hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Louis W. Menk
Louis Wilson Menk (April 8, 1918 - November 23, 1999) was an American railway worker and executive. He served as the last president of Northern Pacific Railway 1966-1970, before the railroad was merged into Burlington Northern Railroad, and the first president and second chairman of Burlington Northern.  Menk was also selected as Modern Railroads (now Railway Age) Man of the Year for 1967, an award that has continued annually and is now known as Railroader of the Year.

Burlington Northern Railroad
The Burlington Northern Railroad (reporting mark BN) was an American–based class 1 railroad company formed from a merger of four major U.S. railroads. Burlington Northern operated between March 2, 1970 and December 31, 1996.

Its historical lineage begins in the earliest days of railroading with the chartering in 1848 of the Chicago and Aurora Railroad, a direct ancestor line of the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad, which lends Burlington, from Burlington, Iowa, to the names of various merger-produced successors.

Burlington Northern acquired the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway on December 31, 1996, to form the Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Railway (later renamed BNSF Railway), which was owned by the Burlington Northern Santa Fe Corporation. That corporation was purchased in 2009 by Berkshire Hathaway, which is controlled by investor Warren Buffett.
Celestial navigation
Celestial navigation, also known as astronavigation, is the practice of position fixing using stars and other celestial bodies that enables a navigator to accurately determine their actual current physical position in space or on the surface of the Earth without relying solely on estimated positional calculations, commonly known as dead reckoning. Celestial navigation is performed without using satellite navigation or other similar modern electronic or digital positioning means.

Celestial navigation uses "sights," or timed angular measurements, taken typically between a celestial body (e.g., the Sun, the Moon, a planet, or a star) and the visible horizon. Celestial navigation can also take advantage of measurements between celestial bodies without reference to the Earth's horizon, such as when the Moon and other selected bodies are used in the practice called "lunars" or the lunar distance method, used for determining precise time when time is unknown.

Geopositioning
Geopositioning is the process of determining or estimating the geographic position of an object or a person.
Geopositioning yields a set of geographic coordinates (such as latitude and longitude) in a given map datum. Geographic positions may also be expressed indirectly, as a distance in linear referencing or as a bearing and range from a known landmark.
The resulting geoposition is sometimes referred to as geolocation, and the process of geopositioning may also be described as geo-localization.
In turn, positions can be used to determine a more easily understandable location, such as a street address (see reverse geocoding).

Specific instances include:

animal geotracking, the process of inferring the location of animals over time;

positioning system, the mechanisms for the determination of geographic positions in general;

internet geolocation, geolocating a device connected to the internet;

and mobile phone tracking.
2 States (2014 film)
2 States is a 2014 Indian Hindi-language romantic comedy-drama film directed by Abhishek Varman and produced by Karan Johar and Sajid Nadiadwala. Based on Chetan Bhagat's 2009 novel of the same name with the story rewritten by Varman and Bhagat, the film stars Arjun Kapoor and Alia Bhatt with Amrita Singh, Ronit Roy, Revathi and Shiv Kumar Subramaniam in supporting roles.

Distributed by UTV Motion Pictures, 2 States opened in global cinemas on 18 April 2014. Praised for its music, cast performances, story and direction, the film earned ₹175 crore (US$21 million) in worldwide markets, thus emerging as a critical and commercial success. It is Kapoor's biggest commercial success to date. At the 60th Filmfare Awards, 2 States received 8 nominations, including Best Film, Best Director (Varman), Best Supporting Actor (Roy) and Best Supporting Actress (Singh), and won 2 awards – Best Music Director (Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy) and Best Debut Director (Varman).

Chetan Bhagat
Chetan Prakash Bhagat (born 22 April 1974) is an Indian author, columnist, screenwriter, and YouTuber. He was included in Time magazine's list of the 100 Most Influential People in the World in 2010. Several of his novels have been adapted into films, including One Night at the Call Center and Half Girlfriend.
Gustav Fehn
Gustav Fehn (21 February 1892 – 5 June 1945) was a German general during World War II.

Fehn served in the Afrika Korps from November 1942 to January 1943, LXXVI Panzer Corps from July–August 1943, the XXI Army Corps from October 1943 - July 1944 and then the XV Mountain Corps in the Balkans until his surrender to Yugoslav partisans, who shot him without trial on 5 June 1945.

Afrika Korps
The German Africa Corps (German: Deutsches Afrikakorps, pronounced [ˈdɔʏtʃəs ˈʔaːfʁikaˌkoːɐ̯] ⓘ; DAK), commonly known as Afrika Korps, was the German expeditionary force in Africa during the North African campaign of World War II. First sent as a holding force to shore up the Italian defense of its African colonies, the formation fought on in Africa, under various appellations, from March 1941 until its surrender in May 1943. The unit's best known commander was Field Marshal Erwin Rommel, whose reputation as one of the ablest tank commanders of the war earned him the nickname "the Desert Fox" (der Wüstenfuchs).
Sharps rifle
Sharps rifles are a series of large-bore, single-shot, falling-block, breech-loading rifles, beginning with a design by Christian Sharps in 1848 and ceasing production in 1881. They were renowned for long-range accuracy. By 1874, the rifle was available in a variety of calibers, and it was one of the few designs to be successfully adapted to metallic cartridge use. The Sharps rifles became icons of the American Old West with their appearances in many Western-genre films and books. Perhaps as a result, several rifle companies offer reproductions of the Sharps rifle.

.50-70 Government
The .50-70 Government (12.7×45mmR), also known as the .50-70 Musket, .50-70 Springfield, and .50-1+3⁄4" Sharps) is a black powder cartridge adopted in 1866 for the Springfield Model 1866 trapdoor rifle.
Isaac Redman
Isaac Redman (born November 10, 1984) is an American former professional football player who was a running back in the National Football League (NFL). He was signed by the Pittsburgh Steelers as an undrafted free agent in 2009. He played college football for the Bowie State Bulldogs.

Bowie State Bulldogs
The Bowie State Bulldogs are the athletic teams that represent Bowie State University, located in Bowie, Maryland, in intercollegiate sports at the Division II level of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), primarily competing in the Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association since the 1979–80 academic year.

Bowie State competes in thirteen intercollegiate varsity sports. Men's sports include basketball, cross country, football, and track and field (indoor and outdoor); while women's sports include basketball, bowling, cross country, softball, tennis, track and field (indoor and outdoor), and volleyball.
Shilpa Singh
Shilpa Singh is an Indian singer, dancer, model and beauty pageant titleholder. She was the runner-up at I AM She – Miss Universe India 2012. She represented India at the Miss Universe 2012 pageant at Las Vegas and became one of the semi-finalist after topping the interview preliminary competition with a score of 9.6/10.

Miss Universe 2012
Miss Universe 2012 was the 61st Miss Universe pageant, held at the PH Live at Planet Hollywood Resort & Casino in Las Vegas, Nevada, United States, on December 19, 2012.

At the conclusion of the event, the pageant was won by Olivia Culpo of the United States, who was crowned by Leila Lopes of Angola. It was the United States' first win in fifteen years, and its eighth win at the pageant.

There were contestants from eighty-nine countries and territories, three more than the previous year. It was hosted by Andy Cohen and Giuliana Rancic, with Jeannie Mai as backstage correspondent. American rock band Train and Australian musician Tim Omaji performed in this year's pageant.
Ptolemy Epigonos
Ptolemy Epigonos (Greek: Πτολεμαίος ὁ Έπίγονος Ptolemaios Epigonos, Epigonos i.e. the heir, 299/298 BC – February 240 BC) was a Greek Prince from Asia Minor who was of Macedonian and Thessalian descent.

Ptolemy Ceraunus
Ptolemy Ceraunus (Ancient Greek: Πτολεμαῖος Κεραυνός Ptolemaios Keraunos; c. 319 BC – January/February 279 BC) was a member of the Ptolemaic dynasty and briefly king of Macedon. As the son of Ptolemy I Soter, he was originally heir to the throne of Ptolemaic Egypt, but he was displaced in favour of his younger brother Ptolemy II Philadelphus. He fled to King Lysimachus of Thrace and Macedon where he was involved in court intrigue that led to the fall of that kingdom in 281 BC to Seleucus I, whom he then assassinated. He then seized the throne of Macedon, which he ruled for seventeen months before his death in battle against the Gauls in early 279 BC. His epithet Ceraunus is Greek for "Thunderbolt" and referred to his impatient, impetuous, and destructive character.
Suraj Jagan
Suraj Jagan (born 11 May 1967) is an Indian playback singer, actor and rockstar. He is noted for the song Give Me Some Sunshine from the award-winning movie 3 Idiots. The song received the "Best Emerging Male Performer" award in the Max Stardust Award. Jagan's singing career began in 1990, and has included both solo work and as front man for the rock band Dream Out Loud. He has also worked in advertising jingle campaigns, Bollywood playback singing, acting in theatre productions and an acting role in the Bollywood film Rock On!! & "Hunterrr".

Hunterrr
Hunterrr is a 2015 Indian Hindi-language adult comedy film written and directed by Harshavardhan Kulkarni. The film stars Gulshan Devaiah, Radhika Apte and Sai Tamhankar. The film revolves around an unassuming sex addict  and his lustful journey in life.

The film was released on 20 March 2015. The film was remade in Telugu as Babu Baga Busy (2017).
Lumi Athena
Marco Antonio Speck Gurrola (born January 10, 2006), known professionally as Lumi Athena, is a Mexican-American singer, songwriter, and record producer. Born and raised in Guadalajara, Lumi began releasing music in 2022. His music became popular on TikTok and SoundCloud in 2023, and his songs "Smoke It Off!", "Let Me See Ya Move!," and "Icewhore!
" all reached the top 20 of the Billboard Hot Dance/Electronic Songs chart and the former of all was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). He is the pioneer and founder of Krushclub and is currently signed to 25/7 Records.

Sigilkore
Sigilkore is an Internet microgenre of trap music characterized by layered DJ mixing and digital effects such as bitcrushing and pitch shifting with lyrics relating to  magic, deities, demons and occult rituals. It originally emerged in 2019 as a mixing style pioneered by American rappers Luci4 and Islurwhenitalk who founded the collective Jewelxxet. Luci4 would be a member of SpaceGhostPurrp's collective BMB Deathrow.
Children's Film Foundation
The Children's Film Foundation (CFF) is a non-profit organisation which makes films and other media for children in the United Kingdom. Originally it made films to be shown as part of children's Saturday morning matinée cinema programming. The films typically were about 55 minutes long. Over time the organisation's role broadened and its name changed, first to the Children's Film and Television Foundation in the mid-80s and to the Children's Media Foundation in 2012.

Saturday morning pictures
Saturday morning pictures were film shows put on in British cinemas between the 1920s and 1970s for children. They were shown on Saturday mornings and the price was normally 6d (2½p). At their peak, nearly 2,000 British cinemas put on a Saturday children’s matinee show, but by 1978 this had dropped to 300. Attendances in 1971 were over 800,000 per week.

Films shown included comedy classics, cowboy and adventure films, cartoons, ‘’Zorro’’, ‘’Batman’’ episodes and also films produced by the Children's Film Foundation. The programme often included community singing of songs such as Do-re-mi, with a pointer tracing the lyrics on the screen to help the audience follow. The ABC chain promoted its “Minors Matinees” as providing ‘’Good films, good fun and good fellowship”.

On 5 October 2013 the Cinema Museum in Kennington, London recreated a Saturday Morning Pictures show, with ticket prices between £3 and £5.
Khokhra Chieftaincy
The Khokhra chieftaincy, also known as the Nagvanshi dynasty, was a principality that ruled the parts of Chota Nagpur Plateau region (modern-day Jharkhand) during much of the medieval and early-modern period. The chieftaincy came to prominence while the region was part of Bihar Subah in the Mughal Empire.

Legendary accounts trace the founder of this dynasty to be Phani Mukut Rai who lived during the 1st century CE, however the definite history of the Khokhra chieftaincy begins from the 15th century onwards.

Chota Nagpur Plateau
The Chota Nagpur Plateau (IPA: [t͡ʃʰoːʈaː naːɡpʊɾ]) is a plateau in eastern India, which covers much of Jharkhand state as well as adjacent parts of Chhattisgarh,  Odisha, West Bengal and Bihar. The Indo-Gangetic Plain lies to the north and east of the plateau, and the basin of the Mahanadi River lies to the south. The total area of the Chota Nagpur Plateau is approximately 65,000 square kilometres (25,000 sq mi).
Willy Dols
Willy Dols (Sittard, 21 March 1911 – Schwesing, 5 November 1944) was a Dutch linguist, dialectologist and phonologist. He was the first one to make a profound study of the diphthongization which is typical for the Sittard dialect, in his dissertation which was not published until nine years after his death.

Sittard dialect
The Sittard dialect (Dutch: Sittards, Limburgish: Zittesj, German: Selfkanter Platt, in reference to the variety used in Germany) is a Limburgish dialect spoken mainly in the Dutch city of Sittard. It is also spoken in Koningsbosch and in a small part of Germany (Selfkant), but quickly becoming extinct there. Of all other important Limburgish dialects, the dialect of Sittard is most closely related to that of Roermond.
Arnold Stang
Arnold Sidney Stang (September 28, 1918 – December 20, 2009) was an American actor and comedian. Recognized by his small stature and squawky, Brooklyn-accented speaking voice, he steadily worked on the stage, radio, and television and provided animation voice-over for 70 years. He was the voice of Top Cat in the cartoon series, Frank Sinatra's best friend in The Man with the Golden Arm, and one of the hapless gas station owners in the all-star comedy film It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World.

Hercules in New York
Hercules in New York is a 1970 American fantasy action comedy film directed by Arthur Allan Seidelman and written by Aubrey Wisberg. It was released on home video under the title "Hercules Goes Bananas". It stars Arnold Schwarzenegger in his acting debut as the eponymous divine hero, who engages in escapades after traveling to New York City. Produced independently by Wisberg on a budget of $300,000 (equivalent to $1.86 million in 2024), the film was shot entirely on location.
Demaratus
Demaratus (Greek: Δημάρατος, Demaratos; Doric: Δαμάρατος, Damaratos) was a king of Sparta from around 515 BC to 491 BC. He was the 15th ruler of the Eurypontid dynasty and the firstborn son of King Ariston. During his reign, Demaratus is best known for his opposition to his co-ruler, King Cleomenes I of the Agiad dynasty. This rivalry ultimately led to his dethronement around 491 BC, following Cleomenes's accusations of illegitimacy and political maneuvering.

After his removal from power, Demaratus sought refuge in the Achaemenid Empire, where he was welcomed by King Darius I. He was granted land and cities in Asia Minor, integrating him into Persian society while retaining his influence. Demaratus served as an advisor to Xerxes I during the Second Persian invasion of Greece, providing strategic insights about Greek military tactics.

Agiad dynasty
The Agiad dynasty (Ancient Greek: Ἀγιάδαι, Agiádai) was one of the two royal families of the ancient Greek city-state of Sparta. They ruled jointly along with the Eurypontid dynasty, possibly from the 8th century BC onwards, being the senior of the two houses. The hypothetical founder of the dynasty was Agis I, possibly the first king of Sparta at the end of the 10th century BC, who subsequently gave his name to the dynasty. The two lines, who maintained an enduring rivalry, were, according to tradition, respectively descended from the twins Eurysthenes and Procles, both descendants of Heracles. The most famous member of the Agiad dynasty was Leonidas I, known for his heroic death at the Battle of Thermopylae in 480 BC. The last Agiad king was Agesipolis III, deposed by the Eurypontid Lycurgus in 215 BC.
Highly optimized tolerance
In applied mathematics, highly optimized tolerance (HOT) is a method of generating power law behavior in systems by including a global optimization principle. It was developed by Jean M. Carlson and  John Doyle in the early 2000s. For some systems that display a characteristic scale, a global optimization term could potentially be added that would then yield power law behavior.  It has been used to generate and describe internet-like graphs, forest fire models and may also apply to biological systems.

Power law
In statistics, a power law is a functional relationship between two quantities, where a relative change in one quantity results in a relative change in the other quantity proportional to the change raised to a constant exponent: one quantity varies as a power of another. The change is independent of the initial size of those quantities.

For instance, the area of a square has a power law relationship with the length of its side, since if the length is doubled, the area is multiplied by 22, while if the length is tripled, the area is multiplied by 32, and so on.
Douglas McKay
James Douglas McKay (June 24, 1893 – July 22, 1959) was an American businessman and politician from the U.S. state of Oregon. He served in World War I before going into business, where he was most successful as a car dealership owner in Salem. A Republican, he served as a city councilor and mayor of Salem before election to the Oregon State Senate. McKay served four terms in the state senate, also served stateside with the rank of major in the U.S. Army during World War II, and was then elected as the twenty-fifth governor of Oregon in 1948. He left that office before the end of his term when he was selected as the thirty-fifth U.S. Secretary of the Interior during the Eisenhower administration. McKay's conservative policies were denounced by environmentalists; they forced his resignation in 1956.

Governor of Oregon
The governor of Oregon is the head of government of Oregon and serves as the commander-in-chief of the state's military forces. The title of governor was also applied to the office of Oregon's chief executive during the provisional and U.S. territorial governments.

The current governor of Oregon is Tina Kotek, who took office on January 9, 2023. The governor's salary as of 2018 is $98,600.
Tallon Griekspoor
Tallon Griekspoor (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈtɛlɔŋ ˈxrikspoːr]; born 2 July 1996) is a Dutch professional tennis player. He has a career-high ATP singles ranking of world No. 21 achieved on 6 November 2023 and a best doubles ranking of No. 61, reached on 10 June 2024. He is the current No. 1 singles player from The Netherlands.

Griekspoor has won five ATP Tour titles combined, three in singles and two in doubles. He represents The Netherlands at the Davis Cup.

Griekspoor is notable for a record eight Challenger titles won in one season (2021), and the first player to earn five consecutive such titles.

Mikael Ymer
Mikael Ymer (born 9 September 1998) is a Swedish professional tennis player. He has a career-high ATP singles ranking of world No. 50, achieved on 17 April 2023. In the ATP doubles ranking his career high is No. 187, achieved in October 2017. He is the current No. 5 Swedish singles player. Ymer was the No. 1 Swedish player until 2023.
Tellskapelle
46°55′57″N 8°36′42″E﻿ / ﻿46.9326°N 8.6118°E﻿ / 46.9326; 8.6118
The Tellskapelle ("Tell's chapel") is located on the Tellsplatte or Tellenplatte ("Tell's slab") on the shore of Lake Lucerne at the foot of the Axenberg cliffs (an offshoot ridge of Glärnisch, 1,022 m), in the Sisikon municipality, canton of Uri, Switzerland. It is across the Bay of Uri (Urnersee) from the Rütli, some 4.3km away.

The Catholic chapel marks the site of the Tellensprung ("leap of Tell") where, according to legend, William Tell leapt from the boat of his captors during a storm and escaped, allowing him to assassinate the tyrant Gessler and initiate the rebellion that led to the foundation of the Old Swiss Confederacy. The Tellenplatte is first mentioned in 1470 in the White Book of Sarnen, as Tellen blatten.

The current chapel was built in 1879. It is decorated with four frescos by Ernst Stückelberg, realized in 1880–1882.

Ernst Stückelberg (painter)
Ernst Stückelberg (baptized Johann Melchior Ernst Stickelberger; 21 February 1831 – 14 September 1903) was a Swiss painter native to Basel, born to a family that traced its connection to the city back to the 14th century.

He was one of the most popular artists of his generation, of the romantic tradition, producing many paintings of various themes (portraits, country and village scenes, and allusions to history), including a series on the Swiss national hero William Tell. He formally took the name Stückelberg in 1881; this was duly registered by the Basel authorities.
Woodlawn Memorial Cemetery (Santa Monica, California)
Woodlawn Cemetery, Mausoleum & Mortuary, formerly Ballona Cemetery, is located at 1847 14th Street, alongside Pico Boulevard in Santa Monica, California, United States. The cemetery was founded in 1897 and sits on 26 acres. It is owned and operated by the city of Santa Monica and is the final resting place of more than 54,000 people. The cemetery has an eco-friendly section.

Winston and Weston Doty
Winston and Weston Doty (February 18, 1914 – January 1, 1934)  were twin child actors active for several years during the silent film era. They were known for playing child twins in Our Gang and Peter Pan during the silent era. They also started cheerleading in the University of Southern California.

The Doty twins were among the casualties of the Crescenta Valley flood (the "New Year Flood of 1934") .
Lawrence Williams (banker)
Lawrence Theodore Williams CCH, (c. 1955 – May 7, 2014) was a Guyanese banking official.  He served as the governor of the Bank of Guyana from June 8, 2005 until his death on May 7, 2014. Williams succeeded outgoing Governor Dolly Singh, who retired from the post.

In 2011, Williams was awarded the Cacique's Crown of Honour, Guyana's third highest honor.

Williams died from cancer at Dr. Balwant Singh Hospital in Georgetown, Guyana, on May 7, 2014, at the age of 59.

Bank of Guyana
The Bank of Guyana (BoG) is the central bank of Guyana. It was established in 1965 in advance of the country's independence in 1966. 6°48′48″N 58°09′55″W﻿ / ﻿6.813438°N 58.165361°W﻿ / 6.813438; -58.165361Dr. Gobind Ganga has been the governor of BoG since December 2014.