hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
On the Shape, Location, and Size of Dante's Inferno
On the Shape, Location, and Size of Dante's Inferno is the title of two lectures by Galileo Galilei presented in 1588 upon invitation by the Florentine Academy. The lectures secured him a job as a lecturer of mathematics at the University of Pisa. Galileo attempted to mathematically map Dante's description of hell, trying to bridge the Divine Comedy and scientific thinking. According to professor Mark Peterson, Galileo may have had a secondary aim, to attack the cosmological model of hell proposed by Alessandro Vellutello of Lucca, while supporting another model by the Florentine architect Antonio Manetti during the animosity between the two cities. The lectures were not mentioned by Galileo's first biographer, Vincenzo Viviani, but are available in the standard 20-volume Opere of Galileo among the
"literary" writings in Volume 9.

Inferno (Dante)
Inferno (Italian: [iɱˈfɛrno]; Italian for 'Hell') is the first part of the Italian writer Dante Alighieri's 14th-century narrative poem The Divine Comedy, followed by Purgatorio and Paradiso. The Inferno describes the journey of a fictionalised version of Dante himself through Hell, guided by the ancient Roman poet Virgil. In the poem, Hell is depicted as nine concentric circles of torment located within the Earth; it is the "realm [...] of those who have rejected spiritual values by yielding to bestial appetites or violence, or by perverting their human intellect to fraud or malice against their fellowmen". As an allegory, the Divine Comedy represents the journey of the soul toward God, with the Inferno describing the recognition and rejection of sin.
Kyle Larson Racing
Kyle Larson Racing, originally Larson Marks Racing, is an American sprint car and midget car racing team owned by NASCAR driver Kyle Larson. Fielding cars for Shane Stewart and later Carson Macedo, the team won over 40 sprint car races across multiple series between 2014 and 2020; Larson himself has won multiple crown jewel midget races driving for the team.

Midget car racing
Midget cars, also Speedcars in Australia, is a class of racing cars. The cars are very small, with a very high power-to-weight ratio, and typically use four-cylinder engines. They originated in the United States in the 1930s and are raced on most continents. There is a worldwide tour and national midget tours in the United States, Australia, Argentina and New Zealand.
London Buses route 69
London Buses route 69 is a Transport for London contracted bus route in London, England. Running between Walthamstow and Canning Town bus stations, it is operated by Go-Ahead London subsidiary Blue Triangle.

Walthamstow bus station
Walthamstow Bus Station serves Walthamstow town centre in Waltham Forest, London, England. The station is owned and maintained by Transport for London. The station can be accessed from both Selborne Road and High Street as well as Walthamstow Central tube station. Sixteen bus routes serve the station, with three night bus routes also serving the station.
Punk funk
Punk funk (also hyphenated as punk-funk) is a music fusion genre that typically combine punk rock and funk influences. It gave way to and is closely associated with dance-punk, avant-funk, and funk metal, all of which are also alternatively described as punk funk. The term punk funk has been used to describe Cansei de Ser Sexy by CSS, Minutemen, whose nimble punk funk was compared to Gang of Four by music critic Simon Reynolds, and "Precious" by the Jam, described by Uncut as "hypnotically, itchy, punk funk".

Avant-funk
Avant-funk (also known as mutant disco) is a music style in which artists combine funk or disco rhythms with an avant-garde or art rock mentality. Its most prominent era occurred in the late 1970s and 1980s among post-punk and no wave acts who embraced black dance music.
Voiced epiglottal affricate
A voiced epiglottal affricate ([ʡ͜ʢ] in IPA) is a rare affricate consonant that is initiated as an epiglottal stop [ʡ] and released as a voiced epiglottal fricative [ʢ]. It has not been reported to occur phonemically in any language.

Affricate
An affricate is a consonant that begins as a stop and releases as a fricative, generally with the same place of articulation (most often coronal). It is often difficult to decide if a stop and fricative form a single phoneme or a consonant pair. English has two affricate phonemes, /t͡ʃ/ and /d͡ʒ/, generally spelled ch and j, respectively.
NK Branik Maribor
Nogometni klub Branik Maribor (English: Branik Maribor Football Club), known as NK Branik or simply Branik, was an association football club based in the city of Maribor. Founded on 29 January 1949 they traced their origin back to 1919 and the establishment of I. SSK Maribor (Slovene: 1. Slovenski Športni Klub Maribor, English: 1. Slovene Sports Club Maribor), an association football club founded by Slovenian youth which ceased all operations due to World War II. NK Branik was disbanded on 11 August 1960 due to the food poisoning affair before their promotional qualifications match for the Yugoslav Second League against Karlovac. The club colours were black and white.

I. SSK Maribor
1. slovenski športni klub Maribor (English: First Slovene Sports Club Maribor) or simply I. SSK Maribor was a football club from Maribor. The club was founded in 1919. I. SSK Maribor had a fierce rivalry with NK Železničar Maribor.
Katapult
Katapult is a free and open source application launcher developed originally for KDE 3 and now used on the Trinity Desktop Environment (TDE). It is licensed under the GPL. It was inspired by another application launcher, Quicksilver for Mac OS X. Original development ceased in 2008 and it was removed in KDE 4, but it has been maintained by the TDE developers ever since.

Some of the functionality of Katapult has been integrated into the built-in KRunner program that ships with KDE Software Compilation 4.

Comparison of desktop application launchers
An application launcher is a computer program that helps a user to locate and start other computer programs.  An application launcher provides shortcuts to computer programs, and stores the shortcuts in one place so they are easier to find.

In the comparison of desktop application launchers that follows, each section is devoted to a different desktop environment.
Kali (plant)
Kali was a genus of plants in the subfamily Salsoloideae in the family Amaranthaceae, that has now been subsumed into the genus Salsola.

Common names of various members of this genus include buckbush, rolypoly, tumbleweed for its wind-blown seed dispersal habit, and Tartar thistle and Russian thistle for its origins.

Salsola
Salsola is a genus of the subfamily Salsoloideae in the family Amaranthaceae. The genus sensu stricto is distributed in Australia, central and southwestern Asia, North Africa, and the Mediterranean. Common names of various members of this genus and related genera are saltwort (for their salt tolerance) and tumbleweed or roly-poly. The genus name Salsola is from the Latin salsus, meaning 'salty'.
The Human Predicament
The Human Predicament: A Candid Guide to Life's Biggest Questions is a philosophy book by David Benatar, which makes a case for philosophical pessimism, published by Oxford University Press in 2017. The book presents Benatar's views on a range of philosophical issues, arguing, among other topics, that having children is immoral, that death is bad despite much of human life being spent in suffering, and that suicide may be a morally justified action more often than is commonly assumed. The Human Predicament has been favorably compared to The Conspiracy Against the Human Race by Thomas Ligotti, the worldview presented in Ecclesiastes, and the works of philosopher Thomas Metzinger.

The Conspiracy Against the Human Race
The Conspiracy Against the Human Race: A Contrivance of Horror is a 2010 non-fiction book by American author Thomas Ligotti.

Better known as a horror fiction author, with Conspiracy Ligotti offers a series of essays on his philosophical pessimism, nihilist and antinatalist views. Among other sources, Ligotti cites Peter Wessel Zapffe's essay "The Last Messiah" and the writings of Emil Cioran (1911–1995) and Philipp Mainländer (1841–1876) as inspirations for his philosophical outlook. The book is noted for its repeated usage of the phrase "malignantly useless," as well as for the manner "in which philosophical thought and literary analysis converge" in his writings. In 2018, the book was re-released, with a new preface.
Kundan Lal Jaggi
Kundan Lal Jaggi (10 September 1924 – 4 March 2018) was an Indian chef and restaurateur based in New Delhi. Kundan Lal Jaggi is the inventor of butter chicken, dal makhani, paneer makhani and the founder of the Moti Mahal restaurant along with his partners Kundan Lal Gujral and Thakur Das Magu in 1947 in Daryaganj, Delhi.

Kundan Lal Gujral
Kundan Lal Gujral (c.1902 - 1997) was an Indian chef and restaurateur based in New Delhi. He invented several Indian dishes which have since become popular worldwide, including butter chicken, paneer makhani, tandoori chicken and dal makhani. He was the founder of the restaurant chain Moti Mahal Delux.
Saint Saturnin's Churchyard (Blois)
Saint Saturnin's Churchyard (in French: aître Saint-Saturnin) is a unique monument located in the Vienne district of Blois, in central France. Formerly a cemetery, it is now a lapidary museum belonging to the municipality. The building is currently being renovated.

This is one of the last 4 churchyards remaining in France nowadays.

Blois-Vienne
Blois-Vienne (French pronunciation: [blwavjɛn]), or merely Vienne for locals, is the common name given to the southern part of Blois, central France, separated from the rest of the city by the natural border of the Loire river. It corresponds to the subdistricts of St Saturnin, La Creusille, Les Métairies (college and cemetery) and La Vaquerie, but also include the hamlets of Bas-Rivière and Béjun, although these ones are now administratively attached to the neighboring commune of Chailles. In other words, it is now the left bank of the Loire in Blois.

Nowadays this borough (or district) of around 10,000 inhabitants is the physical heritage of the former village of Vienne-lez-Blois, which remained independent of the royal domain until the beginning of the 17th century, when it was attached to the city, first as a suburb, then as a district.
Bapudham Motihari – Anand Vihar Terminal Amrit Bharat Express
The 15567/15568 Bapudham Motihari – Anand Vihar Terminal Amrit Bharat Express is India's 7th Non-AC Superfast Amrit Bharat Express train. It connects Motihari, the headquarters of the East Champaran district in Bihar with national capital, New Delhi.

This express train was inaugurated on July 18, 2025 by Prime Minister Narendra Modi.

Amrit Bharat Express
The Amrit Bharat Express is a superfast express service operated by Indian Railways. It is a non-air-conditioned, low-cost, sleeper and unreserved service connecting cities that are more than 800 km (500 mi) apart or take more than ten hours to travel with existing services.

The trainset consists of two locomotives on both the ends with a maximum operating speed of 110–130 km/h (68–81 mph). The train has a total of 22 coaches. The 22 coaches are divided into 20 coaches for passengers and 2 for parcels.

The train entered commercial service on 1 January 2024.
Gotham Curve
The Gotham Curve was once the sharpest curve on any standard gauge railway line in the UK. The curve, which was situated in the sparsely populated, exposed limestone uplands in the Peak District of Derbyshire, England, was on the Cromford and High Peak Railway. The single-track main line was inherited by British Railways in 1948. It closed in 1967.

Cromford and High Peak Railway
The Cromford and High Peak Railway (C&HPR) was a standard-gauge line between the Cromford Canal wharf at High Peak Junction and the Peak Forest Canal at Whaley Bridge. The railway, which was completed in 1831, was built to carry minerals and goods through the hilly rural terrain of the Peak District within Derbyshire, England. The route was marked by a number of roped worked inclines. Due to falling traffic, the entire railway was closed by 1967.

The remains of the line, between Dowlow and Cromford, has now become the High Peak Trail, a route on the National Cycle Network.
Battle of Shamkor
Battle of Shamkor (Georgian: შამქორის ბრძოლა) was fought on June 1, 1195 near the city of Shamkor, Arran. The battle was a major victory won by the Georgian army, commanded by David Soslan, over the army of the Eldiguzid ruler of Nusrat al-Din Abu Bakr.

The battle was fought as part of several conflicts between the "Atabegs of Azerbaijan", also known as the Eldiguzids after its ruling dynasty, and Kingdom of Georgia. The consolidation of Eldiguzid power, in the 1130s, coincided with a resurgence of military expansionism by the Georgian kings, whose territories intersected with Muslim Shirvan and Arran.

Nusrat al-Din Abu Bakr
Nusrat al-Din Abu Bakr (Azerbaijani: Nüsrət əl-Din Əbu Bəkr), (Persian: نصرت الدین ابوبکر), was the ruler (atabeg) of the Eldiguzids from 1191 to 1210. He used the titles of Jahan-pahlavan ("champion of the world"), al-Malik al-Mu'azzam ("the respected king"), and Shahanshah al-A'zam ("the great king of kings").
Placide Louis Chapelle
Placide Louis Chapelle (August 28, 1842 – August 9, 1905) was a French-born American prelate of the Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Santa Fe (1894–1897) and later Archbishop of New Orleans (1897–1905). Following the Spanish–American War, he also served as Apostolic Delegate to Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines.

Apostolic Nunciature to the Philippines
The Apostolic Nunciature in the Philippines is a top-level diplomatic mission assigned by the Holy See to the Philippines, located at 2140 Taft Avenue, Malate, Manila.

Diplomatically, an apostolic nuncio may be equivalent to an ambassador, and often carries the ecclesial title of archbishop. The nuncio works closely with the Archdiocese of Manila, and is by custom the doyen of the diplomatic corps.
Roderigo
Roderigo is a fictional character in Shakespeare's 1604 play Othello. Roderigo, a wealthy Venetian, is manipulated into funding the antagonist Iago's plot against Othello in the hopeless belief that Iago will aid him in courting Othello's wife Desdemona. In the later acts, Iago recruits Roderigo to assassinate Othello's former lieutenant Michael Cassio, though he is killed by Iago when he fails in his attempt to do so.

Despite Shakespeare heavily basing Othello on Cinthio's Italian language tale Un Capitano Moro, Roderigo has no counterpart in the original text, unlike other characters, suggesting that Shakespeare created the character himself.

Desdemona
Desdemona (/ˌdɛzdəˈmoʊnə/) is a character in William Shakespeare's play Othello (c. 1601–1604). Shakespeare's Desdemona is a Venetian beauty who enrages and disappoints her father, a Venetian senator, when she elopes with Othello, a Moorish Venetian military prodigy. When her husband is deployed to Cyprus in the service of the Republic of Venice, Desdemona accompanies him. There, her husband is manipulated by his ensign Iago into believing she is an adulteress, and, in the last act, she is murdered by her estranged spouse.
Mudkhed Junction railway station
Mudkhed Junction railway station is junction railway station serving the town of Mudkhed in Nanded district of Maharashtra. The station is located on Secunderabad–Manmad line and falls under Nanded railway division of South Central Railway.

A railway line to Adilabad, Wani and Majri Junction on Ballarshah–Sewagram Junction–Nagpur Junction section of New Delhi–Chennai line, branches off in the North-east.

The major stations near Mudkhed are Hazur Sahib Nanded railway station on west and Nizamabad railway station on east.

Hazur Sahib Nanded railway station
Hazur Sahib Nanded railway station (station code: NED) is a second grade non-suburban (NSG–2) category Indian railway station in Nanded railway division of South Central Railway zone. It serves the city of Nanded, located in Maharashtra. As of December 2023, the station recorded an originating passenger count of 8,190,489.

It is located on the Secunderabad–Manmad line of Indian Railways. The station is located at 36 m above sea level and has four platforms. As of 2018, 89 passenger trains halt each day at this station. In 2008, the station was named after Hazur Sahib, a takht of Sikhism which is situated here.
Bacterial archaeal holin family
The Putative Bacterial Archaeal Holin (BAH) Family (TC# 9.B.185) consists of several uncharacterized proteins. However, these proteins were retrieved when functionally characterized holins from the T-A Hol family (TC# 1.E.43) were BLASTED against the NCBI database, and thus may be related to the T-A Hol family. Most BAH proteins are between 125 and 140 amino acyl residues (aas) in length and exhibit 4 transmembrane segments (TMSs), although at least one putative holin (TC# 9.B.185.1.4) is almost 260 aas long. A representative list of proteins belonging to the BAH family can be found in the Transporter Classification Database.

T-A hol family
The Putative 3-4 TMS Transglycosylase-associated Holin (T-A Hol) Family (TC# 1.E.43) is believed to be a group of holins that does not belong to one of the seven holin superfamilies. Homologues include thousands of diverse phage and bacterial proteins between 80 and 140 amino acyl residues (aas) in length that exhibit 3 to 4 transmembrane segments (TMSs). These proteins are holin-like in their size and topology and are designated 'Transglycosylase-associated', 'Putative holin', 'Phage-like transmembrane protein', 'YeaQ protein', etc. in the NCBI protein database. As of early 2016, they remain functionally uncharacterized. They derive from a wide range of bacterial and archaeal phyla including both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. These proteins are related to the RDD family (TC# 9.B.45) in the conserved domain database. A representative list of proteins belonging to the T-A Hol family can be found in the Transporter Classification Database.
Central Railroad of New Jersey 113
Central Railroad of New Jersey 113, also known as CNJ 113, is a B-7 class 0-6-0 "Switcher" type steam locomotive built in June 1923 by the American Locomotive Company (ALCO) for the Central Railroad of New Jersey (CNJ). The locomotive was designed solely for yard service and could only operate at slow speeds due to the locomotive not having any leading or trailing wheels, but only six driving wheels (thus the 0-6-0 wheel arrangement). No. 113 currently performs passenger excursion services and some freight assignments on Reading Blue Mountain & Northern (RBMN) operated tracks. It is owned and operated by the Railway Restoration Project 113 Organization out of Minersville, PA.

Central Railroad of New Jersey
The Central Railroad of New Jersey, also known as the Jersey Central, Jersey Central Lines or New Jersey Central (reporting mark CNJ), was a Class I railroad with origins in the 1830s. It was absorbed into Conrail in April 1976 along with several other prominent bankrupt railroads of the Northeastern United States.

The CNJ's main line had a major presence in New Jersey. Most of the main line is now used by the Raritan Valley Line passenger service. CNJ main line trackage in Phillipsburg, New Jersey became part of the Lehigh Line under Conrail.
2024 Utah House of Representatives election
The 2024 Utah House of Representatives elections were held on November 5, 2024, as part of the biennial 2024 United States elections. All 75 seats in the Utah House of Representatives were up for election for the 66th Legislature. The filing deadline for candidates was January 8, 2024. Primary elections were held on June 24, 2024. The elections coincided with elections for other offices in Utah, including for Governor, US Senate, US House, and the Utah Senate.

2024 Utah gubernatorial election
The 2024 Utah gubernatorial election was held on November 5, 2024, to elect the governor of Utah.

Incumbent Governor Spencer Cox ran for a second term, winning the Republican primary against state representative Phil Lyman with 54.4% of the vote, who later mounted a write-in campaign for the general election. Cox won the general election in November, defeating Democratic nominee and state representative Brian King as well as Lyman.

This was the worst performance for a Republican gubernatorial candidate since 1992, which also saw a major independent candidate. Cox's 24.43% margin of victory was also the smallest since 2004.
Children's and Family Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Young Teen Program
This is a list of winners and nominees of the Children's and Family Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Young Teen Program, which honors live action programs (series and TV movies) both in broadcast and streaming television aimed at viewers from age eleven to fifteen. The category was established at the 1st Children's and Family Emmy Awards in 2022, and is a sister category to the Children's and Family Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Preschool or Children's Program, which honors shows aimed at younger audiences, and one of the four categories honoring writing at the Children's and Family Emmy Awards.

The inaugural recipient of the award was Netflix series Heartstopper. The current holder of the award is the Disney+ series Percy Jackson and the Olympians, which won at the 3rd Children's and Family Emmy Awards.

Children's and Family Emmy Awards
The Children's and Family Emmy Awards, or Children's and Family Emmys, are a part of the extensive range of Emmy Awards for artistic and technical merit for the American television industry. Bestowed by the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences (NATAS), the Children's and Family Emmys are presented in recognition of excellence in American children's and family-oriented television programming. The first ceremony took place on December 10 and 11, 2022, at Wilshire Ebell Theatre, Los Angeles. Awards for children's programming are offshoots of categories that were previously presented at both the Daytime Emmys and the Primetime Emmys.
Tomás Valdemar Hintnaus
Tomás Valdemar "Tom" Hintnaus (born February 15, 1958) is a retired Brazilian-born pole vaulter, model, and actor. Although he is an American citizen, he represented his native country, Brazil, in the Olympic Games following the American boycott of the 1980 Moscow Olympics.

1980 Summer Olympics boycott
The United States led the 1980 Summer Olympics boycott to protest against the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. More than 60 countries joined the boycott to varying degrees, affecting athletes, fans, and international relations. The absence of so many competitors changed the outcomes of some events, led to alternative competitions, and influenced the 1984 Olympics, which the Soviets later boycotted. The Soviet Union, which hosted the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, and its satellite states later boycotted the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles.
Distributivity (order theory)
In the mathematical area of order theory, there are various notions of the common concept of distributivity, applied to the formation of suprema and infima. Most of these apply to partially ordered sets that are at least lattices, but the concept can in fact reasonably be generalized to semilattices as well.

Partially ordered set
In mathematics, especially order theory, a partial order on a set is an arrangement such that, for certain pairs of elements, one precedes the other. The word partial is used to indicate that not every pair of elements needs to be comparable; that is, there may be pairs for which neither element precedes the other. Partial orders thus generalize total orders, in which every pair is comparable.

Formally, a partial order is a homogeneous binary relation that is reflexive, antisymmetric, and transitive. A partially ordered set (poset for short) is an ordered pair  consisting of a set  (called the ground set of ) and a partial order  on . When the meaning is clear from context and there is no ambiguity about the partial order, the set  itself is sometimes called a poset.