hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Branch-decomposition
In graph theory, a branch-decomposition of an undirected graph G is a hierarchical clustering of the edges of G, represented by an unrooted binary tree T with the edges of G as its leaves. Removing any edge from T partitions the edges of G into two subgraphs, and the width of the decomposition is the maximum number of shared vertices of any pair of subgraphs formed in this way. 
The branchwidth of G is the minimum width of any branch-decomposition of G.

Branchwidth is closely related to tree-width: for all graphs, both of these numbers are within a constant factor of each other, and both quantities may be characterized by forbidden minors. And as with treewidth, many graph optimization problems may be solved efficiently for graphs of small branchwidth. However, unlike treewidth, the branchwidth of planar graphs may be computed exactly, in polynomial time. Branch-decompositions and branchwidth may also be generalized from graphs to matroids.

Forbidden graph characterization
In graph theory, a branch of mathematics, many important families of graphs can be described by a finite set of individual graphs that do not belong to the family and further exclude all graphs from the family which contain any of these forbidden graphs as (induced) subgraph or minor.

A prototypical example of this phenomenon is Kuratowski's theorem, which states that a graph is planar (can be drawn without crossings in the plane) if and only if it does not contain either of two forbidden graphs, the complete graph K5 and the complete bipartite graph K3,3. For Kuratowski's theorem, the notion of containment is that of graph homeomorphism, in which a subdivision of one graph appears as a subgraph of the other. Thus, every graph either has a planar drawing (in which case it belongs to the family of planar graphs) or it has a subdivision of at least one of these two graphs as a subgraph (in which case it does not belong to the planar graphs).
Slough Trading Estate
The Slough Trading Estate, founded in Slough in Buckinghamshire in 1920, is a business park in Britain. According to the estate's owners and operators, Segro, Slough Trading Estate consists of 2 km2 of commercial property in Slough and provides 0.7 km2 of accommodation to 500 businesses and has a working population of about 20 000 people. Slough Trading Estate is the largest industrial estate in single private ownership in Europe. The estate is home to over 600 buildings and 400 tenants from countries such as the US, France, Italy, Japan, Germany, and South Korea. Companies using the park include Fiat, Centrica, Hibu, Electrolux, GSK, Mars Confectionery, Akzo Nobel, Virgin Media, O2, AxFlow UK, the datacentre operator Network-i and OKI Printing Solutions. It is also home to important small, medium, and large businesses.

The estate's power station supplies heat and power to local customers by burning waste.

Industrial park
An industrial park, also known as industrial estate or trading estate, is an area zoned and planned for the purpose of industrial development. An industrial park can be thought of as a more heavyweight version of a business park or office park, which has offices and light industry, rather than heavy industry.
Scott Pendlebury
Scott Pendlebury (born 7 January 1988) is a professional Australian rules footballer playing for the Collingwood Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). He served as Collingwood captain from 2014 to 2022. Pendlebury is a dual premiership player, also winning the Norm Smith Medal as best on ground in the 2010 grand final replay, and was the AFLCA champion player of the year in 2013. He is a six-time All-Australian and five-time Copeland Trophy winner, and is the Collingwood games record holder with 425 games. Pendlebury is the league record holder for disposals, handballs and tackles, and also has the most Brownlow Medal votes of any player who has not won the award.

VFL/AFL games records
This page is a collection of VFL/AFL games records. The Australian Football League (AFL), known as the Victorian Football League (VFL) until 1990, is the elite national competition in men's Australian rules football. This list only includes home-and-away matches and finals; representative games (i.e. State of Origin or international rules), pre-season and night series games are excluded from the totals.
Toni Bradshaw
Toni Janne Bradshaw (married name Strong; born 25 February 1976) is a former New Zealand triathlete and road cyclist. She represented her country at four UCI Road World Championships, in the 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2010, and at the 2006 Commonwealth Games. In 2005, she won the bronze medal in the women's road race at the Oceania Road Cycling Championships.

2005 UCI Road World Championships
The 2005 UCI Road World Championships took place in Madrid, Spain, between September 19 and September 25, 2005. The event consisted of a road race and a time trial for men, women and men under 23.

The Men's road race saw Belgian cyclist Tom Boonen winning.
Olusoji Fasuba
Olusoji Adetokunbo Fasuba listenⓘ(born 9 July 1984) is a Nigerian sprinter who specializes in the 100 metres. He was the African record holder in the event with 9.85 seconds until Akani Simbine broke it in July 2021 with 9.84 seconds.

He was a member of the Nigerian bronze medal winning team in the 4 × 100 metres relay at the 2004 Olympic Games. The same year he won the African Championships in 100 metres. He won the silver medal at the 2006 Commonwealth Games behind Asafa Powell and was the indoor world champion over 60 metres in 2008, becoming the first African to complete the feat.

Athletics at the 2006 Commonwealth Games
At the 2006 Commonwealth Games, the athletics events were held in Melbourne, Australia from 19 March to 25 March 2006. A total of 47 events were contested, of which 24 by male and 23 by female athletes. Furthermore, three men's and three women's disability events were held within the programme. All athletics events took place within the Melbourne Cricket Ground, while the marathon and racewalking events took place on the streets of Melbourne and finished at the main stadium.

The hosts Australia easily won the medals table with 16 golds and 41 medals in total. Jamaica came second with 10 golds and 22 medals, while Kenya and England were the next best performers. A total of eleven Games records were broken over the course of the seven-day competition. Six of the records were broken by Australian athletes.
BSAT-3a
BSAT-3a, is a geostationary communications satellite operated by Broadcasting Satellite System Corporation (B-SAT) which was designed and manufactured by Lockheed Martin on the A2100 platform. It is stationed on the 110,0° East orbital slot with its companion BSAT-3b and BSAT-3c from where they provide redundant high definition direct television broadcasting across Japan.

Broadcasting Satellite System Corporation
The Broadcasting Satellite System Corporation (B-SAT) is a Japanese corporation established in April 1993 to procure, manage and lease transponders on communications satellites. Its largest stockholder, owning 49.9%, is NHK, the Japan Broadcasting Corporation. In 1994, it was ranked by Space News as the world's 19th largest fixed satellite operator.
Sachin Gupta (musician)
Sachin Gupta (born 12 August 1981) is an Indian music director, composer, guitarist, record producer and a singer. His work has spanned everything from playing live shows with his previous band Mrigya to composing indie pop albums for artists like Atif Aslam, Alisha Chinoy, Jal, Ahmed Jahanzeb, Apache Indian and Mika among others. Termed by international media as "Flying Finger Melodies", his music, as he says, is inspired by real life instances, while his guitar playing has been heavily influenced by Yngwie Malmsteen.

Alisha Chinai
Alisha Chinai (born 18 March 1965) is an Indian pop singer known for her Indi-pop albums as well as playback singing in Hindi cinema. She began her singing career with the album Jadoo in 1985, and by the 1990s she had become known as the 'Queen of Indipop'. Her best known songs were with producers Anu Malik and Biddu during the 1990s. Her best known song is Made in India.
Ivar Bern
Ivar Bern (born 20 January 1967) is a Norwegian chess player, most famous for being the seventeenth World Correspondence Chess Champion, 2002–2007. In over-the-board chess he received the FIDE title of International Master (IM) in 1990. In correspondence chess he earned the ICCF titles of International Master (IM) in 1994 and Grandmaster (GM) in 1996.

International Correspondence Chess Federation
International Correspondence Chess Federation (ICCF) was founded on 26 March 1951 as a new appearance of the International Correspondence Chess Association (ICCA), which was founded in 1945, as successor of the Internationaler Fernschachbund (IFSB), founded on 2 December 1928.

The current president is Eric Ruch, while the first president was Jean-Louis Ormond.
Danger Girl (video game)
Danger Girl is a 2000 third-person shooter video game developed by n-Space and published by THQ. It was released for the PlayStation, and is loosely based on the comic book of the same name. It follows Abbey Chase, Sydney Savage and JC as they battle Major Maxim and Natalia Kassle.

Danger Girl
Danger Girl is an American comic book series created by J. Scott Campbell and Andy Hartnell that started in March 1998 and is still published as a new series. The comic stars an eponymous group of female secret agents—Abbey Chase, Sydney Savage and Sonya Savage, who engage in adventures in the vein of other fictional characters like Charlie's Angels, James Bond, Indiana Jones, and Lara Croft. They are led by a former British Secret Service Agent named Deuce and guided by teenage genius Silicon Valerie.
Rail Paybus FP1
Rail Paybus FP1 is a heritage-listed former railbus and now museum exhibit at NSW Rail Transport Museum Barbour Road, in the outer south-western Sydney town of Thirlmere in the Wollondilly Shire local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was designed by the New South Wales Government Railways Road Motor Section and built in 1937 by Waddingtons Ltd (body), Ford Motor Co. (chassis and mechanical components). It is also known as Rail Bus and Rail Pay Bus FP1. The property is owned by Rail Corporation New South Wales, an agency of the Government of New South Wales. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 26 September 2003.

New South Wales Government Railways
New South Wales Government Railways (NSWGR) was an agency of the Government of New South Wales which administered rail transport in the colony, and then the state, of New South Wales, Australia, between 1855 and 1932.
Worldpay Group
Worldpay Group plc (formerly RBS WorldPay) was a payment processing company. It was formerly listed on the London Stock Exchange until 16 January 2018 when it was acquired by Vantiv. The combined company then took the name Worldpay, Inc. Worldpay, Inc. was acquired by FIS in July 2019 for $43 billion.  In 2024, private-equity firm GTCR acquired a majority 55% equity interest in Worldpay.

FIS (company)
Fidelity National Information Services, Inc. (FIS) is an American multinational corporation which offers a wide range of financial products and services. FIS is most known for its development of Financial Technology, or FinTech. Annually, FIS facilitates the movement of roughly US$9 trillion through the processing of approximately 75 billion transactions in service to more than 20,000 clients around the globe.

FIS was ranked second in the FinTech Forward 2016 rankings. After acquiring Worldpay for $35 billion in Q3 of 2019, FIS became the largest processing and payments company in the world.
Virginia Bell (judge)
Virginia Margaret Bell (born 7 March 1951) is a retired Australian judge. She is a former Justice of the High Court of Australia, the highest court in the Australian court hierarchy. She was sworn in on 3 February 2009, and retired on 28 February 2021.

Previously a public defender, she assisted in the Wood Royal Commission into the New South Wales Police Service from 1995 until 1999. She was appointed a judge of the Supreme Court of New South Wales in 1999, before being appointed to the High Court. After her retirement, in 2022, she led an inquiry into former prime minister Scott Morrison's self-appointment to several ministerial positions. In 2026, Prime Minister Albanese selected her to lead a Royal Commission into antisemitism in Australia and social cohesion, following the 2025 Bondi Beach shooting.

Public defender
A public defender is a lawyer appointed to represent people who otherwise cannot reasonably afford to hire a lawyer to defend themselves in a trial. Several countries provide people with public defenders, including the UK, Belgium, Hungary and Singapore, and some states of Australia. Brazil is the only country in which an office of government-paid lawyers with the specific purpose of providing full legal assistance and representation to the needy free of charge is established in the constitution. The Sixth Amendment to the US Constitution, as interpreted by the Supreme Court, requires the US government to provide legal counsel to indigent defendants in criminal cases. Public defenders in the United States are lawyers employed by or under contract with county, state or federal governments.
Mayo South–Roscommon South
Mayo South–Roscommon South was a parliamentary constituency represented in Dáil Éireann, the lower house of the Irish parliament or Oireachtas from 1921 to 1923. The constituency elected 4 deputies (Teachtaí Dála, commonly known as TDs) to the Dáil, on the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote (PR-STV).

Dáil constituencies
There are 43 multi-member electoral districts, known as Dáil constituencies, to elect 174 TDs to Dáil Éireann, the house of representatives of the Oireachtas, Ireland's parliament, on the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote (PR-STV), to a maximum term of five years. The configuration of constituencies was amended by the Electoral (Amendment) Act 2023, which were in operation for the 2024 general election.
Siwa (beer)
Siwa (or Suwa) (Tigrinya: ሰዋ, romanized: säwa), Amharic: ጠላ, is a beer originating from [[Eritrea and Ethiopia. Traditionally home-brewed, siwa remains locally popular during social events, after (manual) work, and as an incentive for farmers and labourers. Thousands of traditional beer houses (Enda Siwa) straddle the Tigrayan urban and rural landscapes.

Tigrinya language
Tigrinya, sometimes romanized according to Italian spelling rules as Tigrigna, is an Ethio-Semitic language, which is a subgrouping within the Semitic branch of the Afroasiatic languages. It is primarily spoken by the Tigrinya and Tigrayan peoples, native to Eritrea and to the Tigray Region of Ethiopia, respectively. It is also spoken by the global diaspora of these regions.
Herbert Frazier Murray
Herbert Frazier Murray (December 29, 1923 – July 12, 1999) was an American attorney and judge who was Assistant United States Attorney of the District of Maryland from 1954 to 1956 and a district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Maryland from 1971 to 1988.

Assistant United States Attorney
An assistant United States attorney (AUSA) is a career civil servant lawyer in the United States Department of Justice who serves under the United States Attorney for a federal judicial district. AUSAs represent the U.S. federal government in civil and appellate litigation and in federal criminal prosecutions. Those assigned to the criminal section of a U.S. Attorney's Office are commonly known as federal prosecutors.

AUSAs are rarely hired directly out of law school and often have significant experience before entering the U.S. Attorney’s Office.
Syd Scott
Sydney Simeon Scott (20 December 1913 – 22 April 1985) was an English professional golfer. He is best known for being runner-up in the 1954 Open Championship and for being a member of the British 1955 Ryder Cup team. He won the PGA Seniors Championship in 1964.

He played in the 1938 Daily Mail Tournament at Northumberland Golf Club, making the cut. His first Open Championship was in 1939 where he finished tied for 11th in the qualifying competition. Scoring 76 and 77 he missed the cut by three strokes. In late 1939, he finished second in the northern qualifying competition for the News of the World Match Play, which was subsequently cancelled.

Before World War II, he was the professional at Hartlepool Golf Club and then after the war at Carlisle Golf Club. In 1958 he moved to the Roehampton Club where he was professional until 1980 when he was succeeded by his son Alan.

1955 Ryder Cup
The 11th Ryder Cup Matches were held November 5–6, 1955, at Thunderbird Country Club in Rancho Mirage, California. The United States team won its seventh consecutive competition by a score of 8 to 4 points.
Étienne Pradier
Étienne Pradier (born 13 January 1965) is a French magician and is a member of the Magic Circle with Gold Star. He is a past winner of the Blackpool Magician's Club Close-up Magic Championships and was awarded third place in the Card Magic category in the FISM world championship.

The Magic Circle (organisation)
The Magic Circle is a British organisation dedicated to promoting and advancing the art of magic.

Applicants must qualify for membership, either through a performance exam or by a written thesis on a branch of magic, after which they are designated Members of The Magic Circle (M.M.C.). Further distinctions may earn them the titles Associate of the Inner Magic Circle (A.I.M.C.); and Member of The Inner Magic Circle (M.I.M.C), a select group limited to 300 members. The Circle was founded in 1905, and was male-only until 1991. There is a junior branch, the Young Magicians Club.
The Kiss (1896 film)
The Kiss (also known as The May Irwin Kiss, The Rice-Irwin Kiss and The Widow Jones) is an 1896 short film, and was one of the first films ever shown commercially to the public.  Around 18 seconds long, it depicts a re-enactment of the kiss between May Irwin and John Rice from the final scene of the stage musical The Widow Jones. The film was directed by William Heise for Thomas Edison. The film was produced in April 1896 at the Edison Studios of Edison, the first film studio in the United States. At the time, Edison was working at the Black Maria studios in West Orange, New Jersey.

In 1999, the short was deemed "culturally significant" by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry.

Edison's Black Maria
40°47′03″N 74°14′01″W﻿ / ﻿40.7843°N 74.2337°W﻿ / 40.7843; -74.2337

The Black Maria (/məˈraɪ.ə/ mə-RY-ə) was Thomas Edison's film production studio in West Orange, New Jersey. It was the world's first film studio.
Maurice de Jong
Maurice de Jong (born 5 September 1973), known by his moniker Mories, is a Dutch composer and musician. He is best recognized for his multiple music projects, namely Gnaw Their Tongues, Seirom, Aderlating, Cloak of Altering and De Magia Veterum. His compositions are informed by ambient music, black metal, drone music, electronic music and the avant-garde. His interests lie in invoking a disquieting and nightmarish atmosphere with his music, which often utilizes distortion and dissonance. Lauded as a most prolific composer, de Jong has recorded an upwards of three albums per year since 2007.

Drone music
Drone music (also known as drone-based music, or simply drone) is a minimalist genre of music that emphasizes the use of sustained sounds, notes, or tone clusters called drones. It is typically characterized by lengthy compositions featuring relatively slight harmonic variations. La Monte Young, one of its 1960s originators, defined it in 2000 as "the sustained tone branch of minimalism." Music containing drones can be found in many regional traditions across Asia, Australia, and Europe, but the genre label is generally reserved for music originating with the Western classical tradition. Elements of drone music have been incorporated in diverse genres such as rock, ambient, and electronic music.
1981 King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes
The 1981 King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes was a horse race held at Ascot Racecourse on Saturday 25 July 1981. It was the 31st running of the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes.

The winner was Aga Khan's Shergar, a three-year-old bay colt trained at Newmarket, Suffolk by Michael Stoute and ridden by Walter Swinburn. Shergar's victory was the first in the race for his owner, trainer and jockey.

Aga Khan IV
Prince Shah Karim al-Hussaini (13 December 1936 – 4 February 2025), known simply as Aga Khan IV, was the 49th Imam of Nizari Isma'ili Shia Islam from 1957 until his death in 2025. He inherited the Nizari imamate and the title of Aga Khan at the age of 20 upon the death of his grandfather, the Aga Khan III. During his Imamate, he was also known by the religious title Mawlānā Hazar Imam by his Isma'ili followers.

Al-Husseini's net worth was estimated at over US$13.3 billion by Vanity Fair in 2013. Forbes included al-Husseini in its list of the world's fifteen richest royals, though he held no political sovereignty or territorial authority. The designation referred to his hereditary role as Imam of the Nizari Ismailis, not to any formal royal or monarchical status. He was the founder and chairman of the Aga Khan Development Network, one of the largest private development networks in the world.
Tsoureki
Tsoureki (Greek: τσουρέκι) also known as bsatir, čʿorek, katʿnahuncʿ (Armenian: պսադիր, չորեկ, կաթնահունց), çyrek (Albanian), kozunak (Bulgarian: козунак), cozonac (Romanian), paskalya çöreği (Turkish), or šurēk (Hijazi Arabic: شُريك), is a sweet holiday bread made with flour, milk, butter, eggs, and sugar. It is commonly seasoned with lemon and orange zest, mastic resin, or mahleb.

Lampropsomo, a variation of tsoureki commonly called "Greek Easter bread", is made by Greek communities during Easter, not only in Greece, but also in other countries with Greek communities. It is also called Armenian Easter bread and is eaten during Easter in Armenia and the Armenian diaspora.

Mastic (plant resin)
Mastic (Greek: Μαστίχα) is a resin obtained from the mastic tree (Pistacia lentiscus). It is also known as tears of Chios, being traditionally produced on the island of Chios, and, like other natural resins, is produced in "tears" or droplets.

Mastic is excreted by the resin glands of the evergreen shrub Pistacia lentiscus and dries into pieces of brittle, translucent resin. When chewed, the resin softens and becomes bright white and opaque. The flavor is bitter at first, but after some chewing, it releases a refreshing flavor similar to pine and cedar.
Barclay Manufacturing Company
The Barclay Manufacturing Company was an American metal toy company based in New Jersey that specialized in diecast toy cars and hollowcast toy soldiers. Due to their common availability at five-and-dime stores, collectors often refer to Barclay's toy soldiers as "Dimestore soldiers".

Variety store
A variety store  is a retail store that sells general merchandise, such as apparel, auto parts, dry goods, toys, hardware, furniture, and a selection of groceries. It usually sells them at discounted prices, sometimes at one or several fixed price points, such as one dollar, or historically, five and ten cents. Variety stores, as a category, are different from general merchandise superstores, hypermarkets (such as those operated by Target and Walmart), warehouse clubs (such as Costco), grocery stores, or department stores.

Dollar stores that sell food have been alleged to create food deserts: areas with limited access to affordable and healthy food. This is alleged to occur when dollar stores outcompete local businesses, and soon become some of the only grocery store–like businesses available in some areas.