hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Huygens–Fresnel principle
The Huygens–Fresnel principle (named after Dutch physicist Christiaan Huygens and French physicist Augustin-Jean Fresnel) states that every point on a wavefront is itself the source of spherical wavelets and that the secondary wavelets emanating from different points mutually interfere. The sum of these spherical wavelets forms a new wavefront. As such, the Huygens–Fresnel principle is a method of analysis applied to problems of luminous wave propagation both in the far-field limit and in near-field diffraction as well as reflection.

Wave interference
In physics, interference is a phenomenon in which two coherent waves are combined by adding their intensities or displacements with due consideration for their phase difference. The resultant wave may have greater amplitude (constructive interference) or lower amplitude (destructive interference) if the two waves are in phase or out of phase, respectively.
Interference effects can be observed with all types of waves, for example, light, radio, acoustic, surface water waves, gravity waves, or matter waves as well as in loudspeakers as electrical waves.
Bryan Carrott
Bryan Carrott is an American jazz musician playing vibraphone and marimba.

He has recorded with Butch Morris, Henry Threadgill, Dave Douglas, David "Fathead" Newman, Ralph Peterson, Steven Kroon, Greg Osby, Tom Harrell, John Lurie and The Lounge Lizards, Jay-Z and others.

Carrott is an assistant professor and coordinator of percussion instruction at Five Towns College.

Henry Threadgill
Henry Threadgill (born February 15, 1944) is an American composer, saxophonist and flautist. He came to prominence in the 1970s leading ensembles rooted in jazz but with unusual instrumentation and often incorporating other genres of music. He has performed and recorded with several ensembles: Air, Aggregation Orb, Make a Move, the seven-piece Henry Threadgill Sextett, the twenty-piece Society Situation Dance Band, Very Very Circus, X-75, and Zooid.

He was awarded the 2016 Pulitzer Prize for Music for his album In for a Penny, In for a Pound, which premiered at Roulette Intermedium on December 4, 2014.

In 2023, he published his autobiography, written with Brent Hayes Edwards: Easily Slip into Another World: A Life in Music. The book was a New York Times Notable Book of the Year, along with being a Best Book of the Year: The New York Times, NPR, The New Yorker.
Scutari invasion of Montenegro (1785)
The Scutari invasion of Montenegro (Albanian: Pushtimi i Shkodrës në Mal të Zi), was a military campaign launched by Kara Mahmud Pasha, the head of the Pashalik of Scutari, against the Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro, as well as the Montenegrin tribes of Old Montenegro, Paštrovići and Brda. The campaign also included the capture of Spuž, a castle which was administered by the Bosnian Pasha, Ibrahim Pasha of Spuž.

Kara Mahmud Pasha
Kara Mahmud Pasha (Turkish: Kara Mahmut Paşa, Albanian: Mahmut Pashë Bushati, fl. 1749 – 22 September 1796) was a hereditary Ottoman Albanian governor (mutasarrıf) of the Pashalik of Scutari who became de facto independent ruler of Albania, challenging the authority of the Sublime Porte.
Dulwich Library
Dulwich Library opened on 24 November 1897. It is an example of a Passmore Edwards library  and is located at No. 368 Lordship Lane in East Dulwich, southeast London, England.

The Library is managed by Southwark Council. The library has been listed Grade II on the National Heritage List for England since March 2016.

The library was designed by Charles Barry Jr. in his capacity as architect and surveyor to Dulwich College, who donated the site on which the library stands. It was built as a memorial to the Elizabethan actor Edward Alleyn, the founder of Dulwich College and Alleyn's School. The foundation stone of the library was laid by the prominent actor Henry Irving on 24 September 1896, and the library was subsequently opened by the Lord Chancellor, Lord Halsbury, on 24 November 1897.

Dulwich College
Dulwich College is a 2–18 private, day and boarding school for boys in Dulwich, London, England. As a public school, it began as the College of God's Gift, founded in 1619 by Elizabethan actor Edward Alleyn, with the original purpose of educating 12 poor scholars. It began to grow into a large school from 1857 and took its current form in 1870, when it moved into its current premises.

The school is included in The Schools Index as one of the 150 best private schools in the world and among the top 30 senior schools in the UK. It is a member of both the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference and the Eton Group.

Admission by examination is mainly into years 3, 7, 9, and 12 (i.e. ages 7, 11, 13, and 16 years old) to the Junior, Lower, Middle and Upper Schools into which the college is divided. In the 2025 A-levels, the school saw 67.7% of its candidates score A*/A.
Fourth Reich (New Zealand gang)
The Fourth Reich was a racist skinhead prison gang formed in Paparua Prison (officially known as Christchurch Prison) in Christchurch in the early 1990s that terrorised communities in Nelson and on the West Coast of the South Island, New Zealand. There is little evidence to suggest that the Fourth Reich still exists either in the prison system, or in New Zealand society.

White power skinhead
White power skinheads, also known as racist skinheads, neo-Nazi skinheads, or "Boneheads" (by anti-racist skinheads) are members of a neo-Nazi, white supremacist and antisemitic offshoot of the skinhead subculture. Many of them are affiliated with white nationalist organizations and some of them are members of prison gangs. The movement emerged in the United Kingdom between the late 1960s and the late 1970s, before spreading across Eurasia and North America in the 1980–1990s.
St Johns railway station
St Johns railway station is in the London Borough of Lewisham. It lies 5 miles 47 chains (9.0 km) down the South Eastern Main Line from London Charing Cross, and is situated between New Cross and Lewisham.

New Cross railway station
New Cross is an interchange station between the Windrush line of the London Overground and National Rail services operated by Southeastern, located in New Cross in south-east London. It is 4 miles 68 chains (7.8 km) down the line from London Charing Cross and is in London fare zone 2. It is a southern terminus of some Windrush line services from Dalston Junction.

There is an out-of-station interchange with New Cross Gate station, also situated on the Windrush line of the London Overground, located 620 metres (2,030 ft) walk away. To avoid confusion with those at New Cross Gate, the platforms at New Cross are lettered rather than numbered. Ticket barriers control access to all platforms.
UTM theorem
In computability theory, the UTM theorem, or universal Turing machine theorem, is a basic result about Gödel numberings of the set of computable functions. It affirms the existence of a computable universal function, which is capable of calculating any other computable function. The universal function is an abstract version of the universal Turing machine, thus the name of the theorem.

Roger's equivalence theorem provides a characterization of the Gödel numbering of the computable functions in terms of the smn theorem and the UTM theorem.

Admissible numbering
In computability theory, admissible numberings are enumerations (numberings) of the set of partial computable functions that can be converted to and from the standard numbering of partial computable functions. These numberings are also called acceptable numberings and acceptable programming systems.

Rogers' equivalence theorem shows that all acceptable programming systems are equivalent to each other in the formal sense of numbering theory.
Cryptic unstable transcript
Cryptic unstable transcripts (CUTs) are a subset of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) that are produced from intergenic and intragenic regions. CUTs were first observed in S. cerevisiae yeast models and are found in most eukaryotes. Some basic characteristics of CUTs include a length of around 200–800 base pairs, a 5' cap, poly-adenylated tail, and rapid degradation due to the combined activity of poly-adenylating polymerases and exosome complexes. CUT transcription occurs through RNA Polymerase II and initiates from nucleosome-depleted regions, often in an antisense orientation. To date, CUTs have a relatively uncharacterized function but have been implicated in a number of putative gene regulation and silencing pathways. Thousands of loci leading to the generation of CUTs have been described in the yeast genome. Additionally, stable uncharacterized transcripts, or SUTs, have also been detected in cells and bear many similarities to CUTs but are not degraded through the same pathways.

Non-coding RNA
A non-coding RNA (ncRNA) is a functional RNA molecule that is not translated into a protein. The DNA sequence from which a functional non-coding RNA is transcribed is often called an RNA gene. Abundant and functionally important types of non-coding RNAs include transfer RNAs (tRNAs) and ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), as well as small RNAs such as microRNAs, siRNAs, piRNAs, snoRNAs, snRNAs, exRNAs, scaRNAs and the long ncRNAs such as Xist and HOTAIR.

The number of non-coding RNAs within the human genome is unknown; however, recent transcriptomic and bioinformatic studies suggest that there are thousands of non-coding transcripts. 
Many of the newly identified ncRNAs have unknown functions, if any. 
There is no consensus on how much of non-coding transcription is functional: some believe most ncRNAs to be non-functional "junk RNA", spurious transcriptions, while others expect that many non-coding transcripts have functions to be discovered.
Magherascouse
Magherascouse (/ˈmækrəˌskuːs/ MACK-rə-SKOOSE, from Irish: Machaire Scamha, meaning "Plain of the bare patch of rocks") is a rural townland near Ballygowan in County Down, Northern Ireland. It has an area of 1286.45 acres (5.206 km2). It is situated in the civil parish of Comber, the Poor Law Union of Newtownards and the historic barony of Castlereagh Lower, 2 miles (3.2 km) south of the town of Comber. It lies within the electoral division of Ballygowan which is part of the Ards and North Down Borough Council.

Ballygowan
Ballygowan (from Irish Baile Mhic Gabhann, meaning 'McGowan's townland') is a village in County Down, Northern Ireland. It is within the Ards and North Down Borough. The town of Comber is a short distance to the north-east, the town of Saintfield to the south, and the city of Belfast further to the north-west. It is within the civil parishes of Killinchy and Comber and is split between the historic baronies of Castlereagh Lower and Castlereagh Upper. It had a population of 3,138 people in the 2021 census.
Bahuchara Mata
Bahuchara Mata (Hindi: बहुचरा माता, romanized: Bahucarā Mātā; Gujarati: બહુચર માતા, romanized: Bahucara Mātā) is a Hindu goddess of chastity and fertility in her maiden aspect, of the incarnation of the Hinglaj. The goddess grants favours, especially to male children, and cures diseases. Like other divinities in Gujarat and Rajasthan, Bahuchara is of Charan origin. She is also considered the patroness of the hijra community. Her primary temple is located in Becharaji town in Mehsana district of Gujarat, India.

Charan
Charan (IAST: Cāraṇ; Sanskrit: चारण; Gujarati: ચારણ; Sindhi: چارڻ; IPA: cɑːrəɳə) is a caste natively residing in the Rajasthan and Gujarat states of India, as well as the Sindh and Balochistan provinces of Pakistan. Historically, Charans have been engaged in diverse occupations like bards, poets, historians, pastoralists, agriculturalists and also administrators, jagirdars and warriors and some even as traders.
Malani (river)
The Malani (Dutch: Marowijnekreek), also Marouini (Dutch: Marowini), is a river in the disputed area between French Guiana and Suriname. According to Suriname, it is the border river, however France considers the Litani the border. The river has its source at Pic Coudreau in the Tumuk Humak Mountains. It has its mouth at the confluence with the Litany at Antécume-Pata and continues its journey as the Lawa River. The Malani has a length of 245 kilometres (152 mi).

Lawa River (South America)
The Lawa is a river of South America. It forms part of the international boundary between Suriname and French Guiana. It is formed by the confluence of the Litani and Malani. Downstream from its confluence with the Tapanahony, it is called Maroni. The total length of Litani, Lawa and Maroni is 612 km (380 mi). Important tributaries are the Tampok, Inini and Grand Abounami.

After gold was discovered on the banks of the Lawa River, the governor of Suriname, Cornelis Lely, ordered the construction of the Lawa Railway in 1902. Construction of the railway line was halted when gold production in the area proved disappointing.
York—Peel
York—Peel was a federal electoral district represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1979 to 1988. It was located in the province of Ontario. This riding was created in 1976 from parts of Peel—Dufferin—Simcoe, York North and York—Simcoe ridings. It was represented in the House of Commons by Sinclair Stevens of the Progressive Conservative Party during its whole existence.

York—Peel consisted of the Town of Caledon in Peel Region, and the Townships of East Gwillimbury and King and the Towns of Aurora, Newmarket and Whitchurch–Stouffville in York Region.

The electoral district was abolished in 1987 when it was re-distributed between Halton—Peel, Markham, York North and York—Simcoe ridings.

York North
York North was a federal riding in Ontario, Canada, that was in the House of Commons of Canada from Confederation in 1867 until 2004.

The federal riding was eliminated in 2003 when it was redistributed between two new ridings of Newmarket—Aurora and York—Simcoe. Another small section was incorporated into Oak Ridges—Markham. The riding covered the northern suburbs of the city of Toronto often including such towns as Aurora, Vaughan, Newmarket, Richmond Hill and Markham. The borders changed often, however, most notably in 1996 when the riding was so altered that it contained very little of the same territory as before.
Robert Rowthorn
Robert Rowthorn FAcSS FLSW (born 20 August 1939) is Emeritus Professor of Economics at the University of Cambridge and has been elected as a Life Fellow of King’s College. He is also a senior research fellow of the Centre for Population Research at the Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford.

Learned Society of Wales
The Learned Society of Wales (Welsh: Cymdeithas Ddysgedig Cymru) is a national academy, learned society and charity that exists to "celebrate, recognise, preserve, protect and encourage excellence in all of the scholarly disciplines", and to serve the Welsh nation.

The Learned Society of Wales is Wales's first and only all-embracing national scholarly academy.  A registered charity, it was established and launched on 25 May 2010 at the National Museum of Wales and was granted a Royal Charter in 2015. The society is headquartered in Cardiff.

It is an independent, self-governing, pan-disciplinary, bilingual organisation operating throughout Wales, and is a founding member of the Celtic Academies Alliance.
Acton, Staffordshire
Acton is a hamlet in the Borough of Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffordshire.

It lies within the civil parish of Whitmore, four miles south west of Newcastle close to the junction of the A53 and the A5182,  Trentham Road.

Newcastle-under-Lyme District Council has an open windrow facility in Acton  where it composts garden waste collected in the borough into a nutrient rich soil improver for local farms and other places  including Trentham Gardens.

There is a redundant church in the village bearing the inscription Wesleyan Church.
 It is now a private house. The Acton Hall Equestrian Centre  is located in the village too.

Borough of Newcastle-under-Lyme
The Borough of Newcastle-under-Lyme is a local government district with borough status in Staffordshire, England.

It is named after the town of Newcastle-under-Lyme, where the council is based. The borough also includes the town of Kidsgrove and several villages and surrounding rural areas lying generally to the west of Newcastle itself. Most of the borough's built-up areas form part of The Potteries Urban Area.

The neighbouring districts are Staffordshire Moorlands, Stoke-on-Trent, Stafford, Shropshire and Cheshire East.
2015–16 European Rugby Challenge Cup
The 2015–16 European Rugby Challenge Cup was the second edition of the European Rugby Challenge Cup, an annual pan-European rugby union competition for professional clubs. It is also the 20th season of the Challenge Cup competition in all forms, following on from the now defunct European Challenge Cup. Due to the 2015 Rugby World Cup taking place during September and October 2015, the competition began slightly later than usual, with the first round of the group stage, on the weekend of 12/13/14/15 November 2015, and ended with the final on 13 May 2016 in Lyon.

Gloucester were the 2014 1–5 champions, having beaten Edinburgh 19–13 in the final.

Montpellier won the cup, defeating Harlequins in the final 26–19.

2014–15 European Rugby Challenge Cup
The 2014–15 European Rugby Challenge Cup was the first season of the European Rugby Challenge Cup, the annual rugby union competition. It is the 19th season of second tier pan-European club competition in general, as the competition replaces the European Challenge Cup. The competition began with the first round of the group stage, on the weekend of 16 October 2014, and ended with the final on 1 May 2015 at the Twickenham Stoop.

Gloucester became the first ever champions of the newly formatted competition, beating Edinburgh, who became the first ever Scottish team to make a European final, 19–13, with 14 men on the pitch for the final 17 minutes after centre Bill Meakes was sent off because of a dangerous high tackle off the ball on Edinburgh centre Sam Beard.
Josh Record
Joshua Peter Record (born 20 November 1987) is an English singer-songwriter who has released one album, Pillars, and one EP. He has also had various success as a songwriter and producer for many artists including Avicii, Wyclef Jean, Sigala, Paloma Faith, Becky Hill, Tom Grennan, Dua Lipa, Tiesto, Merk & Kremont, Joe Jonas, DNCE, TWICE, Kaskade, Ella Henderson, Galantis, Felix Jaen, Anne Marie, Calum Scott, Alok, Armin Van Burren, Gorgon City, Wilkinson, Anyma, MNEK and LP.

Calum Scott
Calum Scott (born 12 October 1988) is an English singer and songwriter. He rose to prominence in April 2015 after competing on the ITV talent contest Britain's Got Talent, where he performed a cover of Robyn's hit "Dancing on My Own" and earned a Golden Buzzer from Simon Cowell. After placing sixth in the contest, he released his own version of the song as a single the following year, which peaked at number two on the UK singles chart and became Britain's best-selling single of summer 2016.

Scott later signed with Capitol and in 2017, released the single "You Are the Reason", which amassed more than one billion views on YouTube. His debut album, Only Human, followed in 2018 and reached number four on the UK Albums Chart. Scott achieved his second UK top five single with "Where Are You Now", a 2021 collaboration with Lost Frequencies.
Fremantle School building
The Fremantle  School building is a heritage-listed building located at 92 Adelaide Street, Fremantle. It was known for a long time by the name of its later occupants, the Film and Television Institute (also known as the Perth Institute of Film and Television).

The building was built to house the Fremantle School. It opened in 1854 and was later renamed to the Fremantle Boys' School. The building was designed by William Ayshford Sanford in the Victorian Tudor Style. Constructed using convict labour, the walls are limestone and the roof has Dutch gables with shingle covering. Additions were carried out in 1910 by the Public Works Department. The building was placed on the Register of National Estate in March 1972, and was given an interim listing on the State register in 1992. It was given permanent listing on the State register as part of the Princess May Reserve in 2001.

Adelaide Street, Fremantle
Adelaide Street, Fremantle is a street that is a boundary for Kings Square, Fremantle in Western Australia.
It goes north from Kings Square and meets Queen Victoria Street in a skewed junction that meets outside St Patrick's Basilica.

It is named after Queen Adelaide, consort of William IV. The street existed since at least 1833, when it was included in a survey.

At number 3 is St John's Anglican Church which dates from 1882.

It has on its western side, the Film and Television Institute, and Princess May Park.

Johnson Court Apartments, at number 23 Adelaide Street are one of the earlier high rise apartment buildings of Fremantle.
Dras
Dras (also spelt Drass, ISO transliteration: Drās), also known locally as Himababs, Hembabs, or Humas, is a town and hill station in Kargil district of the union territory of Ladakh in India. It is on the NH 1 between Zoji La pass and Kargil town. A tourist hub for its high-altitude trekking routes and tourist sites, it is often called "The Gateway to Ladakh". The government's official spelling of the town's name is "Drass".

Kargil
Kargil (English: /ˈkɑrɡɪl/ KAR-ghil, Hindi: [kaːɾɡɪl]) or Kargyil is a city in Indian-administered Ladakh in the disputed Kashmir region. It is the joint capital of Ladakh, an Indian-administered union territory. It is also the headquarters of the Kargil district. It is the second-largest urban centre in Ladakh after Leh. Kargil is located 204 kilometres (127 mi) east of Srinagar in Jammu and Kashmir, and 234 kilometres (145 mi) to the west of Leh. It is on the bank of the Suru River near its confluence with the Wakha Rong river, the latter providing the most accessible route to Leh.
Iryna Bilyk
Iryna Mykolayivna Bilyk (Ukrainian: Ірина Миколаївна Білик, born 6 April 1970 in Kyiv) is a Ukrainian singer-songwriter, holder of the Order of Princess Olga of the 3rd class, Merited (1996) and People's Artist of Ukraine (2008). With a repertoire of songs in Ukrainian, Russian and Polish, Bilyk practically reached the top of the Ukrainian show business in the 2000s. She is often called the "Ukrainian Madonna" due to many of her songs becoming hits in the 1990s, frequent style changes and influence on the Ukrainian musical media scene. YUNA considered Bilyk "the best singer of the two decades" in 2012.

Merited Artist of Ukraine
Honored Artist of Ukraine (Ukrainian: Заслужений артист України, romanized: Zasluzhenyi artyst Ukrainy; also translated as Honored (Performing) Artist of Ukraine or Merited (Performing) Artist of Ukraine) is a state honorary title of decoration of the Ukrainian government.  Originally awarded by the Ukrainian SSR, the award continued after Ukraine regained independence, recognizing outstanding achievement in the performing arts. The Law of Ukraine regulates it Regarding the State Awards of Ukraine (#1549-14).
Lierse S.K. (2018)
Koninklijke Lierse Sportkring is a Belgian association football club located in Lier, in the province of Antwerp. The club, founded in 1943 as Oosterzonen in Oosterwijk, was relocated to Lier following the bankruptcy of Lierse in 2018. After an official name change, Lierse Kempenzonen was renamed to K. Lierse S.K. in 2024. They compete in the Challenger Pro League, the second tier of Belgian football.

Westerlo
Westerlo (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈʋɛstərloː]) is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp. The municipality comprises seven towns:

Westerlo centrum

Oevel

Tongerlo

Heultje

Voortkapel

Oosterwijk

Zoerle-Parwijs

In 2021, Westerlo had a total population of 25,288. The total area is 55.13 km2.