hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Book of Optics
The Book of Optics (Arabic: كتاب المناظر, romanized: Kitāb al-Manāẓir; Latin: De Aspectibus or Perspectiva; Italian: Deli Aspecti) is a seven-volume treatise on optics and other fields of study composed by the medieval Arab scholar Ibn al-Haytham, known in the West as Alhazen or Alhacen (965 – c. 1040 AD).

The Book of Optics presented experimentally founded arguments against the widely held extramission theory of vision (as held by Euclid in his Optica), and proposed the modern intromission theory, the now accepted model that vision takes place by light entering the eye.: 60–67  The book is also noted for its early use of the scientific method, its description of the camera obscura, and its formulation of Alhazen's problem. The book extensively affected the development of optics, physics and mathematics in Europe between the 13th and 17th centuries.

Emission theory (vision)
Emission theory or extramission theory (variants: extromission) or extromissionism is the proposal that visual perception is accomplished by eye beams emitted by the eyes. This theory has been replaced by intromission theory (or intromissionism), which is that visual perception comes from something representative of the object (later established to be rays of light reflected from it) entering the eyes. Modern physics has confirmed that light is physically transmitted by photons from a light source, such as the sun, to visible objects, and finishing with the detector, such as a human eye or camera.
Ramkrishna Bajaj
Ramkrishna Bajaj (1923―1994) was an Indian businessman and freedom fighter who was a close associate of Mahatma Gandhi. He used to describe himself as 'Mahatma Gandhi's coolie'. He spent four years in jail from 1942 to 1946 for participating in the Quit India Movement. He was the head of the Bajaj Group of Industries and served as the chairman of the Jamnalal Bajaj Foundation and Jamnalal Bajaj Seva Trust.

Bajaj Group
The Bajaj Group is an Indian multinational conglomerate founded by Jamnalal Bajaj in Mumbai in 1926. The group comprises 40 companies and its flagship company Bajaj Auto is ranked as the world's fourth largest two- and three-wheeler manufacturer. The group has involvement in various industries that include automobiles (2- and 3-wheelers), home appliances, lighting, iron and steel, insurance, travel and finance.
GE Security
GE Security was a division of General Electric's GE Enterprise Solutions. It was acquired by UTC on March 1, 2010, and became part of UTC Fire & Security. GE Security's division provides intrusion alarm systems, integrated security systems, fire systems, access control, video surveillance, explosives and illegal drug detection, key control/lockbox, fiber optic transmission, machine guarding, and more. GE Security was based in Bradenton, Florida.

United Technologies
United Technologies Corporation (UTC) was an American multinational conglomerate headquartered in Farmington, Connecticut.  It researched, developed, and manufactured products in numerous areas, including aircraft engines, aerospace systems, HVAC, elevators and escalators, fire and security, building automation, and industrial products, among others. UTC was also a large military contractor, getting about 10% of its revenue from the U.S. government. In April 2020, UTC merged with the Raytheon Company to form Raytheon Technologies, later renamed RTX Corporation.
Thine for ever! God of love
"Thine for ever! God of love" is an English confirmation hymn. It was written by Mary Fawler Maude in 1847. The original is in seven stanza of four lines. It is usually abbreviated, and stanzas two and three transposed, as in the S.P.C.K. Church Hymns, 1871; the Hymnal Companion; Hymns Ancient and Modern, 1875; Thring's Collection, 1882, and other hymnbooks. As a hymn for Confirmation its use in its day was extensive. The hymn was altered by various editors.

Hymns Ancient and Modern
Hymns Ancient and Modern is a hymnal in common use within the Church of England, a result of the efforts of the Oxford Movement. The hymnal was first published in 1861.

The organization publishing it has now been formed into a charitable trust, Hymns Ancient and Modern Ltd, and as of 2022 it publishes a wide range of hymnals as well as other theological and religious books and magazines, under imprints including the acquired publishers Canterbury Press and SCM Press.
2021 Golden Gala
The 2021 Golden Gala was the 41st edition of the annual outdoor track and field meeting held in Italy, this time in Florence rather than the usual Rome location. Held on 10 June at the Stadio Luigi Ridolfi, it was the third leg of the 2021 Diamond League – the highest level international track and field circuit.

The meeting was highlighted by Dina Asher-Smith's victory in the 200 metres, as well as Jakob Ingebrigtsen's unexpected European record in the 5000 metres with a time of 12:48.45 in his first sub-13 clocking.

2021 Diamond League
The 2021 Diamond League, also known as the 2021 Wanda Diamond League for sponsorship reasons, was the twelfth season of the annual series of outdoor track and field meetings, organised by World Athletics. The 2021 season sees an increase back to 32 Diamond Disciplines from the 24 originally planned for the 2020 Diamond League. The final used a new format which took place over two days on 8–9 September in one final meet, the Weltklasse Zürich, as had been planned to be introduced in 2020 but was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

A new award will be introduced for the "Best Performing Athletes" which will recognize ten athletes (five men and five women) for consistent top placements. US$50,000 will be awarded to one man and one woman in each of the sprints, hurdles, distance runnings, jumps, and throws.
Arnau de Gurb
Arnau de Gurb (in Spanish, Arnoldo de Guerbo) was bishop of Barcelona from 1252 to 1284. He had served as a canon at the cathedral of Vic and later as primary archdeacon in Barcelona. As bishop, he expanded the episcopal palace, and built the Chapel of Santa Llúcia (Saint Lucy) in the cathedral of Barcelona. With James II of Aragon, he participated in the conquest of the kingdom of Murcia. He served as ambassador to the French court. He was close with Saint Raymond of Peñafort and promoted the cult of the Immaculate Conception.

He participated in the Disputation of Barcelona. James I of Aragon had appointed a censorship commission to remove the passages perceived offensive from the Talmud. It consisted of De Gurb, Raymond de Peñafort, and the Dominicans Arnoldo de Segarra, Pedro de Janua and Ramón Martí (author of Pugio Fidei).

His body rests in a mausoleum in the Chapel of Santa Llúcia in the Cathedral of Barcelona.

Raymond of Peñafort
Raymond of Penyafort OP (Catalan: Sant Ramon de Penyafort, IPA: [ˈsan rəˈmon də ˌpɛɲəˈfɔɾ]; c. 1175 – 6 January 1275) was a Catalan friar with the Dominicans who was a canon lawyer. He compiled the Decretals of Gregory IX, a collection of canonical laws that remained a major part of Church law until the 1917 Code of Canon Law abrogated it. He was canonized by Pope Clement VIII in 1601 and is the patron saint of canon lawyers.

He wrote one of the first manuals for user of the inquisitors, the Directorium inquisitoriale (1242).
MBC 4
MBC 4 (Arabic: إم بي سي 4) is a free-to-air Saudi Arabian entertainment television channel owned by the MBC Group. It primarily targets female audiences. The channel broadcasts international programming with Arabic subtitles and is particularly known for airing dubbed Turkish drama series, alongside lifestyle and reality programming.

MBC Group
MBC Group is a Saudi media conglomerate and the leading media group in the Middle East and North Africa, widely described as the region’s largest broadcaster. It was launched in 1991 by Saudi businessman Waleed bin Ibrahim, who serves as its chairman. The group is majority owned by the State Public Investment Fund.
Mubarak Ali Khan (singer)
Ustad Mubarak Ali Khan (1937 –  8 April 2021) was a veteran Pakistani classical singer from the Kirana school. He also contributed to Bollywood soundtracks, though specific details of these works remain unknown.

Kirana gharana
The Kirana Gharana is a Hindustani music apprenticeship tradition (gharana) made popular by Bande Ali Khan in the 19th Century and his cousins Abdul Karim Khan and Abdul Wahid Khan. Evolved from the instrumental and vocal Gauharbani dhrupad lineages of medieval music maestros Nayak Gopal, Nayak Dhondu, and Nayak Bhanu. Later, this tradition came to be reputed for khayal, thumri, dadra, ghazal, bhajan, abhang, and natya sangeet. This gharana is known for producing acclaimed musicians like Sawai Gandharva, Sureshbabu Mane, Hirabai Barodekar, Amir Khan, Gangubai Hangal, Bhimsen Joshi, Roshanara Begum, Mohammed Rafi, Prabha Atre, Mashkoor Ali Khan Kaivalya Kumar Gurav, Pran Nath, Anand Bhate, Sanhita Nandi, and Jayateerth Mevundi. Consequently, this gharana developed a reputation for its distinctly sweet, devotional, and intense vocalism.
Renee Bargh
Renee Bargh (born 18 October 1985) is an Australian entertainment reporter, who is best known as a host of Channel [V] Australia. She is currently the weekend co-host and correspondent for Extra in the United States. On 23 January 2020, Bargh became the co-host of The Voice Australia, alongside Darren McMullen for the series 9 season.

Darren McMullen
Darren McMullen (born 10 February 1982) is a Scottish-Australian television and radio presenter and personality, music journalist and music critic. He was born in Glasgow, Scotland, and emigrated with his family to Australia at the age of 12. He is best known as the co-host of The Voice Australia. Prior to his career as a presenter, he was a student at Bradfield College and then an advertising executive.

In August 2019, McMullen performed as the 'Prawn' in the first season of The Masked Singer Australia.
Colby Evans
Colby Evans (born July 2, 2001) is an American professional stock car racing driver and crew member. He last competed part-time in the ARCA Menards Series, driving the No. 86 Ford for Clubb Racing Inc.

Alex Clubb
Alex J. Clubb (born October 23, 1991) is an American professional stock car racing driver who competes full-time in the ARCA Menards Series, driving the No. 03 Ford for his family-owned team, Clubb Racing Inc.
Hidden compartment
A hidden compartment or secret compartment is a compartment whose existence or access is not obvious at first glance, and can be used as a hiding  place for objects or sometimes even for people.

A hidden compartment where people can stay is usually referred to as a hidden room or secret room, and can range from parts of small wardrobes or closets under staircases to entire basements or even large mountain complexes. Hidden rooms are often accessed via a hidden door, which for example can be camouflaged as a bookshelf or a trapdoor in the floor. Hidden rooms can for example be used as a refuge, media room, larder or wine cellar.

The term hidden compartment can also refer to smaller storage places for valuables and personal belongings in furniture (such as cabinet compartments), trap compartments in vehicles, false bottoms in containers, and various other concealment devices.

False bottom
A false bottom (or false back) is an internal partition in a container, typically at the bottom of a drawer, suitcase or similar item, enabling the concealment of objects from a cursory examination of the item's contents. A false bottom may be present if the internal dimensions of a container do not match its external dimensions after taking into account the thicknesses of constituent materials and structures used to build the object.

The term false bottom can also refer to the deep scattering layer in the ocean, a phenomenon where a layer of marine organisms deep in the ocean can be mistaken by sonar for the seabed. In Polar research, the false bottom refers to the type of thin sea ice which is formed underwater at the interface of low-salinity meltwater and saline seawater, typically during summer season.
Daniel Brown (rower)
Daniel Brown (born 29 November 1982) is a retired British pararower who competed at international-level events. He is a Paralympic champion, a triple world champion and a double world cup champion in the mixed coxed four with Grace Clough, Pam Relph, James Fox and Oliver James.

Brown was a keen football and rugby league player when he was in his teenage years and played for Wokingham. He was involved in a car accident in 2003 which caused him to have life-changing injuries: he couldn't put weight on his ankle and he severed nerves in his left arm.

At the 2016 Rio Paralympics, Brown took gold in the mixed coxed four alongside Pam Relph, Grace Clough, James Fox and Oliver James.

He was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2017 New Year Honours for services to rowing.

James Fox (rower)
James Fox MBE (born 2 May 1992) is a British Paralympic rower who is a five time World champion and a Paralympic champion in the mixed coxed four Paralympic events. He started rowing when he was eleven.

He started his career at the Peterborough City Rowing Club. Fox broke his back in a car accident shortly after starting university.

Fox attended the University of London where he crewed for the University of London Boat Club (ULBC).
Anna Nghipondoka
Ester-Anna-Liisa Shiwomwenyo Nghipondoka (born 13 June 1957) is a Namibian politician and member of SWAPO. She served as a  Minister of Education, Arts and Culture from March 2020 to 21 March 2025  after having worked as deputy minister with the same portfolio since 2015. In 2021 under her ministry a new education curriculum, called Advanced Subsidiary (AS), was implemented. She further stated in  2022 that "the new curriculum is not bad". Nghipondoka also encouraged the teachers to embrace the new curriculum despite the challenges it has.

Ministry of Education (Namibia)
The Ministry of Education (MOE) is a department of the Namibian government. Established at Namibian independence in 1990, the first Namibian education minister was Nahas Angula. The current education minister is Sanet Steenkamp.
Bennet Sherard, 2nd Baron Sherard
Bennet Sherard, 2nd Baron Sherard DL (baptised 30 November 1621 – 15 January 1700) was an English politician and Irish peer. An influential landowner in Leicestershire and Rutland, he was returned to Parliament by the former county from 1679 through 1695, although his Parliamentary activity was minimal. He entered Parliament as a supporter of the Exclusion Bill, and was one of the Whigs purged from county offices in 1688 over James' policy of religious tolerance. He supported James' overthrow in the Glorious Revolution, and was appointed Lord Lieutenant and Custos Rotulorum of Rutland, offices he held until his death in 1700.

Lord Lieutenant of Rutland
This is a list of people who have served as Lord-Lieutenant of Rutland.

In 1974, Rutland became part of Leicestershire under the Local Government Act 1972, the Lieutenancy was abolished, with Rutland's Lord-Lieutenant becoming Lord-Lieutenant of Leicestershire.

When Rutland was restored as a unitary authority in 1997, so was its Lord Lieutenant.

The Lord-Lieutenant is supported in their duties by their Lord-Lieutenant's Cadets, chosen from local cadet units.

Since 1690, all lord-lieutenants have also been Custos Rotulorum of Rutland.
Tetrahedral symmetry
A regular tetrahedron has 12 rotational (or orientation-preserving) symmetries, and a symmetry order of 24 including transformations that combine a reflection and a rotation.

The group of all (not necessarily orientation preserving) symmetries is isomorphic to the group S4, the symmetric group of permutations of four objects, since there is exactly one such symmetry for each permutation of the vertices of the tetrahedron. The set of orientation-preserving symmetries forms a group referred to as the alternating subgroup A4 of S4.

Tetrahedron
In geometry, a tetrahedron (pl.: tetrahedra or tetrahedrons), also known as a  triangular pyramid, is a polyhedron composed of four triangular faces, six straight edges, and four vertices. The tetrahedron is the simplest of all the ordinary convex polyhedra.

The tetrahedron is the three-dimensional case of the more general concept of a Euclidean simplex, and may thus also be called a 3-simplex.

The tetrahedron is one kind of pyramid, which is a polyhedron with a flat polygon base and triangular faces connecting the base to a common point. In the case of a tetrahedron, the base is a triangle (any of the four faces can be considered the base), so a tetrahedron is also known as a "triangular pyramid".

Like all convex polyhedra, a tetrahedron can be folded from a single sheet of paper. It has two such nets.

For any tetrahedron there exists a sphere (called the circumsphere) on which all four vertices lie, and another sphere (the insphere) tangent to the tetrahedron's faces.
Eurasian Universities Union
Eurasian Universities Union (EURAS) is a non-profit Eurasia organization affiliated with the European Association for Quality Assurance in Higher Education (ENQA)  founded by seven state universities from Eurasia to establish collaborations between European and Asian Universities and to exchange between faculty, students, and staffs. The Project is similar to the EU's Erasmus Programme but covers European (including those in non-EU countries) and Asian Universities.

European Association for Quality Assurance in Higher Education
The European Association for Quality Assurance in Higher Education (ENQA), formerly the European Network for Quality Assurance in Higher Education, was established to represent quality assurance and accreditation organisations from the European Higher Education Area and internationally.
Chen Zhili
Chen Zhili (Chinese: 陈至立; born November 1942) is a retired senior Chinese politician who served as State Councilor and Minister of Education, and a Vice Chairwoman of the National People's Congress. She was also vice chairwoman of the organization commission of the 2008 Beijing Olympics.

Vice Chairperson of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress
The vice chairpersons of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress are deputies to the chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, responsible for assisting the chairman in his work.

The vice chairpersons are formally nominated by the Presidium of the NPC during a session and approved by the delegations of the NPC, though in reality are chosen within the ruling Chinese Communist Party (CCP). The chairman, vice chairpersons and the secretary-general of the NPCSC collectively constitute the Council of Chairpersons. A vice chairperson may be delegated to exercise some of the chairman's powers by the chairman. In the case that the chairman becomes incapacitated, NPCSC temporarily elects one of the vice chairpersons until the chairman is able to resume their work or a new chairman is elected by the NPC. Since 1982, vice chairpersons are appointed for a term of five years, and cannot serve for more than two terms.
Moray
Moray (/ˈmʌri/ listenⓘ; Scottish Gaelic: Moireibh or Moireabh) is one of the 32 council areas of Scotland. It lies in the north-east of the country, with a coastline on the Moray Firth, and borders the council areas of Aberdeenshire and Highland. Its council is based in Elgin, the area's largest town. The main towns are generally in the north of the area on the coastal plain. The south of the area is more sparsely populated and mountainous, including part of the Cairngorms National Park.

The council area is named after the historic county of Moray (called Elginshire prior to 1919), which was in turn named after the medieval Province of Moray, each of which covered different areas to the modern council area. The modern area of Moray was created in 1975 as a lower-tier district within the Grampian Region. The Moray district became a single-tier council area in 1996.

Local government areas of Scotland (1975–1996)
The local government areas of Scotland were redefined by the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973 and redefined again by the Local Government etc (Scotland) Act 1994.

The 1973 Act created a system of nine two-tier regions and three islands areas, and this system completely replaced local government counties and burghs in 1975. The new regions were generally very different from the counties which had been in use since  the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889. Also, the districts were very different from the subdivisions of counties, also called districts, which had been in use since the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1929.
2026 Alpine Skiing World Cup – Men's slalom
The men's slalom in the 2026 FIS Alpine Skiing World Cup is scheduled to consist of eleven events, including the discipline final. For the second straight year, the season is scheduled to open in Levi, Finland (16 November), and the entire season will be held in Europe, according to the initial schedule released on 12 June 2025.

The season will be interrupted for the quadrennial 2026 Winter Olympics in three regions in Italy – Milan, the Stelvio Pass, and Cortina d'Ampezzo – during 6–22 February 2026. All of the Alpine skiing events for men are scheduled to take place on the classic Stelvio course at Bormio. The championship in men's slalom, the last men's event in Alpine skiing, is scheduled to be held on Monday, 16 February.

2025–26 FIS Alpine Ski World Cup
The 2025–26 FIS Alpine Ski World Cup is the 60th season of the World Cup, the highest level of international alpine skiing competition for both men and women, organised by International Ski Federation (FIS).

As usual, the season started in late October at Sölden, Austria, with giant slalom events for both women and men; it is scheduled to conclude on 25 March at Hafjell, Norway.

This season marks the start of higher prize money awards for all World Cup disciplines governed by FIS, including alpine. Additionally, this is the first season in which prize money is paid in euros instead of Swiss francs.

In February, the World Cup season will break for the Winter Olympics in northern Italy, with alpine events scheduled for 7–18 February in Bormio (men) and Cortina d'Ampezzo (women).
Cyphellostereum georgianum
Cyphellostereum georgianum is a corticioid basidiolichen first described in 2019 from the coastal plain of Georgia, USA. A member of the family Hygrophoraceae, it sits within the Dictyonema clade, a group of lichens that partner a basidiomycete fungus with filamentous cyanobacteria. Its closest relative is the South‑Carolinian C. jamesianum, but the two differ markedly in thallus texture and color.

Cyphellostereum jamesianum
Cyphellostereum jamesianum is a species of basidiolichen belonging to the family Hygrophoraceae that was described as new to science in 2019. It has been found in South Carolina and in Florida on a Taxodium wetland fragment at Florida Gulf Coast University. The species was named for James D. Lawrey.
TR-196
TR-196 (Technical Report 196) is a Broadband Forum technical specification. Its official title is "Femto Access Point Service Data Model."  The purpose of this Technical Report is to specify the Data Model for the Femto Access Point (FAP) for remote management purposes using the TR-069 CWMP.

FAP is a generic terminology that implies any Radio Access Technology (RAT). In 3GPP's terminology, Home Node B is the name for 3G (UMTS) and Home eNode B for LTE.

TR-069
Technical Report 069 (TR-069) is a document by the Broadband Forum that specifies the CPE WAN Management Protocol (CWMP). CWMP is a SOAP-based protocol for communication between an internet service provider auto configuration server (ACS) and customer-premises equipment (CPE). Features include auto-configuration, firmware image management, status and performance monitoring, and diagnostics. Examples of CPE types include modems, routers, gateways, set-top boxes, and VoIP-phones.

TR-069 was first published in May 2004, with amendments in 2006, 2007, 2010, July 2011 (version 1.3), and November 2013 (version 1.4 am5) The Home Gateway Initiative (HGI), Digital Video Broadcasting Project (DVB) and WiMAX Forum have endorsed CWMP.

As of 2020, CWMP is deployed in nearly a billion devices.