hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Eddie Preston
Eddie Preston (May 9, 1925 – June 22, 2009) was an American jazz trumpeter.

He was born in Dallas, Texas and died in Palm Coast, Florida.

Preston began playing in big bands after World War II, and did stints with Lionel Hampton (1955–56), Ray Charles (1959), Louis Jordan (1960–61), Duke Ellington (1962), and Count Basie (1963). He played with Charles Mingus between 1963 and 1965 and again in 1969–72, with the time in between spent freelancing with musicians such as Sonny Stitt and Frank Foster. He played again with Ellington in 1971 and then did some work as a leader, as well as working with Roland Kirk in 1977 and Archie Shepp in 1979.

Rahsaan Roland Kirk
Rahsaan Roland Kirk (born Ronald Theodore Kirk; August 7, 1935 – December 5, 1977), known earlier in his career simply as Roland Kirk, was an American jazz multi-instrumentalist who played tenor saxophone, flute, and many other instruments. He was renowned for his onstage vitality; in his shows, virtuoso improvisation was accompanied by comic banter, political ranting, and the simultaneous playing of several instruments.
Parasoft C/C++test
Parasoft C/C++test is an integrated set of tools for testing C and C++ source code that software developers use to analyze, test, find defects, and measure the quality and security of their applications. It supports software development practices that are part of development testing, including static code analysis, dynamic code analysis,  unit test case generation and execution, code coverage analysis, regression testing, runtime error detection, requirements traceability, and code review. It's a commercial tool that supports operation on Linux, Windows, and Solaris platforms as well as support for on-target embedded testing and cross compilers.

Code coverage
In software engineering, code coverage, also called test coverage, is a percentage measure of the degree to which the source code of a program is executed when a particular test suite is run. A program with high code coverage has more of its source code executed during testing, which suggests it has a lower chance of containing undetected software bugs compared to a program with low code coverage. Many different metrics can be used to calculate test coverage. Some of the most basic are the percentage of program subroutines and the percentage of program statements called during execution of the test suite.

Code coverage was among the first methods invented for systematic software testing. The first published reference was by Miller and Maloney in Communications of the ACM, in 1963.
James M. Birney
James M. Birney (June 17, 1817 – May 8, 1888) was an American lawyer, newspaper publisher and politician from the U.S. state of Michigan. He served as the 13th lieutenant governor of Michigan and as the U.S. Minister to the Netherlands.

Lieutenant Governor of Michigan
The lieutenant governor of Michigan is the second-ranking official in U.S. state of Michigan, behind the governor.

The current lieutenant governor is Garlin Gilchrist, a Democrat, who has held the office since January 1, 2019.
Dvach
Dvach (Russian: Двач, from dva "two" and "chan"), also known as 2ch, is the largest Russian anonymous imageboard. It is a successor to an older Russian imageboard with the same name that was launched in 2006 but shut down three years later in 2009. As of 2024 the imageboard can be accessed via the 2ch.hk domain name. It is owned and run by Russian-born Azerbaijani Nariman Namazov, nicknamed Abu.

The imageboard suffered significantly during a massive 2016 DDoS attack, after which it switched its hosting provider to the Russian state-affiliated Mail.Ru Group, leading many users to believe that it was sold to the company.

Dvach is often accused of cyberbullying, misogyny, and toxic trolling. It has also doxxed criminals.

VK (company)
VK, known as Mail.ru Group until 12 October 2021, is a Russian technology company. It started in 1998 as the parent company of Mail.ru, an e-mail service, and went on to become a major corporate figure in the Russian-speaking segment of the Internet.

VK operates an e-mail service, Internet portal Mail.ru, and Russian social networking services VK, Odnoklassniki and Moi Mir. Additionally, VK manages various e-commerce, transport and communication platforms. It also offers business-oriented products, including a corporate email and communication system.

In 2014, VK's sites reached approximately 86% of Russian Internet users on a monthly basis, and the company was in the top 5 of the largest Internet companies based on the number of total pages viewed.

In October 2021, Mail.ru Group was renamed VK Company Limited, after its most popular product, VKontakte.
Cochrane–Orcutt estimation
Cochrane–Orcutt estimation is a procedure in econometrics, which adjusts a linear model for serial correlation in the error term. Developed in the 1940s, it is named after statisticians Donald Cochrane and Guy Orcutt.

Autocorrelation
Autocorrelation, sometimes known as serial correlation in the discrete time case, measures the correlation of a signal with a delayed copy of itself. Essentially, it quantifies the similarity between observations of a random variable at different points in its domain (which for this article is time). The analysis of autocorrelation is a mathematical tool for identifying repeating patterns or hidden periodicities within a signal obscured by noise. Autocorrelation is widely used in signal processing, time domain and time series analysis to understand the behavior of data over time.

Different fields of study define autocorrelation differently, and not all of these definitions are equivalent. In some fields, the term is used interchangeably with autocovariance.

Various time series models incorporate autocorrelation, such as unit root processes, trend-stationary processes, autoregressive processes, and moving average processes.
Revolutionary Workers League (U.S.)
The Revolutionary Workers League (RWL) is a Trotskyist political party in the United States. RWL formed in the late 1970s, when its members split from the Spartacist League/U.S.. RWL still has about 20 active members.

Spartacist League/U.S.
The Spartacist League/U.S. (SL, SLUS, or SL/US) is a Trotskyist political grouping which is the United States section of the International Communist League (Fourth Internationalist), formerly the International Spartacist Tendency. This Spartacist League named themselves after the original Spartacus League of Weimar Republic in Germany, but has no formal descent from it. The League self-identifies as a "revolutionary communist" organization.

In the United States, the group is small but very vocal, and its activities within leftist-activist coalitions and wide-scale social justice protest movements usually focus on presenting a pole for regroupment and recruitment of subjective revolutionaries on the basis of an internationalist, Bolshevik-Leninist program.
Felix Makasiar
Félix Valencia Makasiar (November 20, 1915 – February 19, 1992) was the 14th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines, serving in that capacity for four months in 1985. His 85-day stint as Chief Justice, abbreviated only because of the rule requiring mandatory retirement upon reaching the age of 70, was the third shortest in Philippine history, behind the tenures of Pedro Yap and Teresita Leonardo-de Castro. Prior to his promotion as Chief Justice, Makasiar had served for 15 years as an Associate Justice.

Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines
An associate justice of the Supreme Court (Filipino: Kasangguning Mahistrado ng Kataas-taasang Hukuman) is one of fifteen members of the Supreme Court, the highest court in the Philippines. The chief justice presides over the high court, but carries only one of the 15 votes in the court. Traditionally, the chief justice is deemed primus inter pares ("first among equals") among the justices.

Until 1973, only men were appointed as Associate Justices to the Court. Cecilia Muñoz-Palma, an appointee of President Ferdinand Marcos, was the first woman to sit on the court. Since then, 15 other women have been appointed as Associate Justices of the Supreme Court. The most recent woman to be appointed to the high tribunal is Maria Filomena Singh, a former justice of the Court of Appeals of the Philippines on May 18, 2022.
Ridemakerz
Ridemakerz (alternatively written "RIDEMAKERZ") is an American retailer of customizable toy cars. The business was started in 2007 by Larry Andreini, Chip Foose (of TLC Overhaulin'), and Maxine Clark (of Build-A-Bear Workshop).

Build-A-Bear Workshop
Build-A-Bear Workshop, Inc. is an American retailer headquartered in St. Louis, Missouri that sells teddy bears, stuffed animals, and characters. During store visits, customers go through an interactive process where the stuffed animal of their choice is assembled and tailored to their own preferences including varying scents, sounds, looks, and outfits. Build-A-Bear Workshop is the largest chain that operates in this style. The company's slogan was "Where Best Friends Are Made" from 1997–2013 when it was changed to "The Most Fun You'll Ever Make" from 2013 to 2024. With a rebrand in mid-2024, bears are now made with "The Stuff You Love". In 2013, Sharon Price John became the company's president/CEO.
Saw Kill (Hudson River tributary)
The Saw Kill is a 14.3-mile-long (23.0 km) tributary of the Hudson River, called the Metambesem by the Algonquin people of the area and sometimes called Sawkill Creek today. It rises in the town of Milan and drains a 22-square-mile (57 km2) area of northwestern Dutchess County, New York, that includes most of the town of Red Hook to the west and part of Rhinebeck to Red Hook's south.

It flows predominantly through forests and farmland. Just above its mouth, it descends more steeply through a wooded area with several waterfalls into South Tivoli Bay, between the Montgomery Place estate and Bard College, which uses the stream as both its primary water source and for disposal of its treated wastewater. In the 1840s, the owners of those properties made an agreement to prevent development along the stream, one of the earliest such conservation measures in American history.

Bard College
Bard College is a private liberal arts college in Annandale-on-Hudson, New York, United States. The campus overlooks the Hudson River and Catskill Mountains within the Hudson River Historic District and is a National Historic Landmark.

Founded in 1860, the institution consists of a liberal arts college and a conservatory. The college offers undergraduate and graduate programs. It participates in a network of many affiliated programs internationally.
Kalka–Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra Express
The 14503 / 14504 Kalka–Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra Express is an Express train belonging to Northern Railway zone that runs between Kalka and Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra in India. It is currently being operated with 14503/14504 train numbers on bi-weekly basis.

Kalka railway station
Kalka Railway Station, at Kalka in Haryana state of India, is the northern terminus of the Delhi–Kalka line and the starting point of the UNESCO World Heritage Site Kalka–Shimla Railway. It serves passengers moving on to Delhi and Shimla.
Princess Myeonghye
Princess Myeonghye (Korean: 명혜공주; Hanja: 明惠公主; 12 January 1663 – 11 June 1673) was a Korean princess as the second daughter of Hyeonjong of Joseon and Queen Myeongseong.

She married a son of Shin Jeong (신정), named Shin Yo-gyeong (신요경; 1665–?), who was later honoured as Prince Consort Dongan (동안위; 東安尉). However, the Princess was unable to celebrate and suddenly fell ill. She died on April 27, 1673. Her tomb was originally located near Heonlleung (헌릉, 獻陵; the tomb of King Taejong and Queen Wongyeong), but was later moved to another place.

After her only brother, Crown Prince Yi Sun, ascended the throne, he ordered the building of shrines for Princess Myeonghye and Princess Myeongseon.

Princess Myeongseon
Princess Myeongseon (Korean: 명선공주; Hanja: 明善公主; 28 December 1659 – 12 September 1673) was a Korean princess as the oldest child of Hyeonjong of Joseon and Queen Myeongseong. She was the oldest-surviving sister of Sukjong of Joseon.
Hall–Carpenter Archives
The Hall–Carpenter Archives (HCA), founded in 1982, are the largest source for the study of gay activism in Britain, following the publication of the Wolfenden Report in 1957. The archives are named after the authors Marguerite Radclyffe Hall (1880–1943) and Edward Carpenter (1844–1929). They are housed at the London School of Economics, at Bishopsgate Library – (press cuttings), and in the British Library (Sound Archive) (oral history tapes).

British Library Sound Archive
The British Library Sound Archive, formerly the British Institute of Recorded Sound; also known as the National Sound Archive (NSA), in London, England is among the largest collections of recorded sound in the world, including music, spoken word and ambient recordings. It holds more than six million recordings, including over a million discs and 200,000 tapes. These include commercial record releases (chiefly from the UK), radio broadcasts (many from the BBC Sound Archive), and privately made recordings. Due to the 2023 cyberattack on the British Library, the sound archive's catalogue is currently unavailable.
Deep Fire
The 2023 Deep Fire was a wildfire that burned through Trinity County, California from August 15 to October 2. It was sparked by a lightning strike, and was the 10th-biggest fire to ignite during the 2023 California wildfire season.

2023 California wildfires
According to statistics published by the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire), a total of 7,386 wildfires burned a total of 332,822 acres (134,688 hectares) in the U.S. state of California in 2023. This was below the state's five-year average of 1,722,059 acres (696,893 ha) burned during the same period. The 2023 fire season followed the 2022 season, during which the number of fires and the resulting burned acreage were both below average. Four fatalities were reported during the 2023 fire season.
Dano-German War (1226–1227)
The Dano–German War (1226–1227), was an attempt by Valdemar II of Denmark to reconquer his lost German territories, which he had lost after the negotiations of his release from captivity by Henry I, Count of Schwerin. The war was short-lived though, and there was only one major battle, the Battle of Bornhöved (1227). Valdemar was aided by his nephew Otto I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg against a coalition of multiple German states, consisting of Holstein, Lübeck, Saxony, Schwerin, Bremen and Hamburg.: 285

Valdemar II of Denmark
Valdemar II Valdemarsen (28 June 1170 – 28 March 1241), later remembered as Valdemar the Victorious (Danish: Valdemar Sejr) and Valdemar the Conqueror, was King of Denmark from 1202 until his death in 1241.

In 1207, Valdemar invaded and conquered Lybeck and Holstein, expanding the Danish territories. His involvement in the Norwegian succession led to the second Bagler War, temporarily settling the issue and making the Norwegian king owe allegiance to Denmark. He faced disputes with the papacy over the appointment of the Prince-Archbishop of Bremen and the Bishop of Schleswig. Valdemar's military campaigns included conflicts in northern Germany and the establishment of Danish rule in Estonia in 1219. His reign saw the adoption of a feudal system in Denmark and the creation of the Code of Jutland, which served as Denmark's legal code until 1683.
Robert Parry (journalist)
Robert Earle Parry (June 24, 1949 – January 27, 2018) was an American investigative journalist. He covered the Iran–Contra affair for the Associated Press (AP) and Newsweek, and was known for breaking controversial stories in the 1980s and '90s, including an alleged CIA-Contra partnership to traffic cocaine in the U.S., a CIA-provided assassination manual used by the Nicaraguan Contras, and the "October Surprise" theory regarding the 1980 U.S. presidential election.

He was awarded the George Polk Award for National Reporting in 1984 and the I.F. Stone Medal for Journalistic Independence by Harvard's Nieman Foundation in 2015. Parry was the editor of Consortium News from 1995 until his death in 2018.

I. F. Stone
Isidor Feinstein Stone (December 24, 1907 – June 18, 1989) was an American investigative journalist, writer, and author.

Known for his politically progressive views, Stone is best remembered for I. F. Stone's Weekly (1953–1971), a newsletter which the New York University journalism department in 1999 ranked 16th among the top hundred works of journalism in the U.S. in the twentieth century and second place among print journalism publications.
Postage stamps and postal history of China
The history of the postage stamps and postal history of China is complicated by the gradual decay of Imperial China and the years of civil war and Japanese occupation in the 1930s and 1940s. In modern times, postal delivery is handled by China Post.

China Post
China Post, officially the China Post Group Corporation, is the national postal service corporation of the People's Republic of China. It is incorporated as a state-owned enterprise.

China Post shares its office with the sub-ministry-level government agency State Post Bureau, which regulates the national postal industry.
Matsudaira Yoshinaga
Matsudaira Yoshinaga (松平 慶永; October 10, 1828 – June 2, 1890), also known as Matsudaira Keiei, or better known as Matsudaira Shungaku (春嶽) was a Japanese daimyō of the Edo period.  He was head of Fukui Domain in Echizen Province. He is counted as one of the "Four Wise Lords of the Bakumatsu period" (幕末の四賢侯, Bakumatsu no Shikenkō), along with Date Munenari, Yamauchi Yōdō and Shimazu Nariakira.  "Yoshinaga" is his imina and "Shungaku" (春嶽, "Spring Mountain") is his gō.

Yamauchi Toyoshige
Yamauchi Toyoshige (山内 豊信; 1827–1872), also known as Yamauchi Yōdō (山内 容堂), was a Japanese daimyō in the Shikoku region in the late Edo period. He was usually referred to as Lord Yōdō in Western accounts.
Provisional Muslim Revolutionary Committee
The Provisional Muslim Revolutionary Committee (Russian: Временный Крымско-Мусульманский исполком, romanized: Vremennyy Krymsko-Musul'manskiy ispolkom; abbreviated PMRC or Musispolkom) was an organisation in Crimea during the Russian Revolution, comprising Crimean Tatar nationalist figures. Meeting in March 1917, the PMRC, with support from the Russian Provisional Government and several Crimean Tatar intellectuals (among them Noman Çelebicihan, Cafer Seydamet Qırımer, and Asan Sabri Ayvazov, the founders of Milliy Firqa), the PMRC was seen as a first step towards the establishment of the Kurultai of the Crimean People's Republic.

Crimean People's Republic
The Crimean People's Republic or Crimean Democratic Republic was a self-declared state that existed from December 1917 to January 1918 in the Crimean Peninsula. The Republic was one of many short-lived states that declared independence after the 1917 Russian Revolution caused the collapse of the Russian Republic.
Azov Fortress
The Azov Fortress (Russian: Азовская крепость, romanized: Azovskaya krepost) is a fortified complex in Azov, Rostov Oblast, Russia, overlooking the Don River and the Port of Azov to the north. It includes a rampart, watchtowers and gates. The Azov Fortress (formerly known as Azak Fortress) was founded by Turks on behalf of the Ottoman Empire in 1475. It guarded the northern approaches to the Empire and access to the Azov Sea. After a series of conflicts, a peace treaty was signed in Constantinople on July 13, 1700 between the Tsardom of Russia and the Ottoman Empire. The sultan recognized Russia's possession of the Azov area.

Treaty of Constantinople (1700)
The Treaty of Constantinople or Istanbul was signed on 13 July 1700 between the Tsardom of Russia and the Ottoman Empire. It ended the Russo-Turkish War of 1686-1700. Russian tsar Peter the Great secured possession of the Azov region and freed his forces to participate in the Great Northern War. The treaty was superseded by the Treaty of the Pruth in 1711, after the Ottoman Empire became involved in this war.
Calumet and Arizona Mining Company
The Calumet and Arizona Mining Company (C & A) was a major mining company in Arizona during the late 1800s and early 1900s.  In addition to mining, they developed the Warren townsite, based on the "City Beautiful" concept.  The company existed until 1931, when it merged with the Phelps-Dodge Company.

Phelps Dodge
Phelps Dodge Corporation was an American mining company founded in 1834 as an import-export firm by Anson Greene Phelps and his two sons-in-law William Earle Dodge, Sr. and Daniel James. The latter two ran Phelps, James & Co., the part of the organization based in Liverpool, England. The import-export firm at first exported United States cotton from the Deep South to England and imported various metals to the US needed for industrialization. With the expansion of the Western frontier in North America, the corporation acquired mines and mining companies, including the Copper Queen Mine in Cochise County, Arizona and the Dawson, New Mexico coal mines. It operated its own mines and acquired railroads to carry its products. By the late 19th century, it was known as a mining company.

On March 19, 2007, Freeport-McMoRan completed a $25.9 billion acquisition of Phelps Dodge Corporation.
Trần Quốc Khang
Prince Tĩnh Quốc Trần Quốc Khang (1237–1300) was the first prince of the Emperor Trần Thái Tông, the eldest brother of Trần Thánh Tông and princes Trần Quang Khải, Trần Ích Tắc and Trần Nhật Duật. Although a son of Thái Tông in name, Trần Quốc Khang's father was actually Prince Hoài Trần Liễu, who was forced by grand chancellor Trần Thủ Độ to give up his wife, Princess Thuận Thiên, to his younger brother Thái Tông when she was already pregnant with Trần Quốc Khang. For this reason, Trần Quốc Khang was not chosen as successor of Thái Tông for the throne, and he did not have a significant role in royal court either, as his younger brothers did. Afterwards he was appointed as governor of Nghệ An, a position that his descendants inherited. Since Trần Quốc Khang was in fact a son of Trần Liễu, he was also a natural brother of general Trần Hưng Đạo, commander-in-chief of Đại Việt army.

Trần Nhật Duật
Prince Chiêu Văn Trần Nhật Duật (1255–1330) was the sixth son of Trần Thái Tông, first emperor of the Trần dynasty. Being a younger brother of the emperor Trần Thánh Tông, Trần Nhật Duật was one of the most important figures of the Trần family and royal court during the reigns of four successive emperors: Thánh Tông, Nhân Tông, Anh Tông and Minh Tông. In the second war of resistance against Mongol invasion, Trần Nhật Duật was the general who commanded the Đại Việt army to defeat the navy of Mongol general Sogetu in the Battle of Hàm Tử, one of the biggest victories of the Trần dynasty. With his knowledge of numerous foreign languages and cultures, Prince Chiêu Văn was also a prominent diplomat of the Trần dynasty who helped the emperor to maintain good relations with several ethnic groups in the northwestern region of Đại Việt.