hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
GermaNet
GermaNet is a semantic network for the German language.  It relates nouns, verbs, and adjectives semantically by grouping lexical units that express the same concept into synsets and by defining semantic relations between these synsets. GermaNet is free for academic use, after signing a license. GermaNet shares much in common with the English WordNet and can be viewed as an online thesaurus or a light-weight ontology. GermaNet has been developed and maintained at the University of Tübingen since 1997 within the research group for General and Computational Linguistics. It has been integrated into the EuroWordNet, a multilingual lexical-semantic database.

Metadata
Metadata (or metainformation) is data that defines and describes the characteristics of other data.  It often helps to describe, explain, locate, or otherwise make data easier to retrieve, use, or manage. For example, the title, author, and publication date of a book are metadata about the book. But, while a data asset is finite, its metadata is infinite.

As such, efforts to define, classify types, or structure metadata are expressed as examples in the context of its use. The term "metadata" has a history dating to the 1960s where it occurred in computer science and in popular culture. Different types of metadata serve different functions. For example, descriptive metadata for a document might include the author, creation date, file size and keywords.
First Saudi–Rashidi War (1903–1907)
Saudi–Rashidi War of 1903–1907, also referred to as the First Saudi–Rashidi War or the Battles over Qasim, was a conflict between Saudi loyalist forces of the newborn Emirate of Riyadh and the Emirate of Ha'il (Jabal Shammar), supported by the Rashidis. The pro-Ottoman Rashidis were supported by 8 battalions of Ottoman infantry. The majority of the war was fought out in around half a dozen sporadic battles, ending with a Saudi takeover of the al-Qassim region following  their decisive victory at Qassim on April 13, 1906, though additional engagements followed in 1907.

Battle of Rawdat Muhanna
The Battle of Rawdat Muhanna (Arabic: معركة روضة مهنا or Arabic: معركة روضة ابن مهنا) was a major battle of the Saudi–Rashidi War, during the unification of Saudi Arabia, fought between the Rashidi dynasty and Saudi rebels. It occurred on 12 April 1906, in Muhanna's Gardens in Qassim region. After Ibn Saud's victory in Battle of Shinanah, Abdulaziz bin Mithab, better known as Ibn Rashid, planned to forge a new alliance with Qassimi leaders. Ibn Saud sent his troops under the command of Ibrahim Ibn Aqeel to destroy this alliance before it grew. Ibn Aqeel's troops killed Ibn Rashid in the battle along with hundreds of his Qassimi and Ottoman allies. Ibn Saud's victory in this battle ended the Ottoman presence in Nejd and Qassim by the end of October 1906.
Akhmadov brothers
The Akhmadov brothers (Russian: Братья Ахмадовы) were Chechen Salafi leaders and implacable enemies of Russia who took part in the First and Second Chechen Wars.

The Akhmadov brothers (Uvays, Ruslan, Rizvan, Apti, Imran, Abu, Ramzan, Khuta and Zelimkhan) controlled their home city of Urus-Martan during the late 1990s. All nine brothers reportedly fought against Russia.

Huta Akhmadov
Huta Adlanovich Akhmadov (Russian: Хута Адланович Ахмадов, also known by his Arabic name Abdurrakhman; 26 September 1972 – 5 September 1999) was a Chechen military leader and close friend of Arab Amir Ibn al-Khattab, who fought against Soviet and Russian forces in Afghanistan and Chechnya.

Akhmadov died at the start of the Second Chechen War after being shot in the eye with a sniper rifle.
Georgi Stranski
Georgi Ivanov Stranski (Bulgarian: Георги Иванов Странски; 13 August 1847 – 17 January 1904) was a Bulgarian physician and politician. A close friend of Hristo Botev, Stranski was an active member of various organizations founded by Bulgarian emigrants in Romania (the United Principalities). After the Liberation of Bulgaria in 1878, Stranski was one of the leaders of the Liberal Party of Eastern Rumelia, and its successor after the Bulgarian unification in 1885, the all-Bulgarian People's Liberal Party of Stefan Stambolov. Between the accomplishment of the Bulgarian unification on 6 September 1885 and its international recognition in mid-1886, Stranski was the only ever Commissar of South Bulgaria.

Stefan Stambolov
Stefan Nikolov Stambolov (Bulgarian: Стефан Николов Стамболов; 31 January 1854 OS – 19 July 1895 OS) was a Bulgarian politician, journalist, revolutionary, and poet who served as Prime Minister and regent.   He is considered one of the most important and popular "Founders of Modern Bulgaria", and is sometimes referred to as "the Bulgarian Bismarck". In 1875 and 1876 he took part in the preparation for the Stara Zagora uprising, as well as the April Uprising. Stambolov was, after Stanko Todorov, Boyko Borisov and Todor Zhivkov, one of the country's longest-serving prime ministers. Criticised for his dictatorial methods, he was among the initiators of economic and cultural progress in Bulgaria before the time of the Balkan Wars.

He was killed in the center of Sofia by a plot from the Supreme Macedonian-Adrianople Committee (SMAC), including Naum Tyufekchiev, for his support to the Ottoman Empire, his dictatorial methods and his repression of the SMAC.
Hal Foss Peak
Hal Foss Peak is a 7,179-foot-elevation (2,188 m) mountain summit located in the Olympic Mountains, in Jefferson County of Washington state. It is situated within Olympic National Park, and the Daniel J. Evans Wilderness. The nearest higher neighbor is Mount Mystery, 0.6 miles (0.97 km) to the southwest, and Mount Fricaba is 0.74 miles (1.19 km) to the northeast. Precipitation runoff from the peak drains east to the Dungeness River via Heather Creek, and west into Deception Creek which is a tributary of the Dosewallips River. Topographic relief is significant as the summit rises 2,800 feet (853 m) above Heather Creek in approximately one mile.

Olympic Mountains
The Olympic Mountains are a mountain range on the Olympic Peninsula of the Pacific Northwest of the United States.  The mountains, part of the Pacific Coast Ranges, are not especially high – Mount Olympus is the highest summit at 7,980 ft (2,432 m); however, the eastern slopes rise precipitously out of Puget Sound from sea level, and the western slopes are separated from the Pacific Ocean by the low-lying 20 to 35 km (12 to 22 mi) wide Pacific Ocean coastal plain. These densely forested western slopes are the wettest place in the 48 contiguous states. Most of the mountains are protected within the bounds of Olympic National Park and adjoining segments of Olympic National Forest.

The mountains are located in western Washington in the United States, spread out across four counties: Clallam, Grays Harbor, Jefferson and Mason. Physiographically, they are a section of the larger Pacific Border province, which is in turn a part of the larger Pacific Mountain System.
Kermesite
Kermesite (also known as antimony oxysulfide, red antimony, or purpur blende) is a mineral with the chemical formula Sb2S2O. Its color can range from cherry red to a dark red to a black. Kermesite is the result of partial oxidation between stibnite (Sb2S3) and other antimony oxides such as valentinite (Sb2O3) or stibiconite (Sb3O6(OH)). Under certain conditions with oxygenated fluids the transformation of all sulfur to oxygen would occur but kermesite occurs when that transformation is halted.

Stibnite
Stibnite, sometimes called antimonite, is a  sulfide mineral, a  mineral form of antimony trisulfide (Sb2S3).  It is a soft, metallic grey crystalline solid with an orthorhombic space group. It is the most important source for the metalloid antimony. The name is derived from the Greek στίβι stibi through the Latin stibium as the former name for the mineral and the element antimony.
Łęczna
Łęczna [ˈwɛnt͡ʂna] is a town in eastern Poland with 19,780 inhabitants (2014), situated in Lublin Voivodeship. It is the seat of Łęczna County and the smaller administrative district of Gmina Łęczna. The town is located in northeastern corner of historic province of Lesser Poland. Łęczna tops among the hills of the Lublin Upland, at the confluence of two rivers—the Wieprz, and the Świnka. On December 31, 2010, the population of the town was 20,706. Łęczna does not have a rail station, the town has been placed on a national Route 82 from Lublin to Włodawa. And shall be considered as a start point to Kameralne Pojezierze, as the town has decided to rebrand the lakeland district, from Pojezierze Łęczyńsko-Włodawskie, or Pojezierze Łęczyńskie, to Kameralne Pojezierze.

Włodawa
Włodawa (Polish pronunciation: [vwɔˈdava]) is a town in eastern Poland, situated on the Bug River and on the border with Belarus and Ukraine. It is the seat of Włodawa County, within the Lublin Voivodeship. As of 2016 it has a population of 13,500.
Chloroperlidae
Chloroperlidae are a family of stoneflies, commonly known as green stoneflies, with more than 200 species and 22 genera. They appear green to yellow in colour, and are popularly used among fisherman as bait for trout fishing. Green stoneflies live in the benthic zone of the cold streams and rivers of five continents and four zoogeographical regions, emerging from the water to live in the riparian zone as adults. They are sensitive to pollutants, making them an indicator species for determining the quality of water bodies. Chloroperlidae are hemimetabolous, having no pupal stage, but instead hatch from eggs as nymphs and mature directly into adults. They are omnivorous, feeding on small organisms and plant particles, and become more carnivorous as they mature. The classification of Chloroperlidae is contested, with some believing that they should be considered as members of different orders, as opposed to the order Plecoptera that they currently belong to.

Plecoptera
Plecoptera is an order of insects commonly known as stoneflies. Some 3,500 species are described worldwide, with new species still being discovered. Stoneflies are found worldwide, except Antarctica. Stoneflies are believed to be one of the most primitive groups of Neoptera, with close relatives identified from the Carboniferous and Lower Permian geological periods, while true stoneflies are known from fossils only a bit younger. Their modern diversity, however, apparently is of Mesozoic origin.

Plecoptera are found in both the Southern and Northern Hemispheres, and the populations are quite distinct, although the evolutionary evidence suggests species may have crossed the equator on a number of occasions before once again becoming geographically isolated.

All species of Plecoptera are intolerant of water pollution, and the presence of their nymphs in a stream or still water is usually an indicator of good or excellent water quality.
Internal Quest
Terry Booker (born July 4, 1985), professionally known as Internal Quest, is an American rapper. He began rapping in the early 2000s. He has worked with notable hip-hop artists such as El Da Sensei, Sadat X, Craig G and Trick-Trick

Sadat X
Derek W. Murphy (born December 29, 1968), better known as Sadat X, is an American rapper, best known as a member of alternative hip hop group Brand Nubian. Originally known as Derek X, Sadat takes his name from former Egyptian president Anwar Sadat.
Wyoming Highway 31
Wyoming Highway 31 (WYO 31), also known as Cold Springs Road) is a 22.086-mile (35.544 km) state highway in Big Horn County, Wyoming, United States, that connects U.S. Route 16 / U.S. Route 20 / Wyoming Highway 789 (US 16 / US 20 / WYO 789) in Manderson with County Road R49 (CR R49) in Hyattville.

Wyoming Highway 789
Wyoming Highway 789 (WYO 789) is a 407-mile-long (655 km) state highway in the U.S. state of Wyoming. WYO 789 travels south-to-north from the Colorado state line to the Montana state line. For most of its length, it is concurrent with other routes. It was the path of a formerly-proposed U.S. Route 789 that was canceled.
Itajaí-Açu Formation
The Itajaí-Açu Formation (Portuguese: Formacão Itajaí-Açu) is a geological formation of the Santos Basin offshore of the Brazilian states of Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná and Santa Catarina. The predominantly shale with interbedded turbiditic sandstones formation dates to the Late Cretaceous period; Cenomanian-Maastrichtian epochs and has a maximum thickness of 2,000 metres (6,600 ft). The formation is a reservoir rock of the fields in the Santos Basin.

Petroleum reservoir
A petroleum reservoir or oil and gas reservoir is a subsurface accumulation of hydrocarbons contained in porous or fractured rock formations. Such reservoirs form when kerogen (ancient plant matter) is created in surrounding rock by the presence of high heat and pressure in the Earth's crust.

Reservoirs are broadly classified as conventional and unconventional reservoirs. In conventional reservoirs, the naturally occurring hydrocarbons, such as crude oil (petroleum) or natural gas, are trapped by overlying rock formations with lower permeability, while in unconventional reservoirs the rocks have high porosity and low permeability, which keeps the hydrocarbons trapped in place, therefore not requiring a cap rock. Reservoirs are found using hydrocarbon exploration methods.
Huub Bertens
Hubertus Johannes Antoinetta (Huub) Bertens (born 24 May 1960) is a Dutch professional bridge player from Tilburg, Netherlands. Bertens has won numerous national and some international tournaments including the Cavendish Invitational, NEC Cup, the Yeh Brothers Cup, the European Open Team Championships. In world championships for national teams, he earned a Bronze medal in 2007 and played on the Dutch teams that finished 5th to 8th (quarterfinalists) in 2008 and 2009.

His regular partners in the Netherlands included Ton Bakkeren and Berry Westra. Married to Jeanne van den Meiracker, he has one son and one daughter.

Bertens and Curtis Cheek have established a partnership that represented the United States in the SportAccord World Mind Games at Beijing in December 2014.

Berry Westra
Berry Westra (born February 28, 1961) is a Dutch bridge professional. At age 18 he made his debut with former bridge world champion Hans Kreijns in the meesterklasse (the highest competitive level in the Dutch bridge league). In 1986 Westra became European champion youth bridge. The world championship in the same category followed a year later. As member of the Dutch national team, he ended third at the World Team Olympiad in 1992 as well as in the European Teams Championship of 1995. In 1993 he won the Bermuda Bowl, the World Championship Open Teams. In 2007 Westra won a bronze medal at the European Team Championships in Antalya.

Apart from playing bridge at national and international levels, Westra also wrote many bridge books.

Westra was born in Amstelveen, North Holland, and he lives in Krimpen aan den IJssel.
Lamborghini Countach LPI 800-4
The Lamborghini Countach LPI 800-4 is a limited-production mid-engine hybrid-electric sports car produced by the Italian automotive manufacturer Lamborghini and designed by its head of design Mitja Borkert. Unveiled on 14 August 2021, the car is inspired by and named after the original Countach, which was first introduced 50 years prior. Based on the hybridized powertrain of the Sián FKP 37, 112 units were produced, the number referring to the LP 112 model designation used during development of the original Countach.

All 112 units had been sold less than a week after the model was unveiled. Customer deliveries commenced in early 2022.

Lamborghini Sián FKP 37
The Lamborghini Sián FKP 37 is a limited production mid-engine hybrid sports car produced by the Italian automotive manufacturer Lamborghini. Unveiled online on 3 September 2019, the Sián is the first hybrid production vehicle produced by the company.
Naval Air Command Sub Aqua Club
The Naval Air Command Sub Aqua Club (NACSAC) was an organization within the Royal Navy that oversaw sports and technical diving training activities for naval aviation and fleet units. Today, it has branches at RNAS Culdrose (HMS Seahawk) and RNAS Yeovilton (HMS Heron). Both bases provide training, and club members regularly dive into their local areas on weekends. Diving instruction, from beginner to advanced level, is offered under the auspices of the British Sub-Aqua Club. In 2005, NACSAC was closed down as an organization in favour of the Royal Navy Sub Aqua Club, which is what Lieutenant Graham and CPO Larn had wanted from the outset of NACSAC, which was only given that title since HMS Vernon, the RN Diving School at Portsmouth would not support the idea of sport diving within the service.

Fleet Air Arm
The Fleet Air Arm (FAA) is the naval aviation component of the United Kingdom's Royal Navy (RN). The FAA is one of five RN fighting arms. As of 2023 it is a primarily helicopter force, though also operating the F-35B Lightning II carrier-based stealth fighter jointly with the Royal Air Force.

The RAF was formed by the 1918 merger of the RN's Royal Naval Air Service with the British Army's Royal Flying Corps. The FAA did not come under the direct control of the Admiralty until mid-1939. During the Second World War, the FAA operated aircraft on ships as well as land-based aircraft that defended the Royal Navy's shore establishments and facilities.
Marlene Streit
Marlene Stewart Streit, OC OOnt (born March 9, 1934) is a retired Canadian amateur golfer, and a member of the World Golf Hall of Fame.

She was born in Cereal, Alberta. She learned golf from Gordon McInnis Sr. at the Lookout Point Golf Club in Fonthill, Ontario.

She is the most successful Canadian amateur female golfer, and the only golfer in history to have won the Australian, British, Canadian and U.S. Women's Amateurs.

She graduated from Rollins College in 1956 and won the national individual intercollegiate golf championship that same year.

Streit was a member of the Canadian team at the Espirito Santo Trophy in 1966, 1970, 1972, and 1984.

She won the Bobbie Rosenfeld Award for best Canadian female athlete for the fifth time in 1963.

She owns a home in Wellington, Florida.

Order of Ontario
The Order of Ontario (French: Ordre de l'Ontario) is a civilian honour for merit in the Canadian province of Ontario. Instituted in 1986 by Lieutenant Governor Lincoln Alexander, on the advice of the Cabinet under Premier David Peterson, the civilian order is administered by the Lieutenant Governor-in-Council and is intended to honour current or former Ontario residents for conspicuous achievements in any field.
Iroise Sea
Iroise (/ɪˈrwɑːz/) or the Iroise Sea (French: mer d'Iroise [iʁwɑz]; Breton: An Hirwazh) is the part of the Atlantic Ocean which stretches from the Ile de Sein to Ushant off the coast of Brittany in north-western France. It is contained within the Celtic Sea, bordering the remainder of the Celtic Sea to the north and west, and the Bay of Biscay to the south. It is one of the most dangerous seas in Europe for sea-going vessels. In winter, there are often violent storms with huge waves. It is also one of the richest areas for marine life and was designated as one of UNESCO's biosphere reserves in 1988 and as France's first marine park in October 2007.

Bay of Biscay
The Bay of Biscay (/ˈbɪskeɪ, -ki/ BISS-kay, -⁠kee) also known as the Gulf of Biscay or the Gulf of Gascony is a gulf of the northeast Atlantic Ocean located south of the Celtic Sea. It lies along the western coast of France from Point Penmarc'h to the Spanish border, and along the northern coast of Spain, extending westward to Cape Ortegal.

The average depth is 1,744 m (5,722 ft) and the greatest depth is 4,735 m (15,535 ft).
Buchetta shop
A buchetta shop or sportello shop is a shop which sells goods through a small hole in the wall; the hole is called a buchetta or sportello (literally, a small opening or window). Such shops are typical of Tuscany, Italy.  Many buchettas are found in the historic center of Florence. In English, if they sell wine, they may be called wine windows (buchette del vino). Food and gelato are also sold in this way.

Buchettas are typically of similar dimensions, about 30 centimetres (12 in) tall and 15 centimetres (5.9 in) wide, and arched at the top, but are otherwise very diverse in style. They were usually built into the streetside walls of the palaces of aristocrats, usually near the main entrance, and may be quite ornate. They were closed outside of opening hours with a hatch, which might be painted various colours, or with a still life or religious painting. Many hatches are now missing, and some buchettas are disused and have been sealed off.

Gelato
Gelato (Italian: [dʒeˈlaːto]; lit. 'frozen') refers to a specific type of ice cream of Italian origin. In Italian, gelato is the common word for all types of ice cream. Artisanal gelato in Italy generally contains 6–9% butterfat, which is lower than other styles of frozen dessert. Gelato typically contains 35% air (substantially less than American-style ice cream) and more flavoring than other types of frozen desserts, giving it an intense flavor with creamy, smooth texture, density and richness that distinguishes it from other ice creams.
Revelations of the Dark Mother
Revelations of the Dark Mother, subtitled Seeds from the Twilight Garden, is an epic poem written by Phil Brucato and Rachelle Udell, illustrated by Rebecca Guay, Vince Locke, and Eric Hotz, and published by White Wolf Publishing in November 1998. Based on the tabletop role-playing game Vampire: The Masquerade and the World of Darkness series, the poem centers around Lilith and is her counterpoint to 1993's The Book of Nod, a poem focused on Caine, the first murderer. It is written in the same style as The Book of Nod, with heavy use of illustrations, and with a "vampire scholar" framing.

The poem was well received for its portrayal of Lilith and her inclusion in the vampire mythology, for adding depth to the Vampire: The Masquerade world, and for the art and design – particularly Guay's artwork of Lilith – although some critics were divided on whether it would be useful when playing the tabletop game. In 1999, the book was followed by The Erciyes Fragments.

The Book of Nod
The Book of Nod is an epic poem written by Sam Chupp and Andrew Greenberg, published by White Wolf Publishing in 1993. Based on the tabletop role-playing game Vampire: The Masquerade and the World of Darkness series, it tells the creation myth of vampires, following Caine, the first vampire and the biblical first murderer.
Varieties of criticism
There are many varieties of criticism. This article describes common types that occur regularly in everyday life. For other criteria that classify criticisms, see Criticism § Classifications. For more subject-specific information, see the pages on topics such as art, film, literature, theatre, or architecture.

Architecture criticism
Architecture criticism is the critique of architecture. Everyday criticism relates to published or broadcast critiques of buildings, whether completed or not, both in terms of news and other criteria. In many cases, criticism amounts to an assessment of the architect's success in meeting their own aims and objectives and those of others. The assessment may consider the subject from the perspective of some wider context, which may involve planning, social or aesthetic issues. It may also take a polemical position reflecting the critic's own values. At the most accessible extreme, architectural criticism is a branch of lifestyle journalism, especially in the case of high-end residential projects.