hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Programme for International Student Assessment (2000 to 2012)
The Programme for International Student Assessment has had several runs before the most recent one in 2012. The first PISA assessment was carried out in 2000. The results of each period of assessment take about one year and a half to be analysed. First results were published in November 2001. The release of raw data and the publication of technical report and data handbook only took place in spring 2002. The triennial repeats follow a similar schedule; the process of seeing through a single PISA cycle, start-to-finish, always takes over four years. 470,000 15-year-old students representing 65 nations and territories participated in PISA 2009. An additional 50,000 students representing nine nations were tested in 2010.

Every period of assessment focuses on one of the three competence fields of reading, math, science; but the two others are tested as well. After nine years, a full cycle is completed: after 2000, reading was again the main domain in 2009.

Programme for International Student Assessment
The Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) is a worldwide study by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in member and non-member nations intended to evaluate educational systems by measuring 15-year-old school pupils' scholastic performance on mathematics, science, and reading. It was first performed in 2000 and then repeated every three years. Its aim is to provide comparable data to enable countries to improve their education policies and outcomes. It measures problem solving and cognition.

The results of the 2022 data collection were released in December 2023.
John of Patmos
John of Patmos (also called John the Revelator, John the Divine, John the Theologian; Ancient Greek: Ἰωάννης ὁ Θεολόγος, romanized: Iōannēs ho Theologos) is the name traditionally given to the author of the Book of Revelation. Revelation 1:9 states that John was on Patmos, an Aegean island off the coast of Roman Asia, where according to some biblical historians, he was exiled as a result of anti-Christian persecution under the Roman emperor Domitian.

Christian tradition has considered the Book of Revelation's writer to be the same person as John the Apostle, though some Christian scholars since medieval times have separated the disciple from the writer of Revelation. A minority of ancient clerics and scholars, such as Eusebius (d. 339/340), recognize at least one further John as a companion of Jesus, John the Presbyter.

Eusebius
Eusebius of Caesarea (c. AD 260/265 – 30 May AD 339), also known as Eusebius Pamphilius, was a historian of Christianity, exegete, and Christian polemicist from the Roman province of Syria Palaestina. In about AD 314 he became the bishop of Caesarea Maritima.

Together with Pamphilus, Eusebius was a scholar of the biblical canon and is regarded as one of the most learned Christians during late antiquity. He wrote the Demonstrations of the Gospel, Preparations for the Gospel and On Discrepancies between the Gospels, studies of the biblical text. His work Onomasticon is an early geographical lexicon of places in the Holy Land mentioned in the Bible. As "Father of Church History" (not to be confused with the title of Church Father), he produced the Ecclesiastical History, On the Life of Pamphilus, the Chronicle and On the Martyrs. He also produced a biographical work on Constantine the Great, the first Christian Roman emperor, who was Augustus between AD 306 and AD 337.
Operation Assaf
Operation Assaf (Hebrew: מִבְצָע אָסָף, Mivtza Asaf) was an Israel Defense Forces (IDF) operation against the Egyptian Army between December 5–December 7, 1948, during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. The successful operation's aim was to take control of the western Negev Desert. It was a small operation, executed between two larger operations in that theatre, Operation Yoav and Operation Horev.

Operation Horev
Operation Horev was a large-scale offensive against the Egyptian army in the Western Negev towards the end of the Arab–Israeli War in 1948 and 1949. Its objective was to entrap the Egyptian Army in the Gaza Strip. The operation took place from 22 December 1948 to 7 January 1949 and concluded after Britain threatened to intervene unless Israeli troops immediately withdrew from Egyptian territory.

Horev refers to Mount Sinai in the Scriptures, where the Israelites encamped for a year (see Exodus 3:1 and Psalms 106:19). It is contemporarily known as Jebel Musa ("Mount of Moses" in Arabic).
1803 Zwicky
1803 Zwicky, prov. designation: 1967 CA, is a stony Phocaea asteroid and binary system from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 10 kilometers (6.2 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 6 February 1967, by Swiss astronomer Paul Wild at Zimmerwald Observatory near Bern, Switzerland. It was later named after Swiss astronomer Fritz Zwicky. The discovery of a 2.5-kilometer sized companion was announced on 8 March 2021.

Phocaea family
The Phocaea family (/foʊˈsiːə/ foh-SEE-ə; adj. Phocaean; FIN: 701) is a collisional family of asteroids located between 2.25 and 2.5 AU in the inner region of the asteroid belt. Phocaea asteroids are of stony S-type composition and have orbits with eccentricities greater than 0.1 and inclinations between 18 and 32°. The family has an estimated age of 2.2 billion years and derives its name from its most massive member, 25 Phocaea which is about 75 km in diameter. Several Phocaean asteroids are also Mars-crossers.: 23
Beringer's Lying Stones
Beringer's Lying Stones (German: Lügensteine) are pieces of limestone which were carved into the shape of various fictitious animals and "discovered" in 1725 by Johann Bartholomeus Adam Beringer (1667–1740), Dean of the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Würzburg. Beringer believed them to be fossils, and because some of them bore the name of God in Hebrew, suggested that they might be of divine origin. The scientific community at the time was still unsure as to what fossils actually were, the notion that they were the petrified remains of once-living organisms being merely one of several competing hypotheses.

Beringer published a book on his findings but shortly after discovered that he had been the victim of a hoax. He took the hoaxers to court and won the case but his reputation was forever besmirched.

University of Würzburg
The Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg (also referred to as the University of Würzburg, in German Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg) is a public research university in Würzburg, Germany. Founded in 1402, it is one of the oldest institutions of higher learning in Germany. The university initially had a brief run and was closed in 1415. It was reopened in 1582 on the initiative of Julius Echter von Mespelbrunn. Today, the university is named for Julius Echter von Mespelbrunn and Maximilian Joseph.

The University of Würzburg is part of the U15 group of research-intensive German universities. The university is also a member of the Coimbra Group. In the winter semester 2022/2023, 26,787 students were enrolled, of which 16,351 were women and 3,250 were first semester university students. The University is associated with 14 Nobel laureates.
Tilly Rolston
Tilly Jean Rolston (née Cameron; February 23, 1887 – October 12, 1953) was a Canadian politician. She was the member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) of British Columbia for Vancouver-Point Grey from 1941 to 1953, and served as minister of education under Premier W. A. C. Bennett from 1952 to 1953.

W. A. C. Bennett
William Andrew Cecil Bennett PC OC (September 6, 1900 – February 23, 1979) was a Canadian politician who served as the 25th premier of British Columbia from 1952 to 1972. With just over 20 years in office, Bennett remains the longest-serving premier in British Columbia history. He was a member of the Social Credit Party (Socreds).

Notable achievements by the Bennett government included the adoption of BC's first provincial flag, the establishment of the second Bank of British Columbia, and the creation of BC Hydro and BC Ferries. Bennett led the Socreds to a total of seven consecutive election victories. Though he led the party to defeat in the 1972 election, his son Bill Bennett led it to victory in the 1975 election and served as premier until 1986.
Kōgorō Uemura
Kōgorō Uemura (植村 甲午郎, Uemura Kōgorō; February 12, 1894 – August 1, 1978) was a Japanese businessman from the early Shōwa period (1920s–1970s). The chief of Nippon Keidanren in 1968, he served as President of the Sapporo Olympic Organizing Committee, and served as Chairman of the National Board of the Boy Scouts of Japan.

Scout Association of Japan
The Scout Association of Japan (ボーイスカウト日本連盟, Bōi Sukauto Nihon Renmei) is the major Scouting organization of Japan. Starting with boys only, the organization was known as Boy Scouts of Japan from 1922 to 1971, and as Boy Scouts of Nippon from 1971 to 1995, when it became coeducational in all sections, leading to neutral naming. Scouting activity decreased radically during World War II but slowly recovered; membership at the end of May 2017 was 99,779.
Lake Troilus
Lake Troïlus is of the Broadback River watershed, located in Baie-James, in the Nord-du-Québec, in the province of Quebec, Canada.

This body of water is part of the Assinica Wildlife Sanctuary. The surrounding areas are conducive to hunting and fishing.

The hydrographic slope of the Troilus is generally difficult to access, except for some forest roads for forestry and recreational tourism activities. These roads connect on the west side to a main road leading south to Chibougamau; this route passes west of Troilus Lake, straddling the strait between the main part of Troilus Lake and Moleon Bay (located to the southwest).

The surface of Troilus Lake is usually frozen from late October to early May, however safe ice movement is generally from mid-November to the end of April.

Broadback River
The Broadback River (French: Rivière Broadback) (In Cree: Chistamiskau Sipi) is a river in northern Quebec, Canada. It drains into Rupert Bay (a smaller bay at the south end of James Bay), just south of the Rupert River and Cree community Waskaganish. The major lake on the river's course is Lake Evans.

The river is a popular canoe-tripping destination.
Anil Chauhan
General Anil Chauhan PVSM UYSM AVSM SM VSM (born 18 May 1961) is a four-star general of the Indian Army, who is the current and 2nd Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) of the Indian Armed Forces, since 30 September 2022.

On 28 September 2022, Gen Chauhan was recalled from retirement and was appointed as Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) by the Narendra Modi-led government, following a June 2022 notification which permitted military retirees under the age of 62 to be qualified for the post. Assuming charge two days later, he became the first three-star retiree to be appointed to the post, traditionally held by a four-star officer. He succeeded General Bipin Rawat, the inaugural holder of the post, who had died in a helicopter crash in December 2021.

Ati Vishisht Seva Medal
Ati Vishisht Seva Medal (AVSM, lit. 'Very Distinguished Service Medal') is a military award of India given to recognize "distinguished service of an exceptional order" to all ranks of the armed forces. The award is a peacetime equivalent of Uttam Yuddh Seva Medal, which is a Wartime Distinguished Service decoration.

The award can also be granted posthumously. Subsequent awards are represented by a bar worn on the ribbon. The awardee can use "AVSM" as post-nominal letters.
SpeedScript
SpeedScript is a word processor originally printed as a type-in MLX machine language listing in 1984-85 issues of Compute! and Compute!'s Gazette magazines.  Approximately 5 KB in length, it provides many of the same features as commercial word processing packages of the 8-bit era, such as PaperClip and Bank Street Writer. Versions were published for the Apple II, Commodore 64 and 128, Atari 8-bit computers, VIC-20, and MS-DOS.

PaperClip
PaperClip is a word processor for the Commodore 64, 128 (native mode), and Atari 8-bit computers published by Batteries Included in 1985. In the UK it was published by Ariolasoft.

Both the Atari and Commodore versions share the PaperClip name, but have significant differences. The Commodore 64 version of PaperClip was written by Steve Douglas and was rewritten for the Atari personal computer by Steve Ahlstrom and Dan Moore. The Atari version is based upon the editor in the Action! programming language by Clinton Parker.

PaperClip is also the name given to the text editor ROM portion of the Commodore PET Execudesk office suite. The ROM was written by Steve Douglas as well.
Haast to Paringa Cattle Track
The historic Haast to Paringa Cattle Track is a trail through South Westland, New Zealand, constructed in 1875 to allow farmers in the Landsborough and Cascade Valley area to drive their cattle on an annual two-week journey to the sale yards in Whataroa. It was constructed as an inland loop to bypass the precipitous cliffs at Knights Point. For 90 years it was the only land access to the settlements of Haast and Jackson Bay, but the last mob of cattle was driven in 1961, and the construction of a highway connecting Paringa to Haast Pass in 1965 made it redundant. After falling into disuse, the cattle track was converted into a 33-kilometre (21 mi), three-day tramping track, opening in 1981. The track and its three huts (Blue River/Blowfly, Māori Saddle, and Coppermine Creek) are maintained by the New Zealand Department of Conservation.

Cascade River (New Zealand)
The Cascade River (Māori: Tahutahi) is a river of the South Island of New Zealand. It flows north for 30 kilometres (19 mi) from its source in Mount Aspiring National Park in the Southern Alps, forming a deep valley between the Olivine Range and Red Hills Range. From the end of this valley it turns west to cross a low-lying swampy floodplain before entering the Tasman Sea close to Cascade Point, a headland halfway between Big Bay and Jackson Bay.
Powayan Assembly constituency
Powayan is one of the 403 constituencies of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India. It is a part of the Shahjahanpur district and one of the five assembly constituencies in the Shahjahanpur Lok Sabha constituency. First election in this assembly constituency was held in 1957 after the "DPACO (1956)" (delimitation order) was passed in 1956. After the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order" was passed in 2008, the constituency was assigned identification number 134.

Shahjahanpur district
Shahjahanpur district is a district of Uttar Pradesh India. It is a part of Bareilly division. It was established in 1813 by the British Government. Previously it was a part of district Bareilly. Geographically the main town is Shahjahanpur, which is its headquarters. Its five tehsils are: Powayan, Kalan, Tilhar, Jalalabad and Sadar.
Cantellated 6-simplexes
In six-dimensional geometry, a cantellated 6-simplex is a convex uniform 6-polytope, being a cantellation of the regular 6-simplex.

There are unique 4 degrees of cantellation for the 6-simplex, including truncations.

Uniform 6-polytope
In six-dimensional geometry, a uniform 6-polytope is a six-dimensional uniform polytope. A uniform polypeton is vertex-transitive, and all facets are uniform 5-polytopes.

The complete set of convex uniform 6-polytopes has not been determined, but most can be made as Wythoff constructions from a small set of symmetry groups. These construction operations are represented by the permutations of rings of the Coxeter-Dynkin diagrams. Each combination of at least one ring on every connected group of nodes in the diagram produces a uniform 6-polytope.

The simplest uniform polypeta are regular polytopes: the 6-simplex {3,3,3,3,3}, the 6-cube (hexeract) {4,3,3,3,3}, and the 6-orthoplex (hexacross) {3,3,3,3,4}.
Star Traders: Frontiers
Star Traders: Frontiers is a hybrid space trading and tactical role-playing game designed by Trese Brothers, a two-man independent video game studio.  Players control a spaceship captain in an open world setting.

Tactical role-playing game
Tactical role-playing game (abbreviated TRPG), also known as strategy role-playing game or simulation RPG (both abbreviated SRPG), is a video game genre that combines core elements of role-playing video games with those of tactical (turn-based or real-time) strategy video games. The formats of tactical RPGs are much like traditional tabletop role-playing games and strategy games in appearance, pacing, and rule structure. Likewise, early tabletop role-playing games are descended from skirmish wargames such as Chainmail, which were primarily concerned with combat.
Second-language phonology
The phonology of second languages is different from the phonology of first languages in various ways. The differences are considered to come from general characteristics of second languages, such as slower speech tempo, lower proficiency than native speakers, and from the interaction between non-native speakers' first and second languages.

Research on second-language phonology has been done not only on segments, but also on prosody. Second-language prosody, like second-language segments, has been studied in terms of both its global characteristics and the interactions between first languages and second languages.

Prosody (linguistics)
In linguistics, prosody (/ˈprɒsədi, ˈprɒz-/) is the study of elements of speech, including intonation, stress, rhythm and loudness, that occur simultaneously with individual phonetic segments: vowels and consonants. Often, prosody specifically refers to such elements, known as suprasegmentals when they extend across more than one phonetic segment.

Prosody reflects the nuanced emotional features of the speaker or of their utterances: their obvious or underlying emotional state, the form of utterance (statement, question, or command), the presence of irony or sarcasm, certain emphasis on words or morphemes, contrast,  focus, and so on. Prosody displays elements of language that are not encoded by grammar, punctuation or choice of vocabulary.
Park View Road
Park View Road is home to Isthmian Premier League semi- professional football club Welling United, and was the ground of their predecessors Bexley United.  Welling have played there since 1977. It is also the home of Erith & Belvedere who have been ground sharing since the 1999 season.

The ground takes its name from a section of the A207 road in Welling, immediately adjacent to Danson Park.

Bexley United F.C.
Bexley United Football Club was a football club based in Welling.

A club of the same name played in the Kent League before the war, before merging with Bexley.
It was resurrected as Bexleyheath and Welling in about 1952 following a local campaign, and joined the Kent League.

In 1959, the club was elected to the Southern Football League Division One. It gained promotion to the Southern League Premier Division in 1961 and also won the Kent Senior Cup for the only time. In 1963, the team changed its name to Bexley United.

Four seasons after promotion into the Premier Division, Bexley found itself relegated back into Division One, staying there for the rest of the club's life, except for a move into the Division One South when the league structure was altered. At that point, the club got into financial trouble and never truly recovered. Bexley played its final game in April 1976 in front of 222 spectators.
Sindhi Jats
The Sindhi Jats (Sindhi: سنڌي جت/جاٽ) are an indigenous community of Sindh, Pakistan. They are mostly Muslims.

Originally from the lower Indus Valley, many Sindhi Jats would migrate to lower Iraq between the 5th and 11th centuries, where they formed the Zuṭṭ (Arabic: الزُّطِّ) community. Another migration northwards into Punjab would take place between the 11th and 16th centuries, where many Sindhi Jats settled in newly cultivatable land and gradually took up farming.

Zuṭṭ
Zuṭṭ is an Arabicised form of Jat. Originally inhabitants of lower Indus Valley, Jats were present in Mesopotamia from the 5th century AD since the times of the Sasanian Empire, although their main migration occurred after the establishment of Umayyad Caliphate. They were one of the prominent ethnic groups in lower Iraq during the Islamic Golden Age, supplying labourers and mercenary soldiers to the Muslim states. Their mention fades from Arab chronicles after the 11th century.
Schubert's compositions for violin and piano
From March 1816 to August 1817, Franz Schubert composed four violin sonatas. All four were published after the composer's death: the first three, D 384, 385 and 408, as Sonatinas in 1836 (Op. posth. 137), and the last one, D 574, as Duo in 1851 (Op. posth. 162). Schubert composed two more pieces for violin and piano, in October 1826 and December 1827 respectively: a Rondo, D 895, which was published during the composer's lifetime (Op. 70), and a Fantasy, D 934, which was premiered in January 1828, less than a year before the composer's death.

The 1816–1817 sonatas breathe an intimate atmosphere, requiring no virtuoso bravura from their performers, while the 1826–1827 pieces, composed for the Bohemian violinist Josef Slavík, have been characterized as more demanding, also for the pianist, and have a more extroverted character.

Violin Sonata in A major, D 574 (Schubert)
The Violin Sonata No. 4 (also known as the Duo or Grand Duo) in A major, Op. posth. 162, D 574, for violin and piano by Franz Schubert was composed in 1817. This sonata, composed one year after his first three violin sonatas, was a much more individual work, showing neither the influence of Mozart, as in these previous works, nor of Rossini, as in the contemporaneous 6th Symphony.
Arkansas Highway 83
Arkansas Highway 83 (AR 83, Ark. 83 and Hwy. 83) is the designation for a state highway in the U.S. state of Arkansas. The route is mainly located in Southeast Arkansas, and is split into two sections. The first and longest section begins at the University of Arkansas at Monticello and ends at AR 54 near Tyro, or about 10 miles (16 km) southeast of Star City. The second section of the route begins at AR 54 north of Dumas and ends at AR 114 near Gould. AR 83 also has a spur route (designated as Highway 83S or AR 83S), which serves the University of Arkansas at Monticello's northern entrance, as well as Drew Memorial Hospital.

Arkansas Highway 114
Highway 114 (AR 114, Ark. 114, and Hwy. 114) is a state highway in the Lower Arkansas Delta. The route of 28.66 miles (46.12 km) runs from Highway 35 to US Highway 65 (US 65) in Gould. The route is maintained by the Arkansas Department of Transportation (ArDOT).
Duncan Suttles
Duncan Suttles (born 21 December 1945) is a Canadian chess grandmaster. Canada's second grandmaster after Abe Yanofsky, Suttles was recognized internationally for the originality of his strategic play in the mid-1960s and 70s. He retired from competitive chess in 1985.

Daniel Yanofsky
Daniel Abraham "Abe" Yanofsky (March 25, 1925 – March 5, 2000) was a Canadian chess player, chess arbiter, writer, lawyer, and politician. An eight-time Canadian chess champion, Yanofsky was Canada's first grandmaster and the first grandmaster of the British Commonwealth.
Vadem
Vadem Inc., later Vadem Limited, was an original design manufacturer, chipset designer, and computer design firm active from 1983 to 2013. The company chiefly focused on the design of mobile computers such as laptops, rendering their services to companies such as IBM, Zenith Data Systems, Osborne Computer Corporation, and Sharp Corporation, among others. In the late 1990s, the company released their own branded product, the Vadem Clio, a PDA.

Osborne Computer Corporation
The Osborne Computer Corporation (OCC) was an American computer company and pioneering maker of portable computers. It was located in Hayward, California, in the San Francisco Bay Area.
In 1981, Adam Osborne and Lee Felsenstein developed the world's first mass-produced portable computer, the Osborne 1.