hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Foundation Kit
The Foundation Kit, or just Foundation for short, is an Objective-C framework in the OpenStep specification described by NeXT Computer, Inc.  It provides basic classes such as wrapper classes and data structure classes.  This framework uses the prefix NS (for NeXTSTEP).  It is also part of Cocoa and of the Swift standard library.

OpenStep
OpenStep is an object-oriented application programming interface (API) specification developed by NeXT. It provides a framework for building graphical user interfaces (GUIs) and developing software applications. OpenStep was designed to be platform-independent, allowing developers to write code that could run on multiple operating systems, including NeXTSTEP, Windows NT, and various Unix-based systems. It has influenced the development of other GUI frameworks, such as Cocoa for macOS, and GNUstep.

OpenStep was principally developed by NeXT and Sun Microsystems, to allow advanced application development on Sun's operating systems, specifically Solaris. NeXT produced a version of OpenStep for its own Mach-based Unix OS, stylized in all capital letters as OPENSTEP. The software libraries that shipped with OPENSTEP are a superset of the original OpenStep specification, including many features from the original NeXTSTEP.
Mycobacterium
Mycobacterium is a genus of over 190 species of  Gram-positive bacteria in the phylum Actinomycetota, assigned its own family, Mycobacteriaceae. This genus includes pathogens known to cause serious diseases in mammals, including tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) and leprosy (M. leprae) in humans. The Greek prefix myco- means 'fungus', alluding to this genus's mold-like colony surfaces. Since this genus has cell walls with a waxy lipid-rich outer layer containing high concentrations of mycolic acid, acid-fast staining is used to emphasize their resistance to acids, compared to other cell types.

Mycobacterial species are generally aerobic, non-motile, and capable of growing with minimal nutrition. The genus is divided based on each species's pigment production and growth rate. While most Mycobacterium species are non-pathogenic, the genus's characteristic complex cell wall contributes to evasion from host defenses.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb), also known as Koch's bacillus, is a species of pathogenic bacteria in the family Mycobacteriaceae and the causative agent of tuberculosis.

First discovered in 1882 by Robert Koch, M. tuberculosis has an unusual, waxy coating on its cell surface primarily due to the presence of mycolic acid. This coating makes the cells impervious to Gram staining, and as a result, M. tuberculosis can appear weakly Gram-positive.  Acid-fast stains such as Ziehl–Neelsen, or fluorescent stains such as auramine are used instead to identify M. tuberculosis with a microscope. The physiology of M. tuberculosis is highly aerobic and requires high levels of oxygen. Primarily a pathogen of the mammalian respiratory system, it infects the lungs. The most frequently used diagnostic methods for tuberculosis are the tuberculin skin test, acid-fast stain, culture, and polymerase chain reaction.

The M. tuberculosis genome was sequenced in 1998.
North Borneo Chartered Company
The North Borneo Chartered Company (NBCC), also known as the British North Borneo Company (BNBC), was a British chartered company formed on 1 November 1881 to administer and exploit the resources of North Borneo (present-day Sabah in Malaysia). The territory became a protectorate of the British Empire in 1888 but the company remained involved with the territory until 1946, when administration was fully assumed by the Crown colony government.

The company also temporarily administered the island of Labuan in 1890 before it became part of the Straits Settlements. The company motto was Pergo et Perago, which means "I persevere and I achieve" in Latin. Its founder and its first chairman was Alfred Dent.

Crown Colony of North Borneo
The Crown Colony of North Borneo was a Crown colony on the island of Borneo established in 1946 shortly after the dissolution of the British Military Administration. The Crown Colony of Labuan joined the new Crown colony during its formation. It was succeeded as the state of Sabah through the formation of the Federation of Malaysia on 16 September 1963.
2024 ASEAN Championship qualification
The 2024 ASEAN Championship qualification tournament was the qualification process for the 2024 ASEAN Championship, the fifteenth edition of the ASEAN Championship (previously AFF Championship). Brunei and Timor-Leste contested for a berth for the ASEAN Championship final tournament in two home-and-away matches.

Timor-Leste advanced to the AFF Championship group stage and were placed in Group A after winning by 1–0 on aggregate from two qualifying matches.

2024 ASEAN Championship
The 2024 ASEAN Championship (officially the ASEAN Mitsubishi Electric Cup 2024 due to sponsorship reasons) was the 15th edition of the ASEAN Championship (formerly the AFF Championship) football tournament of nations affiliated to the ASEAN Football Federation (AFF) and was the last edition under the name ASEAN Mitsubishi Electric Cup.

The final tournament was originally scheduled to run from 23 November to 21 December. However, the AFF decided to change the schedule from 8 December 2024 to 5 January 2025 to avoid conflicts with continental club competitions.

Vietnam secured their third title after defeating the two-time defending champions Thailand by a 5–3 aggregate score in the two-legged final.
George Miksch Sutton
George Miksch Sutton (May 16, 1898, Bethany, Nebraska – December 7, 1982) was an American ornithologist and bird artist. He published numerous technical papers in ornithology as well as more popular works illustrated with his own art. His early artistic work was inspired and tutored by Louis Agassiz Fuertes. In 1931, he was the first ornithologist to find the eggs of the Harris's sparrow, one of the last North American birds to have its nest and eggs described. In 1935, he was part of the team of Arthur Augustus Allen during an expedition to the Singer Tract in Louisiana to make sketches of ivory-billed woodpecker. He did extensive field work in the Arctic (including Iceland), Oklahoma, Labrador, and Mexico. He received his doctorate from Cornell University and held academic posts at the University of Michigan and the University of Oklahoma, Norman.  The George M. Sutton Avian Research Center in Bartlesville, Oklahoma was named after him.

Arthur A. Allen
Arthur Augustus Allen (28 December 1885 – 17 January 1964) was an American professor of ornithology at Cornell University. Smithsonian has credited him for the transition of ornithology from being focused on killing and collecting birds, to being focused on observing and protecting them.
Galaxy Express 999 (film)
Galaxy Express 999 (銀河鉄道９９９, Ginga Tetsudō 999) is a 1979 Japanese animated science fiction film directed by Rintaro, based on the manga and anime television series of the same name originally created by Leiji Matsumoto.

Galaxy Express 999
Galaxy Express 999 (銀河鉄道999（スリーナイン）, Ginga Tetsudō Surī Nain; "999" read as "Three Nine") is a Japanese manga series. It is written and illustrated by Leiji Matsumoto, later adapted into a number of anime films and television series. It is set in a spacefaring, high-tech future in which humans have learned how to transfer their minds and emotions with perfect fidelity into mechanical bodies, thus achieving practical immortality.

The manga won the Shogakukan Manga Award for shōnen in 1978. The anime series won the Animage Anime Grand Prix prize in 1981.

Matsumoto was inspired to create Galaxy Express 999 by the idea of a steam train running through the stars in the novel Night on the Galactic Railroad by Kenji Miyazawa.
1984 NCAA Division I baseball tournament
The 1984 NCAA Division I baseball tournament was played at the end of the 1984 NCAA Division I baseball season to determine the national champion of college baseball.  The tournament concluded with eight teams competing in the College World Series, a double-elimination tournament in its thirty eighth year.  Eight regional competitions were held to determine the participants in the final event.  Six regions held a four team, double-elimination tournament while two regions included six teams, resulting in 36 teams participating in the tournament at the conclusion of their regular season, and in some cases, after a conference tournament.  The thirty-eighth tournament's champion was Cal State Fullerton, coached by Augie Garrido.  The Most Outstanding Player was John Fishel of Cal State Fullerton.

1984 Cal State Fullerton Titans baseball team
The 1984 Cal State Fullerton Titans baseball team represented California State University, Fullerton in the 1984 NCAA Division I baseball season. The Titans played their home games at Titan Field. The team was coached by Augie Garrido in his 12th season at Cal State Fullerton.

The Titans won the College World Series, defeating the Texas Longhorns in the championship game.
Bolon Nature Reserve
Bolon Nature Reserve (Russian: Болоньский заповедник) (also Bolon'sky) is the oldest Russian 'zapovednik' (strict ecological reserve) in the Russian Far East.  It is located on the Middle Amur River lowlands adjacent to the south-west of Lake Bolon.   The reserve covers the wetlands of international importance.  Large numbers of migratory waterfowl use the area for nesting and stopovers on long flights.  The reserve is situated halfway between the city of Khabarovsk and Komsomolsk-on-Amur, in the Amursky District of Khabarovsk Krai.  The reserve was created in 1997, and covers an area of 100,000 ha (390 sq mi).

Zapovednik
A zapovednik is an established term on the territory of the former Soviet Union for a protected area which is kept "forever wild". It is the highest degree of environmental protection for the assigned areas, which are strictly protected. Access to the public is restricted.
1996 New York Jets season
The 1996 New York Jets season was the franchise's 27th season in the National Football League (NFL) and the 37th overall. They failed to improve upon its league-worst 3–13 record from 1995 as they finished 1–15, which is the worst record in franchise history. As a result, head coach Rich Kotite stepped down before the season ended.

The Jets tied an NFL record that the New Orleans Saints set in 1980 and became the fifth team and first since the 1991 Indianapolis Colts to finish a season with fifteen losses. The record would be equaled by the 2000 San Diego Chargers, 2001 Carolina Panthers, and the 2007 Miami Dolphins before the 2008 Detroit Lions eclipsed it by becoming the first team to go through a sixteen-game season without a single victory.

1980 New Orleans Saints season
The 1980 New Orleans Saints season was the team's 14th as a member of the National Football League (NFL). The Saints failed to improve on the previous season's record of 8–8, instead winning only one game. The team missed the playoffs for the fourteenth consecutive season and had the dubious distinction not only of winning only a single game, but winning it by a single point against the New York Jets, who like the Saints had widely been predicted before the season to advance to the playoffs, but struggled instead. The main culprit of the Saints' collapse was the defense, which ranked last in yards and points (487) allowed.

The team's only bright spot was tenth-year quarterback Archie Manning, who proceeded to have the best year of his career, throwing for 3,716 yards, 23 touchdowns and 20 interceptions.
TDR moisture sensor
A spatial TDR moisture sensor employs time-domain reflectometry (TDR) to measure moisture content indirectly based on the correlation to electric and dielectric properties of materials, such as soil, agrarian products, snow, wood or concrete.

Measurement usually involves inserting a sensor into the substance to be tested and then applying either Standard Waveform Analysis to determine the average moisture content along the sensor or Profile Analysis to provide moisture content at discrete points along the sensor. A spatial location can be achieved by appropriate installation of several sensors.

Time-domain reflectometer
A time-domain reflectometer (TDR) is an electronic instrument used to determine the characteristics of electrical lines by observing reflected pulses. It can be used to characterize and locate faults in metallic cables (for example, twisted pair wire or coaxial cable),
and to locate discontinuities in a connector, printed circuit board, or any other electrical path.
2020–21 AHL season
The 2020–21 AHL season was the 85th season of the American Hockey League. Due to the ongoing restrictions in the COVID-19 pandemic, the start of the regular season was pushed back to February 5, 2021, and the league's playoff tournament championship Calder Cup was not awarded for the second consecutive season. The AHL's regular-season Macgregor Kilpatrick Trophy would become the league's primary trophy, which was the Hershey Bears's eighth regular-season championship. This was the first season under Scott Howson as the league's president after David Andrews announced his retirement after 26 years in the position.

Springfield Thunderbirds
The Springfield Thunderbirds are a professional ice hockey team based in Springfield, Massachusetts. They are the American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate of the National Hockey League's St. Louis Blues. The Thunderbirds play their home games at the MassMutual Center.
2023–24 SC Dnipro-1 season
The 2023–24 season was SC Dnipro-1's seventh season in existence and fifth consecutive season in the Ukrainian Premier League. They are also competing in the Ukrainian Cup, the UEFA Champions League, the UEFA Europa League and the UEFA Europa Conference League.

FIFA placed a transfer onto the club for the 2023-2024 winter break following legal negotiations between the club and its former manager Igor Jovicevic. In addition to Jovicevic, Oleksandr Kucher admitted that he also was not get compensated by the club as well, but yet does not rush with pursuing his claim in international institutions.

SC Dnipro-1
SC Dnipro-1 (Ukrainian: СК «Дніпро-1») was a professional Ukrainian football club from Dnipro. While not officially a successor of FC Dnipro, SC Dnipro-1 took over all of the infrastructure of the former club including its academy. Founded in November 2015, SC Dnipro-1 gained promotion from the First League in in 2019 and most recently competed in the Ukrainian Premier League. The club collapsed and withdrew from professional football in July 2024.

Founded in 2015, the club had been officially registered as a limited liability society "Sports Club Dnipro-1" (Ukrainian: Товариство з обмеженою відповідальністю “Спортивний клуб “Дніпро-1”).
John Ciaccia
John Ciaccia (born Giambattista Nicola Ciaccia; March 4, 1933 – August 7, 2018) was a Canadian politician who was provincial cabinet minister from Montreal, Quebec. He served as a member of the National Assembly of Quebec from 1973 to 1998, representing the Mount Royal riding for the Quebec Liberal Party. He occupied various posts in the cabinets of Liberal premiers Robert Bourassa, and Daniel Johnson Jr., such as minister of Energy and Natural Resources, International Affairs, Native Affairs, and Immigration and Cultural Communities.

At his resignation, Ciaccia was the longest-serving member of the Assembly. Ciaccia gained international attention for his efforts in negotiating the end of the Oka Crisis alongside his federal counterpart, Tom Siddon, in 1990. Former Quebec Premier Jean Charest described Ciaccia's political career as having "revolutionized relations with the native people and cultural communities of Quebec by always favouring an approach marked by respect."

Daniel Johnson Jr.
Daniel Johnson Jr. GOQ (born December 24, 1944) is a former Canadian politician. He was a member of the Liberal Party of Quebec and was the 25th premier of Quebec for nine months in 1994 until his party's defeat in the provincial general election.
1991 Fresno State Bulldogs football team
The 1991 Fresno State Bulldogs football team represented California State University, Fresno as a member of the Big West Conference during the 1991 NCAA Division I-A football season. Led by 14th-year head coach Jim Sweeney, Fresno State compiled an overall record of 10–2 with a mark of 6–1 in conference play, sharing the Big West title with San Jose State. The Bulldogs played their home games at Bulldog Stadium in Fresno, California.

Fresno State earned NCAA Division I-A postseason bowl game berth in 1991. They played the Mid-American Conference (MAC) champion Bowling Green in the 11th annual California Bowl inat Bulldog Stadium on December 14. The Bulldogs were defeated by Bowling Green, 28–21, breaking their four-game bowl win streak.

In the fourth game of the season, Fresno State scored a school record 94 points against the New Mexico, including 66 in the first half. Both of those marks are school records that still stand as of the end of the 2021 season.

Valley Children's Stadium
Valley Children's Stadium, also known as Jim Sweeney Field at Bulldog Stadium, is an outdoor college football stadium in the Western United States, located on the campus of California State University, Fresno, in Fresno, California. It is the home field of the Fresno State Bulldogs, who play in the Mountain West Conference.
Ferrari: The Race Experience
Ferrari: The Race Experience is a racing video game developed by System 3 and Eutechnyx and published by System 3. The game released on October 6, 2010 in Europe and Australia, on September 13, 2011 in North America for the PlayStation 3 and on November 26, 2010 for the Wii. The game is the sequel to Ferrari Challenge: Trofeo Pirelli.

Ferrari Challenge: Trofeo Pirelli
Ferrari Challenge Trofeo Pirelli is a racing game developed by Eutechnyx and published by System 3, based on the Ferrari Challenge, a single-marque motorsport championship.  The game features 14 playable tracks and Ferrari's own Fiorano test track (for training using a solitary F430 Challenge), a vinyl editor and online play for all versions except the PS2. The Nintendo DS version, developed by Firebrand Games, features wireless multiplayer and the Wii version utilizes Wii Remote steering and support for the Wii Wheel. The game primarily features the driving and racing of the Ferrari F430 Challenge, along with a series of Ferrari road and racing cars that can be unlocked.
1955 Illinois Fighting Illini football team
The 1955 Illinois Fighting Illini football team was an American football team that represented the University of Illinois as a member of the Big Ten Conference during the 1955 Big Ten season. In their 14th year under head coach Ray Eliot, the Fighting Illini compiled a 5–3–1 record (3–3–1 in conference games), finished in fifth place in the Big Ten, and outscored opponents by a total of 149 to 114.

Quarterback Em Lindbeck was selected as the team's most valuable player. Two Illinois players received honors on the 1955 All-Big Ten Conference football team: halfback Bobby Mitchell (AP-1) and halfback Harry Jefferson (AP-2, UP-3, INS-1).

The team played its home games at Memorial Stadium in Champaign, Illinois.

Bobby Mitchell
Robert Cornelius Mitchell (June 6, 1935 – April 5, 2020) was an American professional football player who was a halfback and wide receiver in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Illinois Fighting Illini and professionally for the Cleveland Browns and Washington Redskins. In 1962 he was the first black player to sign with the Redskins, who were the last NFL team to racially integrate.

After his playing career, Mitchell became an executive with Washington. He joined their scouting department in 1969 and was named assistant general manager in 1981, spending over 40 years with the team in total before retiring in 2002. He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1983 and had his jersey number 49 retired by the team following his death in 2020.
Compact Macintosh
A Compact Macintosh (or Compact Mac) is an all-in-one Apple Mac computer with a display integrated in the computer case, beginning with the original Macintosh 128K. Compact Macs include the original Macintosh through to the Color Classic sold between 1984 and 1995. The larger Macintosh LC 500 series, Power Macintosh 5000 series, iMac and eMac are not described as a "Compact Mac".

Apple divides these models into five form factors: The Macintosh 128K, Macintosh SE, and Macintosh Classic (all with a 9 in (23 cm) black and white screen), the modernized Macintosh Color Classic with a 10 in (25 cm) color screen, and the very different Macintosh XL.

Macintosh 128K
The Macintosh, later rebranded as the Macintosh 128K, is the original Macintosh personal computer from Apple. It is the first successful mass-market all-in-one desktop personal computer with a graphical user interface, built-in screen and mouse. It was pivotal in establishing desktop publishing as a general office function. The motherboard, a 9 in (23 cm) CRT monochrome monitor, and a floppy drive are in a beige case with an integrated carrying handle; it has a keyboard and single-button mouse.

The Macintosh was introduced by a television commercial titled "1984" during Super Bowl XVIII on January 22, 1984, directed by Ridley Scott. Sales were strong at its initial release on January 24, 1984, at US$2,495 (equivalent to $7,700 in 2025), and reached 70,000 units on May 3, 1984. Upon the release of its successor, the Macintosh 512K, it was rebranded as the Macintosh 128K. The computer's model number is M0001.
Abecadło
Lozynskyi's abecadło (/ˌɑːbɛˈtsɑːdloʊ/ ah-bet-SAHD-loh; Ukrainian: абецадло, Polish: abecadło) was a kind of Latin alphabet for the Ukrainian language, which was developed on the basis of the Polish alphabet and published in Galicia in 1834 by Joseph Lozynskyi. Lozynskyi proposed to adopt this alphabet instead of the Church Slavonic Cyrillic alphabet. The idea failed due to criticism from the Ukrainian Galician intelligentsia, including the Ruthenian Triad.

Ukrainian Latin alphabet
The Ukrainian Latin alphabet is the form of the Latin script used for writing, transliteration, and retransliteration of Ukrainian.

The Latin alphabet has been proposed or imposed several times in the history in Ukraine, but it has never replaced the dominant Cyrillic Ukrainian alphabet.
PyeongChang Winners
PyeongChang WINNERS, also known as WINNERS, is an initiative created by the PyeongChang Organizing Committee for the 2018 Olympic & Paralympic Winter Games in 2014 to promote the 2018 Winter Olympics by recruiting university students living in South Korea to spread awareness of the Winter Olympics through social networking services and news articles.

PyeongChang Organizing Committee for the 2018 Olympic & Paralympic Winter Games
The PyeongChang Organizing Committee for the 2018 Olympic & Paralympic Winter Games (POCOG) is an organisation that oversees the planning and development of the 2018 Winter Olympic and Paralympic Games. POCOG's headquarters is located in the host city of PyeongChang with two offices in Gangneung and Seoul.
1972 Atlanta Falcons season
The 1972 Atlanta Falcons season was the franchise's seventh year in the National Football League (NFL). The team failed to improve on their previous season's output of 7–6–1, finishing 7–7 and failing to reach the playoffs. Standing at 7–5 the Falcons traveled to San Francisco with the NFC West division title on the line. However, the Falcons were never in the game and saw their playoff hopes dim with a 20–0 shutout loss. Facing the Kansas City Chiefs in their final game of the season, Running Back Dave Hampton surpassed the 1,000-yard mark. However, a play later he was thrown for a six-yard loss to end the season with 995 yards, as the Falcons lost and finished 7–7.

Dave Hampton
David Hampton (born May 7, 1947) is an American former professional football player who was a running back in the National Football League (NFL) for the Green Bay Packers, Atlanta Falcons, and Philadelphia Eagles. He played college football for the Wyoming Cowboys.