hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
EDO MBM Technology Ltd v Campaign to Smash EDO
EDO MBM Technology Ltd v Campaign to Smash EDO and Others ([2005] EWHC 837 (QB)) was a High Court of Justice civil action brought by EDO MBM Technology Ltd, a subsidiary of EDO Corporation, against protesters in Brighton, that began in April 2005 and was settled by March 2006.

It changed name to EDO Technology Limited ("EDO") and David Anthony Jones v Campaign to Smash EDO and Others ([2005] EWHC 2490 (QB)) to join the managing director and employees of the company as claimants.  Two of the defendants, unincorporated associations "Smash EDO" and "Bombs Out of Brighton Campaign", were struck out in April 2005 because they were unrepresented.

EDO Corporation
EDO Corporation was an American company which was acquired by ITT Corporation in 2007.  EDO designed and manufactured products for defense, intelligence, and commercial markets, and provided related engineering and professional services. It employed 4,000 people worldwide and had revenues of $715 million in 2006. EDO's assets went to ITT Defense Electronics and Services.  As of May 2015, these assets were part of Harris Corporation, and since June 2019, L3Harris Technologies.
Detonator (railway)
A railway detonator, (torpedo in North America) or fog signal is a coin-sized device that is used as a loud warning signal to train drivers. It is placed on the top of the rail, usually secured with two lead straps, one on each side. When the wheel of the train passes over, it explodes, emitting a loud bang. It was invented in 1841 by English inventor Edward Alfred Cowper.

Train driver
A train driver is a person who operates a train, railcar, or other rail transport vehicle. The driver is in charge of and is responsible for the mechanical operation of the train, train speed, and all of the train handling (also known as brake handling). Train drivers must follow certain guidelines for driving a train safely.
Singapore national netball team
The Singapore national netball team are the national netball team representing Singapore. The Singapore team have competed at the Netball World Cup eleven times (1967, 1975, 1983, 1991, 1995, 1999, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019 and 2023) and hosted the World Cup twice (1983, 2011).

They have won four Asian Netball Championships (2005, 2012, 2014, 2024), three Nations Cup titles (2006, 2007 and 2023) and one Southeast Asian Games gold medal (2015).

In 2005, the team won their first Asian Netball Championship with a win over the Malaysian team, scoring 53–39 in the finals.

In 2015, the team clinched the Southeast Asian Games gold medal edging out rivals Malaysia, 46-43 in the final.

As of 1st September 2025, Singapore are 22nd on the World Netball Rankings. The team was also named 2025 Team of the Year (Team Sport) at the Singapore Sports Awards.

Asian Netball Championships
The Asian Netball Championship is a netball competition held every two years with teams from across Asia competing. First 7 editions were held every four years, then changed to every two years starting from 2012. Sri Lanka is the reigning champion of the tournament and also the most successful team, having won the Asian Netball Championships 6 times. Singapore has 3 championships and Malaysia has two. From the first edition of the tournament held in 1985, Sri Lanka, Singapore and Malaysia have dominated by always finishing within the top three. The only exception is the 3rd edition of the tournament held in 1993 where host nation Hong Kong won the championship.
Kent Bach
Kent Bach (born 1943) is an American philosopher and Professor of Philosophy at San Francisco State University. His primary areas of research include the philosophy of language, linguistics and epistemology. He is the author of three books: Exit-existentialism: A philosophy of self-awareness, Linguistic Communication and Speech Acts, and Thought and Reference published by Wadsworth, the MIT Press, and Oxford University Press, respectively.

American philosophy
American philosophy is the activity, corpus, and tradition of philosophers affiliated with the United States. The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy notes that while it lacks a "core of defining features, American Philosophy can nevertheless be seen as both reflecting and shaping collective American identity over the history of the nation". The philosophy of the Founding Fathers of the United States is largely seen as an extension of the European Enlightenment. A small number of philosophies are known as American in origin, namely pragmatism and transcendentalism, with their most prominent proponents being the philosophers William James and Ralph Waldo Emerson respectively.
Mining in Guyana
Mining in Guyana is a significant contributor to the economy owing to sizable reserves of bauxite, gold, and diamonds. Much of these resources are found in Guyana's Hilly Sand and Clay belt, a region that makes up 20% of the country.

Bauxite
Bauxite (/ˈbɔːksaɪt/ ⓘ) is a sedimentary rock with a relatively high aluminium content. It is the world's main source of aluminium and gallium. Bauxite consists mostly of the aluminium minerals gibbsite (Al(OH)3), boehmite (γ-AlO(OH)), and diaspore (α-AlO(OH)), mixed with the two iron oxides goethite (FeO(OH)) and hematite (Fe2O3), the aluminium clay mineral kaolinite (Al2Si2O5(OH)4) and small amounts of anatase (TiO2) and ilmenite (FeTiO3 or FeO·TiO2).
Bauxite appears dull in luster and is reddish-brown, white, or tan.

In 1821, the French geologist Pierre Berthier discovered bauxite near the village of Les Baux in Provence, southern France, the origin of the name.
West Warwick, Rhode Island
West Warwick is a town in Kent County, Rhode Island, United States. The population was 31,012 at the 2020 census.

West Warwick was incorporated in 1913, making it the youngest town in the state. Prior to 1913, the town, situated on the western bank of the Pawtuxet River, was the population and industrial center of the larger town of Warwick. The town split because local Democratic politicians wanted to consolidate their power and isolate their section of town from the Republican-dominated farmland in the east.

Pawtuxet River
The Pawtuxet River (PAH-tucks-it), also known as the Pawtuxet River Main Stem and the Lower Pawtuxet, is a river in the U.S. state of Rhode Island. It flows 12.3 miles (19.8 km) and empties into the upper Narragansett Bay of the Atlantic Ocean. Together with its two main tributary branches, the North Branch Pawtuxet River and the South Branch Pawtuxet River, it drains a watershed of 231.6 square miles (600 km2), all of which is in the state of R.I.
Diego Alonso
Diego Martín Alonso López (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈdjeɣo aˈlonso]; born 16 April 1975) is an Uruguayan professional football manager and former player who played as a striker.

Other than in his own country, he played football in Argentina, Spain, Mexico and China in a 16-year career, notably winning the 2001–02 Segunda División with Atlético Madrid while being crowned top scorer. He represented Uruguay at the 1999 Copa América.

Alonso began working as a coach in 2011, being in charge of clubs in Uruguay, Paraguay, Mexico and the United States and leading Pachuca to the 2016 Clausura and the 2016–17 CONCACAF Champions League titles. In December 2021, he was appointed at the Uruguay national side, coaching them at the 2022 World Cup and leaving his position following a group stage exit. In October 2023, he signed for Sevilla, being dismissed two months later.

2016–17 CONCACAF Champions League
The 2016–17 CONCACAF Champions League (officially the 2016–17 Scotiabank CONCACAF Champions League for sponsorship reasons) was the 9th edition of the CONCACAF Champions League under its current name, and overall the 52nd edition of the premier football club competition organized by CONCACAF, the regional governing body of North America, Central America, and the Caribbean.

Pachuca won their fifth title, and their first since 2009–10, by defeating UANL 2–1 on aggregate in the final. As the winner of the 2016–17 CONCACAF Champions League, Pachuca qualified as the CONCACAF representative at the 2017 FIFA Club World Cup in the United Arab Emirates. América won the previous two tournaments, but did not qualify for this tournament and were unable to defend their title.
Vestibular membrane
The  vestibular membrane, vestibular wall or Reissner's membrane is a membrane inside the cochlea of the inner ear. It separates the cochlear duct from the vestibular duct. It helps to transmit vibrations from fluid in the vestibular duct to the cochlear duct. Together with the basilar membrane, it creates a compartment in the cochlea filled with endolymph, which is important for the function of the spiral organ of Corti. It allows nutrients to travel from the perilymph to the endolymph of the membranous labyrinth. It may be damaged in Ménière's disease. It is named after the German anatomist Ernst Reissner.

Perilymph
Perilymph is an extracellular fluid located within the inner ear. It is found within the scala tympani and scala vestibuli of the cochlea.  The ionic composition of perilymph is comparable to that of plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. The major cation in perilymph is sodium, with the values of sodium and potassium concentration in the perilymph being 138 mM and 6.9 mM, respectively. It is also named Cotunnius' liquid and liquor cotunnii for Domenico Cotugno.
2025 AFL draft
The 2025 AFL draft consisted of the various periods where the 18 clubs in the Australian Football League (AFL) can trade and recruit players during and following the completion of the 2025 AFL season.

This national draft is notable for being the first-ever AFL National Draft where a club did not select a player; Port Adelaide passed on its only selection, trading its other selection to Gold Coast.

Gold Coast Suns
The Gold Coast Suns, officially the Gold Coast Football Club, are a professional Australian rules football club that competes in the Australian Football League (AFL). The club is based on the Gold Coast in Queensland.

Founded in 2009, the club has been playing in the AFL since the 2011 season. It plays home matches at Carrara Stadium (known for commercial purposes as People First Stadium) and has its training and administrative facilities located at the adjacent Gold Coast Sports and Leisure Centre. The club is one of two AFL clubs based in Queensland, the other being its main rival, the Brisbane Lions, which it competes against in the QClash.

In addition to the men's team, the Suns field other teams, including an AFL Women's side, a reserves side in the Victorian Football League, and a Gold Coast Suns Academy side consisting of the club's best junior development signings. It also competes in Division 2 of the men's, women's underage championships, and the Talent League.
Sumiswald
Sumiswald is a municipality in the district of the Emmental administrative district in the canton of Bern, Switzerland. It is mostly known for being the manufacturing location of the Swiss railway clock.

Swiss railway clock
The Swiss railway clock was designed in 1944 by Hans Hilfiker, a Swiss engineer and Swiss Federal Railways (SBB) employee, together with Moser-Baer, a Swiss clock manufacturer, for use by the SBB as a station clock. In 1953, Hilfiker added a red second hand in the shape of the baton used by train dispatch staff, giving the clock its current appearance.
James Robert Erskine-Murray
Dr James Robert Erskine-Murray FRSE MIEE (1868-1927) was a Scottish electrical engineer and inventor. A protege of Lord Kelvin, he also worked with Marconi and was a pioneer in the development of the telegraph. He wrote extensively on telegraphy and wireless communication.

Guglielmo Marconi
Guglielmo Giovanni Maria Marconi, 1st Marquess (25 April 1874 – 20 July 1937), was an Italian radio-frequency engineer, inventor, and politician known for his creation of a practical radio wave-based wireless telegraph system. This led to his being largely credited as the inventor of radio and sharing the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics with Ferdinand Braun "in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy."
His work laid the foundation for the development of radio, television, and all modern wireless communication systems.

As an entrepreneur and a businessman, Marconi founded The Wireless Telegraph & Signal Company (later the Marconi Company) in the United Kingdom in 1897. In 1929, he was ennobled as a marquess (Italian: marchese) by King Victor Emmanuel III. In 1931, he set up Vatican Radio for Pope Pius XI.
Likhupike Rural Municipality
Likhu Pike (Nepali: लिखु पिके गाउँपालिका) is a rural municipality (gaunpalika) out of seven rural municipality located in Solukhumbu District of Province No. 1 of Nepal. There are a total of 8 municipalities in Solukhumbu in which 1 is urban and 7 are rural.

According to Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Developme Mahakulung has an area of 124.38 square kilometres (48.02 sq mi) and the total population of the municipality is 5534 as of Census of Nepal 2011.

Goli, Chaulakharka and Bhakanje which previously were all separate Village development committee merged to form this new local level body. Fulfilling the requirement of the new Constitution of Nepal 2015, Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development replaced all old VDCs and Municipalities into 753 new local level body (Municipality).

The rural municipality is divided into total 5 wards and the headquarter of this newly formed rural municipality is situated in Chaulakharka.

Ministry of Federal Affairs and General Administration
The Ministry of Federal Affairs and General Administration (Nepali: सङ्घीय मामिला तथा सामान्य प्रशासन मन्त्रालय), (MoFAGA), is the ministry of Nepal that supervises activities undertaken by the local governments in Nepal.  It also regulates and manages the civil service.

MoFAGA is the only ministry with direct linkage with the country's municipalities, rural municipalities and provinces. It also plays a  direct role in implementing various eServices in the local governments.
Blair Athol, South Australia
Blair Athol is located about 6 km (4 mi) north of the Adelaide CBD, South Australia. Blair Athol borders the suburbs of Gepps Cross, Enfield, Prospect and Kilburn. The suburb is rectangular, stretching from Grand Junction Road in the north to Angwin Avenue in the south between Prospect Road on the west and Main North Road on the east. Blair Athol's main and longest street is Florence Avenue.

Gepps Cross, South Australia
Gepps Cross (/dʒɛps/ JEPS) is a suburb and major road intersection in the north of Adelaide, South Australia. Gepps Cross is traditionally seen as the end of the inner suburbs and the start of the outer northern suburbs, as it was home to a major abattoir (now closed and demolished) with holding yards and other open space. It is the first significant open space encountered after the North Parklands. It retains the open nature, even with warehouses, a velodrome, hockey stadium, Adelaide Raiders – a Croatian soccer club, and karate training facilities.
Bankori
Bankori (Village ID 461281)is a village in Kesli tehsil of Sagar district of Madhya Pradesh in India. As of 2011, Bankori had a population of 239 families or 948 people.

According to Census 2011 information the location code or village code of Bankori village is 461281. Bankori village is located in Kesli tehsil of Sagar district in Madhya Pradesh, India. It is situated 8 km away from sub-district headquarter Kesli (tehsildar office) and 69 km away from district headquarter Sagar. As per 2009 stats, Bankori  is the gram panchayat of Bankori village.

Sagar district
23°48′N 78°40′E﻿ / ﻿23.800°N 78.667°E﻿ / 23.800; 78.667
Sagar district (Hindi pronunciation: [saːgəɾ]) is a district of Madhya Pradesh state in central India. The town of Sagar serves as its administrative center. Sagar district is called the heart district of India. The Tropic of Cancer (23°3') passes through Rangir Tiraha on NH26 present NH44 in Sagar district.

The district has an area of 10,252 km², and a population of 2,378,458 (2011 census), an increase of 45% or by 732,260 inhabitants from its 1991 population of 1,646,198. Sagar district is dominated by Sonis, Jains and Yadavs.

As of 2011, it is the third most populous district of Madhya Pradesh, after Indore and Jabalpur.

Sagar is the largest city of the Sagar district. Bina Sagar is the second largest city and important industrial city of the district. Bina has Bina Thermal Power Plant, Bina Refinery, Railway MEMU shed and a major railway junction of Madhya Pradesh state.
Gail Schoettler
Gail Schoettler (/ʃɛtlɜːr/, née Sinton; born October 21, 1943) is a retired American politician and businesswoman who served as the 44th Lieutenant Governor of Colorado and 50th Colorado State Treasurer. In the 1998 gubernatorial election, Schoettler was the Democratic nominee for Governor of Colorado, losing to Republican Bill Owens.

Colorado State Treasurer
The Treasurer of the State of Colorado is an elected official in the U.S. state of Colorado. The position is responsible for managing the Colorado State Treasury and the Colorado Department of the Treasury, a principal department of the state's government. The Colorado State Treasury currently manages a pool of investments worth about $6,000,000,000.

The position is one of five officials elected statewide in Colorado, along with the positions of Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Secretary of State and Attorney General. Elections for the position are held during midterm election years for a four year term, with the most recent election being held in 2022.

The current Colorado State Treasurer is Dave Young, a Democrat first elected in 2018 for a four-year term beginning on January 8, 2019. He was reelected to the position in 2022 for another four-year term.
Optional stopping theorem
In probability theory, the optional stopping theorem (or sometimes Doob's optional sampling theorem, for American probabilist Joseph Doob) says that, under certain conditions, the expected value of a martingale at a stopping time is equal to its initial expected value. Since martingales can be used to model the wealth of a gambler participating in a fair game, the optional stopping theorem says that, on average, nothing can be gained by stopping play based on the information obtainable so far (i.e., without looking into the future). Certain conditions are necessary for this result to hold true. In particular, the theorem applies to doubling strategies.

The optional stopping theorem is an important tool of mathematical finance in the context of the fundamental theorem of asset pricing.

Expected value
In probability theory, the expected value (also called expectation, expectancy, expectation operator, mathematical expectation, mean, expectation value, or first moment) is a generalization of the weighted average.

The expected value of a random variable with a finite number of outcomes is a weighted average of all possible outcomes. In the case of a continuum of possible outcomes, the expectation is defined by integration. In the axiomatic foundation for probability provided by measure theory, the expectation is given by Lebesgue integration.

The expected value of a random variable X is often denoted by , , or , with E also often stylized as ,  or E.
Digenis Akritas Ipsona
Digenis Akritas Ipsona was a Cypriot football club based in Ipsonas, Limassol. Founded in 1956, it was playing sometimes in Second, in Third and Fourth division. In 2014 it has merged with Enosi Neon Ypsona to form Enosi Neon Ypsona-Digenis Ipsona.

Cypriot Third Division
The Cypriot Third Division (Greek: Πρωτάθλημα Γ΄ Κατηγορίας) is the third highest football division of the Cypriot football league system.

Administered by the Cyprus Football Association, it is contested by 16 teams, with the top three teams being promoted to the Cypriot Second Division and the last three teams being relegated to the STOK Elite Division.
Parliamentary constituencies in Cheshire
From 2024, the ceremonial county of Cheshire (which comprises the unitary authorities of Cheshire West and Chester, Cheshire East, Halton and Warrington) is divided into twelve parliamentary constituencies; one borough constituency,
and 11 county constituencies. Two constituencies (Ellesmere Port and Bromborough, and Widnes and Halewood) are partly in the county of Merseyside.

Ellesmere Port and Bromborough
Ellesmere Port and Bromborough is a constituency of the House of Commons in the UK Parliament. It was first contested at the 2024 general election. The seat is currently represented by Justin Madders of the Labour Party. Madders was MP for the predecessor seat of Ellesmere Port and Neston from 2015 to 2024.
Cao Teng
Cao Teng (died c. late 150s), courtesy name Jixing, was a eunuch who lived during the Eastern Han dynasty of China. He served four Han emperors (Shun, Chong, Zhi, and Huan). Through his adopted son Cao Song, he was the grandfather of Cao Cao, who laid the foundations for the state of Cao Wei in the Three Kingdoms period. On 3 August 229, during the reign of Cao Cao's grandson Cao Rui, Cao Teng was posthumously honoured as "Emperor Gao of Wei" (魏高帝), becoming the only eunuch in Chinese officialdom to have this honor.

Emperor Chong of Han
Emperor Chong of Han (Chinese: 漢冲帝; pinyin: Hàn Chōng Dì; Wade–Giles: Han Ch'ung-ti; 143 – 15 February 145) was an emperor of the Chinese Han dynasty and the ninth emperor of the Eastern Han period.

Emperor Chong was the only son of Emperor Shun.  He ascended the throne at the age of one and reigned less than six months. During his reign,  Empress Dowager Liang and her brother Liang Ji presided over all government affairs. While the empress dowager herself appeared to be open-minded and honest, she overly trusted her corrupt brother, and this led to corruptions and as a result the peasants suffered greatly.

Emperor Chong died in February 145. He was just two years old.
Mochi donut
Mochi donuts, also known as poi mochi, are a fusion pastry crossing traditional American-style doughnuts and Japanese mochi.  Mochi donuts are commonly formed into a circular shape, consisting of eight small balls that are easy to pull apart. They are made out of glutinous rice flour or tapioca flour. The batter mix makes them fluffy, moist and chewy.

An early iteration can be traced back to Hawaii in the early 1990s, and mochi donuts were popularized by Mister Donut's "Pon de Ring" in the early 2000s.

Glutinous rice
Glutinous rice (Oryza sativa var. glutinosa; also called sticky rice, sweet rice or waxy rice) is a type of rice grown mainly in Southeast Asia and the northeastern regions of South Asia, which has opaque grains and very low amylose content and is especially sticky when cooked. It is widely consumed across Asia.

It is called glutinous (Latin: glūtinōsus) in the sense of being glue-like or sticky, and not in the sense of containing gluten (which, like all rice, it does not). While often called sticky rice, it differs from non-glutinous strains of japonica rice, which also becomes sticky to some degree when cooked. There are numerous cultivars of glutinous rice, which include japonica, indica and tropical japonica strains.