hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Noncentral t-distribution
The noncentral t-distribution  generalizes Student's t-distribution using a noncentrality parameter. Whereas the central probability distribution describes how a test statistic t is distributed when the difference tested is null, the noncentral distribution describes how t is distributed when the null is false. This leads to its use in statistics, especially calculating statistical power. The noncentral t-distribution is also known as the singly noncentral t-distribution, and in addition to its primary use in statistical inference, is also used in robust modeling for data.

Power (statistics)
In frequentist statistics, power is the probability of detecting an effect (i.e. rejecting the null hypothesis) given that some prespecified effect actually exists using a given test in a given context. In typical use, it is a function of the specific test that is used (including the choice of test statistic and significance level), the sample size (more data tends to provide more power), and the effect size (effects or correlations that are large relative to the variability of the data tend to provide more power).

More formally, in the case of a simple hypothesis test with two hypotheses, the power of the test is the probability that the test correctly rejects the null hypothesis () when the alternative hypothesis () is true. It is commonly denoted by , where  is the probability of making a type II error (a false negative) conditional on there being a true effect or association.
Maze-solving algorithm
A maze-solving algorithm is an automated method for solving a maze. The random mouse, wall follower, Pledge, and Trémaux's algorithms are designed to be used inside the maze by a traveler with no prior knowledge of the maze, whereas the dead-end filling and shortest path algorithms are designed to be used by a person or computer program that can see the whole maze at once.

Mazes containing no loops are known as "simply connected", or "perfect" mazes, and are equivalent to a tree in graph theory.  Maze-solving algorithms are closely related to graph theory. Intuitively, if one pulled and stretched out the paths in the maze in the proper way, the result could be made to resemble a tree.

Maze
A maze is a path or collection of paths, typically from an entrance to a goal.  The word is used to refer both to branching tour puzzles through which the solver must find a route, and to simpler non-branching ("unicursal") patterns that lead unambiguously through a convoluted layout to a goal. The term "labyrinth" is generally synonymous with "maze", but can also connote specifically a unicursal pattern. The pathways and walls in a maze are typically fixed, but puzzles in which the walls and paths can change during the game are also categorised as mazes or tour puzzles.
CXL 1020
CXL 1020 is an experimental drug that is being investigated as a treatment for acute decompensated heart failure. CXL 1020 functions as a nitroxyl donor; nitroxyl is the reduced, protonated version of nitric oxide. Nitroxyl is capable of enhancing left ventricular contractility without increasing heart rate by modifying normal Ca2+ cycling through the sarcoplasmic reticulum as well as increasing the sensitivity of cardiac myofilaments to Ca2+.

Ventricle (heart)
A ventricle is one of two large chambers located toward the bottom of the heart that collect and expel blood towards the peripheral beds within the body and lungs. The blood pumped by a ventricle is supplied by an atrium, an adjacent chamber in the upper heart that is smaller than a ventricle. Interventricular means between the ventricles (for example the interventricular septum), while intraventricular means within one ventricle (for example an intraventricular block).

In a four-chambered heart, such as that in humans, there are two ventricles that operate in a double circulatory system: the right ventricle pumps blood into the pulmonary circulation to the lungs, and the left ventricle pumps blood into the systemic circulation through the aorta.
2024 Ukrainian Cup final
The 2024 Ukrainian Cup final was the 31st final match of the annual Ukrainian football cup competition. It was played on 15 May 2024 at the Avanhard Stadium in Rivne. This is the first time the cup final would be held in Rivne.

With still ongoing full-scale invasion of Ukraine by the Russian Federation, this final was the first one since the start of the invasion in February of 2022 and the 9th since the start of the war in 2014.

Ukrainian Cup
The Ukrainian Cup (Ukrainian: Кубок України [ˈkubok ʊkrɐˈjinɪ]) is an association football national knockout cup competition run by the Ukrainian Association of Football. The competition is conducted almost exclusively among professional clubs. Since the 2003–04 season, the Cup winner qualifies to play the Ukrainian Premier League winner for the Ukrainian Super Cup.
Paitan people
Paitan people or simply Paitans is the collective name of an Austronesian ethnic groups indigenous to Sabah, Malaysia who speak the Paitanic languages. They primarily live in Pitas, Lahad Datu, Beluran (Labuk-Sugut), Telupid, Kinabatangan, Kota Marudu, Sandakan as well as Tongod districts and to some extent in both Keningau and Ranau districts. The ethnic comprises the Orang Sungei (including Buludupi Sungei), Tombonuo and several eastern Sabah Dusuns such as the Begak Dusun, Lobu Dusun (Rumanau), and Subpan Dusun. Within the federation of Malaysia, the Paitans are considered as one of Sabah Bumiputeras.

Telupid District
The Telupid District (Malay: Daerah Telupid) is an administrative district in the Malaysian state of Sabah, part of the Sandakan Division which includes the districts of Beluran, Kinabatangan, Sandakan and Tongod. The capital of the district is in Telupid Town. The district is formerly a part of Beluran District.
Board of Deputies of British Jews
The Board of Deputies of British Jews, commonly referred to as the Board of Deputies, is the largest and second oldest Jewish communal organisation in the United Kingdom, after the Initiation Society which was founded in 1745. Established in 1760 by a group of Sephardic Jews, the board presents itself as a forum for the views of most organisations within the British Jewish community, liaising with the British government on that basis. Notably, while Lord Rothschild was President of the Board of Deputies, the Balfour Declaration was addressed to him and eventually led to the creation of a Jewish state in Palestine. It is affiliated to the World Jewish Congress and the European Jewish Congress. The current president is Phil Rosenberg.

UJIA
UJIA (United Jewish Israel Appeal) is a registered charity, based in London, that works with young people in the United Kingdom and in the Galilee region of Israel. It provides formal and informal educational programmes that aim to enhance young British Jews' sense of Jewish identity and their connection with Israel. Its chief executive is Mandie Winston and its chair is Louise Jacobs, the first woman in the role.

UJIA's remit includes overseeing and sponsoring Israel group tours that are organised by Jewish religious and ideological organisations for young people in the Jewish community.

In 2017, UJIA launched a £300,000 fund to invest in Israeli start-up businesses that are concerned with improving education, employment and community development.

The British Prime Minister, Theresa May, was the guest speaker at a dinner, hosted by UJIA on 17 September 2018, that was held to mark the 70th anniversary of the foundation of Israel.
Separable permutation
In combinatorial mathematics, a separable permutation is a permutation that can be obtained from the trivial permutation 1 by direct sums and skew sums. Separable permutations may be characterized by the forbidden permutation patterns 2413 and 3142; they are also the permutations whose permutation graphs are cographs and the permutations that realize the series-parallel partial orders. It is possible to test in polynomial time whether a given separable permutation is a pattern in a larger permutation, or to find the longest common subpattern of two separable permutations.

Permutation graph
In the mathematical field of graph theory, a permutation graph is a graph whose vertices represent the elements of a permutation, and whose edges represent pairs of elements that are reversed by the permutation. Permutation graphs may also be defined geometrically, as the intersection graphs of line segments whose endpoints lie on two parallel lines. Different permutations may give rise to the same permutation graph; a given graph has a unique representation (up to permutation symmetry) if it is prime with respect to the modular decomposition.
Mall (soundtrack)
Mall: Music from the Motion Picture is the original motion picture soundtrack for the 2014 American drama film Mall, consisting of songs written, recorded and performed by Chester Bennington, Dave Farrell, Joe Hahn and Mike Shinoda (from American rock band Linkin Park) with Alec Puro, drummer of American industrial rock band Deadsy. It was released through Warner Bros. and Machine Shop on December 12, 2014. The soundtrack was produced by Mike Shinoda and Brad Delson, along with Rob Cavallo and Bill Boyd, who both served as executive producers.

Available in the Australian and New Zealand iTunes stores.

Dave Farrell
David Michael Farrell (born February 8, 1977), also known by his stage name Phoenix, is an American musician, best known as the bassist of the rock band Linkin Park. He was also a member of Tasty Snax, a ska punk band.
CTP synthase 1
CTP synthase 1 is an enzyme that is encoded by the CTPS1 gene in humans.
CTP synthase 1 is an enzyme in the de novo pyrimidine synthesis pathway that catalyses the conversion of uridine triphosphate (UTP) to cytidine triphosphate (CTP). CTP is a key building block for the production of DNA, RNA and some phospholipids.

Pyrimidine
Pyrimidine (C4H4N2; /pɪˈrɪ.mɪˌdiːn, paɪˈrɪ.mɪˌdiːn/) is an aromatic, heterocyclic, organic compound similar to pyridine (C5H5N). One of the three diazines (six-membered heterocyclics with two nitrogen atoms in the ring), it has nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3 in the ring.: 250  The other diazines are pyrazine (nitrogen atoms at the 1 and 4 positions) and pyridazine (nitrogen atoms at the 1 and 2 positions).

In nucleic acids, three types of nucleobases are pyrimidine derivatives: cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U).
Kocaeli Peninsula
The Kocaeli Peninsula (Turkish: Kocaeli Yarımadası) lies in the northwest corner of Anatolia, Turkey, separating the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara on the Asian side of the strait of Bosphorus. Approximately one-third of Istanbul, one of the most populous cities of the world, occupies its western part, and İzmit, another big city, is at the easternmost point of the peninsula.

Bosporus
The Bosporus or Bosphorus Strait is a natural strait and an internationally significant waterway located in Turkey which is straddled by the city of  Istanbul. The Bosporus connects the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara and forms one of the continental boundaries between Asia and Europe. It also divides Turkey by separating Asia Minor from Thrace. It is the world's narrowest strait used for international navigation.

Most of the shores of the Bosporus Strait, except for the area to the north, are heavily settled, with the city of Istanbul's metropolitan population of 17 million inhabitants extending inland from both banks.

The Bosporus Strait and the Dardanelles Strait at the opposite end of the Sea of Marmara are together known as the Turkish Straits.

Sections of the shore of the Bosporus in Istanbul have been reinforced with concrete or rubble and those sections of the strait prone to deposition are periodically dredged.
Star Wars: The Force Awakens (soundtrack)
Star Wars: The Force Awakens – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the film score to the 2015 film of the same name composed by John Williams with Williams and William Ross conducting, and Gustavo Dudamel appearing as a "special guest conductor". The album was released by Walt Disney Records on December 18, 2015, in both digipak CD and digital formats.

The score received critical acclaim, receiving praise for its new themes and use of old ones. The main theme, "Rey's Theme", was the subject of mass acclaim, with the track reaching 10 million views on YouTube. For the score, John Williams received his 50th Oscar nomination, being nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Score, his first nomination for a Star Wars film since Return of the Jedi. Williams won the Saturn Award for Best Music, his first win since Revenge of the Sith. Williams also won the Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media for the score, making it his 11th win in the category.

Academy Award for Best Original Score
The Academy Award for Best Original Score is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) to the best substantial body of music in the form of dramatic underscoring written specifically for the film by the submitting composer. Some pre-existing music is allowed, though, but a contending film must include a minimum of original music. This minimum since 2021 is established as 35% of the music, which is raised to 80% for sequels and franchise films. Fifteen scores are shortlisted before nominations are announced.
2,4,5-Trimethoxyphenethylamine
2C-O, also known as 2,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine (2,4,5-TMPEA) or TMPEA-2, is a serotonin receptor modulator of the phenethylamine and 2C families related to the psychedelic drug mescaline. It is a positional isomer of mescaline (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine) and is the α-desmethyl analogue of 2,4,5-trimethoxyamphetamine (TMA-2). The drug is the parent compound of the 2C-O series of drugs. 2C-O appears to be inactive in terms of psychoactive effects in humans, at least at doses that have been assessed. In any case, it is a low-potency full agonist of the serotonin 5-HT2 receptors in vitro, including of the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor. 2C-O was first described by Max Jansen in 1931 and was further described by Alexander Shulgin in his 1991 book PiHKAL (Phenethylamines I Have Known and Loved).

Potency (pharmacology)
In pharmacology, potency or biological potency is a measure of a drug's biological activity expressed in terms of the dose required to produce a pharmacological effect of given intensity. A highly potent drug (e.g., fentanyl, clonazepam, risperidone, benperidol, bumetanide) evokes a given response at low concentrations, while a drug of lower potency (e.g. morphine, diazepam, ziprasidone, haloperidol, furosemide) evokes the same response only at higher concentrations. Higher potency does not necessarily mean greater effectiveness nor more side effects nor less side effects.
Issa Pliyev
Issa Alexandrovich Pliyev (also spelled as Pliev; Ossetian: Плиты Алыксандры фырт Иссæ; Russian: Исса́ Алекса́ндрович Пли́ев; 25 November [O.S. 12 November] 1903 — 6 February 1979) was a Soviet military commander. Pliyev rose to become the premier cavalry general of the Soviet Army. He became Army General (1962), twice Hero of the Soviet Union (16 April 1944 and 8 September 1945), Hero of the Mongolian People's Republic (1971).

During World War II, Pliyev commanded several mechanized cavalry units, ranging from regiments to army corps. The military historians David Glantz and Jonathan House described Pliyev as a "great practitioner of cavalry operations in adverse terrain". However, Pliyev became known in the West largely for his involvement in the Cuban Missile Crisis.

David M. Glantz
David M. Glantz (born January 11, 1942) is an American military historian known for his books on the Red Army during World War II and as the chief editor of The Journal of Slavic Military Studies.

Born in Port Chester, New York, Glantz received degrees in history from the Virginia Military Institute and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He is a graduate of the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, Defense Language Institute, Institute for Russian and Eastern European Studies, and U.S. Army War College.

Glantz had a career of more than 30 years in the U.S. Army, served in the Vietnam War, and retired as a colonel in 1993.
Shaik Abdul Rasheed Abdul Ghaffour
Shaik Abdul Rasheed bin Abdul Ghaffour is a Malaysian banker who has been the Governor of the Central Bank of Malaysia (BNM) since 1 July 2023. He was previously the deputy governor of the central bank.

Central Bank of Malaysia
The Central Bank of Malaysia (BNM; Malay: Bank Negara Malaysia; Jawi: بڠک نݢارا مليسيا‎) is the Malaysian central bank. Established on 26 January 1959 as the Central Bank of Malaya (Bank Negara Tanah Melayu), its main purpose is to issue currency, act as the banker and advisor to the government of Malaysia, and regulate the country's financial institutions, credit system, and monetary policy. Its headquarters is located in Kuala Lumpur. The central bank is the only institution permitted to issue the Malaysian ringgit into circulation.
Chioma Chukwuka
Chioma Chukwuka// ⓘ (born March 12, 1980, also credited as Chioma Chukwuka Akpotha or Chioma Akpotha) is a Nigerian actress, director and movie producer. In 2007, she won the Africa Movie Academy Award for "Best Actress in a leading role" for her performance in the movie "Sins of the flesh", and the Afro Hollywood award for best actress in a lead role in 2010.

Africa Movie Academy Awards
The Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMMA) is an annual entertainment award ceremony, presented to recognize excellence among African and non-African professionals, who have contributed to the African film industry. The award was founded by Peace Anyiam-Osigwe currently run by the Africa Film Academy. It is regarded as one of Africa's most notable film events, and have been sometimes referenced as the "African Oscars".
Daniele Bonera
Daniele Bonera Cavaliere OMRI (Italian pronunciation: [daˈnjɛːle boˈnɛːra]; born 31 May 1981) is an Italian retired professional footballer who played as a centre back.

Prior to joining Spanish Villarreal in 2015, with whom he retired in 2019, he had previously played for Italian clubs Brescia, Parma, and in particular AC Milan, where he won several titles, including the 2010–11 Serie A and the 2006–07 UEFA Champions League.

At international level, he represented the Italy national team on 16 occasions; he also won the 2004 UEFA European Under-21 Championship with the Italy national under-21 football team, as well as a bronze medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics.

Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
The Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (Italian: Ordine al merito della Repubblica Italiana) is the most senior Italian order of merit. It was established in 1951 by the second president of the Italian Republic, Luigi Einaudi.

The highest-ranking honour of the Republic, it is awarded for "merit acquired by the nation" in the fields of science, literature, arts, economy, public service, and social, philanthropic and humanitarian activities and for long and conspicuous service in civilian and military careers.

The order effectively replaced national orders such as the Civil Order of Savoy (1831), the Order of the Crown of Italy (1868), the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus (1572) and the Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation (1362).
Rand Holmes
Randolph  Holton Holmes (February 22, 1942 – March 15, 2002) was a Canadian artist and illustrator probably best known for his work in underground comix. His work was of a higher level of quality than was seen elsewhere in the field, and is considered comparable to such creations as Gilbert Shelton's The Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers and Robert Crumb's Mr. Natural.

Born in Truro, Nova Scotia, he  grew up in Edmonton, Alberta. As a teenager Holmes taught himself to draw by copying comic-strip artists Wally Wood and Will Eisner. Harvey Kurtzman later published two of his drawings in Help! He married young and worked briefly as a sign painter.

Gilbert Shelton
Gilbert Shelton (born May 31, 1940) is an American cartoonist and a key member of the underground comix movement. He is the creator of the iconic underground characters The Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers, Fat Freddy's Cat, and Wonder Wart-Hog.
USCGC Argus
USCGC Argus (WMSM-915) is the lead ship of the Heritage-class cutters of the United States Coast Guard (USCG), and a part of the OPC (Offshore Patrol Cutter) Ship Type. She is the second ship to be named after Argus Panoptes, the first being USRC Argus, a Revenue Cutter Service ship which was decommissioned and sold in 1804.

United States Coast Guard Cutter
United States Coast Guard Cutter is the term used by the U.S. Coast Guard for its commissioned vessels.  They are 65 feet (19.8 m) or greater in length and have a permanently assigned crew with accommodations aboard.  They carry the ship prefix USCGC.
Ramon Leeuwin
Ramon Stanley Remy Leeuwin (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈraːmɔn ˈleːu.ɪn]; born 1 September 1987) is a Surinamese professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for SV TEC. Born in the Netherlands, he plays for the Suriname national team.

SV TEC
Sportvereniging Tielse Eendracht Combinatie, more commonly known as SV TEC or simply TEC (Dutch pronunciation: [ˌteːjeːˈseː]), is a football club based in Tiel, Gelderland. Formed on 1 June 1924, it plays in the Derde Divisie, the fourth tier of the Dutch football league system, and has spent most of its history in the lower amateur tiers. Its home ground is Sportpark De Lok.
Newfoundland 2-dollar coin
The Newfoundland 2-dollar coin was issued in intermittent years between 1865 and 1888. It was the only circulation gold coin issued by a British colony. Although few coins were issued, it was broadly used in Newfoundland and eastern Canada. The coin became scarce in 1894 because of hoarding following the collapse of Newfoundland's banks and monetary system.

Newfoundland Colony
Newfoundland was an English, and later British, colony established in 1610 on the island of Newfoundland. That followed decades of sporadic English settlement on the island, which was at first only seasonal. Newfoundland was made a Crown colony in 1824 and a dominion in 1907. Its economy collapsed during the Great Depression. On 16 February 1934, the Newfoundland legislature agreed to the creation of a six-member Commission of Government to govern the country. In 1949, the country voted to join Canada as the province of Newfoundland.
Solar eclipse of January 4, 1973
An annular solar eclipse occurred at the Moon's ascending node of orbit on Thursday, January 4, 1973, with a magnitude of 0.9303. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. An annular solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is smaller than the Sun's, blocking most of the Sun's light and causing the Sun to look like an annulus (ring). An annular eclipse appears as a partial eclipse over a region of the Earth thousands of kilometres wide. Occurring about 3.75 days after apogee (on December 31, 1972, at 21:50 UTC), the Moon's apparent diameter was smaller.

Annularity was visible from Chile and Argentina. A partial eclipse was visible for parts of southern and central South America, Antarctica, West Africa, and Southern Africa.

Lunar node
A lunar node is either of the two orbital nodes of the Moon; that is, the two points at which the orbit of the Moon intersects the ecliptic. The ascending (or north) node is where the Moon moves into the northern ecliptic hemisphere, while the descending (or south) node is where the Moon enters the southern ecliptic hemisphere.

They are the reason for eclipse season, being the intersection necessary for the alignment of Sun, Earth and Moon.