hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Aron Gurevich
Aron Yakovlevich Gurevich (also spelled Aaron Gurevich Russian: Аро́н Я́ковлевич Гуре́вич; May 12, 1924 – August 5, 2006) was a Russian medievalist historian, working on the European culture of the Middle Ages.

Gurevich's work was informed by Jacques Le Goff and Georges Duby, and he considered himself a member of their Annales School. He was also influenced by ideas of Mikhail Bakhtin, challenging some of them at the same time. Gurevich's work was considered anti-Marxist and met with hostility in the Soviet Union, but enjoyed support abroad among the Annales School, although he was not allowed to travel abroad before Perestroika. He won the 1988 International Nonino Prize in Italy.

Jacques Le Goff
Jacques Le Goff (French: [ʒak lə ɡɔf]; 1 January 1924 – 1 April 2014) was a French historian and prolific author specializing in the Middle Ages, particularly the 12th and 13th centuries.

Le Goff championed the Annales School movement, which emphasizes long-term trends over the topics of politics, diplomacy, and war that dominated 19th-century historical research. From 1972 to 1977, he was the head of the School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences (EHESS) in Paris. He was a leading figure of New History, related to cultural history. Le Goff argued that the Middle Ages formed a civilization of its own, distinct from both Classical Antiquity and the modern world.
Don Drummond (economist)
Don Drummond, OOnt is a noted Canadian economist, having served extensively in the federal Department of Finance Canada, as Chief Economist at Toronto-Dominion Bank and as a scholar at Queen's University.  He is known for his wide contributions to public policy in Canada and extensive citation on economic issues.

Order of Ontario
The Order of Ontario (French: Ordre de l'Ontario) is a civilian honour for merit in the Canadian province of Ontario. Instituted in 1986 by Lieutenant Governor Lincoln Alexander, on the advice of the Cabinet under Premier David Peterson, the civilian order is administered by the Lieutenant Governor-in-Council and is intended to honour current or former Ontario residents for conspicuous achievements in any field.
Canowindra
Situated on the Belubula River, Canowindra (pronounced /kəˈnaʊndrə/ kə-NOWN-drə) is a historic township and the largest population centre in Cabonne Shire. The town is located between Orange and Cowra in the central west of New South Wales, Australia. The curving main street, Gaskill Street, is partly an urban conservation area.

Orange, New South Wales
Orange is a city in the Central Tablelands region of New South Wales, Australia. It is 254 km (158 mi) west of the state capital, Sydney [206 km (128 mi) on a great circle], at an altitude of 862 metres (2,828 ft). Orange had an urban population of 41,920 at the 2021 Census, making the city a significant regional centre. A significant nearby landmark is Mount Canobolas with a peak elevation of 1,395 m (4,577 ft) AHD and commanding views of the district. Orange is situated within the traditional lands of the Wiradjuri tribe.

Orange was the birthplace of poets Banjo Paterson and Kenneth Slessor, although Paterson lived in Orange for only a short time as an infant. Walter W. Stone, book publisher (Wentworth Books) and passionate supporter of Australian literature, was also born in Orange. The first Australian Touring Car Championship, known today as the Supercars Championship, was held at the Gnoo Blas Motor Racing Circuit in 1960.
Distortion synthesis
Distortion synthesis is a group of sound synthesis techniques which modify existing sounds to produce more complex sounds (or timbres), usually by using non-linear circuits or mathematics.

While some synthesis methods achieve sonic complexity by using many oscillators, distortion methods create a frequency spectrum which has many more components than oscillators.

Some distortion techniques are: FM synthesis, waveshaping synthesis, and discrete summation formulas.

Frequency modulation synthesis
Frequency modulation synthesis (or FM synthesis) is a form of sound synthesis whereby the frequency of a waveform is changed by modulating its frequency with a modulator. The (instantaneous) frequency of an oscillator is altered in accordance with the amplitude of a modulating signal.

FM synthesis can create both harmonic and inharmonic sounds. To synthesize harmonic sounds, the modulating signal must have a harmonic relationship to the original carrier signal. As the amount of frequency modulation increases, the sound grows progressively complex. Through the use of modulators with frequencies that are non-integer multiples of the carrier signal (i.e. inharmonic), inharmonic bell-like and percussive spectra can be created.

FM synthesis using analog oscillators may result in pitch instability. However, FM synthesis can also be implemented digitally, which is more stable and became standard practice.
40th World Science Fiction Convention
The 40th World Science Fiction Convention (Worldcon), also known as Chicon IV, was held on 2–6 September 1982 at the Hyatt Regency Chicago in Chicago, Illinois, United States.

The chairmen were Ross Pavlac and Larry Propp; Larry Smith and Bob Hillis were vice-chairmen.

Worldcon
The World Science Fiction Convention, branded as Worldcon, is a science fiction convention and the annual convention of the World Science Fiction Society (WSFS). It has been held each year since 1939 (except for the years 1942 to 1945, during World War II). The members of each Worldcon are the members of WSFS, and vote both to select the site of the Worldcon two years later, and to select the winners of the annual Hugo Awards, which are presented at each convention.
2025 Belgorod Oblast legislative election
The 2025 Belgorod Oblast Duma election took place on 12–14 September 2025, on common election day. All 50 seats in the Oblast Duma were up for re-election.

United Russia increased its already overwhelming majority in the Oblast Duma, winning 73% of the vote and all 25 single-mandate constituencies. Liberal Democratic Party of Russia slightly increased its vote share and doubled its faction (from one to two). Communist Party of the Russian Federation suffered heavy losses and lost two deputies, while Russian Party of Pensioners for Social Justice failed to cross the threshold and lost its faction.

2025 Russian elections
The 2025 Russian elections were held in Russia, in large part, on 14 September 2025, with several regions. There were 21 gubernatorial elections (20 direct and one indirectly elected), 11 regional parliamentary elections, and many elections on the municipal level.

In several regions, REV — Remote Electronic Voting was used via the federal platform vybory.gov.ru. To take part, voters were required to apply in advance through the Gosuslugi portal, within the official application window; online voting ran on the same dates, 12–14 September 2025. Paper voting remained available in parallel, and participation in REV was voluntary and limited to regions connected to the system
Keizersdijk
Keizersdijk is a hamlet  in the Dutch province of South Holland and is part of the municipality of Hoeksche Waard. It lies northwest of Strijen.

Keizersdijk is not a statistical entity, and considered part of Strijen. It has no place name signs, and consists of about 40 houses.

Strijen
Strijen (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈstrɛiə(n)] ⓘ) is a town and former municipality in the western Netherlands, in the province of South Holland. The municipality, covering an area of 57.70 km2 (22.28 sq mi) of which 6.85 km2 (2.64 sq mi) is water, is located on the Hoeksche Waard island along the Hollands Diep estuary. On 1 January 2019 it was merged with the municipalities of Binnenmaas, Cromstrijen, Korendijk, and Oud-Beijerland to form the municipality of Hoeksche Waard.

Strijen hosts a public library, swimming pool, a small shopping centre and a local museum.

Furthermore, Strijen is home to an important and welcome resting stop for migrating birds, especially geese. During winter, the endangered Eurasian spoonbill uses this area as a foraging ground.

The municipality of Strijen also included the population centres of Cillaarshoek, De Klem, Mookhoek, Oudendijk, and Strijensas.
Stud Park Shopping Centre
Stud Park Shopping Centre is a sub-regional shopping centre located in the suburb of Rowville, in the outer eastern suburbs of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Situated approximately 27 kilometres (17 mi) south-east of the Melbourne CBD, it is the largest commercial hub in the City of Knox's southern corridor.

The centre serves a primary trade area of nearly 30,000 residents and records an annual footfall exceeding 6.8 million movements. It is designated as a "Major Activity Centre" (MAC) within the municipal planning scheme.

Stud Park is locally notable for its role in state infrastructure planning, having been designated for decades as the proposed terminus for the unbuilt Rowville railway line. Consequently, the centre functions as a major bus interchange for the region.

City of Knox
The City of Knox is a local government area in Victoria, Australia in the eastern suburbs of Melbourne. It is headquartered in the suburb of Wantirna South. It has an area of 114 square kilometres (44.0 sq mi) and recorded a population of 159,103 at the 2021 census.  This municipality is one of only a handful that survived the widespread municipal amalgamations that occurred in Victoria in the early 1990s.
El Trienio Adeco
El Trienio Adeco (from the initials of the Democratic Action (Spanish: Acción Democratica, an adjective also used for its members or supporters) was a three-year period in Venezuelan history, from 1945 to 1948, under the governments of Rómulo Betancourt and Rómulo Gallegos. The party gained office via the 1945 Venezuelan coup d'état against President Isaías Medina Angarita, and held the first democratic elections in Venezuelan history, beginning with the 1946 Venezuelan Constituent Assembly election. The 1947 Venezuelan general election saw Democratic Action formally elected to office, but it was removed from office shortly after in the 1948 Venezuelan coup d'état.

1947 Venezuelan general election
General elections were held in Venezuela on 14 December 1947. They resulted in a decisive victory for Democratic Action (AD). The party's presidential candidate, Rómulo Gallegos received 74.3% of the vote, still the largest presidential win in Venezuela's modern history. AD also won supermajorities in both houses of Congress, with 83 of the 110 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 38 of the 46 seats in the Senate.

These were the first national elections held in Venezuela since the 1945 coup. They were also the first free regular elections since independence in 1830, as well as the first direct elections for president. In previous elections, the Congress of Venezuela had decided and voted on who would assume the presidency.
Mynydd-y-glog
Mynydd-y-glog is a hill just east of the village of Penderyn in the northern corner of the county borough of Rhondda Cynon Taff in south Wales.  It lies within the Brecon Beacons National Park and Fforest Fawr Geopark.  Its summit plateau rises to a height of 389m / 1277 ft at OS grid ref SN 982088, a spot marked by a trig point. To its north lies the partly dry valley of Pant Sychbant which forms the eastern extension of Cwm Cadlan. Its southern slopes are drained by various streams which feed into the Afon Cynon.

Penderyn, Rhondda Cynon Taf
Penderyn (Welsh pronunciation: [pɛndˈɛrɪn]) is a rural village in the Cynon Valley, Rhondda Cynon Taf, Wales, located near Hirwaun. The name is a combination of two Welsh words: pen, which means "head" or "end", and deryn, a contracted form of aderyn, "bird".
RK Gorenje Velenje
Rokometni klub Gorenje Velenje (English: Gorenje Velenje Handball Club), commonly referred to as RK Gorenje Velenje, is a Slovenian handball club from Velenje that competes in the Slovenian First League, the top tier of Slovenian handball. They play their games at the Red Hall (Slovene: Rdeča dvorana). The club has won five Slovenian Championships and three Slovenian cup titles. Gorenje also participated in the EHF competitions for many seasons, including the EHF Cup, the EHF Cup Winners' Cup, and the EHF Champions League. Together with Celje, they are the only club that have participated in every season of the Slovenian First League since its formation in 1991.

The club was known as RK Šoštanj and ŠRK Velenje in the past.

RK Celje
Rokometni klub Celje (English: Celje Handball Club) or simply RK Celje, currently named Celje Pivovarna Laško (English: Celje Laško Brewery) due to sponsorship reasons, is a professional handball club from Celje, Slovenia. They were the winners of the Champions League in the 2003–04 season, becoming European club champions by defeating German side SG Flensburg-Handewitt in the final. Celje play their home games at Zlatorog Arena with a capacity for 5,191 spectators.
Bombardier M5000
The Bombardier M5000 is a model of high-floor passenger light rail vehicles. It is part of the Flexity Swift range of vehicles, built specifically as a high-floor, articulated bi-directional tram to operate solely on the Manchester Metrolink system in England. The Metrolink system is the only tram network in the United Kingdom capable of running services made up of numerous tram sets, and consequently, the M5000s can operate as either a single vehicle or coupled together to form a "double" unit.

A total of 147 trams were ordered between 2007 and 2018, with the first M5000 entering service on 16 December 2009. Following the withdrawal of the last T-68 and T-68A trams in May 2014, the M5000s have operated all Metrolink services.

Flexity Swift
The Flexity Swift is a series of urban and inter-urban tram, light rail, and light metro vehicles manufactured by Bombardier Transportation. It is part of the Flexity family of rail vehicles, and like the others, Flexity Swift vehicles can be customized to suit the needs and requirements of customers, including legacy designs from its acquisition of Adtranz. As of 2015, over 1,000 Flexity Swift light rail vehicles have been ordered.
Eliot Vassamillet
Eliot Vassamillet (born 29 December 2000) is a Belgian singer who represented Belgium at the Eurovision Song Contest 2019 in Tel Aviv, Israel and failed to qualify for the grand final. He was selected internally with the song "Wake Up" written by Pierre Dumoulin, who previously wrote "City Lights" for singer Blanche, which placed 4th in Eurovision Song Contest 2017, and Vassamillet himself.

In 2018, he appeared on season 7 of The Voice Belgique, being coached by Slimane Nebchi.

Slimane (singer)
Slimane Nebchi (French pronunciation: [sliman nɛbʃi]; born 13 October 1989), also known professionally by the mononym Slimane, is a French singer-songwriter. He rose to prominence after winning season 5 of The Voice: la plus belle voix as part of Team Florent Pagny.

As part of his solo career he has achieved over twenty-five chart entries on the French Singles Chart, including a number-one single as a featured artist with the song "Bella ciao". Nebchi has released four studio albums during his career with three of them peaking at number-one on the French Albums Charts. He represented France in the Eurovision Song Contest 2024 with the song "Mon amour", finishing in fourth place.
Alawite revolt of 1919
The Alawite revolt (also called the Shaykh Saleh al-Ali Revolt) was a rebellion, led by Shaykh Saleh al-Ali against the French authorities of the Occupied Enemy Territory Administration and later as part of the Franco-Syrian War against the newly established French Mandate of Syria, primarily in the coastal Jabal Ansariyah mountain range. The revolt was one of the first acts of armed resistance against the French forces in Syria, and its leader, Shaykh Saleh, declared his allegiance to the provisional Arab government in Damascus. He coordinated with the leaders of other anti-French revolts in the country, including the revolt of Ibrahim Hananu in the Aleppo countryside and Subhi Barakat's revolt in Antioch.

Arab Kingdom of Syria
The Syrian Arab Kingdom (Arabic: المملكة العربية السورية, al-Mamlakah al-ʿArabiyya al-Sūriya) was an unrecognized monarchy existing briefly in the territory of historical Syria. It was announced on 5 October 1918 as a fully independent Arab constitutional government with the permission of the British Empire. It gained independence as an emirate after the withdrawal of British forces from OETA East on 26 November 1919, and was proclaimed a kingdom on 8 March 1920.

As a kingdom, the state existed for a little over four months, from 8 March to 25 July 1920. During its brief existence, the kingdom was led by Faisal bin Hussein, son of Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca. Despite its claims over the region of Syria, Faisal's government controlled a limited area and was dependent on Britain, which, along with France, generally opposed the idea of a Greater Syria and refused to recognize the kingdom. After a four-month-long war, the kingdom surrendered to French forces on 25 July 1920.
Shiur
A shi'ur (/ˈʃiːər/, Hebrew: שיעור [ʃiˈʔuʁ], lit. 'amount'; pl. shi'urim, שיעורים [ʃiʔuˈʁim]) is a lecture given any Torah-related topic of study, such as Gemara, Mishnah, Halakha (Jewish law), or Tanakh (Hebrew Bible), usually given in a yeshiva, though commonly in other Jewish communal settings.

Torah study
Torah study is the study of the Torah, Hebrew Bible, Talmud, responsa, rabbinic literature, and similar works, all of which are Judaism's religious texts. According to Rabbinic Judaism, the study is done for the purpose of the mitzvah ("commandment") of Torah study itself.

This practice is present to an extent in all religious branches of Judaism, and is considered of paramount importance among religious Jews. Torah study has evolved over the generations, as lifestyles changed and also as new texts were written.
Song Dae-nam
Song Dae-Nam (Korean: 송대남; Korean pronunciation: [soŋ.dɛ̝.nam]; born 5 April 1979 in Yongin, Gyeonggi Province) is a former South Korean judoka.

Song rose to prominence when he won the gold medal in the middleweight division at the 2012 Olympics. He was then nominated as the flagbearer for Korea in the closing ceremony. He is best known as the head coach of the South Korea Men's National Team, having produced two world champions in his first year as head coach.

Song moved up a weight class from half-middleweight to middleweight in 2012 after constant defeats to teammate Kim Jae-bum and inability to qualify for the Olympics in 2008.

Kim Jae-bum
Kim Jae-bum (김재범) (Korean pronunciation: [kim.dʑɛ̝.bʌm]; born 25 January 1985, in Gimcheon, Gyeongsangbuk-do) is a retired South Korean judoka. Despite being plagued with injuries throughout his career, Kim is known for dominating major competitions at the half-middleweight category (81 kg)—particularly between his Olympic debut in 2008 and his 2012 Olympic finals rematch against Ole Bischof.

Kim has had several nicknames, including "Man of One Arm Wins" for his successes through injury, "Korean Tiger" for his aggressive play and iconic status in South Korean judo, and "Energizer Bunny" for his quick and relentless style of judo.

He was granted exemption from South Korea's mandatory military service in 2010, following his gold medal victory at the Guangzhou Asian Games.
Grigorios Spandidakis
Grigorios Spandidakis (Greek: Γρηγόριος Σπαντιδάκης, 1909–1996) was a Hellenic Army officer who rose to the rank of Lieutenant General and the post of Chief of the Hellenic Army General Staff in 1965–1967. From this position, he was instrumental in the military preparations that resulted in the coup d'état of 21 April 1967 and the establishment of the Regime of the Colonels. He served as Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for National Defence in the first government of the new regime, but was dismissed after supporting the failed counter-coup attempt launched by King Constantine II on 13 December 1967. After the fall of the regime, he was tried and convicted to life imprisonment for his role in it. He secured an early release on health grounds and died in 1996.

Minister for National Defence (Greece)
The Minister for National Defence of Greece (Greek: Υπουργός Εθνικής Άμυνας, romanized: Ypourgós Ethnikī́s Ámynas) is a government minister responsible for the running of the Ministry of National Defence. The current minister is Nikos Dendias in the Second Cabinet of Kyriakos Mitsotakis.
Nappe
In geology, a nappe or thrust sheet is a large sheetlike body of rock that has been moved more than 2 km (1.2 mi) or 5 km (3.1 mi) above a thrust fault from its original position. Nappes form in compressional tectonic settings like continental collision zones or on the overriding plate in active subduction zones. Nappes form when a mass of rock is forced (or "thrust") over another rock mass, typically on a low angle fault plane. The resulting structure may include large-scale recumbent folds, shearing along the fault plane, imbricate thrust stacks, fensters and klippes.

The term stems from the French word for tablecloth in allusion to a rumpled tablecloth being pushed across a table.

Thrust tectonics
Thrust tectonics or contractional tectonics is concerned with the structures formed by, and the tectonic processes associated with, the shortening and thickening of the crust or lithosphere. It is one of the three main types of tectonic regime, the others being extensional tectonics and strike-slip tectonics. These match the three types of plate boundary, convergent (thrust), divergent (extensional) and transform (strike-slip). There are two main types of thrust tectonics, thin-skinned and thick-skinned, depending on whether or not basement rocks are involved in the deformation. The principle geological environments where thrust tectonics is observed are zones of continental collision, restraining bends on strike-slip faults and as part of detached fault systems on some passive margins.
Pennsylvania Route 654
Pennsylvania Route 654  (designated by the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation as PA 654)  is an 11.7-mile-long (18.8 km) state highway located in Lycoming County in Pennsylvania. It is known as West Southern Avenue and Riverside Drive in South Williamsport and Riverside Drive and Euclid Avenue in Duboistown.  The western terminus is at PA 44 in Limestone Township.  The eastern terminus is at U.S. Route 15 (US 15) in South Williamsport.

U.S. Route 15 in Pennsylvania
U.S. Route 15 (US 15) is United States Numbered Highway that runs from Walterboro, South Carolina, north to Painted Post, New York. In Pennsylvania, the highway runs for 194.89 miles (313.65 km), from the Maryland state line just south of Gettysburg, north to the New York state line near Lawrenceville.
Weird machine
In computer security, a weird machine is a computational artifact where additional code execution can happen outside the original specification of the program. It is closely related to the concept of weird instructions, which are the building blocks of an exploit based on crafted input data.

The concept of weird machine is a theoretical framework to understand the existence of exploits for security vulnerabilities. Exploits exist empirically, but were not studied from a theoretical perspective prior to the emergence of the framework of weird machines.

Exploit (computer security)
An exploit is a method or piece of code that takes advantage of vulnerabilities in software, applications, networks, operating systems, or hardware, typically for malicious purposes.
The term "exploit" derives from the English verb "to exploit," meaning "to use something to one’s own advantage."
Exploits are designed to identify flaws, bypass security measures, gain unauthorized access to systems, take control of systems, install malware, or steal sensitive data.
While an exploit by itself may not be a malware, it serves as a vehicle for delivering malicious software by breaching security controls.

Researchers estimate that malicious exploits cost the global economy over US$450 billion annually.
In response to this threat, organizations are increasingly utilizing cyber threat intelligence to identify vulnerabilities and prevent hacks before they occur.