hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Malic acid
Malic acid is an organic compound with the molecular formula HO2CCH(OH)CH2CO2H. It is a dicarboxylic acid that is made by all living organisms, contributes to the sour taste of fruits, and is used as a food additive. Malic acid has two stereoisomeric forms (L- and D-enantiomers), though only the L-isomer exists naturally. The salts and esters of malic acid are known as malates. The malate anion is a metabolic intermediate in the citric acid cycle.

Citric acid
Citric acid is an organic compound with the formula C6H8O7. It is a colorless weak organic acid. It occurs naturally in citrus fruits. In biochemistry, it is an intermediate in the citric acid cycle, which occurs in the metabolism of all aerobic organisms.

More than two million tons of citric acid are manufactured every year. It is used widely as acidifier, flavoring, preservative, and chelating agent.

A citrate is a derivative of citric acid; that is, the salts, esters, and the polyatomic anion found in solutions and salts of citric acid. An example of the former, a salt is trisodium citrate; an ester is triethyl citrate. When citrate trianion is part of a salt, the formula of the citrate trianion is written as C6H5O3−7 or C3H5O(COO)3−3.
Epistle to the Colossians
The Epistle to the Colossians is a Pauline epistle and the twelfth book of the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It was written, according to the text, by Paul the Apostle and Timothy, and addressed to the church in Colossae, a small Phrygian city near Laodicea and approximately 100 miles (160 km) from Ephesus in Asia Minor (now in Turkey).

Many scholars question Paul's authorship and attribute the letter to an early follower instead, but others still defend it as authentic. If Paul was the author, he probably used an amanuensis, or secretary, in writing the letter (Col 4:18), possibly Timothy.

The original text was written in Koine Greek.

Amanuensis
An amanuensis (/əˌmænjuˈɛnsɪs/ ə-MAN-yoo-EN-sis) (pl. amanuenses /əˌmænjuˈɛnsiːz/ ə-MAN-yoo-EN-seez) or scribe is a person employed to write or type what another dictates or to copy what has been written by another. Eric Fenby acted as such in assisting the blind and paralysed composer Frederick Delius in writing down the notes he dictated.

In some academic contexts, an amanuensis can assist an injured or disabled person in taking written examinations. It may also be a person who signs a document on behalf of another under the latter's authority.
Alissa Pili
Alissa Katelina Pili (born June 8, 2001) is an American professional basketball player for the Geelong Venom of the Women's National Basketball League (WNBL). She played college basketball for the Utah Utes and USC Trojans.

Utah Utes women's basketball
The Utah Utes women's basketball team represents University of Utah in women's basketball. The school competed in the Pac-12 Conference in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) from 2010–11 through 2023–24; the Utes will compete in the Big 12 Conference beginning in 2024–25.
Mohamed Salem Ould Béchir
Mohamed Salem Ould Béchir (Hassaniyya: محمد سالم ولد البشير; born December 17, 1962) is a Mauritanian politician who served as Prime Minister of Mauritania from 2018 to 2019, following the resignation of his predecessor, Yahya Ould Hademine, and his government, in late October 2018.

Yahya Ould Hademine
Yahya Ould Hademine (Arabic: يحيى ولد حدمين; born December 31, 1953) is a Mauritanian engineer and politician who served as Defense Minister of Mauritania. He served as the Prime Minister of Mauritania from August 21, 2014 to October 29, 2018.
Bahretal
Bahretal (German pronunciation: [ˈbaːʁətaːl], lit. 'Bahre Valley') is a municipality in the Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge district in Saxony, Germany. It is situated in the northeastern foothills of the Ore Mountains, between Bad Gottleuba-Berggießhübel and Dohna. It consists of several small villages, situated in the valleys of the rivers Bahre and Seidewitz as well as on the heights between the valleys.

The municipality is named after the small river Bahre which flows through it. Its source is located 1.5 km north of Breitenau in Bad Gottleuba-Berggießhübel at 505 m. It flows into the Seidewitz near Zuschendorf. In order to prevent flooding, a retention basin was built between Borna-Gersdorf and Friedrichswalde-Ottendorf in 1970.

Dohna
Dohna (German pronunciation: [ˈdoːna]) is a town in the Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge district, Saxony, Germany.  It is located south of Heidenau, in the Müglitz valley and lies at the northeastern foot of the Eastern Ore Mountains. It is accessed by the Pirna interchange of highway A17, and by the Dohna (Sachs) and Köttewitz stations of the Müglitz Valley Railway.
Salem Hanna Khamis
Salem Hanna Khamis (Arabic: سالم حنا خميس) (November 22, 1919 – June 16, 2005) was a Palestinian economic statistician for the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization who helped formalise the Geary-Khamis method of computing purchasing power parity of currencies.

Purchasing power parity
Purchasing power parity (PPP) is a measure of the price of specific goods in different countries and is used to compare the absolute purchasing power of the countries' currencies. PPP is effectively the ratio of the price of a market basket at one location divided by the price of the basket of goods at a different location. The PPP inflation and exchange rate may differ from the market exchange rate because of tariffs and other transaction costs.

The purchasing power parity indicator can be used to compare economies regarding their gross domestic product (GDP), labour productivity and actual individual consumption, and in some cases to analyse price convergence and to compare the cost of living between places. The calculation of the PPP, according to the OECD, is made through a basket of goods that contains a "final product list [that] covers around 3,000 consumer goods and services, 30 occupations in government, 200 types of equipment goods and about 15 construction projects".
Justin Chang
Justin Choigee Chang is an American film critic and columnist currently working at The New Yorker. He previously worked for Variety and for Los Angeles Times. His 2023 reviews at the Times won the 2024 Pulitzer Prize for Criticism.

Pulitzer Prize for Criticism
The Pulitzer Prize for Criticism has been presented since 1970 to a newspaper writer in the United States who has demonstrated 'distinguished criticism'.  Recipients of the award are chosen by an independent board and officially administered by Columbia University. The Pulitzer Committee issues an official citation explaining the reasons for the award.
John Louis (speedway rider)
John Charles Louis (14 June 1941 – April 2024) was an English international motorcycle speedway rider. He was the father of Great Britain International Chris Louis. He earned 54 international caps for the England national speedway team and four caps for the Great Britain team. He later managed the England national team from 1994 to 1998.

Great Britain national speedway team
The Great Britain national speedway team (formerly the England speedway team) is one of the major teams in international motorcycle speedway. The team is managed by former Great Britain riders Oliver Allen and Simon Stead, and captained by the Tai Woffinden.

The team raced as England from 1928 to 1961 and again from 1974 to 2000. They have raced as Great Britain from 1962 to 1973 and since 2001.
Argentina women's national field hockey squad records
The Argentina women's national field hockey squad records are the results for women's international field hockey competitions. The sport is controlled by the Argentine Hockey Confederation, the governing body for field hockey in Argentina.

Argentine Hockey Confederation
The Argentine Hockey Confederation (Spanish: Confederación Argentina de Hockey) is the official governing body of field hockey in Argentina. It governs the men's and the women's national teams and club competitions "Liga Nacional de Hockey" (LNH) and "Argentino de Clubes".

Other local competitions, such as the Women's and Men's Torneo Metropolitano are regulated by the Buenos Aires Hockey Association (AHBA).

More than 30 regional associations are affiliated to CAH, covering the most important provinces of Argentina.
Katherine Austen
Katherine Austen (née Wilson; 1629 – c. 1683) was an English diarist and poet best known for Book M, her manuscript collection of meditations, journal entries, and verse. "On the Situation of Highbury" (1665), a country house poem included in the collection, has received particular attention from scholars. She was also a successful financier and landowner, a status she achieved and maintained by remaining a widow for twenty-five years.

Country house poem
A country house poem is a poem in which the author compliments a wealthy patron or a friend through a description of his country house. Such poems were popular in early 17th-century England. The genre may be seen as a sub-set of the topographical poem.
History of Lebanon
The history of Lebanon covers the history of the modern Republic of Lebanon and the earlier emergence of Greater Lebanon under the French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon, as well as the previous history of the region, covered by the modern state.

The modern State of Lebanon has existed within its current borders since 1920, when Greater Lebanon was created under French and British mandate, resulting from the dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire at the end of World War I. Before this date, the designation "Lebanon" concerned a territory with vaguely defined borders, encompassing the mountain range of Mount Lebanon and its outskirts (mainly the Mediterranean coast and the plains of Bekaa and Akkar). The idea of an independent Lebanon, however, emerged during the end of the Mount Lebanon Emirate where Maronite clerics vowed for an independent nation.

Beqaa Valley
The Beqaa Valley (Arabic: وادي البقاع, romanized: Wādī l-Biqā‘, Lebanese Arabic: [bʔaːʕ]; also romanized as Bekaa, Bekai, Biqâ, and Becaa) is a fertile valley in eastern Lebanon and its most important farming region. Industry, especially the country's agricultural industry, also flourishes in Beqaa. The region broadly corresponds to the Coele-Syria of classical antiquity.

The Beqaa is located about 30 km (19 mi) east of Beirut. The valley is situated between Mount Lebanon to the west and the Anti-Lebanon mountains to the east. It is the northern continuation of the Jordan Rift Valley, and thus part of the Great Rift Valley, which stretches from Syria to the Red Sea. Beqaa Valley is 120 kilometres (75 mi) long and 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) wide on average. It has a Mediterranean climate of wet, often snowy winters and dry, warm summers.
Martin JRM Mars
The Martin JRM Mars is a large, four-engined cargo transport flying boat designed and built by the Martin Company for the United States Navy during World War II. It was the largest Allied flying boat to enter production, although only seven were built. The United States Navy contracted the development of the XPB2M-1 Mars in 1938 as a long-range ocean patrol flying boat, which later entered production as the JRM Mars long-range transport.

Four of the surviving aircraft were later converted for civilian use to firefighting water bombers. Two of the aircraft remained based at Sproat Lake just outside of Port Alberni, British Columbia, Canada, with one, Hawaii Mars, remaining in operation until 2016. The British Columbia Aviation Museum acquired Hawaii Mars and it was flown there in 2024. The same year it was announced that Philippine Mars would be acquired by the Pima Air & Space Museum in Tucson, Arizona, to be put on permanent display there.

Aerial firefighting
Aerial firefighting, also known as waterbombing, is the use of aircraft and other aerial resources to combat wildfires. The types of aircraft used include fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters. Smokejumpers and rappellers are also classified as aerial firefighters, delivered to the fire by parachute from a variety of fixed-wing aircraft, or rappelling from helicopters. Chemicals used to fight fires may include water, water enhancers such as foams and gels, and specially formulated fire retardants such as Phos-Chek.
Disini v. Secretary of Justice
Disini v. Secretary of Justice, 727 Phil. 28 (2014), is a landmark ruling of the Supreme Court of the Philippines handed down on February 18, 2014. When the Congress of the Philippines passed the Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012 the bill was immediately controversial, especially its strict penalties for the new crime of "cyberlibel", an upgraded form of the already existing criminal libel charge found in the Revised Penal Code of the Philippines.

In the end, the Court declared that most of the law, including the cyberlibel provision, was constitutional. The ruling's abridgement of free expression has been widely criticized by critics of the law, including then attorney Harry Roque. The decision reached in Disini paved the way for the anti-fake news provisions of the Bayanihan to Heal as One Act.

Revised Penal Code
The Revised Penal Code contains the general penal laws of the Philippines. First enacted in 1930, it remains in effect today, despite several amendments thereto. It does not comprise a comprehensive compendium of all Philippine penal laws. The Revised Penal Code itself was enacted as Act No. 3815, and some Philippine criminal laws have been enacted outside of the Revised Penal Code as separate Republic Acts.
Mina Kurobe
Mina Kurobe (黒部三奈; born 2 May 1977) is a Japanese mixed martial artist, currently fighting in the super atomweight division of Shooto, where she is the former and inaugural Shooto Super Atomweight champion. A professional competitor since 2012, Kurobe is also the former DEEP JEWELS Atomweight champion.

In June 2021, she is the #9 ranked atomweight in the world according to Sherdog.

Jewels (mixed martial arts)
Jewels (styled JEWELS in capitals) is a mixed martial arts organization owned by Marverous Japan Co., Ltd., focused on female fighters. It is the direct successor of Smackgirl. It has a working relationship with fellow mixed martial arts promotion Deep presided by Shigeru Saeki (also the Jewels supervisor).
Hermann Baumgarten
Hermann Baumgarten (/ˈbaʊmɡɑːrtən/; German: [ˈbaʊmˌgaʁtn̩]; 28 April 1825 – 19 June 1893) was a German historian and political publicist whose work had a major impact on liberalism during the unification of Germany.  Baumgarten's philosophy also created a significant political impression on Max Weber, an influential social theorist of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Social theory
Social theories are analytical frameworks, or paradigms, that are used to study and interpret social phenomena. A tool used by social scientists, social theories relate to historical debates over the validity and reliability of different methodologies (e.g. positivism and antipositivism), the primacy of either structure or agency, as well as the relationship between contingency and necessity. Social theory in an informal nature, or authorship based outside of academic social and political science, may be referred to as "social criticism" or "social commentary", or "cultural criticism" and may be associated both with formal cultural and literary scholarship, as well as other non-academic or journalistic forms of writing.
East Craigs
East Craigs is a residential district of Edinburgh located in the north-west of the city, on the western flanks of Corstorphine Hill. It lies next to what remains of the green belt, and prior to development was a working farm.

Development of the area began in 1922 when East Craigs Farm was purchased by the Scottish Agricultural Science Agency (SASA) as a centre for agricultural research. However, much of the land was made available to housing developers from the 1930s onwards. It neighbours West Craigs (which is much less developed, at present), Craigmount, Maybury, Drumbrae and Corstorphine.

West Craigs
West Craigs is a suburb on the western periphery of Edinburgh,  Scotland. West Craigs is south-east of Edinburgh Airport and close to The Gyle Shopping Centre, Gogar, Turnhouse, Maybury and Edinburgh Gateway station.

The name has been used for a new housing development, just north-west of the West Craigs suburb
RANS Nusantara F.C.
RANS Nusantara Football Club  (formerly known as Cilegon United and RANS Cilegon) is an Indonesian football club based in Bandar Lampung, Lampung. RANS Nusantara's nickname is Magenta Force and The Prestige Phoenix. The club will be playing in the Championship, the second tier division of Indonesia football, following a promotion from the 2025–26 Liga Nusantara as the champion.

Championship (Indonesia)
The Championship, officially known as the Pegadaian Championship for sponsorship reasons, is the second-tier of the football competition system in Indonesia, organized by the I-League. The competition started in 2017 after PSSI changed the previous competition Liga Indonesia Premier Division (Indonesian: Divisi Utama Liga Indonesia).

Originally, the Premier Division was the top-tier division when it was first established in 1994 and only became the second tier in 2008 when its place in the top flight was replaced by the newly formed Indonesia Super League. The competition is usually divided into several groups because of factors in terms of geography and number of participants.
Haitian cuisine
Haitian cuisine is a Creole cuisine that originates from a blend of several culinary styles that populated the western portion of the island of Hispaniola, namely African, French, indigenous Taíno, Spanish, and Arab influences. Haitian cuisine has some similarities with  "criollo" (Spanish for 'creole') cooking and similar to other Caribbean cuisine, but differs in several ways from its regional counterparts. Flavors are bold and spicy, demonstrating African and French influences, with notable derivatives coming from native Taíno and Spanish techniques.

Levantine influences have made their way into the mainstream culture, due to an Arab migration over the years forming a community of shared Arab descent. Years of adaptation have led to these cuisines to merge into Haitian cuisine.

Caribbean cuisine
Caribbean cuisine is a fusion of West African, Creole, Amerindian, European, Latin American, Indian/South Asian, Chinese, Javanese/Indonesian, North American, and Middle Eastern cuisines. These traditions were brought from many countries when they moved to the Caribbean.
Peter Altmaier
Peter Altmaier (born 18 June 1958) is a German politician of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) who served as Acting Minister of Finance from 2017 to 2018 and as Federal Minister for Economic Affairs and Energy from 2018 to 2021. He previously served as Federal Minister for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety from May 2012 to December 2013 and Head of the German Chancellery and as Federal Minister for Special Affairs from December 2013 to March 2018. Altmaier is widely seen as one of Chancellor Angela Merkel's most trusted advisors and advocates for her more centrist wing of the CDU. He is known for his "compromising style" and was described in 2017 as "the most powerful man in Berlin".

Peter Altmaier coined the German term "Altmaier-Delle", which describes the poor development of renewable energies in Germany during his time in office.

He represented Saarlouis in the Bundestag between 2009 and 2021.

Federal Chancellery of Germany
The Federal Chancellery (German: Bundeskanzleramt, pronounced [bʊndəsˈkant͡slɐˌʔamt] ⓘ) is a German federal agency serving the executive office of the chancellor of Germany, the head of the federal government, currently Friedrich Merz. The Chancellery's primary function is to assist the chancellor in coordinating the activities of the federal government. The head of the Chancellery (Chef des Bundeskanzleramtes) holds the rank of either a Secretary of State (Staatssekretär) or a Federal Minister (Bundesminister), currently held by Thorsten Frei. The headquarters of the German Chancellery is at the Federal Chancellery building in Berlin, which is the largest government headquarters in the world.
Agustín Eyzaguirre
Agustín Manuel de Eyzaguirre y Arechavala (Latin American Spanish: [aɣusˈtin ejsaˈɣire]; May 3, 1768 – July 19, 1837) was a Chilean political figure. He served as Provisional President of Chile between 1826 and 1827.

José Miguel Infante
José Miguel Infante y Rojas (March 1778 - April 9, 1844) was a Chilean statesman and political figure. He served several times as deputy and minister, and was the force behind the Federalist movement in that country.
Figure skating at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Figure skating at the 2014 Winter Olympics was held at the Iceberg Skating Palace in Sochi, Russia. The five events took place between 6–22 February 2014. For the first time at the Winter Olympics, a figure skating team event was held.

Figure skating at the 2014 Winter Olympics – Men's singles
The men's single figure skating competition of the 2014 Winter Olympics was held at the Iceberg Skating Palace in Sochi, Russia. The short program was held on 13 February and the free skating was held on 14 February.
Adriana Melo
Adriana Melo is a Brazilian comic book artist, colorist, and penciller. She has worked on various Star Wars, Marvel Comics, and DC Comics titles. Notably, she worked on the Star Wars: Empire series. She has also worked on DC Comics' Rose & Thorn and Birds of Prey as well as Top Cow's Witchblade and Marvel Comics's Ms. Marvel. In 2018 she collaborated with writer Gail Simone on a six-issue DC miniseries featuring Plastic Man.

Melo participated in the comic anthology Puerto Rico Strong, which won the 2019 Eisner Award for Best Anthology.

Top Cow Productions
Top Cow Productions is an American comics publisher, an imprint of Image Comics. It was founded by Marc Silvestri in 1992. The company is known for publishing titles such as Cyberforce, The Darkness, Sunstone, Wanted, and Witchblade. It was the original publisher of Michael Turner's Fathom and published the first Tomb Raider comics.
The Rill Thing
The Rill Thing is Little Richard's first album for Reprise Records, released in August 1970. It was considered a comeback album for Richard, following a three-year hiatus on new albums and an acclaimed performance at Atlantic City Pop Festival. The album utilizes a soul-influenced sound and contains Little Richard's biggest post-Specialty single in "Freedom Blues", which broke the Billboard top 50. The follow-up single, "Greenwood, Mississippi" made the top 100 and number 56 on Cashbox Black Singles. Despite the success of the singles, the album failed to chart.

Reprise Records
Reprise Records is an American record label founded in 1960 by Frank Sinatra. It is owned by Warner Music Group, and operates through Warner Records, one of its flagship labels.

Artists currently signed to Reprise Records include Green Day, Enya, Michael Bublé, Eric Clapton, Stevie Nicks, Neil Young, Deftones, Lindsey Buckingham, Josh Groban, Disturbed, Idina Menzel, My Chemical Romance, Gerard Way, Dwight Yoakam, Never Shout Never, and Billy Strings.