hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Giry monad
In mathematics, the Giry monad is a construction that assigns to a measurable space a space of probability measures over it, equipped with a canonical sigma-algebra. It is one of the main examples of a probability monad.

It is implicitly used in probability theory whenever one considers probability measures which depend measurably on a parameter (giving rise to Markov kernels), or when one has probability measures over probability measures (such as in de Finetti's theorem).

Like many iterable constructions, it has the category-theoretic structure of a monad, on the category of measurable spaces.

Category of measurable spaces
In mathematics, the category of measurable spaces, often denoted Meas, is the category whose objects are measurable spaces and whose morphisms are measurable maps.
This is a category because the composition of two measurable maps is again measurable, and the identity function is measurable.

N.B. Some authors reserve the name Meas for categories whose objects are measure spaces, and denote the category of measurable spaces as Mble, or other notations. Some authors also restrict the category only to particular well-behaved measurable spaces, such as standard Borel spaces.
John Jones (harpist)
John Jones (1825 – 3 November 1887) colloquially known under his poetic name of Idris Fychan was a Welsh harpist, shoemaker, poet and writer, considered one of the most popular local musical figures of his time. He was a close friend of fellow poet John Ceiriog Hughes.

John Ceiriog Hughes
John Ceiriog Hughes (25 September 1832 – 23 April 1887) was a Welsh poet and collector of Welsh folk tunes, sometimes termed a Robert Burns of Wales. He was born at Penybryn Farm, overlooking the village of Llanarmon Dyffryn Ceiriog in the Ceiriog Valley of north-east Wales, then in Denbighshire, now part of Wrexham County Borough. One of eight children, he was a favourite of his mother, Phoebe, a midwife and herbal-medicine expert.
Congress Lands East of Scioto River
The Congress Lands East of Scioto River was a land tract in southern Ohio that was established by the Congress late in the 18th century. It is located south of the United States Military District and Refugee Tract, west of the Old Seven Ranges, east of the Virginia Military District and north of the Ohio River, French Grant, and the Ohio Company of Associates.

Refugee Tract
The Refugee Tract is an area of land in Ohio, United States granted to people from British Canada who left home before July 4, 1776, stayed in the US until November 25, 1783, continuously, and aided the cause of the American Revolutionary War.
Randall Road
Randall Road is a major north-south stroad and county highway in McHenry and Kane County, Illinois. The road is named after Norman Randall, a prominent area landowner in the 1930s. It serves as the western extent of the Fox Valley suburbs in the Chicago metropolitan area. Its southern terminus is in Aurora, Illinois, at Marseillaise Place. Its northern terminus is at a full four-way intersection at McHenry Avenue and James R. Rakow Road in Crystal Lake, Illinois.  The road is 31.4 mi (50.5 km) in length.

Crystal Lake, Illinois
Crystal Lake is a city in McHenry County, Illinois, United States. Named after a lake 1.6 miles (2.6 km) southwest of the city's downtown, Crystal Lake is 45 miles (72 km) northwest of Chicago. The population was 40,269 as of the 2020 census. Crystal Lake is the most populous city in McHenry County, part of the Chicago metropolitan area.
Nguyễn Sinh Hùng
Nguyễn Sinh Hùng (Vietnamese pronunciation: [ŋwiən˦ˀ˥ sïŋ˧˧ hʊwŋ͡m˨˩]; born 18 January 1946) is a Vietnamese politician who served as Chairman of the National Assembly of Vietnam from 2011 to 2016. Nguyễn Sinh Hùng was previously one of the country's four "key leaders" (lãnh đạo chủ chốt), along with Party General Secretary Nguyễn Phú Trọng, President Trương Tấn Sang and Prime Minister Nguyễn Tấn Dũng, during the 11th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam . He graduated from the University of National and World Economy in Bulgaria.

Nguyễn Tấn Dũng
Nguyễn Tấn Dũng (Vietnamese: [ŋwǐənˀ tʌ̌n zǔŋˀ]; born 17 November 1949) is a Vietnamese politician who served as the Prime Minister of Vietnam from 2006 to 2016. He was confirmed by the National Assembly on 27 June 2006, having been nominated by his predecessor, Phan Văn Khải, who retired from office. At a party congress held in January 2011, Nguyễn Tấn Dũng was ranked 3rd in the hierarchy of the Communist Party of Vietnam, after President Trương Tấn Sang. Following the 12th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Nguyễn Tấn Dũng was not able to maintain his post in the party and stepped down from his position as Prime Minister on 7 April 2016.
Jackson's inequality
In approximation theory, Jackson's inequality  is an inequality bounding the value of function's best approximation by algebraic or trigonometric polynomials in terms of the modulus of continuity or modulus of smoothness of the function or of its derivatives. Informally speaking, the smoother the function is, the better it can be approximated by polynomials.

Trigonometric polynomial
In the mathematical subfields of numerical analysis and mathematical analysis, a trigonometric polynomial is a finite linear combination of functions sin(nx) and cos(nx) with n taking on the values of one or more natural numbers. The coefficients may be taken as real numbers, for real-valued functions. For complex coefficients, there is no difference between such a function and a finite Fourier series.

Trigonometric polynomials are widely used, for example in trigonometric interpolation applied to the  interpolation of periodic functions. They are used also in the discrete Fourier transform.

The term trigonometric polynomial for the real-valued case can be seen as using the analogy: the functions sin(nx) and cos(nx) are similar to the monomial basis for polynomials. In the complex case the trigonometric polynomials are spanned by the positive and negative powers of , i.e., Laurent polynomials in  under the change of variables .
Yada Yoshikiyo
Minamoto no Yoshikiyo (源 義清, 1154 – 17 November 1183) was a Japanese samurai military commander, feudal lord, and courtier in the late Heian period of Japan's history. He took part in the Genpei War as a general for Minamoto no Yoshinaka, leading Yoshinaka's army against the Taira clan at the Battle of Mizushima where he was defeated and perished.  His descendants would go on to form the Hosokawa clan and gain influence and power during the Ashikaga Shogunate and the subsequent Sengoku and Edo Periods as Daimyo.

Minamoto no Yoshinaka
Minamoto no Yoshinaka (源 義仲; Japanese pronunciation: [mʲi.na.mo.to no (|) jo.ɕiꜜ.na.ka], 1154 – February 21, 1184), also known as Kiso Yoshinaka (木曾 義仲), was a Japanese samurai lord mentioned in the epic poem The Tale of the Heike. A member of the Minamoto clan, he was a cousin and later rival of shogun Minamoto no Yoritomo during the Genpei War between the Minamoto and the Taira clans in the late Heian period.
Montgomery Ward Building (Pueblo, Colorado)
The Montgomery Ward Building is a historic department store building in downtown Pueblo, Colorado.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.  Currently used as an office building, it houses the American Bank of Commerce, the Colorado Lottery, and the Pueblo Work Force Center.  Previously it was occupied by QualMed as its headquarters.

It was built in 1936.  It is a two-story 72 by 127 feet (22 m × 39 m) building.  The building was deemed notable "as an intact example of the Montgomery Ward Company's standard Georgian Revival corporate style used for its department stores from 1933 to 1948";  it is the only example of the Montgomery Ward Georgian Revival style in the state.

Montgomery Ward
Montgomery Ward is the name of two U.S. retail corporations. The original Montgomery Ward & Co. was a mail-order business and later a department store chain that operated between 1872 and 2001; its common nickname was "Monkey Wards". The current Montgomery Ward Inc. is an online shopping and mail-order catalog retailer that started three years after the original Montgomery Ward went out of business.
Midajah
Melinda Midajah Flores (née McCullum; born March 23, 1970) is an American personal trainer, fitness model, beautician, former professional wrestling manager and actress, better known by her ring name, Midajah. She is best known for her appearances with World Championship Wrestling from 1999 to 2001.

Manager (professional wrestling)
In professional wrestling, a manager is a supporting character paired with a wrestler (or wrestlers) for a variety of reasons. A woman accompanying, or "seconding", a male wrestler to a match is sometimes referred to as a valet.

Performers who assume this role may be non-wrestlers, occasional wrestlers, older wrestlers who have retired or are nearing retirement, the tag team partner of the wrestler they are managing, or new wrestlers who are breaking into the business (or a specific company) and need experience in front of the crowds. The wrestler who is paired with a manager may be referred to as their charge, client, or ward. A professional wrestling manager's portrayal as a wrestler's decision-maker is usually fictional and has nothing to do with a wrestler or promotion's real-world counterpart or road agent.
Notoryctidae
Notoryctidae (/noʊtəˈrɪktɪdiː/; from Ancient Greek νότος (nótos), meaning "south", and ὀρυκτήρ (oruktḗs), meaning "digger") are a family of marsupials comprising the marsupial moles and their fossil relatives. It is the only family in the order Notoryctemorphia.

Marsupial mole
Marsupial moles, from the genus Notoryctes (/noʊtəˈrɪktəz/; from Ancient Greek νότος (nótos), meaning "south", and ὀρυκτήρ (oruktḗs), meaning "digger") are two species of highly specialized marsupial mammals that are found in the Australian interior. 
They are small burrowing marsupials that anatomically converge on fossorial placental mammals, such as extant golden moles (Chrysochloridae) and extinct epoicotheres. The species are:

Notoryctes typhlops (southern marsupial mole, known as the itjaritjari by the Pitjantjatjara and Yankunytjatjara people in Central Australia)

Notoryctes caurinus (northern marsupial mole, also known as the kakarratul)
Belarusians in Lithuania
The Belarusian minority in Lithuania (Belarusian: Беларусы Літвы; Lithuanian: Lietuvos baltarusiai) is one of the ethnic minorities in Lithuania.

The community is historically divided into two distinct groups: the so-called locals inhabiting the Vilnius and Šalčininkai districts, and the modern diaspora formed by migration during the Soviet era and the recent wave of political and economic emigrants following the 2020–2021 Belarusian protests.

According to the 2021 census, there were 28,183 ethnic Belarusians in Lithuania (1.0% of the population), making them the third-largest ethnic group after Lithuanians and Poles. However, the number of Belarusian citizens residing in the country surged after 2020, reaching over 62,000 in 2024 before declining to approximately 53,700 by April 2025.

Tutejszy
Tutejszy was a self-identification of Eastern European rural populations, who did not have a clear national identity. The term means "from here", "local" or "natives". Linguistically, the term is closely associated with speakers of the so-called prostaya mova ('simple speech'), an uncodified vernacular based on Belarusian dialects with influences from Polish, Russian, and Lithuanian.

This phenomenon was mostly present in mixed-lingual Eastern European areas, including Belarus, Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, and Latvia, in particular, in Polesia and Podlachia. As a self-identification, it persisted in Lithuania’s Vilnius Region into the late 20th century. For example, in 1989, a poll of persons whose passports recorded their ethnicity as Polish revealed that 4% of them regarded themselves as tuteišiai, 10% as Lithuanians, and 84% as Poles.
Yarra Bank Highway
Yarra Bank Highway is a short urban highway in central Melbourne, Australia. It runs parallel to the Yarra River and provides an important alternate route to CityLink's Domain and Burnley Tunnels, used by trucks carrying hazardous loads prohibited from the tunnels, and provides another route when the tunnels are closed for maintenance. Prior to the construction of CityLink, the highway provided the main link between the Monash and West Gate Freeways. This name covers many consecutive streets and is not widely known to most drivers, as the entire allocation is still best known as by the names of its constituent parts: Power Street, City Road, Alexandra Parade and Olympic Boulevard.

Monash Freeway
The Monash Freeway is a major urban freeway in Victoria, Australia, linking Melbourne's CBD to its south-eastern suburbs and beyond to the Gippsland region. It carries up to 180,000 vehicles per day and is one of Australia's busiest freeways. The entire stretch of the Monash Freeway bears the designation M1.

The freeway is named in honour of General Sir John Monash, an esteemed Australian military commander for the Allies during World War I.
Lucile Aycock McKee
Lucile Best Aycock McKee (March 30, 1919 – November 24, 2013) was an American socialite who served as the sixth president of the Junior League of Raleigh, North Carolina from 1954 to 1955. She was the granddaughter of Governor Charles Brantley Aycock.

Charles Brantley Aycock
Charles Brantley Aycock (November 1, 1859 – April 4, 1912) was the 50th governor of the U.S. state of North Carolina from 1901 to 1905. After starting his career as a lawyer and teacher, he became active in the Democratic Party during the Solid South period, and made his reputation as a prominent segregationist as the lead perpetrator of the Wilmington massacre.

He became known as the "Education Governor" for advocating improvements to North Carolina's public school systems. After he left office, he traveled the country promoting educational causes.
Arnoldo Rueda Medina
Arnoldo Rueda Medina (born 15 December 1969) is a former Mexican drug lord and high-ranking leader of La Familia Michoacana, a drug trafficking organization which is based in Michoacán, Mexico.

Rueda Medina was allegedly in charge of operations under La Familia leaders Nazario Moreno González and José de Jesús Méndez Vargas, who are both on Mexico's most-wanted list of drug suspects.

José de Jesús Méndez Vargas
José de Jesús Méndez Vargas (born 28 February 1974), commonly referred to by his alias El Chango ("The Ape"),  is a Mexican drug lord and former leader of the now disbanded La Familia drug cartel, headquartered in the state of Michoacán.

Méndez took control of the cartel after its former leader, Nazario Moreno, was allegedly killed in a shootout with Mexican Federal Police on December 9, 2010. His protection was the responsibility of twelve gunmen he called the "Twelve Apostles". His leadership, however, was disputed by Servando Gómez Martínez and Enrique Plancarte Solís who left the organization and formed the Knights Templar. He was arrested on June 21, 2011. He was eventually extradited to the United States on February 27, 2025.
Ceoptera
Ceoptera (meaning "mist wing") is an extinct genus of darwinopteran pterosaur from the Middle Jurassic Kilmaluag Formation of Scotland. The genus contains a single species, C. evansae, known from a partial skeleton discovered in 2006 and named in 2024. It is the only pterosaur from the Kilmaluag Formation and the second pterosaur named from Scotland, after Dearc in 2022. As one of the only pterosaur skeletons known from the Middle Jurassic, its discovery contributed to understanding the early diversification of the group. Belonging to the group Darwinoptera, a group intermediate between early rhamphorhynchoid and later pterodactyloid pterosaurs, it would have been a small animal with a large head and long tail. It is distinguished from all other pterosaurs by two traits; the large size of a wavy flange on its coracoid and a prominent depression on the back extension of the ilium. It would have lived in a low-salinity lagoon ecosystem with wet and dry seasons.

Monofenestrata
Monofenestrata is a clade of pterosaurs. It includes the pterosaurs in which the nasal and antorbital fenestra (openings/holes) in the skull are merged into a single fenestra. The clade includes the pterodactyloids and their close relatives.
Lombard cuisine
Lombard cuisine consists of the cooking traditions and practices of the Italian region of Lombardy. The historical events of its provinces and of the diversity of its territories resulted in a varied culinary tradition. First courses in Lombard cuisine range from risottos to soups and stuffed pasta (in broth or not), and a large choice of second-course meat or fish dishes, due to the many lakes and rivers of Lombardy.

The cuisine of the various Lombardy provinces have the following traits in common: prevalence of rice and stuffed pasta over dry pasta, both butter and olive oil for cooking, dishes cooked for a long time, as well as the widespread use of pork, milk and dairy products, and egg-based preparations, as well as the consumption of polenta, common to the whole of northern Italy.

Risotto
Risotto (/rɪˈzɒtoʊ/ riz-OT-oh, Italian: [riˈzɔtto, -ˈsɔt-]; from riso, 'rice') is an Italian rice dish cooked with broth until it reaches a creamy consistency. The broth can be derived from meat, fish or vegetables. Many types of risotto contain butter, onion, white wine, and Parmesan cheese. It is one of the most common ways of cooking rice in Italy. Saffron was originally used for flavour and its signature yellow colour.

Risotto in Italy is usually a first course (primo), served before a second course (secondo), but risotto alla milanese is often served with ossobuco alla milanese as a one-course meal.
November 2014 Bering Sea cyclone
The November 2014 Bering Sea cyclone (also referred to as Post-Tropical Cyclone Nuri by the U.S. government) was the most intense extratropical cyclone (also a bomb cyclone) ever recorded in the Bering Sea, which formed from a new storm developing out of the low-level circulation that separated from Typhoon Nuri, which soon absorbed the latter.  The cyclone brought gale-force winds to the western Aleutian Islands and produced even higher gusts in other locations, including a 97 miles per hour (156 km/h) gust in Shemya, Alaska. The storm coincidentally occurred three years after another historic extratropical cyclone impacted an area slightly further to the east.

Explosive cyclogenesis
Explosive cyclogenesis (also referred to as a weather bomb, meteorological bomb, explosive development, bomb cyclone, or bombogenesis) is the rapid deepening of an extratropical cyclonic low-pressure area. The change in pressure needed to classify something as explosive cyclogenesis is latitude dependent. For example, at 60° latitude, explosive cyclogenesis occurs if the central pressure decreases by 24 millibars (0.71 inHg) or more in 24 hours. This is a predominantly maritime, winter event, but also occurs in continental settings. This process is the extratropical equivalent of the tropical rapid deepening. Although their cyclogenesis is entirely different from that of tropical cyclones, bomb cyclones can produce winds of 74 to 95 mph (120 to 155 km/h), the same order as the first categories of the Saffir–Simpson scale, and yield heavy precipitation. Even though only a minority of bomb cyclones become this strong, some weaker ones can also cause significant damage.
Bianca Nera
Bianca Nera (foaled 11 April 1994) was a British Thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare. She showed her best form as a two-year-old in 1996 when she won the first three of her four races including the Lowther Stakes and the Moyglare Stud Stakes. She was retired from racing after two disappointing runs in the spring of 1997. As a broodmare she produced several minor winners including the dam of the multiple Group 1 winner Postponed.

Postponed
Postponed (foaled 4 April 2011) is an Irish-bred, British-trained retired  Thoroughbred racehorse and breeding stallion. He won one minor race as a two-year-old before establishing himself as a useful middle-distance performer in the following year with wins in the Glasgow Stakes and the Great Voltigeur Stakes. In July 2015, he recorded his biggest victory in the King George VI & Queen Elizabeth Stakes at Ascot Racecourse and followed up with a success in the Prix Foy. After a change of trainer he returned in 2016 to win the Dubai City of Gold, Dubai Sheema Classic, Coronation Cup and International Stakes. He was retired from racing in May 2017 having won 9 of his 20 races and earned nearly £5,000,000 in win and place prize money.
Mesosaurus
Mesosaurus (meaning "middle lizard") is an extinct genus of reptile from the Early Permian of southern Africa and South America. Along with it, the genera Brazilosaurus and Stereosternum, it is a member of the family Mesosauridae and the order Mesosauria. Mesosaurus was long thought to have been one of the first marine reptiles, although new data suggests that at least those of Uruguay inhabited a hypersaline water body, rather than a typical marine environment. In any case, it had many adaptations to a fully aquatic lifestyle. It is usually considered to have been anapsid, although Friedrich von Huene considered it to be a synapsid. Recent study of Mesosauridae phylogeny places the group as either the basal most clade within Parareptilia or the basal most clade within Sauropsida (with the latter being the less supported position) despite the skull of Mesosaurus possessing the "Synapsid condition" of one temporal fenestra.

Mesosaur
Mesosaurs ("middle lizards") are members of the extinct reptilian order Mesosauria and family Mesosauridae that lived during the Early Permian period. Mesosaurs were the first known aquatic reptiles, having apparently returned to an aquatic lifestyle from more terrestrial ancestors. Fossils have been found in southern Africa (Namibia, South Africa) and South America (Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay), around the shorelines of the former Irati–Whitehill sea, an epicontinental sea that covered parts of southern Pangaea during the Early Permian. Most authors consider mesosaurs to have been aquatic, although adult animals may have been amphibious, rather than completely aquatic, as indicated by their moderate skeletal adaptations to a semiaquatic lifestyle. Similarly, their affinities are uncertain; they may have been among the most basal sauropsids or among the most basal parareptiles (in the case of which parareptiles were basal sauropsids).
Shanghai Jiaotong Guangbo
Shanghai Jiaotong Guangbo (Chinese: 上海交通广播; lit. 'Shanghai Transport Radio Station') is a traffic radio station in Shanghai in the People's Republic of China, broadcasting at both 105.7 FM and 648 AM.  The radio station is part of the Radio and Television Station of Shanghai, whose programmes are made by SMG Radio Centre.

According to the website, this station particularly gives information regarding gas station prices and the state of the Shanghai transportation infrastructure.  Broadcasts are repeated every half-hour.  Towards the evening, flight conditions are reported.

In the evening, this radio station is a rebroadcast of Shanghai TV news.

Shanghai Media Group
Radio and Television Station of Shanghai (RTS), a Shanghai-based state media outlet, and its wholly owned subsidiary, Shanghai Media Group (SMG), represent one of the largest state-owned media conglomerates of the People's Republic of China, with the most complete portfolio of media and related businesses.