hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Fang Rending
Fang Rending (Chinese: 方人定; pinyin: Fāng Réndìng, 1901–1975) was a Chinese artist with the Lingnan School known for his figure paintings. Born in Zhongshan, Guangdong, he initially enrolled at law school before taking up art. Initially studying under Gao Jianfu, in 1929 he travelled to Japan to study at the Nippon Art School. He participated in numerous joint exhibitions in the Republic of China and abroad, as well as several solo exhibitions. Fang broke with Gao Jianfu in 1941, and in subsequent years he experimented with new subject matter and, later, social realism. Compared to Gao's other students, Fang has received little scholarly attention, and auction prices for his works have generally been low.

Gao Jianfu
Gao Jianfu (Chinese: 高劍父, pronounced "Gou Gim Fu" in Cantonese; 1879–1951) was a Chinese artist active before and during World War II. He is known for leading the Lingnan School's effort to modernize Chinese traditional painting as a "new national art". Along with his brother Gao Qifeng and friend Chen Shuren, Gao Jianfu brought the nihonga style of painting to China.
Buckden Pike
Buckden Pike is a fell at the head of Wharfedale, a valley in the Yorkshire Dales, that stands above the village of Buckden, England.  At 702 metres (2,303 ft), it narrowly misses out on being the highest peak in the area, the title instead going to nearby Great Whernside (704 metres).  The summit is marked by a trig point.

Great Whernside
Great Whernside is a fell in the Yorkshire Dales, England, not to be confused with Whernside, some 17 miles (27 km) to the west. Its summit is the highest point of the eastern flank of Wharfedale above Kettlewell. Great Whernside forms the watershed between Wharfedale and Nidderdale, and is on the boundary between the Yorkshire Dales National Park and Nidderdale National Landscape.  The River Nidd rises on the eastern slopes of Great Whernside, above Angram Reservoir.
Dulo Hill
Dulo Hill (Bulgarian: хълм Дуло, ‘Halm Dulo’ \'h&lm 'du-lo\) is a rocky hill rising to 210 m (690 ft) in Dospey Heights on Byers Peninsula of Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. It overlooks President Beaches to the south.

The feature is part of the Antarctic Specially Protected Area ASPA 126 Byers Peninsula, situated in one of its restricted zones.

The hill is named after the Bulgarian ruling dynasty of Dulo (7th–10th century).

Dospey Heights
Dospey Heights (Bulgarian: Доспейски възвишения, romanized: Dospeyski Vazvisheniya, IPA: [do'spɛjski vɤzvi'ʃɛnijɐ]) are the ice-free heights on Ray Promontory in the northwestern part of Byers Peninsula on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica.  Extending 6 km southeastwards from Essex Point and Start Point, and 2.6 km wide.  Rising to 265 m at Start Hill.

The feature is part of the Antarctic Specially Protected Area ASPA 126 Byers Peninsula, and is situated in one of its two restricted zones.

The heights are named after the settlement of Dospey in Rila Mountain, southwestern Bulgaria.
Victorian Railways wooden bogie passenger carriages
This page outlines the history and evolution of Victorian Railways (Australia) bogie passenger carriages, constructed with steel underframes and timber bodies up to 59 ft 9 in (18.21 m) long, as well as a few other carriages from the era.

A total of 640 locomotive-hauled, wooden-bodied, bogie carriages were constructed between 1874 and 1903, mostly to variants of the basic design. All carriages were designed to fit within the Victorian Railways' loading gauge, and to run on rails spaced 5 ft 3 in (1,600 mm) apart. All were fitted with buffers or, later, buffing plates, and all couplings were of the screw type.

In March 1903, the Victorian government announced that a Canadian, Thomas Tait, had been appointed as the new Chairman of Commissioners of the Victorian Railways. He immediately set out to introduce a new type of passenger carriage, inspired by the latest trends overseas. They would later be designated E type carriages, with the first being put into service in late 1906.

Victorian Railways E type carriage
The E type carriages were wooden express passenger carriage used on the railways of Victoria, Australia. Originally introduced by Victorian Railways Chairman of Commissioners Thomas James Tait for the interstate service between Melbourne, Sydney and Adelaide, these Canadian-inspired carriages remained in regular service for 85 years over the entire Victorian network.
Apple File System
Apple File System (APFS) is a proprietary file system developed and deployed by Apple Inc. for macOS Sierra (10.12.4) and later, iOS 10.3, tvOS 10.2, watchOS 3.2, and all versions of iPadOS. It aims to fix core problems of HFS+ (also called Mac OS Extended), APFS's predecessor which had been in use since 1998. APFS is optimized for solid-state drive storage and supports encryption, snapshots, and improved handling of metadata integrity.

TvOS
tvOS (formerly Apple TV Software) is an operating system developed by Apple for the Apple TV, a digital media player. In the first-generation Apple TV, Apple TV Software was based on Mac OS X. The software for the second-generation and later Apple TVs is based on the iOS operating system and has many similar frameworks, technologies, and concepts.

The second- and third-generation Apple TV have several built-in applications, but do not support third-party applications.

On September 9, 2015, Apple announced the fourth-generation Apple TV, with support for third-party applications. Apple also changed the name of the Apple TV operating system to tvOS, adopting the camel case nomenclature that they were using for their other operating systems, iOS, watchOS, and (later, in 2016) macOS.

The latest version, tvOS 26, was released on September 15, 2025.
Alalkomenes, Boeotia
Alalkomenes (Greek: Αλαλκομενές; before 1928: Μαμούρα Mamoura) is a village and a community in the municipality of Livadeia, Boeotia, central Greece. It is situated in a wide plain, 6 km northeast of Koroneia, 10 km east of Livadeia and 30 km west of Thebes. The community Alalkomenes consists of the villages Alalkomenes and Agios Athanasios. The population of the community was 116 in 2021.

Livadeia
Livadeia (Greek: Λιβαδειά [livaˈðja]; Ancient Greek: Λεβάδεια [lebádeːa]) is a town in central Greece. It is the capital of the Boeotia regional unit. Livadeia lies 90 km (56 mi) north-west of Athens, 64 km (40 mi) west of Chalkida, 63 km (39 mi) south-east of Lamia, 44 km (27 mi) east-south-east of Amfissa, and 91 km (57 mi) east-north-east of Nafpaktos. The town lies some five kilometres (3.1 miles) west of Greek National Road 3, to which it is linked by National Road 48.

The area around Livadeia is mountainous, with farming activities mainly confined to the valleys. The area has traditionally been associated with the production and processing of cotton and tobacco, as well as the cultivation of cereal crops and the raising of livestock. The city also known for having participated in the Trojan War in allegiance with Mycenae.

Livadeia is home to Levadiakos F.C., it currently plays in the Greek Super League.
History of the Jews in Békés (Hungary)
The history of the Jews in Békés, a county in Hungary, has lasted more than two centuries. Jewish settlement in Békés began in the 18th century and the population began to grow rapidly in the mid-19th century. After World War I, levels of antisemitism increased until eventually Békés's Jewish population was transferred to ghettos. Many former residents were deported to concentration or death camps. Very few survivors returned after the war, although a new synagogue was founded in the county's capital city.

Békés County
Békés (Hungarian: Békés vármegye, pronounced [ˈbeːkeːʃ], Romanian: Județul Bichiș) is an administrative division (county or vármegye) in south-eastern Hungary, on the border with Romania. It shares borders with the Hungarian counties Csongrád-Csanád, Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok, and Hajdú-Bihar. The capital of Békés county is Békéscsaba. The county is also part of the Danube-Kris-Mures-Tisa euroregion.
Pellenes vanharteni
Pellenes vanharteni is a species of jumping spider in the genus Pellenes that lives on the islands of Cape Verde, where it is one of the most abundant spiders. Named after the entomologist Antonius van Harten, the species is a very small spider with a dark brown carapace that is typically 1.3 mm (0.05 in) long and a yellowish-white abdomen typically 1.2 mm (0.05 in) long. There is a distinctive pattern on the abdomen that consists of two greyish-brown patches around a serrated central stripe that helps to distinguish the species from others in the genus. The underside of the spider is lighter than the top, the sternum being yellow. White hairs can be seen on the spider's clypeus. Its front legs are black and longer than the rest, which are also lighter. Although the female has not been described, the male looks as if it has a double narrow spike-like embolus.

Jumping spider
Jumping spiders are spiders in the family Salticidae, with almost 700 genera and around 7,000 described species, making it the largest family of spiders – comprising 13% of spider species. Jumping spiders have some of the best vision among arthropods — being capable of stereoptic color vision — and use sight in courtship, hunting, and navigation.

Although they normally move unobtrusively and fairly slowly, most species are capable of very agile jumps, notably when hunting, but sometimes in response to sudden threats or crossing long gaps. Both their book lungs and tracheal system are well-developed, and they use both systems (bimodal breathing). Jumping spiders are generally recognized by their eye pattern. All jumping spiders have four pairs of eyes, with the anterior median pair (the two front middle eyes) being particularly large.
William Rainey
William Rainey RI RBA ROI (21 July 1852 – 24 January 1936) was a British artist and illustrator. He was a prolific illustrator of both books and magazines and illustrated about 200 books during his career. He also kept painting and exhibited his work frequently. Rainey also wrote and illustrated six books himself, one was a colourful book for young children, the other five were juvenile fiction.

Royal Institute of Painters in Water Colours
The Royal Institute of Painters in Water Colours (RI), initially called the New Society of Painters in Water Colours, is one of the societies in the Federation of British Artists, based in the Mall Galleries in London.
Langevin family
The Langevin family is a French family with some prominent scientists. The French physicist Paul Langevin, member of the French Academy of Sciences and teacher at Collège de France, is the most prominent member.

Paul Langevin
Paul Langevin (23 January 1872 – 19 December 1946) was a French physicist who developed Langevin dynamics and the Langevin equation. He was one of the founders of the Comité de vigilance des intellectuels antifascistes, an anti-fascist organization created after the 6 February 1934 far right riots. Being a public opponent of fascism in the 1930s resulted in his arrest and being held under house arrest by the Vichy government for most of World War II. Langevin was also president of the Human Rights League (LDH) from 1944 to 1946, having recently joined the French Communist Party.

He was a doctoral student of Pierre Curie and later a lover of widowed Marie Curie. He is also known for his two US patents with Constantin Chilowsky in 1916 and 1917 involving ultrasonic submarine detection. He is entombed at the Panthéon.
Karto-Zan languages
The Karto-Zan languages, also known as Georgian–Zan, are a branch of the Kartvelian language family that contains the Georgian and Zan languages. The Svan language forms the other branch of the Kartvelian family, showing characteristic differences from the Karto-Zan group. It has been hypothesized that the divergence between Svan and Proto-Kartvelian goes back as far as the 19th century BC. Georgian and Zan on the other hand diversified from Proto-Georgian–Zan during the 7th century BC. Both languages share common archaic words related to metallurgy and agriculture absent in Svan.

Zan languages
The Zan languages, or Zanuri (Georgian: ზანური ენები) or Colchidian, are a branch of the Kartvelian languages constituted by the Mingrelian and Laz languages. The grouping is disputed as some Georgian linguists consider the two to form a dialect continuum of one Zan language. This is often challenged on the most commonly applied criteria of mutual intelligibility when determining borders between languages, as Mingrelian and Laz are only partially mutually intelligible, though speakers of one language can recognize a sizable amount of vocabulary of the other, primarily due to semantic loans, lexical loans and other areal features resulting from geographical proximity and historical close contact common for dialect continuums.

The term Zan comes from the Greco-Roman name of one of the chief Colchian tribes, which is almost identical to the name given to the Mingrelians by the Svans (მჷ-ზა̈ნ mə-zän). Georgian linguist Akaki Shanidze proposed the name "Colchidian" for Zan.
Jiba Kanta Gogoi
Jiba Kanta Gogoi (c. 1939 - 2 July 2002) was an Indian National Congress politician from Assam. He served as Speaker of the Assam Legislative Assembly and twice as minister in the Hiteswar Saikia cabinets.

Hiteswar Saikia
Hiteswar Saikia (3 October 1934 – 22 April 1996) was an Indian politician who served as the 10th chief minister of Assam for two terms, firstly from 28 February 1983 to 23 December 1985 and then from 30 June 1991 to 22 April 1996. He was the 1st Governor of Mizoram from 1987 to 1989 and the 6th Lieutenant Governor of Mizoram from 1986 to 1987. He was the education minister in the Government of Assam from 1980 to 1981 and again from 1982 to 1982. He was the Minister of State for Home, Education And public relations from 1972 to 1974 and the minister of Home from 1974 to 1978. He represented the Nazira constituency in the Assam Legislative Assembly from 1972 to 1988 and again from 1991 to 1996.
Rezvani Beast
The Rezvani Beast is a two-door sports car manufactured by Rezvani Motors. The car is based on the Ariel Atom and the Lotus Elise (for the Beast Alpha X Blackbird) sports cars. The car was announced in June 2014.

Ariel Atom
The Ariel Atom is a road-legal high performance open-wheel car made by the British Ariel Motor Company based in Crewkerne, Somerset, England, and under license in North America by TMI Autotech, Inc. at Virginia International Raceway in Alton, Virginia.

There have been eight Ariel Atom generations to date: Ariel Atom, Ariel Atom 2, Ariel Atom 3 (including the Ariel Atom 3 Mugen Limited Edition and Honda Racing Edition – of which only one was made) Ariel Atom 3.5, Ariel Atom 3S, Ariel Spec:Race Atom, Ariel Atom 500 V8 Limited Edition (only 25 to be made), and the Ariel Atom 4. The limited production Ariel Atom 500 V8 featured a 373 kW (500 bhp; 507 PS) V8 engine. The Ariel Atom 4 uses a turbocharged 2.0 litre engine, also used in the Honda Civic Type R, with 3-stage boost.

The Ariel Atom features a prominently visible chassis (i.e., an exoskeleton, no roof or windows, a small optional windscreen) and a drag coefficient of 0.40.
Heckler & Koch USP
The Heckler & Koch USP (Universelle Selbstladepistole or "universal self-loading pistol") is a semi-automatic pistol developed in Germany by Heckler & Koch GmbH (H&K) as a replacement for the P7 series of handguns.

Heckler & Koch P7
The Heckler & Koch P7 is a German 9×19mm semi-automatic pistol designed by Helmut Weldle and produced from 1979 to 2008 by Heckler & Koch GmbH (H&K). The P7M13, a variant of the P7 with a double-stack magazine, was produced until 2000.
Linguistic categories
Linguistic categories include

Lexical category, a part of speech such as noun, preposition, etc.

Syntactic category, a similar concept which can also include phrasal categories

Grammatical category, a grammatical feature such as tense, gender, etc.

The definition of linguistic categories is a major concern of linguistic theory, and thus, the definition and naming of categories varies across different theoretical frameworks and grammatical traditions for different languages. The operationalization of linguistic categories in lexicography, computational linguistics, natural language processing, corpus linguistics, and terminology management typically requires resource-, problem- or application-specific definitions of linguistic categories. In Cognitive linguistics it has been argued that linguistic categories have a prototype structure like that of the categories of common words in a language.

Computational linguistics
Computational linguistics is an interdisciplinary field concerned with the computational modelling of natural language, as well as the study of appropriate computational approaches to linguistic questions. In general, computational linguistics draws upon linguistics, computer science, artificial intelligence, mathematics, logic, philosophy, cognitive science, cognitive psychology, psycholinguistics, anthropology and neuroscience, among others. Computational linguistics is closely related to mathematical linguistics.
Liam T. Cosgrave
Liam Thomas Cosgrave (born 30 April 1956) is an Irish former Fine Gael politician who served as Leas-Chathaoirleach of Seanad Éireann from 1997 to 2002, Cathaoirleach of Seanad Éireann from 1996 to 1997 and a Senator for the Industrial and Commercial Panel from 1993 to 2002. He previously served as a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Dún Laoghaire constituency from 1981 to 1987.

Coming from a political family, he is the son of Taoiseach Liam Cosgrave and grandson of the first President of the Executive Council W. T. Cosgrave.

Cathaoirleach
The cathaoirleach (/kəˈhɪərləx/ ⓘ; Irish for chairperson; plural: Cathaoirligh) is the chair (or presiding officer) of Seanad Éireann, the sixty-member upper house of the Oireachtas, the legislature of Ireland. The current cathaoirleach is Fianna Fáil senator Mark Daly, who has held the office since 12 February 2025.
Balanced lethal systems
In evolutionary biology, a balanced lethal system is a situation where recessive lethal alleles are present on two homologous chromosomes. Each of the chromosomes in such a pair carries a different lethal allele, which is compensated for by the functioning allele on the other chromosome. Since both these lethal alleles end up in the gametes in the same frequency as the functioning alleles, half of the offspring, the homozygotes, receive two copies of a lethal allele and therefore die during development. In such systems, only the heterozygotes survive.

Balanced lethal systems appear to pose a challenge to evolutionary theory, since a system so wasteful should be rapidly eliminated through natural selection and recombination. Instead, it has become fixed in various species all over the tree of life.

Lethal allele
Lethal alleles also known as lethals, are alleles that cause the death of the organism that carries them. They are usually a result of mutations in genes that are essential for growth or development. Lethal alleles can be recessive, dominant, conditional, perinatal, or postnatal after an extended period of apparently normal development depending on the gene or genes involved.

Lethal alleles may specifically refer to embryonically lethal alleles, in which the fetus will never survive to term. Such alleles are a cause of non-Mendelian patterns of inheritance, such as the observation of traits in a 2:1 ratio.
2672 Písek
2672 Písek, provisional designation 1979 KC, is a Eunomia asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 25 kilometers (16 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 31 May 1979, by Yugoslav astronomer Jaroslav Květoň at the Kleť Observatory in the Czech Republic. The likely elongated asteroid is a suspected tumbler and a slow rotator with an exceptionally long period of 831 hours. It was named after the Czech town of Písek.

Eunomia family
The Eunomia or Eunomian family (FIN: 502) is a large asteroid family of S-type asteroids named after the asteroid 15 Eunomia. It is the most prominent family in the intermediate asteroid belt and the 6th-largest family with nearly six thousand known members, or approximately 1.4% of all asteroids in the asteroid belt.: 23
2019 Belarusian Premier League
The 2019 Belarusian Premier League was the 29th season of top-tier football in Belarus. BATE Borisov were the defending champions, having won their 13th consecutive league title and 15th overall last year. Dynamo Brest won the Belarusian Premier League title for the first time, ending the BATE Borisov streak.

2018 Belarusian Premier League
The 2018 Belarusian Premier League was the 28th season of top-tier football in Belarus. BATE Borisov were the defending champions, having won their 12th consecutive league title and 14th overall last year, and successfully defended their crown.
Ojiro
Ojiro (小代) is an area located in Kami Town, Mikata District, Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2012, the area has an estimated population of 2,200. The total area is 66.16 km2.

Ojiro is mostly a mountainous area and prides itself as the homeland of Wagyu cattle. Ojiro is designated as one of The Most Beautiful Villages in Japan, and is the birthplace of Tajiri-go, a Tajima cattle who is the ancestor of more than 99.9% of Japanese Black wagyu.

Ojiro lies entirely within the San'in Kaigan Global Geopark.

The area of Ojiro was a town of Mikata. On 1 April 2005, town of Mikata, along with the town of Kasumi, and the town of Muraoka, was merged to create the town of Kami. At that time the portion of Kami that was Mikata renamed as Ojiro-ku (小代区), or Ojiro Ward, because some residents requested to use the traditional place name "Ojiro".

Kami, Hyōgo (Mikata)
Kami (香美町, Kami-chō) is a town located in Mikata District, Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan. As of 31 March 2022, the town had an estimated population of 16,256 in 6368 households and a population density of 44 persons per km². The total area of the town is 368.77 square kilometres (142.38 sq mi). The Ojiro neighborhood of the town is designated as one of the Most Beautiful Villages in Japan. Kami is the birthplace of Tajiri-go, a Tajima Cattle who is the ancestor of more than 99.9% of Japanese Black wagyu.
Beatriz Artolazabal
Beatriz Artolazabal is a Spanish politician affiliated with the Basque National Party. From 28 November 2016 to 8 September 2020, she served as Minister for Employment and Social Policies in the Second Urkullu Government. From 8 September 2020 to 14 February 2023, she served as Minister of Equality, Justice and Social Policies in the Third Urkullu Government led by Iñigo Urkullu.

Iñigo Urkullu
Íñigo Urkullu Renteria (born 18 September 1961) is a Basque politician from Spain, and the Lehendakari (President) of the Basque Government from 2012 to 2024.

As the President of the Basque Government, he headed the First, Second, and Third Urkullu Governments of the Basque Autonomous Community, Spain.
Pat Bergeson
Patrick Bergeson (born March 11, 1961) is an American guitarist, harmonica player and occasional songwriter. Based in Nashville, he is best known for his live and session work with Chet Atkins, Lyle Lovett, Suzy Bogguss and Les Brers.

Suzy Bogguss
Susan Kay Bogguss (born December 30, 1956) is an American country music singer and songwriter. She began her career in the 1980s as a solo singer. In the 1990s, six of her songs were Top 10 hits, three albums were certified gold, and one album received a platinum certification. She won Top New Female Vocalist from the Academy of Country Music and the Horizon Award from the  Country Music Association. She will be inducted into the Grand Ole Opry on January 16, 2026.