hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Interior Characterization of Europa using Magnetometry
The Interior Characterization of Europa using Magnetometry (ICEMAG) is a multi-frequency magnetometer that was proposed to be flown on board the Europa Clipper mission to Jupiter's moon Europa, but its inclusion was cancelled in March 2019. Magnetic induction is a powerful tool for probing the subsurface and determine Europa's ocean depth, salinity, and ice shell thickness, as well as detecting erupting plume activity.

The Principal Investigator is Carol Raymond, at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

On March 5, 2019, NASA's Associate Administrator for the Science Mission Directorate, Thomas Zurbuchen, announced that ICEMAG would no longer be part of the Europa Clipper mission, primarily citing recurring cost increases (over three times the original cost put forward in the proposal). A less complex magnetometer will be included on the mission.

Electromagnetic induction
Electromagnetic induction or magnetic induction is the production of an electromotive force (emf) across an electrical conductor in a changing magnetic field.

Michael Faraday is generally credited with the discovery of induction in 1831, and James Clerk Maxwell mathematically described it as Faraday's law of induction. Lenz's law describes the direction of the induced field. Faraday's law was later generalized to become the Maxwell–Faraday equation, one of the four Maxwell equations in his theory of electromagnetism.

Electromagnetic induction has found many applications, including electrical components such as inductors and transformers, and devices such as electric motors and generators.
Mělkovice
Mělkovice (German: Melkowitz) is a village and municipal part of Žďár nad Sázavou in Žďár nad Sázavou District in the Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 120 inhabitants. It is located in the eastern part of the town's territory.

Žďár nad Sázavou
Žďár nad Sázavou (Czech pronunciation: [ˈʒɟaːr ˈnat saːzavou]; German: Saar) is a town in the Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 20,000 inhabitants. The town is an industrial and tourist centre. It is known for the Pilgrimage Church of Saint John of Nepomuk, which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Abramo Colorni
Abramo Colorni (Abram or Abraham, Colorno or Calorno, sometimes Colorini, c. 1544–1599) was an Italian-Jewish polymath and Renaissance man. An engineer, architect, mathematician, chiromancer, cryptographer, alchemist, inventor, magus (magician) and merchant, Colorni spent nine years as a Court Jew for Rudolf II. He is the author of the 1593 treatise on cryptography, Scotographia. As court alchemist, he was a major player in cultural transfer from Italy to Baden-Wurttemberg and Prague. He was born in, and died in, Mantua, Italy.

Sometimes thought of as a charlatan, a genius "Jewish Leonardo" or "Jewish Baron von Munchhausen", or a professore de’ secreti, "professor of secrets", he was also known as a clockmaker, for his magic tricks and escapology, and invented a new kind of revolver.

Palmistry
Palmistry is the pseudoscientific practice of fortune-telling through the study of the palm. Also known as palm reading, chiromancy, chirology or cheirology, the practice is found all over the world, with numerous cultural variations. Those who practice palmistry are generally called palmists, hand readers, hand analysts, or chirologists.

There are many—and often conflicting—interpretations of various lines and palmar features across various teachings of palmistry. Palmistry is widely viewed as a pseudoscience due to various contradictions between different interpretations and the lack of evidence for palmistry's predictions.
Yogendra Prasad
Yogendra Prasad is an Indian politician from Jharkhand. He is a two time elected member of the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly from 2014 and 2024, representing Gomia Assembly constituency as a member of the Jharkhand Mukti Morcha.

Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
Jharkhand Mukti Morcha (JMM; lit. 'Jharkhand Liberation Front') is a political party in the Indian state of Jharkhand, founded by Binod Bihari Mahato, Shibu Soren, and A. K. Roy. Hemant Soren is the president of the JMM. JMM is also an influential political party in the state of Odisha and parts of neighbouring states. Its election symbol in Jharkhand is the Bow and Arrow.

The party was officially created on the birthday of Birsa Munda, the 19th-century tribal warrior of Jharkhand, who fought against the British rule in present-day Jharkhand. The State of Jharkhand also came into existence on Birsa Munda's birthday in 2000.
Aéroclub féminin la Stella
The Aéroclub Féminin la Stella was a French women's aeronautical organisation. It was founded on 10 February 1909 in Paris by Marie Surcouf, a French aeronaut and campaigner for women's rights. Known as La Stella, the organisation's membership included many of the women balloonists who had previously been members of the Comité des Dames of l'Aéronautique-Club de France (ACDF). La Stella was founded as a result of a long struggle by French women to be recognised as competent professionals and accomplished sportswomen in the field of flying, initially in balloons. The club offered restricted access to men, who could be members, but not decision-makers. They were allowed to accompany their wives on flights, but only as passengers.

Aeronautique Club de France
The Aeronautique Club de France (ACDF) is an aeronauts then airmen and airwomen French association created on October, 20th 1897 by Mr Saunier.

Turned into Flying Club, it is based on Meaux-Esbly airfield (ICAO: LFPE).
Fairbank, Arizona
Fairbank is a ghost town in Cochise County, Arizona, next to the San Pedro River. First settled in 1881, Fairbank was the closest rail stop to nearby Tombstone, which made it an important location in the development of southeastern Arizona. The town was named for Chicago investor Nathaniel Kellogg Fairbank who partially financed the railroad, and was the founder of the Grand Central Mining Company, which had an interest in the silver mines in Tombstone.  Today Fairbank is located within the San Pedro Riparian National Conservation Area (San Pedro RNCA).

Tombstone, Arizona
Tombstone is a city in Cochise County, Arizona, United States, founded in 1879 by prospector Ed Schieffelin in what was then Pima County, Arizona Territory. It became one of the last boomtowns in the American frontier. The town grew significantly into the mid-1880s as the local mines produced $40 to $85 million in silver bullion, the largest productive silver district in Arizona. Its population grew from 100 to around 14,000 in less than seven years. It is best known as the site of the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral and draws most of its revenue from tourism. The city had a permanent population of 1,308, according to the 2020 census.
L'Élève Ducobu
L'Élève Ducobu is a comic series created by Zidrou (scenario) and Godi (drawing). The series tells the adventures of Ducobu, a comic and eccentric dunce. The series first appeared in September, 1992, in the Belgian comics magazine Tremplin. The first album was published in 1997 by Le Lombard and from this year have appeared in the French comics magazine Le Journal de Mickey.

Dunce
Dunce is a mild insult in English meaning "a person who is slow at learning or stupid". The etymology given by Richard Stanyhurst is that the word is derived from the name of the Scottish scholastic theologian and philosopher John Duns Scotus.
International rugby league in 2025
A list of men, women and wheelchair senior international rugby league matches played throughout 2025.

A † denotes a match that did not contribute to the IRL World Rankings - i.e. not a senior international match (SIM) as designated by the International Rugby League (IRL).

The weekend of 25/26 October set a record for the most people attending international rugby league matches globally with 126,494; the bulk of the attendance came from the opening test of the Ashes and the men's/women's Pacific Cup second round double header. The record had been held by match week two of the 1957 Rugby League World Cup, where both games saw 86,655 in cumulative attendance.

The year was originally scheduled to contain the 2025 Rugby League World Cup, however was cancelled with and replaced by the 2026 Rugby League World Cup as a result of France withdrawing as hosts in 2023.

2025 Kangaroo tour of England
The 2025 Kangaroo tour of England was a tour by the Australia national rugby league team, in which the 2025 Ashes Series (branded as the ABK Beer Ashes Series for sponsorship reasons) was contested. The tour followed the conclusions of the domestic seasons in the UK and Australia.

The tour was originally scheduled to be a tour of Australia by England. However, in October 2024, talks began regarding moving the tour to England, thus making Australia the tourists.

The tour marked the first time the men's rugby league Ashes was contested since 2003.

The tour had also planned to stop in France, but this did not occur.
Daniel Harvey Hill
Daniel Harvey Hill (July 12, 1821 – September 24, 1889), commonly known as D.  H. Hill, was a Confederate general who commanded infantry in the eastern and western theaters of the American Civil War.

Hill was known as an aggressive leader, being severely strict, deeply religious, and having dry, sarcastic humor. He was brother-in-law to Stonewall Jackson and a close friend to both James Longstreet and Joseph E. Johnston, but disagreements with both Robert E. Lee and Braxton Bragg cost him favor with Confederate President Jefferson Davis. Although his military ability was well respected, Hill was underused by the end of the American Civil War because of these political feuds.

General officers in the Confederate States Army
The general officers of the Confederate States Army (CSA) were the senior military leaders of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War of 1861–1865. They were often former officers from the United States Army (the regular army) before the Civil War, while others were given the rank based on merit or when necessity demanded. Most Confederate generals needed confirmation from the Confederate States Congress, much like prospective generals in the modern U.S. armed forces.

Like all of the Confederacy's military forces, these generals answered to their civilian leadership, in particular Jefferson Davis, the president of the Confederate States of America and therefore commander-in-chief of the military forces of the Confederate States.
University of Stirling F.C.
University of Stirling Football Club are a football club based in Stirling, Scotland. They are associated with the University of Stirling and have played in the Lowland League since 2013. The club operates six teams which compete in a combination of BUCS Football League (British university competitions) and in senior and amateur leagues across Scotland.

The club currently have six teams in the BUCS Football League and also a team in the Lowland Football League, East of Scotland Football League, Lowlands U20 Development League and the Caledonian Amateur Football League.

The university deliver a High Performance Football Programme which provides players to the first team. As part of this programme, students can be offered football scholarships to study for a degree and play football at the university. The football scholarship programme is named after Craig Gowans, a talented Falkirk player who died in 2005 while training with the university.

Lothian Thistle Hutchison Vale F.C.
Hutchison Vale Football Club are a senior non-league football club based in Edinburgh, Scotland. Currently competing in the East of Scotland League Premier Division, they play their home matches at Saughton Enclosure in the Saughton area of the city.
Ruth Wangari Mwaniki
Ruth Wangarì Mwanìki (born 1963 or 1964) is a Kenyan politician who served in the National Assembly of Kenya from 2017 until 2022. A member of the Jubilee Party, she represented the Kigumo Constituency. During her tenure, Mwanìki was a prominent supporter of President Uhuru Kenyatta and was an advocate for the Building Bridges Initiative.

National Assembly (Kenya)
The National Assembly of the Republic of Kenya (formerly House of Representatives) is one of the two Houses of the Parliament of Kenya. Between 1966 and 2013, it served as a unicameral house. In 2013 (11th Parliament), it became the lower house when the Senate was reestablished.

It has a total of 349 seats: 290 elected from the constituencies, 47 women elected from the counties and 12 nominated representatives. The Speaker of the National Assembly of Kenya serves as an ex officio member.

The High Court of Kenya ordered lawmakers to introduce gender quotas, or face dissolution in the mid-2010s, following the implementation of the 2010 Constitution.
John Denney
John Sifford Denney (born December 13, 1978) is an American former professional football player who was a long snapper for the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the BYU Cougars, and was signed by the Dolphins as an undrafted free agent in 2005.

Long snapper
In gridiron football, the long snapper (or deep snapper) is a center on special teams whose duty is to snap the football over a longer distance, typically around 15 yards during punts, and 7–8 yards during field goals and conversion attempts.
CGR 1st Class 2-6-0 1879
The Cape Government Railways 1st Class 2-6-0 of 1879 was a South African steam locomotive from the pre-Union era in the Cape of Good Hope.

In 1879 and 1880, the Cape Government Railways placed ten 2-6-0 Mogul type locomotives, built by Beyer, Peacock & Company, in freight service on the Cape Western system. They were designated 1st Class when a classification system was adopted.

Beyer, Peacock and Company
Beyer, Peacock and Company was an English general engineering company and railway locomotive manufacturer with a factory in Openshaw, Manchester. Charles Beyer, Richard Peacock and Henry Robertson founded the company in 1854. The company closed its railway operations in the early 1960s. It retained its stock market listing until 1976, when it was bought and absorbed by National Chemical Industries of Saudi Arabia.
Toru Minegishi
Toru Minegishi (峰岸透, Minegishi Tōru, born 1975) is a Japanese video game composer known for his work on Nintendo games, most notably in The Legend of Zelda and Splatoon series. He was raised in a musical family and developed an interest in video games and their music from an early age. Minegishi did not receive any special education, but he gained experience as a musician during his school and college years.

Video game music
Video game music (VGM) is the soundtrack that accompanies video games. Early video game music was once limited to sounds of early sound chips, such as programmable sound generators (PSG) or FM synthesis chips. These limitations have led to the style of music known as chiptune, which became the sound of the early video games.

With technological advances, video game music has grown to include a wider range of sounds. Players can hear music in video games over a game's title screen, menus, and gameplay. Game soundtracks can also change depending on a player's actions or situation, such as indicating missed actions in rhythm games, informing the player they are in a dangerous situation, or rewarding them for specific achievements.

Video game music can be one of two kinds: original or licensed.

The popularity of video game music has created education and job opportunities, generated awards, and led video game soundtracks to be commercially sold and performed in concerts.
Solar eclipse of November 25, 2011
A partial solar eclipse occurred at the Moon’s ascending node of orbit on Friday, November 25, 2011, with a magnitude of 0.9047. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A partial solar eclipse occurs in the polar regions of the Earth when the center of the Moon's shadow misses the Earth.

This was the last of four partial solar eclipses in 2011, with the others occurring on January 4, June 1, and July 1.

This eclipse was visible across Antarctica in its summer 24-hour day sunlight, and New Zealand at sunset with less than 20% of the Sun obscured. Parts of the western Antarctic Peninsula experienced nearly 90% obscuration of the Sun, while South Africa and Tasmania experienced a very small partial eclipse.

Lunar node
A lunar node is either of the two orbital nodes of the Moon; that is, the two points at which the orbit of the Moon intersects the ecliptic. The ascending (or north) node is where the Moon moves into the northern ecliptic hemisphere, while the descending (or south) node is where the Moon enters the southern ecliptic hemisphere.

They are the reason for eclipse season, being the intersection necessary for the alignment of Sun, Earth and Moon.
Hergot Chapel
Hergot Chapel (Norwegian: Hergot kapell) is a chapel of the Church of Norway in Narvik Municipality in Nordland county, Norway.  It is located in the village of Hergot.  It is an annex chapel in the Narvik parish which is part of the Ofoten prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Sør-Hålogaland.  The white, wooden chapel was built in a long church style in 2005 to replace the old Straumsnes Chapel in nearby Straumsnes.

Straumsnes, Narvik
Straumsnes (or Strømsnes) is a village in Narvik Municipality in Nordland county, Norway.  The village is located along the Rombaken fjord between the town of Narvik and the village of Hergot.  The village has a train station on the Ofotbanen railway line, between Narvik Station and Rombak Station.  The village sits along the European route E06 highway, just southeast of the Rombak Bridge.
Chemistry and Camera complex
Chemistry and Camera complex (ChemCam) is a suite of remote sensing instruments on Mars for the Curiosity rover. As the name implies, ChemCam is actually two different instruments combined as one: a laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and a Remote Micro Imager (RMI) telescope. The purpose of the LIBS instrument is to provide elemental compositions of rock and soil, while the RMI will give ChemCam scientists high-resolution images of the sampling areas of the rocks and soil that LIBS targets. The LIBS instrument can target a rock or soil sample from up to 7 m (23 ft) away, vaporizing a small amount of it with about 30 5-nanosecond pulses from a 1067 nm infrared laser and then observing the spectrum of the light emitted by the vaporized rock.

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a type of atomic emission spectroscopy which uses a highly energetic laser pulse as the excitation source. The laser is focused to form a plasma, which atomizes and excites samples. The formation of the plasma only begins when the focused laser achieves a certain threshold for optical breakdown, which generally depends on the environment and the target material.
Gazment Bardhi
Gazment Bardhi (born 6 July 1986) is an Albanian lawyer and politician who formerly served as Albania's Minister of Justice in 2017. A noted legal expert in Albanian politics, he played an important role in the drafting of the much debated vetting law, one of the key components of the country's judicial reform process. On January 19, 2019 Bardhi was elected as General Secretary of the Democratic Party, defeating his opponent Dorjan Teliti by a vote of 277–44. Two years later, he was elected member of the assembly on September 10, 2021 to serve in the 31st legislature, representing the Democratic Party in Elbasan.
He was expelled from the Democratic Party on September 10, 2023 and in that same month, joined Sali Berisha's rival faction.

Ministry of Justice (Albania)
The Ministry of Justice (Albanian: Ministria e Drejtësisë) is a department of the Albanian Government, responsible for the implementation of government justice policy, the Albanian legal system in the Constitution and general administrative law, civil law, procedural law and criminal law as well as matters relating to democratic issues, human rights, integration and minority issues and metropolitan affairs.

The current Minister of Justice is Besfort Lamallari since 19 September 2025.
GraphBLAS
GraphBLAS (/ˈɡræfˌblɑːz/ ⓘ) is an API specification that defines standard building blocks for graph algorithms in the language of linear algebra. GraphBLAS is built upon the notion that a sparse matrix can be used to represent graphs as either an adjacency matrix or an incidence matrix.  The GraphBLAS specification describes how graph operations (e.g. traversing and transforming graphs) can be efficiently implemented via linear algebraic methods (e.g. matrix multiplication) over different semirings.

The development of GraphBLAS and its various implementations is an ongoing community effort, including representatives from industry, academia, and government research labs.

Semiring
In abstract algebra, a semiring is an algebraic structure. Semirings are a generalization of rings, dropping the requirement that each element must have an additive inverse. At the same time, semirings are a generalization of bounded distributive lattices.

The smallest semiring that is not a ring is the two-element Boolean algebra, for instance with logical disjunction  as addition. A motivating example that is neither a ring nor a lattice is the set of natural numbers  (including zero) under ordinary addition and multiplication. Semirings are abundant because a suitable multiplication operation arises as the function composition of endomorphisms over any commutative monoid.
Hifikepunye Pohamba
Hifikepunye Lucas Pohamba (born 18 August 1935) is a Namibian politician who served as the second president of Namibia from 21 March 2005 to 21 March 2015. He won the 2004 presidential election overwhelmingly as the candidate of SWAPO and was reelected in 2009. Pohamba was the president of SWAPO from 2007 until his retirement in 2015. He is a recipient of the Ibrahim Prize.

Before his presidency, Pohamba served in various ministerial positions, beginning with Namibia's independence in 1990. He was Minister of Home Affairs from 1990 to 1995, Minister of Fisheries and Marine Resources from 1995 to 1997, Minister without portfolio from 1997 to 2000, and Minister of Lands, Resettlement and Rehabilitation from 2001 to 2005. He was also secretary-general of SWAPO from 1997 to 2002 and vice-president of SWAPO from 2002 to 2007.

Ibrahim Prize
The Ibrahim Prize for Achievement in African Leadership, also known as the Ibrahim Prize, is an annual prize awarded to a former African executive head of state or government on criteria of good governance, democratic election and respect of terms limits. Since its inception, the Prize has been awarded 7 times. It has often not been offered, with no leader being found worthy of the award on a given year.
Hunor Németh
Hunor Németh (born 16 March 2007) is a Hungarian international footballer who plays as a midfielder for Nemzeti Bajnokság I club MTK Budapest on loan from Copenhagen.

Németh was born in Győr, Hungary but when he was three moved with his family to Copenhagen, Denmark, where he started to play football at the local club Birkerød before moving to Copenhagen academy.

F.C. Copenhagen
Football Club Copenhagen (Danish: Football Club København, pronounced [kʰøpm̩ˈhɑwˀn]), commonly known as F.C. København, F.C. Copenhagen, Copenhagen, or simply FCK, is a Danish professional football club based in Frederiksberg, FCK was founded in 1992 as a superstructure on top of Kjøbenhavns Boldklub and Boldklubben 1903.

F.C. Copenhagen has won a record 16 Danish Football Championships and a record 10 Danish Cups. In European football F.C. Copenhagen has reached the group stage of the UEFA Champions League and the group stage of the UEFA Europa League more times than any other Danish club.

Copenhagen plays its matches at the Parken Stadium, which also serves as the venue for Denmark national football team matches. Since their foundation, FCK have developed a fierce rivalry with Brøndby IF. The Copenhagen Derby games between the two sides have attracted some of the biggest crowds in Danish football history.