hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Skat scoring
Skat scoring (German: Skatabrechnung) refers to the method of recording of game points in the card game of Skat. Since it is normal for a number of rounds to be played, not just a single game, there is a need to record and account for the game points won by each individual in order to determine the overall result. A proper scoring system is especially important for the Tournament Skat and Skat played for small stakes.

Skat (card game)
Skat (German pronunciation: [ˈskaːt]), historically Scat, is a three-player trick-taking card game of the ace–ten family, devised around 1810 in Altenburg in the Duchy of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg. It is the national game of Germany and, along with Doppelkopf, it is the most popular card game in Germany and Silesia and one of the most popular in the rest of Poland. A variant of 19th-century Skat was once popular in the US. John McLeod considers it one of the best and most interesting card games for three players, and Kelbet described it as "the king of German card games." The German Skat Association assesses that it is played by around 25 million Germans – more than play football.
Willmore energy
In differential geometry, the Willmore energy is a quantitative measure of how much a given surface deviates from a round sphere.  Mathematically, the Willmore energy of a smooth closed surface embedded in three-dimensional Euclidean space is defined to be the integral of the square of the mean curvature minus the Gaussian curvature.  It is named after the English geometer Thomas Willmore.

Mean curvature
In mathematics, the mean curvature  of a surface  is an extrinsic measure of curvature that comes from differential geometry and that locally describes the curvature of an embedded surface in some ambient space such as Euclidean space.

The concept was used by Sophie Germain in her work on elasticity theory, published 1831. Jean Baptiste Marie Meusnier used it in 1776, in his studies of minimal surfaces. It is important in the analysis of minimal surfaces, which have mean curvature zero, and in the analysis of physical interfaces between fluids (such as soap films) which, for example, have constant mean curvature in static flows, by the Young–Laplace equation.
Handball at the Friendship Games
Handball at the Friendship Games is the handball tournament organized for the 1984 Summer Olympics boycotting countries. Given that the Eastern Bloc countries and allies were at that time amongst the most competitive teams the tournament's level was rather high.

It was contested in two events. Men's event took place in Rostock and Magdeburg, East Germany between 17 and 21 July 1984, with eight teams competing. The women's event was contested at Hala na Sihoti in Trenčín, Czechoslovakia between 21 and 25 August 1984, with six teams competing.

Handball at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Handball at the 1984 Summer Olympics featured competition for men and women. Due to the USSR-led boycott some strong handball nations from Eastern Bloc did not compete; this gave an opportunity to the Yugoslav team to take both gold medals.  Games were played at Titan Gym in Fullerton, California, and the finals were at the Forum, later the Kia Forum, in Inglewood, California.
Riina Sikkut
Riina Sikkut (born 12 January 1983) is an Estonian politician of the Social Democratic Party of Estonia who served as Minister of Economic Affairs and Infrastructure in the second cabinet of Prime Minister Kaja Kallas. She also served as Minister of Health and Labour in Jüri Ratas' first cabinet. She was sworn in on 2 May 2018, after the former minister Jevgeni Ossinovski had vacated the seat, and left the office on 29 April 2019.

Sikkut was sworn in as Minister of Health in the third cabinet of Kaja Kallas on 17 April 2023 and served until 11 March 2025. After the Social Democratic Party was removed from government by its coalition partners, she was succeeded by Karmen Joller.

Kaja Kallas
Kaja Kallas (Estonian: [ˈkɑjɑ ˈkɑlːɑs]; born 18 June 1977) is an Estonian politician and diplomat. She was the first female prime minister of Estonia, a role she held from 2021 until 2024, when she resigned in advance of her appointment as High Representative of the European Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy. Since 2024, she has served in that role as well as Vice-President of the European Commission in the second von der Leyen Commission.

The daughter of former prime minister Siim Kallas, she was leader of the Estonian Reform Party from 2018 to 2024 and a member of the Riigikogu during  2011–2014 and 2019–2021. Kallas was a member of the European Parliament during 2014–2018, representing the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe. Before her election to Riigikogu, she was a lawyer specialising in European competition law.
Alison Wylie
Alison Wylie FRSC FAHA (born 1954) is a Canadian philosopher of archaeology. She is a professor of philosophy at the University of British Columbia and holds a Canada Research Chair in Philosophy of the Social and Historical Sciences.

Wylie specializes in philosophy of science, research ethics, and feminism in the social sciences, particularly archaeology and anthropology.

Australian Academy of the Humanities
The Australian Academy of the Humanities was established by Royal Charter in 1969 to advance scholarship and public interest in the humanities in Australia. It operates as an independent not-for-profit organisation partly funded by the Australian Government.
Radical probabilism
Radical probabilism is a hypothesis in philosophy, in particular epistemology, and probability theory that holds that no facts are known for certain. That view holds profound implications for statistical inference. The philosophy is particularly associated with Richard Jeffrey who wittily characterised it with the dictum "It's probabilities all the way down."

Turtles all the way down
"Turtles all the way down" is an expression of the problem of infinite regress. The saying alludes to the mythological idea of a World Turtle that supports a flat Earth on its back. It suggests that this turtle rests on the back of an even larger turtle, which itself is part of a column of increasingly larger turtles that continues indefinitely.

The exact origin of the phrase is uncertain. In the form "rocks all the way down", the saying appears as early as 1838. References to the saying's mythological antecedents, the World Turtle and its counterpart the World Elephant, were made by a number of authors in the 17th and 18th centuries.

The expression has been used to illustrate problems such as the regress argument in epistemology.
Sugar Island (Ohio)
Sugar Island of Ottawa County, Ohio, United States in southwestern Lake Erie. It is a private island owned by the Keny family, and one of the smaller of the island group at 0.123 km² (30.39 acres). It lies just off the northwest shore of Middle Bass Island. It is located in Put-in-Bay Township, Ottawa County, Ohio. Originally, it was part of a hunting club, before being purchased by Gebhard Keny, the founder of Columbus Plastic Products, original producer of Lustro-Ware, an early version of Tupperware.

Sugar Island was once part of Middle Bass Island, connected by way of a short isthmus.  As trees were lumbered from this strip of connecting land, Lake Erie began to reclaim the newly exposed, loose soil.  Thus, the connecting isthmus sank into the lake, leaving Sugar Island separate from Middle Bass Island.

Middle Bass Island
Middle Bass Island is an island of the U.S. state of Ohio, located in Lake Erie. A small town, Middle Bass, lies on the island. The 805-acre (3.258 km2) island is shaped like the Big Dipper and is one of three Bass Islands located at the center of a group of 23 smaller islands. It is located in Put-in-Bay Township, Ottawa County, Ohio.

Some of its more famous neighbors are South Bass Island, with the town of Put-in-Bay, Kelleys Island, and Pelee Island.
Eredivisie Player of the Month
The Eredivisie Player of the Month is an association football award that recognises the best adjudged Eredivisie player each month of the season.

The Eredivisie Player of the Month award is based on statistics (Stats Perform) and votes from football fans, cast via the KPN Man of the Match vote (ESPN). These elements also count towards the Eredivisie Player of the Year and Johan Cruyff Talent of the Year Awards, which are presented in a live broadcast on ESPN at the end of the season. The Eredivisie Player of the Month vote is an initiative of the Eredivisie CV in collaboration with ESPN.

Joey Veerman has been named player of the month a record four times, with Steven Berghuis and Brian Brobbey each having won the award three times. Five players have won the award in consecutive months: Orkun Kökçü, Oussama Idrissi, Cody Gakpo, Brobbey and Veerman.

As of January 2026, the most recent recipient of the award is PSV player Joey Veerman.

Dutch Footballer of the Year
The title Dutch Footballer of the Year (Dutch: Voetballer van het Jaar) has been awarded in the Netherlands since 1984. The award is determined by a poll of Dutch professional footballers playing in the First (Eredivisie) and Second (Eerste Divisie) leagues.

Until 1997, it was an annual award, afterwards the prize was rewarded at the end of the football season. In 2006, the award merged with the annual prize named Golden Boot (Gouden Schoen), awarded since 1982 by the Dutch daily De Telegraaf and the Dutch football magazine Voetbal International.
Sylph (pilot boat)
The Sylph was a 19th-century pilot boat first built in 1834, by Whitmore & Holbrook for John Perkins Cushing as a Boston yacht and pilot-boat for merchant and ship owner Robert Bennet Forbes. She won the first recorded American yacht race in 1835. She was a pilot boat in the Boston Harbor in 1836 and 1837 and sold to the New York and Sandy Hook Pilots in October 1837. She was lost in winter of 1857 with all hands during a blizzard off Barnegat, New Jersey. The second Sylph was built in 1865 from a half-model by Dennison J. Lawlor. The third Sylph was built in 1878 at Nathaniel Porter Keen Shipyard on the Fore River in North Weymouth, Massachusetts for Boston Pilots. She was sold out of service in 1901, after 23 years of Boston pilot service.

D. J. Lawlor
The D.J. Lawlor was a 19th-century Boston pilot boat built in 1881 at North Weymouth, Massachusetts. The schooner was considered the largest (86 feet) for her type, noted for her seaworthiness and heavy weather performance. She was named after the prominent Boston shipbuilder Dennison J. Lawlor. She was struck by a fishing schooner Horace B. Parker, in 1895, and was replaced by the pilot-boat Liberty in 1896.
Xp Lee
Xiongpao "Xp" Lee (pronounced /ˈɛks ˈpiː/; born December 1978) is an American politician serving since 2025 in the Minnesota House of Representatives. A member of the Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party (DFL), Lee has represented District 34B since winning a special election after the assassination of Melissa Hortman. He was previously a city council member in Brooklyn Park.

Melissa Hortman
Melissa Anne Hortman (née Haluptzok; May 27, 1970 – June 14, 2025) was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 61st speaker of the Minnesota House of Representatives. A member of the Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party, she represented northern parts of the Twin Cities metropolitan area in the Minnesota House of Representatives from 2005 to 2025, serving as the House minority leader from 2017 to 2019 and as speaker from 2019 to January 2025. During her tenure, she advocated for transportation, environmental rights, abortion rights, police reform, and gun control policies. She was also the chief author of the state's solar energy standard.

On June 14, 2025, Hortman and her husband were assassinated in a politically-motivated attack at their home in Brooklyn Park, Minnesota.
Garden City, Cairo
Garden City (Egyptian Arabic: جاردن سيتي) is an early-20th-century real estate development loosely based on the English garden city movement, and is today a mixed residential and administrative quarter in qism Qasr al-Nil in the West District of  Cairo, Egypt.

It spans the east side of the Nile just south of Wust al-Balad (downtown) and the famous Midan Tahrir (Tahrir Square), and north of Old Cairo. Two main streets, Qasr al-Ayni Street on the east and the Nile Corniche on the west, delineate its eastern and western borders. Garden City is known for its quiet, upscale, and secure atmosphere. The American, British, Italian and more Embassies are  located in the neighborhood.

Downtown Cairo
Downtown Cairo (Egyptian Arabic: وسط البلد Wust al-Balad, "middle of town") is the colloquial name given to the 19th-century western expansion of Egypt's capital Cairo, between the historic medieval Cairo, and the Nile, which became the commercial center of the city during the 20th century. Given its rich architectural heritage from the era of Khedive Ismail, it has been officially named Khedival Cairo and declared by the government as a protected Area of Value, with many of its buildings also deemed protected.

Administratively Wust al-Balad covers areas of qism Qasr al-Nil, and the Abdeen and Azbakeya districts. The protected Khedival Cairo covers a larger area extending south to Sayeda Zeinab.
Wadi Mathendous
Wadi Mathendous is a prehistoric archaeological site in the Mesak Settafet escarpment, located in the southwestern Fezzan region in Libya. It contains many petroglyphs of figures and objects, as well as other rock art. The chiseled animals include elephants, giraffes, aurochs, wildcats, and crocodiles. These rock engravings and cave paintings have been dated to the Neolithic period, around 6000 BC.

Saharan rock art
Saharan rock art is a significant area of archaeological study focusing on artwork carved or painted on the natural rocks of the central Sahara desert. The rock art dates from numerous periods starting c. 12,000 years ago, and is significant because it shows the culture of ancient African societies.

The paintings and carvings of the Sahara are endangered, and vulnerable rock art on uncovered rock has already disappeared. Organizations, such as the Trust for African Rock Art, are researching and recording as much information about Saharan rock art as possible, while raising awareness of threats to the art itself.

New discoveries and ongoing research of Sahara's rock art includes findings of ancient symbols, mysterious figures, and scenes depicting early African society's relationship with animals.
Bertel Haarder
Bertel Geismar Haarder (born 7 September 1944) is a Danish writer, teacher and politician, who was a member of the Folketing for the Venstre political party. He has served as minister several times, including Minister of Education from 1982 to 1993 and again in 2005 to 2010, and most recently as Minister for Culture and Ecclesiastical Affairs from 2015 to 2016 in the L. L. Rasmussen II Cabinet. He is a former member of European Parliament, serving from 1994 to 2001. He has also served as president of the Nordic Council on two occasions, first in 2011 and latest from 2020 to 2021.

Minister of Education (Denmark)
Minister of Education of Denmark (Danish: Undervisningsminister, pronounced [ˈɔnɐˌviˀsne̝ŋsmiˌnistɐ]), is a Danish minister office currently held by Mattias Tesfaye in the second cabinet of Mette Frederksen.

The office was created in 1916 when the post Kultus Minister was split up into the posts of Minister of Education and Minister for Ecclesiastical Affairs. Upon the accession of the first cabinet of Helle Thorning-Schmidt on 3 October 2011 the title was changed from Minister of Education to Minister of Children and Education and on 9 August 2013 the title was changed back to Minister of Education.
Short Range Certificate
The Short Range Certificate is an internationally valid certificate issued to marine radio station operators. It entitles the holder to participate in marine communications on leisure crafts using Marine VHF radio and DSC (Digital Selective Calling), while in the GMDSS A1 sea areas.

The certificate is consistent with the agreement of the Article S47 of the ITU Radio Regulations.

Digital selective calling
Digital selective calling (DSC) is a standard for transmitting predefined digital messages via the medium-frequency (MF), high-frequency (HF) and very-high-frequency (VHF) maritime radio systems. It is a core part of the Global Maritime Distress Safety System (GMDSS).
KTRW
KTRW (630 kHz) is a locally owned AM radio station licensed to Opportunity, Washington, and serving the Spokane metropolitan area.  It airs a Christian talk and teaching radio format for part of its day, with adult standards heard in several time slots by day and most of the night.  Though it uses the KTW call sign in its marketing, KTRW is not related to the original Seattle radio station KTW which was at 1250 kHz and is now called KKDZ.

KTRW's license is held by the Mutual Broadcasting System, LLC, owned by Thomas Read, along with KFIO and KSPO.  This Mutual Broadcasting System is unrelated to the defunct nationwide radio network of the same name; as part of the station's promotion, KTRW uses the name of another defunct network, the Liberty Broadcasting System.

KLSN (FM)
KLSN (106.5 MHz) is an FM radio station licensed to Dishman, Washington, and serving the Spokane metropolitan area.  It broadcasts a Contemporary Christian format. The station is currently owned by Educational Media Foundation. Before the K-Love format, it aired a Christian talk and teaching program affiliated with the American Christian Network.
Ermenonville Forest
The Ermenonville Forest (French: Forêt d'Ermenonville, pronounced [fɔʁɛ dɛʁmənɔ̃vil]) is a state-owned forest in Oise, France. With the Chantilly Forest and Forest of Halatte, it comprises the bulk of the Massif des Trois Forêts. The 3,319 hectares (12.81 sq mi) of the national forest itself is the core of a larger unit, made up of numerous privately owned forests including the Chaalis and Morrière woods, with a total area of 6,500 hectares (25 sq mi).: 2–3

On 3 March 1974, Turkish Airlines Flight 981 crashed in the forest and in the commune of Fontaine-Chaalis, killing all 346 people on board. A memorial to the victims of the flight stands in the forest.

Chantilly Forest
Chantilly Forest or Forest of Chantilly (Forêt de Chantilly) is a forest that spreads across 6,344 hectares (63.44 km2; 24.49 sq mi), located mainly in the Oise, 35 kilometres (22 mi) north of Paris.

49°10′30″N 2°30′45″E﻿ / ﻿49.175°N 2.5125°E﻿ / 49.175; 2.5125
Pratik Sharma
Lieutenant General Pratik Sharma, SYSM, PVSM, AVSM, SM is a serving general officer of the Indian Army. He is currently serving as the General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Northern Command. He previously served as the Deputy Chief of Army Staff (Strategy), prior to that he was Director General of Military Operations at IHQ of MoD (Army). He earlier served as the General Officer Commanding II corps.

Ati Vishisht Seva Medal
Ati Vishisht Seva Medal (AVSM, lit. 'Very Distinguished Service Medal') is a military award of India given to recognize "distinguished service of an exceptional order" to all ranks of the armed forces. The award is a peacetime equivalent of Uttam Yuddh Seva Medal, which is a Wartime Distinguished Service decoration.

The award can also be granted posthumously. Subsequent awards are represented by a bar worn on the ribbon. The awardee can use "AVSM" as post-nominal letters.
Mud ring feeding
Mud ring feeding (or mud plume fishing) is a cooperative feeding behavior seen in bottlenose dolphins on the lower Atlantic coast of Florida, United States, and guiana dolphins, on the Estuarine-Lagoon Complex of Cananéia, south São Paulo State, southeastern Brazil. Dolphins use this hunting technique to forage and trap fish. A single dolphin will swim in a circle around a group of fish, swiftly moving his tail along the sand to create a plume. This creates a temporary net around the fish and they become disoriented. The fish begin jumping above the surface, so the dolphins can lunge through the plume and catch the fish.

Bubble-net feeding
Bubble-net feeding is a feeding behavior engaged in by humpback whales and Bryde's whales. It is one of the few surface feeding behaviors that humpback whales are known to engage in. This type of feeding can be done alone or in groups with as many as twenty whales participating at once. Whales can also perform a similar method of surface feeding called "lunge feeding".

Humpback whales are migratory and only eat during half of the year. During this feeding season humpback whales actively feed for up to twenty-two hours a day. They do this so they can store enough fat reserves to live through their breeding season when they do not eat at all. Humpback whales typically spend summer months in feeding grounds with cooler waters that they return to every year. They have been documented feeding in areas such as Southeast Alaska and off the coast of Antarctica.
1982 World Amateur Snooker Championship
The 1982 World Amateur Snooker Championship was the tenth edition of the tournament also known as the IBSF World Snooker Championship. The 1982 tournament was played in Calgary, Canada from 6 to 19 September 1982. Terry Parsons defeated Jim Bear 11–8 in the final to win the title.

IBSF World Snooker Championship
The IBSF World Snooker Championship (also known as the World Amateur Snooker Championship) is the premier non-professional snooker tournament in the world. The event series is sanctioned by the International Billiards and Snooker Federation. A number of IBSF champions have gone on to successful careers in the professional ranks, notably Jimmy White (1980), James Wattana (1988), Ken Doherty (1989), Stuart Bingham (1996), Marco Fu (1997), Stephen Maguire (2000) and Mark Allen (2004). Both Doherty (in 1997) and Bingham (in 2015) have gone on to win the professional World Snooker Championship.
Guise
Guise (/ɡwiːz/ GWEEZ, French: [ɡɥiz]; Dutch: Wieze) is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France. The city was the birthplace of the noble family of Guise, Dukes of Guise, who later became Princes of Joinville.

House of Guise
The House of Guise (/ɡwiːz/ GWEEZ, French: [ɡ(ɥ)iz]; Dutch: Wieze; German: Wiese) was a prominent French noble family that was involved heavily in the French Wars of Religion. The House of Guise was the founding house of the Principality of Joinville.
Batu Lanchang
Batu Lanchang is a residential neighbourhood within the downtown core of George Town in the Malaysian state of Penang. It is sandwiched between Farlim to the west and Jelutong to the east.

Formerly an agricultural area, Batu Lanchang has turned into a suburban residential area, with a mix of high-rises and landed properties. Green Lane, in particular, has become an affluent neighbourhood, whilst also serving as a major thoroughfare through Batu Lanchang, linking the city centre with Gelugor.

Jelutong, Penang
Jelutong is a suburb of George Town in the Malaysian state of Penang. Located 3.2 km (2.0 mi) south of the city centre, Jelutong has been inhabited since as early as the late 18th century, when traders from Aceh and India settled around the area.

It was once notorious as a turf for gangsters and triads until the 1980s, when urbanisation transformed the area into a residential suburb of George Town.
Arthur Henry Reginald Buller
Arthur Henry Reginald Buller, FRSC, FRS (19 August 1874 – 3 July 1944) was a British-Canadian mycologist and academic. He is mainly known as a researcher of fungi, especially wheat rust.

He is also known for writing limericks.

Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada
Fellowship of the Royal Society of Canada (FRSC) is an award granted to individuals that the Royal Society of Canada judges to have "made remarkable contributions in the arts, the humanities and the sciences, as well as in Canadian public life". As of 2020, there are more than 2,000 living Canadian fellows, including scholars, artists, and scientists such as Margaret Atwood, Philip J. Currie, David Suzuki, Brenda Milner, and Demetri Terzopoulos. There are four types of fellowship:

Honorary fellows (a title of honour)

Regularly elected fellows

Specially elected fellows

Foreign fellows (neither residents nor citizens of Canada)