hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Breast tax
Mulakkaram, literally translated as breast tax, was a head tax imposed on women belonging to Nadar, Ezhava and other lower caste communities by the erstwhile Kingdom of Tranvancore (in present-day Kerala state of India), and was not applicable to upper caste women of Travancore. The term "breast tax" was used to denote the gender of the person and not breasts per se.

According to subaltern beliefs, the breast tax was imposed on lower-caste women if they covered their breasts. This belief has been questioned, as lower-caste women were not allowed to wear upper garments in public at all until 1859.

Ezhava
The Ezhavas, (Malayalam: [iːɻɐʋɐ]) also known as Thiyya or Tiyyar (Malayalam: [t̪ijːɐ]) in the Malabar region, and Chegavar/Chovar (Malayalam: [tʃeɡɐʋɐr, tʃoːʋɐr]) in the south, are a community with origins in the region of India presently known as Kerala, where in the 2010s they constituted about 23% of the population and were reported to be the largest Hindu community.

Ezhava dynasties such as the Mannanar existed in Kerala. The British also formed a separate regiment in the British Indian Army called the Thiyyar Regiment in Malabar, which was one of the oldest army regiments in India. The British deployed this unit in various military operations.

The Ezhavas are classified as an Other Backward Class by the Government of India under its system of positive discrimination.
Jade Rawlings
Jade Rawlings (born 9 October 1977) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for the Hawthorn Football Club, Western Bulldogs and North Melbourne Football Club in Australian Football League (AFL). He served as the caretaker coach of the Richmond Football Club for 11 games in 2009, and served as the senior coach for Norwood in the South Australian National Football League (SANFL) from 2020 to 2024.

Rawlings currently serves as backline coach for the Fremantle Football Club.

Norwood Football Club
The Norwood Football Club, nicknamed the Redlegs, is an Australian rules football club competing in the South Australian National Football League (SANFL). Its home ground is Coopers Stadium (Norwood Oval), which is often referred to as "The Parade". It is one of the two traditional powerhouse clubs of the SANFL, the other being Port Adelaide, who together have won half of all SANFL premierships (see Port Adelaide–Norwood SANFL rivalry). The club has won 31 SANFL premierships and 1 SANFLW premiership.
Stephen Broughton
Stephen Broughton (born 8 March 1957) is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played for Western Suburbs and Parramatta in the New South Wales Rugby League premiership competition.

New South Wales Rugby League premiership
The New South Wales Rugby League premiership was the first rugby league football club competition established in Australia and contributor to today's National Rugby League. Run by the New South Wales Rugby League (initially named the New South Wales Rugby Football League) from 1908 until 1994, the premiership was the state's elite rugby league competition, parallel to Queensland's first-class league, the Brisbane Rugby League.

For most of the premiership's history it was contested by clubs from the state of New South Wales only, but later attempted to grow into a nationwide competition, eventually leading to the competition being played under the auspices of the Australian Rugby League in 1995.  Despite this name, the 1995 and 1996 Australian Rugby League Premierships competitions were still administered by the Board and staff of the New South Wales Rugby League.
Rebecca George
Rebecca Gay George CBE FBCS (born 1961) is a former President of the British Computer Society and head of Deloitte's Public Sector practice; she is active in encouraging girls and women to participate in technology and IT.

British Computer Society
The British Computer Society (BCS), branded BCS, The Chartered Institute for IT, since 2009, is a professional body and a learned society that represents those working in information technology (IT), computing, software engineering, computer engineering and computer science, both in the United Kingdom and internationally. Founded in October 14, 1957, BCS has played an important role in educating and nurturing IT professionals, computer scientists, software engineers, computer engineers, upholding the profession, accrediting Chartered IT Professional (CITP) and Chartered Engineer (CEng) status, and creating a global community active in promoting and furthering the field and practice of computing.
George Shaheen
George T. Shaheen (born July 11, 1944) is an American businessman. He became chief executive at management consulting firm Andersen Consulting in 1989, and in 1999 became CEO of Webvan. Shaheen was CEO of Siebel Systems from 2005 until 2006.

Accenture
Accenture plc is a multinational technology consulting company headquartered in Dublin, Ireland. Founded in 1989, Accenture provides information technology and management consulting services across 120 countries globally.
Franciscan Friary and the Church of Saint Anthony of Padua, Sarajevo
The Franciscan Friary and the Church of Saint Anthony of Padua (Serbo-Croatian: Franjevački samostan i crkva Svetog Ante Padovanskog/Црква светог Анте Падованског), an architectural ensemble consisting of the Franciscan friary of Saint Anthony on Bistrik and the Church of Saint Anthony of Padua, is a Roman Catholic place of worship and one of the houses of Franjevačka provincija Bosna Srebrena (transl. Franciscan Province of Bosnia Argentina). It is dedicated to the Franciscan friar Anthony of Padua. The complex of buildings is inscribed into the list of National Monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina by the KONS. The friary and church are located in Sarajevo, in the Stari Grad municipality, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Commission to Preserve National Monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina
The Commission to Preserve National Monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina, abbr. KONS (Serbo-Croatian: Komisija za očuvanje nacionalnih spomenika Bosne i Hercegovine), is Bosnia and Herzegovina commission (agency) which declares and registers national heritage monuments/sites, including natural/urban/architectural assembles, immovable and movable heritage of historical and cultural importance to Bosnia and Herzegovina, as an institution at state level.
The sites of exclusively natural heritage are not subject of Annex 8 and the KONS.
Ameche
Ameche is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Alan Ameche (1933–1988), American football player

Don Ameche (1908–1993), American actor and voice artist

Jim Ameche (1915–1983),  American radio actors

Steven Ameche, American lawyer

Alan Ameche
Alan Ameche (/əˈmiːtʃi/; June 1, 1933 – August 8, 1988), nicknamed "the Iron Horse", or simply "the Horse", was an American professional football player who was a fullback for six seasons with the Baltimore Colts in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Wisconsin Badgers and won the Heisman Trophy during his senior season in 1954. He was elected to the Pro Bowl in each of his first four seasons in the league. He is often remembered for scoring the winning touchdown in overtime in the 1958 NFL Championship Game against the New York Giants, labeled "The Greatest Game Ever Played".

With colleague and former Colts teammate Gino Marchetti, Ameche founded the Gino's Hamburgers chain. He also founded the Baltimore-based Ameche's Drive-in restaurants.
Jaypee Brothers
Jaypee- Health Science Publisher is a 55-year-old company based out of India with a global foot print. It publishes books and journals in all sub specialties of health sciences catering to the knowledge needs of medical students and professionals especially in South Asia and South-East Asia. It also has presence in  Eastern Europe, Latin Americas and Middle Eastern Countries. Jaypee publishes open access journals in Medicine, Dental and allied health sciences and follows all ethical guidelines indicated by Committee on Publication Ethics, International Committee of Medical Journal Editors and World Association of Medical Editors. All Jaypee journals are also fully archived on Porctico for long term free access.

Outline of health sciences
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to health sciences:

Health sciences – those sciences that focus on health, or health care, as core parts of their subject matter. Health sciences relate to multiple academic disciplines, including STEM disciplines and emerging patient safety disciplines (such as social care research).
Saishō-ji
Saishō-ji (最勝寺, Saishō-ji) was a Buddhist monastery in northeastern Kyoto, Japan, endowed by Emperor Toba in fulfillment of a sacred vow. It is famous for its monastery complexes which enjoyed extravagant Imperial patronage from their inception.  They are sometimes identified as the "Superlative Temples" or the "Shō Temples" because of the middle syllable of the temple name.

Emperor Toba
Emperor Toba (鳥羽天皇, Toba-tennō; February 24, 1103 – July 20, 1156) was the 74th Emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.

Toba's reign spanned the years from 1107 through 1123.
Wake Christian Academy
Wake Christian Academy (WCA) is a private, Christian, co-educational school in Raleigh, North Carolina, United States. It was established in 1966 as a segregation academy in response to the racial integration of public schools. The academy enrolls students from Kindergarten through 12th grade and is divided into three divisions.

School integration in the United States
In the United States, school integration (also known as desegregation) is the process of ending race-based segregation within American public, and private schools. Racial segregation in schools existed throughout most of American history and remains an issue in contemporary education. During the civil rights movement school integration became a priority, but since then de facto segregation has again become prevalent.

School segregation declined rapidly during the late 1960s and early 1970s. Segregation appears to have increased since 1990. The disparity in the average poverty rate in the schools whites attend and blacks attend is the single most important factor in the educational achievement gap between white and black students.
A.D. Carregado
Associação Desportiva do Carregado, commonly known as just Carregado, is a Portuguese football club based in Carregado, a parish of Alenquer, Lisbon. Founded in 1950, it currently plays in the Portuguese third tier, holding home matches at Campo Lacerda Pinto Barreiros, which holds a capacity of 1,000.

Segunda Divisão
For the current Portuguese second-tier league, see Liga Portugal 2.

For the third-tier league, see Liga 3 (Portugal).

The Segunda Divisão Portuguesa (English: Portuguese Second Division) was a football league situated at the third level of the Portuguese football league system. The division had previously been the second level of the Portuguese pyramid but, with the creation of the Liga Portugal 2 in 1990–91, it became the third level. The competition merged with the Terceira Divisão at the end of the 2012–13 to form a new enlarged third level league, the Campeonato Nacional de Seniores.
Iñaki Aizpurúa
José Ignacio 'Iñaki' Aizpurúa Alzaga (born 5 May 1970) is a Spanish retired footballer who played as a goalkeeper.

He spent most of his 16-year professional career with Salamanca, playing in three La Liga seasons with the club. His last years were spent with Levante, where he later worked in other capacities.

UD Salamanca
Unión Deportiva Salamanca, S.A.D. (Spanish pronunciation: [uˈnjon depoɾˈtiβa salaˈmaŋka]) was a historical Spanish football team based in Salamanca, in the autonomous community of Castile and León.

Founded on 9 February 1923 and nicknamed Los Charros, the club played in white shirts and black shorts, holding home games at Estadio Helmántico, which seated 17,341 spectators.
Dumb Patrol (1931 film)
Dumb Patrol is a 1931 American animated comedy film. It is the ninth film in the Looney Tunes series featuring Bosko. It was released as early as February 28, 1931. It is directed by Hugh Harman and Rudolf Ising, while the film score was composed by Frank Marsales.

This cartoon shares its name with Dumb Patrol (1964), a Bugs Bunny and Yosemite Sam Looney Tunes film which was directed by Gerry Chiniquy, a former subordinate of animator Friz Freleng.

Bosko
Bosko is an animated cartoon character created by animators Hugh Harman and Rudolf Ising. Bosko was the first recurring character in Leon Schlesinger's cartoon series and was the star of 39 Looney Tunes shorts released by Warner Bros. He was voiced by Carman Maxwell, Bernard B. Brown, Johnny Murray, and Philip Hurlic during the 1920s and 1930s and once by Don Messick during the 1990s. The character would briefly appear in shorts released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer prior to his retirement; the rights to the character and the Looney Tunes-era films are owned by Turner Entertainment Co. through separate acquisitions; the latter have fallen into the public domain due to their copyrights not being renewed after rights disputes.
John Fieldhouse, Baron Fieldhouse
Admiral of the Fleet John David Elliott Fieldhouse, Baron Fieldhouse, GCB, GBE (12 February 1928 – 17 February 1992) was a Royal Navy officer. He commanded five submarines and a frigate before achieving higher command from the 1970s. Following the invasion of the Falkland Islands by Argentine forces in April 1982, Fieldhouse was appointed Commander of the Task Force (designated Task Force 317) given responsibility for "Operation Corporate", the mission to recover the Falkland Islands. The campaign ended in the surrender of Argentine forces in June 1982. He became First Sea Lord and Chief of Naval Staff in December that year and, in that role, persuaded the British Government to fund the replacement of ships lost in the Falklands War. He went on to be Chief of the Defence Staff from 1985 until his retirement in 1988.

Admiral of the Fleet (Royal Navy)
Admiral of the Fleet (ADMF) is a five-star naval officer rank and the highest rank of the Royal Navy, formally established in 1688. The five-star NATO rank code is OF-10, equivalent to a field marshal in the British Army or a marshal of the Royal Air Force.  Apart from honorary appointments, no new admirals of the fleet have been named since 1995, and no honorary appointments have been made since 2014.
Balazs Gardi
Balazs Gardi (born 1975) is a Hungarian-American photographer. Gardi photographed the landscape of the war in Afghanistan over a two decade period. Gardi has travelled to dozens of countries to survey and photograph the consequences of the global water crisis.

In 2008, Gardi received two 1st Prizes in the World Press Photo Awards and won the Photojournalism prize in the Bayeux-Calvados Award for War Correspondents for his work from Afghanistan.

World Press Photo
World Press Photo Foundation is an independent, non-profit organization based in Amsterdam, Netherlands. Founded in 1955, the organization holds the annual World Press Photo Contest for press photography. Since 2011, World Press Photo has organized a separate annual contest for journalistic multimedia productions, and, in association with Human Rights Watch, the annual Tim Hetherington Grant.
History of Fluminense FC
This page lists some of the main events in the history of Fluminense Football Club, a Brazilian sports club founded in Laranjeiras, Rio de Janeiro, on July 21, 1902. Since its founding, the club has primarily focused on association football. Its most notable titles include the 2023 Copa Libertadores, the 2024 Recopa Sudamericana, four Brazilian championships (in 1970, 1984, 2010, and 2012), the 2007 Copa do Brasil, and 33 Rio de Janeiro state championships. The club also won the 1952 Copa Rio.

1952 Copa Rio
The 1952 Copa Rio was the second and last edition of the Copa Rio, the first intercontinental club football tournament with teams from Europe and South America, held in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo from 12 July to 2 August. The competition was organized by CBD and Fluminense, and it carries this name because it was sponsored by the Rio de Janeiro City Hall. Participant clubs were divided into two zones of four teams, playing each other once in a single round-robin tournament.
Nagoya Stock Exchange
Nagoya Stock Exchange (名古屋証券取引所 Nagoya Shōken Torihikijo, NSE) is a stock trading market in Nagoya, Japan. It is Japan's second largest exchange, behind the Tokyo Stock Exchange. It is operated by Nagoya Stock Exchange, Inc. (株式会社名古屋証券取引所).

Tokyo Stock Exchange
The Tokyo Stock Exchange (東京証券取引所, Tōkyō Shōken Torihikijo), abbreviated as Tosho (東証) or TSE/TYO, is a stock exchange located in Tokyo, Japan.

The exchange is owned by Japan Exchange Group (JPX), a holding company that it also lists (TYO: 8697), and operated by Tokyo Stock Exchange, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of JPX. JPX was formed from the merger of Tokyo Stock Exchange Group, Inc. with Osaka Securities Exchange Co., Ltd. (now Osaka Exchange, Inc.); the merger process began in July 2012, when said merger was approved by the Japan Fair Trade Commission. JPX itself was launched on January 1, 2013.
Annesley Bridge
Annesley Bridge (Irish: Droichead Annesley) crosses the River Tolka in Fairview, Dublin, Ireland. It is named after Richard Annesley, 6th Earl of Anglesey. The East Wall Road, North Strand Road and Poplar Row meet at the west end of the bridge with Annesley Bridge Road at the east end, making it an important junction in the north inner city.

Richard Annesley, 6th Earl of Anglesey
Richard Annesley, 6th Earl of Anglesey (c. 1693 – 14 February 1761), known as The Lord Altham between 1727 and 1737, was an Irish peer and governor of Wexford. He is known for the doubts surrounding his claim to the barony of Altham, for the questionable legitimacy of his marriages and therefore of his son's claim to his titles, and for his arranging the kidnapping of his nephew, a rival claimant to his titles and estates. This incident is believed to have influenced part of the novel Kidnapped by Robert Louis Stevenson.
Beyond Words Publishing
Beyond Words Publishing is a book publishing company located in Portland, Oregon, United States. Founded in 1983, the company was unprofitable in its early years, though its works were award-winning. The privately owned company focuses on non-fiction titles in the New Age genre (now generally referred to as mind-body-spirit category), but began as a publisher of coffee table books. Beyond Words has a national distribution agreement with Simon & Schuster's Atria Books imprint and has published works by John Gray, Masaru Emoto, and Rhonda Byrne, including her book The Secret.

Coffee table book
A coffee table book, also known as a cocktail table book, is an oversized, usually hard-covered book whose purpose is for display on a table intended for use in an area in which one entertains guests and which can serve to inspire conversation or pass the time. Subject matter is predominantly non-fiction and pictorial (a photo-book). Pages consist mainly of photographs and illustrations, accompanied by captions and small blocks of text, as opposed to long prose. Since they are aimed at anyone who might pick up the book for a light read, the analysis inside is often more basic and with less jargon than other books on the subject.
Hananofuji Keita
Hananofuji Keita (Japanese: 花の富士 圭太; born Kawazoe Keita (川副 圭太) on April 10, 1999), is a Japanese professional sumo wrestler from Uto, Kumamoto. The highest rank he has achieved is jūryō 13. From the July 2023 tournament through the March 2024 tournament he competed under the shikona, or ring name, Kihō Tomotaka (輝鵬 智貴) before reverting to his legal name for the May 2024 tournament. He changed his name again to Hananofuji in January 2026.

Professional sumo divisions
Professional sumo as administered by the Japanese Sumo Association is divided into six ranked divisions. Wrestlers are promoted and demoted within and between these divisions based on the merit of their win–loss records in official tournaments. For more information, see kachi-koshi and make-koshi. Wrestlers are also ranked within each division. The higher a wrestler's rank within a division is, the general level of opponents he will have to face becomes stronger. According to tradition, each rank is further subdivided into East and West, with East being slightly more prestigious, and ranked slightly higher than its West counterpart. The divisions, ranked in order of hierarchy from highest to lowest, are as follows:
Næstved (nomination district)
Næstved nominating district is one of the 92 nominating districts that exists for Danish elections following the 2007 municipal reform. It consists of Næstved Municipality. It was created in 1849 as a constituency, and has been a nomination district since 1920, though its boundaries have been changed since then.

In general elections, the district tends to vote close to the national result when looking at the voter split between the two blocs.

Elections in Denmark
There are three types of elections in Denmark: elections to the national parliament (the Folketing), local elections (to municipal and regional councils), and elections to the European Parliament. Referendums may also be called to consult the Danish citizens directly on an issue of national concern.

Parliamentary elections are called by the Monarch on the advice of the Prime Minister, usually three to four years after the last election, although early elections may occur. Elections to local councils (municipal or regional) and to the European Parliament are held on fixed dates. Elections use the party-list proportional representation system. All Danish citizens, living in the Kingdom of Denmark and at least 18 years of age, are eligible to vote in parliamentary elections and long-time residents may vote in local elections.
Baimaoping
Baimaoping (Chinese: 白毛坪镇) is a rural town in Chengbu Miao Autonomous County, Hunan, China. As of the 2015 census it had a population of 16,600 and an area of 303.16 square kilometres (117.05 sq mi). It is surrounded by Rulin Town on the north, Tingping Township on the west, Lanrong Township on the east, and Guali Township of Ziyuan County on the south.

Chengbu Miao Autonomous County
Chengbu Miao Autonomous County (simplified Chinese: 城步苗族自治县; traditional Chinese: 城步苗族自治縣; pinyin: Chéngbù Miáozú Zìzhìxiàn), usually referred to as Chengbu County (simplified Chinese: 城步县; traditional Chinese: 城步縣; pinyin: Chéngbù Xiàn) or abbreviated just as Chengbu, is an autonomous county of Miao people in the Province of Hunan, China. It is under the administration of Shaoyang City.

Located on the south western margin of Hunan, the county is bordered to the northeast by Wugang City, to the northwest by Suining County, to the southwest by Longsheng Autonomous County of Guangxi, to the southeast by Ziyuan County of Guangxi, and to the south by Xinning County. Chengbu County covers an area of 2,647 km2 (1,022 sq mi), and as of 2015, it had a registered population of 285,845 and a permanent resident population of 262,245. The county has six towns and six townships under its jurisdiction, and the county seat is Chengbei Community of Rulin Town (儒林镇城北社区).