hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Reward hacking
Reward hacking or specification gaming occurs when an AI trained with reinforcement learning optimizes an objective function—achieving the literal, formal specification of an objective—without actually achieving an outcome that the programmers intended. DeepMind researchers have analogized it to the human behavior of finding a "shortcut" when being evaluated: "In the real world, when rewarded for doing well on a homework assignment, a student might copy another student to get the right answers, rather than learning the material—and thus exploit a loophole in the task specification." This idea is strongly associated with Goodhart's Law, which argues that when a measure becomes a target, it ceases to be a good measure.

Goodhart's law
Goodhart's law is an adage that has been stated as, "When a measure becomes a target, it ceases to be a good measure". It is named after British economist Charles Goodhart, who is credited with expressing the core idea of the adage in a 1975 article on monetary policy in the United Kingdom:

Any observed statistical regularity will tend to collapse once pressure is placed upon it for control purposes.
Highlow Brook
Highlow Brook is a stream in the civil parish of Highlow in the Derbyshire Peak District.  The stream is a tributaries of the River Derwent, flowing southeast from the river, south of Hathersage, before meeting the Bretton Brook in Abney.

The brook is featured in popular walking routes within the Peak District National Park, including recreational trails that follow the watercourse through Highlow Wood to connect Hathersage and surrounding villages.

Highlow
Highlow is a civil parish within the Derbyshire Dales district, in the county of Derbyshire, England. Largely rural, Highlow's population is reported as 27 residents in 2021. It is 140 miles (230 km) north-west of London, 28 miles (45 km) north-west of the county city of Derby, and 7+1⁄2 miles (12.1 km) north of the nearest market town of Bakewell. Highlow is wholly within the Peak District national park, and shares a border with the parishes of Abney and Abney Grange, Eyam, Foolow, Grindleford, Hathersage as well as Offerton. There are nine listed buildings in Highlow.
David McLaren Bain
Capt. David McLaren Bain (10 September 1891 – 3 June 1915) was a Scotland rugby union player.

Bain was born in Edinburgh, to William Bain and Edith Frederika McLaren Bain. He played for Oxford University RFC and was capped for Scotland in 1911–14. Bain captained Scotland against Wales in 1914.

He was killed in France in World War I, while serving with the Gordon Highlanders.

Oxford University RFC
The Oxford University Rugby Football Club (Oxford University RFC or OURFC) is the rugby union club of the University of Oxford. The club contests The Varsity Match every year against Cambridge University at Twickenham.
Falling (Julee Cruise song)
"Falling" is a song by American dream pop singer Julee Cruise. It is the lead single and second track from her debut studio album, Floating into the Night (1989). Featuring music composed by Angelo Badalamenti and lyrics written by David Lynch, an instrumental version of "Falling" was used as the theme song for Lynch and Mark Frost's surrealist mystery-horror drama television series Twin Peaks (1990–1991) and its 2017 revival.

Twin Peaks gained a cult following after its original broadcast in April 1990, and "Falling" subsequently charted in 17 countries worldwide between 1990 and 1992, including Australia, where it reached No. 1 in April 1991. Badalamenti won Best Pop Instrumental Performance at the 33rd Annual Grammy Awards for "Twin Peaks Theme". In 2010, Pitchfork Media ranked "Falling" at number 146 on its "Top 200 Tracks of the 1990s". NME listed the song at number 38 in their ranking of "100 Best Songs of the 1990s" in 2012.

Dream pop
Dream pop is a subgenre of alternative rock and neo-psychedelia that emphasizes atmosphere and sonic texture as strongly as it does pop melody. Common characteristics include breathy vocals, dense productions, and effects such as reverb, echo, tremolo, and chorus. It often overlaps with the related genre of shoegaze, and the two genre terms have at times been used interchangeably.

Dream pop came into prominence in the 1980s through groups associated with the UK label 4AD, most prominently Cocteau Twins and This Mortal Coil, and later A.R. Kane, who are credited with coining the term. During the late 1980s to early 1990s, the genre saw further proliferation through UK-based artists such as My Bloody Valentine, Slowdive, and Lush alongside US-based acts Galaxie 500, Julee Cruise, and Mazzy Star. By the late 2000s, the sound saw renewed popularity among millennial listeners through bands such as Beach House.
Gudermes
Gudermes (Russian: Гудерме́с; Chechen: Гуьмсе, Gümse or Гутӏермаӏас, Guthermajas) is a town in the Chechen Republic, Russia, located on the Sunzha River 36 kilometers (22 mi) east of Grozny, the republic's capital. Population: 64,376 (2021 census); 45,631 (2010 census); 33,756 (2002 census); 38,089 (1989 Soviet census); 32,000 (1970).

Sunzha (river)
The Sunzha (Russian: Сунжа, IPA: [ˈsunʐə]; Chechen: Соьлжа, romanized: Sölƶa, IPA: [ˈsᶣølʒə]; Ingush: Шолжа, romanized: Şolƶa, IPA: [ˈʃʷɔɫʒə]) is a river in North Ossetia, Ingushetia and Chechnya, Russia, a tributary of the Terek. It flows northeast inside the great northwest bend of the Terek River and catches most of the rivers that flow north from the mountains before they reach the Terek. It is 278 kilometres (173 mi) long, and has a drainage basin of 12,000 square kilometres (4,600 sq mi). The Sunzha rises on the Northern slope of the Caucasus Major. Its major tributaries are the Assa and Argun. With a turbidity of 3,800 grams per cubic metre (6.4 lb/cu yd), it carries 12.2 million tons of alluvium per year. It is used for irrigation. Cities that lie on the Sunzha include Nazran, Karabulak, Grozny (the capital of Chechnya), and Gudermes. During the First and Second Chechen Wars, the destruction of petroleum reservoirs caused the Sunzha to become polluted with petroleum.
Paul Shortino
Paul Shortino (born May 14, 1953) is an American rock singer and musician who has sung for Rough Cutt/The Cutt, Quiet Riot, Bad Boyz, and Shortino. He briefly recorded with J.K. Northrup as the duo, Shortino/Northrup. He has also recorded as a solo artist, writing and performing the song "E.G.G.M.A.N." as the theme for Dr. Eggman in Sonic Adventure 2 for Sega, and in Shadow the Hedgehog as "E.G.G.M.A.N. Doc Robeatnix Mix".  Shortino recorded lead vocals for the Heavy Metal benefit project Hear 'n Aid in 1985.  The single from this project, "Stars", also features lead vocals by heavy metal singers Ronnie James Dio, Rob Halford, Geoff Tate, Don Dokken, Kevin DuBrow, Eric Bloom and Dave Meniketti.

Shortino is currently a member of the band King Kobra, and also performs in the cast of Raiding the Rock Vault at the Hard Rock Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas.

Raiding the Rock Vault
Raiding the Rock Vault is a jukebox musical based on classic rock songs, featuring a cast of musicians from well-known rock bands. Since its debut in 2012, the show has appeared mainly at casinos in the Las Vegas area.
South African Class 16DA 4-6-2
The South African Class 16DA 4-6-2 include two locomotive types, both designated Class 16DA in spite of their difference in respect of firebox size and performance.

The first type was built by Hohenzollern Locomotive Works and Baldwin Locomotive Works in 1928 and 1929 respectively.

The Henschel-built Class 16DA locomotives of 1930, with their much wider fireboxes, their correspondingly larger grate areas and slightly larger diameter trailing wheels were sufficiently different from the Baldwin and Hohenzollern-built to justify a separate classification, such as Class 16DB, but this did not happen and the locomotives ended up being known as the Wide Firebox Class 16DA.

South African Class 16DA 4-6-2 1928 (Narrow firebox)

South African Class 16DA 4-6-2 1930 (Wide firebox)

Hohenzollern Locomotive Works
The Hohenzollern Locomotive Works (Aktiengesellschaft für Lokomotivbau Hohenzollern) was a German locomotive-building company which operated from 1872 to 1929. The Hohenzollern works was a manufacturer of standard gauge engines and about 400 fireless locomotives as well as diesel locomotives of various rail gauges.

The company was founded on 8 June 1872 in Grafenberg near Düsseldorf. The firm produced around 4,600 locomotives. After the increasingly critical situation in the German locomotive building industry around 1929 the works was closed in November 1929. The Hohenzollern AG had hoped in vain for follow-on orders for the DRG Class 80 from the Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft (DRG).

Locomotive number 80 030 in the Bochum-Dahlhausen Railway Museum was one of the last built by the Lokomotivbau Hohenzollern and is preserved today in photograph-grey livery. The last locomotives left the factory in September 1929; it was immediately torn down.
DJ Qualls
Donald Joseph Qualls (born June 10, 1978) is an American actor. He is best known for his television roles as Citizen Z on the Syfy horror series Z Nation (2014–2018) and Ed McCarthy on the Amazon Prime Video series The Man in the High Castle (2015–2018).

Qualls gained mainstream recognition after a supporting role in the sex comedy film Road Trip (2000), which he reprised in the sequel, Road Trip: Beer Pong (2009). This was followed with a lead role in the teen comedy film The New Guy (2002), alongside starring roles in The Core (2003) and Hustle & Flow (2005), the latter of which earned him a Screen Actors Guild Award nomination. Qualls has also had starring roles in the films I'm Reed Fish (2006), Delta Farce (2007), Amigo (2010), Small Apartments (2013), and Buster's Mal Heart (2016).

Qualls had main roles as Police Officer Davey Sutton on the TNT crime series Memphis Beat (2010–2011) and Billy Nugent on the FX and FXX sitcom Legit (2013–2014).

I'm Reed Fish
I'm Reed Fish is a 2006 American romantic comedy film based on a story by Reed Fish. It was first released on April 25, 2006 at the Tribeca Film Festival, then released theatrically on June 1, 2007, and on DVD on September 4, 2007. The film was directed by Zackary Adler and stars Alexis Bledel, Jay Baruchel, and Schuyler Fisk. Baruchel won the Best Actor award at the U.S. Comedy Arts Festival in 2007 for his role of Reed Fish.
Sayyed Bozorg Mahmoody
Sayyed Bozorg "Moody" Mahmoody (Persian: سيد بزرگ محمودى; c. 1939 – August 23, 2009) was an Iranian professor, engineer, and anesthesiologist, best-known for taking his American then-wife Betty and their daughter Mahtob to his native country and keeping them hostage there for a period of eighteen months during the mid-1980s.

Mahtob Mahmoody
Mahtob Maryam Mahmoody (Persian: مهتاب محمودى; born September 4, 1979) is an American author who wrote the autobiographical memoir My Name is Mahtob, which depicts her perspective of her family's story when she and her mother, Betty Mahmoody, were held captive by her father, Sayyed Bozorg Mahmoody, in his country of birth, Iran, for a period of 18 months during the mid-1980s.  Her mother wrote her version of their story in her 1987 biography Not Without My Daughter, which was adapted into a 1991 feature film of the same name in which Mahtob was portrayed by Sheila Rosenthal and her parents were portrayed by Sally Field and Alfred Molina.
Malagarasi River
The Malagarasi River is a river in western Tanzania, flowing through Kigoma Region, although one of its tributaries comes from southeastern Burundi. The river also forms the western border of Tabora Region, the southern border of Kagera Region and the southwestern border of Geita Region. It is the second-longest river in Tanzania behind the Rufiji—Great Ruaha, and has the largest watershed of any river flowing into Lake Tanganyika. The Malagarasi-Muyovozi Wetlands are a designated a Ramsar site. Local tribes have nicknamed the Malagarasi as "the river of bad spirits".

Kigoma Region
Kigoma Region (Mkoa wa Kigoma in Swahili) is one of Tanzania's 31 administrative regions, with the city of  Kigoma as the regional capital. Kigoma Region borders Kagera Region, Geita Region, Katavi Region, Tabora Region, DRC and Burundi According to the 2012 national census, the region had a population of 2,127,930, which was higher than the pre-census projection of 1,971,332.: page 2  For 2002–2012, the region's 2.4 percent average annual population growth rate was tied for the fourteenth highest in the country.: page 4  It was also the sixteenth most densely populated region with 57 people per square kilometer.: page 6  With a size of 45,066 square kilometres (17,400 sq mi), the region is slightly smaller than Estonia (45,227 square kilometres (17,462 sq mi)).
Quayle
Quayle is a surname of Anglo–Celtic origin, specifically English, Irish, Manx and Scottish.

When the name originates from Ireland, the Isle of Man and Scotland, it is an Anglicisation of the Gaelic Mac Phàil (Scottish) Mac Pháil (Irish) Mac Phóil (Irish) "Mac Phaayl" (Manx) meaning "son of Pàil/Páill/Póil/Paayl". These are Gaelic patronymic forms of the personal name Paul. When originating in Ireland, the name is sometimes a variant of the surname Quill. When of English origin, the surname can be derived from the Old French/Middle English quaille, meaning "quail". In this way, the name would be used as a nickname for a timorous or lecherous person – words that describe this species of bird. The name is recorded in the Isle of Man as MacFayle in 1511 and MacQuayle, Quayle in 1540. The name is recorded in England as Quayle in 1327.

Manx surnames
Surnames originating on the Isle of Man reflect the recorded history of the island, which can be divided into three different eras — Gaelic, Norse, and English. In consequence most Manx surnames are derived from the Gaelic or Norse languages.
Covenant (biblical)
The Hebrew Bible makes reference to a number of covenants (Hebrew: בְּרִיתוֹת) with God (YHWH). These include the Noahic Covenant set out in Genesis 9, which is decreed between God and all living creatures, as well as a number of more specific covenants with Abraham, the whole Israelite people, the Israelite priesthood, and the Davidic lineage of kings. In form and terminology, these covenants echo the kinds of treaty agreements existing in the surrounding ancient world.

The Book of Jeremiah, verses 31:30–33 says that YHWH will establish a new covenant with the house of Israel and the house of Judah. Most Christians believe this New Covenant is the "replacement" or "final fulfilment" of the Old Covenant described in the Old Testament and as applying to the People of God, while some believe both covenants are still applicable in a dual-covenant theology.

Noach
Noach (/ˈnoʊ.ɑːk/, /ˈnoʊ.ɑːx/) is the second weekly Torah portion (פָּרָשָׁה‎, parashah) in the annual Jewish cycle of Torah reading. It constitutes Genesis 6:9–11:32. The parashah tells the stories of the Flood and Noah's Ark, of Noah's subsequent drunkenness and cursing of Canaan, and of the Tower of Babel.

The parashah has the most verses of any weekly Torah portion in the Book of Genesis (but not the most letters or words). It is made up of 6,907 Hebrew letters, 1,861 Hebrew words, 153 verses, and 230 lines in a Torah Scroll (סֵפֶר תּוֹרָה‎, Sefer Torah). (In the Book of Genesis, Parashat Miketz has the most letters, Parashat Vayeira has the most words, and Parashat Vayishlach has an equal number of verses as Parashat Noach.)

Jews read it on the second Sabbath after Simchat Torah, generally in October or early November.
Dora, Oregon
Dora is an unincorporated community in Coos County, Oregon, United States. It is about 19 miles (31 km) east of Coquille near the East Fork Coquille River on the former route of the Coos Bay Wagon Road. It is in the Southern Oregon Coast Range.

Dora post office was established in 1874. The first postmaster was John H. Roach, and, according to Oregon Geographic Names the location may have been named for his daughter, Dora. The office ceased operations in 1939.

At one time Dora had a United Brethren academy, a Grange hall, and a public school.

Dora shares a rural fire protection district with nearby Sitkum.

East Fork Coquille River
The East Fork Coquille River is a tributary, about 34 miles (55 km) long, of the North Fork Coquille River in the U.S. state of Oregon. It begins near Bennett Rock in Douglas County in the Southern Oregon Coast Range.

The East Fork flows generally west through the Brewster Valley near the rural community of Sitkum to the vicinity of Dora in Coos County. Downstream of Dora, the river turns southwest to meet the North Fork at Gravelford. The mouth of the East Fork is about 10 miles (16 km) from the North Fork's confluence with the South Fork Coquille River near Myrtle Point and 46 miles (74 km) river miles from the Coquille River mouth on the Pacific Ocean at Bandon.

The land in the watershed is used mainly for timber production and farming; commercial forests dominate in much of the region.
Prajval Shastri
Prajval Shastri is an astrophysicist, formerly at the Indian Institute of Astrophysics, Bangalore and specializes in the area of phenomenology of active galaxies driven by supermassive black holes using multi-wavelength observations ranging from radio to X-ray wavelengths.

Indian Institute of Astrophysics
The Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA), with its headquarters in Bengaluru, is an autonomous research institute wholly funded by the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India. IIA conducts research primarily in the areas of astronomy, astrophysics and related fields.

The institute has a network of laboratories and observatories in India, including Kodaikanal (the Kodaikanal Solar Observatory), Kavalur (the Vainu Bappu Observatory), Gauribidanur (the Gauribidanur Radio Observatory), Hanle (the Indian Astronomical Observatory) and Hosakote.

IIA contributed to Astrosat, India's first dedicated multi-wavelength space observatory. The Astrosat project is a collaborative effort of many different research institutions from India. The institute led the development of Ultra-Violet Imaging Telescope (UVIT).
Primeval: New World
Primeval: New World is a science fiction television program, set in Vancouver, British Columbia, created by Judith and Garfield Reeves-Stevens. A co-production between Britain's Impossible Pictures and Canada's Omni Film Productions, for Space. The series is a spinoff of the British series Primeval. However, the two shows have little to do with each other. It was broadcast on Space in Canada, and on Watch in the United Kingdom. As with Primeval, the premise of Primeval: New World involves a team who has to deal with animals from the past and future that travel through time to the present day through anomalies. On 21 February 2013, it was announced that the series had been cancelled after a single season.

In February 2024, a licensed spinoff novel called Primeval: New World: The Ascent was announced. It was released on March 22, 2024, on the Kindle store with a paperback release on November 12 of that year.

Impossible Pictures
Impossible Pictures Ltd. is a London-based independent TV production company founded in 2002 by Tim Haines.

Impossible Pictures began by producing documentary series using computer generated imagery with shows like Walking with Dinosaurs, Walking with Beasts and Space Odyssey to docu-dramas such as Perfect Disaster and Blitz Street to drama in the form of Primeval and Sinbad. Two further production houses are also part of Impossible Pictures Ltd. These are 360production, with its offices in Derry, Northern Ireland and Firestep, an animation company trading as Impossible Kids that works out of Manchester.

Productions have  aired  on UK networks including BBC,  ITV, Sky TV and Watch, and overseas.
Addie Horton
Addie Horton is a fictional character on the television soap opera Days of Our Lives, portrayed by Patricia Huston from November 10, 1965, to March 9, 1966, and Patricia Barry from April 19, 1971, to June 28, 1974. Barry reprised her role as Addie for one episode on December 18, 1974.

Patricia Huston
Patricia Huston (August 10, 1929 – September 25, 1995) was an American stage, film, and television actress. She had a notable acting career from 1958 to 1968, went through a seventeen-year period without any acting work, and resumed her career with several recurring roles on popular shows during the last ten years of her life.
Chief of the General Staff (Iraq)
The chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Iraq (Arabic: رئاسة اركان الجيش العراقي, romanized: Riʼāsat Arkān al-Jaysh al-ʻIrāqī) is the chief of the General Staff of the Iraqi Armed Forces. He is appointed by the Prime Minister of Iraq, who is the commander-in-chief. The position dates to the period of the Independence of Iraq. Up until the 2003 invasion of Iraq, the Chief of Staff was the second most senior officer in the Armed Forces behind the Minister of Defence.

Since 8 June 2020, the current chief of the General Staff is General Abdul-Amir Yarallah.

Abdul-Amir Yarallah
Abdul-Amir Rashid Yarallah (Arabic: عبد الأمير رشيد يار الله; born 18 August 1964) is an Iraqi army general who currently serves as the Chief of the General Staff of the Iraqi Armed Forces, serving in the position since June 8, 2020.

Yarallah graduated from the Iraqi Defence University of Higher Military Studies in 1994 with a  master’s degree in military science.
Theodorick Bland of Cawsons
Theodorick Bland (December 2, 1708 – 1784), also known as Theodorick Bland, Sr. or Theodorick Bland of Cawsons, was Virginia planter who served as a member of the first Virginia Senate, as well as a militia officer and clerk of Prince George County, Virginia.

Prince George County, Virginia
Prince George County is a county located in the Commonwealth of Virginia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 43,010. Its county seat is Prince George.

Prince George County is located within the Greater Richmond Region of the U.S. state of Virginia.
Manhattan–Ogden USD 383
Manhattan–Ogden USD 383 is a public unified school district headquartered in Manhattan, Kansas, United States.  The district includes the communities of Manhattan (majority), Ogden, Swamp Angel, and nearby rural areas.  The district, mostly in Riley County, and extends into Pottawatomie and Wabaunsee counties.

Wabaunsee County, Kansas
Wabaunsee County is a county located in the U.S. state of Kansas.  Its county seat is Alma.  As of the 2020 census, the county population was 6,877. The county was named for Chief Waubonsie of the Potawatomi Indians.