hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Tidewater and Western Railroad
The Farmville and Powhatan Railroad went bankrupt in 1905 and became the Tidewater and Western Railroad.  The line survived until 1917 when it was pulled up and sent to France for the World War I effort.  The Tidewater and Western Railroad carried freight and passengers along a route from Farmville, Virginia to Bermuda Hundred.  The Tidewater and Western Railroad continued to have Western Union Telegraphs run along the rails. These connected to telegraphs on the Atlantic Coast Line along the East Coast of the US and to Europe.

Farmville and Powhatan Railroad
In 1886, Randolph Harrison, of the Virginia department of Agriculture, cited Cumberland Mining Company, stating that businessmen would soon open a hotel at Lithia Springs, Farmville, VA for people seeking the healing waters. The Brighthope railway would be extended to bring them there. But instead, the Farmville and Powhatan Railroad Company built the narrow gauge rails through Cumberland County and the Farmville and Powhatan Railroad Company bought the Brighthope Railway, so the Farmville and Powhatan Railroad made the connection. In 1890, Beach Station was built with a railroad depot, some railroad shanties, a general store and an owner's house, the George Perdue House as a stop on the line.
Myo Htwe, Prince of Thonze
Maha Thu Thiri Dhammayaza (Burmese: မဟာသုသီရိဓမ္မရာဇာ, Pali: Mahāsusīridhammarājā; born Myo Htwe; c. 1842 – 17 February 1879), commonly known as the Prince of Thonze (Burmese: သုံးဆယ်မင်းသား) or Thonze Minthagyi (Burmese: သုံးဆယ်မင်းသားကြီး), was a Burmese first-ranked royal prince of the late Konbaung dynasty. He was a senior son of King Mindon and the Viceroy of Chindwin Province.

Burmese royal titles
Burmese royal titles are the royal styles that were in use by the Burmese monarchy until the disintegration of the last Burmese monarchy, the Konbaung dynasty, in 1885. These titles were exclusively used by those of royal lineage (မင်းမျိုးမင်းနွယ်; ထီးရိုးနန်းရိုး; ဆွေတော်မျိုးတော်), or more formally, Maha Zi Maha Thwei (မဟာဆီမဟာသွေး).
Coke Studio Pakistan season 5
The fifth season of the Pakistani music television series Coke Studio Pakistan commenced airing on 13 May 2012. The season consisted of five episodes, which aired on 13 May, 27 May, 10 June, 24 June and 8 July respectively.

Rohail Hyatt and Umber Hyatt continued as producers of the show.

Coke Studio Pakistan
Coke Studio Pakistan (Urdu: کوک اِسٹوڈیو پاکستان) is a Pakistani television programme and a part of the international music franchise, Coke Studio, which features studio-recorded music performances by established and emerging artists. It is the longest-running annual television music show in Pakistan, airing annually since 2008. The programme's concept originated in Brazil and has subsequently expanded its reach worldwide.

The show combines a myriad of musical influences, from traditional Pakistani classical, folk, Sufi, qawwali, ghazal and bhangra music to contemporary hip hop, rock and pop music. It is noted for promoting Pakistan's multiculturalism by inviting artists from various regions and languages to collaborate musically.
Eddie Green (criminal)
Harold Eugene "Eddie" Green (November 2, 1898 – April 10, 1934) was an American bank robber and Depression-era outlaw during the 1930s, best known as a member of the John Dillinger gang. He was also associated with Frank "Jelly" Nash, Volney Davis and the Barker-Karpis Gang in his early career.

Green was considered a highly intelligent criminal and expert "jug marker," widely known to employ tactics such as casing banks and planning escape routes that he drove prior to a robbery to ensure a perfect getaway. His connections with corrupt politicians and police officials in St. Paul, Minnesota made him extremely useful in setting up safe houses and provide warning from police raids.

Volney Davis
Volney Everett "Curley" Davis (February 14, 1902 – July 20, 1979) was an American bank robber and Great Depression-era outlaw. A longtime Oklahoma bandit, he was the boyfriend of Edna Murray and an associate of both the John Dillinger and Alvin Karpis-Barker gangs during the 1930s.
Archaeostylus
Archaeostylus manukauensis is an extinct species of flax snail, a large air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Bothriembryontidae.

This species is the typetaxon and only member of the monotypic genus Archaeostylus, found in Pliocene age sediments of northern New Zealand. Archaeostylus is thought to represent an extinct, sister lineage to the modern flax snail species currently living in New Zealand, and is not a direct ancestor.

Placostylus
Placostylus, or flax snails, are a genus of very large, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the family Bothriembryontidae.

The shells of the snails in this genus can be as large as 4.5 inches (11 cm) in maximum dimension.

Many species within this genus are now extinct.
Fatherland – Polish List
The Fatherland – Polish List (Polish: Ojczyzna – Lista Polska, OLP or O-LP) was an electoral alliance in Poland created by the National Party "Fatherland" (Polish: Stronnictwo Narodowe „Ojczyzna”). It was an electoral bloc that the National Party contested the 1993 Polish parliamentary election with. It unsuccessfully sought an alliance with a far-left agrarian socialist Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland.

In the 1993 Polish parliamentary election, the bloc was heavily undermined by the Catholic Electoral Committee "Fatherland", a political Catholic coalition headed by Christian National Union (Polish: Zjednoczenie Chrześcijańsko-Narodowe, ZChN), which aspired to be a successor to the Catholic Electoral Action, a National-Catholic bloc from the 1991 Polish parliamentary election. Ultimately, Fatherland – Polish List failed to win any seats, receiving 15,958 votes, 0.12% of the total.

Christian National Union
The Christian National Union (Polish: Zjednoczenie Chrześcijańsko-Narodowe, ZChN) was a Christian-democratic and nationalist political party in Poland. Established on 15 September 1989, the party traced its tradition to the Solidarity movement (both the trade union and the Solidarity Citizens' Committee), as well as pre-World War II National Democracy and Polish Christian Democratic Party. The party adhered to the Christian right, advocating social conservatism. From its foundation until 1994, the party was led by Wiesław Chrzanowski, who was Marshal of the Sejm in 1991–1993.
Song bells
Song bells are a musical instrument in the keyboard percussion family. They are a mallet percussion instrument in the metallophone family that is essentially a cross between the vibraphone, glockenspiel, and celesta. They have bars made of aluminum.

They sound one octave down from the glockenspiel, or one octave above concert pitch and generally have a range of 2+1⁄2 octaves. Song bells have been made by various makers at different times but were first introduced by J. C. Deagan, Inc. in 1918 and manufactured by the company until 1924.

Keyboard percussion instrument
A keyboard percussion instrument, also known as a bar or mallet percussion instrument, is a pitched percussion instrument arranged in the same pattern as a piano keyboard and most often played using mallets. While most keyboard percussion instruments are fully chromatic, keyboard instruments for children, such as ones used in the Orff Schulwerk, may be diatonic or pentatonic.

Despite the name, keyboard instruments such as the celesta and keyboard glockenspiel are not considered keyboard percussion instruments, despite being idiophones, due to the different skillsets required to play them. This is because keyboard percussion instruments do not possess actual keyboards, but simply follow the arrangement of the keyboard.

Common keyboard percussion instruments include marimba, xylophone, crotales, vibraphone, glockenspiel, and tubular bells.
Ishii Kikujirō
Viscount Ishii Kikujirō (石井 菊次郎; April 24, 1866 – May 25, 1945), was a Japanese diplomat and cabinet minister in Meiji, Taishō and early Shōwa period Japan. He served as Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Empire of Japan between 1915 and 1916.

Minister for Foreign Affairs (Japan)
The minister for foreign affairs (外務大臣, Gaimu Daijin) is a member of the cabinet of Japan and is the leader and chief executive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The minister is responsible for implementing Japan's foreign policy and is also a statutory member of the National Security Council. The minister is nominated by the prime minister and is appointed by the emperor of Japan.

Since the end of the allied occupation of Japan, the position has been one of the most powerful in the cabinet, as Japan's economic interests have long relied on foreign relations. The recent efforts of former prime minister Junichiro Koizumi and Shinzo Abe to establish a more interventionist foreign policy have also heightened the importance of the position.

The current minister for foreign affairs is Toshimitsu Motegi, who took office on October 21, 2025.
Kosmos 5
Kosmos 5 (Russian: Космос 5 meaning Cosmos 5), also known as 2MS #2 and occasionally in the West as Sputnik 15 was a scientific research and technology demonstration satellite launched by the Soviet Union in 1962. It was the fifth satellite to be designated under the Kosmos system, and the third spacecraft to be launched as part of the MS programme, after Kosmos 2 and Kosmos 3. Its primary missions were to develop systems for future satellites, and to record data about artificial radiation around the Earth.

MS (satellite)
MS was a series of four Soviet satellites launched in 1962. Two different types of satellite, 1MS and 2MS were used, with two satellites of each type being launched. Three of the satellites were operated successfully, however one of the 1MS satellites was lost in a launch failure. The three that reached orbit received Kosmos designations.

MS satellites were developed by OKB-1, and used for technology demonstration and development. They also carried payloads to investigate radiation and cosmic rays.
James Thomas Lynn
James Thomas Lynn (February 27, 1927 – December 6, 2010) was an American government official who served as the 4th secretary of housing and urban development from 1973 until 1975 and as the 22nd director of the Office of Management and Budget from 1975 until 1977.

United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
The United States secretary of housing and urban development is the head of the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development, a member of the Cabinet of the United States, and thirteenth in the presidential line of succession. The post was created with the formation of the Department of Housing and Urban Development on September 9, 1965, by President Lyndon B. Johnson's signing of The Department of Housing and Urban Development Act into law. The department's mission is "to increase homeownership, support community development and increase access to affordable housing free from discrimination."

The secretary of housing and urban development is a Level I position in the Executive Schedule, thus earning a salary of US$246,400, as of January 2024.

The current secretary of housing and urban development is Scott Turner, who was sworn in on February 5, 2025.
Metrodora
Metrodora (Ancient Greek: Μητροδώρα, romanized: Mētrodōra) was possibly the author of an ancient Greek medical text, On the Diseases and Cures of Women (Περὶ τῶν Γυναικείων παθῶν τῆς μἠτρας).  She is known from a single Byzantine manuscript. The manuscript, in the collection of the Laurentian Library in Florence, is a collection of writings on medical topics; the first part, attributed to Metrodora, focuses on obstetrics and women's medicine.

If Metrodora existed, she would be one of only two ancient women (along with Cleopatra the Physician) to have a surviving medical text attributed to her.  Her dates are disputed: scholars' suggestions range from the first to the sixth century AD, and the latest possible date is the composition of the Laurentian manuscript in the tenth or eleventh century.  Her name is also disputed; some scholars have suggested that Metrodora was a pseudonym or even the misinterpretation of the title of her work.

Cleopatra the Physician
Cleopatra the Physician (Greek: Κλεοπάτρα, Kleopatra; fl. late 1st century CE) was a Greek medical writer and author of a manual entitled Cosmetics. Six fragments of her Cosmetics survive in quotation from later medical writers.
Brian Stewart (journalist)
Brian Edward Stewart, OC OOnt (born April 21, 1942) is a Canadian journalist. Stewart is  best known for his news reports and documentary features as senior correspondent of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation's (CBC) flagship news hour, The National, where he worked for over two decades.

A past Gemini award winner as Canada's Best Overall Journalist, Stewart also hosted network current affairs shows including CBC News: Our World, and continues to appear frequently on CBC as a current affairs analyst and documentary essayist following his retirement in 2009.  A journalist since 1964, Mr Stewart has been a reporter in both print and television.

He is currently a Distinguished Senior Fellow with the Munk School of Global Affairs at the University of Toronto.

Order of Ontario
The Order of Ontario (French: Ordre de l'Ontario) is a civilian honour for merit in the Canadian province of Ontario. Instituted in 1986 by Lieutenant Governor Lincoln Alexander, on the advice of the Cabinet under Premier David Peterson, the civilian order is administered by the Lieutenant Governor-in-Council and is intended to honour current or former Ontario residents for conspicuous achievements in any field.
Funk Filharmonik
Funk Filharmonik is a long-running a funk and soul outfit from Astoria, New York which has been together since the mid-1980s. The group contains former Tower of Power members. Individually and collectively the group has performed and recorded with major artists.

Tower of Power
Tower of Power is an American R&B and funk band and horn section, originating in Oakland, California, that has been performing since 1968. The band has had a number of lead vocalists, the best-known being Lenny Williams, who fronted the band between early 1973 and late 1974, the period of their greatest commercial success. They have had eight songs on the Billboard Hot 100; their highest-charting songs include "You're Still a Young Man", "So Very Hard to Go", "What Is Hip?", and "Don't Change Horses (in the Middle of a Stream)".
Politics of the Cook Islands
The politics of the Cook Islands takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democracy within a constitutional monarchy. The monarch of New Zealand, represented in the Cook Islands by the King or Queen's Representative, is the head of state; the prime minister is the head of government of a multi-party system. The nation is self-governing and fully responsible for its internal and foreign affairs; it has run its own foreign and defence policy since 2001. Executive power is exercised by the government, while legislative power is vested in both the government and the parliament. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislatures.

Parliament of the Cook Islands
The Parliament of the Cook Islands (Cook Islands Māori: Te Marae Akarau Vānanga o te Kuki Airani) is the legislature of the Cook Islands.  Originally established under New Zealand administration, it became the national legislature upon independence in 1965.

The Parliament consists of 24 members directly elected by universal suffrage from single-seat constituencies.  Members are elected for a limited term, and hold office until Parliament is dissolved (a maximum of four years). It meets in Avarua, the capital of the Cook Islands, on Rarotonga.

The Cook Islands follows the Westminster system of government, and is governed by a cabinet and Prime Minister commanding a majority in Parliament.

The Speaker of the House is currently Tai Tura. The Deputy Speaker is Tuakeu Tangatapoto.
Ace Magashule
Elias Sekgobelo "Ace" Magashule (born 3 November 1959) is a South African politician and former anti-apartheid activist who served as the Secretary General of the African National Congress (ANC), South Africa's governing party, between December 2017 and his suspension on 3 May 2021. He served as the Premier of the Free State, one of South Africa's nine provinces, from 2009 until 2018, and was known to be influential in the ANC of his home province.

An outspoken ally of former president Jacob Zuma, Magashule has been accused of various corrupt activities. He was arrested in November 2020 and awaits trial on charges relating to corruption under a government contract awarded while he was Premier. He was expelled from the ANC in June 2023 after the party's National Disciplinary Committee had found that he had brought the party into disrepute.

Premier of the Free State
The premier of the Free State is the  head of government of the Free State province of South Africa. The current premier of the Free State is Maqueen Letsoha-Mathae, who was elected on 14 June 2024. She is a member of the African National Congress.
First Era of Northern Domination
The First Era of Northern Domination refers to the period of Vietnamese history during which present-day northern Vietnam was under the rule of the Han dynasty and the Xin dynasty as Jiaozhi province and Jiaozhou province. It is considered the first of four periods of Chinese rule over Vietnam, and the first of the three in which were almost continuous and was referred to as Bắc thuộc ("Northern Domination").

In 111 BC, a militarily powerful Han dynasty conquered Nanyue during its expansion southward and incorporated what is today northern Vietnam, together with much of modern Guangdong and Guangxi, into the burgeoning Han empire.

Han conquest of Nanyue
The Han conquest of Nanyue was a military conflict between the Han Empire and the Nanyue kingdom in modern Guangdong, Guangxi, and Northern Vietnam. During the reign of Emperor Wu, Imperial Han military forces formally launched a punitive campaign against Nanyue and successfully conquered it in 111 BC.
XCO2
XCO2 is the column-averaged of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, represented in parts per million (ppm). Rather than taking a single observation at the surface, an integration of atmospheric CO2 above a specific location is observed. The 'X' refers to the observation taking place from a satellite platform. CO2 observing satellites cannot observe green house gasses directly, but instead average the entire atmospheric column of CO2. These estimates from satellites need ground truthing to ensure that XCO2 retrievals are accurate, with an average accuracy from OCO 2 and GOSAT of 0.267 ± 1.56 ppm between September 2014 to December 2016.

The largest recorded value XCO2 was recorded during May 2018 over the Northern Hemisphere, with a value of approximately 410 ppm. These values have been increasing steadily over recent years. Space-based CO2 measurements are used for climate-level scientific studies such as a further understanding of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation

Space-based measurements of carbon dioxide
Space-based measurements of carbon dioxide (CO2) are used to help answer questions about Earth's carbon cycle. There are a variety of active and planned instruments for measuring carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere from space. The first satellite mission designed to measure CO2 was the Interferometric Monitor for Greenhouse Gases (IMG) on board the ADEOS I satellite in 1996. This mission lasted less than a year. Since then, additional space-based measurements have begun, including those from two high-precision (better than 0.3% or 1 ppm) satellites (GOSAT and OCO-2). Different instrument designs may reflect different primary missions.
National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan on islands
This is intended to be a complete list of historic properties and districts listed on the National Register of Historic Places located on islands other than Manhattan Island but still in New York County, New York.  For all properties and districts in the borough of Manhattan, see National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan.  The locations of National Register properties and districts (at least for all showing latitude and longitude coordinates below) may be seen in an online map by clicking on "Map of all coordinates".

This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted September 26, 2025.

National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan
There are 596 properties and districts listed on the National Register of Historic Places in New York County, New York, which consists of Manhattan Island, the Marble Hill neighborhood on the mainland north of the Harlem River Ship Canal, and adjacent smaller islands around it. One listing (Riverside Park), appears on more than one of the lists described below.

This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted December 12, 2025.
Bayada, Ma'ale Iron
Bayada (Arabic: البياضة, Hebrew: בַּיָאדָה) or Khirbet al-Baiyada (Arabic: خربة البياضه, Hebrew: ח'רבת אל-ביאדה) is an Arab village in Israel's Haifa District. The village is in the Wadi Ara area of the northern Triangle, 4 kilometers northeast of Umm al-Fahm. Since 1996, it has been under the jurisdiction of the Ma'ale Iron local council. In mid-2016 the population of Bayada was 486, all of whom are Muslims.

Bayada is the feminine form of the word white in Arabic. The village was so named because of the bright soil found in the area.

Umm al-Fahm
Umm al-Fahm (Arabic: أمّ الفحم pronunciationⓘ, Umm al-Faḥm; Hebrew: אוּם אֶל-פַחֶם Um el-Faḥem) is a city located 20 kilometres (12 miles) northwest of Jenin in the Haifa District of Israel. In 2023 its population was 59,319, nearly all of whom are Arab Palestinian citizens of Israel. The city is situated on the Umm al-Fahm mountain ridge, the highest point of which is Mount Iskander (522 metres (1,713 feet) above sea level), overlooking Wadi Ara. Umm al-Fahm is the social, cultural and economic center for residents of the Wadi Ara and Triangle regions.
Parodius (1988 video game)
Parodius: The Octopus Saves the Earth, also known as Parodius, is a 1988 horizontally scrolling shooter video game developed by Konami for the MSX. It is the first title in the Parodius series, although it is often confused with its sequel Parodius! From Myth to Laughter. The name itself is a portmanteau of "Gradius" and "Parody" and, eponymously, the game is a parody of the Gradius series of space-based horizontally scrolling shooters. Many of the characters and enemies are derived from that famous shooter series, while other elements are extracted from other Konami titles, such as Antarctic Adventure and TwinBee. This game is of particular note in the series as being heavily infused with Japanese culture and folklore.

TwinBee
TwinBee is a 1985 vertically scrolling shooter video game developed and published by Konami for arcades. Along with Sega's Fantasy Zone (1986), it is credited as an early archetype of the "cute 'em up" subgenre. It was the first game to run on Konami's Bubble System hardware. TwinBee was ported to the Family Computer and MSX in 1986, and has been included in numerous compilations released in later years. The original arcade game was released outside Japan for the first time as part of the Nintendo DS compilation Konami Classics Series: Arcade Hits. A mobile phone version with edited graphics was released for Japanese i-mode mobile phones in 2003.

Various TwinBee sequels were released for the arcade and home console markets following the original game, some of which spawned audio drama and anime adaptations in Japan.