) (IAST: Parama Viśiṣṭa Sēvā, lit. 'Supreme Distinguished Service Medal') is a military award of India. It is the highest peacetime medal of the Indian Armed Forces, and is awarded for "distinguished service of the most exceptional order." The medal is awarded for "distinguished service rendered by personnel of the Armed Forces."

All ranks of the Armed Forces, including Territorial Army, Auxiliary and Reserve forces, Nursing officers and other members of the Nursing services and other lawfully constituted Armed Forces are eligible for the medal, which may be awarded multiple times as well as posthumously.
Tintern Wireworks Branch
The Tintern Wireworks Branch was a short branch line on the Wye Valley Railway, crossing the tidal River Wye between Monmouthshire, Wales, and Gloucestershire, England.  It was completed in 1874 and opened on 1 November 1876; the reason for the delay was that the Wye Valley Railway, into which the branch line fed, was not completed until the latter date. It closed in 1935 when the rails buckled in the heat of the summer.

The bridge that carried the line over the Wye, known as the Tintern Wireworks Bridge or Old Tramway Bridge, is now used as a footpath.

Wye Valley Railway
The Wye Valley Railway was a standard gauge railway that ran for nearly 15 miles (24 km) along the Lower Wye Valley between the towns of Chepstow and Monmouth, crossing several times between Wales and England. Opened on 1 November 1876, it was leased to, and worked by, the Great Western Railway (GWR), before being fully absorbed by the GWR in 1905.

The line was built with the hope of becoming part of a through trunk route between Bristol and the industrial Midlands, a development which never took place. Although tourism provided some new passenger business in the late Victorian and Edwardian periods, the line's income was always weak.

After nationalisation, British Railways reviewed its viability and withdrew the passenger service on 5 January 1959. A limited goods and mineral service continued until 1964, after which residual traffic continued on the southern end of the route to Tintern Quarry, until 1981, and Dayhouse Quarry, near Tidenham, until 1990.
Roman Historical Institutes
Roman Historical Institutes are collegiate bodies established at Rome, for the purpose of historical research, mostly in the Vatican archives. These have been set both by ecclesiastical authority, and by national governments.

Vatican Apostolic Archive
The Vatican Apostolic Archive (Latin: Archivum Apostolicum Vaticanum; Italian: Archivio Apostolico Vaticano), formerly known as the Vatican Secret Archive (Latin: Archivum Secretum Vaticanum; Italian: Archivio Segreto Vaticano), is the central repository in the Vatican City of all acts promulgated by the Holy See.

The Pope, as the sovereign of Vatican City, owns the material held in the archive until his death or resignation, with ownership passing to his successor. The archive also contains state papers, correspondence, account books, and many other documents that the church has accumulated over the centuries.

Pope Paul V separated the Secret Archive from the Vatican Library, where scholars had some very limited access, and the archive remained closed altogether to outsiders until the late 19th century, when Pope Leo XIII opened the archive to researchers, more than a thousand of whom now examine some of its documents each year.
Diocese of Liège
The Diocese of Liège (Latin: Dioecesis Leodiensis) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Catholic Church in Belgium. The diocese was erected in the 4th century and presently covers the same territory as Belgium's Liège Province, but it was historically much larger. Currently, the diocese is a suffragan in the ecclesiastical province of the Archdiocese of Mechelen-Brussels. Its cathedra is found within St. Paul's Cathedral in the episcopal see of Liège.

Archdiocese of Mechelen–Brussels
The Archdiocese of Mechelen–Brussels (Latin: Archidioecesis Mechliniensis–Bruxellensis) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or archdiocese of the Catholic Church in Belgium. It is the primatial see of the whole of Belgium. Additionally it is the centre of the local ecclesiastical province governed by the Archbishop of Mechelen–Brussels, which covers the middle of the country corresponding to the now defunct Belgian Province of Brabant and a few other municipalities adjacent to it.

The Archdiocese was formed in 1559, and the bishop has a seat in two cathedrals, St. Rumbold's Cathedral in Mechelen and the Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula in Brussels. The current archbishop is Luc Terlinden, who was installed in September 2023.
Duchy of Pomerania-Stargard
The Duchy of Pomerania-Stargard, also known as the Duchy of Stargard located in Western Pomerania in the Holy Roman Empire, was a feudal duchy with its capital in Stargard. It was formed in 1377, when it separated from Pomerania-Stolp.  In 1395, it fell under the control of the Duke of Pomerania-Stolp, and continued to be ruled by the successive Dukes of the House of Griffins until its dissolution in 1478, when it was incorporated into a unified Duchy of Pomerania.

Duchy of Pomerania-Stolp
The Duchy of Pomerania-Stolp, also known as the Duchy of Stolp, and the Duchy of Słupsk, was a feudal duchy in Farther Pomerania. Its capital was Słupsk. It was ruled by the Griffin dynasty. It existed in the High Middle Ages era from 1368 to 1478.
Virginia's 7th congressional district
Virginia's seventh congressional district is a United States congressional district in the Commonwealth of Virginia. The district encompasses a vast swath of Northern and Central Virginia, including many suburban, urban, and rural areas. The district includes the city of Fredericksburg, along with the towns of Bowling Green and Culpeper. Considered among the nation's most competitive congressional districts, it has been represented by Democrat Eugene Vindman since 2025.

The district spans across much of Central and Northern Virginia including all of Orange, Culpeper, Spotsylvania, Greene County, Madison County, Fredericksburg, Caroline County, King George County, Stafford County, the south-eastern half of Prince William County, and a small sliver of Albemarle County.

Spotsylvania County, Virginia
Spotsylvania County is a county in the Commonwealth of Virginia. It is a part of the Northern Virginia region. As of 2024, Spotsylvania County is the 14th most populated county in Virginia with 149,588 residents. Its county seat is Spotsylvania Courthouse.

Located along the Rappahannock River bordering the City of Fredericksburg and Stafford County, Spotsylvania County is part of the Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV Metropolitan Statistical Area. Since 2010, the population has increased by 19.3%; for comparison, Virginia's population has only increased 7.7% in that time period. Spotsylvania County is currently the 74th highest-income county in America.
Sonny Rodgers
Oliver Lee "Sonny" Rodgers (December 4, 1939 – May 7, 1990) was an American electric blues guitarist, singer and songwriter. He won a W.C. Handy Award for his release "Cadillac Baby" b/w "Big Leg Woman", which the Blues Foundation deemed to be the 'Blues Single of 1990'. His subsequent debut album, They Call Me the Cat Daddy, was acclaimed but coincided with his early death in May 1990, just prior to embarking on a UK tour.

He variously worked with Forest City Joe, Joe Hill Louis, Joe Willie Wilkins, Eddie Boyd, Lazy Bill Lucas, Muddy Waters, George "Mojo" Buford, and Willie Cobbs.

Lazy Bill Lucas
Lazy Bill Lucas (May 29, 1918 – December 11, 1982) was an American blues musician who was part of the birth of the Chicago blues scene in the 1940s, 1950s and early 1960s. He then took his talents to Minneapolis, Minnesota, becoming an important part of that city's blues history until his death.
Vombatiformes
The Vombatiformes are one of the three suborders of the large marsupial order Diprotodontia. Seven of the nine known families within this suborder are extinct; only the families Phascolarctidae, with the koala, and Vombatidae, with three extant species of wombat, survive.

Among the extinct families are the Diprotodontidae, which includes the largest marsupials ever, including the rhinoceros sized Diprotodon, as well as the "marsupial lions" Thylacoleonidae and "marsupial tapirs" Palorchestidae.

Phascolarctidae
The Phascolarctidae (φάσκωλος (phaskolos) -  pouch or bag, ἄρκτος (arktos) - bear, from the Greek phascolos + arctos meaning pouched bear) is a family of marsupials of the order Diprotodontia, consisting of only one extant species, the koala, and six well-known fossil species, with another six less well known fossil species, and two fossil species of the genus Koobor, whose taxonomy is debatable but are placed in this group. The closest relatives of the Phascolarctidae are the wombats, which comprise the family Vombatidae.

The fossil record of the family dates back to the Middle Miocene or Late Oligocene.
Central Circular Route
The Central Circular Route (中央環状線, Chūō Kanjō-sen), signed as Route C2, is one of the routes of the Shuto Expressway system serving the central part of the Greater Tokyo Area. The route is a circumferential highway running through the outer wards of Tokyo. The route is the middle of four ring expressways planned for the city; the other three being the C1 Inner Circular Route, the C3 Tokyo Gaikan Expressway, and the C4 Ken-Ō Expressway.

Inner Circular Route
The Inner Circular Route (都心環状線, Toshin Kanjō-sen), signed as Route C1, is one of the routes of the Shuto Expressway system serving the central part of the Greater Tokyo Area. The route is a complete loop around the central Tokyo wards of Chiyoda, Chūō, and Minato, with a total length of 14.8 kilometers (9.2 mi). In addition to serving areas of central Tokyo, the Inner Circular Route also serves as the origin of the radial routes of the Shuto Expressway. A section of the expressway is built above the Shibuya River.
Clothing in Sudan
Sudan is home to nearly 600 ethnic groups and clothing reflects the country's ethnic, regional, and historical diversity, shaped by centuries of cultural exchange along Nile Valley and across Sahel and Red Sea regions. Most Sudanese wear a combination of traditional and modern attire, with choices often influenced by climate, social setting, and religious norms.

For men, the jalabiya, a loose-fitting, ankle-length robe remains the most recognizable garment, often paired with a turban and shawl, with variations in fabric and style reflecting regional and seasonal preferences

Women’s clothing is equally distinctive, with toub (also spelled thobe or tobe), a long, rectangular cloth draped around the body and head, serving as both a marker of identity and a form of artistic expression. Across Sudan, clothing is a matter of personal choice but also a visible symbol of heritage, social status, and community belonging.

Melhfa
Melhfa, also known as Toungou, Tassaghnist, Laffaya, or Dampé, is a traditional cloth commonly found across the Sahel and Sahara regions of Africa. The melhfa is a long rectangular cloth, typically measuring 4.5 meters by 1.6 meters, skillfully wrapped around the wearer's head and body.

It traditionally served as a means of protection from the harsh weather of the region and is typically made from natural fabrics such as cotton.
Huron River (rivière du Chêne tributary)
The Huron River (in French: rivière Huron) is a tributary of the east bank of the rivière du Chêne which empties on the south shore of the St. Lawrence River. The Huron River flows through the municipalities of Laurier-Station, Notre-Dame-du-Sacré-Cœur-d'Issoudun, Saint-Édouard-de-Lotbinière, Saint-Janvier-de-Joly and Leclercville, in the Lotbinière Regional County Municipality, in the administrative region of Chaudière-Appalaches, in Quebec, in Canada.

Rivière du Chêne
The rivière du Chêne (in English: Oak River) is a tributary of the south shore of the St. Lawrence River. This river flows in the municipalities of Sainte-Agathe-de-Lotbinière, Saint-Gilles, Dosquet, Lyster (MRC de L'Érable Regional County Municipality), Saint-Janvier-de-Joly, Val-Alain, Saint-Édouard-de-Lotbinière, Lotbinière and Leclercville, in the Lotbinière Regional County Municipality, in the administrative region of Chaudière-Appalaches, in Quebec, in Canada.
Slavery in Iraq
Slavery existed in the territory of the modern state of Iraq until the 1920s.

When the area later to become the modern state of Iraq was a center of the Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258), the area was a major slave trade destination, and slaves were imported to Iraq from the North along the Volga trade route, from the West via the Red Sea slave trade, and from the South from the Indian Ocean slave trade. The slave trade to, and slavery in the area continued during subsequent rulerships, and Ottoman Iraq (1534–1920) remained a destination of the international slave trade in the Middle East.

Under the First World War, Ottoman Iraq came under rulership of the British, who disliked slavery. Slavery was formally abolished in Iraq in 1924. Iraq was the first Gulf state, in which slavery was banned. Many members of the Afro-Iraqi minority are descendants of the former slaves.

In the 21st-century, Islamic terrorists again practiced slavery in areas under their control in Syria and Iraq.

Slavery in 21st-century jihadism
Quasi-state-level jihadist groups, including Boko Haram and the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, have captured and enslaved women and children, often for sexual slavery. In 2014 in particular, both groups organised mass kidnappings of large numbers of girls and younger women.
Glen Osmond Road
Glen Osmond Road is a major section of the Princes Highway (and Highway 1) in the city of Adelaide, South Australia. Connecting the Adelaide city centre with the Adelaide Hills via the South Eastern Freeway; Glen Osmond Road carries around 22% of freight traffic coming off the South Eastern Freeway, and is the major commuter route from the southern Adelaide Hills. It is designated part of route A1.

Highway 1 (Australia)
Australia's Highway 1 is a network of highways that circumnavigate the country, joining all mainland capital cities except the national capital, Canberra. At a total length of approximately 14,500 kilometres (9,000 miles), it is the longest national highway in the world, surpassing the Trans-Siberian Highway (over 11,000 kilometres or 6,800 miles) and the Trans-Canada Highway (8,030 kilometres or 4,990 miles). Over a million people traverse some part of the highway network every day. It is the longest continuing highway in the world as the Pan-American Highway is separated by the Darién Gap and AH1 is separated by the Sea of Japan. However, it is not the longest continuous stretch of highway as both the northern section of the Pan-American Highway and the continental section of AH1 still out-measure it.
Basler Cup
Basler Cup (French: "Coupe de Bale") was an international ice hockey tournament for professional men's teams, which was played in Basel, Switzerland between 1950 and 1965. It was originally played in November. The tournament was traditionally attended by the local team EHC Basel. The rest of the clubs were invited by the organizers.

EHC Basel
EHC Basel are a professional Swiss ice hockey team based in Basel, Switzerland. The team currently plays in the Swiss League, the second tier of ice hockey in Switzerland. The team plays their home games at St Jakob Arena. EHC Basel was founded on 14 October 1932. Were promoted to the Nationalliga A for 2005–06 after winning the previous season. They made the playoffs and were drawn against defending champions HC Davos in the first round, losing the series 4-1. Basel finished in last place in 2006–07, but managed to avoid relegation by beating SCL Tigers in the playouts. EHC Basel has won five championships of the Nationalliga B in 1935, 1941, 1956, 2003, and 2005. Again in 2007-08 they finished bottom and were relegated to National League B (after losing in the playouts).
The club has hosted a preseason tournament called Basel Summer Ice Hockey since 2009.

On 7 July 2014, the club filed a bankruptcy case for its National League B team, the EHC Basel Sharks.
Bidwill, New South Wales
Bidwill is a suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Bidwill is located 48 kilometres west of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the City of Blacktown and is part of the Greater Western Sydney region.

Blacktown City Council
Blacktown City Council is a local government area in Western Sydney, situated on the Cumberland Plain, approximately 35 kilometres (22 mi) west of the Sydney central business district, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Established in 1906 as the Blacktown Shire and becoming the Municipality of Blacktown in 1961 before gaining city status in 1979, the City occupies an area of 246.9 square kilometres (95.3 sq mi) and has a population of 410,419, making it the most populous local government area in Sydney. It is a member council of the Hawkesbury River County Council.

The Mayor of Blacktown City Council is Councillor Brad Bunting following the death of then-mayor Tony Bleasdale OAM, a member of the Australian Labor Party who died 3 May 2024.
Districts of Albania
Districts (Albanian: rrathë or rrathët) were first and second-level administrative divisions of Albania from 1913–2000. Their number, size, and status changed over time. From 1991 to 2000, the 36 districts were organized into 12 counties. Pursuant to the 1998 Constitution and Law No. 8653, the districts were abolished and replaced with the larger counties and smaller municipalities.

Municipalities of Albania
Municipalities (Albanian: bashki or bashkitë) are the second-level administrative divisions of Albania, below the counties and above the communes. Since the most recent administrative reforms in 2014, Albania has 61 municipalities.
Historical revision of the Inquisition
The historical revision of the Inquisition is a historiographical process that started to emerge in the 1970s, with the opening of formerly closed archives, the development of new historical methodologies, and, in Spain, the death of the ruling dictator Francisco Franco in 1975. New works of historical revisionism changed our knowledge of the history of the Roman and Spanish Inquisitions.

Writers associated with this project share the view of Edward Peters, a prominent historian in the field, who states: "The Inquisition was an image assembled from a body of legends and myths which, between the sixteenth and the twentieth centuries, established the perceived character of inquisitorial tribunals and influenced all ensuing efforts to recover their historical reality."

Roman Inquisition
The Roman Inquisition, formally Suprema Congregatio Sanctae Romanae et Universalis Inquisitionis (Latin for 'the Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Roman and Universal Inquisition'), was a system of partisan tribunals developed by the Holy See of the Catholic Church, during the second half of the 16th century, responsible for prosecuting individuals accused of a wide array of crimes according to Catholic law and doctrine, relating to Catholic religious life or alternative religious or secular beliefs. It was established in 1542 by the leader of the Catholic Church, Pope Paul III. In the period after the Medieval Inquisition, it was one of three different manifestations of the wider Catholic Inquisition, the other two being the Spanish Inquisition and Portuguese Inquisition.
Solar road stud
Solar road studs are flashing solar cell powered LED low-maintenance lighting devices that delineate road edges and centrelines. Embedded in the road surface, they are an electronic improvement on the traditional cat's eyes and raised pavement marker in that they may give drivers a larger reaction window.

Averaging about 100 mm square or 100 mm diameter and about 40 mm thick, units are extremely robust to avoid damage by passing vehicles, and are normally constructed of engineering plastics and polycarbonates. Use of solar road studs reduces the necessity of headlight main beams and the accompanying hazard of dazzling oncoming drivers. They are also more visible in rain and fog conditions where the old type retroreflectors and road markings are problematic. The solar cells charge batteries or capacitors during sunlit hours, over which period the flashing LEDs are turned off by a photodetector.

Cat's eye (road)
A cat's eye, or road stud, is a retroreflective safety device used in road marking and was the first of a range of raised pavement markers. The cat's eye, when illuminated by the lights of an approaching car, becomes very visible as a marker.
China General Chamber of Commerce-U.S.A.
China General Chamber of Commerce - USA (CGCC; Chinese: 美国中国总商会; pinyin: Měiguó zhōngguó zǒng shānghuì) is a U.S.-based chamber of commerce focused on the U.S. and Chinese business communities. It was founded in 2005 and regularly engages with political and business leaders in the U.S. and the People's Republic of China (PRC).

CGCC, along with 600 other prominent U.S. organizations, including the Committee of 100 (C100), were described by a Newsweek article as part of the Chinese Communist Party's united front system of influence. CGCC denied any linkage.

Committee of 100 (United States)
The Committee of 100 is a 501(c)(3) organization of prominent Chinese Americans in business, government, academia and the arts whose stated aim is "to encourage constructive relations between the peoples of the United States and Greater China." It was founded in 1990 by I. M. Pei.

Its current chair is Gary Locke, former U.S. Ambassador to China, the 36th Secretary of Commerce, and former Governor of Washington State (1997–2005).