hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
History of rail transport in Germany
The history of rail transport in Germany can be traced back to the 16th century. The earliest form of railways, wagonways, were developed in Germany in the 16th century. Modern German rail history officially began with the opening of the steam-powered Bavarian Ludwig Railway between Nuremberg and Fürth on 7 December 1835. This had been preceded by the opening of the horse-drawn Prince William Railway on 20 September 1831. The first long-distance railway was the Leipzig-Dresden railway, completed on 7 April 1839.

Wagonway
A wagonway (or waggonway; also known as a horse-drawn railway, or horse-drawn railroad) was a method of railway transportation that preceded the steam locomotive and used horses to haul wagons. The terms plateway and tramway were also used. The advantage of wagonways was that far bigger loads could be transported with the same power compared to horse haulage along roads.
Siegel domain
In mathematics, a Siegel domain or Piatetski-Shapiro domain is a special open subset of complex affine space generalizing the Siegel upper half plane studied by Siegel (1939). They were introduced by Piatetski-Shapiro (1959, 1969) in his study of bounded homogeneous domains.

Carl Ludwig Siegel
Carl Ludwig Siegel (31 December 1896 – 4 April 1981) was a German mathematician specialising in analytic number theory. He is known for, amongst other things, his contributions to the Thue–Siegel–Roth theorem in Diophantine approximation, Siegel's method, Siegel's lemma and the Siegel mass formula for quadratic forms. He has been named one of the most important mathematicians of the 20th century.

André Weil, without hesitation, named Siegel as the greatest mathematician of the first half of the 20th century. Atle Selberg said of Siegel and his work:

He was in some ways, perhaps, the most impressive mathematician I have met. I would say, in a way, devastatingly so. The things that Siegel tended to do were usually things that seemed impossible. Also after they were done, they still seemed almost impossible.
Tyson Jolly
Tyson Malik Jolly (born August 10, 1997) is an American professional basketball player. He played college basketball for the Iona Gaels of the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference (MAAC). He previously played for the Baylor Bears, the Trinity Valley CC Cardinals, and the SMU Mustangs.

SMU Mustangs men's basketball
The SMU Mustangs men's basketball team represents Southern Methodist University (SMU) in University Park, Texas and competes in the Atlantic Coast Conference of NCAA Division I college basketball. In 104 years of basketball, SMU's record is 1,377–1,237. SMU has reached one Final Four, made 12 NCAA Tournament Appearances, won 16 Conference Championships, had 11 All-Americans, and 23 NBA Draft selections.

SMU finished the 2016–17 season with a 30–5 record, and won their second conference title in three years. They set the school record for single season wins, and returned to the NCAA Tournament following a postseason ban in the 2015–16 season.
Rau peoples
The Rau people (Zhuang: Bouxraeuz), also known as Lao (Chinese: 僚人; pinyin: Lǎorén; Lao: ລາວ), were an ethnic group of ancient China. Their descendants are the Zhuang, Buyei, Tày–Nùng and other Kra–Dai-speaking peoples.

Tày people
The Tày people, also known as the Thổ, T'o, Tai Tho, Ngan, Phen, Thu Lao, or Pa Di, is a Central Tai-speaking ethnic group who live in northern Vietnam. According to a 2019 census, there are 1.8 million Tày people living in Vietnam. This makes them the second largest ethnic group in Vietnam after the majority Kinh (Vietnamese) ethnic group. Most live in northern Vietnam in the Cao Bằng, Lạng Sơn, Bắc Kạn, Thái Nguyên, and Quảng Ninh provinces, along the valleys and the lower slopes of the mountains. They also live in some regions of the Bắc Ninh and Bắc Giang provinces. They inhabit fertile plains and are generally agriculturalists, mainly cultivating rice. They also cultivate maize, and sweet potato among other things.
Batumelebi
Batumelebi (Georgian: გაზეთი ბათუმელები, romanized: gazeti batumelebi, lit. 'Batumians') is an independent Georgian newspaper and an online media outlet based in Batumi, Georgia. It covers local and national news, politics, human rights, social issues, and investigative journalism. The publication is known for its critical reporting and in-depth analysis of government policies and regional developments. It is part of the "Regional Media Network," which includes other independent media in Georgia.

The newspaper covers news from Adjara, Georgia, and the Caucasus region. It also draws attention to and focuses on human rights issues, facilitating public debates, and topics related to vulnerable and marginalized groups in society.

Adjara
Adjara (Georgian: აჭარა Ach’ara [at͡ʃʼara] ⓘ) or Achara, officially known as the Autonomous Republic of Adjara (Georgian: აჭარის ავტონომიური რესპუბლიკა Ach’aris Avt’onomiuri Resp’ublik’a [atʃʼaris avtʼonomiuri respʼublikʼa] ⓘ), is a political-administrative region of Georgia. It is in the country's southwestern corner, on the coast of the Black Sea, near the foot of the Lesser Caucasus Mountains, north of Turkey. It is an important tourist destination and includes Georgia's second most populous city of Batumi as its capital. About 401,100 people live on its 2,880 km2 (1,110 sq mi).

Adjara is home to the Adjarians, a regional subgroup of Georgians. The name can be spelled in a number of ways: Ajara, Ajaria, Adjaria, Adzharia, Atchara and Achara. Under the Soviet Union, Adjara was part of the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic as the Adjarian ASSR. The autonomous status of Adjara is guaranteed under article 6 of the Treaty of Kars.
Brauntex Theatre
The Brauntex Theatre is a former movie palace (now a performing arts theater) located in downtown New Braunfels in the U.S. state of Texas. It was built in the late Art Deco period in 1942. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

New Braunfels, Texas
New Braunfels (/ˈbrɔːnfəlz/ ⓘ BRAWN-fəlz) is a city in Comal and Guadalupe counties in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of Comal County. The city covers 44.9 square miles (116 km2) and had a population of 90,403 as of the 2020 Census. A suburb just north of San Antonio, and part of the Greater San Antonio metropolitan area, it was the third-fastest-growing city in the United States from 2010 to 2020. As of 2022, the U.S. Census Bureau estimates its population at 104,707.

New Braunfels is known for its German Texan heritage.
Chan Yat-san
Chan Yat-san (Chinese: 陳日新; 21 August 1919 – 27 July 2007) was a Hong Kong politician and rural leader. He was a New Territories indigenous inhabitant and chairman of the powerful Heung Yee Kuk, and was dubbed the "King of the New Territories".

Heung Yee Kuk
The Heung Yee Kuk, officially the Heung Yee Kuk N.T., is a statutory advisory body representing establishment interests in the New Territories, Hong Kong. The council is a powerful organisation comprising heads of rural committees which represent villages and market towns.

From 1980 to 2015, it was chaired by Lau Wong-fat, a billionaire landowner and heavyweight political figure in the pro-Beijing camp, until he stepped down and was succeeded by his son Kenneth Lau.

The organisation has its own functional constituency seat in the Hong Kong Legislative Council. Despite having less than 150 registered voters, it also controls 26 seats on the 1200-member committee which selects the chief executive of Hong Kong.
Archery at the 2021 Islamic Solidarity Games
Archery at the 2021 Islamic Solidarity Games  was held in Konya, Turkey from 14 to 18 August 2022. Traditional Turkish Archery Competitions was held at Saraçoglu Sports Venue between 15 and 16 August 2022. For individual competitions, qualification, elimination and final elimination round shots was done, and for team competitions, elimination and final elimination rounds of the teams was done. Qualification rounds in Archery was made accordingly: Men’s and Women’s Recurve bow was 70m. 720 rounds, and Men’s and Women’s Compound bow was 50m. 720 Rounds. Para Archery competitions was held in Saraçoğlu Sport Complex between 09-13 August 2022. Competitions were held in Recurve Bow, Compound Bow and W1 Bows was held in Senior category. The qualification rounds of the competition was done as 720 rounds 70 m for Recurve bows, and 720 rounds 50 m for Compound Bows. Individual elimination and final rounds was done in each category after qualification rounds.

2021 Islamic Solidarity Games
‌The 2021 Islamic Solidarity Games (Turkish: 2021 İslami Dayanışma Oyunları) were the 5th edition of the event held from 9 to 18 August 2022 at Konya, Turkey under the aegis of Islamic Solidarity Sports Federation (ISSF). It was the first time in history that the event was organised by the Turkish Olympic Committee.

Formerly scheduled to take place from 20 to 29 August 2021, the event was postponed to be held from 10 to 19 September 2021 in July 2020 by the ISSF because the original dates were coinciding with the 2020 Summer Olympics, which were postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In May 2021, the ISSF postponed the event to August 2022 citing the COVID-19 pandemic situation in the participating countries.
Mahmoud Hosseini Zad
Mahmoud Hosseini Zad (Persian: محمود حسینی‌زاد; born 8 April 1946) is an Iranian translator of the contemporary German literature. He is also writer, interpreter, literature jury member and docent.

In the early 70s, Hosseini Zad graduated from the university of Munich in political science.  Then he came back to Iran and began to work as a translator for the Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting, IRIB, and also began to teach German language in the University of Tehran, Azad University, Tarbiat Modares University and language institutes in Tehran. At the same time he published two collections of short stories.

He has translated the works of Bertholt Brecht, Friedrich Dürrenmatt, Judith Hermann, Ingo Schulze, Uwe Timm, Peter Stamm, Julia Franck. He also wrote some plays, for which he was awarded.

Friedrich Dürrenmatt
Friedrich Dürrenmatt (German: [ˈfriːdrɪç ˈdʏrənˌmat] ⓘ; 5 January 1921 – 14 December 1990) was a Swiss author and dramatist. He was a proponent of epic theatre whose plays reflected the recent experiences of World War II. The politically active author's work included avant-garde dramas, philosophical crime novels, and macabre satire. Dürrenmatt was a member of the Gruppe Olten, a group of left-wing Swiss writers who convened regularly at a restaurant in the city of Olten.
Helsingborg Marathon
The Helsingborg Marathon is planned to be an annual long-distance running event through much of Helsingborg. With a maximum limit of 2000 participants, the marathon race is expected to become the second largest marathon in Sweden, second to Stockholm Marathon, both in number of participants and number of elite runners. The start is at Sundstorget in the central city and the finish is at Gröningen, not far north of the start.

Helsingborg
Helsingborg (/ˈhɛlsɪŋbɔːrɡ/, US also /-bɔːr(jə), -bɔːri, ˌhɛlsɪŋˈbɔːri/; Swedish: [hɛlsɪŋˈbɔrj] ⓘ) is a city and the seat of Helsingborg Municipality, Scania (Skåne), Sweden. It is the second-largest city in Scania (after Malmö) and ninth-largest in Sweden, with a population of 151,404 (2024). Helsingborg is the central urban area of northwestern Scania and Sweden's closest point to Denmark: the Danish city Helsingør is clearly visible about 4 km (2.5 mi) to the west on the other side of the Øresund.

Historic Helsingborg, with its many old buildings, is a scenic coastal city. The buildings are a blend of old-style stone-built churches and a 600-year-old medieval fortress (Kärnan) in the city centre, and more modern commercial buildings. The streets vary from wide avenues to small alley-ways. Kullagatan, the main pedestrian shopping street in the city, was the first pedestrian shopping street in Sweden.
Hani Miletski
Hani Miletski (born 1962) is a sexologist, and sex therapist living in Bethesda, Maryland. She specializes as a trainer and supervisor in the field, in sex addiction, and also works within the criminal justice system. She studied at The Catholic University of America and has a doctorate from the unaccredited Institute for Advanced Study of Human Sexuality.

Sex therapy
Sex therapy is a therapeutic strategy for the improvement of sexual function and treatment of sexual dysfunction. This includes dysfunctions such as premature ejaculation and delayed ejaculation, erectile dysfunction, lack of sexual interest or arousal, and painful sex (vaginismus and dyspareunia); as well as problems imposed by atypical sexual interests (paraphilias), gender dysphoria (and being transgender), highly overactive libido or hypersexuality, a lack of sexual confidence, and recovering from sexual abuse (such as rape or sexual assault); and also includes sexual issues related to aging, illness, or disability.
Fruit of the Loom
Fruit of the Loom is an American company that manufactures clothing, particularly casual wear and underwear. The company's world headquarters are located in Bowling Green, Kentucky. Since 2002, it has been a wholly owned subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway.

Products manufactured by Fruit of the Loom itself and through its subsidiaries include clothing (t-shirts, hoodies, jackets, sweatpants, shorts and lingerie), and sports equipment (softballs and basketballs) manufactured and commercialized by Spalding.

Spalding (company)
Spalding is an American sports equipment manufacturing company. It was founded by Albert Spalding in Chicago in 1876 as a baseball manufacturer, and is today headquartered in Bowling Green, Kentucky. It sells softballs through its subsidiary Dudley Sports. In the past, Spalding has manufactured balls for other sports, including American football, soccer, basketball, volleyball, tennis, and golf.  The company invented the first basketball in 1894.

For a brief period in the 1980s, Spalding was also a designer of aftermarket automotive wheels.
Rupa Bai Furdoonji
Rupa Bai Furdoonji (also Firdounji or Faridounji)  was an Indian Parsi doctor who was the world's first female anesthetist. She practiced medicine in Hyderabad, and played a major role in introducing the use of chloroform as an anesthetic in India.

Anesthetic
An anesthetic (American English) or anaesthetic (British English; see spelling differences) is a drug used to induce anesthesia ⁠— ⁠in other words, to result in a temporary loss of sensation or awareness. They may be divided into two broad classes: general anesthetics, which result in a reversible loss of consciousness, and local anesthetics, which cause a reversible loss of sensation for a limited region of the body without necessarily affecting consciousness.

A wide variety of drugs are used in modern anesthetic practice.  Many are rarely used outside anesthesiology, but others are used commonly in various fields of healthcare. Combinations of anesthetics are sometimes used for their synergistic and additive therapeutic effects. Adverse effects, however, may also be increased.  Anesthetics are distinct from analgesics, which block only sensation of painful stimuli. Analgesics are typically used in conjunction with anesthetics to control pre-, intra-, and postoperative pain.
İsmail Cem
İsmail Cem (born İsmail Cem İpekçi, 15 February 1940 – 24 January 2007) was a Turkish centre-leftist politician, intellectual, writer, author  and journalist who served as the Minister of Culture of Turkey from July 7 to October 26, 1995, and Minister of Foreign Affairs of Turkey from June 30, 1997 to July 11, 2002.

Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Turkey)
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Turkish: Dışişleri Bakanlığı) is the governmental body responsible for conducting foreign relations of the Republic of Turkey. The Ministry is responsible for Turkey's diplomatic missions abroad as well as providing support for Turkish citizens and  promoting  Turkish culture. The ministry  implements Turkish foreign policy in accordance with the country's national interests. Established on 2 May 1920, its primary duties are administering diplomatic missions, negotiating international treaties and agreements, and representing the Republic of Turkey at the United Nations.

The ministry is headquartered in the Turkish capital of Ankara and counts on more than 200 missions as embassies, permanent representation offices and consulates general, abroad. As of 2021, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs maintains 235 diplomatic posts worldwide.

The current Minister of Foreign Affairs is Hakan Fidan, who has held the position since 3 June 2023.
Akalanka
Akalaṅka [IAST: Akalaṅka] (also known as Akalaṅkadeva and Bhatta Akalaṅka) was a Jain logician whose Sanskrit-language works are seen as landmarks in Indian logic. He lived from 720 to 780 C. E. and belonged to the Digambara sect of Jainism. His work Aṣṭaśatī, a commentary on Āptamīmaṃsa of Ācārya Samantabhadra deals mainly with Jaina logic. He was a contemporary of Rāṣṭrakūta king Krishna I. He is the author of Tattvārtharājavārtika, a commentary on major Jaina text Tattvārtha Sutra. He greatly contributed to the development of the philosophy of Anekāntavāda and is therefore called the "Master of Jain logic".

Aptamimamsa
Aptamimamsa (also Devāgamastotra) is a Jain text composed by Acharya Samantabhadra, a Jain acharya said to have lived about the latter part of the second century AD. Āptamīmāṁsā is a treatise of 114 verses which discusses the Jaina view of Reality, starting with the concept of omniscience (Kevala Jnana) and the attributes of the Omniscient.
Cannon Mountain Ski Area
Cannon Mountain Ski Area is a state-owned ski resort located on Cannon Mountain in the White Mountains of New Hampshire, United States. Cannon is located within Franconia Notch State Park and offers ten lifts servicing 265 acres (1.07 km2) of skiing (168 with snowmaking). Cannon has 23 miles (37 km) of trails and a north-northeast exposure and has the only aerial tram in New Hampshire. Cannon has the largest vertical drop of any ski area in New Hampshire, 2,180 feet (660 m), and is the seventh largest in New England. US Olympic skier Bode Miller grew up skiing at Cannon.

Aerial tramway
An aerial tramway, aerial tram, sky tram, cable car or aerial cablecar, aerial cableway or ropeway is a type of aerial lift that uses one or two stationary cables for support, with a third moving cable providing propulsion. With this form of lift, the grip of an aerial tramway cabin is fixed onto the propulsion cable and cannot be decoupled from it during operation. Aerial tramways usually provide lower line capacities and longer wait times than gondola lifts.
Missouri S&T Miners
The Missouri S&T Miners (variously S&T or Missouri Miners) are the athletic teams that represent the Missouri University of Science and Technology, located in Rolla, Missouri, in intercollegiate sports as a member of the Division II level of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), primarily competing in the Great Lakes Valley Conference (GLVC) for most of its sports since the 2005–06 academic year; its men's swimming team competed in the New South Intercollegiate Swim Conference (NSISC) before the GLVC began to sponsor swimming as a championship sport. Men's volleyball, added in 2022–23, competed as an independent through the 2025 season (2024–25 school year), after which the GLVC will start sponsoring that sport.

The Miners previously competed in the Mid-America Intercollegiate Athletics Association (MIAA) from 1935–36 to 2004–05; and in the Missouri College Athletic Union (MCAU) of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) from 1924–25 to 1932–33.

Great Lakes Valley Conference
The Great Lakes Valley Conference (GLVC) is a college athletic conference affiliated with the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) at the Division II level. Its fifteen member institutions are located in the U.S. states of Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, and Missouri. There are also thirteen associate members that participate in sports not sponsored by their home conferences.
Vokes Hill Corner to Cook Road
Vokes Hill Corner to Cook Road is a remote unsealed outback track that links Vokes Hill Corner on the Anne Beadell Highway to Cook on the Trans-Australian Railway in the far west of South Australia. It was built by Len Beadell for the Australian Government's Weapons Research Establishment in late 1961.

Anne Beadell Highway
Anne Beadell Highway is an outback unsealed track linking Coober Pedy, South Australia, and Laverton, Western Australia, a total distance of 1,325 km (823 mi).   The track was surveyed and built by Len Beadell, Australian surveyor, who named it after his wife.

The track passes through remote arid deserts and scrub territory of South Australia and Western Australia, which often have summer temperatures approaching 50 °C (122 °F).  Sand dunes predominate for most of the track.
Friction torque
In mechanics, friction torque is the torque caused by the frictional force working in couple that occurs when two objects in contact move. Like all torques, it is a rotational force that may be measured in newton meters or pounds-feet.

Torque
In physics and mechanics, torque is the rotational correspondent of linear force. It is also referred to as the moment of force, or simply the moment. Just as a linear force is a push or a pull applied to a body, a torque can be thought of as a twist applied to an object with respect to a chosen axis. For example, driving a screw uses torque to force it into an object. The torque is applied by the screwdriver, rotating around its axis, to the drive on the head of the screw.

Torque is generally referred to using different vocabulary depending on geographical location and field of study, with torque generally being associated with physics and moment being associated with engineering. This article follows the definition used in US physics in its usage of the word torque.

Torque is typically represented mathematically using  the lowercase Greek letter tau (). When being referred to as moment of force, it is commonly denoted by M.
Walnut Hill, Tennessee
Walnut Hill is a census-designated place (CDP) in Sullivan County, Tennessee. The population was 2,394 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Kingsport-Bristol-Bristol, TN-VA Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is a component of the Johnson City-Kingsport-Bristol, TN-VA Combined Statistical Area, commonly known as the "Tri-Cities" region.

Tri-Cities (Tennessee–Virginia)
The Tri-Cities is the region comprising the cities of Kingsport, Johnson City, and Bristol and the surrounding smaller towns and communities in Northeast Tennessee and Southwest Virginia. All three cities are located in Northeast Tennessee, while Bristol has a twin city of the same name in Virginia.

The Tri-Cities region was formerly a single Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA); due to the U.S. Census Bureau's revised definitions of urban areas in the early 2000s, it is now a Combined Statistical Area (CSA) with two metropolitan components: Johnson City and Kingsport–Bristol, TN–VA.  However, the Tri-Cities are usually still considered one population center, which is the fifth-largest in Tennessee.