hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Philodemic Society
The Philodemic Society is a student debating society at Georgetown University founded in 1830 by Father James Ryder, S.J. The Philodemic is among the oldest such societies in the United States, and is the oldest secular student organization at Georgetown. The society's motto, "Eloquentiam Libertati Devinctam" reminds its members that they are pursuing Eloquence in Defense of Liberty.

Debates are held weekly on Thursdays at 8 p.m. in the Philodemic Room in Healy Hall. In recent years, the Philodemic has taken a more active role in engaging other prominent debating societies on the Eastern seaboard. The Philodemic maintains several intercollegiate friendships, most notably with the Demosthenian Literary Society of the University of Georgia, the Dialectic and Philanthropic Societies of University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and the Jefferson Literary and Debating Society at the University of Virginia.

Dialectic and Philanthropic Societies
The Dialectic and Philanthropic Societies, Inc. commonly known as DiPhi or The Societies, are the original collegiate debating societies at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. The Dialectic Society was formed in 1795. The Philanthropic Society was formed a month later by former members of Dialectic. Together, these two societies comprise the oldest student organization at the university, as well as the oldest public student organization in the United States.
Government of National Stability
The Government of National Stability (Arabic: حكومة الاستقرار الوطني, romanized: Ḥukūmat al-istiqrār al-waṭanī) is a rival government that controls eastern Libya. It was formed on 3 March 2022, is led by Osama Hammad and supported by the House of Representatives and the Libyan National Army. Since its inception, the government has claimed power over Libya in competition with the Tripoli based Government of National Unity led by Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh, with the Libyan Political Dialogue Forum coordinating the ceasefire agreement.

The Government of National Stability is a nominal civilian government in control of eastern Libya. However, de facto control in this area is held by the Libyan National Army and its commander Khalifa Haftar, who controls the government and the region through a military dictatorship.

As of May 2025 the United Nations recognises the Government of National Unity led by prime minister Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh as the legitimate government of Libya.

Rival government
A rival government is a political group that claims to be the legitimate government (exclusive mandate) of a sovereign state in opposition to another independent government. Such governments tend to be formed in the aftermath of a civil war, revolution, or military coup. They differ from a government in exile as they are based in, and have control over territory within the claimed state.
Samyukt Kisan Morcha
Samyukta Kisan Morcha (SKM) (lit. 'Joint Farmers' Force'  or 'United Farmers Front'), formed in November 2020, is a coalition of over forty Indian farmers' unions to coordinate satyagraha (non-violent resistance) against the three farm acts initiated by the central government in September of the same year.

In opposing the three farm laws, the SKM asserted that laws were an unwelcome imposition on the farmers, violated the constitution, were anti-farmer and pro-big business.

Satyagraha
Satyāgraha or "truth force", is a particular form of nonviolent resistance or civil resistance. Someone who practises satyagraha is a satyagrahi.

The term satyagraha was coined and developed by Mahatma Gandhi (1869–1948) as early as 1919.
Gandhi practised satyagraha as part of the Indian independence movement and also during his earlier struggles in South Africa for Indian rights. Satyagraha theory influenced Martin Luther King Jr.'s and James Bevel's campaigns during the Civil Rights Movement in the United States, as well as Nelson Mandela's struggle against apartheid in South Africa and many other social-justice and similar movements.
Burlingame Treaty
The Burlingame Treaty (Chinese: 中美天津條約續增條款), also known as the Burlingame–Seward Treaty of 1868, was a landmark treaty between the United States and Qing China, amending the Treaty of Tientsin, to establish formal friendly relations between the two nations, with the United States granting China the status of most favored nation with regard to trade. It was signed in the capital of the United States, Washington, D.C. in 1868 and ratified in the Chinese capital, Peking in 1869. The most significant result of the treaty was that it effectively lifted any former restrictions in regards to emigration to the United States from China, leading to large-scale immigration to the United States beginning in earnest by Chinese immigrants.

Treaty of Tientsin
The Treaty of Tientsin, also known as the Treaty of Tianjin, is a collective name for several unequal treaties signed at Tianjin (then romanized as Tientsin) in June 1858.  The Qing dynasty, Russian Empire, Second French Empire, United Kingdom, and the United States were the parties involved. These treaties, counted by the Chinese among the unequal treaties, opened more Chinese ports to foreign trade, permitted foreign legations in the Chinese capital Beijing, allowed Christian missionary activity, and effectively legalized the import of opium. They ended the first phase of the Second Opium War, which had begun in 1856 and were ratified by the Emperor of China in the Convention of Peking in 1860, after the end of the war.
Jake Kerr (businessman)
John "Jake" Custance Kerr, CM, OBC (born September 21, 1944) is a Canadian business executive. He is the former chair and CEO of Lignum Ltd., one of Canada's largest privately held forest product companies.

Born in Vancouver, British Columbia, he received a bachelor's degree from the University of British Columbia in 1965 and an MBA from the University of California, Berkeley in 1967.

He has been a member of the board of directors of Scotiabank since 1999.

In 2002, he was made a Member of the Order of Canada "for his ability to bring together diverse interests" and for having "served as Canada's lead negotiator in international trade talks". In 1997, he was awarded the Order of British Columbia.

Order of British Columbia
The Order of British Columbia is a civilian honour for merit in the Canadian province of British Columbia. Instituted in 1989 by Lieutenant Governor David Lam, on the advice of the Cabinet under Premier Bill Vander Zalm, the order is administered by the Governor-in-Council and is intended to honour current or former British Columbia residents for conspicuous achievements in any field, being thus described as the highest honour amongst all others conferred by the British Columbia Crown.
Mariano Rumor
Mariano Rumor (Italian pronunciation: [maˈrjaːno ruˈmor] ;16 June 1915 – 22 January 1990) was an Italian politician and statesman. A member of the Christian Democracy (DC), he served as the 39th prime minister of Italy from December 1968 to August 1970 and again from July 1973 to November 1974. As prime minister, he led five different governments, supported by various coalitions.

Rumor served as Italian Minister of Agriculture from 1959 to 1963, Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1974 to 1976, and Italian Minister of the Interior in two brief periods, in 1963 and from 1972 to 1973. Rumor was the secretary of the DC from 1964 to 1969.

Minister of Foreign Affairs (Italy)
The minister of foreign affairs is the head of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Italy. The office was one of the positions which Italy inherited from the Kingdom of Sardinia where it was the most ancient ministry of the government: this origin gives to the office a ceremonial primacy in the Italian cabinet.

The current minister is Antonio Tajani, a member of Forza Italia, who is serving in the government of Giorgia Meloni since 22 October 2022.
Jai Samand Road Railway Station
Jai Samand Road Railway Station (station code: JYM) is a railway station located in Dengari, Rajasthan, India. It falls under the jurisdiction of the Ajmer division of the North Western Railway (NWR). Positioned at an elevation of 267 meters above sea level, the station features two platforms and facilitates the boarding and deboarding of passengers traveling through this area.

North Western Railway zone
The North Western Railway (abbreviated NWR) is one of 19 railway zones in India. It is headquartered at Jaipur. It has a route length of more than 5,761 kilometres (3,580 mi) across the states of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Punjab and Haryana. NWR operates international rail service Thar Express from Jodhpur to Karachi. This zone is the key enabler of the Delhi–Mumbai Industrial Corridor (DMIC) project by virtue of running railways 1,500 km long Western Dedicated Freight Corridor.
I'm Over You (Martine McCutcheon song)
"I'm Over You" is a song by Martine McCutcheon. Written by the songwriting duo Carl Sturken and Evan Rogers, the single became McCutcheon's second-highest-charting single (behind the 1999 number-one "Perfect Moment"), peaking at number two on the UK Singles Chart in November 2000. The song also found modest success in Ireland, reaching number 23.

Perfect Moment
"Perfect Moment" is a song originally by Polish singer Edyta Górniak from her first international album, Edyta Górniak (1997). It was written by Jim Marr and Wendy Page and produced by Christopher Neil. A cover by British singer and actress Martine McCutcheon reached number one on the UK Singles Chart in 1999.
Collected (k-os album)
Collected is a compilation album by Canadian rapper k-os. The album contains recent tracks from the first three albums, the hit singles, and remixes of a couple singles. The album also contains three new tracks, two of which were leftovers from Atlantis: Hymns for Disco.

Atlantis: Hymns for Disco
Atlantis: Hymns for Disco is the third studio album by hip-hop artist k-os. It was released in Canada on October 10, 2006, and debuted at number 2 in music sales. The album was released worldwide on February 20, 2007. In the US, it reached number 152 on the Billboard 200 and number 5 on the Heatseekers.

An expanded reissue of the album, titled Atlantis+, was released on May 3, 2024.
Álvaro Corcuera
Álvaro Corcuera Martínez del Río LC (22 July 1957 – 30 June 2014) was a Mexican Roman Catholic priest. He was the former General Director of the Catholic Order of the Legion of Christ, serving since January 2005. On October 15, 2012, he went on sabbatical until the convocation of a general chapter; he had an advanced incurable brain tumor, which was undiagnosed at the time.

Legionaries of Christ
The Legionaries of Christ (in Latin: Congregatio Legionariorum Christi, abbreviated L.C.) is a Roman Catholic religious congregation of pontifical right founded on January 3, 1941, by Mexican Catholic priest and sexual offender Marcial Maciel. It belongs constitutively to the spiritual family of Regnum Christi together with the Consecrated Women of Regnum Christi and the Lay Consecrated Men of Regnum Christi. Its official name is the Congregation of the Legionaries of Christ.
Silent sinus syndrome
Silent sinus syndrome is a spontaneous, asymptomatic collapse of an air sinus (usually the maxillary sinus and orbital floor) associated with negative sinus pressures. It can cause painless facial asymmetry, diplopia and enophthalmos. Diagnosis is suspected based on symptoms, and can be confirmed using a CT scan. Treatment is surgical involving making an outlet for mucous drainage from the obstructed sinus, and, in some cases, paired with reconstruction of the orbital floor. It is slightly more common in middle age.

Orbit (anatomy)
In vertebrate anatomy, the orbit is the cavity or socket/hole of the skull in which the eye and its appendages are situated. "Orbit" can refer to the bony socket, or it can also be used to imply the contents. In the adult human, the volume of the orbit is about 28 millilitres (0.99 imp fl oz; 0.95 US fl oz), of which the eye occupies 6.5 ml (0.23 imp fl oz; 0.22 US fl oz). The orbital contents comprise the eye, the orbital and retrobulbar fascia, extraocular muscles, cranial nerves II, III, IV, V, and VI, blood vessels, fat, the lacrimal gland with its sac and duct, the eyelids, medial and lateral palpebral ligaments, cheek ligaments, the suspensory ligament, septum, ciliary ganglion and short ciliary nerves.
Interstate 280 (Ohio)
Interstate 280 (I-280) is a 12.41-mile-long (19.97 km) auxiliary Interstate Highway in Ohio that connects I-75 in northeast Toledo with I-80/I-90 (part of the Ohio Turnpike) southeast of the city in northeastern Wood County. Built between 1955 and 1959, the route was originally part of the Detroit–Toledo Expressway. Although first designated in 1959, the highway originally contained several at-grade intersections and other features which left it substandard to the Interstate Highway System until 1990. Further construction in 2007 built a new crossing of the Maumee River, replacing an outdated drawbridge. The highway serves as an easterly bypass of the Toledo metropolitan area, passing through the communities of Northwood and Oregon. It is one of two auxiliary Interstate Highways serving Toledo, the other being I-475.

Interstate 90 in Ohio
Interstate 90 (I-90) runs east–west across the northern tier of the US state of Ohio. Much of it is along the Ohio Turnpike, but sections outside the turnpike pass through Cleveland and northeast into Pennsylvania.

The entire free section of I-90 in Ohio is called the "AMVETS Highway". Selected stretches are named for various individuals. In Greater Cleveland, portions of I-90 carry various names, such as the Innerbelt Freeway, Cleveland Memorial Shoreway, Lakeland Freeway, and Euclid Spur.
Bob Brown (comics)
William Robert Brown (August 22, 1915 – January 1977) was an American comics artist with an extensive career from the early 1940s through the 1970s. With writers Edmond Hamilton and Gardner Fox, Brown co-created the DC Comics hero Space Ranger, drawing the character's complete run from his debut in the try-out comic Showcase #15 (Aug. 1958) through Mystery in Space #103 (July 1965).

Brown also penciled the DC title Challengers of the Unknown, taking over from Jack Kirby, from 1959 to 1968.

Gardner Fox
Gardner Francis Cooper Fox (May 20, 1911 – December 24, 1986) was an American writer known best for creating numerous comic book characters for DC Comics. He is estimated to have written more than 4,000 comics stories, including 1,500 for DC Comics. Fox was also a science fiction author and wrote many novels and short stories.

Fox is known as the co-creator of DC Comics heroes Barbara Gordon, the original Flash, Hawkman, Hawkgirl, Doctor Fate, Zatanna and the original Sandman, and was the writer who first teamed several of those and other heroes as the Justice Society of America, and later recreated the team as the Justice League of America. Fox introduced the concept of the Multiverse to DC Comics in the 1961 story "Flash of Two Worlds!".
Lamia railway station
Stylida railway station (Greek: Σιδηροδρομικός Σταθμός Λαμίας, romanized: Sidirodromikós stathmós Lamia) is a railway station in Lamia, Greece. The station opened 1905, along with the rest of the line. It is served by Regional services to Leianokladi and Stylida.

Stylida railway station
Stylida railway station (Greek: Σιδηροδρομικός Σταθμός Στυλίδας, romanized: Sidirodromikós stathmós Stylídas) is a railway station in Greece. The station opened 1905, along with the rest of the line. It is served by Regional services to Leianokladi.
21st Lancers
The 21st Lancers (Empress of India's) was a cavalry regiment of the British Army, raised in 1858 and amalgamated with the 17th Lancers in 1922 to form the 17th/21st Lancers. Perhaps its most famous engagement was the Battle of Omdurman, where Winston Churchill (then an officer of the 4th Hussars), rode with the unit.

4th Queen's Own Hussars
The 4th Queen's Own Hussars was a cavalry regiment in the British Army, first raised in 1685. It saw service for three centuries, including the First World War and the Second World War. It amalgamated with the 8th King's Royal Irish Hussars, to form the Queen's Royal Irish Hussars in 1958.
Florence Nebanda
Florence Andiru Nebanda, commonly known as Florence Nebanda, is a Ugandan politician and Legislator. She is the Woman Member of Parliament, representing Butaleja District in the Parliament of Uganda. She was elected to that position in February 2013, replacing her younger sister, Cerinah Nebanda, who died in office in December 2012. In 2021, she was re elected to the same position.

Cerinah Nebanda
Cerinah Nebanda (1988–2012) was a member of the parliament of Uganda, representing the Butaleja District Women's Constituency.

Her death at the age of 24, in December 2012, sparked political controversy.
Congrégation des témoins de Jéhovah de St-Jérôme-Lafontaine v Lafontaine (Village of)
Congrégation des témoins de Jéhovah de St-Jérôme-Lafontaine v Lafontaine (Village of), 2004 SCC 48, is a leading Supreme Court of Canada decision in Canadian administrative law. The case applied the Baker framework for analysing the duty of fairness owed by an administrative decision-maker to a zoning request made to a municipality and found that the municipal government owed a duty of procedural fairness to the applicant in the way that it assessed and responded to their rezoning application.

Baker v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)
Baker v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), [1999] 2 SCR 817 is a leading Canadian administrative law decision of the Supreme Court of Canada. The Court provided guidance on the standard of judicial review of administrative decisions. The issue was what standard of procedural fairness should be applied when considering the judicial review of the waiver of the requirement that applications for permanent residence be filed from abroad. The case also clarified the need for written reasons in some administrative decisions.
Magic: The Gathering Pro Tour season 2009
The 2009 Pro Tour season was the fourteenth season of the Magic: The Gathering Pro Tour. It began on 17 January 2009 with Grand Prix Los Angeles, and ended on 22 November 2009 with the conclusion of the 2009 World Championship in Rome. The season consisted of nineteen Grand Prixs, and four Pro Tours, located in Kyoto, Honolulu, Austin, and Rome. At the end of the season, Yuuya Watanabe was awarded the Pro Player of the Year, making him the first player to win both that title and the Rookie of the Year title which he had won two years prior. Frank Karsten, Kamiel Cornelissen, and Antoine Ruel were inducted into the Hall of Fame at the world championships in Rome.

Magic: The Gathering Players Tour
The Players Tour (PT) is a competitive international league for the Magic: The Gathering collectible card game, culminating in the World Championship. It consists of a series of tournaments held throughout the world, each requiring an invitation to participate. The Players Tour permanently replaced the Pro Tour in the 2020 season. Every PT awards a total of $250,000 in cash prizes, with $50,000 going to the winner. The Players Tour is split into three regions: Americas, Europe, and Asia-Pacific. Each region hosts three events, resulting in nine Players Tour events per season.
Washington State Route 204
State Route 204 (SR 204) is a short state highway in Snohomish County, Washington, United States. It connects U.S. Route 2 (US 2) at the eastern end of the Hewitt Avenue Trestle to the city of Lake Stevens, terminating at a junction with SR 9. The highway runs for a total length of 2.4 miles (3.9 km) and passes through several suburban neighborhoods.

The Everett–Lake Stevens road was originally added to the state highway system in 1937 as part of Secondary State Highway 15A (SSH 15A), which continued northeasterly to Granite Falls. The modern highway was built in 1954 and designated as SR 204 a decade later during the 1964 state highway renumbering, while the eastern half of SSH 15A became SR 92. Since then, suburban development in the area has necessitated planning for the reconstruction of the SR 9 intersection into a full interchange.

1964 state highway renumbering (Washington)
The 1964 state highway renumbering was a reorganization of state highways in the U.S. state of Washington. The new system, based on sign routes (SR, later changed to state routes), replaced the primary and secondary highway system implemented in 1937. It was first signed in January 1964 and codified into the Revised Code of Washington in 1970.
Robert Wedgeworth
Robert Wedgeworth is an American librarian who was the founding President of ProLiteracy Worldwide, an adult literacy organization. He is also a former executive director of the American Library Association, served as president of IFLA, served as dean of the School of Library Service at Columbia University, and was university librarian at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He has also authored and edited several major reference works, and has won many awards over the course of his career. In 2021 the American Library Association awarded him Honorary Membership, its highest award.

American Library Association Honorary Membership
Honorary Membership conferred by the American Library Association is the Association's highest award. "Honorary membership may be conferred on a living citizen of any country whose contribution to librarianship or a closely related field is so outstanding that it is of lasting importance to the advancement of the whole field of library service. It is intended to reflect honor upon the ALA as well as upon the individual." The Honorary Membership award was established in 1879.

The first Honorary Memberships were bestowed in 1879 to Charles William Eliot, President of Harvard University and Frederick O. Prince Trustee of the Boston Public Library.
Exponential response formula
In mathematics, the exponential response formula (ERF), also known as exponential response and complex replacement, is a method used to find a particular solution of a non-homogeneous linear ordinary differential equation of any order. The exponential response formula is applicable to non-homogeneous linear ordinary differential equations with constant coefficients if the function is polynomial, sinusoidal, exponential or the combination of the three. The general solution of a non-homogeneous linear ordinary differential equation is a superposition of the general solution of the associated homogeneous ODE and a particular solution to the non-homogeneous ODE. 
Alternative methods for solving ordinary differential equations of higher order are method of undetermined coefficients and method of variation of parameters.

Ordinary differential equation
In mathematics, an ordinary differential equation (ODE) is a differential equation (DE) dependent on only a single independent variable. As with any other DE, its unknown(s) consists of one (or more) function(s) and involves the derivatives of those functions. The term "ordinary" is used in contrast with partial differential equations (PDEs) which may be with respect to more than one independent variable, and, less commonly, in contrast with stochastic differential equations (SDEs) where the progression is random.
Riga Central Station
Riga Central Station (Latvian: Rīgas Centrālā stacijа) is the main railway station in Riga, Latvia. It is known as the main point of Riga due to its central location, and most forms of public transport stop in this area. Part of the building is a shopping centre.

Three rail mainlines connect the station to the east:

Riga–Skulte

Riga–Lugaži, through to the Estonian border crossing at Valka

Riga–Krustpils, which then splits into lines to Daugavpils and Zilupe.

Two rail mainlines connect the station to the west:

Riga–Jelgava, including lines through to Liepāja.

Riga–Tukums.

Riga–Jelgava Railway
The Riga–Jelgava Railway is a 43 kilometres (27 mi) long, 1,524 mm (5 ft) gauge railway built in the 19th century to connect the cities of Riga and Jelgava. In 1872, an extension was built from Jelgava to Mažeikiai, which connected Riga–Jelgava Railway to the Libava–Romny Railway.