hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Foston, North Yorkshire
Foston is a small village and civil parish in North Yorkshire, England. The population of the civil parish as of the 2011 census was 263. Details are included in the civil parish of Whitwell-on-the-Hill. It is situated close to the A64 road and is approximately 9 miles (14 km) north-east from York.

Whitwell-on-the-Hill
Whitwell-on-the-Hill is a village and civil parish in the county of North Yorkshire, England. The civil parish population (including Crambe and Foston) at the 2011 Census was 311. It is near the A64 road.

It was part of the Ryedale district between 1974 and 2023. It is now administered by North Yorkshire Council.

The local parish church is dedicated to St John.

Langdale's 1822 Topographical Dictionary reports "a well of remarkably clear water, from which the town derives its name". The 1828 The New Yorkshire Gazetteer or Topographical Dictionary by Stephen Reynolds Clarke states that Whitwell is "6 miles S.W. from Malton [has] a singular well, the water of which is nearly the colour of milk, and from which the township derives its name."
Shivta
Shivta (Hebrew: שבטה), originally Sobata (Greek: Σόβατα) or Subeita (Arabic: شبطا), is an ancient city in the Negev Desert of Israel located 43 kilometers southwest of Beersheba. Shivta was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in June 2005, as part of the Incense Route and the Desert Cities of the Negev, together with Haluza/Elusa, Avdat and Mamshit/Mampsis.

The name Shivta is a modern Hebraization, given by the Negev Naming Committee in the early 1950s. The Greek name Sobata was mentioned in the Nessana papyri.

Nessana
Nessana, Modern Hebrew name Nizzana, also spelled Nitzana (Hebrew: ניצנה), is an ancient Nabataean city located in the southwest Negev desert in Israel close to the Egyptian border. It started by being a caravan station on the ancient Incense Road, protecting a western branch of the road which allowed access to Egypt to the west via the Sinai, and to Beersheba, Hebron and Jerusalem to the northeast. It was first used by Nabataean merchants, and later also by Christian pilgrims.

Nessana was among the earlier Nabataean towns of the Negev, established as caravan stations in the late the 4th or the early 3rd century BCE, annexed in 106 CE by the Romans, who garrisoned the site, and inhabited by Byzantine Christians from the fourth century at the latest, until after the Arab Muslim conquest of the seventh century. Relatively few stones remain at the site because most were recycled into buildings in Gaza throughout the centuries.
Gaston Lane
Gaston Lane (31 January 1883 – 23 September 1914) was a French rugby union player. He was 1 m 68 cm tall and weighed 68 kg.

He played right wing three quarter (later centre) for Racing club de France and for the French national team; at first he also played for AS Bois-Colombes then for the Paris Cosmopolitan Club.

He played in the first French international and was capped ten times, along with Marcel Communeau.

He was a tradesman. He was killed on the front in Moselle at the start of the First World War.

He was an excellent club rugby player, and also occasionally contributed articles to Sporting.

Marcel Communeau
Marcel Communeau (11 September 1885 – 26 June 1971) was a French rugby union player, who represented the France national rugby union team. Communeau was the leading French player prior to World War I, representing his country a record 21 times and captaining the side on 13 occasions.

Communeau was inducted to the World Rugby Hall of Fame in a ceremony at Wembley Stadium during the 2015 Rugby World Cup.
Bromerguride
Bromerguride (INNTooltip International Nonproprietary Name), also known as 2-bromolisuride, is an antidopaminergic and serotonergic agent of the ergoline group which was described as having atypical antipsychotic properties but was never marketed. It was the first antidopaminergic ergoline derivative to be discovered. The pharmacodynamic actions of bromerguride are said to be "reversed" relative to its parent compound lisuride, a dopaminergic agent.

Ergoline
Ergoline is a core structure in many alkaloids and their synthetic derivatives. Ergoline alkaloids were first characterized in ergot. Some of these are implicated in the condition of ergotism, which can take a convulsive form or a gangrenous form. Even so, many ergoline alkaloids have been found to be clinically useful. Annual world production of ergot alkaloids has been estimated at 5,000–8,000 kg of all ergopeptines and 10,000–15,000 kg of lysergic acid, used primarily in the manufacture of semi-synthetic derivatives.

Others, such as lysergic acid diethylamide, better known as LSD, a semi-synthetic derivative, and ergine, a natural derivative found in Argyreia nervosa, Ipomoea tricolor and related species, are known psychedelic substances.
Nuclearite
Nuclearites are hypothetical objects consisting of nuggets of strange quark matter or a strangelet surrounded by an electron shell, forming an atom-like neutral system, but with masses much larger than a normal atom. These heavy compact particles were first proposed by Edward Witten, and the name coined by Alvaro De Rújula and Sheldon Glashow in 1984 to describe such particles colliding with the Earth's atmosphere, by analogy to more conventional meteorites. It is predicted that nuclearites would travel at hundreds of kilometers per second. Owing to their high energies and mass to size ratio, they should form streaks of light in the lower atmospheric regions. To date, no nuclearites have been successfully observed, but this failure itself places constraints on some theories of dark matter.

Strangelet
A strangelet (pronounced /ˈstreɪndʒ.lɪt/) is a hypothetical particle consisting of a bound state of roughly equal numbers of up, down, and strange quarks. An equivalent description is that a strangelet is a small fragment of strange matter, small enough to be considered a particle. The size of an object composed of strange matter could, theoretically, range from a few femtometers across (with the mass of a light nucleus) to arbitrarily large. Once the size becomes macroscopic (on the order of metres across), such an object is usually called a strange star. The term "strangelet" originates with Edward Farhi and Robert Jaffe in 1984. It has been theorized that strangelets can convert matter to strange matter on contact. Strangelets have also been suggested as a dark matter candidate.
Saša Lozar
Saša Lozar (born 12 February 1980) is a Croatian singer. Lozar rose to fame in 2003 after finishing as runner-up on the first season of Story Supernova Music Talents. In late 2003, Lozar formed the boy band Saša, Tin i Kedžo together with Damir Kedžo and  Tin Samardžić. Lozar began to adopt a more mature image as an artist with the release of his debut solo album 1 Dan (2007).

Damir Kedžo
Damir Kedžo (born 24 May 1987) is a Croatian pop singer. While he started his career in 2003 by participating in Story Supernova Music Talents, he became even more famous in Croatia after winning the third season of Tvoje lice zvuči poznato, the Croatian version of Your Face Sounds Familiar. He also performed in musicals.
Astigmatism (optical systems)
An optical system with astigmatism is one where rays that propagate in two perpendicular planes have different foci. If an optical system with astigmatism is used to form an image of a cross, the vertical and horizontal lines will be in sharp focus at two different distances. The term comes from the Greek α- (a-) meaning "without" and στίγμα (stigma), "a mark, spot, puncture".

Ray (optics)
In optics, a ray is an idealized geometrical model of light or other electromagnetic radiation, obtained by choosing a curve that is perpendicular to the wavefronts of the actual light, and that points in the direction of energy flow.  Rays are used to model the propagation of light through an optical system, by dividing the real light field up into discrete rays that can be computationally propagated through the system by the techniques of ray tracing. This allows even very complex optical systems to be analyzed mathematically or simulated by computer.  Ray tracing uses approximate solutions to Maxwell's equations that are valid as long as the light waves propagate through and around objects whose dimensions are much greater than the light's wavelength.  Ray optics or geometrical optics does not describe phenomena such as diffraction, which require wave optics theory. Some wave phenomena such as interference can be modeled in limited circumstances by adding phase to the ray model.
Santolan–Annapolis station
Santolan–Annapolis station, also simply known as Santolan station, is an elevated Metro Rail Transit (MRT) station located on the MRT Line 3 (MRT-3) system in Quezon City. It is the ninth station for trains headed to North Avenue and the fifth station for trains headed to Taft Avenue. The station is named after the streets it is situated in between Santolan Road (officially known as Bonny Serrano Avenue) and Annapolis Street, and near the eastern San Juan–Quezon City boundary.

North Avenue station (MRT)
North Avenue station is an elevated Metro Rail Transit (MRT) station located on the MRT Line 3 (MRT-3) system in Diliman, Quezon City. Located on the Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (EDSA), it is named after the adjacent North Avenue, which intersects the highway. It is the current northern terminus of the line.

The North Avenue Depot, an underground depot where the trains of the line are kept and maintained, is located near the station. The elevated tracks terminate abruptly beyond the station, but there is sufficient room for a terminating train to leave the station and stop before switching to the opposite track and reentering the station to begin the journey south.
Tang Xianhu
Tang Xianhu (Chinese: 汤仙虎; pinyin: Tāng Xiānhǔ; Indonesian: Fuad Nurhadi; born 13 March 1942) is an Indonesia-born Chinese former badminton player and coach. In the early days of his career, Tang was unable to participate in international competitions due to political factors, but he defeated the world's top players many times during overseas visits and exchanges, and was known as the "Uncrowned King" in badminton. He won the Asian Games men's team gold in 1974 and  mixed doubles gold in 1978. After retiring, he started coaching in China and Indonesia. Many of the players he coached had won the World Championships and/or Olympic gold medals such as Lin Ying, Wu Dixi, Li Lingwei, Han Aiping, Ji Xinpeng, Xia Xuanze, Sun Jun, Lin Dan, Cai Yun, Fu Haifeng, Alan Budikusuma and Hendrawan. In 2002, he was inducted into the Badminton Hall of Fame.

Hendrawan
Hendrawan (Chinese: 葉誠萬; pinyin: Ye Chengwan; born 27 June 1972) is an Indonesian badminton coach and former player. He is a former World champion, Olympic silver medalist, and Asian Champion silver medalist.
Mihara Domain
The Mihara Domain (三原藩, Mihara-han) was a feudal domain of Japan in the Edo period. Located in what is now Mihara City, Hiroshima Prefecture, it encompassed the southern part of Bingo Province. Its headquarter was Mihara Castle (三原城 Mihara-jō). At its peak, it was rated at 30,000 koku. For more than two hundred years the daimyō of Mihara were a collateral branch of the Asano clan who held Hiroshima Domain. It was a subordinate of Hiroshima Domain where the main line of the Asano clan ruled from.

Bingo Province
Bingo Province (備後国, Bingo no Kuni; Japanese pronunciation: [biꜜŋ.ɡo (no kɯ.ɲi), -ŋo-]) was a province of Japan on the Inland Sea side of western Honshū, comprising what is today the eastern part of Hiroshima Prefecture. It was sometimes grouped together with Bizen and Bitchu Provinces as Bishū (備州). The 備 bi in the names of these provinces is taken from the second character in the name of Kibi Province, whose ambit also included the area that would be divided off as Mimasaka Province in the early 8th century CE. Bingo bordered Bitchū, Hōki, Izumo, Iwami, and Aki Provinces.

The ancient capital is believed to have been in the vicinity of the city of Fuchu. During the Sengoku Period, Bingo was part of the Mori clan's domains, but after the Battle of Sekigahara, Tokugawa Ieyasu reassigned it to one of his allies.

A notable landmark includes Fukuyama Castle, which was the main castle of the Bingo-Fukuyama han (clan) during the Edo period of Japanese history.
Apaya
Apaya Maha Raza (Arakanese:အဘယ မဟာရာဇာ, 1710 - 17 January 1774)  was the 44th king of the Mrauk-U Dynasty of Arakan, a former state in Myanmar (Burma). from 1764 to 1774. The king's son, crown prince who rose in rebellion died by his own hand. He was succeeded by his brother-in-law after successful revolt whom the king died.

He served as deputy general under King Sanda Parama and was known for quelling Burman incursions in southern Arakan.

King Apaya ordered his brother, Chit Thu who was a governor of Ramree to commissioned to repair the Mahamuni Temple.

Sanda Parama
Sanda Parama (Arakanese:စန္ဒပရမ, 1741- 1764) was a 43rd king of the Mrauk-U Dynasty of Arakan. Under his reign, the 1762 Arakan earthquake that destroyed much of infrastructure and agricultural lands of Arakan led to the dethroning of the king. He entered monkhood and exiled to Myingun Island.

During his short reign, the earthquake of 1762 damaged much of Arakan's agricultural production that ultimately caused great famine and political turmoil which eventually turned to regional revolts in planning to overthrown dynasty headed by the Lord of Ramree and governor of Launggyet, and the general of Cheduba Island where they asked for aid of Burmese King, Naungdawgyi.

The Burmese king Naungdawgyi, dispatched 50,000 armed intruders led by vice general Shwe Pyi Wan. Where heavy fighting was reported in southern Arakan, however the invading armies were initially crushed and forced to retreat.
Merchant submarine
A merchant submarine is a type of submarine intended for trade, and being without armaments, it is not considered a warship like most other types of submarines. The intended use would be blockade running, or to dive under Arctic ice.

Strictly speaking, only two submarines have so far been purpose-built for non-military merchant shipping use, outside of criminal enterprises, though standard or partly converted military submarines have been used to transport smaller amounts of important cargo, especially during wartime, and large-scale proposals for modern merchant submarines have been produced by manufacturers. Criminal enterprises have also built transport submarines to avoid authorities, such as narcosubs.

Narco-submarine
A narco-submarine (also called a drug sub or narco-sub) is a type of custom ocean-going, self-propelled, semi-submersible or fully submersible vessel built by (or for) drug smugglers.

Newer semi-submersibles are almost fully submersible in order to reduce the likelihood of detection by visual, radar, sonar, or infrared systems. Cargo capacity varies widely with vessel size, although several tons is typical. In 2015, the largest known cargo of 7.7 tonnes (17,000 lb) was seized on a semi-submersible craft. Some contemporary narco-subs are capable of crossing the Atlantic Ocean. Meanwhile, recently captured vessels in the central Pacific during the mid 2020s indicate said vessels are increasingly durable enough for their operators to attempt voyages across the Pacific to Oceania.
Dearc
Dearc (Scottish Gaelic pronunciation: [tʲɛrxk] dearcⓘ) is a genus of large-bodied rhamphorhynchine pterosaur from the Middle Jurassic Lealt Shale Formation of Scotland. The holotype, a juvenile or subadult that was still actively growing, has an estimated wingspan of 2.5 to 3 meters, making it the largest flying animal of its time. This pushes the origin of large pterosaurs back significantly, as it was previously assumed that pterosaurs did not reach greater body sizes until the short-tailed pterodactyloid lineages of the Cretaceous. The genus contains a single species, Dearc sgiathanach ([ˈtʲɛɾxk ˈs̪kʲiəhanəx] dearc sgiathanachⓘ).

Rhamphorhynchidae
Rhamphorhynchidae is a group of early pterosaurs named after Rhamphorhynchus, that lived in the Late Jurassic. The family Rhamphorhynchidae was named in 1870 by Harry Govier Seeley. Members of the group possess no more than 11 pairs of teeth in the rostrum, a deltopectoral crest that is constricted at the base but expanded at the distal end, and a bent phalange on the fifth toe.

Rhamphorhynchidae traditionally contains two subfamilies: the Rhamphorhynchinae and the Scaphognathinae. While not recovered as distinct clades by all analyses, there do appear to be traits uniting members of each group. Rhamphorhynchines are more common, were lightly built, and had jaws ending in pointed tips that contained more teeth, which are often procumbent (pointed forward). Scaphognathines are comparatively quite rare, were more robust skeletally, and had shorter wing proportions. The broad-tipped skulls of scaphognathines held fewer teeth which were widely spaced and vertically oriented in the jaw.
Severnside Sirens
The Severnside Sirens are a system of civil defense sirens by Federal Signal Corporation located along the South Severn Estuary coastline from Redcliffe Bay to Pilning, northwest of Bristol. They are activated by Avon and Somerset Police in the event of a potential incident at one of the COMAH sites located in the area, mainly in and near Avonmouth. The system was set up in 1997 following a fire at the Albright and Wilson site in 1996.

Federal Signal Corporation
Federal Signal Corporation is an American manufacturer headquartered in Downers Grove, Illinois. Federal Signal manufactures street sweeper vehicles, public address systems, emergency vehicle equipment, and emergency vehicle lighting.

The company operates two groups: Federal Signal Environmental Solutions and Federal Signal Safety and Security Systems. Federal Signal Environmental Solutions Group manufactures street sweeper vehicles, sewer cleaner and vacuum loader trucks, hydro excavators, waterblasting equipment, dump truck bodies, and trailers. Federal Signal Safety and Security Systems Group manufactures campus alerting systems, emergency vehicle lighting, emergency sirens, alarm systems, outdoor warning sirens, and public address systems.

Currently, the company has 14 manufacturing facilities in 5 different countries.
Drop zone
A drop zone (DZ) is a place where parachutists or parachuted supplies land. It can be an area targeted for landing by paratroopers and airborne forces, or a base from which recreational parachutists and skydivers take off in aircraft and land under parachutes. In the latter case, it is often beside a small airport, frequently sharing the facility with other general aviation.

At recreational drop zones, an area is generally set side for parachute landings. Personnel at the site may include a drop zone operator or owner (DZO), manifestors (who maintain the flight manifest documents defining who flies and when), pilots, instructors or coaches, camera operators, parachute packers and riggers, and other general staff.

Parachute landing fall
A parachute landing fall (PLF) is a safety technique that allows a parachutist to land safely and without injury. The technique is performed by paratroopers and recreational parachutists alike. The technique is used to displace the energy of the body contacting the earth at high speeds. The parachutist ideally lands facing the direction of travel with feet and knees together. At the moment first contact is made with the ground, the person goes from an upright position to absorbing the impact by allowing the body to buckle and go toward a horizontal position while rotating toward the side (generally the direction with the dominant directional speed). When executed properly, this technique is capable of allowing a parachutist to survive uninjured during landing speeds that would otherwise cause severe injury or even death.
Jack Cartmell
John Range Cartmell (28 August 1890 – 23 February 1979) was a professional footballer who played in the Football League for Brentford and Gillingham as an outside left. He later became trainer at Brentford and served nearly 30 years in the role. He was posthumously inducted into the Brentford Hall of Fame in May 2015.

Brentford F.C. Hall of Fame
Brentford Football Club is an English professional football club based in Brentford, London. Between 1897 and 1920, the first team competed in the London League, Southern League and Western League. Since 1920, the first team has competed in the Football League, the Premier League and other nationally and internationally organised competitions. All players who have been inducted into the club's Hall of Fame are listed below.

The Brentford Hall of Fame was founded in 1991 and the inaugural inductions were former players Idris Hopkins, Joe James and former player and manager Malky MacDonald. 10 former players and staff members were the most recent inductees in November 2024 and the total number of inductees is 69. The Hall of Fame is administered jointly by the club and the Brentford F.C. Former Players’ Association.
Exclusion Bill Parliament
The Exclusion Bill Parliament was a Parliament of England during the reign of Charles II of England, named after the long saga of the Exclusion Bill. Summoned on 24 July 1679, but prorogued by the king so that it did not assemble until 21 October 1680, it was dissolved three months later on 18 January 1680/81.

Exclusion Crisis
The Exclusion Crisis ran from 1679 until 1681 in the reign of King Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland. Three Exclusion Bills sought to exclude the King's brother and heir presumptive, James, Duke of York, from the thrones of England, Scotland and Ireland because he was a Roman Catholic. None became law. Two new parties formed. The Tories were opposed to this exclusion, while the "Country Party", who were soon to be called the Whigs, supported it. While the matter of James's exclusion was not decided in Parliament during Charles's reign, it would come to a head only three years after James took the throne, when he was deposed in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. Finally, the Act of Settlement 1701 decided definitively that Roman Catholics were to be excluded from the English, Scottish, and Irish thrones, later the British throne.
Derrick Sherwin
Derrick George Sherwin (16 April 1936 – 17 October 2018) was an English television producer, writer, story editor and actor. After beginning his career in the theatre, Sherwin became an actor in television before moving into writing. He became the story editor on Doctor Who and, as the producer of the series in 1969, he oversaw the transition from black-and-white to colour by producing Patrick Troughton's final story and Jon Pertwee's first. He also co-produced Paul Temple for the BBC.

Patrick Troughton
Patrick George Troughton (/ˈtraʊtən/; 25 March 1920 – 28 March 1987) was an English actor. He became best known for his work as a character actor in television, most notably starring as the second incarnation of the Doctor in the long-running British science-fiction television series Doctor Who from 1966 to 1969; he reprised the role three times between 1972 and 1985. Classically trained, Troughton's early work included appearances in Laurence Olivier's films Hamlet (1948) and Richard III (1955), and he later appeared in genre films including Jason and the Argonauts (1963), The Gorgon (1964), Scars of Dracula (1970) and The Omen (1976), as well as the fantasy television series The Box of Delights (1984).