hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Rabih War
The Rabih War (1899–1901) was a war fought between France and the Kanem–Bornu Empire, then ruled by the warlord Rabih az-Zubayr. Chiefly motivated by French colonial and economic interests in the Bornu region, France justified the campaign as being part of the struggle against the African slave trade. France was supported in the war by the Sultanate of Bagirmi and by Bornuans who remained loyal to the al-Kanemi dynasty, which had been deposed by Rabih.

Rabih defeated an initial French force, led by Henri Bretonnet, at the battle of Togbao in 1899. After the French increased their efforts and resources, Rabih was defeated and killed at the battle of Kousséri in 1900. The French installed Sanda Kura, an al-Kanemi dynast, as the new ruler of the Kanem–Bornu Empire but the war continued against Rabih's son, Fadlallah. Fadlallah made repeated attempts to regain Bornu and tried to secure British support for his claims but was ultimately defeated and killed at the battle of Gujba in 1901.

Fadlallah bin Rabih
Fadlallah bin Rabih ruled parts of the Kanem–Bornu Empire in 1900–1901, succeeding his father Rabih az-Zubayr. Fadlallah came to power in the aftermath of his father's defeat and death at the battle of Kousséri and immediately faced an invasion by France, supported by local loyalists of the al-Kanemi dynasty (which had been deposed by Fadlallah's father). Fadlallah secured some British support as ruler of Bornu and enjoyed some success in fighting French forces and their allies but was himself defeated and killed in battle in 1901.
Dmitry Petrov (translator)
Dmitry Yuryevich Petrov (Russian: Дмитрий Юрьевич Петров; born 16 July 1958 in Novomoskovsk, Tula Region) is a Russian polyglot, simultaneous interpreter, lecturer, broadcaster, and teacher. He is a host of the reality show Polyglot on the TV channel Russia-K. Finished Translation School of Moscow State Linguistics University where he teaches, as of 2016, at the Department of Translation Studies and English Translation Practice. Since 2012 has his multilingual language school called Dmitry Petrov's Innovative Communication Linguistics Center that works using his 16 academic hour method Polyglot 16, implemented in eponymous course books and mobile applications.

Moscow State Linguistic University
Moscow State Linguistic University (Russian: Московский государственный лингвистический университет, МГЛУ), previously known as Maurice Thorez Moscow State Pedagogical Institute of Foreign Languages (Russian: Московский государственный педагогический институт иностранных языков имени Мориса Тореза, МГПИИЯ им. Мориса Тореза and still often referred to as InYaz) is a university in Moscow, Russia. It is the largest and the oldest university in Russia that specializes in linguistics and foreign languages. There are about 10,000 students and postgraduates in the university. Education is available in 35 languages.
Siege of Farabougou
Between October 6, 2020, and October 22, 2020, Fulani militants from Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin's Katiba Macina laid siege to the town of Farabougou, Ségou Region, Mali. The fighting initially began as an intensification of ethnic conflict between Bambara and Fulani militias, and escalated when Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin surrounded the city. As JNIM tightened the siege on the city, residents faced famine and drought. Mediation committees composed of leaders and elders from nearby villages attempted to negotiate the lifting of the siege, but Malian forces liberated it on October 22. Jihadists still held a large presence near the town for weeks to come.

Ségou Region
Ségou Region (Bambara: ߛߋߓߎ ߘߌߣߋߖߊ tr. Segu Dineja) is an administrative region in Mali, situated in the centre of the country with an area of 64,821 km2 (25,028 sq mi), around 5% of Mali. The region is bordered by Sikasso Region on the south, Tombouctou and Mopti on the east, Burkina Faso to the southeast and the Koulikoro Region to the west. In 2009 it had 2,336,255 inhabitants, making it the second most populous region of Mali. Its administrative capital is the town of Ségou.
UNICOS
UNICOS is a range of Unix and later Linux operating system (OS) variants developed by Cray for its supercomputers. UNICOS is the successor of the Cray Operating System (COS). It provides network clustering and source code compatibility layers for some other Unixes. UNICOS was originally introduced in 1985 with the Cray-2 system and later ported to other Cray models. The original UNICOS was based on UNIX System V Release 2, and had many Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) features (e.g., computer networking and file system enhancements) added to it.

Cray
Cray Inc., a subsidiary of Hewlett Packard Enterprise, is an American supercomputer manufacturer headquartered in Seattle, Washington. It also manufactures systems for data storage and analytics. As of June 2025, Cray supercomputer systems held the top three spots in the TOP500, which ranks the most powerful supercomputers in the world.

In 1972, the company was founded by computer designer Seymour Cray as Cray Research, Inc., and it continues to manufacture parts in Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin, where Cray was born and raised. After being acquired by Silicon Graphics in 1996, the modern company was formed after being purchased in 2000 by Tera Computer Company, which adopted the name Cray Inc. In 2019, the company was acquired by Hewlett Packard Enterprise for $1.3 billion.
International Business Park
International Business Park (Abbreviation: IBP; Malay: Taman Perniagaan Antarabangsa; Chinese: 国际商业园) is a high-tech business park managed by JTC Corporation in Jurong East, Singapore.

The business park serves as a location for companies to establish their regional headquarters, innovation hubs, and other business operations in Singapore's Western region. Companies located in IBP include Acer, Creative Technology, Evonik, Johnson Controls, Tolaram, ThyssenKrupp, TÜV SÜD, among others.

JTC Corporation
JTC Corporation (JTC), formerly the Jurong Town Corporation, is a statutory board under Singapore's Ministry of Trade and Industry that champions sustainable industrial development. It master-plans clean, green and smart estates to create attractive destinations for Singapore's talent and communities. The agency also drives innovations in the building and infrastructure sector.
Soraya Toppin-Herbert
Soraya Toppin-Herbert (born 7 January 1994) is a Barbadian footballer who plays as a midfielder for the Barbados women's national team. She currently serves as the Director of Women’s Football for the Bahamas Football Association.

Bahamas Football Association
The Bahamas Football Association (BFA), is the official governing body of the sport of association football in The Bahamas. Founded in 1967 and headquartered in Nassau, the federation is a full member of FIFA since 1968 and governs Bahamian football at the international, professional, and amateur levels, including: the men's and women's national teams, BFA Senior League, youth organizations, and the beach soccer national teams. BFA sanctions the national cup Bahamas President's Cup, Grand Bahama FA Cup, and New Providence FA Cup tournaments. The BFA is also a member of the Caribbean Football Union and CONCACAF.
Jody Handley
Jody Handley (born 12 March 1979) is an English former footballer from Stafford, who most recently played for FA WSL 2 club Doncaster Rovers Belles. A pacy and intelligent attacking player, she featured as both a wide midfielder and striker for England as well as clubs including Wolves Women, Liverpool Ladies and Everton Ladies. She has featured in four FA Women's Cup finals with three clubs, losing the first three but captaining Everton Ladies to their win in 2010.

On the international stage Handley won 38 England caps and scored six goals following her debut in July 2002. She took part in the 2007 FIFA Women's World Cup, and was a non-playing squad member at the 2005 and 2009 editions of the UEFA Women's Championship.

Doncaster Rovers Belles L.F.C.
Doncaster Rovers Belles Ladies Football Club, previously Doncaster Belles, is an English women's football club that currently plays in the FA Women's National League Division One North, the fourth tier of women's football in England. The club's administration is based at their home ground of Eco-Power Stadium (formerly Keepmoat Stadium) in Doncaster, South Yorkshire.

They are one of English women's football's most famous and successful clubs, being one of only three non-London teams to have won the FA Women's Premier League National Division, in 1992 and 1994. Founded in 1969 by lottery ticket sellers at Belle Vue, home of Doncaster Rovers Football Club, they have also won the FA Women's Cup six times and reached the final on a further seven occasions. They are currently awaiting the appointment of a new manager following the resignation of Amanda Greenslade on 26 January 2026.
S v Jordan
S v Jordan and Others is a decision of the Constitutional Court of South Africa which confirmed the constitutionality of statutory prohibitions on brothel-keeping and prostitution. It was handed down on 9 October 2002 with a majority judgment by Justice Sandile Ngcobo.

Hearing a challenge to provisions of the Sexual Offences Act, 1957, the court held unanimously that it is constitutional to criminalise brothel-keeping. However, the bench split six-to-five on the constitutionality of section 20(1)(aA) of the Act, which criminalises prostitution. Writing on behalf of the minority, Justices Kate O'Regan and Albie Sachs argued that the prostitution prohibition discriminated indirectly but unfairly against women, while the majority dismissed this view on the grounds that both men and women are barred from conducting sex work.

Sexual Offences Act, 1957
The Sexual Offences Act, 1957 (Act No. 23 of 1957, originally the Immorality Act, 1957) is an act of the Parliament of South Africa which, in its current form, prohibits prostitution, brothel-keeping and procuring, and other activities related to prostitution. Before the law relating to sex offences was consolidated and revised by the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act, 2007, it also prohibited various other sex offences, including sex with children under the age of consent and sex with the mentally incompetent. As the Immorality Act it was infamous for prohibiting sex between a white person and a person of another race, until that prohibition was removed by a 1985 amendment.
Demi Jones
Demi Jones (born 2 July 1998) is an English television personality. In 2020, she was a contestant on the sixth series of the ITV2 reality series Love Island and finished in third place. After being diagnosed with thyroid cancer, she signed up for The Real Full Monty in 2021. She returned to compete in the spin-off series Love Island: All-Stars in 2024.

The Real Full Monty
The Real Full Monty is a series of British television specials that began airing on ITV on 15 June 2017. The series airs annual specials that feature celebrities stripping to raise money for cancer charities. Ashley Banjo appears in every special to coach the celebrities and choreograph. Since 2018, local versions of the franchise have also been produced in Australia, Italy and Spain, with a United States version planned for release in 2024. On 30 September 2024, ITV announced that the show had been cancelled and will not return.
Elena Grushina
Elena Eduardovna Grushina (Russian: Елена Эдуардовна Грушина or Ukrainian: Олена Едуардівна Грушина Olena Eduardivna Hrushyna; born 8 January 1975) is a Ukrainian ice dancer. With partner and then-husband Ruslan Goncharov, she is the 2006 Olympic bronze medalist, 2005 World bronze medalist, and two-time (2005, 2006) European silver medalist.

2005 World Figure Skating Championships
The 2005 World Figure Skating Championships were held at the Luzhniki Sports Palace in Moscow, Russia, from March 14 to 20. Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing.

The 2005 Worlds was the primary means of deciding the number of entries each country would have to the Olympics.
Karonga War
The name Karonga War  is given to a number of armed clashes that took place between mid-1887 and mid-1889 near Karonga at the northern end of Lake Malawi in what is now Malawi between a Scottish trading concern called the African Lakes Company Limited and elements of the Ngonde people on one side and Swahili traders and their Henga allies on the other. In the 19th century, it was referred to as the “Arab War”, despite few actual Arabs being involved. Although these conflicts predate formal endorsement of a British Central Africa Protectorate west of Lake Malawi in 1891, European involvement, both by the African Lakes Company and by Germans attempting to prevent Swahili slave trading around Lake Tanganyika in German East Africa, had upset the previous balance between the Ngonde and their neighbours and created the conditions for this conflict. It was between the Tumbuka and Nyakyusa-Ngonde ethnic groups.

Nyakyusa people
The Nyakyusa (also called the Sokile, Ngone or Nkone; Swahili: Wanyakyusa) are a Bantu ethnolinguistic group who live in the mountains of southern Mbeya Region of Tanzania and the Northern Region of Malawi. They speak the Nyakyusa language, a member of the Bantu language family. In 1993, the Nyakyusa population was estimated to be 1,050,000, with 750,000 living in Tanzania. The Nyakyusa are colonising people where success and survival depended on individual effort.

Historically, they were called the 'Ngone' below the Songwe River in British Nyasaland, and 'Nyakyusa' above the river in German territory.  The two groups were identical in language and culture, so much so that the Germans referred to the Nyakyusa region above the Songwe River and people as 'Kone', at least until 1935.
USS Hart
Two ships of the United States Navy have borne the name USS Hart. The first Hart was named for Midshipman Ezekiel Hart, who died in the War of 1812, and Lieutenant Commander John E. Hart, who died in the Civil War. The second Hart was named for Lieutenant Patrick H. Hart (1915–1942), who died in the Battle of Midway.

USS Hart (DD-110), was a Wickes-class destroyer, launched in 1918 and struck in 1931

USS Hart (DD-594), was a Fletcher-class destroyer, launched in 1944 and struck in 1973

USS Hart (DD-594)
USS Hart (DD-594), a Fletcher-class destroyer, was the second ship of the United States Navy of that name, in honor of Lieutenant Patrick H. Hart (1912–1942), who posthumously received the Navy Cross for heroism during the Battle of Midway.
Jessie Rae Scott
Jessie Rae Scott (October 12, 1929 – December 26, 2010) was an American politician who served as the First Lady of North Carolina from 1969 to 1973 through her marriage to North Carolina Governor Robert W. Scott.

Scott unsuccessfully sought the Democratic nomination for North Carolina Labor Commissioner in 1976 and served as the state coordinator for the Jimmy Carter presidential campaign. She also acted as the chief lobbyist for North Carolina's Equal Rights Amendment for women.

Robert W. Scott
Robert Walter "Bob" Scott (June 13, 1929 – January 23, 2009) was an American politician who served as the 67th Governor of North Carolina from 1969 to 1973. He was born and died in Haw River, North Carolina.

The son of North Carolina Governor W. Kerr Scott and First Lady Mary White Scott, and grandson and nephew of state legislators, Scott was a dairy farmer.
Chulu Chululu
Chulu Chululu, sometimes referred to as Chululu, is a Fijian song that has been covered by a multitude of artists ranging from Peter Posa to Bill Sevesi & His Islanders. An English version of this song was a hit for Bill and Boyd.

Bill Sevesi
Wilfred Jeffs QSM (28 July 1923 – 23 April 2016), better known by the stage name Bill Sevesi, was a musician and master of the steel guitar who helped popularise Hawaiian-style music in New Zealand and the Pacific Islands.

Tongan-born Sevesi composed more than 200 songs with over 20 albums to his credit during a career spanning six decades.

He began playing the Hawaiian Steel Guitar in 1936, and in later years his band Wilfred Jeffs and the Islanders became Bill Sevesi and the Islanders. He performed all over the Pacific Islands, New Zealand, Australia and United States.

He recorded some classic favourites such as '"Bye Bye Baby Goodbye" (1958) as well as recording artists such as Daphne Walker, The Yandall Sisters and Annie Crummer.
Dana Tai Soon Burgess
Dana Tai Soon Burgess (born February 26, 1968) is an American choreographer and dancer. In May 2016 Burgess was named the Smithsonian's first-ever choreographer in residence at the National Portrait Gallery. His work has tended to focus on the "hyphenated person" (someone who is of mixed ethnic or cultural heritage), as well as issues of belonging and societal acceptance. He serves as a cultural envoy for the U.S. State Department, an appointment he uses to promote international cultural dialogue through "the global language of dance." Throughout his career, Burgess has performed, taught, and choreographed around the world.

National Portrait Gallery (United States)
The National Portrait Gallery (NPG) is an art museum in Washington, D.C., United States. Founded in 1962 and opened in 1968, it is part of the Smithsonian Institution. Its collections focus on images of American artists, politicians, scientists, inventors, activists, and performers who have contributed to the nation's history, development, and culture. Along with the Smithsonian American Art Museum, the museum is housed in the historic Old Patent Office Building.
Gyula Grosics
Gyula Grosics (Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈɟulɒ ˈɡroʃit͡ʃ]; 4 February 1926 – 13 June 2014) was a Hungarian football goalkeeper who played 86 times for the Hungary national football team and was part of the "Golden Team" of the 1950s. Regarded as one of the greatest goalkeepers of all time, he was thought to be the first goalkeeper to play as the sweeper-keeper. Grosics was nicknamed "Black Panther" (Hungarian: Fekete Párduc), because he wore black clothing while playing. He won a gold medal in football at the 1952 Summer Olympics.

Football at the 1952 Summer Olympics
The Football tournament at the 1952 Summer Olympics was won by Hungary.

The games signalled the arrival (to Western Europeans at least) of the Hungarian national football team – the "Magical Magyars". Ferenc Puskás later said of the 1952 competition: "It was during the Olympics that our football first started to flow with real power." It was during the Games that Stanley Rous of English Football Association invited the Hungarians to play a friendly at Wembley the following year.
Einkorn
Einkorn  (from German Einkorn, literally "single grain") can refer to either a wild species of wheat (Triticum) or a domesticated form of wheat. The wild form is T. boeoticum (syn. T. m. subsp. boeoticum), and the domesticated form is T. monococcum (syn. T. m. subsp. monococcum). Einkorn is a diploid species (2n = 14 chromosomes) of hulled wheat, with tough glumes (husks) that tightly enclose the grains. The cultivated form is similar to the wild, except that the ear stays intact when ripe and the seeds are larger. The domestic form is known as petit épeautre in French, Einkorn in German, "einkorn" or "littlespelt" in English, piccolo farro in Italian and escanda menor in Spanish. The name refers to the fact that each spikelet contains only one grain. Einkorn was one of the first forms of wheat to be cultivated.

Glume
In botany, a glume is a bract (leaf-like structure) below a spikelet in the inflorescence (flower cluster) of grasses (Poaceae) or the flowers of sedges (Cyperaceae). There are two other types of bracts in the spikelets of grasses: the lemma and palea.

In grasses, two bracts known as "glumes" form the lowermost organs of a spikelet (there are usually two but one is sometimes reduced; or rarely, both are absent). Glumes may be similar in form to the lemmas, the bracts at the base of each floret.

In sedges, by contrast, a glume is a scale at the base of each flower in a spikelet.
Douglas XA-2
The Douglas XA-2 was an American prototype attack aircraft converted from a Douglas O-2 observation aircraft in the spring of 1926 by Douglas Aircraft. Only one prototype aircraft was built and the type was not ordered into production.

Curtiss Falcon
The Curtiss Falcon was a family of military biplane aircraft built by the American aircraft manufacturer Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company during the 1920s. Most saw service as part of the United States Army Air Corps as observation aircraft with the designations O-1 and O-11, or as the attack aircraft designated the A-3 Falcon.

U.S. Navy variants were used initially as fighter-bombers with the designation F8C Falcon, then as the first U.S. Marine Corps dive bombers with the name Helldiver. Two later generations of Curtiss dive-bombers were also named Helldiver.

The type was introduced in 1925 and saw first-line service in the United States until 1934. Curtiss Falcons fought in the Constitutionalist Revolution of 1932 in Brazil, used by the forces of São Paulo.
Tomomi Kobayashi
Tomomi Kobayashi (小林智美, Kobayashi Tomomi) is a Japanese illustrator. She is best known for her character design and illustration work in the SaGa series of video games by Square Enix. Kobayashi has been termed an "iconic" artist for Japanese role-playing games, and has had multiple artbooks published.

SaGa
SaGa (サガ) is a series of science fantasy role-playing video games by Square Enix. The series originated on the Game Boy in 1989 as the creation of Akitoshi Kawazu at Square. It has since continued across multiple platforms, from the Super NES to the PlayStation 2 to mobile phones, PCs, and modern multi-platform console releases. The series is notable for its emphasis on open world exploration, non-linear branching plots, and occasionally unconventional gameplay. This distinguishes the games from most of Square's other franchises.
Metal tetranorbornyl
In organometallic chemistry, metal tetranorbornyls are compounds with the formula M(nor)4 (M = a metal in a +4 oxidation state; nor = bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-1-yl) and are one of the largest series of tetraalkyl complexes derived from identical ligands. Metal tetranorbornyls display uniform stoichiometry, low-spin configurations, and high stability, which can be attributed to their +4 oxidation state metal center. The stability of metal tetranorbornyls is predominately considered to be derived from the unfavorable β-hydride elimination. Computational calculations have determined that London dispersion effects significantly contribute to the stability of metal tetranorbornyls. Specifically, Fe(nor)4 has a stabilization of 45.9 kcal/mol−1. Notable metal tetranorbornyls are those synthesized with metal centers of cobalt, manganese, or iron.

Spin states (d electrons)
Spin states when describing transition metal coordination complexes refers to the potential spin configurations of the central metal's d electrons. For several oxidation states, metals can adopt high-spin and low-spin configurations. The ambiguity only applies to first row metals, because second- and third-row metals are invariably low-spin. These configurations can be understood through the two major models used to describe coordination complexes; crystal field theory and ligand field theory (a more advanced version based on molecular orbital theory).
Henry Lémery
Henry Lémery (9 December 1874 – 26 April 1972) was a politician from Martinique who served in the French National Assembly from 1914–1919 and the French Senate from 1920–1941. Lémery was briefly Minister of Justice in 1934. During World War II (1939–45) he was Colonial Secretary in the Vichy government for three months in 1940 before being dismissed.

Ministry of Justice (France)
The Ministry of Justice (French: Ministère de la Justice) is a ministerial department of the Government of France, also known in French as la Chancellerie. It is headed by the Minister of Justice, also known as the Keeper of the Seals, a member of the Council of Ministers. The ministry's headquarters are on Place Vendôme, Paris.