hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Geometric measure theory
In mathematics, geometric measure theory (GMT) is the study of geometric properties of sets (typically in Euclidean space) through measure theory. It allows mathematicians to extend tools from differential geometry to a much larger class of surfaces that are not necessarily smooth.

Surface (topology)
In topology, a surface is a two-dimensional manifold. Some surfaces arise as the boundaries of three-dimensional solid figures; for example, the sphere is the boundary of the solid ball. Other surfaces arise as graphs of functions of two variables; see the figure at right. However, surfaces can also be defined abstractly, without reference to any ambient space. For example, the Klein bottle is a surface that cannot be embedded in three-dimensional Euclidean space.

Topological surfaces are sometimes equipped with additional information, such as a Riemannian metric or a complex structure, that connects them to other disciplines within mathematics, such as differential geometry and complex analysis. The various mathematical notions of surface can be used to model surfaces in the physical world.
Sebastian Czaja
Sebastian Czaja (born 28 June 1983) is a German politician of the Free Democratic Party (FDP). He served as parliamentary leader of the FDP in the Abgeordnetenhaus of Berlin from 2016 to 2023, and was lead candidate for the party in the 2016, 2021 and 2023 state elections.

2016 Berlin state election
The 2016 Berlin state election was held on 18 September 2016 to elect the members to the 18th Abgeordnetenhaus of Berlin. The incumbent grand coalition of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) and Christian Democratic Union (CDU) was defeated, with both parties suffering significant losses. The Left (Die Linke) became the third largest party, while the fourth-placed Greens suffered losses. Alternative for Germany (AfD) won seats for the first time. The Free Democratic Party (FDP) re-entered the Abgeordnetenhaus after falling out in the 2011 election. The Pirate Party, which had achieved state-level representation for the first time in the previous election, lost all of its seats.

After the election, the SPD formed a coalition with The Left and Greens. Mayor Michael Müller was subsequently re-elected.
John Lawrence LeConte
John Lawrence LeConte MD (May 13, 1825 – November 15, 1883) was an American entomologist, responsible for naming and describing approximately half of the insect taxa known in the United States during his lifetime, including some 5,000 species of beetles. He was recognized as the foremost authority on North American beetles during his career, and has been described as "the father of American beetle study".

Samuel Haldeman
Samuel Stehman Haldeman (August 12, 1812 – September 10, 1880) was an American naturalist and philologist. 
During a long and varied career he studied, published, and lectured on geology, conchology, entomology and philology. He once confided, "I never pursue one branch of science more than ten years, but lay it aside and go into new fields."
Stephen Alencastre
Bishop Stephen Peter Alencastre, SSCC (born Estêvão Pedro de Alencastre; November 3, 1876 – November 9, 1940) was a bishop of the Catholic Church who served as the fifth and last Vicar Apostolic of the Vicariate Apostolic of the Hawaiian Islands (now the Diocese of Honolulu). He was also an apparent titular bishop of Arabissus.

Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary
The Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary (Latin: Congregatio Sacrorum Cordium Iesu et Mariae) abbreviated SS.CC., is a Catholic clerical religious congregation of Pontifical Right for priests and brothers. The congregation is also known as the Picpus because their first house was on the Rue de Picpus in Paris, France.
Hypnotic (2023 film)
Hypnotic is a 2023 American mystery action thriller film directed by Robert Rodriguez, who co-wrote the screenplay with Max Borenstein. The film stars Ben Affleck, Alice Braga, J. D. Pardo, Hala Finley, Dayo Okeniyi, Jeff Fahey, Jackie Earle Haley and William Fichtner. Rodriguez also produced, co-shot, and edited the film, while his sons Rebel Rodriguez and Racer Max served as composer and producer, respectively.

Hypnotic was released in the United States by Ketchup Entertainment and Relativity Media on May 12, 2023. The film received mixed reviews from critics and grossed $16 million.

J. D. Pardo
Jorge Daniel Pardo (born September 7, 1980) is an American actor. He is best known for playing the lead role of Ezekiel "EZ" Reyes in the television series Mayans M.C. (2018–2023), as well as a young Jack Toretto in F9 (2021).
Little Brothers of St. Francis
The Little Brothers of St. Francis (originally founded as the Franciscan Brothers of Peace and Love) were members of a Roman Catholic institute of Religious Brothers founded in the Archdiocese of Boston on September 8, 1970, by Brother James T. Curran, L.B.S.F. (1932 - 2015).

Canonically designated as a Private Association of the Faithful, the community was spiritually affiliated to the Province of the Immaculate Conception of the  Order of Friars Minor. Striving to be poor in spirit, they worked to serve the needs of the homeless primarily through prayer and presence. They followed a contemplative life based on the Rule of the Third Order Regular of St. Francis, also influenced by the Rule for Hermitages written by St. Francis of Assisi. The community disbanded in 2013.

Archdiocese of Boston
The Archdiocese of Boston (Latin: Archidiœcesis Bostoniensis) is an archdiocese of the Catholic Church in eastern Massachusetts in the United States. Its mother church is the Cathedral of the Holy Cross in Boston.

The Diocese of Boston was erected in 1808, branching off from the Diocese of Baltimore. It grew rapidly during the 19th century; today it is the fourth largest archdiocese in the United States. Starting in 2002, the archdiocese faced a sexual abuse scandal which touched off investigations of Catholic Church sexual abuse cases throughout the United States. Richard G. Henning is the archbishop.
Charles Waldo
Charles Waldo (December 16, 1819 – November 2, 1909) was an American millwright, woodworker, politician, and pioneer of Wisconsin and California.  He served one term in the Wisconsin State Assembly, representing Marquette and Waushara counties during the 1851 term.

4th Wisconsin Legislature
The Fourth Wisconsin Legislature convened in regular session from January 8, 1851, to March 17, 1851. Senators representing odd-numbered districts were newly elected for this session and served the first year of a two-year term.  Assembly members were elected to a one-year term. Assembly members and odd-numbered senators were elected in the general election on November 5, 1850. Senators representing even-numbered districts were serving the second year of their two-year term, having been elected in the general election held on November 6, 1849.

The governor of Wisconsin during this entire term was Democrat Nelson Dewey, of Grant County, serving the second year of his second two-year term, having won re-election in the 1849 Wisconsin gubernatorial election.
HMAS Farncomb
HMAS Farncomb (SSG 74) is the second of six Collins-class submarines operated by the Royal Australian Navy (RAN). Named for Rear Admiral Harold Farncomb, the submarine was laid down in 1993 and launched in December 1995—the first submarine to be completely constructed in Australia. A combination of factors led to Farncomb being the only vessel of her class in operational condition in mid-2009.

HMAS Collins
HMAS Collins (SSG 73) is the lead vessel of the six-submarine Collins class operated by the Royal Australian Navy (RAN).

Named for Vice Admiral Sir John Augustine Collins, Collins was laid down in February 1990, and was the only submarine of the class to be partially constructed by Kockums' Malmo shipyard. The boat was launched in August 1993, but was not completed until ten months later. Numerous problems with the class were exposed by the lengthy sea trials period undertaken by the boat; Collins was not commissioned into the RAN until mid-1996, eighteen months behind schedule, and the submarine was not cleared for operational deployments until 2000.

With the decommissioning of HMAS Anzac on 18 May 2024, Collins became the First Lady of the Fleet as the longest serving commissioned RAN vessel.
Bolitoglossa chucantiensis
Bolitoglossa chucantiensis, referred to as the Chucantí salamander in English or salamandra de Chucantí in Spanish, is a rare species of neotropical lungless salamander in the family Plethodontidae. This species of salamander is endemic to the country of Panama and is one of numerous species of reptiles and amphibians exclusively found within the Serranía de Majé mountain range, which include Pristimantis gretathunbergae, Diasporus majeensis, and Tantilla berguidoi. The Serranía de Majé is located in the southeastern region of the cloud forests at Reserva Natural Privada Chucantí (Chucantí Private Nature Reserve), situated in the province of Darién. The species epithet of the Chucantí salamander is derived after its type locality, Cerro Chucantí. Cerro Chucantí is the peak of the Serranía de Majé, reaching a maximum height of 1,439 meters.

Location
In geography, location or place is used to denote a region (point, line, or area) on Earth's surface. The term location generally implies a higher degree of certainty than place, the latter often indicating an entity with an ambiguous boundary, relying more on human or social attributes of place identity and sense of place than on geometry. A populated place is called a settlement.
Sachia Vickery
Sachia Vickery (/ˈsɑːʃə/ SAH-shə; born May 11, 1995) is an American professional tennis player. She reached a career-high of No. 73 in the WTA rankings on July 30, 2018.
Vickery, a former USTA junior national champion, has also won three singles and three doubles titles on the ITF Circuit.

Her best results on the WTA Tour came at the 2018 Auckland Open and the 2018 Monterrey Open, where she reached the semifinals.

2018 Monterrey Open
The 2018 Monterrey Open, also known as the Abierto GNP Seguros for sponsorship reasons, was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the 10th edition of the Monterrey Open and an International tournament on the 2018 WTA Tour. It took place at the Club Sonoma in Monterrey, Mexico, from 2 April until 8 April 2018. Firsts-seeded Garbiñe Muguruza won the singles title.
Zebbie Lethridge
Zebbie D. Lethridge Jr. (born January 31, 1975) is an American former professional football player who was a cornerback in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football as a quarterback for the Texas Tech Red Raiders.

Texas Tech Red Raiders football
The Texas Tech Red Raiders football program is a college football team that represents Texas Tech University (variously "TTU"). The Red Raiders competes as a member of the Big 12 Conference, which is a Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (formerly Division I-A) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). The program began in 1925 and has an overall winning record, including a total of 12 conference titles and one conference division title. On November 8, 2021, Joey McGuire was hired as the team's 17th head football coach, replacing Matt Wells, who was fired in the middle of the 2021 season. Home games are played at Jones AT&T Stadium in Lubbock, Texas.
Supreme Court of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic
The Supreme Court of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic (Lithuanian: Lietuvos SSR Aukščiausiasis Teismas) was the supreme judicial organ of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic. It replaced the Supreme Tribunal of Lithuania in 1940, and was replaced by the Supreme Court of Lithuania in 1990. For most of the Soviet period, there were only two levels of courts in Lithuania – the People's Courts and the Supreme Court.

People's Court (Soviet Union)
A people's court in the late Soviet Union was a court of first instance which handled the majority of civil and criminal offenses, as well as certain administrative law offenses.

The people's court handled cases by a collegium consisted of a people's judge and two people's assessors. The people's assessors had duties similar to jurors, but decided both any objections and the verdict along with the judge, unlike in most jury systems.

In early Soviet Russia and Soviet Union the term "people's court" was used in reference to any court in the new Soviet legal system which replaced the legal system of the Russian Empire. At these times there were several levels of courts, according to the administrative division of the country: local, okrug, and oblast people's courts.
Lattice disjoint
In mathematics, specifically in order theory and functional analysis, two elements x and y of a vector lattice X are lattice disjoint or simply disjoint if , in which case we write , where the absolute value of x is defined to be . 
We say that two sets A and B are lattice disjoint or disjoint if a and b are disjoint for all a in A and all b in B, in which case we write . 
If A is the singleton set  then we will write  in place of . 
For any set A, we define the disjoint complement to be the set .

Riesz space
In mathematics, a Riesz space, lattice-ordered vector space or vector lattice is a partially ordered vector space where the order structure is a lattice.

Riesz spaces are named after Frigyes Riesz who first defined them in his 1928 paper Sur la décomposition des opérations fonctionelles linéaires.

Riesz spaces have wide-ranging applications. They are important in measure theory, in that important results are special cases of results for Riesz spaces. For example, the Radon–Nikodym theorem follows as a special case of the Freudenthal spectral theorem. Riesz spaces have also seen application in mathematical economics through the work of Greek-American economist and mathematician Charalambos D. Aliprantis.
G Parachute Battery (Mercer's Troop) Royal Horse Artillery
G Parachute Battery (Mercer's Troop) Royal Horse Artillery is a close support battery of 7th Parachute Regiment Royal Horse Artillery, part of the Royal Horse Artillery of the British Army, currently based in Merville Barracks in Colchester.

Formed in 1801, the battery has taken part in the Napoleonic Wars (notably the Battle of Waterloo where it earned its Honour Title as Mercer's Troop), the Indian Mutiny, the Second Boer War and the First and Second World Wars.

In 1961, it was given a parachute role as part of 7th Parachute Regiment Royal Horse Artillery and has seen considerable active service particularly in Northern Ireland (Operation Banner), the Balkans, Afghanistan and Iraq.

Royal Horse Artillery
The Royal Horse Artillery (RHA) was formed in 1793 as a distinct arm of the Royal Regiment of Artillery (commonly termed Royal Artillery) to provide horse artillery support to the cavalry units of the British Army. Although the cavalry link remained part of its defining character, as early as the Battle of Waterloo the RHA was sometimes deployed more along the lines of conventional field artillery, fighting from comparatively fixed positions.

The Royal Horse Artillery, currently consists of three regiments, (1 RHA, 3 RHA and 7 RHA) and one ceremonial unit (King's Troop, Royal Horse Artillery). Almost all the batteries of the Royal Horse Artillery have served continuously since the French Revolutionary Wars or Napoleonic Wars, except the King's Troop, created in 1946, and M Battery, which was 'reanimated' in 1993. Horses are still in service for ceremonial purposes but were phased out from operational deployment in the 1930s.
Smile (Marti Pellow album)
Smile is the debut solo album by Wet Wet Wet frontman Marti Pellow. Released on June 25, 2001, the album spawned two singles: "Close to You" and "I've Been Around the World". "Hard to Cry" was also later released as a radio-only promotional single in 2003, having been included on both of Pellow's follow-up albums: Marti Pellow Sings the Hits of Wet Wet Wet & Smile (2002) and Between the Covers (2003). The album debuted at number 7 on the UK Albums Chart in July 2001.

Between the Covers (album)
Between the Covers is the second studio album by Wet Wet Wet frontman Marti Pellow. Released on 17 November 2003, it spawned the single "A Lot of Love", a cover of the original by Neil Young.

The album was recorded in 2003, during downtime in the studio, in which Pellow came up with the idea of recording an album of songs that he and his band regularly "mess about with" in soundcheck whilst performing live. The album was produced entirely by Chris Porter and Rick Mitra, with the exception of "Hard to Cry", which was included on this album as a dedication to Pellow's late mother.

The recording of "From Russia With Love", originally released as a B-side and then later as a bonus track on streaming services, was taken from the ITV1 special "Songs of James Bond", first broadcast in November 2002.
Saxifraga
Saxifraga is the largest genus in the family Saxifragaceae, containing about 473 species of holarctic perennial plants, known as saxifrages or rockfoils. The Latin word saxifraga means literally "stone-breaker", from Latin saxum ("rock" or "stone") + frangere ("to break"). It is usually thought to indicate a medicinal use for treatment of urinary calculi (known as kidney or bladder stones), rather than breaking rocks apart.

Saxifraga umbrosa
Saxifraga umbrosa, called true London pride, none-so-pretty, king's feather, kiss-me-quick, leaf of St Patrick, look-up-and-kiss-me, mignonette of the French, Nancy-pretty, prattling Parnell, Pyrenean saxifrage, sailor plant, St Anne's needlework, St Patrick's cabbage, and whimsey, although some of these names may more properly belong to Saxifraga spathularis, or its hybrid with S. spathularis, Saxifraga × urbium, is a species of flowering plant in the family Saxifragaceae. It is native to the Pyrenees, and has been introduced elsewhere in Europe, and to southern Chile. Its cultivar 'Clarence Elliott' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
Liga Meo Azores
The Liga Meo Açores is a Portuguese non-professional league for association football clubs from Azores.
It belongs to the 5th tier of the Portuguese football league system with the Liga 3 creation, with promotion to the 4th Tier (Campeonato de Portugal) and relegation to the 6th Tier (Regional championships from Ponta Delgada FA, Angra do Heroísmo FA and Horta FA).

Angra do Heroísmo Football Association
The Angra do Heroísmo Football Association (Portuguese: Associação de Futebol de Angra do Heroísmo) is one of the 22 District Football Associations that are affiliated with the Portuguese Football Federation. The AF Angra do Heroísmo administers lower-tier football in the municipalities on the islands of Terceira, São Jorge, and Graciosa, within the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores.
Bloomingdale, Tennessee
Bloomingdale is a census-designated place (CDP) in Sullivan County, Tennessee.

The population was 8,918 at the 2020 census down from 9,888 at the 2010 census, due to annexation by the City of Kingsport.

It is part of the Kingsport-Bristol-Bristol, TN-VA Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is a component of the Johnson City-Kingsport-Bristol, TN-VA Combined Statistical Area – commonly known as the "Tri-Cities" region.

Tri-Cities (Tennessee–Virginia)
The Tri-Cities is the region comprising the cities of Kingsport, Johnson City, and Bristol and the surrounding smaller towns and communities in Northeast Tennessee and Southwest Virginia. All three cities are located in Northeast Tennessee, while Bristol has a twin city of the same name in Virginia.

The Tri-Cities region was formerly a single Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA); due to the U.S. Census Bureau's revised definitions of urban areas in the early 2000s, it is now a Combined Statistical Area (CSA) with two metropolitan components: Johnson City and Kingsport–Bristol, TN–VA.  However, the Tri-Cities are usually still considered one population center, which is the fifth-largest in Tennessee.
Sosthènes I de La Rochefoucauld
Louis François Sosthènes I de La Rochefoucauld, Viscount of La Rochefoucauld, 2nd Duke of Doudeauville GE (19 February 1785 – 5 October 1864), was a 19th-century French ultra-royalist politician. From 1814 to 1836, he was aide-de-camp to Charles, Count of Artois (future Charles X) and from 1824 to 1830, the King's Director of Fine Arts. He served in the Chamber of Deputies in 1815 and from 1827 to 1830 during the Bourbon Restoration, until his retirement from public life after the July Revolution in 1830. From 1861 to 1864 he published his memoirs with his correspondence in fifteen volumes.

Bourbon Restoration in France
The Bourbon Restoration was the period of French history during which the House of Bourbon returned to power after the fall of Napoleon Bonaparte in 1814 and 1815. Exiled supporters of the monarchy returned to France, which had been profoundly changed by the French Revolution. Exhausted by the Napoleonic Wars, the kingdom experienced a period of internal and external peace, stable economic prosperity and the preliminaries of industrialisation. The July Revolution of 1830 effectively ended the restoration during the reign of Charles X, brother of the late King Louis XVI, leading to the July Monarchy and eventually the French Second Republic.
Peter Hall (minister)
Peter Hall (17 May 1851 – 1937) was a Gold Coast-born Jamaican teacher, missionary and Presbyterian clergyman who was elected the first Moderator of the Presbyterian Church of the Gold Coast, equivalent to the rank of chairperson of the synod or chief executive of the national church organisation, a position he held from 1918 to 1922. Hall was the son of John Hall, one of 24 West Indian missionaries who arrived in the Danish Protectorate of Christiansborg and worked under the auspices of the Basel Evangelical Missionary Society.

Osu, Accra
Osu is a neighbourhood in central Accra, Ghana, West Africa. It is located about 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) east of the central business district, and is locally known as the "West End" of Accra. Bounded to the south by the Gulf of Guinea, Osu's western boundary is the Independence Avenue. Osu is separated from the northern district of Labone by Ring Road. Due to its establishment as a settlement in the 17th century, Osu has a mix of houses dating from the early 20th century and modern office towers.
Joseph Ranger (seaman)
Joseph Ranger (c. 1760–unknown) was a free Black seaman who served as a sailor on the patriot side in the American Revolutionary War. He enlisted in the Virginia State Navy at the start of the war and served until 1787 on four vessels, making him the longest-serving Black Virginian sailor of that era.

Seaman (rank)
Seaman is a military rank used in many navies around the world. It is considered a junior enlisted rank and, depending on the navy, it may be a single rank on its own or a name shared by several similarly junior ranks.

In the Commonwealth, it is the lowest rank in the navy, except in Canada where the Royal Canadian Navy now uses the gender-neutral title sailor in English and matelot in French. In the United States, it refers to the three lowest ranks of the U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard. The equivalent of the seaman is the matelot in French-speaking countries, and Matrose in German-speaking countries.