hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Bad Dürkheim
Bad Dürkheim (German pronunciation: [ˌbaːt ˈdʏʁkhaɪm] ⓘ) is a spa town in the Rhine-Neckar urban agglomeration. It is the seat of the Bad Dürkheim district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, and the site of the discovery of the element caesium, in 1860.

Bad Dürkheim (district)
Bad Dürkheim (German pronunciation: [ˌbaːt ˈdʏʁkhaɪm]; Palatine German: Därkem) is a district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is bounded by (from the west and clockwise) the districts of Kaiserslautern, Donnersbergkreis and Alzey-Worms, the city of Worms, the Rhein-Pfalz-Kreis, the city of Neustadt/Weinstraße, the districts of Südliche Weinstraße, the city of Landau (the Taubensuhl/Fassendeich forest part of the city), the district Südwestpfalz, and the city of Kaiserslautern.
Braiding Sweetgrass
Braiding Sweetgrass: Indigenous Wisdom, Scientific Knowledge, and the Teachings of Plants is a 2013 nonfiction book by Potawatomi professor Robin Wall Kimmerer, about the role of  Indigenous knowledge as an alternative or complementary approach to Western mainstream scientific methodologies.

Braiding Sweetgrass explores reciprocal relationships between humans and the land, with a focus on the role of  plants and botany in both Native American and Western European traditions. The book received largely positive reviews, and has appeared on several bestseller lists. Kimmerer is known for her scholarship on traditional ecological knowledge, ethnobotany, and moss ecology.

Citizen Potawatomi Nation
The Citizen Potawatomi Nation is a federally recognized tribe of Potawatomi people located in Oklahoma. The Potawatomi are traditionally an Algonquian-speaking Eastern Woodlands tribe. They have 40,000 enrolled tribal citizens, of whom 10,312 live in the state of Oklahoma.
Radhakrishnan Radhish
Air Marshal Radhakrishnan Radhish, PVSM, AVSM,  VM is a retired officer of the Indian Air Force. He served as the Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief (AOC-in-C), Training Command. He assumed the office on 1 January 2023 succeeding Air Marshal Manavendra Singh.

Vayu Sena Medal
The Vayu Sena Medal (lit. 'Air Force Medal') is a military decoration, usually awarded in peacetime for a job well done in the Indian Air Force. However, it has been granted during times of conflict for acts of gallantry in the face of enemy, though not in the same numbers as the Vir Chakra.

Posthumous awards may be made and a bar is authorized for subsequent awards of the Vayu Sena Medal.

The VM was established on 17 June 1960 by the President of India and awards have been made from 1961 onwards. Awards over the past decade or more have been classified into two categories. One is Vayu Sena Medal (Gallantry) and the other for Vayu Sena Medal (Devotion to Duty).
Ross, Skye and Inverness West (Scottish Parliament constituency)
Ross, Skye and Inverness West was a constituency of the Scottish Parliament (Holyrood). It elected one Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) by the first past the post method of election. It was one of eight constituencies in the Highlands and Islands electoral region, which elected seven additional members, in addition to eight constituency MSPs, to produce a form of proportional representation for the region as a whole.

Prior the Scottish Parliament election of 2011, the larger part of the constituency was divided between Skye, Lochaber and Badenoch and Caithness, Sutherland and Ross.  Inverness was moved into a new seat called Inverness and Nairn.

Highlands and Islands (Scottish Parliament electoral region)
The Highlands and Islands is one of the eight electoral regions of the Scottish Parliament, created in 1999. Eight of the parliament's first past the post constituencies are sub-divisions of the region and it elects seven of the 56 additional-member Members of the Scottish Parliament (MSPs).

The name "Highlands and Islands" is much older than the electoral region. The Highlands and Islands area has a large area of overlap with the Scottish Highlands, and the two names are often regarded as representing the same area.

The Highlands and Islands region is the largest of the eight electoral regions in terms of area, but the smallest in terms of population and electorate. In creating the region Boundaries Scotland considered that special geographical considerations applied due to the area's low population density, large physical size and poor transport links. It has boundaries with the North East Scotland, Mid Scotland and Fife and the West Scotland electoral regions.
Paradise P1 LSA
The Paradise P1 LSA is a Brazilian light-sport aircraft, designed and produced by Paradise Aircraft of Feira de Santana and introduced in 2008. The aircraft is supplied as a complete ready-to-fly aircraft.

Light-sport aircraft
A light-sport aircraft (LSA), or light sport aircraft, is a category of small, lightweight aircraft that are simple to fly. LSAs tend to be heavier and more sophisticated than ultralight (aka "microlight") aircraft, but LSA restrictions on weight and performance separates the category from established GA aircraft. There is no standard worldwide description of an LSA.
Sinking of MV Spice Islander I
On 10 September 2011, MV Spice Islander I, a passenger ferry, reportedly carrying over 2,000 passengers, sank off the coast of Zanzibar. The ferry was travelling between Unguja and Pemba, two islands off the coast of mainland Tanzania, when it capsized. Early estimates put the death toll at around 200, but a report published by the Tanzanian government in January 2012 claimed that over 1,500 people had been killed.

Pemba Island
Pemba Island (Arabic: الجزيرة الخضراء, al-Jazīra al-khadrāʔ; Swahili: Kisiwa cha Pemba) is a Tanzanian island forming part of the Zanzibar Archipelago, lying within the Swahili Coast in the Indian Ocean.
Catalyst Science Discovery Centre
The Catalyst Science Discovery Centre and Museum is a science and technology museum in Widnes, Halton, North-West England. The centre has interactive exhibits, reconstructed historical scenes, an observatory, a live-science theatre and family workshops. It is next to Spike Island, a public park, located between the River Mersey and the Sankey Canal that has woodlands, wetlands, footpaths and industrial archaeological history.

The centre is housed in Tower Building, constructed around 1860 by John Hutchinson as the administrative centre for his chemical business. The centre holds a collection of archives relating to the chemical industry, these include documents, photographs and the entire research archive of the ICI General Chemical Division.

John Hutchinson (industrialist)
John Hutchinson (1825 – 24 March 1865) was a chemist and industrialist who established the first chemical factory in Widnes, then Lancashire now Cheshire (from April 1998), England.  He moved from working in a chemical factory in St Helens and built his own chemical factory in 1847 in the Woodend area of Widnes near to Widnes Dock by the junction of the Sankey Canal and the River Mersey.  In this factory he manufactured alkali by the Leblanc process.

He later opened a second alkali factory nearby and developed a number of other business interests.  He died at the early age of 40 by which time a number of other chemical factories had opened in the town.
Merced Theatre (Los Angeles, California)
The Merced Theater (building also once known as the Merced-Abbott Building) is a building in the City of Los Angeles. It was the first theater in the Pueblo of Los Angeles. The theater is located at 420 North Main Street (8–10 Main Street in the pre-1890 numbering scheme). It is immediately to the south of Pico House, and thus just off Los Angeles Plaza, the city's historic main square. The theater was designated a California Historical Landmark (No.171) on March 6, 1935.

Pico House
The Pico House is a historic building in Los Angeles, California, dating from its days as a small town in Southern California.  Located on 430 North Main Street, it sits across the old Los Angeles Plaza from Olvera Street and El Pueblo de Los Ángeles Historical Monument.
Albert White (musician)
Albert White (born December 1, 1942) is an American blues guitarist, singer and songwriter. He has released two albums in his own name, although his musical career started in the late 1950s, when he played in Piano Red's then   ensemble, later known as Dr. Feelgood & the Interns.

White has variously performed with the Tams, Joe Tex, Ray Charles, Beverly Watkins, Clarence Carter, Ben E. King, Hank Ballard and The Midnighters, and Rufus Thomas.

Joe Tex
Yusuf Hazziez (born Joseph Arrington Jr.; August 8, 1935 – August 13, 1982), known professionally as Joe Tex, was an American singer and musician who gained success in the 1960s and 1970s with his brand of Southern soul, which mixed the styles of funk, country, gospel, and rhythm and blues.

His career started after he was signed to King Records in 1955 following four wins at the Apollo Theater. Between 1955 and 1964, he struggled to find hits, and by the time he finally recorded his first hit, "Hold What You've Got" in 1964, he had recorded 30 previous singles that were deemed failures on the charts. He went on to have four million-selling hits: "Hold What You've Got" (1965), "Skinny Legs and All" (1967), "I Gotcha" (1972), and "Ain't Gonna Bump No More (With No Big Fat Woman)" (1977).

Tex was nominated for the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame six times, most recently in 2017.
Time formatting and storage bugs
In computer science, data type limitations and software bugs can cause errors in time and date calculation or display. These are most commonly manifestations of arithmetic overflow, but can also be the result of other issues. The best-known consequence of this type is the Y2K problem, but many other milestone dates or times exist that have caused or will cause problems depending on various programming deficiencies.

Software bug
A software bug is a defect (bug) in computer software. A computer program with many or serious bugs may be described as buggy.

The effects of a software bug range from minor (such as a misspelled word in the user interface) to severe (such as frequent crashing).

In 2002, a study commissioned by the US Department of Commerce's National Institute of Standards and Technology concluded that "software bugs, or errors, are so prevalent and so detrimental that they cost the US economy an estimated $59 billion annually, or about 0.6 percent of the gross domestic product".

Since the 1950s, some computer systems have been designed to detect or auto-correct various software errors during operations.
Donaldson Brothers
Donaldson Brothers (c. 1872–1892) was an American lithography and printing firm based in the Five Points district of Manhattan, New York City. The company was operated by four brothers—Frank J., George W., John L., and Robert M. Donaldson—all born in Edinburgh, Scotland, who emigrated to the United States in 1856. The firm became known for its chromolithographic trade cards and advertising prints, produced on high-speed steam presses that generated brightly colored images in large quantities. In 1892 Donaldson Brothers was consolidated into the newly formed American Lithographic Company, a large printing conglomerate in New York City.

Five Points, Manhattan
Five Points (or The Five Points) was a 19th-century neighborhood in Lower Manhattan, New York City. The neighborhood, partly built on low-lying land that had filled in the freshwater lake known as the Collect Pond, was generally defined as being bound by Centre Street to the west, the Bowery to the east, Canal Street to the north, and Park Row to the south. The Five Points gained notoriety as a densely populated, disease-ridden, crime-infested slum that existed for over 70 years.

Through the 20th century, the former Five Points area was gradually redeveloped, with streets changed or closed. The area is now occupied by the Civic Center to the west and south, which includes major federal, state, and city facilities. To the east and north, the former Five Points neighborhood is now part of Manhattan's Chinatown.
History of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
The history of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) spans nearly two hundred years beginning with its founding in 1824. RPI is the oldest continuously operating technological university in both the English-speaking world and the Americas. The Institute was the first to grant a civil engineering degree in the United States, in 1835. More recently, RPI also offered the first environmental engineering degree in the United States in 1961, and possibly the first ever undergraduate degree in video game design, in 2007.

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (/rɛnsəˈlɪər/ ren-sə-LEER; RPI) is a private research university in Troy, New York, United States. It is the oldest technological university in the English-speaking world and the Western Hemisphere. It was established in 1824 by Stephen Van Rensselaer and Amos Eaton for the "application of science to the common purposes of life".

Built on a hillside, RPI's 265-acre (107 ha) campus overlooks the city of Troy and the Hudson River. The institute operates an on‑campus business incubator and the 1,250-acre (510 ha) Rensselaer Technology Park.

RPI is organized into six main schools which contain 37 departments, with emphasis on science and technology. It is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities: Very High Research Activity".
Pope Gelasius II
Pope Gelasius II (c. 1060/1064 – 29 January 1119), born Giovanni Caetani or Giovanni da Gaeta (also called Coniulo), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 24 January 1118 to his death in 1119. A monk of Monte Cassino and chancellor of Pope Paschal II, Caetani was unanimously elected to succeed him. In doing so, he also inherited the conflict with Emperor Henry V over investiture. Gelasius spent a good part of his brief papacy in exile.

Pope Paschal II
Pope Paschal II (Latin: Paschalis II; 1050 x 1055 – 21 January 1118), born Raniero Raineri di Bleda, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 13 August 1099 to his death in 1118. A monk of the Abbey of Cluny, he was created the cardinal-priest of San Clemente by Pope Gregory VII (1073–85) in 1073. He was consecrated as pope in succession to Pope Urban II (1088–99) on 19 August 1099. His reign of almost twenty years was exceptionally long for a medieval pope.
The Dead Weather
The Dead Weather is an American rock supergroup formed in Nashville, Tennessee, in 2009. Composed of Alison Mosshart (of the Kills and Discount), Jack White (of the White Stripes and the Raconteurs), Dean Fertita (of Queens of the Stone Age, Karen O and Iggy Pop) and Jack Lawrence (of the Greenhornes, the Raconteurs and Karen O), The Dead Weather debuted at the opening of Third Man Records' Nashville headquarters on March 11, 2009. The band performed live for the first time at the event, immediately before releasing their debut single "Hang You from the Heavens".

The band's second studio album, Sea of Cowards, was released in 2010, followed by Dodge and Burn in September 2015.

The Kills
The Kills are an English-American rock duo formed by American singer Alison "VV" Mosshart and English guitarist Jamie "Hotel" Hince. They are signed to Domino Records. Their first four albums, Keep On Your Mean Side, No Wow, Midnight Boom, and Blood Pressures, all reached the UK Albums Chart. Their fifth studio album, Ash & Ice, was released in 2016 and reached the top 20 of the UK Albums Chart.
Psilocybe chuxiongensis
Psilocybe chuxiongensis is a species of psilocybin mushroom in the family Hymenogastraceae. Described as new to science in 2014, it is found in subtropical China. The type specimens, collected in August 2009, were found growing singly to scattered on cow dung. It is generally found in grasslands where cattle have grazed. The type locality was on Zixi Mountain (in the southwest of Chuxiong City) at an elevation of 2,237 metres (7,339 ft). The fruit bodies resemble Psilocybe cubensis, but can be distinguished from that species by its buff-yellow to yellowish-brown cap that lacks an umbo, and the lack of a ring on the stipe. It is classified in section Caerulescentes of the genus Psilocybe. P.  chuxiongensis is one of 14 Psilocybe species found in China. In a molecular phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences, P. chuxiongensis was most closely related to P. cubensis, grouping in a clade sister to P. allenii and P. cyanescens.

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Psilocybe cubensis
Psilocybe cubensis, commonly known as the magic mushroom, shroom, golden halo,  cube, or gold cap, is a species of psilocybin mushroom of moderate potency whose principal active compounds are psilocybin and psilocin. It belongs to the fungus family Hymenogastraceae and was previously known as Stropharia cubensis.  It is the best-known psilocybin mushroom due to its wide distribution and ease of cultivation.
Shiphay Manor
Shiphay Manor is a Manor house in Torquay, Devon, England. Originally a monastic grange for nearby Torre Abbey, the current house was built in 1884 of red sandstone rubble. Adjacent is a ruined barn which has been designated a Grade II listed building. The house has been used as a hotel, a riding school, night club and then school building.

Torre Abbey
Torre Abbey is a historic building and art gallery in Torquay, Devon, which lies in the South West of England. It was founded in 1196 as a monastery for Premonstratensian canons, and is now the best-preserved medieval monastery in Devon and Cornwall. In addition to its medieval and Georgian rooms, Torre Abbey is known for the formal gardens on Abbey Park and Meadows, for the third largest art collection in the county of Devon and for regular exhibitions by contemporary artists.
Fano's inequality
In information theory, Fano's inequality (also known as the Fano converse and the Fano lemma) relates the average information lost in a noisy channel to the probability of the categorization error.  It was derived by Robert Fano in the early 1950s while teaching a Ph.D. seminar in information theory at MIT, and later recorded in his 1961 textbook.

It is used to find a lower bound on the error probability of any decoder as well as the lower bounds for minimax risks in density estimation.

Let the discrete random variables  and  represent input and output messages with a joint probability . Let  represent an occurrence of error; i.e., that , with  being an approximate version of . Fano's inequality is

where  denotes the support of ,  denotes the cardinality of (number of elements in) ,

is the conditional entropy,

is the probability of the communication error, and

is the corresponding binary entropy.

Conditional entropy
In information theory, the conditional entropy quantifies the amount of information needed to describe the outcome of a random variable  given that the value of another random variable  is known. Here, information is measured in shannons, nats, or hartleys. The entropy of  conditioned on  is written as .
Gerald Heaney
Gerald William Heaney (January 29, 1918 – June 22, 2010) served for nearly forty years as a United States Circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit, from his appointment by President Lyndon B. Johnson in November 1966 until his full retirement in August 2006.

Between the end of World War II and his appointment to the federal bench, he rewrote the Free State of Bavaria's labor laws, and was a valued political advisor and organizer for several liberal Democratic politicians, including Hubert Humphrey, Adlai Stevenson, Orville Freeman, Eugene McCarthy, and Walter Mondale. As an appellate court judge, Heaney typically favored broad interpretations of the Bill of Rights and civil rights, labor and employment rights statutes.

Orville Freeman
Orville Lothrop Freeman (May 9, 1918 – February 20, 2003) was an American politician who served as the 29th governor of Minnesota from 1955 to 1961, and as the U.S. secretary of agriculture from 1961 to 1969 under Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson. He was one of the founding members of the Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party and influential in the merger of the Minnesota Democratic and Farmer-Labor parties. Freeman nominated Kennedy for president at the 1960 Democratic National Convention.
Radhakrishnan Radhish
Air Marshal Radhakrishnan Radhish, PVSM, AVSM,  VM is a retired officer of the Indian Air Force. He served as the Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief (AOC-in-C), Training Command. He assumed the office on 1 January 2023 succeeding Air Marshal Manavendra Singh.

Ati Vishisht Seva Medal
Ati Vishisht Seva Medal (AVSM, lit. 'Very Distinguished Service Medal') is a military award of India given to recognize "distinguished service of an exceptional order" to all ranks of the armed forces. The award is a peacetime equivalent of Uttam Yuddh Seva Medal, which is a Wartime Distinguished Service decoration.

The award can also be granted posthumously. Subsequent awards are represented by a bar worn on the ribbon. The awardee can use "AVSM" as post-nominal letters.
EuroBasket 2013
EuroBasket 2013 was the 38th edition of the EuroBasket championship that was organized by FIBA Europe. It took place from 4 September until 22 September 2013 in Slovenia. The number of participating teams was 24.

France defeated Lithuania in the final to win their first title. Tony Parker was named the tournament's MVP.

FIBA EuroBasket MVP
The FIBA EuroBasket MVP is the FIBA Europe honor that is bestowed upon the Most Valuable Player of each FIBA EuroBasket tournament. Pau Gasol and Krešimir Ćosić share the record for most EuroBasket MVP awards, with two each. Modestas Paulauskas is the youngest ever to get this award.
ATC code R07
ATC code R07 Other respiratory system products is a therapeutic subgroup of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System, a system of alphanumeric codes developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) for the classification of drugs and other medical products. Subgroup R07 is part of the anatomical group R Respiratory system.

Codes for veterinary use (ATCvet codes) can be created by placing the letter Q in front of the human ATC code: for example, QR07. ATCvet codes without corresponding human ATC codes are cited with the leading Q in the following list.National issues of the ATC classification may include additional codes not present in this list, which follows the WHO version.

Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System
The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) Classification System is a drug classification system that classifies the active ingredients of drugs according to the organ or system on which they act and their therapeutic, pharmacological and chemical properties. Its purpose is an aid to monitor drug use and for research to improve quality medication use. It does not imply drug recommendation or efficacy. It is controlled by the World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology (WHOCC), and was first published in 1976.
2024 Khabarovsk Krai Legislative Duma election
The 2024 Legislative Duma of Khabarovsk Krai election took place on 6–8 September 2024, on common election day, coinciding with 2024 Khabarovsk Krai gubernatorial election. All 36 seats in the Legislative Duma were up for reelection.

United Russia was able to win a convincing majority in the Legislative Duma with 46% of the vote, flipping it from Liberal Democratic Party of Russia, which shockingly won the last election on the popularity of then-Governor Sergey Furgal. A Just Russia – For Truth, led by Furgal's supporters, and New People entered the Duma.

2024 Russian elections
The 2024 Russian elections were held in large part, on Sunday, 8 September 2024 (single election day), with several regions allowing voting on 6 and 7 September. There were three by-elections to the 8th State Duma, 19 gubernatorial elections (16 direct and three indirectly elected), 13 regional parliamentary elections, and many elections on the municipal level.