hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Hopkins, Minnesota
Hopkins is a suburban city in Hennepin County, Minnesota, United States, located west of Minneapolis. The population was 19,079 at the 2020 census. The city is four square miles in size and is surrounded by the larger suburban communities of Minnetonka, Saint Louis Park, and Edina. The city's main street was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2022 as the Hopkins Commercial Historic District.

Edina, Minnesota
Edina (locally /iːˈdaɪnə/ ⓘ ee-DY-nə, /ɪˈdaɪnə/ ih-DY-nə) is a city in Hennepin County, Minnesota, United States and a first-ring suburb of Minneapolis. The population was 53,494 at the 2020 census, making it the 18th most populous city in Minnesota.

Edina began as a small farming and milling community along Minnehaha Creek in the 1860s and became one of Minneapolis's first incorporated suburbs in 1888. After years of being a streetcar suburb, Edina saw expanded development as a car-centric suburb in the 1950s and 1960s.

The city is known for its shopping, parks, and high quality of life and also has the nation's oldest indoor mall, the Southdale Center.
PfSense
pfSense is a firewall/router computer software distribution based on FreeBSD. The open source pfSense Community Edition (CE) and pfSense Plus is installed on a physical computer or a virtual machine to make a dedicated firewall/router for a network. It can be configured and upgraded through a web-based interface, and requires no knowledge of the underlying FreeBSD system to manage.

Firewall (computing)
In computing, a firewall is a network security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on configurable security rules. A firewall typically establishes a barrier between a trusted network and an untrusted network, such as the Internet or between several VLANs. Firewalls can be categorized as network-based or host-based.
Ora, daughter of Ur
Ora (Hebrew: ערה; Ge'ez: አራ; fl. 20th century AM) was the wife of Reu, and the mother of Serug, according to the Book of Jubilees. She is consequently the paternal great-great-grandmother of Abraham, therefore an ancestor of the Israelites and Ishmaelites.

The Book of Jubilees further implies that Arphaxad is the grandfather of Ur, as the immediate progenitor of Ur, son of Kesed, making Arphaxad the great-grandfather of Ora. This makes Ora a great-great-great granddaughter of Noah and Naamah. This also makes Ora and her husband Reu second cousins twice removed.

In the Book of Jubilees, she is described as giving birth to Serug "in the seventh year of this week in this jubilee.", which has been identified as 1820 AM according to Masoretic chronology.

Reu
Reu or Ragau (Hebrew: רְעוּ, romanized: Rəʿū; Biblical Greek: Ῥαγαύ, romanized: Rhagaú), according to Genesis in the Hebrew Bible, was the son of Peleg and the father of Serug, thus being Abraham's great-great-grandfather and the ancestor of the Israelites and Ishmaelites.
Supervolcano
A supervolcano is a volcano that has had an eruption with a volcanic explosivity index (VEI) of 8, the largest recorded value on the index. This means the volume of deposits for such an eruption is greater than 1,000 cubic kilometers (240 cubic miles).

Supervolcanoes occur when magma in the mantle rises into the crust but is unable to break through it. Pressure builds in a large and growing magma pool until the crust is unable to contain the pressure and ruptures. This can occur at hotspots (for example, Yellowstone Caldera) or at subduction zones (for example, Toba).

Large-volume supervolcanic eruptions are also often associated with large igneous provinces, which can cover huge areas with lava and volcanic ash. These can cause long-lasting climate change (such as the triggering of a small ice age) and threaten species with extinction. The Oruanui eruption of New Zealand's Taupō Volcano (about 25,600 years ago) was the world's most recent VEI-8 eruption.

Volcanic winter
A volcanic winter is a reduction in global temperatures caused by droplets of sulfuric acid obscuring the Sun and raising Earth's albedo (increasing the reflection of solar radiation) after a large, sulfur-rich, particularly explosive volcanic eruption. Climate effects are primarily dependent upon the amount of injection of SO2 and H2S into the stratosphere where they react with OH and H2O to form H2SO4 on a timescale of a week, and the resulting H2SO4 aerosols produce the dominant radiative effect. Volcanic stratospheric aerosols cool the surface by reflecting solar radiation and warm the stratosphere by absorbing terrestrial radiation for several years. Moreover, the cooling trend can be further extended by atmosphere–ice–ocean feedback mechanisms. These feedbacks can continue to maintain the cool climate long after the volcanic aerosols have dissipated.
Ruth Charteris
Ruth Barbara Charteris KC (born 1973) is a Scottish advocate who has served as Solicitor General for Scotland since 2021. In addition to being the Solicitor General for Scotland, she has been a legally qualified chair of the Scottish Social Services Council since 2017, and has served as Chair of the Fitness to Practice Panel of the SSSC since 2017.

Faculty of Advocates
The Faculty of Advocates (Scottish Gaelic: Dàmh an Luchd-tagraidh) is an independent body of lawyers who have been admitted to practise as advocates before the courts of Scotland, especially the Court of Session and the High Court of Justiciary. The Faculty of Advocates is a constituent part of the College of Justice and is based in Edinburgh.

Advocates are privileged to plead in any cause before any of the courts of Scotland, including the sheriff courts and district courts, where counsel are not excluded by statute.
Voiceless bilabial affricate
A voiceless bilabial affricate ([p͜ɸ] in IPA) is a rare affricate consonant that is initiated as a bilabial stop [p] and released as a voiceless bilabial fricative [ɸ]. It has not been reported to occur phonemically in any language.

Affricate
An affricate is a consonant that begins as a stop and releases as a fricative, generally with the same place of articulation (most often coronal). It is often difficult to decide if a stop and fricative form a single phoneme or a consonant pair. English has two affricate phonemes, /t͡ʃ/ and /d͡ʒ/, generally spelled ch and j, respectively.
Thomas Anantharaman
Thomas S. Anantharaman is a computer statistician specializing in Bayesian inference approaches for NP-complete problems.  He is best known for his work with Feng-hsiung Hsu from 1985 to 1990 on the Chess playing computers ChipTest and Deep Thought at Carnegie Mellon University which led to his 1990 PhD Dissertation: "A Statistical Study of Selective Min-Max Search in Computer Chess".  This work was the foundation for the IBM chess-playing computer Deep Blue which beat world champion Garry Kasparov in 1997.

Feng-hsiung Hsu
Feng-hsiung Hsu (Chinese: 許峰雄; pinyin: Xǔ Fēngxióng; born January 1, 1959) (nicknamed Crazy Bird) is a Taiwanese-American computer scientist and electrical engineer. His work led to the creation of the Deep Thought chess computer, which led to the first chess playing computer to defeat grandmasters in tournament play and the first to achieve a certified grandmaster-level rating.

Hsu was the architect and the principal designer of the IBM Deep Blue chess computer. He was awarded the 1991 ACM Grace Murray Hopper Award for his contributions in architecture and algorithms for chess machines. He is the author of the book Behind Deep Blue: Building the Computer that Defeated the World Chess Champion.
Lanchester Light Six
The Lanchester Light Six was a small luxury car in the twelve tax horsepower class manufactured for The Lanchester Motor Company Limited by BSA subsidiary The Daimler Company Limited. Announced in September 1934 it was the better-finished  version of an almost identical pair the other half being the BSA Light Six

It followed the Lanchester 15/18 introduced three years earlier and Ten introduced in October 1932 as the third break away from previous Lanchester large cars.

This model was to become the Fourteen or Roadrider in 1937.

Rear view of six-light saloon

Rear view of four-light sports saloon

Lanchester Ten
The Lanchester Ten and Lanchester Eleven were sold by The Lanchester Motor Company Limited from the Ten's announcement in September 1932 until 1951. Quite different from previous Lanchesters, the Ten was the second (it followed the Lanchester 15/18) of Lanchester's new owner's new Daimler-linked Lanchester range. The names Ten and Eleven referred to the engine's rating for the annual tax and did not relate to the engine's power output.

Part of the thinking behind BSA's acquisition of Lanchester was, in consideration of the international economic depression, to extend the BSA group's range of cars into the sectors between those filled by Daimler and the three-wheeled 'cars' of BSA Cars without affecting Daimler's super-luxury image.

Ultimately the smallest Lanchester became far too expensive for the size of car it was, few were sold and production ended in 1951.
Boris Berlin
Boris Berlin OC OOnt (27 May 1907 – 24 March 2001) was a Canadian pianist, music educator, arranger, and composer of Russian birth. He is primarily remembered for his work within the field of piano pedagogy, having published an extensive amount of material in that area and teaching a large number of notable pianists. His more than 20 books on the subject of piano pedagogy sold more than 4 million copies. In 2000 he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada with the citation "Known as the teacher of teachers, he profoundly influenced musical instruction in our country. Having taught some of Canada's most illustrious musicians, he was known for his extensive contribution to pedagogical material and for his piano pieces for young performers."

A February 2026 article in the Toronto Star provided an account of a former student that alleged Berlin sexually assaulted them while they studied as a 15-year-old at The Royal Conservatory of Music.

Order of Ontario
The Order of Ontario (French: Ordre de l'Ontario) is a civilian honour for merit in the Canadian province of Ontario. Instituted in 1986 by Lieutenant Governor Lincoln Alexander, on the advice of the Cabinet under Premier David Peterson, the civilian order is administered by the Lieutenant Governor-in-Council and is intended to honour current or former Ontario residents for conspicuous achievements in any field.
Te Waimate Mission
Te Waimate Mission was the fourth mission station established in New Zealand and the first settlement inland from the Bay of Islands. The members of the Church Missionary Society (CMS) appointed to establish Te (the) Waimate Mission at Waimate North were the Rev. William Yate and lay members Richard Davis, George Clarke and James Hamlin.

Bay of Islands
The Bay of Islands (Māori: Te Pēwhairangi) is an area on the east coast of the Far North District of the North Island of New Zealand. It is one of the most popular fishing, sailing and tourist destinations in the country, and has been renowned internationally for its big-game fishing since American author Zane Grey publicised it in the 1930s. It is 60 km (37 mi) north-west of the city of Whangārei. Cape Reinga, at the northern tip of the country, is about 210 km (130 mi) by road further to the north-west.
Field's horned viper
Field's horned viper (Pseudocerastes fieldi) is a species of snake in the family Viperidae. The species is native to the deserts of the Middle East. Like all other vipers, it is venomous. It was previously considered a subspecies of the Persian horned viper (Pseudocerastes persicus). The main differences between this species and the Persian horned viper are in scalation and venom composition.

Persian horned viper
The Persian horned viper (Pseudocerastes persicus), known as the Persian horned viper, false horned viper, and by other common names, is a species of vipers endemic to the Middle East and Asia. Like all other vipers, it is venomous.
Addison-4 Vermont Representative District, 2002–2012
The Addison-4 Representative District is a two-member state Representative district in the U.S. state of Vermont.  It is one of the 108 one or two member districts into which the state was divided by the redistricting and reapportionment plan developed by the Vermont General Assembly following the 2000 United States census.  The plan applies to legislatures elected in 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, and 2010.  A new plan will be developed in 2012 following the 2010 United States census.

The Addison-4 District includes all of the Addison County towns of Bristol, Lincoln, Monkton, and Starksboro.

As of the 2000 census, the state as a whole had a population of 608,827. As there are a total of 150 representatives, there were 4,059 residents per representative (or 8,118 residents per two representatives). The two member Addison-4 District had a population of 8,659 in that same census, 6.66% above the state average.

Vermont House of Representatives districts
Vermont's state House of Representatives consists of 150 members elected from 108 single or two-member districts as provided for in the redistricting and reapportionment plan developed by the Vermont General Assembly following the 2000 U.S. census.  The plan applies to legislatures elected in 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, and 2010.  A new plan will be developed in 2012 following the 2010 U.S. census.

As of the 2000 census, the state as a whole had a population of 608,827. As there are a total of 150 representatives, there were 4059 residents per representative.
Hard disk recorder
A hard disk recorder (HDR) is a system that uses a high-capacity hard disk to record digital audio or digital video.  Hard disk recording systems represent an alternative to reel-to-reel audio tape recording and video tape recorders, and provide non-linear editing capabilities unavailable using tape recorders.  Audio HDR systems, which can be standalone or computer-based, are typically combined with provisions for digital mixing and processing of the audio signal to produce a digital audio workstation (DAW).

Direct-to-disk recording (DDR) refers to methods which may also use optical disc recording technologies such as DVD, and Compact disc.

Video tape recorder
A video tape recorder (VTR) is a tape recorder designed to record and playback video and audio material from magnetic tape. The early VTRs were open-reel devices that record on individual reels of 2-inch-wide (5.08 cm) video tape. They were used in television studios, serving as a replacement for motion picture film stock and making recording for television applications cheaper and quicker. Beginning in 1963, videotape machines made instant replay during televised sporting events possible. Improved formats, in which the tape was contained inside a videocassette, were introduced around 1969; the machines which play them are called videocassette recorders.

An agreement by Japanese manufacturers on a common standard recording format, which allowed cassettes recorded on one manufacturer's machine to play on another's, made a consumer market possible; and the first consumer videocassette recorder, which used the U-matic format, was introduced by Sony in 1971.
Grand Princess Consort Munhwa
Princess Consort Munhwa of the Munhwa Yu clan (Korean: 문화부부인 문화 유씨; Hanja: 文化府夫人 文化 柳氏; 27 October 1598 – 3 August 1676) was a Korean Royal Family member though her marriage as the first wife of Grand Prince Neungwon, the second son of Wonjong of Joseon and Queen Inheon. Lady Yu was the daughter of Yu Hyo-rib (유효립).

Queen Inheon
Queen Inheon of the Neungseong Gu clan (Korean: 인헌왕후 구씨; Hanja: 仁獻王后 具氏; 2 June 1578 – 10 February 1626), also known as Lady Gyewoon (계운궁; 啓運宮; lit. 'Gyewoon Palace'), was the wife of Grand Internal Prince Jeongwon and the biological mother of King Injo of Joseon.
Tamangic languages
The Tamangic languages, TGTM languages, or West Bodish languages or Kaike-Ghale-Tamangic languages (Glottolog), are a family of Sino-Tibetan languages spoken in the Himalayas of Nepal. They are called "West Bodish" by Bradley (1997), from Bod, the native term for Tibet. TGTM stands for Tamang-Gurung-Thakali-Manang.

Proto-TGTM has been reconstructed in Mazaudon (1994). Tamangic is united with the Bodish and West Himalayish languages in Bradley's (1997) "Bodish" and Van Driem's (2001) Tibeto-Kanauri.

Tamang language
Tamang (Devanagari: तामाङ; tāmāng) is a term used to collectively refer to a Sino-Tibetian language cluster spoken mainly in Nepal, Sikkim, West Bengal (Darjeeling) and North-Eastern India. It comprises Eastern Tamang, Northwestern Tamang, Southwestern Tamang, Eastern Gorkha Tamang, and Western Tamang. Lexical similarity between Eastern Tamang (which is regarded as the most prominent) and other Tamang languages varies between 81% and 63%. For comparison, the lexical similarity between Spanish and Portuguese is estimated at 89%.
Vermont Route 236
Vermont Route 236 (VT 236) is a 6.169-mile-long (9.928 km) state highway located entirely in Franklin County, Vermont, United States. The route begins at an intersection with VT 105 in the town of Sheldon, serving as a road connecting to Lake Carmi State Park. The route's northern terminus is located at a junction with VT 120 in Franklin and the hamlet of East Franklin not far from VT 108 and the Canada–US border. The route was designated as VT 236 in 1972.

Vermont Route 108
Vermont Route 108 (VT 108) is a north–south state highway in northern Vermont, United States. Its southern terminus is at VT 100 in Stowe, and its northern terminus is at the Canada–US border in Franklin, where it continues into Quebec past the West Berkshire–Frelighsburg Border Crossing as Route 237. VT 108 is 45.450 miles (73.145 km) long.
Anguis
Slow worms (also called blindworms and hazelworms) are a small genus (Anguis) of snake-like legless lizards in the family Anguidae. The genus contains five extant living species, including the common slow worm (A. fragilis), the eastern slow worm (A. colchica), the Greek slow worm (A. graeca), the Peloponnese slow worm (A. cephalonnica), and the Italian slow worm (A. veronensis). There are also known fossil species.

Anguis colchica
Anguis colchica, the eastern slow worm, is a species of legless lizard in the family Anguidae found in eastern and northern Europe and Asia. It is easily confused with the common slow worm, due to their physical similarities, and the proximity of their distribution.
Two-square cipher
The Two-square cipher, also called double Playfair, is a manual symmetric encryption technique. It was developed to ease the cumbersome nature of the large encryption/decryption matrix used in the four-square cipher while still being slightly stronger than the single-square Playfair cipher.

The technique encrypts pairs of letters (digraphs), and thus falls into a category of ciphers known as polygraphic substitution ciphers. This adds significant strength to the encryption when compared with monographic substitution ciphers, which operate on single characters. The use of digraphs makes the two-square technique less susceptible to frequency analysis attacks, as the analysis must be done on 676 possible digraphs rather than just 26 for monographic substitution. The frequency analysis of digraphs is possible, but considerably more difficult, and it generally requires a much larger ciphertext in order to be useful.

Four-square cipher
The four-square cipher is a manual symmetric encryption technique.  It was invented by the French cryptographer Felix Delastelle.

The technique encrypts pairs of letters (digraphs), and falls into a category of ciphers known as polygraphic substitution ciphers. This adds significant strength to the encryption when compared with monographic substitution ciphers which operate on single characters. The use of digraphs makes the four-square technique less susceptible to frequency analysis attacks, as the analysis must be done on 676 possible digraphs rather than just 26 for monographic substitution. The frequency analysis of digraphs is possible, but considerably more difficult - and it generally requires a much larger ciphertext in order to be useful.
Ramadan in Canada
Ramadan in Canada is observed by Canadian Muslims just like other Muslims around the world as a month of fasting, prayer, reflection, and community. Canada home to a diverse and growing Muslim population, religious devotion, cultural traditions, and communal activities mark Ramadan.

In Canada, Ramadan is also marked by large public and community initiatives that bring Muslims and non-Muslims together. Universities, mosques, and community organizations frequently host open iftar programs where people of different backgrounds are invited to share meals and learn about the significance of the month. These gatherings often aim to reduce isolation for students and newcomers and help create a sense of belonging within Canadian society. In addition, charities across the country organize food drives and meal programs during Ramadan to support vulnerable families, reflecting the emphasis on generosity and social support during the holy month.

Islam in Canada
Islam is the second-largest religion in Canada, practised by approximately 4.9% of the population. Canadian Muslims are one of the most ethnically diverse religious groups across the country. Muslims have lived in Canada since 1871 and the first mosque was established in 1938. Canada is home to the most northern built mosque in the world called the Midnight Sun Mosque.

There are a number of Islamic organizations and seminaries (madrasas). Opinion polls show most Muslims feel "very proud" to be Canadians, and majority are religious and attend mosque at least once a week. More than half of Canadian Muslims live in Ontario, with significant populations also living in Quebec, Alberta, and British Columbia.

The percentage of Muslims in Canada is 4.9% as of the 2021 census. In the Greater Toronto Area, 10% of the population is Muslim, and in Greater Montreal, 8.7% of the population is Muslim.
Women's Defence Relief Corps
The Women's Defence Relief Corps was a First World War voluntary organisation in the United Kingdom.  It was set up to increase the number of women in employment which would release men to join the armed forces.  It also had a "semi-military" section that trained women in marksmanship and military drill for home defence purposes.  The corps was supported by the Board of Agriculture for a period, though it would be eclipsed by the more successful  Women's Land Army.

Women's Land Army
The Women's Land Army (WLA) was a British civilian organisation created in 1917 by the Board of Agriculture during the First World War to bring women into work in agriculture, replacing men called up to the military. Women who worked for the WLA were commonly known as Land Girls (Land Lassies). The Land Army placed women with farms that needed workers, the farmers being their employers. The members picked crops and did all the labour to feed the country. Notable members include Joan Quennell, later a Member of Parliament; John Stewart Collis, Irish author and pioneer ecologist; the archaeologist Lily Chitty and the botanist Ethel Thomas. It was disbanded in 1919 but revived in June 1939 under the same name to again organise new workers to replace workers that served in the military during the Second World War. It was finally disbanded in 1950.