hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Iowa Tests of Educational Development
The Iowa Tests of Educational Development (ITED) are a set of standardized tests given annually to high school students in many schools in the United States, covering Grades 9 to 12. The tests were created by the University of Iowa's College of Education in 1942, as part of a program to develop a series of nationally accepted standardized achievement tests.
The primary goal of the ITED is to provide information to assist educators in improving teaching.

Secondary education in the United States
Secondary education is the last six or seven years of statutory formal education in the United States. It reaches the climax with twelfth grade (age 17–18). Whether it begins with sixth grade (age 11–12) or seventh grade (age 12–13) varies by state and sometimes by school district.

Secondary education in the United States occurs in two phases. The first, as classified by the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED), is the lower secondary phase, either called a middle school or junior high school. A middle school is for students sixth grade, seventh grade and eighth grade and a junior high school is only for students in seventh and eighth grade.

The second is the ISCED upper secondary phase, a high school or senior high school for students ninth grade through twelfth grade. There is some debate over the optimum age of transfer, and variation in some states; also, middle school often includes grades that are almost always considered primary school.
Nikolai Zhilyayev (musicologist)
Nikolay Sergeyevich Zhilyayev (Russian: Никола́й Серге́евич Жиля́ев, Nikolaj Sergejevič Žiljajev; 18 November (N.S.) 1881 – 20 January 1938), was a musicologist, and the teacher of several 20th-century composers. He was a victim of political repression in the Soviet Union.

He was a pupil of Mikhail Ippolitov-Ivanov and Sergei Taneyev at the Moscow Conservatory in around 1904. He went on to teach there himself. His pupils included the composers Yevgeny Golubev, Aram Khachaturian, Lev Knipper, Alexei Fedorovich Kozlovsky, Alexei Vladimirovich Stanchinsky, Anatoly Nikolayevich Alexandrov and Samuil Evgenyevich Feinberg.

He was a member of the Russian Academy of Art-Sciences and of the State Institute of Musical Science. He wrote many essays.

Political repression in the Soviet Union
Throughout the history of the Soviet Union, tens of millions of people suffered political repression, which was an instrument of the state since the October Revolution. It culminated during the Stalin era, then declined, but it continued to exist during the "Khrushchev Thaw", followed by increased persecution of Soviet dissidents during the Brezhnev era, and it did not cease to exist until late in Mikhail Gorbachev's rule when it was ended in keeping with his policies of glasnost and perestroika.
Qarhan railway station
The Qarhan or Cha'erhan railway station is a station on the Qingzang Railway at Qarhan in Golmud County, Haixi Prefecture, Qinghai Province, China.

Qarhan station is located in Qarhan Playa of the Qaidam Basin, near Dabusun Lake where major salt works are located. As of 2012, a 25 km (16 mi) private railway branch from this station to the nearby facilities of the Zangge Potash Co Ltd. is under construction.

Most passenger trains pass through Qarhan without stopping. As of 2017, just one train a day in each direction (local service Xining–Golmud) stops there.

Golmud
Golmud is a county-level city in the Haixi Mongol and Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Qinghai Province, China. It is now the second-largest city in Qinghai and the third largest on the Tibetan Plateau (after Xining and Lhasa). The population in 2020 was 221,863.
127th United States Colored Infantry Regiment
The 127th United States Colored Infantry was an American infantry regiment which fought with the Union Army during the American Civil War. Staffed by African American enlisted men who were placed under the command of white officers, the regiment was formed and trained at Camp William Penn near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania between August 23 and September 10, 1864.

Following training, the regiment joined the 10th Corps, within the Army of the James, and later took part in some of the final battles of the war including the Battle of Chaffin's Farm, the Battle of Fair Oaks and Darbytown Road and the fighting  around the Appomattox Court House. After the war, the regiment undertook  occupation duties as part of the 25th Corps in Texas along the Mexican frontier and the Rio Grande River before its personnel were mustered out in September and October 1865.

This regiment's battle flag was one of eleven designed by African American ornamental artist and portraitist David Bustill Bowser.

X Corps (Union army)
X Corps was a corps of the Union Army during the American Civil War. It served during operations in South Carolina in the Department of the South, and later in Benjamin Butler's Army of the James, during the Bermuda Hundred and Petersburg Campaigns.
Parliament Street (Toronto)
Parliament Street is a north–south street in the eastern part of downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The street runs from Bloor Street to Queens Quay and is the first major street west of the Don River.

Bloor Street
Bloor Street is an east–west arterial street in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Bloor Street runs from the Prince Edward Viaduct, which spans the Don River Valley, westward into Mississauga where it ends at Central Parkway. East of the viaduct, Danforth Avenue continues along the same right-of-way. The street, approximately 25 kilometres (16 mi) long, contains a significant cross-sample of Toronto's ethnic communities. It is also home to Toronto's famous shopping street, the Mink Mile.

A portion of Line 2 of the Bloor-Danforth subway line runs along Bloor from Kipling Avenue to the Don Valley Parkway, and then continues east along Danforth Avenue.
Premier of Ontario
The premier of Ontario (French: premier ministre de l'Ontario) is the head of government of Ontario. Under the Westminster system, the premier governs with the confidence of a majority the elected Legislative Assembly; as such, the premier typically sits as a member of Provincial Parliament (MPP) and leads the largest party or a coalition of parties. As first minister, the premier selects ministers to form the Executive Council (provincial cabinet), and serves as its chair. Constitutionally, the Crown exercises executive power on the advice of the Executive Council, which is collectively responsible to the legislature.

Doug Ford is the 26th and current premier of Ontario. He took office on June 29, 2018, following the 2018 Ontario election where his Progressive Conservative (PC) party won a majority of seats in the Ontario Legislature.

Westminster system
The Westminster system, or Westminster model, is a type of parliamentary government modelled on that of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Key aspects of the system include an executive branch made up of members of the legislature which is responsible to the legislature, the presence of parliamentary opposition parties, and a ceremonial head of state who is separate from the head of government. The term derives from the Palace of Westminster, the seat of the British parliament. The Westminster system can be contrasted with the presidential system, which originated in the United States, and with the semi-presidential system based on the government of France.

The Westminster system is used, or was once used, in the national and subnational legislatures of most former colonies of the British Empire upon gaining self-government, beginning with the Province of Canada in 1848. However, many former colonies have since adopted other forms of government.
Locally recoverable code
Locally recoverable codes are a family of error correction codes that were introduced first by D. S. Papailiopoulos and A. G. Dimakis and have been widely studied in information theory due to their applications related to distributive and cloud storage systems.

An  LRC is an  linear code such that there is a function  that takes as input  and a set of  other coordinates of a codeword  different from , and outputs .

Coordinate system
In geometry, a coordinate system is a system that uses one or more numbers, or coordinates, to uniquely determine and standardize the position of the points or other geometric elements on a manifold such as Euclidean space. The coordinates are not interchangeable; they are commonly distinguished by their position in an ordered tuple, or by a label, such as in "the x-coordinate". The coordinates are taken to be real numbers in elementary mathematics, but may be complex numbers or elements of a more abstract system such as a commutative ring. The use of a coordinate system allows problems in geometry to be translated into problems about numbers and vice versa; this is the basis of analytic geometry.
Cheng Man-ch'ing
Cheng Man-ch'ing or Zheng Manqing (29 July 1902 - 26 March 1975) was a Chinese expert of tai chi, Chinese medicine, and the so-called three perfections: calligraphy, painting and poetry. He was born in Yongjia (present-day Wenzhou), Zhejiang Province, during the Qing dynasty. Cheng died March 26, 1975; his grave is near the city of Taipei in Taiwan.

Because of his skills in the 3 Perfections or "Excellences" – considered to be among some of the traditional skills and pastimes of a Confucian scholar – plus medicine and tai chi, he was often referred to as the "Master of Five Excellences." Because he had been a college professor, his students in the USA called him "Professor Cheng."

Three perfections
The three perfections (Chinese: 三絕; pinyin: sānjué) is a term referring to Chinese poetry, painting, and calligraphy understood and practiced as related endeavors.

The earliest recorded mention known of "the three perfections" is found in The New Book of Tang, where the term is used to describe the work of poet-painter Zheng Qian, who, as described by calligrapher Qi Gong, "excelled in poetry, calligraphy, and painting."

Legend holds that the Tang dynasty poets Du Fu and Li Bai were the first to introduce the combination of painting and poetry into one artwork. Several hundred years later, Su Shi, a poet and painter, promoted the use of poetry and painting together. Instruction of artists at the Northern Song Imperial Painting Academy included the integration of poetry and painting.
2023 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification Group C
Group C of the 2023 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualifying competition consisted of six teams: Spain, Russia, Slovakia, Northern Ireland, Lithuania, and Malta. The composition of the nine groups in the qualifying group stage was decided by the draw held on 28 January 2021, 12:00 CET (UTC+1), at the UEFA headquarters in Nyon, Switzerland, with the teams seeded according to their coefficient ranking.

On 28 February 2022, FIFA and UEFA announced that Russia was suspended from all competitions. On 2 May 2022, UEFA announced that Russia would no longer be allowed to take part in the competition, that their previous results were nullified, and that Group C would continue with five teams. Therefore, Spain qualified for the tournament with a game to spare.

2023 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification
The 2023 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualifying competition was a men's under-21 football competition to determine the 14 teams that would be joining the automatically qualified co-hosts Romania and Georgia in the 2023 UEFA European Under-21 Championship final tournament.

Apart from Romania and Georgia, all remaining 53 UEFA member national teams entered the qualifying competition. Players born on or after 1 January 2000 were eligible to participate.
Narcissistic defences
Narcissistic defenses are those processes whereby the idealized aspects of the self are preserved, and its limitations denied. They tend to be rigid and totalistic. They are often driven by feelings of shame and guilt, conscious or unconscious.

Psychological projection
In psychology, psychoanalysis, and psychotherapy, projection is the mental process in which an individual attributes their own internal thoughts, beliefs, emotions, experiences, and personality traits to another person or group.
Ad Hoc (restaurant)
Ad Hoc is a family-style comfort food restaurant  in Yountville, California. Opened by Thomas Keller in September 2006, Ad Hoc was meant to serve as a temporary cafe for six months but was retained as a permanent establishment.

Comfort food
Comfort food is food that provides the eater a nostalgic or sentimental value and may be characterized by its satisfying heartiness and association with childhood or home cooking. The nostalgia may be specific to an individual or it may apply to a specific culture.
Havyaka Brahmins
Havyaka Brahmin, originally called Havika Brahmana, is a  Hindu Brahmin community native to the districts of Shivamogga, Uttara Kannada, Dakshina Kannada, Kodagu / Coorg,coastal Karnataka and the Kasaragod district of Kerala. Havyakas fall under the Pancha-Dravida Brahmin category. They are primarily followers of the Yajurveda, but some of them follow the Rigveda and Samaveda Shakas as well. They follow the Advaita philosophy of Adi Shankaracharya.

Shimoga
Shimoga, officially Shivamogga (Kannada: [ʃiʋɐmoɡːɐ]), is a city and the district headquarters of Shimoga district in the Karnataka state of India. The city lies on the banks of the Tunga River. Being the gateway for the hilly region of the Western Ghats, the city is popularly nicknamed the "Gateway of Malnad". The population of Shimoga city is 322,650 as per 2011 census. The city has been selected for the Smart Cities Mission standing in the fourth position in the state and 25th in the country as of November 2020.

The city is 569 m above sea level and is surrounded by lush green paddy fields, arecanut and coconut groves. It is located 267 km from the state capital Bangalore and 195 km from the port city Mangalore.
Crown Prince Sohyeon
Crown Prince Sohyeon (Korean: 소현세자; Hanja: 昭顯世子, 5 February 1612 – 21 May 1645) was the first son of King Injo of Joseon Dynasty.

Sohyeon was a hostage in the Manchu court at Shenyang, by the terms of the peace treaty concluded after War in 1636. He moved to Beijing in 1644, and communicated with the Jesuit missionary Johann Adam Schall von Bell there. Sohyeon died not long after his return to Korea in 1645.

Qing invasion of Joseon
The Qing invasion of Joseon (Korean: 병자호란; Hanja: 丙子胡亂) occurred in the winter of 1636 when the newly established Manchu-led Qing dynasty invaded the Joseon dynasty of Korea, establishing the former's status as the hegemon in the Imperial Chinese tributary system and formally severing Joseon's relationship with the Han-led Ming dynasty. The invasion was preceded by the Later Jin invasion of Joseon in 1627.

The invasion resulted in a Qing victory. Joseon was forced to establish a tributary relationship with the Qing, as well as to cut ties with the declining Ming. The crown prince of Joseon along with his younger brother were taken as hostages, but they came back to Joseon after a few years. One of the two later became the King Hyojong. He is best known for his plan for an expedition to the Qing.
Park Sok-min
Park Sok-min (Korean: 박석민; born June 22, 1985, in Daegu, South Korea) is a South Korean former baseball player. He played for the Samsung Lions and the NC Dinos in the Korea Baseball Organization. He is nicknamed Beu-Kol-Dwae (브콜돼). He bats and throws right-handed.

Korea Baseball Organization
The Korea Baseball Organization (KBO; Korean: 한국야구위원회) is the governing body for the professional leagues of baseball in South Korea. The KBO was founded in 1981 and has governed two leagues: the KBO League (KBO 리그) and KBO Futures League (KBO 퓨처스리그 (farm league) since 1982. It is one of two major baseball governing bodies; the other is the Korea Baseball Association (대한야구협회), which is the governing body for amateur baseball competitions.

The KBO is a member of the International Baseball Federation (IBAF), and is responsible for the national baseball team for the World Baseball Classic and Asia Series. National team participation in other competitions is governed by the Korea Baseball Association.
Teresa Torrelles
Teresa Torrelles Espina (27 May 1908 – 18 May 1991) was a Catalan trade unionist, anarcha-feminist activist and hospital administrator. Having worked in the textile industry from an early age, Torrelles joined the anarcho-syndicalist movement at the age of 16. She moved to Terrassa, where she organised a local women's group, which established a libertarian library and secular school. She successfully pushed for the adoption of working women's demands, such as equal pay for equal work and maternity leave, by the local branch of the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT). She also helped establish the Mujeres Libres, the women's organisation of the CNT. During the Spanish Civil War, she worked as a hospital administrator, overseeing the construction of a clinic with a functioning maternity ward in Terrassa. After the war, she fled to France, then Argentina and Venezuela, before moving back to France, where she died in 1991.

Anarcha-feminism
Anarcha-feminism, also known as anarchist feminism or anarcho-feminism, is a system of analysis which combines the principles and power analysis of anarchist theory with feminism. It closely resembles intersectional feminism. Anarcha-feminism generally posits that patriarchy and traditional gender roles as manifestations of involuntary coercive hierarchy should be replaced by decentralized free association. Anarcha-feminists believe that the struggle against patriarchy is an essential part of class conflict and the anarchist struggle against the state and capitalism. In essence, the philosophy sees anarchist struggle as a necessary component of feminist struggle and vice versa. Canadian anarcha-feminist writer L. Susan Brown claims that "as anarchism is a political philosophy that opposes all relationships of power, it is inherently feminist".
Battle of Carpio
The Battle of Carpio or Battle of El Carpio took place at El Carpio, near Medina del Campo, Valladolid, on 23 November 1809, between a Spanish force of 19,000 men commanded by the Lieutenant-General Diego de Cañas y Portocarrero, Duke del Parque and a French force of 10,000 regulars and 1,700 cavalry under the General François Étienne de Kellermann during the Peninsular War. The French forces were defeated and forced to leave the town. In this struggle, died two distinguished Spanish leaders, Salvador de Molina and Colonel Juan Drimgold.

Medina del Campo
Medina del Campo is a town and municipality of Spain located in the autonomous community of Castile and León. Part of the Province of Valladolid, it is the centre of a farming area.

It lies on the banks of the Zapardiel river, in the central part of the Douro basin. Initially a Berber settlement, it was repopulated after 1085. By the 12th century the walled town had become a major population centre of the Kingdom of Castile, drawing large-scale trading operations. It was later granted right to hold its well-known free fairs, which attracted a notable presence of international dealers.

It is located on the A-6 road route.
Djúpavík
Djúpavík (Icelandic pronunciation: [ˈtjuːpaˌviːk]) is a small village in the North-West of Iceland.  It is located at the head of Reykjarfjörður on the Strandir coast in the Westfjords region (Vestfirðir), in the municipality of Árneshreppur.

It is approximately 70 km away from Hólmavík (the nearest settlement of any account), 280 km from Ísafjörður and 340 km from the country's capital Reykjavík. At present it only consists of seven houses, a hotel and the ruins of a herring factory. It can be reached by car via road 643 or by plane via the nearby Gjögur Airport.

Hólmavík
Hólmavík (Icelandic pronunciation: [ˈhoulmaˌviːk]) is a village in the western part of Iceland, by Steingrímsfjörður.

It is the largest settlement in Strandir and serves as a centre of commerce for the county.  Hólmavík is part of the Strandabyggð municipality and has 375 inhabitants (2011 census). Hólmavík is home to the Museum of Icelandic Sorcery and Witchcraft and the Holmadrangur shrimp processing plant. The modern church was built in 1968.

Well-known people from Hólmavík include the poet Stefán frá Hvítadal and the musician Gunnar Þórðarson of the band Hljómar. The artist Einar Hákonarson has a studio and a home in Hólmavík.

Hólmavík boasts a swimming pool constructed in 2004.  It is the only pool in the region not geothermally heated.

Near Húsavík and Tröllatunga, two farms in the South of Hólmavík, lignite and iron ore were exploited in former times, and some fossils from the Tertiary period were found there as well.
Danny Boshell
Daniel Kevin Boshell (born 30 May 1981) is an English football coach and former professional footballer who is assistant manager of Guiseley.

As a player he was a midfielder between 1999 and 2020 playing most of his career in the Football League, notably for Grimsby Town where he made 118 appearances in all competitions. He also played as a professional for Oldham Athletic, Stockport County, Bury and Chesterfield before finishing his career in non-league football with Guiseley, Altrincham and Bradford Park Avenue.

Altrincham F.C.
Altrincham Football Club is a professional football club based in Altrincham, Greater Manchester, England. Founded in 1891 and nicknamed "the Robins", they are currently members of the National League, the fifth tier of English football, and play at Moss Lane.
Verité Reily Collins
Verité Reily Collins (3 August 1938 – 2 July 2025) was a British businesswoman, writer and health campaigner. Her company launched the "Union Jills", a team of female demonstrators and sales staff who promoted British goods internationally. She became notable through a bizarre tribute to her work by the feminist writer Germaine Greer. In her book The Female Eunuch, Greer saluted the efforts of Reily Collins as an example of a successful female entrepreneur, at a time when this was considered to be unusual. Later in life Reily Collins became a health campaigner for the two conditions that impacted her, polio and cancer. She was a trustee of the Polio Survivors Network, a registered charity which supports those with post polio syndrome (PPS). As a writer, she promoted the Border Terrier dog breed and the tourism industry.

Border Terrier
The Border Terrier is a British breed of small, rough-coated terrier. It originates from the area of the Anglo-Scottish border, and shares ancestry with the Dandie Dinmont Terrier and the Bedlington Terrier from the same area. The dogs were traditionally used in fox-hunting, and worked with the Border Hunt in Northumberland.

The breed was officially recognised by The Kennel Club in Great Britain in 1920, and by the American Kennel Club in 1930.