hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Braamspunt
Braamspunt is a nature reserve, fishing village, and a former military outpost in the Johan & Margaretha resort of the Commewijne District of Suriname. Braamspunt is the most western point of the Commewijne District at the combined mouth of the Suriname and Commewijne River. The capital Paramaribo is located to the south of Braamspunt. The name is a corruption of Byam's Point which refers William Byam who was a quartermaster of Willoughby.

Commewijne District
Commewijne is a district of Suriname, located on the right bank of the Suriname River. Commewijne's capital city is Nieuw Amsterdam. Tamanredjo is another major town, while Meerzorg is the most populated.

The district has a population of 31,420 and an area of 2,353 km2.

One of the most populated of Suriname's districts, Commewijne relies primarily on agriculture for its income, with plantations dating back to the first Dutch colonisation of the area in the 17th century. In the 21st century, Meerzorg has been designated as a regional centre, and suburban area for Paramaribo, and is the site of many building projects. Nieuw Amsterdam has been steadily growing as well.
Hertwig rule
Hertwig's rule, or the long axis rule states that a cell divides along its long axis. Introduced by the German zoologist Oscar Hertwig in 1884, the rule emphasizes the cell shape as a default mechanism of spindle apparatus orientation. Hertwig's rule predicts cell division orientation, which is important for tissue architecture, cell fate and morphogenesis.

Oscar Hertwig
Oscar Hertwig (21 April 1849 in Friedberg – 25 October 1922 in Berlin) was a German embryologist and zoologist known for his research in developmental biology and evolution. Hertwig is credited as the first person to observe sexual reproduction at the cellular level, by looking at the cells of sea urchins under the microscope.
Effect of taxes and subsidies on price
Taxes and subsidies change the price of goods and, as a result, the quantity consumed. There is a difference between an ad valorem tax and a specific tax or subsidy in the way it is applied to the price of the good. In the end, levying a tax moves the market to a new equilibrium where the price of a good paid by buyers increases and the proportion of the price received by sellers decreases.

The incidence of a tax does not depend on whether the buyers or sellers are taxed since taxes levied on sellers are likely to be met by raising the price charged to buyers. Most of the burden of a tax falls on the less elastic side of the market because of a lower ability to respond to the tax by changing the quantity sold or bought.

Introduction of a subsidy, on the other hand, may either lowers the price of production which encourages firms to produce more, or lowers the price paid by buyers, encouraging higher sales volume. Such a policy is beneficial both to sellers and buyers.

Tobacco taxation
Tobacco taxation is the excise tax on cigarettes and other tobacco products.

Tobacco taxation is the most effective tobacco control measure. It is used by many governments generate revenue and to reduce tobacco consumption. On average, a 10 % price increase reduces cigarette consumption by 4 % to 5 %.

Its revenue can contribute to the general government budget and/or be used to cover health costs of tobacco smoking. The World Health Organization recommends a minimum 75 % tax share of the retail price of tobacco, as a way of deterring cancer, cardiovascular diseases and other negative health outcomes.
King Pu-tsung
King Pu-tsung (Chinese: 金溥聰; pinyin: Jīn Pǔcōng; born 30 August 1956) is a Taiwanese journalist and politician. He was the secretary-general of the National Security Council from 2014 to 2015. Previously, he was the head of the Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office in the United States from 2012 to 2014 and the deputy mayor of Taipei from 2004 to 2006.

Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office in the United States
The Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office in the United States (Chinese: 駐美國臺北經濟文化代表處; pinyin: Zhù Měiguó Táiběi Jīngjì Wénhuà Dàibiǎo Chù) represents the interests of Taiwan in the United States in the absence of formal diplomatic relations, functioning as a de facto embassy. Its counterpart in Taiwan is the office of the American Institute in Taiwan (AIT) in Taipei.
James Norris Memorial Trophy (IHL)
The James Norris Memorial Trophy was awarded annually by the International Hockey League to the goaltender(s), with the fewest goals allowed during the regular season. The trophy is named for James E. Norris, former owner of the Detroit Red Wings, in honor of his contributions to the IHL in its early years.

James E. Norris
James E. Norris (December 10, 1879 – December 4, 1952) was a Canadian-American businessman, operating companies in the grain and cattle industries, and owner of the Detroit Red Wings of the National Hockey League. He also had significant ownership interests in the Chicago Black Hawks and the New York Rangers. He is often referred to as James Norris Sr., to distinguish him from his son, James D. Norris. Norris is a member of the Hockey Hall of Fame, as are his sons James and Bruce Norris.
Sabih al-Masri
Sabih Taher Darwish al-Masri is a Jordanian-Palestinian businessman. He is the founder and chairman of Arab Supply and Trading Company (Astra Group).  He is also the chairman of Zara Investment Holding, Astra Industries, Paltel Corporation and Arab Bank, and a founder of the Palestine Securities Exchange (PSE).

He is the cousin of Munib al-Masri.

Al-Masri has a degree in chemical engineering from the University of Texas.

Al-Masri co-founded Zara Investment Holding in 1994.

Arab Bank
Arab Bank is a Jordanian bank that is one of the largest financial institutions in the Middle East.  It is headquartered today in Amman, Jordan, and operates as a universal bank that serves clients in more than 600 branches spanning five continents. Arab Bank is a publicly held shareholding company listed on the Amman Stock Exchange.

The bank is a major economic engine in Jordan and throughout the Middle East and North Africa region, providing banking services and capital, and facilitating development and trade throughout the region. According to its website in 2018, the bank was the highest-ranked by market capitalization, and represented approximately 25% of the Amman Stock Exchange.

U.S. appellate courts have ruled in the bank's favor in several lawsuits filed in the 2000s alleging its involvement in facilitating the funding of terrorist organizations.
Her Awakening
Her Awakening is a 1911 American short silent drama film starring Mabel Normand and directed by D. W. Griffith. Normand portrays a vivaciously effervescent young woman ashamed to introduce her poorly dressed mother to her elegant suitor. This early drama helped launch Normand's career and is believed to have been her second film and first substantial role. The supporting cast features Harry Hyde, Kate Bruce, Donald Crisp and Robert Harron.

The film was produced by the Biograph Company when it and many other early film studios in America's first motion picture industry were based in Fort Lee, New Jersey at the beginning of the 20th century and was exhibited at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City in 2006 as part of a one-night program about the city's brief reign as movie capital of the United States.

Donald Crisp
Donald William Crisp (27 July 1882 – 25 May 1974) was an English film actor as well as an early producer, director and screenwriter. His career lasted from the early silent film era into the 1960s. He won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor in 1942 for his performance in How Green Was My Valley.
Qiandao Lake incident
The Qiandao Lake incident (simplified Chinese: 千岛湖事件; traditional Chinese: 千島湖事件; pinyin: Qiāndǎo hú shìjiàn) refers to the 1994 kidnap and murder of Taiwanese tourists and local guides and staff in the Qiandao Lake scenic area, in Zhejiang, People's Republic of China. Insensitive treatment by the local government and police force after the event, including censoring information and unprofessional criminal investigation procedures, led to a public backlash in Taiwan against the Chinese government. This led to increased support in Taiwan for independence.

Qiandao Lake
Qiandao Lake (simplified Chinese: 千岛湖; traditional Chinese: 千島湖; pinyin: Qiāndǎo Hú; lit. 'Thousand Island Lake') is a man-made freshwater lake located in Chun'an County, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China. It was formed in 1959 following the completion of the Xin'an River hydroelectric station.
Stephen S. Sawyer
Stephen Shelby Sawyer (born in Paris, KY, U.S.) is an American commercial illustrator known for his Christianist depictions of Jesus Christ, as well as for his business, Art 4 God. His work has been profiled in magazines, over 400 newspapers including The New York Times, and TV shows such as The Today Show. Since 1995, Sawyer has traveled as a motivational speaker throughout the United States and occasionally to other countries. He resides in Versailles, Kentucky.

Versailles, Kentucky
Versailles is a home rule-class city in Woodford County, Kentucky, United States. It lies 13 miles (21 kilometers) by road west of Lexington and is part of the Lexington-Fayette Metropolitan Statistical Area. Versailles has a population of 10,534 according to 2024 census estimates. It is the county seat of Woodford County. The city's name is pronounced /vərˈseɪlz/ vər-SAYLZ, an anglicization different from the French pronunciation of the royal city of the same name near Paris.
Johann Philipp Achilles Leisler
Johann Philipp Achilles Leisler (1 August 1771 or 1772 – 8 December 1813) was a German physician and naturalist.

Leisler named a number of birds, including the Temminck's stint, which he named after his friend Coenraad Jacob Temminck (1778–1858). He is commemorated in Leisler's bat, Nyctalus leisleri, first described by Heinrich Kuhl (1797–1821).

He was a founding member of the Wetterauischen Gesellschaft für die gesamte Naturkunde (Wetterauische Society for Natural History) at Hanau.

His daughter, Luise von Ploennies (1803–1872), was known for her poetry and dramas.

Lesser noctule
The lesser noctule or the Leisler's bat (Nyctalus leisleri), is a species of insectivorous bat belonging to the vesper bat family, Vespertilionidae. The species was named to honour the naturalist Johann Philipp Achilles Leisler.
Sotobō Line
The Sotobō Line (外房線, Sotobō-sen) is a railway line in Japan operated by the East Japan Railway Company (JR East) adjacent to the Pacific Ocean, on the eastern (i.e., outer) side of the Bōsō Peninsula. It connects Chiba Station in Chiba to Awa-Kamogawa Station in Kamogawa, passing through Ōamishirasato, Mobara, Chōsei, Ichinomiya, Isumi, Onjuku, and Katsuura. The line is connected to the Uchibō Line at both ends. South of Kazusa-Ichinomiya is single track, and north of Kazusa-Ichinomiya is double track.

Mobara
Mobara (茂原市, Mobara-shi) is a city located in Chiba Prefecture. As of 1 December 2020, the city had an estimated population of 88,330 in 40,869 households and a population density of 880 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 99.92 square kilometres (38.58 sq mi)
CRLX101
CRLX101 is an experimental approach to cancer chemotherapy that is under investigation in human trials. It is an example of a nanomedicine.

The agent represents a nanoparticle conjugate that consists of a drug delivery molecule, namely a cyclodextrin-based polymer (CDP) and an anti-cancer compound (camptothecin). It was developed by Mark E. Davis, professor of Chemical Engineering at the California Institute of Technology, and associates at Insert Therapeutics, Inc., now Calando Pharmaceuticals, Inc., hence the original name "IT-101". Its novel delivery mode allows the agent, and thus the toxic anti-cancer component, to be preferentially accumulated in cancer tissue. In turn, toxic side effect are expected to be reduced. The technology was licensed by Calando and Caltech to Cerulean Pharma, in 2009.

Mark E. Davis
Mark E. Davis is the Warren and Katherine Schlinger Professor of Chemical Engineering at the California Institute of Technology. He is a member of the City of Hope National Medical Center. He earned his B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. in chemical engineering all from the University of Kentucky. His lab focuses on the synthesis of materials for catalysis and biocompatible materials for drug delivery.

Davis was elected as a member into the National Academy of Engineering in 1997, for pioneering work in the synthesis of new catalytic materials.
Oromo People's Congress
The Oromo People's Congress (OPC) was a federalist and Oromo nationalist opposition political party in Ethiopia. It was founded in April 1996 as the Oromo National Congress by Merera Gudina, who was its chairman. However, the party licence and name were allegedly given to a marginal splinter group by the National Election Board of Ethiopia in order to undermine the party and create confusion among the voters after the May 2005 election, so the party was forced to change its name to Oromo People's Congress prior to the 2008 by-elections. OPC merged with Oromo Federalist Democratic Movement (OFDM), forming the Oromo Federalist Congress (OFC), in 2012.

Merera Gudina
Merera Gudina (Oromo: Mararaa Guddinaa) (born 5 July 1956) is an Ethiopian professor and politician. He is the leader of the Oromo People's Congress (OPC), a political party representing the Oromo people. The organization is opposed to the previous ruling Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front and the current authoritarian ruling Abiy Ahmed's Prosperity Party. He has been described as Ethiopian "leading opposition politician".
Christopher Columbus High School (Bronx)
Christopher Columbus High School is a public secondary school located in the Pelham Parkway section of the Bronx, New York City.  It is within walking distance from the Bronx Zoo and the New York Botanical Garden.

It currently enrolls over 2000 students in grades 9 through 12. The student body is diverse, with students whose families come from 66 countries.

Pelham Parkway (neighborhood), Bronx
Pelham Parkway is a working- and middle-class residential neighborhood geographically located in the center of the Bronx, a borough of New York City in the United States. Its boundaries, starting from the north and moving clockwise are: Pelham Parkway South, to the east the IRT Dyre Avenue Line tracks (5 train) and to the south Bronxdale Avenue and to the west, Bronx Park East. White Plains Road is the primary commercial thoroughfare through Pelham Parkway. The neighborhood is named after Pelham Parkway, a major west–east parkway that travels through the East Bronx.

Pelham Parkway is part of Bronx Community District 11 and its primary ZIP Codes are 10461 and 10462. It is patrolled by the New York City Police Department's 49th Precinct.
52nd United States Congress
The 52nd United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C., from March 4, 1891, to March 4, 1893, during the final two years of Benjamin Harrison's presidency.

The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the 1880 United States census.

The Republicans maintained a majority in the Senate (albeit reduced), but the Democrats won back the majority in the House, ending the Republican overall federal government trifecta.

1880 United States census
The 1880 United States census, conducted by the Census Office during June 1880, was the tenth United States census.  It was the first time that women were permitted to be enumerators. The Superintendent of the Census was Francis Amasa Walker. This was the first census in which a city—New York City—recorded a population of over one million, and the first census in which the 20 most populated cities all recorded over 100,000 residents.
Frances Baard District Municipality
The Frances Baard District Municipality (Tswana: Mmasepala wa Sedika wa Frances Baard; Afrikaans: Frances Baard-distriksmunisipaliteit), previously the Diamantveld District Municipality, is one of the 5 districts of the Northern Cape province of South Africa. The seat of the municipality is Kimberley. As of 2022, the majority of its 434,342 residents speak Setswana. The district code is DC9.

Previously known as the Diamantveld District Municipality, it was renamed in honour of Frances Baard in June 2001. On 9 August 2009, a statue of Frances Baard was unveiled by Northern Cape Premier Hazel Jenkins.

Kimberley, South Africa
Kimberley  (Khoekhoe: ǃ’Ās; Tswana: Kimbali) is the capital and largest city of the Northern Cape province of South Africa. It is located approximately 110 km east of the confluence of the Vaal and Orange Rivers. The city has considerable historical significance because of its diamond mining past and the siege during the Second Boer War. The British businessmen Cecil Rhodes and Barney Barnato made their fortunes in Kimberley, and Rhodes also established the De Beers diamond company in the early days of the mining town.

On 2 September 1882, Kimberley became the first city in the Southern Hemisphere and the second in the world after Philadelphia, in the United States, to install electric street lighting. The first stock exchange in Africa was built in Kimberley as early as 1881.
Cristóbal, Colón
Cristóbal is a port town and corregimiento in Colón District, Colón Province, Panama. The corregimiento has a population of 49,422 as of 2010. The town is located on the western edge of Manzanillo Island, on the Atlantic side of the Panama Canal. 
Cristóbal Colón is the Spanish translation for Christopher Columbus, the Genovese explorer for whom these places were named.

Colón District, Panama
Colón District  is a district (distrito) of Colón Province in Panama. The population according to the 2000 census was 174,059; the latest official estimate (for 2019) is 253,366. The district covers a total area of 1,180 km². The capital lies at the city of Colón City.
Clover Hill, Maryland
Clover Hill is an unincorporated community and former census-designated place (CDP) in Frederick County, Maryland, United States. The population was 3,260 at the 2000 census. The area was not listed as a CDP for the 2010 census, and no population total was published.

Frederick County, Maryland
Frederick County is located in Maryland, United States. As of the 2020 U.S. census, the population was 271,717. The county seat is Frederick. The county is part of the Capital region of the state.

Like other outlying sections of the Washington metropolitan area, Frederick County has experienced a rapid population increase since the 1980s. It borders the southern border of Pennsylvania and the northeastern border of Virginia.

Catoctin Mountain Park in the county is the location of Camp David, a U.S. presidential retreat, and Fort Detrick, a U.S. Army base.
Natalia Quiñones
Natalia Quiñones Pérez (born 1986) is a Mexican model and beauty queen who won the Miss Earth México. She represented Mexico at the Miss Earth 2009, an annual international pageant promoting environmental awareness.

Miss Earth 2009
Miss Earth 2009, the 9th edition of the Miss Earth pageant, was held on November 22, 2009 at the Boracay Ecovillage Resort and Convention Center in Boracay, Malay, Aklan, Philippines. Karla Henry of Philippines crowned her successor Larissa Ramos of Brazil at the end of the event.

The pageant had 80 delegates from various countries and territories that vied for the Miss Earth crown. The pageant's Top 16 competed in both swimsuit and evening gown competitions to determine the Top 8, the first time since 2003.

The Miss Earth 2009 theme was "Green Lifestyle", in which the candidates were involved with environmental causes. The show was hosted by Marc Nelson, Sarah Meier, and Borgy Manotoc.
Abeer Rantisi
Abeer Rantisi  (born 12 July 1987) is a Jordanian former footballer who played as a midfielder for the Jordan women's national football team and was one of its original members. She competed with the team at the 2006 Asian Games. At the club level, she played for Orthodox in Jordan.

In 2014, Rantisi served as coach for the Asian Football Development Project, a non-profit that supports a number of football programs for refugees in the northern part of Jordan.

As of September 2015, Rantisi was the head  of women’s football for the Jordan Football Association.

Orthodox Club (women's football)
Orthodox Club (Arabic: النادي الكرة قدم الأرثوذكسي), also known simply as Orthodox or Orthodox Amman, is a women's professional football club based in Abdoun, Amman, Jordan. The club plays in the Jordan Women's Pro League, the top tier of Jordanian women's football.
1980 Onehunga by-election
The Onehunga by-election of 1980 was a by-election for the Onehunga electorate during the 39th New Zealand Parliament. It was prompted by the death of Frank Rogers, a Labour Party MP. It was held on 7 June 1980 and was won by Fred Gerbic, also of the Labour Party.

It was held the same day as another by-election in Northern Maori.

39th New Zealand Parliament
The 39th New Zealand Parliament was a term of the Parliament of New Zealand which began with the general election held on 25 November 1978, and finished with the general election held on 28 November 1981. The dates of the Muldoon Ministry were from 13 December 1978 to 11 December 1981.

The Prime Minister, Robert Muldoon of the National Party, led the Third National Government from 1975 to 1984.
FC Serp i Molot Moscow
The Serp i Molot Moscow sports club (Russian: Футбольный клуб «Серп и Молот» Москва, meaning "Sickle and Hammer") was a Soviet and now Russian sports club in the city of Moscow. The club represents the Moscow Metallurgical Plant Serp i Molot since 1922 initially as the Astakhov Club of Sports (AKS) and the Astakhov district club (Rayony klub imeni Astakhova, RKimA).

The club became better known for its football team that since 1936 participated in the All-Union (Soviet) football league competitions as a team of masters (a term for a professional association football team). Following World War II, the football team competed at amateur level.

Some members of the club were players who later made an impact as notable football coaches and football functionaries. They include Boris Arkadyev, Konstantin Beskov, Valentin Granatkin, Grigoriy Fedotov and many others.

Boris Arkadyev
Boris Andreyevich Arkadyev (Russian: Бори́с Андре́евич Арка́дьев; 21 September 1899 – 17 October 1986) was a Russian footballer and a coach. He became the first coach of the Soviet Union national football team. Merited Master of Sports of the USSR (1942), Merited Coach of the USSR (1957).
Hafiz Ahmed Mazumder
Hafiz Ahmed Mazumder (born 29 March 1935) is a Bangladesh Awami League politician, former chairman of the Bangladesh Red Crescent Society and Pubali Bank Limited, businessman, and a member of parliament.

He served as the chairman of the Board of Directors of Pubali Bank Limited. He also served as the chairman of Bangladesh Red Crescent Society.

Pubali Bank
Pubali Bank PLC. (Bengali: পূবালী ব্যাংক পিএলসি.) is the largest commercial bank in Bangladesh. It has more branches than any other autonomous bank in the country. Monzurur Rahman is the present chairman of the bank.
Bismarck (1914 film)
Bismarck is a 1914 German silent historical film directed by Richard Schott, Gustav Trautschold and William Wauer and starring Franz Ludwig. It portrays the life of the German Chancellor Otto Von Bismarck.

William Wauer
William Wauer (1866–1962) was a German sculptor and film director of the silent era. In 1913 he co-directed the biopic Richard Wagner (1913). In 1915 he directed The Tunnel the first adaptation of Bernhard Kellermann's science fiction novel Der Tunnel.

His birthplace is now the Wauer Museum.