hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Gift of the Givers
Gift of the Givers (founded as Waqful Waqifin) is a South African non-governmental organisation and disaster relief group. It was established in 1992 in Pietermaritzberg to offer worldwide disaster relief and  humanitarian assistance. The organisation’s profile in South Africa grew during the 2010s and 2020s, due to challenges faced by the South African government in delivering services, including disaster relief.

As of January 2025, the organisation reported employing over 600 people with offices across nine areas including Somalia, Yemen, and Palestine. With funding from South African companies and private donations, the organisation has distributed over R6 billion ($319m) in aid across 47 countries in 32 years.

Pietermaritzburg
Pietermaritzburg (/ˌpiːtərˈmærɪtsbɜːrɡ/; Zulu: uMgungundlovu) is the capital and second-largest city in the province of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa after Durban. It was named in 1838 and is currently governed by the Msunduzi Local Municipality.

The town was named in Zulu, after King Dingane's royal homestead uMgungundlovu. Pietermaritzburg is popularly called Maritzburg and is often informally abbreviated to PMB. It is a regionally important industrial hub, producing aluminium, timber and dairy products, and is the main economic hub of uMgungundlovu District Municipality. The public sector is a major employer in the city due to local, district and provincial government offices located here.

The city has many schools and tertiary education institutions, including a campus of the University of KwaZulu-Natal.
Commander (film)
Commander is a Hindi-language action drama film directed and produced by Rakesh Kumar. This film was released on 2 October 1981 under the banner of Shanti Doot Chitra. It starred Amjad Khan in the lead role and Amitabh Bachchan played a truck driver, appearing in a cameo appearance, only to help out his friend Amjad to promote the movie. Music direction of the film was done by Kalyanji-Anandji.

Kalyanji–Anandji
Kalyanji–Anandji were an Indian composer duo, consisting of Kalyanji Virji Shah (30 June 1928 – 24 August 2000) and his brother Anandji Virji Shah (born 2 March 1933). In a career spanning over 40 years, they composed music for about 250 films, working with many well-known filmmakers and singers.
Malcolm's Ethiopian toad
Malcolm's Ethiopian toad or the Ethiopian mountain toad (Altiphrynoides malcolmi) is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae endemic to the Bale Mountains of Ethiopia. Its natural habitats are Astropanax–Hagenia–Hypericum montane forests and Afro-alpine moorland, and the transition zone in between. It is threatened by habitat loss and is listed by the IUCN as being an "endangered species".

Ethiopian montane moorlands
The Ethiopian montane moorlands is a montane grasslands and shrublands ecoregion in Ethiopia. It lies above 3,000 meters elevation in the Ethiopian Highlands, the largest Afroalpine region in Africa. The montane moorlands lie above the tree line, and consist of grassland and moorland with abundant herbs and shrubs adapted to the high elevation conditions.
Old Golimar
Old Golimar (Sindhi: پُراڻي گوليمار, Urdu: پرانا  گولیمار) (new name is Gulbahar) is a neighborhood in the Karachi West district of Karachi, Pakistan. It is administered as part of the SITE Town neighbourhood.

SITE Area, Karachi
SITE Town (Urdu: سائٹ ٹاؤن), located in the southern part of Karachi, Pakistan, is named after the Sindh Industrial & Trading Estate. It was established in 2001 under the Local Government Ordinance and subdivided into nine union councils. In 2011, the town system was abolished, and SITE Town became part of Karachi West District. However, following Karachi's reorganisation into 26 towns in 2022, SITE became part of Kemari District, after Kemari District was carved out of Karachi West District in 2020.
Clostridioides difficile toxin B
Clostridioides difficile toxin B (TcdB) is a cytotoxin produced by the bacteria Clostridioides difficile. It is one of two major kinds of toxins produced by C. difficile, the other being a related enterotoxin (Toxin A). Both are very potent and lethal.

Cytotoxicity
Cytotoxicity refers to the capacity of a substance or agent to cause damage or death to living cells, reflecting a critical parameter in pharmacology, toxicology, and biomedicine. It is distinct from cytostatic effects, which inhibit cell growth and proliferation without causing cell death. Cytotoxic agents can induce a range of cellular responses, including inhibition of cell growth, induction of apoptotic or necrotic cell death, and disruption of metabolic or structural cellular integrity. Assessing cytotoxicity is fundamental for evaluating the safety and efficacy of pharmaceutical compounds, chemicals, and biomaterials, as it helps predict potential adverse effects and guides therapeutic development.

Various assays—based on enzyme activity, membrane permeability, metabolic activity, or cell proliferation—are routinely employed to characterize and quantify cytotoxic effects in vitro, providing essential insights into cell viability and the mechanisms underlying toxic responses.
Diederik Boer
Diederik Boer (born 24 September 1980) is a Dutch former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He spent most of his career playing for PEC Zwolle in the Eredivisie. After retirement in 2019, he is now the goalkeeping coach for the PEC Zwolle youth teams.

PEC Zwolle
Prins Hendrik Ende Desespereert Nimmer Combinatie Zwolle, commonly known as PEC Zwolle, is a Dutch professional football club based in Zwolle, Netherlands. They play in the Eredivisie, the top tier of Dutch football. They have played in the Eredivisie for a total of 22 seasons, reaching sixth place in 2015. They won the KNVB Cup in 2014 and also reached the final in 1928, 1977 and 2015.

This is the second incarnation of the club; its predecessor of the same name went bankrupt in 1990. The current club was founded immediately afterwards as FC Zwolle before renaming back to PEC Zwolle in 2012.
Native silver
Native silver is a naturally occurring native element mineral consisting of the chemical element silver (Ag) in its pure metallic form. It is one of the relatively few metals that occur in nature in an uncombined state. It commonly forms distinctive wire-like (filiform), arborescent, dendritic or massive aggregates.

Native element mineral
Native element minerals are those elements that occur in nature in uncombined form with a distinct mineral structure. The elemental class includes metals, intermetallic compounds, alloys, metalloids, and nonmetals. The Nickel–Strunz classification system also includes the naturally occurring phosphides, silicides, nitrides, carbides, and arsenides.
United States v. Valenzuela-Bernal
United States v. Valenzuela-Bernal, 458 U.S. 858 (1982), is a United States Supreme Court case that determined the constitutionality of deporting aliens who might give testimony in criminal alien smuggling prosecutions. Because deporting alien witnesses might take away a testimony that would be both “material and favorable” to the defendant, it gives rise to a potential motion from the defense to dismiss the indictment under the Compulsory Process Clause of the Sixth Amendment and the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment.

The Supreme Court held that because the defendant failed to make a “plausible suggestion that the deported aliens possessed any material evidence that was not merely cumulative of other evidence,” the District Court properly denied the respondent's motion to dismiss the indictment.

Compulsory Process Clause
The Compulsory Process Clause within the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution lets criminal case defendants attain witnesses in their favor by way of a court-ordered subpoena. The Clause is generally interpreted as letting defendants present their own case at trial, though several specific limitations have been placed by the Supreme Court of the United States since this rule began.
American Shorthair
The American Shorthair (ASH) is a breed of domestic cat believed to be descended from European cats brought to North America by early settlers to protect valuable cargo from mice and rats. According to the Cat Fanciers' Association (CFA), it was the eighth-most-popular pedigreed cat in the world for 2020.

Ship's cat
The ship's cat has been a common feature on many trading, exploration, and naval ships dating to ancient times. Cats have been brought on ships for many reasons, most importantly to control rodents. Vermin aboard a ship can cause damage to ropes, woodwork, and more recently, electrical wiring. In addition, rodents threaten ships' stores, devour crews' foodstuff, and can cause economic damage to ships' cargo, such as grain. Vermin are also a source of disease, which is dangerous for ships that are at sea for long periods of time. Rat fleas are carriers of plague, and rats on ships were believed to be a primary vector of the Black Death.

Cats naturally attack and kill rodents and adapt to new surroundings, which makes them suitable for service on a ship. In addition, they offer companionship and a sense of home, security and camaraderie to sailors away from home.  The tradition that every ship needs a mascot made cats very welcome among sailors.
Ervin Bulku
Ervin Bulku (Albanian pronunciation: [ɛɾvin bulku], born 3 March 1981) is an Albanian former professional footballer.

He was a utility player and played in many positions such as central midfielder, defensive midfielder, right midfielder and even right-back for the Albania national team between 2002 and 2015 and in the club level with Tirana where he started and ended his career after playing for various club outside such as Kryvbas in Ukraine, Hajduk Split in Croatia, AZAL Baku in Azerbaijan and Sepahan in Iran.

Sepahan S.C.
Foolad Mobarakeh Sepahan Sport Club (Persian: باشگاه فولاد مبارکه سپاهان, Bâšgâh-e Farhangi-Varzeši-ye Fulâd-e Mobârake-ye Sepâhân), commonly known as Sepahan, is an Iranian sports club based in Isfahan. It is best known for their football section that play in the Persian Gulf Pro League, the highest tier of Iranian football league system.

In the 2002–03 season, Sepahan ended the total dominance of two Tehran-based clubs, Persepolis and Esteghlal, to win the Pro League. They are also the first Iranian club to win three consecutive league titles, reach the AFC Champions League final in 2007 and qualify for the 2007 FIFA Club World Cup, becoming the first-ever Iranian representative to the tournament. To date, they have won five league titles and five Hazfi Cups, becoming one of the most successful football clubs in Iran.
Nelson's woodrat
Nelson's woodrat (Neotoma nelsoni) is a species of rodent in the family Cricetidae. It is endemic to Mexico, where it is known only from the eastern slopes of the volcanoes Orizaba and Cofre de Perote. Due to the small geographic range, isolation, and low population, the Nelson's woodrat has a higher risk for extinction. The distribution and population sizes are small. The population exists in geographic isolation, which prevents gene flow

Pico de Orizaba
Citlaltépetl (from Náhuatl citlal(in) = star, and tepētl = mountain), otherwise known as Pico de Orizaba, is an active volcano and the highest in North America, as well as the highest mountain in Mexico and third highest peak in North America, after Denali/Mount McKinley of the United States and Mount Logan of Canada. It rises 5,636 metres (18,491 ft) above sea level in the eastern end of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, on the border between the states of Veracruz and Puebla. The volcano is currently dormant but not extinct, with the last eruption taking place during the 19th century. It is the second most prominent volcanic peak in the world after Mount Kilimanjaro. Pico de Orizaba is ranked 16th by topographic isolation.
Mes Rafsanjan Stadium
Mes Rafsanjan Stadium is a football stadium in the city of Rafsanjan, Iran. This stadium, with a capacity of 10,000 people, was inaugurated on 3 November 2023, coinciding with the match between Mes Rafsanjan and Foolad.

It is currently home to Persian Gulf Pro League side Mes.

Mes Rafsanjan F.C.
Mes Rafsanjan Football Club is an Iranian football club based in Rafsanjan, Iran. The club is owned by the Copper Industries Company the nationalised Iranian copper industry after which the club is named.
Kampong Bakiau
Kampong Bakiau (Malay: Kampung Bakiau) is a village in the north-east of Tutong District, Brunei, about 23 kilometres (14 mi) from the district town of Tutong, Mukim Kiudang. It has an area of 1.3 square kilometres (0.50 sq mi); the population was 169 in 2021.

Villages of Brunei
A village (Malay: kampung or kampong) is the third and lowest administrative division of Brunei. It is headed by a village head (ketua kampung). Several villages are grouped together to form a mukim. A village is generally the traditional rural settlement, in particular in the sense of a kampong or Malay traditional village, but it may also be an urbanised settlement within or near the capital city or a town, or part of the public housing estates. The population varies from hundreds to a few thousands.
Lokman Slim
Lokman Mohsen Slim (Arabic: لقمان محسن سليم; 17 July 1962 – 4 February 2021) was a Lebanese Shiite publisher, political activist, and commentator. As a contributor to the development of civil-society initiatives, several of which he founded, he promoted a Culture of Remembrance to cope with the many past and present conflicts of Lebanon and the whole region. Slim was known to be a prominent critic of Hezbollah (as well as all other sectarian parties).

He was found shot to death in his car in Hezbollah-dominated southern Lebanon in 2021. Many people, including Slim's sister have alleged Hezbollah to have committed the assassination, a charge that Hezbollah has denied.

Southern Lebanon
Southern Lebanon (Arabic: جنوب لبنان, romanized: Janūb Lubnān) is the area of Lebanon comprising the South Governorate and the Nabatiye Governorate. The two entities were divided from the same province in the early 1990s. The Rashaya and Western Beqaa districts, the southernmost districts of the Beqaa Governorate.

The main cities of the region are Sidon and Tyre on the coast, with Jezzine and Nabatiyeh more inland. The cazas of Bint Jbeil, Tyre, and Nabatieh in Southern Lebanon are known for their large Shi'a Muslim population with a minority of Christians. Sidon is predominantly Sunni, with the rest of the caza of Sidon having a Shi'a Muslim majority, with a considerable Christian minority, mainly Melkite Greek Catholics. The cazas of Jezzine and Marjeyoun have a Christian majority and also Shia Muslims. The villages of Ain Ebel, Debel, Qaouzah, and Rmaich are entirely Christian Maronite. The caza of Hasbaya has a Druze majority.
Milad El-Halabi
Milad El-Halabi is an Australian former politician. He was a councillor on the City of Moreland in Victoria from 2004 until 2008, and again from 2020 until 2022.

In February 2022, El-Halabi resigned as a councillor after being charged with conspiracy to cheat and defraud for allegedly tampering with the council election in his ward. It was later found that he had been unduly elected.

City of Merri-bek
The City of Merri-bek (/ˈmɛriː bɛk/), formerly the City of Moreland, is a local government area in metropolitan Melbourne, Australia. It comprises the inner northern suburbs between 4 and 11 kilometres from the Melbourne CBD. The Merri-bek local government area covers 51 km2 (20 sq mi), and in June 2018, it had a population of 181,725.
Gary Harrell
Gary Lamar Harrell, affectionately known as "The Flea," (born January 23, 1972) is an American college football coach at the University of Wyoming and former professional gridiron football player. He previously was the assistant head coach and running backs coach at the University of Colorado Boulder. Harrell was a wide receiver in the National Football League (NFL), World League of American Football (WLAF) and Canadian Football League (CFL) for three seasons during the 1990s. Harrell served two stints as the head football coach at Howard University in Washington, D.C. from 2011 to 2012 and 2014 to 2016, with a leave of absence in 2013. He joined the coaching staff at Alabama State University in January 2019, after a two-year stint under Lane Kiffin at Florida Atlantic University.

Lane Kiffin
Lane Monte Kiffin (born May 9, 1975) is an American football coach who is the head football coach at Louisiana State University (LSU). He served as the head coach of the Oakland Raiders from 2007 to 2008, the University of Tennessee in 2009, USC from 2010 to 2013, Florida Atlantic from 2017 to 2019, and Ole Miss from 2020 to 2025.

He was the youngest head coach in modern NFL history at the time when he joined the Raiders (until 2017 when Sean McVay joined the Rams), and, for a time, was the youngest head coach of a power conference team in college football when he was at Tennessee and USC. Kiffin later served as the offensive coordinator at the University of Alabama from 2014 until 2016, when he was hired to be the head coach at Florida Atlantic, a position he held until 2019, when he became the head coach at Ole Miss. In 2025, as his team was preparing for the playoffs, Kiffin left to become the head coach at LSU.
Crenolanib
Crenolanib besylate (CP-868,596-26 or AR-868,596-26, 4-piperidinamine, 1-[2-[5-[(3-Methyl-3-oxetanyl) methoxy]-1H-benzimidazol-1-yl]- 8-quinolinyl]-, monobenzenesulfonate) is an investigational inhibitor being developed by AROG Pharmaceuticals, LLC. As of 2014, the compound was being evaluated for safety and efficacy in clinical trials for various types of cancer, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML), gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), and glioma.

Crenolanib is an orally bioavailable benzimidazole that selectively and potently inhibits signaling of wild-type and mutant isoforms of class III receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) FLT3 (FMS-like Tyrosine Kinase 3), PDGFR α (Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor), and PDGFR β.  Unlike most RTK inhibitors, crenolanib is a type I mutant-specific inhibitor that preferentially binds to phosphorylated active kinases with the ‘DFG in’ conformation motif.

Glioma
A glioma is a type of malignant tumor originating in the glial cells of the brain or spinal cord. Gliomas comprise about 30% of all brain and central nervous system tumors and 80% of all malignant brain tumors. Common subtypes include astrocytoma (cancer of astrocytes), glioblastoma (an aggressive form of astrocytoma), oligodendroglioma (cancer of oligodendrocytes), and ependymoma (cancer of ependymal cells).
Autumn Lights
Autumn Lights is an American–Icelandic international drama film written and directed by Angad Aulakh. The film stars Guy Kent, Marta Gastini, and Sveinn Ólafur Gunnarsson. Set in Iceland, the film is a meditative story of morality, virtue, and relationships as seen through the eyes of a foreigner in a strange land. The film was honored as a Peter Travers New York Film Critics Series (NYFCS) pick before it opened in limited theatrical release in North America on October 21, 2016, from Freestyle Releasing and Freestyle Digital Media. The film opened in theaters in Northern Europe on November 4, 2016, and was nominated for Best Picture at the Riviera International Film Festival.

The film is produced by Angad Aulakh and Guy Kent, alongside Ashley M. Kent, Davíd Óskar Ólafsson and Árni Filippusson.

Freestyle Releasing
Freestyle Releasing, LLC is an American independent film distribution company based in Los Angeles, California, founded in 2004, specializing in releasing low budget films theatrically. Unlike most distributors, Freestyle Releasing does not put up any prints and advertising money for its releases, leaving advertising costs to production companies.
Mikhail Ulyanov (actor)
Mikhail Alexandrovich Ulyanov (Russian: Михаил Александрович Ульянов; 20 November 1927 – 26 March 2007) was a Soviet and Russian actor who was one of the most recognized persons of the post-World War II Soviet theatre and cinema. He was named a People's Artist of the USSR in 1969, a Hero of Socialist Labour in 1986, and received a special prize from the Venice Film Festival in 1982.

People's Artist of the USSR
People's Artist of the USSR, also sometimes translated as National Artist of the USSR, was an honorary title granted to artists of the Soviet Union. The term is confusingly used to translate two Russian language titles: Народный артист СССР (Narodny artist SSSR), awarded in performing arts and Народный художник СССР (Narodny khudozhnik SSSR), granted in some visual arts.

As those titles were granted by the government, honorees were afforded certain privileges and would often receive commissions from the Minister of Culture of the Soviet Union. Accordingly, artists and authors who expressed criticism of the Communist Party were seldom granted such recognition, if not outright censored. Each Soviet Republic, as well as the Autonomous Republics (ASSRs), had a similar award that would be held previously by virtually every receiver of the higher title of People's Artist of the USSR.
David Kahn (writer)
David Kahn (February 7, 1930 – January 23, 2024) was an American historian, journalist, and writer. He wrote extensively on the history of cryptography and military intelligence.

Kahn's first published book, The Codebreakers – The Story of Secret Writing (1967), has been widely considered to be a definitive account of the history of cryptography.

James Bamford
James Bamford (born September 15, 1946) is an American author, journalist and documentary producer noted for his writing about United States intelligence agencies, especially the National Security Agency (NSA). The New York Times has called him "the nation's premier journalist on the subject of the National Security Agency" and The New Yorker named him "the NSA's chief chronicler."

In 2006, he won the National Magazine Award for Reporting for his writing on the war in Iraq published in Rolling Stone.

In 2015 he became the national security columnist for Foreign Policy magazine and he also writes for The New Republic.  His book, The Shadow Factory: The Ultra-Secret NSA From 9/11 to the Eavesdropping on America, became a New York Times bestseller and was named by The Washington Post as one of "The Best Books of the Year."
Julia Soaemias
Julia Soaemias Bassiana (180 – 11 March 222) was a Syrian noblewoman and the mother of Roman emperor Elagabalus, who ruled over the Roman Empire from 218 to 222. She was one of his chief advisors, initially with the support and accompaniment of her mother Julia Maesa. She and her mother guided the young emperor until growing unrest and a family division led to her son's replacement by her nephew Severus Alexander. Julia Soaemias was killed along with her son by the Praetorian Guard.

Julia Soaemias was born and raised in Emesa, Syria and through her mother was related to the Royal family of Emesa, and through marriage, to the Severan dynasty of Ancient Rome.

Roman Syria
Roman Syria was an early Roman province annexed to the Roman Republic in 64 BC by Pompey in the Third Mithridatic War following the defeat of King of Armenia Tigranes the Great, who had become the protector of the Hellenistic kingdom of Syria.

Following the partition of the Herodian Kingdom of Judea into a tetrarchy in 4 BC, it was gradually absorbed into Roman provinces, with Roman Syria annexing Iturea and Trachonitis. By the late 2nd century AD, the province was divided into Coele Syria and Syria Phoenice.