hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Caine Youngman
Caine Youngman (born in Francistown) is a human rights activist and member of the LGBT rights movement in Botswana. He first gained international attention in 2011 when he tried to overturn the country's ban on same-sex relations. He worked for human rights group LEGABIBO (Lesbians, Gays & Bisexuals of Botswana) until December 2022 and served on the board of Pan Africa ILGA, the regional chapter of the International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association.

Youngman was involved in court cases forcing the Botswana government to legally register LEGABIBO and to decriminalise consensual same-sex relations.

Pan Africa ILGA
Pan Africa ILGA (PAI) is the African region of the International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association (ILGA).

Pan Africa ILGA is based in South Africa but holds annual regional conferences in different locations in Africa. Its third regional conference was held in Botswana in June 2018. Pan Africa ILGA planned to hold its 2020 conference in West Africa, scheduling the conference to take place in Accra, Ghana in July 2020. However, they faced religious opposition. An Ashanti regional chief and imam voiced opposition, and Christian groups also voiced protest, leading the government of Ghana to ban the conference.
Grand Chancellor of Lithuania
The Grand Chancellor of Lithuania (Lithuanian: Lietuvos didysis kancleris) was one of the highest offices in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The office functioned from the middle of the 15th century until the end of the real union with the Kingdom of Poland in 1795 and its subsequent partition among Prussia, Russia and Austria. The chancellor possessed the Great Seal of Lithuania and had the Lithuanian Metrica at his disposal.

Offices in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
This article discusses the organizational and administrative structure of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was a confederative mixed monarchy of the period 1569–1795, comprising the Kingdom of Poland, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and their fiefs. The Commonwealth was governed by the Parliament (Sejm) consisting of the King, the King-appointed Senate (Voivodes, Castellans, Ministers, Bishops) and the rest of hereditary nobility either in person or through the Sejm proper (consisting of deputies representing their lands). The nobility's constitutional domination of the state made the King very weak and the commoners (burgesses and peasants) almost entirely unrepresented in the Commonwealth's political system.
Brandon Arrington
Brandon Arrington (born December 1, 2007) is an American college football cornerback for the Texas A&M Aggies. He played football and ran track in high school, and was named the California Gatorade Track & Field Player of the Year in 2024.

Texas A&M Aggies football
The Texas A&M Aggies football program represents Texas A&M University in the sport of American football.  The Aggies compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and the Western Division of the Southeastern Conference (SEC).  Texas A&M football claims three national titles and 18 conference titles. The team plays all home games at Kyle Field, a 102,733-person capacity outdoor stadium on the university campus.
Asef al-Dowleh
Allahyar Khan Devellu-Qajar Asef al-Dowleh (Persian: الله‌یارخان آصف‌الدوله) was the prime minister of Iran under Fath-Ali Shah Qajar (r. 1797–1834) from 1824 to 1828.

Asef al-Dowleh was a hardline proponent of intensifying the Russo-Iranian War of 1826–1828, performed ineffectively on the battlefield, and was among the first to evacuate to the city of Tabriz. When the Russians captured Tabriz without an opposition, he was in charge of the men in the city's fortress. He was as a result placed under detention in his own house, and after being freed, so deeply outraged was Fath-Ali Shah at Asef al-Dowleh's conduct that he ordered that Asef al-Dowleh be publicly flogged for his "cowardly behavior". Asef al-Dowleh played a key role in inciting the population to oppose the Russian diplomat Alexander Griboyedov, which led to the massacre at the Russian Embassy in Tehran in 1829.

Alexander Griboyedov
Alexander Sergeyevich Griboyedov (Russian: Александр Сергеевич Грибоедов, romanized: Aleksandr Sergeevich Griboedov; 15 January 1795 – 11 February 1829) was a Russian diplomat, playwright, poet, and composer. His one notable work is the 1823 verse comedy Woe from Wit. He was Russia's ambassador to Qajar Persia, where he and all the embassy staff were  massacred by an angry mob in the aftermath of the ratification of the Treaty of Turkmenchay (1828), which confirmed the cession to Russia of Persia's northern territories comprising Transcaucasia and parts of the North Caucasus. Griboyedov played a pivotal role in the ratification of the treaty. The immediate cause for the incident was Griboyedov giving refuge to Armenians who had escaped from the harems of the Persian shah and his son.
Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict
The Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict is an ongoing armed conflict between the Armed Forces of Saudi Arabia and Iran-backed Yemeni Houthi forces in the Arabian Peninsula, including the southern Saudi regions of Asir, Jizan, and Najran, and northern Yemeni governorates of Saada, Al Jawf, and Hajjah, since the onset of the Saudi-led intervention in Yemen in 2015.

Najran Province
Najran (Arabic: نجران Najrān) is a Southern province of Saudi Arabia. It has an area of 149,511 km². Its capital is Najran.

Najran is inhabited by the Yam tribe. A significant percentage of the province's inhabitants are Shia Ismaili. The current governor of the region is Prince Jiluwi bin Abdulaziz Al Saud.
Justified season 3
The third season of the American neo-Western television series Justified premiered on January 17, 2012, on FX, and concluded on April 10, 2012, consisting of 13 episodes. The series was developed by Graham Yost based on Elmore Leonard's novels Pronto and Riding the Rap and his short story "Fire in the Hole". Its main character is Raylan Givens, a deputy U.S. Marshal. Timothy Olyphant portrays Givens, a tough federal lawman, enforcing his own brand of justice in his Kentucky hometown. The series is set in the city of Lexington, Kentucky, and the hill country of eastern Kentucky, specifically in and around Harlan.

Raylan Givens
Raylan Givens is a fictional character created by American novelist and screenwriter Elmore Leonard.

Givens is a Deputy U.S. Marshal and initially appeared in the novels Pronto and Riding the Rap. (Pronto was adapted as a TV movie in 1997 with James LeGros as Givens.) Leonard later penned the short story "Fire in the Hole", which became the basis for the television series Justified starring Timothy Olyphant. In April 2011, Leonard revealed in an interview that the success of Justified had inspired him to begin work on a new novel about the character. The novel, titled Raylan, came out in 2012, and was Leonard's last work to be published before his death.
The Mexican Frontier, 1821–1846
The Mexican Frontier, 1821–1846: The American Southwest Under Mexico by historian David J. Weber is a history of the part of Mexico's north and northwest that became part of the United States after the Mexican–American War. The book examines territories on the northern frontier of Mexico, including what is now Arizona, California, New Mexico, and Texas, in the twenty-five years after Mexico gained its independence from Spain. Weber emphasizes the role of Mexicans in the region through this period of transition, particularly before and during the Texas war of independence, as well as exploring the region as a whole while acknowledging its distinct communities.

This book won the Ray Allen Billington Prize from the Organization of American Historians in 1983. It also won the Westerners International Co-Founders Book Award for best nonfiction of 1982, the 1982 history award from the Border Regional Library Association, and the Presidio La Bahia Award from the Sons of the Texas Republic.

Ray Allen Billington Prize
The Ray Allen Billington Prize is given biennially by the Organization of American Historians (OAH) for the best book about American frontier history. The "American frontier" includes all of North and South America, all post-1492 pioneer experiences, and comparisons between American frontiers and others around the world.  First given in 1981, this prize honors Ray Allen Billington, OAH President (1962-1963) and prolific writer about American frontiers. A three-member committee, chosen by the OAH President for a two-year term, selects the winner who receives $1000.  The first award was made posthumously to John D. Unruh who died in 1976.  No award was made in 1997, and two awards were made in 1999.

The following table lists past recipients.
LGBTQ rights in Afghanistan
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) people in the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan face severe challenges not experienced by non-LGBTQ residents. Afghan members of the LGBTQ community are forced to keep their gender identity and sexual orientation secret, in fear of violence and the death penalty. The religious nature of the country has limited any opportunity for public discussion, with any mention of homosexuality and related terms deemed taboo.

On 23 January 2025, Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, Karim Ahmad Khan, requested arrest warrants against Taliban leaders Hibatullah Akhundzada and Abdul Hakim Haqqani for their persecution of women, girls, and the LGBTQ community, marking the first time the court has recognized crimes against the LGBTQ community.

Capital punishment in Afghanistan
Capital punishment is a legal penalty in Afghanistan and is conducted either in private or in public. The main methods of execution used in Afghanistan are hanging and shooting. Stoning, amputation, and flogging are also sometimes used as a method for punishment and were especially prominent during the late 1990s. Public executions have existed throughout Afghanistan's history. The former Afghan government took important steps away from the use of the death penalty, but they have continued with the Taliban returning to power in August 2021. Some executions have been recently condemned by the United Nations. UN experts have called on Afghan authorities "to halt immediately all forms of torturous, cruel, and degrading forms of punishments." The capital offenses in Afghanistan include a range of crimes from murder to adultery, and are governed by Islamic Sharia law, along with civil laws.
Johann Evangelist Götz
Johann Evangelist Götz (Polish: Jan Ewangelista Goetz; born 16 November 1815, Langenenslingen, County of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen – died 14 March 1893, Brzesko, Poland) was a German-Polish brewer, the founder of the Okocim Brewery and father of Jan Albin Goetz (also known as Jan Albin Goetz-Okocimski) and the grandfather of Antoni Jan Goetz (Antoni Jan Goetz-Okocimski). He was one of the first brewers to introduce modern bottom fermentation methods in the Austrian Empire (in Schwechat) and partitioned Poland (in Brzesko).

Schwechat
Schwechat (German pronunciation: [ˈʃvɛçaːt] ⓘ) is a city southeast of Vienna known for the Vienna International Airport and Schwechater beer. The city is home to the refineries of the Austrian national oil company OMV.
Alfred Collins (American football)
Alfred Collins (born October 8, 2001) is an American professional football defensive lineman for the San Francisco 49ers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Texas Longhorns and was selected by the 49ers in the second round of the 2025 NFL draft.

Texas Longhorns football
The Texas Longhorns football program is the intercollegiate team representing the University of Texas at Austin (variously Texas or UT) in the sport of American football. The Longhorns compete in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (formerly Division I-A) as a member of the Southeastern Conference (SEC). Their home games are played at Darrell K Royal–Texas Memorial Stadium in Austin, Texas.

With over 950 wins, and an all-time win–loss percentage of .704, the Longhorns rank 5th and 7th on the all-time wins and win–loss records lists, respectively. Additionally, the program claims 4 national championships, 34 conference championships, 100 First Team All-Americans (63 consensus and 27 unanimous), and 2 Heisman Trophy winners.
Top Gun: Combat Zones
Top Gun: Combat Zones is a combat flight simulation game named after the 1986 film Top Gun. It was developed by British studio Digital Integration and published by Titus Interactive. It was originally released for the PlayStation 2 in 2001, followed by a GameCube version in 2002. Versions were also released for the Game Boy Advance and Microsoft Windows.

Combat flight simulation game
Combat flight simulators are vehicle simulation games, amateur flight simulation computer programs used to simulate military aircraft and their operations. These are distinct from dedicated flight simulators used for professional pilot and military flight training which consist of realistic physical recreations of the actual aircraft cockpit, often with a full-motion platform.

Combat flight simulation titles are more numerous than civilian flight simulators due to the variety of subject matter available and market demand. Many free flight simulators, such as the open source Linux Air Combat, Falcon 4.0, Digital Combat Simulator and Rise of Flight, can be downloaded for free off the Internet.
Cwm-y-glo
Cwm-y-glo is a small village in Wales, 4+1⁄2 miles (7 km) east of Caernarfon, between Llanberis and Llanrug. It is in the Dwyfor Meirionnydd UK constituency, the community of Llanrug, and the Gwynedd Council electoral ward. Cwm-y-glo ward includes Ceunant and Pont-rug and has a population of around 1,000.

The focus of the village is on the original roadway, now bypassed by the A4086 road, which follows the approximate line of the former railway.

To the east of the village lies the flood plain of Afon Rhythallt (an extension of the Afon Seiont), and consequently some houses on the eastern side of the old road (which lie below the level of the main road) suffer flooding.

The village is mainly residential, but has several shops and small businesses. Menter Fachwen is a local charity offering work to adults with disabilities.

The community is policed by Llanberis and has a dedicated Community Beat Manager.

Llanberis
Llanberis (Welsh: [ɬanˈbɛrɪs] ⓘ) is a village, community and electoral ward in Gwynedd, northwest Wales, on the southern bank of the lake Llyn Padarn and at the foot of Snowdon, the highest mountain in Wales. It is a centre for outdoor activities in Snowdonia, including walking, mountaineering, climbing, mountain biking and pony trekking, as well as water sports such as scuba diving. The community includes Nant Peris.

Llanberis takes its name from Saint Peris, an early Welsh saint. It is twinned with the Italian town of Morbegno in Lombardy.
Kingsway Park High School
Kingsway Park High School is an 11–16  mixed secondary School that opened in September 2010. The school is located in the Kingsway area of the Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale in Greater Manchester, United Kingdom. The school has approximately 1320 students on roll, with at least 14 countries represented across this number.

Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale
The Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale is a metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester in England. Its largest town is Rochdale and the wider borough covers other outlying towns and villages, including Heywood, Littleborough, Middleton & Milnrow. It is the ninth-largest district by population in Greater Manchester with a population of 235,561 in 2024.
Christos Zois
Christos Zois (Greek: Χρήστος Ζώης; born 10 May 1968) is a Greek politician. He is currently the leader of NEA MERA, and Deputy Chairman of the Union for the Homeland and the People.

He was formerly a Member of the Hellenic Parliament (MP) for New Democracy, but left in 2012 along with ten other New Democracy MPs to found the Independent Greeks. He left the Independent Greeks in 2013 when he founded NEA MERA. From August to September 2015, he served as the Alternate Minister of Shipping in Vassiliki Thanou-Christophilou's caretaker cabinet.

Caretaker Cabinet of Vassiliki Thanou-Christophilou
The Caretaker Cabinet of Vassiliki Thanou-Christophilou was formed following the resignation of the Syriza-ANEL coalition government on 20 August 2015, and the failure of opposition parties to form their own government. The cabinet was headed by Thanou-Christophilou, the President of the Court of Cassation, who was sworn in as prime minister on 27 August 2015, and the rest of the cabinet were sworn in the next day on 28 August. The cabinet remained in office until the completion of the legislative election on 20 September 2015.
Abramo Colorni
Abramo Colorni (Abram or Abraham, Colorno or Calorno, sometimes Colorini, c. 1544–1599) was an Italian-Jewish polymath and Renaissance man. An engineer, architect, mathematician, chiromancer, cryptographer, alchemist, inventor, magus (magician) and merchant, Colorni spent nine years as a Court Jew for Rudolf II. He is the author of the 1593 treatise on cryptography, Scotographia. As court alchemist, he was a major player in cultural transfer from Italy to Baden-Wurttemberg and Prague. He was born in, and died in, Mantua, Italy.

Sometimes thought of as a charlatan, a genius "Jewish Leonardo" or "Jewish Baron von Munchhausen", or a professore de’ secreti, "professor of secrets", he was also known as a clockmaker, for his magic tricks and escapology, and invented a new kind of revolver.

Escapology
Escapology is the practice of escaping from restraints or other traps. Escapologists (also called escape artists) escape from handcuffs, straitjackets, cages, coffins, steel boxes, barrels, bags, burning buildings, fish-tanks, and other perils, often in combination.
Julio Bascuñán
Julio Alberto Bascuñán González (born 11 June 1978) is a Chilean football referee who has served as an international FIFA referee since 2011.

He refereed the first leg of the 2017 Copa Libertadores finals. He has also refereed in the Copa Sudamericana, the 2015, Centenario and 2019 Copa Américas, several editions of the South American U-17 and Youth Championships, and the 2017 FIFA U-20 World Cup.

He was one of the referees chosen for the 2018 FIFA World Cup, serving as the fourth official in 5 matches, one of them being France vs Argentina in the round of 16. He also participated in the video assistant refereeing of the 2019 FIFA U-20 World Cup. He has refereed in the 2018 and 2022 CONMEBOL FIFA World Cup qualifiers.

2022 FIFA World Cup qualification (CONMEBOL)
The South American section of the 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification acted as qualifiers for the 2022 FIFA World Cup, to be held in Qatar, for national teams which are members of the South American Football Confederation (CONMEBOL). A total of 4.5 slots (4 direct slots and 1 inter-confederation play-off slot) in the final tournament were available for CONMEBOL teams.

The qualification process began on 8 October 2020 and ended on 29 March 2022. Uruguay's Luis Suárez scored the first goal of the round-robin. This was the third time Suárez had opened scoring in the group (after 2010 and 2014), as well as the fourth consecutive time a Uruguayan player had done so (Martín Cáceres scored the first goal of the 2018 process).
Héctor Cúper
Héctor Raúl Cúper (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈeɣtoɾ ˈkupeɾ]; born 16 November 1955) is an Argentine football manager and former player who was most recently head coach of the Syria national team.

As a player, he was a defender who spent most of his career at Ferro Carril Oeste, where he played 463 games. His nickname was "Cabezón" ("Big head").

He made his managerial breakthrough at Mallorca, reaching the Copa del Rey final in 1998 and the final of the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup a year later, as well as a best-ever third-place finish. In two years at Valencia, he reached the UEFA Champions League final twice, earning a move to Italy's Internazionale in 2001.

Cúper also managed Betis and Racing Santander in La Liga, and Parma in Serie A. He later coached the national teams of Georgia, Egypt, Uzbekistan and DR Congo, taking the second of those countries to the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations final and a place at the 2018 FIFA World Cup.

2017 Africa Cup of Nations
The 2017 Africa Cup of Nations (abbreviated as AFCON 2017 or CAN 2017), known as the Total 2017 Africa Cup of Nations for sponsorship reasons, was the 31st edition of the Africa Cup of Nations, the biennial international men's football championship of Africa organized by the Confederation of African Football (CAF). The tournament was scheduled to be hosted by Libya, until CAF rescinded its hosting rights in August 2014 due to the Second Libyan civil war. The tournament was instead hosted by Gabon. This event was also part of the Africa Cup of Nations 60th Anniversary.

Cameroon won their fifth title after defeating seven-time champions Egypt 2–1 in the final. Burkina Faso finished third after beating Ghana 1–0 in the third place play-off.

As champions, Cameroon qualified for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup in Russia. Tournament hosts Gabon and defending champions Ivory Coast were both eliminated in the group stage.
Hartsfield's Landing
"Hartsfield's Landing" is the fourteenth episode of the third season of The West Wing, an American serial political drama. The episode aired on February 27, 2002, on NBC. The episode takes its title from the fictional bellwether town that is central to the episode, which is holding an election that Josh Lyman wants to win for the president. "Hartsfield's Landing" also includes Toby Ziegler and Sam Seaborn playing chess matches against President Jed Bartlet, and C. J. Cregg involving herself in a prank war against Charlie Young. Allison Janney, who portrayed C. J., described the episode as one of her favorites. In 2020, the episode was reprised by the original cast in A West Wing Special to Benefit When We All Vote.

Bellwether (politics)
A bellwether is a leader or an indicator of trends. In politics, the term often applies in a metaphorical sense to characterize a geographic region where political tendencies match in microcosm those of a wider area, such that the result of an election in the smaller region might predict the eventual result in the larger region.
Chukwuemeka Obioma
Chukwuemeka Obioma Listenⓘ (born 20 November 1998) is a Nigerian professional footballer who plays as a striker for the Nigeria Premier Football League club Abia warriors football club. He won the golden boot in the 2022-23 Nigeria Professional Football League season.

Nigeria Premier Football League
The Nigeria Premier Football League (NPFL) (formerly the Nigeria Professional Football League) is the highest level of club football in Nigerian football league system. The Nigerian Premier League has suffered like many others, from the financial impact and dwindling fortunes since the late 2000s. It is fed into by the Nigeria National League (NNL). It is organized by the Nigeria Premier Football League (NPFL) Board headed by Gbenga Elegbeleye.