hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
History of the United States Merchant Marine
The maritime history of the United States is a broad theme within the history of the United States. As an academic subject, it crosses the boundaries of standard disciplines, focusing on understanding the United States' relationship with the oceans, seas, and major waterways of the globe. The focus is on merchant shipping, and the financing and manning of the ships. A merchant marine owned at home is not essential to an extensive foreign commerce. In fact, it may be cheaper to hire other nations to handle the carrying trade than to participate in it directly. On the other hand, there are certain advantages, particularly during time of war, which may warrant an aggressive government encouragement to the maintenance of a merchant marine.

United States Maritime Service
The United States Maritime Service (USMS) was established in 1938 under the provisions of the Merchant Marine Act of 1936 as voluntary training organization to train individuals to become officers and crew members on merchant ships that form the United States Merchant Marine per 46 U.S.C. § 51701.  Heavily utilized during World War II, the USMS was largely dissolved in 1954, and its resources were absorbed into other federal departments. However, while the service is no longer structurally organized, remnants of the service still exist today and the service still actively commission officers to fill the ranks of the U.S. Navy Strategic Sealift Officer corps and to function as administrators and instructors at the United States Merchant Marine Academy and the state maritime academies.
2010 Big 12 Conference baseball tournament
The 2010 Big 12 Conference baseball tournament is held at AT&T Bricktown Ballpark in Oklahoma City, OK from May 26 to May 30, 2010. This is the fifth year the conference uses the round robin tournament setup. The winners of each group at the end of the round robin face each other in a one-game match for the championship. The Texas A&M Aggies defeated the Baylor Bears 5–3 to win the championship.

Texas A&M Aggies baseball
The Texas A&M Aggies baseball team represents Texas A&M University in NCAA Division I college baseball.  The Aggies have competed in the Southeastern Conference since 2013.  The Aggies play home games at Olsen Field at Blue Bell Park. The team was the 2024 runner-up in the Men's College World Series Final, losing in a closely contested three-game series to Tennessee.
Jaan Puhvel
Jaan Puhvel (born 24 January 1932) is an Estonian comparative linguist and comparative mythologist who specializes in Indo-European studies.

Born in Estonia, Puhvel fled his country with his family in 1944 following the Soviet occupation of the Baltic states, and eventually ended up in Canada. Gaining his Ph.D. in comparative linguistics at Harvard University, he became a professor of classical languages, Indo-European studies and Hittite at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), where he founded the Center for the Study of Comparative Folklore and Mythology and was Chairman of the Department of Classics.

Puhvel is the founder of the Hittite Etymological Dictionary, and the author and editor of several works on Proto-Indo-European mythology and Proto-Indo-European society.

Comparative linguistics
Comparative linguistics is a branch of historical linguistics that is concerned with comparing languages to establish their historical relatedness.

Genetic relatedness implies a common origin or proto-language and comparative linguistics aims to construct language families, to reconstruct proto-languages and specify the changes that have resulted in the documented languages. To maintain a clear distinction between attested and reconstructed forms, comparative linguists prefix an asterisk to any form that is not found in surviving texts. A number of methods for carrying out language classification have been developed, ranging from simple inspection to computerised hypothesis testing. Such methods have gone through a long process of development.
Frank Kameny
Franklin Edward Kameny (May 21, 1925 – October 11, 2011) was an American gay rights activist. He has been referred to as "one of the most significant figures" in the American gay rights movement.

During the Lavender scare, in 1957, Kameny was dismissed from his position as an astronomer in the U.S. Army's Army Map Service in Washington, D.C., because of his homosexuality, leading him to begin "a Herculean struggle with the American establishment" that would "spearhead a new period of militancy in the homosexual rights movement of the early 1960s".

Kameny formally appealed his firing by the U.S. Civil Service Commission. Although unsuccessful, the proceeding was notable as the first known civil rights claim based on sexual orientation pursued in a U.S. court.

United States Civil Service Commission
The United States Civil Service Commission was a government agency of the federal government of the United States. It was created to select employees of federal government on merit rather than relationships. In 1979, it was dissolved as part of the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978; the Office of Personnel Management and the Merit Systems Protection Board are the successor agencies.
Dale Ford
Robert Dale Ford (born July 6, 1942 in Jonesborough, Tennessee) is an American politician and former baseball umpire. He was a member of the Tennessee House of Representatives, representing the 6th district from 2006 to 2012. He was a member of the Agriculture and Transportation Committees. Ford was an umpire in Major League Baseball from 1974 to 1999.

Umpire (baseball)
In baseball, the umpire is the person charged with officiating the game, including beginning and ending the game, enforcing the rules of the game and the grounds, making judgment calls on plays, and handling disciplinary actions. The term is often shortened to the colloquial form ump. They are also sometimes nicknamed blue due to the traditional color of the uniform worn by umpires. Although games were often officiated by a sole umpire in the formative years of the sport, since the turn of the 20th century, officiating has been commonly divided among several umpires, who form the umpiring crew.  The position is analogous to that of a referee in many other sports.
Hee-Sup Shin
Hee-sup Shin (born 1950) is a South Korean neuroscientist whose work focuses on brain research of genetically engineered mice via gene knockout in order to better understand the human brain. His research resulted in him being named a National Scientist by the Korean Ministry of Science and Technology. He is a former co-director of the Center for Cognition and Sociality leading the Social Neuroscience Group in the Institute for Basic Science (IBS) located at Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST).

KAIST
KAIST (originally the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology) is a national research university located in Daedeok Innopolis, Daejeon, South Korea. KAIST was established by the Korean government in 1971 as the nation's first public, research-oriented science and engineering institution. KAIST has been internationally accredited in business education, and hosts the Secretariat of the Association of Asia-Pacific Business Schools (AAPBS). KAIST has 10,504 full-time students and 1,342 faculty researchers (as of the Fall 2019 Semester) and had a total budget of US$765 million in 2013, of which US$459 million was from research contracts.

In 2007, KAIST partnered with international institutions and adopted dual degree programs for its students. Its partner institutions include the Technical University of Denmark, Carnegie Mellon University, the Georgia Institute of Technology, Technische Universität Berlin, and the Technical University of Munich.
Xi'an Museum
Xi'an Museum (Chinese: 西安博物院; pinyin: Xī'ān Bówùyuàn) is a museum on Youyi West Road, Beilin District, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China. Xi'an Museum had its official opening on 18 May 2007, "National Museum Day", with a total investment of 220 million RMB and a total area of 160,000 square meters. The complex includes three parts: the museum proper, the Tang-era Small Wild Goose Pagoda and Jianfu Temple historic area, and the museum gardens.

In 2012, Xi'an Museum was appraised by the National Cultural Heritage Administration and included in batch two of the national first-grade museums of China.

Jianfu Temple
Jianfu Temple (simplified Chinese: 荐福寺; traditional Chinese: 薦福寺; pinyin: Jiànfú Sì) is a Chinese Buddhist temple located at West Youyi Rd. outside the south gate of Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China. It hosts the famous Small Wild Goose Pagoda.
Tijuana bible
Tijuana bibles (also known as eight-pagers, Tillie-and-Mac books, Jiggs-and-Maggie books, Jo-Jo books, bluesies, blue-bibles, gray-backs, and two-by-fours) were palm-sized erotic comics produced in the United States from the 1920s to the early 1960s. The earliest Tijuana bibles, particularly early “Tillie and Mac” and “Maggie and Jiggs” stories, are dated to 1925. Their popularity peaked during the Great Depression (1929 to 1939).

The term "Tijuana bibles" was introduced in Southern California in the late 1940s, reflecting the (incorrect) belief that the comics were manufactured and smuggled across the Mexico–United States border from Tijuana, Mexico.

Tillie the Toiler
Tillie the Toiler is a newspaper comic strip created by cartoonist Russ Westover who initially worked on his concept of a flapper character in a strip he titled Rose of the Office. With a title change, it sold to King Features Syndicate which carried the strip from January 3, 1921, to March 15, 1959.

The daily strip began on Monday, January 3, 1921, followed by the Sunday page on October 10, 1922.

Westover retired in 1951 with his assistant Bob Gustafson then doing most of the writing and drawing. After Westover departed completely three years later, Gustafson's signature appeared on the strip beginning October 4, 1954. The daily strip ended March 7, 1959, with the last Sunday eight days later on March 15.
Tower
A tower is a tall structure, taller than it is wide, often by a significant factor. Towers are distinguished from masts by their lack of guy-wires and are therefore, along with tall buildings, self-supporting structures.

Towers are specifically distinguished from buildings in that they are built not to be habitable but to serve other functions using the height of the tower. For example, the height of a clock tower improves the visibility of the clock, and the height of a tower in a fortified building such as a castle increases the visibility of the surroundings for defensive purposes. Towers may also be built for observation, leisure, or telecommunication purposes. A tower can stand alone or be supported by adjacent buildings, or it may be a feature on top of a larger structure or building.

Observation tower
An observation tower is a tower used to view events from a long distance and to create a full 360 degree range of vision to conduct long distance observations. Observation towers are usually at least 20 metres (66 ft) tall and are made from stone, iron, and wood. Many modern towers are also used as TV towers, restaurants, or churches. The towers first appeared in the ancient world, as long ago as the Babylonian Empire.

Observation towers that are used as guard posts or observation posts over an extended period to overlook an area are commonly called watchtowers instead.

Similar instances of observation towers are recognised as crow's nests, observatories, viewing platforms, etc.
Psychiatry Innovation Lab
The Psychiatry Innovation Lab is an incubator at the American Psychiatric Association that catalyzes the formation of innovative ventures to transform mental healthcare. It was founded by American psychiatrist and author Dr. Nina Vasan in 2015. The Lab nurtures early-stage ideas and ventures by investing in them with mentorship, education, funding, and collaboration opportunities with a community of mental health innovators.

The Lab centers around a live event at the bi-annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, the largest psychiatric organization in the world. This event brings together top leaders in psychiatry with experts in business, technology, medicine, and government, who collaborate with the finalists.

American Psychiatric Association
38°52′47″N 77°01′30″W﻿ / ﻿38.879713°N 77.025061°W﻿ / 38.879713; -77.025061

The American Psychiatric Association (APA) is the main professional organization of psychiatrists and trainee psychiatrists in the United States, and the largest psychiatric organization in the world. It has more than 39,200 members who are involved in psychiatric practice, research, and academia representing a diverse population of patients in more than 100 countries. The association publishes various journals and pamphlets, as well as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). The DSM codifies psychiatric conditions and is used mostly in the United States as a guide for diagnosing mental disorders.

The organization has its headquarters in Washington, D.C.
1st Sudurpashchim Provincial Assembly
The first Sudurpashchim Provincial Assembly was elected by the 2017 provincial elections. 53 members were elected to the assembly, 32 of whom were elected through direct elections and 21 of whom were elected through the party list proportional representation system. The term of the assembly started on 4 February 2018 and ended in September 2022. Trilochan Bhatta from the CPN (Maoist Centre) served as chief minister during the term of the assembly. Arjun Bahadur Thapa served as the speaker of the assembly and Nirmala Badal Joshi served as the deputy speaker.

2017 Nepalese provincial elections
Provincial assembly elections were held in Nepal on 26 November and 7 December 2017 along with the general election. 330 seats in the seven newly created provincial assemblies were elected by first-past-the-post voting and 220 by proportional representation. The election was part of Nepal's transformation to a federal republic. The next Election will be held in 2022 unless dissolved earlier without completing the five years term. 2022 Nepalese provincial election will be the second election for provinces after completion of tenure of five years.
James L. Kemper
James Lawson Kemper (June 11, 1823 – April 7, 1895) was an American lawyer, a Confederate general in the American Civil War, and the 37th Governor of Virginia. He was the youngest brigade commander and only non-professional general officer in the division that led Pickett's Charge, during which he was severely wounded.

General officers in the Confederate States Army
The general officers of the Confederate States Army (CSA) were the senior military leaders of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War of 1861–1865. They were often former officers from the United States Army (the regular army) before the Civil War, while others were given the rank based on merit or when necessity demanded. Most Confederate generals needed confirmation from the Confederate States Congress, much like prospective generals in the modern U.S. armed forces.

Like all of the Confederacy's military forces, these generals answered to their civilian leadership, in particular Jefferson Davis, the president of the Confederate States of America and therefore commander-in-chief of the military forces of the Confederate States.
TRC Turf Ground
TRC Turf Ground is a football stadium located in Srinagar, in Jammu and Kashmir, India. Owned by Jammu & Kashmir Football Association, It is currently the home ground of Real Kashmir and most JKFA Professional League teams.

Jammu and Kashmir Football Association
The Jammu and Kashmir Football Association (JKFA) is one of the 36 Indian state football associations affiliated with the All India Football Federation. The Jammu and Kashmir Football Association is the governing body for football in Jammu and Kashmir. It was formed and granted recognition by Jammu & Kashmir State Sports Council and the All India Football Federation in 1964. Since 1964 the association has been qualified to take part in the Santosh Trophy and all other competitions in the country.

JKFA organises the Jammu & Kashmir Premier Football League. It also sends state teams for Santosh Trophy and Rajmata Jijabai Trophy.
Cape Kiwanda State Natural Area
Cape Kiwanda State Natural Area is a state park in Pacific City, Oregon, United States. Cape Kiwanda is on the Three Capes Scenic Route, which includes Cape Meares and Cape Lookout. Hiking to the top of Cape Kiwanda allows views of Nestucca Bay to the south and Cape Lookout to the north.

A sea stack, named "Chief Kiwanda Rock", is located 1⁄2 mile (0.80 km) southwest of the cape. It is one of three features along the Oregon Coast that are called "Haystack Rock", though the one in Cannon Beach is more widely known.

One of the attractions, called the Duckbill, in the park was destroyed by vandals in August 2016.

The cape from the beach in Pacific City, November 2004

View from the trail on Cape Kiwanda

Chief Kiwanda Rock

Aerial View of Cape Kiwanda State Natural Area

Cannon Beach, Oregon
Cannon Beach// ⓘ is a city in Clatsop County, Oregon, United States. As of the 2020 census, Cannon Beach had a population of 1,489. It is a popular coastal Oregon tourist destination, famous for Haystack Rock, a 235 ft (72 m) sea stack that juts out along the coast. In 2013, National Geographic listed it as "one of the world's 100 most beautiful places."
COVID-19 litigation involving China
Multiple lawsuits have been filed in U.S. courts against the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in connection with the global COVID-19 pandemic. Plaintiffs include individuals, businesses, nonprofit organizations, and state governments. The lawsuits seek damages for personal injuries, economic losses, and other alleged harms related to China's early handling of the outbreak. Some state-led cases allege that Chinese government entities hoarded personal protective equipment (PPE) and obstructed international mitigation efforts.  The Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act of 1976 (FSIA) has been a key challenge in these suits.

Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act
The Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act of 1976 (FSIA) is a United States law, codified at Title 28, §§ 1330, 1332, 1391(f), 1441(d), and 1602–1611 of the United States Code, that established criteria as to whether a foreign sovereign state (or its political subdivisions, agencies, or instrumentalities) is immune from the jurisdiction of the United States' federal or state courts. The Act also establishes specific procedures for service of process, attachment of property and execution of judgment in proceedings against a foreign state. The FSIA provides the exclusive basis and means to bring a civil suit against a foreign sovereign in the United States. It was signed into law by United States President Gerald Ford on October 21, 1976.
Schistosoma bovis
Schistosoma bovis is a two-host blood fluke, that causes intestinal schistosomiasis in ruminants in North Africa, Mediterranean Europe and the Middle East. S. bovis is mostly transmitted by Bulinus freshwater snail species. It is one of nine haematobium group species and exists in the same geographical areas as Schistosoma haematobium, with which it can hybridise. S. bovis-haematobium hybrids can infect humans, and have been reported in Senegal since 2009, and a 2013 outbreak in Corsica.

Trematoda
Trematoda is a class of flatworms known as trematodes, and commonly as flukes. They are obligate internal parasites with a complex life cycle requiring at least two hosts. The intermediate host, in which asexual reproduction occurs, is a mollusk, usually a snail. The definitive host, where the flukes sexually reproduce, is a vertebrate. Infection by trematodes can cause disease in all five vertebrate groups: mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles, and fish.
Daya Ratnayake
General R. M. Daya Ratnayake, WWV, RWP and three Bars, RSP, USP is a retired Sri Lanka Army officer who served as the Commander of the Sri Lanka Army from 2013 to 2015. Following his retirement from the army, he served as the Chairman, Sri Lanka Ports Authority and Secretary to the Ministry of Industries.

Rana Sura Padakkama
Rana Sura Padakkama (RSP, Combat Excellence Medal) (Sinhala: රණ ශූර පදක්කම rana śūra padakkama) is awarded to servicepersons of all ranks of the regular and volunteer forces of the Military of Sri Lanka for individual acts of bravery and otherwise distinguished conduct in the face of the enemy during active deployment. Bars could be awarded for further acts of gallantry meriting the award for a second and third time, denoted by a star in the ribbon bar for each additional award.
Like A Butterfly Novice Chase
The Like A Butterfly Novice Chase is a Grade 3 National Hunt novice chase in Ireland which is open to horses aged four years or older. 
It is run at Tipperary over a distance of about 2 miles and 4 furlongs (4,023 metres), and it is scheduled to take place each year in October.

The race was first run in 1997 and was awarded Grade 3 status in 2003.

In line with several races at Tipperary, the race is named after a horse owned by J. P. McManus, his Irish Champion Hurdle winning mare, Like-A-Butterfly.  The race was previously named after another J. P. McManus owned horse, Grimes.

The race was sponsored for many years by the company owned by J. P. McManus's younger brother, Kevin McManus Bookmakers.

Tipperary Racecourse
Tipperary Racecourse is a horse racing venue in County Tipperary, Ireland which stages both National Hunt and Flat racing. The course is located adjacent to Limerick Junction railway station and approximately two miles from Tipperary town. Tipperary Racecourse is owned by Horse Racing Ireland. The course is left-handed and flat and measures one mile and two furlongs round. There is a five furlong sprint track which joins the main racecourse at the start of the straight.
Rotterdam Zoo mpox outbreak
In 1964 there was an outbreak of mpox, then known as monkeypox, at Rotterdam Zoo, where two Central/South American giant anteaters were first identified with the disease. Until then, mpox was thought to occur only in primates. Housed in one large enclosure, the monkeypox virus subsequently spread to several orangutans, chimpanzees, gorillas, guenons, squirrel monkeys, macaques, marmosets and gibbons.

Unlike previous mpox outbreaks in laboratory monkeys, the outbreak in Rotterdam Zoo occurred in animals that were not for laboratory use, showed varying clinical presentations, and was particularly severe for orangutans. There were no reports of cases of transmission to humans.

In total, 11 of the 23 affected animals died, including six orangutans, the anteaters, three squirrel monkeys, the only one Asian gibbon and an American common marmoset. Several were complicated by fatal secondary bacterial infections.

Diergaarde Blijdorp
Diergaarde Blijdorp (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈdiːrˌɣaːrdə ˈblɛidɔr(ə)p]; lit. 'Blijdorp Zoo'), officially Rotterdam Zoo, is a zoo located in the northwestern part of Rotterdam. It is one of the oldest zoos in the Netherlands, and has been operated by the Stichting Koninklijke Rotterdamse Diergaarde ("Royal Rotterdam Zoo Foundation"). Divided into several zoogeographic regions, the 34-hectare (84-acre) Blijdorp Zoo boasts 562 species. It also has a shop, multiple cafes, and an information centre.

The zoo is a member of the Dutch Zoo Federation and the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria. In 2007, it celebrated its 150th anniversary.