hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Noor Muhammad Butt
Noor Muhammad Butt (Urdu: نور محمد بٹ); b. 3 June 1936),  SI, FPAS, also known as N. M. Butt, is a Pakistani nuclear physicist and professor of physics at the Preston University who is known for his research publications in understanding the gamma-rays burst, Mössbauer effect, diffraction, later the nanotechnology.

Besides teaching courses in topics involving the modern physics, his career has spent working in branches of physics at the national laboratory in Nilore and has authored several college textbooks in physics based on his research, and presently serving as the chairman of the Institute of Nano Science and Technology at the Preston University.

Pakistan Academy of Sciences
The Pakistan Academy of Sciences (Urdu: پاکستان اکادمی برائے سائنس) (abbreviated as: PAS), is a learned society of sciences, which described itself as "a repository of the highest scientific talent available in the country."

Established in 1953 in Lahore, Punjab, the academy acts as a consultative forum and scientific advisor to the Pakistan government on important aspects on the affairs of all forms of science– the social and physical sciences. Regulating affairs of by its Charter and laws approved by the fellows, the academy is governed by a council that is chaired by its President.

Due to its utmost importance, the fellowship of the academy is extremely restricted, only to the scholars of the high merit who have made outstanding contributions to the advancement of scientific knowledge.
Chandipur, Tripura Assembly constituency
Chandipur Legislative Assembly constituency is one of the 60 Legislative Assembly constituencies of Tripura state in India.

It is part of Unakoti district. As of 2023, it is represented by Tinku Roy of the Bharatiya Janata Party.

Unakoti district
Unakoti district is an administrative district in the state of Tripura in northeastern India. It is the least populated district of Tripura with the fourth highest literacy rate. The district has two sub divisions and four blocks. The district was created in 2012, by bifurcating the North Tripura district with its headquarter in Kailashahar.
My Eyes Open VVide
My Eyes Open VVide is the first extended play by South Korean girl group Meovv. Released by The Black Label on May 12, 2025, the EP is supported by the singles "Hands Up" and "Drop Top", and includes the group's previously released digital singles "Meow" and "Toxic".

Toxic (Meovv song)
"Toxic" is a song recorded by South Korean girl group Meovv. It was released by The Black Label on November 18, 2024, as part of a double title track for their second single of the same name along with "Body".
Farmers or Hunter-Gatherers?
Farmers or Hunter-Gatherers? The Dark Emu Debate is a non-fiction book on Indigenous Australian history by Peter Sutton and Keryn Walshe, published in mid-2021 by Melbourne University Press. It was written as a response to Bruce Pascoe's highly successful 2014 non-fiction book Dark Emu: Black Seeds: Agriculture or Accident? which describes evidence of agricultural and engineering activities by some Indigenous Australian groups, and suggests a more sedentary lifestyle than the more orthodox assessment that they were purely hunter-gatherers. Sutton and Walshe reject Pascoe's thesis of Indigenous agriculture, and argue that his book contains serious errors and omissions.

Sedentism
In anthropology, sedentism (sometimes called sedentariness; compare sedentarism) is the practice of living in one place for a long time. As of 2026, the large majority of people belong to sedentary cultures. In evolutionary anthropology and archaeology, sedentism takes on a slightly different sub-meaning, often applying to the transition from nomadic society to a lifestyle that involves remaining in one place permanently. Essentially, sedentism means living in groups permanently in one place. The invention of agriculture led to sedentism in many cases, but the earliest sedentary settlements were pre-agricultural.
Sandungueo
Sandungueo, also known as perreo, is a style of dance and party music associated with reggaeton that emerged in the late 1980s in Puerto Rico. The style was developed by DJ Blass, who released the albums Sandunguero Vol. 1 and Vol. 2, and it was further popularized worldwide through the website Sandungueo.com.

Sandungueo is characterized by hip movements and can be performed in various ways. It may be danced solo or with a partner, with men and women often adopting different approaches. Perreo, like many dances, can be enjoyed individually by emphasizing hip movements, or it can be performed with a partner.

The concept of dancing perreo alone was highlighted in Bad Bunny's song "Yo Perreo Sola," which encourages women to dance solo if they choose. This idea builds upon the work of Ivy Queen, who empowered women within reggaeton culture by including messages in her songs that emphasized female agency and the importance of respect in perreo.

Reggaeton
Reggaeton (UK: /ˈrɛɡeɪtoʊn, ˌrɛɡeɪˈtɒn/, US: /ˌrɛɡeɪˈtoʊn, ˌreɪɡ-/) is a style of popular and electronic music that originated in Panama during the late 1980s. It has been popularized and dominated by artists from Puerto Rico since the early 1990s.

It has evolved from dancehall, with elements of hip hop, Latin American, and Caribbean music. Vocals include toasting/rapping and singing, typically in Spanish. Reggaeton is regarded as one of the most popular music genres in the Spanish-speaking Caribbean. By the 2010s, the genre had seen increased popularity across Latin America, as well as acceptance within mainstream Western music.
Temple of Apollo Sosianus
The Temple of Apollo Sosianus (previously known as the Apollinar and the temple of Apollo Medicus) is a Roman temple dedicated to Apollo in the Campus Martius, next to the Theatre of Marcellus and the Porticus Octaviae, in Rome, Italy.  Its present name derives from that of its final rebuilder, Gaius Sosius.

Porticus Octaviae
The Porticus Octaviae (Latin for the 'Portico of Octavia'; Italian: Portico di Ottavia) is an ancient structure in Rome. The colonnaded walks of the portico enclosed the Temples of Juno Regina (north) and Jupiter Stator (south), as well as a library. The structure was used as a fish market from the medieval period up to the end of the 19th century.
Grecian bend
The Grecian bend was a term applied first to a stooped posture which became fashionable c. 1820, named after the gracefully-inclined figures seen in the art of ancient Greece.  It was also the name of a dance move introduced to polite society in America just before the American Civil War. The "bend" was considered very daring at the time.

The stoop or the silhouette created by the fashion in women's dress for corsets, crinolettes and bustles by 1869 was also called the Grecian bend. Contemporary illustrations often show a woman with a large bustle and a very small parasol, bending forward.

The term was also given to those who suffered from decompression sickness, or "the bends", due to working in caissons during the building of the Brooklyn Bridge in New York City. The name was given because afflicted individuals characteristically arched their backs in the same manner as the then popular "Grecian bend" fashion.

Bustle
A bustle is a padded undergarment or wire frame used to add fullness, or support the drapery, at the back of women's dresses in the mid-to-late 19th century. Bustles are worn under the skirt in the back, just below the waist, to keep the skirt from dragging. Heavy fabric tended to pull the back of a skirt down and flatten it. As a result a woman's petticoated skirt would lose its shape during everyday wear (from merely sitting down or moving about).
Chang Lake (Hubei)
The Chang Lake (simplified Chinese: 长湖; traditional Chinese: 長湖; pinyin: Cháng Hú; lit. 'Long Lake'), originally known as Wazi Lake (Chinese: 瓦子湖; pinyin: Wǎzǐ Hú), is a lake located at the junction of Jingzhou, Jingmen and Qianjiang, central China's Hubei province. It is the third largest lake in Hubei. The lake has an area of 122.5 square kilometres (30,300 acres) and a capacity of 271,000,000 cubic metres (72×10^9 US gal). The lake discharges into Jing River.

Jingzhou
Jingzhou (Chinese: 荆州; pinyin: Jīngzhōu) is a prefecture-level city in southern Hubei province, China, located on the banks of the Yangtze River. Its total residential population was 5,231,180 based on the 2020 census, 1,068,291 of whom resided in the built-up (or metro) area comprising two urban districts.

Jingzhou's central urban area has grown out of Shashi City and Jingzhou Town (historically also known as Jiangling); their names were preserved in the names of Shashi District and Jingzhou District, which include the city's historical center, as well as Jiangling County, which administers the suburban areas of the larger historical area of Jiangling. The name "Shashi" also remains in the names of a number of local facilities, such as Jingzhou Shashi Airport and a railway freight station.
Heinz London
Heinz London (Bonn, Germany 7 November 1907 – 3 August 1970) was a German-British physicist. Together with his brother Fritz London he was a pioneer in the field of superconductivity. London equations are named after the two brothers.

Francis Simon
Sir Francis Simon CBE (2 July 1893 – 31 October 1956), was a German and later British physical chemist and physicist who devised the gaseous diffusion method, and confirmed its feasibility, of separating the isotope Uranium-235 and thus made a major contribution to the creation of the atomic bomb.
Detective Byomkesh Bakshy!
Detective Byomkesh Bakshy! is a 2015 Indian Hindi-language period mystery thriller film directed by Dibakar Banerjee, who co-produced with Aditya Chopra under Yash Raj Films and Dibakar Banerjee Productions. The film, which is based on the fictional detective Byomkesh Bakshi, stars Sushant Singh Rajput, alongside Anand Tiwari, Neeraj Kabi, Swastika Mukherjee and Meiyang Chang.

Detective Byomkesh Bakshy! was released on 3 April 2015 to positive reviews from critics and became a box office success. A sequel with Sushant Singh Rajput reprising his role was planned, but the film was shelved  after his death.

Yash Raj Films
Yash Raj Films (YRF) is an Indian film production and distribution company founded by filmmaker Yash Chopra in 1970. Since 2012, it has been led by his son Aditya Chopra. The company primarily produces and distributes Hindi films and has played a significant role in shaping the Hindi film industry.
2005 Men's Australian Hockey League
The 2005 Men's Australian Hockey League was the 15th edition women's field hockey tournament. The tournament was held in various cities across Australia, and was contested from 25 February through to 3 April 2005.

The NSW Waratahs won the tournament for the third time after defeating the QLD Blades 4–3 in the final. WA Thundersticks finished in third place after defeating the Azuma Vikings 6–2 in the third and fourth place playoff.

Australian Hockey League
The Australian Hockey League (AHL) was Australia's premier national domestic field hockey competition. Despite its non-professional nature, it was considered one of the strongest and most competitive national hockey leagues in the world, consisting of both men's and women's competition. It included many players from the Kookaburras and the Hockeyroos, with participating in the AHL serving as a selection requirement for all Australian national squad members.

The last edition of the AHL was contested in 2018, with the league was replaced by Hockey One, Australia's new elite domestic hockey competition.
Arkansas Highway 94
Highway 94 (AR 94, Ark. 94, and Hwy. 94) is an east–west state highway in Benton County, Arkansas. The route of 22.07 miles (35.52 km) runs from Horseshoe Bend Park near Beaver Lake west across US Route 71 Business (US 71B) and US 62 to Missouri Supplemental Route E at the Missouri state line.  The route is maintained by the Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department (AHTD).

U.S. Route 62 in Arkansas
U.S. Route 62 (US 62) is a U.S. highway running from El Paso, Texas northeast to Niagara Falls, New York. In the U.S. state of Arkansas, the route runs 329.9 miles from the Oklahoma border near Summers east to the Missouri border in St. Francis, serving the northern portion of the state. The route passes through several cities and towns, including Fayetteville, Springdale, Bentonville, Harrison, Mountain Home, Pocahontas, and also Piggott. US 62 runs concurrent with several highways in Arkansas including Interstate 49 and U.S. Route 71 between Fayetteville and Bentonville, U.S. Route 412 through much of the state, U.S. Route 65 in the Harrison area, and with U.S. Route 63 and U.S. Route 67 in northeast Arkansas.
Outline of community
The following outline is provided as an overview of topics relating to community.

A community is a group of people whose identity as a group lies in their interaction and sharing.  Many factors may affect the identity of the participants and their degree of adhesion, such as intent, belief, resources, preferences, needs and risks.

Social group
In the social sciences, a social group is defined as two or more people who interact with one another, share similar characteristics, and collectively have a sense of unity. Regardless, social groups come in a myriad of sizes and varieties. For example, a society can be viewed as a large social group. The system of behaviors and psychological processes occurring within a social group or between social groups is known as group dynamics.
Wilson current mirror
A Wilson current mirror is a three-terminal circuit (Fig. 1) that accepts an input current at the input terminal and provides a "mirrored" current source or sink output at the output terminal. The mirrored current is a precise copy of the input current.

It may be used as a Wilson current source by applying a constant bias current to the input branch as in Fig. 2. The circuit is named after George R. Wilson, an integrated circuit design engineer who worked for Tektronix. Wilson devised this configuration in 1967 when he and Barrie Gilbert challenged each other to find an improved current mirror overnight that would use only three transistors. Wilson won the challenge.

Biasing
In electronics, biasing is the setting of DC (direct current) operating conditions (current and voltage) of an electronic component that processes time-varying signals. Many electronic devices, such as diodes, transistors and vacuum tubes, whose function is processing time-varying (AC) signals, also require a steady (DC) current or voltage at their terminals to operate correctly. This current or voltage is called bias. The AC signal applied to them is superposed on this DC bias current or voltage.

The operating point of a device, also known as bias point, quiescent point, or Q-point, is the DC voltage or current at a specified terminal of an active device (a transistor or vacuum tube) with no input signal applied. A bias circuit is a portion of the device's circuit that supplies this steady current or voltage.
Chester F.C.
Chester Football Club is an association football club based in Chester, England. They are currently members of the National League North, the sixth tier of English football, and play at the Deva Stadium.

The club was reformed in 2010 following the liquidation of Chester City. In its inaugural season it competed in Division One North of the Northern Premier League, following a successful appeal to the Football Association against its initial placement in the North West Counties League. After winning this division, it then won the Northern League Premier Division in 2011–12 and the Conference North in 2012–13. Chester returned to the National League North following relegation in 2017–18.

North West Counties Football League
The North West Counties Football League is a football league in the North West of England. Since 2019–20, the league has covered the Isle of Man, Cheshire, Greater Manchester, Lancashire, Merseyside, Cumbria, northern Staffordshire, northern Shropshire, the far west of West Yorkshire, and the High Peak area of Derbyshire. In the past, the league has also hosted clubs from North Wales such as Caernarfon Town, Colwyn Bay, and Rhyl. From season 2018–19 the league increased to three divisions: the Premier Division, at level nine (Step 5 in the NLS) in the English football league system, and two geographically separate Division Ones, North and South, at level ten (Step 6 in the NLS). The league is a member of the Joint Liaison Council which administers the Northern arm of the National Football System in England.
District of Columbia Republican Party
The District of Columbia Republican Party (DC GOP) is the District of Columbia affiliate of the United States Republican Party. It was founded on June 19, 1855, and is made up of registered Republican voters living in Washington, D.C. elected to serve as the governing body of the Party. The party chairman is Patrick Mara and the party is housed in the District of Columbia alongside the Republican Party national headquarters.

The party faces steep difficulties in getting its candidates elected, as Democrats overwhelmingly outnumber Republicans in the District of Columbia. No Republican has ever been elected mayor since District of Columbia home rule began in 1975. The DC Republicans have had no representation in the D.C. Council since Carol Schwartz left office in 2009.

As of October 31, 2023, there are 23,343 registered voters affiliated with the Republican Party of the District of Columbia,  or 5.05% of all registered voters.

Council of the District of Columbia
The Council of the District of Columbia (or simply D.C. Council) is the legislative branch of the government of the District of Columbia. As permitted in the United States Constitution, the district is not part of any U.S. state and is overseen directly by the federal government.

Since 1975, the United States Congress has devolved to the Council certain powers that are typically exercised by city councils elsewhere in the country, as well as many powers normally held by state legislatures. However, the Constitution vests Congress with ultimate authority over the federal district, and therefore all acts of the council are subject to congressional review. They may be overturned by Congress and the president. Congress also has the power to legislate for the district and even revoke the home rule charter altogether.

The council meets in the John A. Wilson Building in downtown Washington, D.C.
Outline of Uttar Pradesh
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Uttar Pradesh:

Uttar Pradesh – most populous state in the Republic of India as well as the most populous country subdivision in the world. It was created on 1 April 1937 as the United Provinces during British rule, and was renamed Uttar Pradesh in 1950. Lucknow is the capital city of Uttar Pradesh. Ghaziabad, Meerut, Muzaffarnagar, Kanpur, Gorakhpur, Allahabad, Raebareli, Moradabad, Bareilly, Aligarh, Sonbhadra, and Varanasi are known for their industrial importance in the state. On 9 November 2000, a new state, Uttarakhand, was carved out from the Himalayan hill region of Uttar Pradesh. The state in the northern region of the Indian subcontinent has over 200 million inhabitants.

Muzaffarnagar
Muzaffarnagar (Hindi pronunciation: [mʊzəfːəɾ.nəgəɾ], also [mʊd͡ʒəp.pʰəɾ.nəgəɾ]) is a city under Muzaffarnagar district in the Indian State of Uttar Pradesh. It is situated midway on the Delhi - Haridwar/Dehradun National Highway (NH 58) and is also well connected with the national railway network. It is known as the sugarbowl of Uttar Pradesh.

The city previously called Sarwat and is located in the middle of the highly fertile upper Ganga-Yamuna Doab region and is very near to New Delhi and Saharanpur, making it one of the most developed and prosperous cities of Uttar Pradesh. It comes under the Saharanpur division. This city is part of Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor (DMIC) and Amritsar Delhi Kolkata Industrial Corridor (ADKIC). It shares its border with the state of Uttarakhand and it is the principal commercial, industrial and educational hub of Western Uttar Pradesh.
Melissa McIntosh
Melissa Iris McIntosh (née Grah; born 24 August 1977) is an Australian politician. She is a member of the Liberal Party and was elected to the House of Representatives at the 2019 federal election, running in the New South Wales seat of Lindsay.

Division of Lindsay
The Division of Lindsay is an Australian electoral division in the state of New South Wales.

Ever since Lindsay was first contested at the 1984 federal election the seat had always elected a member of the party that won the election − a pattern known as a bellwether seat. However, Lindsay's bellwether run ended at the 2016 federal election when Labor's Emma Husar defeated one-term Liberal Fiona Scott.
Baldur Ingi Jónasson
Baldur Ingi Jónasson (born 15 July 1972) is an Icelandic former basketball coach and player. He formerly coached Úrvalsdeild clubs Stjarnan and KFÍ. As a player, he spent 9 seasons in the Icelandic top-tier Úrvalsdeild karla with KFÍ and Þór Akureyri, scoring 1,616 points in 192 games. Over his career, he has played over 30 season in the Icelandic basketball league system.

Vestri (men's basketball)
The Vestri men's basketball team, commonly known as Vestri, is a basketball team based in Ísafjörður, Iceland. The club was founded in 1965 as Körfuknattleiksfélag Ísafjarðar and held that name until it merged with newly founded Íþróttafélagið Vestri multi-sport club in 2016 and became its basketball department.
Payal (film)
Payal is a 1957 Indian Hindi-language film, directed by Joseph Thaliath Jr. A remake of the director's own Tamil film Mallika (1957), Payal stars Padmini and Sunil Dutt in the lead roles. Baby Naaz, David, Ragini, Agha, Achala Sachdev and Meenu Mumtaz play supporting roles. The music was composed by Hemanta Mukherjee.

Achala Sachdev
Achala Sachdev (3 May 1920 – 30 April 2012) was an Indian actress who appeared in classic films of Hindi language film industry, who started her career as a child actor. She later became known for mother and grandmother roles in Hindi films. Her most memorable roles were as Balraj Sahni's wife in Waqt (1965) and Kajol's grandmother in Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge (1995).
Martha Irmler
Martha Irmler was a German ballet dancer active on the stage during the late 19th century. She began her career at the Semperoper in Dresden where she trained as a dancer from ages 4 to 17. She made her debut as principal dancer at that theatre when she was 15, and subsequently performed in European theaters as a principal dancer during the late 1880s. She had an active career in the United States and England during the 1890s. With the American Extravaganza Company she toured the United States in the musicals Alladin, Jr. (1890), The Crystal Slipper (1891), Sinbad (1891–1892, 1894), and Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves (1892–1893). She was prima ballerina of the Metropolitan Opera in 1891–1892 and again in 1896–1897. In 1895–1896 she was prima ballerina at the Empire Theatre, Leicester Square, London. She married in South Africa, and was living there at the time her marriage was reported in the press in July 1900.

Ballet dancer
A ballet dancer is a person who practices the art of classical ballet. Both females and males can practice ballet. They rely on years of extensive training and proper technique to become a part of a professional ballet company. Ballet dancers are at a high risk of injury due to the demanding technique of ballet.