hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Doubly stochastic matrix
In mathematics, especially in probability and combinatorics, a doubly stochastic matrix 
(also called bistochastic matrix) is a square matrix  of nonnegative real numbers, each of whose rows and columns sums to 1, i.e.,

Thus, a doubly stochastic matrix is both left stochastic and right stochastic.

Indeed, any matrix that is both left and right stochastic must be square: if every row sums to 1 then the sum of all entries in the matrix must be equal to the number of rows, and since the same holds for columns, the number of rows and columns must be equal.

Square matrix
In mathematics, a square matrix is a matrix with the same number of rows and columns. An n-by-n matrix is known as a square matrix of order . Any two square matrices of the same order can be added and multiplied.

Square matrices are often used to represent simple linear transformations, such as shearing or rotation. For example, if  is a square matrix representing a rotation (rotation matrix) and  is a column vector describing the position of a point in space, the product  yields another column vector describing the position of that point after that rotation. If  is a row vector, the same transformation can be obtained using , where  is the transpose of .
Pachaug River
41°36′18″N 71°58′49″W﻿ / ﻿41.6050°N 71.9802°W﻿ / 41.6050; -71.9802

The Pachaug River is a 16.0-mile-long (25.7 km) river arising from the Pachaug State Forest at the Connecticut - Rhode Island border and draining into the Quinebaug River. It is crossed by the Ashland Mill Bridge in Griswold, Connecticut, a bridge which is listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.

Quinebaug River
The Quinebaug River (/ˈkwɪnəbɔːɡ/ KWIH-nə-bawg) is a river in south-central Massachusetts and eastern Connecticut, with watershed extending into western Rhode Island. The name "Quinebaug" comes from the southern New England Native American term, spelled variously Qunnubbâgge, Quinibauge, etc., meaning "long pond", from qunni-, "long", and -paug, "pond".  The river is one of the namesake rivers in the Quinebaug and Shetucket Rivers Valley National Heritage Corridor.
Tranter (revolver)
The Tranter revolver was a double-action cap & ball revolver invented around 1856 by English firearms designer William Tranter (1816–1890). Originally operated with a special dual-trigger mechanism (one to rotate the cylinder and cock the gun, a second to fire it) later models employed a single-trigger mechanism much the same as that found in the contemporary Beaumont–Adams revolver.

Early Tranter revolvers were generally versions of the various Robert Adams-designed revolver models, of which Tranter had produced in excess of 8000 revolvers by 1853. The first model of his own design used the frame of an Adams-type revolver, with a modification in the mechanism which he had jointly developed with James Kerr. The first model was sold under the name Tranter-Adams-Kerr.

Beaumont–Adams revolver
The Beaumont–Adams revolver is a black powder, double-action, percussion revolver. Originally adopted by the British Army in .442 calibre (54-bore, 11.2 mm) in 1856, it was replaced in British service in 1880 by the .476 calibre (11.6 mm) Enfield Mk I revolver.
Kantian Reason and Hegelian Spirit: The Idealistic Logic of Modern Theology
Kantian Reason and Hegelian Spirit: The Idealistic Logic of Modern Theology is a 2012 book by American social ethicist and theologian Gary Dorrien. Dorrien investigates the influence of Immanuel Kant and post-Kantian idealism on Protestant theology in Germany and Great Britain from the late eighteenth century through the mid-twentieth century. He argues that modern religious thought originated with idealistic convictions about the spiritual ground and unifying reality of freedom, and that the major theological movements of the period, from Friedrich Schleiermacher and G. W. F. Hegel through the Ritschlian School to Karl Barth and Paul Tillich, defined themselves in relation to Kantian and post-Kantian ideas. The book also addresses liberal theology's involvement with nationalism, imperialism, and white supremacism. It received the 2012 PROSE Awards in Theology and Religious Studies from the Association of American Publishers.

German idealism
German idealism is a philosophical movement that emerged in Germany in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It developed out of the work of Immanuel Kant in the 1780s and 1790s, and was closely linked both with Romanticism and the revolutionary politics of the Enlightenment. The period of German idealism after Kant is also known as post-Kantian idealism or simply post-Kantianism. One scheme divides German idealists into transcendental idealists, associated with Kant and Fichte, and absolute idealists, associated with Schelling and Hegel.
Kay Summersby
Kathleen Helen Summersby BEM (née MacCarthy-Morrogh; 23 November 1908 – 20 January 1975), known as Kay Summersby, was an Irish member of the British Mechanised Transport Corps during World War II, who served as a chauffeur and later as personal secretary to Dwight D. Eisenhower during his period as Supreme Commander Allied Expeditionary Force in command of the Allied forces in North West Europe.

Summersby and Eisenhower spent a significant amount of time together until World War II ended, at which time Eisenhower cut ties and returned to the United States. It is generally agreed that Summersby and Eisenhower became extremely close during the war; some writers have suggested a sexual relationship between the two, although people who knew both of them at the time have rejected that claim, as have most of Eisenhower's biographers.

British Empire Medal
The British Empire Medal (BEM; formerly British Empire Medal for Meritorious Service) is a British and Commonwealth award for meritorious civil or military service worthy of recognition by the Crown. The current honour was created in 1922 to replace the original medal, which had been established in 1917 as part of the Order of the British Empire.
All I Want (Captain Hollywood Project song)
"All I Want" is a song recorded by the German musician known under the pseudonym of Captain Hollywood Project, released in May 1993, by labels Blow Up and Intercord, as the third single from his debut album, Love Is Not Sex (1993). The song features vocals by Petra Spiegl and was co-written by Nosie Katzmann and Tony Dawson-Harrison (a.k.a. Captain Hollywood). It was a hit in several countries, but achieved a minor success in comparison with the project's two previous singles, "More and More" and "Only with You". "All I Want" peaked at number two in Portugal and on the RPM Dance/Urban chart in Canada, and number 22 on the Eurochart Hot 100. The accompanying music video was directed by Walter Knofel and filmed in Austria and France.

Only with You (Captain Hollywood Project song)
"Only With You" is a song recorded by German musician known under the pseudonym of Captain Hollywood Project. It was released in December 1992, by label Blow Up, as the second single from his debut album, Love Is Not Sex (1993). The song is co-written by Hollywood and Nosie Katzmann with Oliver Reinecke, Giora Schein and Dietmar Stehle, and features vocals by German singer Nina Gerhard. It was successful on the charts, peaking within the top 10 in at least 12 countries, and reaching number two in both Finland and Portugal. It was released at the end of 1992 and several remixes were also added on a new CD maxi two months after. The accompanying music video was directed by Walter Knofel and filmed in Austria.
Rosario Crocetta
Rosario Crocetta (born 8 February 1951) is an Italian politician. He was the first openly gay mayor in Italy when he became Mayor of Gela in 2003, a post he held until 2009.

A prominent figure in the fight against the Sicilian Mafia, in 2009 he was elected as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP). He was President of Sicily between 2012 and 2017 following the 2012 Sicilian regional election, thus becoming the second openly gay head of a regional government in Italy after Nichi Vendola.

Nichi Vendola
Nicola "Nichi" Vendola (Italian pronunciation: [ˈniːki ˈvɛndola]; born 26 August 1958) is an Italian left-wing politician and LGBT activist who was a Member of the Chamber of Deputies from Apulia from 1992 to 2005 and President of Apulia from 2005 to 2015. Since 2023, he has been the President of the Italian Left. He is one of the first openly LGBT Italian politicians and the first openly LGBT heads of a regional government in Italy.
De Tomaso P72
The De Tomaso P72 is a sports car manufactured by the Italian automobile manufacturer De Tomaso. Based on the underpinnings of the Apollo Intensa Emozione, the P72 is designed as an homage to the De Tomaso P70 prototype racing car.

Apollo Intensa Emozione
The Apollo Intensa Emozione, also known as Apollo IE, is a mid-engine sports car manufactured by German automobile manufacturer Apollo Automobil GmbH, in partnership with Manifattura Automobili Torino, designed by their chief designer Jowyn Wong. "Intensa Emozione" is Italian for "Intense Emotion".

The Intensa Emozione is the first vehicle made by Apollo since the Gumpert Apollo went into production 14 years ago. Apollo came out with a teaser video for the Intensa Emozione on October 17, 2017, and the car was fully revealed on October 24, 2017. In June 2018, Apollo revealed that the company would be partnering with HWA AG, a tuning and racing team spin-off from Mercedes-Benz tuner AMG, to complete the final stage of development for the car. The Intensa Emozione was priced at €2,300,000 in Europe and $2,670,000 in the United States. Only ten were produced, all of which had been reportedly sold.
Busaca
Busaca (8 March 1974 – after 1983) was a French-bred, British-trained Thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare. Racing only as a three-year-old she won five of her eight races and was rated one of the best British fillies of her generation over middle and long distances. After winning three minor races in spring she finished second in the Ribblesdale Stakes and then recorded her first major win when taking the Lancashire Oaks at Haydock Park in July. In the following month she moved up to the highest class to win the Yorkshire Oaks over a field which included The Oaks winner Dunfermline. She was retired from racing after finishing fourth in the Prix Vermeille but had no success as a broodmare.

Dunfermline (horse)
Dunfermline (1974–1989) was a British Thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare. In a career which lasted from July 1976 until August 1978, she ran twelve  times and won three races. In 1977, the year of her owner Queen Elizabeth II's Silver Jubilee, she won two of the five British Classic Races. Dunfermline won the Oaks against other fillies in June and, in September, added the St Leger, beating double Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe winner Alleged – the only time Alleged was ever beaten. She raced without winning in 1978 before being retired to stud.
Richmond upon Thames School
The Richmond upon Thames School (RTS), is a co-educational secondary academy, located in Twickenham in the London Borough of Richmond, south-west London. It was established under the Department for Education's Free School policy in September 2017, and is part of a Richmond Education and Enterprise Campus (REEC) being created at the site of Richmond upon Thames College (RUTC).

RTS is governed by the Richmond upon Thames School Trust, a partnership between Achieving for Children, Harlequins Rugby Club, Haymarket Media Group, Richmond Council and Richmond upon Thames Collegege.

Although RTS is formally an 11-16 school, it offers 16+ qualifications in partnership with Richmond Upon Thames College, known as Sixth Form Plus, giving its teachers the opportunity to teach their subjects at A Level.

Like all English schools, RTS' population and performance data are published in the Department for Education's national tables.

Richmond upon Thames College
Richmond upon Thames College is a large college of further and higher education located on a single site in Twickenham. It provides education and training to 16- to 18-year-olds and adults from across the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames and further afield. The college offers a range of academic and technical vocational qualifications, including A Levels, technical vocational qualifications, higher education courses and apprenticeships. Since 2023, the college is part of a newly merged group with Harrow College and Uxbridge College.
Witton-le-Wear railway station
Witton-le-Wear railway station is a railway station on the Weardale heritage railway serves the village of Witton-le-Wear in County Durham, North East England, and is the penultimate stop for most of line's eastbound passenger services (though one return service from Stanhope train per day currently terminates here rather than continuing to the eastern terminus at Bishop Auckland West). The current station platform is located on the opposite side of the track to the original railway station which was operation between 1847 and 1953.

Stanhope railway station
Stanhope is a railway station on the Weardale Railway, and serves the town of Stanhope in Weardale, England. The station is served by regular services on selected days throughout the year, mainly during weekends. The station is currently the terminus of the line as the section from here to Eastgate is out of use. The station is situated 16 miles (26 km) from Bishop Auckland.
MKS Inc.
MKS, Inc (formerly called Mortice Kern Systems) is a subsidiary of PTC, Inc. It was previously a multinational independent software vendor that was acquired by Parametric Technology Corporation (now PTC) on May 31, 2011. MKS operated in the Application Lifecycle Management (ALM) and Systems Administration market segments.

Integrity, a PTC Product manages systems and software development processes and connects engineering artifacts, including requirements, models, code and test, ensuring comprehensive lifecycle traceability.

PTC's Integrity Business Unit supports customers across these four core industries: Automotive, Aerospace & Defense, High Tech Electronics and Medical Devices.

Requirements management
Requirements management is the process of documenting, analyzing, tracing, prioritizing and agreeing on requirements and then controlling change and communicating to relevant stakeholders. It is a continuous process throughout a project. A requirement is a capability to which a project outcome (product or service) should conform.
Virgo (software)
Virgo is an open source, OSGi-based, Java application server. Virgo supports the deployment of OSGi bundles and unmodified Java web applications as well as OSGi-influenced Shared Libraries WARs and Shared Services WARs.

Virgo is based on the Equinox OSGi implementation, part of the Eclipse project. A few different distributions of Virgo exist: Virgo Nano, Virgo Kernel, Virgo Server for Apache Tomcat (embedding the Apache Tomcat servlet container) and Virgo Jetty Server (embedding the Eclipse Jetty servlet container). Virgo Server for Apache Tomcat is the primary distribution for OSGi development.

Virgo uses Spring Framework which is embedded and made available as a run-time dependency to deployed applications. Virgo is licensed using the Eclipse Public License.

Virgo was originally developed as SpringSource dm Server by SpringSource and is currently maintained by the Eclipse Foundation. SpringSource is now a division of VMware.

Spring Framework
The Spring Framework is an application framework and inversion of control container for the Java platform. The framework's core features can be used by any Java application, but there are extensions for building web applications on top of the Jakarta EE platform. The framework does not impose any specific programming model. The framework has become popular in the Java community as an addition to the Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB) model. The Spring Framework is free and open source software.: 121–122
Leucanthemum
Leucanthemum is a genus of flowering plants in the aster family, Asteraceae. Species range naturally from Europe through the Caucasus, Turkey, Iran, Central Asia, and Siberia to the Russian Far East. Some species are known on other continents as introduced species, and some are cultivated as ornamental plants. The name Leucanthemum derives from the Greek words λευκός – leukos ("white") and ἄνθεμον – anthemon ("flower").  Common names for Leucanthemum species usually include the name daisy (e.g. ox-eye daisy, Shasta daisy), but "daisy" can also refer to numerous other genera in the Asteraceae family.

Leucanthemum vulgare
Leucanthemum vulgare, commonly known as the ox-eye daisy, oxeye daisy, dog daisy, marguerite (French: Marguerite commune, "common marguerite") and other common names, is a widespread flowering plant native to Europe and the temperate regions of Asia, and an introduced plant to North America, Australia and New Zealand.
Liteyny Avenue
59°56′27″N 30°20′54″E﻿ / ﻿59.9408°N 30.3483°E﻿ / 59.9408; 30.3483

Liteyny Avenue (Russian: Литейный проспект, Liteyny prospekt) is a wide avenue in the Central District of Saint Petersburg, Russia. The avenue runs from Liteyny Bridge to Nevsky Avenue.

The avenue originated in 1738 when the forest was cleared to make a trail from Nevsky Prospekt to a foundry (est. 1711) at the banks of Neva River. The Russian word "liteyny" means "metal casting" as an adjective, hence the street name.

Soon after the October Revolution, the avenue was named Prospekt Volodarskogo after the Russian revolutionary V. Volodarsky. In 1944, the historic name was restored.

Nevsky Prospect
Nevsky Prospect (Russian: Не́вский проспе́кт, romanized: Nevsky prospekt, IPA: [ˈnʲɛfskʲɪj prɐˈspʲɛkt]) is a main street (high street) located in the federal city of St. Petersburg in Russia. Its name comes from the Alexander Nevsky Lavra, the monastery which stands at the eastern end of the street, and which commemorates the Russian hero Prince Saint Alexander Nevsky (1221–1263). Following his founding of Saint Petersburg in 1703, Tsar Peter I planned the course of the street as the beginning of the road to Novgorod and Moscow. The avenue runs from the Admiralty in the west to the Moscow Railway Station and, after veering slightly southwards at Vosstaniya Square, to the Alexander Nevsky Lavra.
Julián Echavarri
Julián Abel Echavarri Elorza (18 February 1911 – 15 December 2009) was a Chilean accountant, politician and diplomat. He served as a member of the Chamber of Deputies of Chile (1937–1957), as a Senator (1957–1965), and later as Chilean ambassador to Spain and Poland during the government of Eduardo Frei Montalva.

Eduardo Frei Montalva
Eduardo Nicanor Frei Montalva OMCh (Spanish pronunciation: [eˈðwaɾðo fɾej monˈtalβa]; 16 January 1911 – 22 January 1982) was a Chilean political leader. In his long political career, he was Minister of Public Works, president of his Christian Democratic Party, senator, President of the Senate, and the 28th president of Chile from 1964 to 1970. His eldest son, Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle, also became president of Chile (1994–2000).

Said political party supported the Armed Forces intervention to remove his successor Salvador Allende from office in 1973, after the Chamber of Deputies, on 22 August 1973, accused Allende of violating the Constitution. He was later a vocal opponent of the Augusto Pinochet regime. On 22 January 1982, Frei died in Santiago, Chile, following surgery. Assassination was suspected by some but has never been proven.
On 18 August 2023, the Supreme Court ruled out the assassination charges and declared innocent all those accused.
Thomas Jones (civil servant)
Thomas Jones, CH (27 September 1870 – 15 October 1955) was a British civil servant and educationalist, once described as "one of the six most important men in Europe", and also as "the King of Wales" and "keeper of a thousand secrets". Jones served as Deputy Secretary to the Cabinet for nearly twenty years, under four different Prime Ministers.

Order of the Companions of Honour
The Order of the Companions of Honour is an order of the Commonwealth realms. It was founded on 4 June 1917 by King George V as a reward for outstanding achievements. It was founded on the same date as the Order of the British Empire.

The order was originally intended to be conferred upon a limited number of persons for whom this special distinction seemed to be the most appropriate form of recognition, constituting an honour dissociated from either the acceptance of title or the classification of merit. It is now described as being "awarded for having a major contribution to the arts, science, medicine, or government lasting over a long period of time". The first recipients of the order were all decorated for "services in connection with the war" and were listed in The London Gazette.
Harford Mall
The Harford Mall is a shopping mall owned by CBL Properties that is located near the junction of Maryland Route 24 and U.S. Route 1, about 32 miles (51 km) north of Baltimore, in Bel Air, Maryland, United States.  It is the only shopping mall in Harford County, Maryland. The mall was built on the previous site of the Bel Air Racetrack.

CBL Properties
CBL & Associates Properties, Inc. (previously CBL & Associates, Inc.) is an American real estate investment trust that invests in shopping centers and shopping malls, primarily in the Southeastern and Midwestern United States. The company is organized in Delaware with its headquarters in Chattanooga, Tennessee. Its largest market is Chattanooga, Tennessee (6.8% of 2024 revenues). The company's name is based on the initials of its founder, Charles B. Lebovitz.
Cáelbad
Cáelbad (Cáelbhadh, Caolbhadh, Caolbhaidh), son of Cronn Badhraoi, a descendant of Mal mac Rochride, was, according to Lebor Gabála Érenn, a High King of Ireland for a period of one year. Inneacht daughter of Lughaidh was the mother of Caolbhaidh son of Cronn Badhraoi; and he was slain by Eochaid Mugmedon.  The chronology of Geoffrey Keating's Foras Feasa ar Éirinn dates his reign to 343–344, that of the Annals of the Four Masters to 356–357.

Mal mac Rochride
Mal, son of Rochraide, a descendant of the legendary hero Conall Cernach, was, according to medieval Irish legend and historical tradition, a king of the Ulaid and later a High King of Ireland. He took the High Kingship after he killed Tuathal Techtmar at Mag Line (Moylinny near Larne, County Antrim), and ruled for four years, at the end of which he was killed by Tuathal's son Fedlimid Rechtmar. The Lebor Gabála Érenn synchronises his reign with that of the Roman emperor Antoninus Pius (138–161). The chronology of Geoffrey Keating's Foras Feasa ar Éirinn dates his reign to 100–104, that of the Annals of the Four Masters to 106–110. His son was Tipraiti Tireach.
Longlands
Longlands is an area of South East London that straddles the boundaries of the London boroughs of Bexley, Bromley and Greenwich. It lies north west of Sidcup and south east of Eltham.

Some old maps and records have the name as two words "Long Lands", and show it was in the Foots Cray/Sidcup parish in the Hundred of Ruxley.

Foots Cray
Foots Cray is an area of South East London, England, within the London Borough of Bexley. Prior to 1965 it was in the historic county of Kent. It is located south-east of Sidcup, north of Orpington and north west of Swanley.
Zora Tavčar
Zora Tavčar (2 October 1928–4 August 2025) was a Slovene writer, essayist and translator, living in Opicina (Slovenian: Opčine) in the suburbs of Trieste, Italy. She was married to a notable member of the Slovene minority in Italy, writer Alojz Rebula.

Alojz Rebula
Alojz Rebula (June 21, 1924 – October 23, 2018) was a Slovene writer, playwright, essayist, and translator, and a prominent member of the Slovene minority in Italy. He lived and worked in Villa Opicina in the Province of Trieste, Italy. He was a member of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts.