hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Eastern Nile State
Eastern Nile was a state in South Sudan that existed between 2 October 2015 and 14 January 2017 when it was divided into Central Upper Nile State and Northern Upper Nile State. It was located in the Greater Upper Nile region and it was part of the former states of Upper Nile and Jonglei. The state bordered the states of Eastern Bieh, Latjoor, Western Bieh, Fashoda State, and the country of Ethiopia to the east.

Upper Nile (state)
Upper Nile is a state in South Sudan. The White Nile flows through the state, giving it its name. The state also shares a similar name with the region of Greater Upper Nile, of which it was part along with the states of Unity and Jonglei. It had an area of 77,823 square kilometres (30,048 sq mi). Malakal was the capital of the state. The towns of Upper Nile State include Akoka, Melut, Renk, Kodok along with its numerous counties such as Ulang County, Maiwut County and Nasir County. The Greater Upper Nile is the location of the Fashoda Incident that ended the "Scramble for Africa", and is located in the historical state of Upper Nile. The Upper Nile State seceded from Sudan as part of the Republic of South Sudan on 9 July 2011.

In October 2015, the states of South Sudan were reorganized into 28 states by President Salva Kiir. This was reversed as the result of a peace agreement signed on 22 February 2020.

In South Sudan it is the lowest portion of the Nile.
Cancellation-of-debt income
Taxpayers in the United States may have tax consequences when debt is cancelled. This is commonly known as cancellation-of-debt (COD) income. According to the Internal Revenue Code, the discharge of indebtedness must be included in a taxpayer's gross income.  There are exceptions to this rule, however, so a careful examination of one's COD income is important to determine any potential tax consequences.

Billions of dollars of cancelled debts will generate many unexpected tax bills, due to debt cancellations that financial institutions have started accelerating in 2012.

Gross income
For households and individuals, gross income is the sum of all wages, salaries, profits, interest payments, rents, and other forms of earnings, before any deductions or taxes. It is opposed to net income, defined as the gross income minus taxes and other deductions (e.g., mandatory pension contributions).

For a business, gross income (also gross profit, sales profit, or credit sales) is the difference between revenue and the cost of making a product or providing a service, before deducting overheads, payroll, taxation, and interest payments. This is different from operating profit (earnings before interest and taxes). Gross margin is often used interchangeably with gross profit, but the terms are different. When speaking about a monetary amount, it is technically correct to use the term "gross profit", but when referring to a percentage or ratio, it is correct to use "gross margin".
Plateau de Saclay
The Plateau de Saclay (French pronunciation: [plato də saklɛ]), also called Silicon Valley Européenne (in English, European Silicon Valley), is located north of Essonne and south-east of Yvelines, 20 km south of Paris. It is bounded by the valley of the Yvette (Vallée de Chevreuse) to the south and east, and the valley of the Bièvre to the north.

It hosts world-class universities, engineering and management schools and research centers, such as Paris-Saclay University, École Polytechnique, ENSAE Paris, Telecom Paris, HEC, ENSTA ParisTech, CentraleSupélec, Agro ParisTech, IOGS, IHES, CEA, Inria, Danone research center, one Thales research facility, and national scientific instruments such as the SOLEIL synchrotron and the NeuroSpin Project.
In order to create an even more attractive campus, other engineering schools and high-value centers are planned: EDF headquarters for instance.

Vallée de Chevreuse
Vallée de Chevreuse (French pronunciation: [vale də ʃəvʁøz] ⓘ, Chevreuse Valley) is the valley of the Yvette River in the Yvelines and Essonne departments.

It encompasses the communes around Chevreuse (Saint-Rémy-lès-Chevreuse, Choisel, Dampierre, etc.) within the Parc naturel régional de la haute vallée de Chevreuse and communes further downstream until Palaiseau: Gif-sur-Yvette, Bures-sur-Yvette, Orsay, Villebon-sur-Yvette, etc.
Rancho Ex-Mission San Fernando
Rancho Ex-Mission San Fernando was a 116,858-acre (472.91 km2) Mexican land grant in present-day Los Angeles County, California, granted in 1846 by Governor Pío Pico to Eulogio F. de Celis. The grant derives its name from the secularized Mission San Fernando Rey de España, but was called ex-Mission because of a division made of the lands held in the name of the mission—the church retaining the grounds immediately around, and all of the lands outside of this were called ex-Mission lands. The grant encompassed most of the present-day San Fernando Valley.

Pío Pico
Don Pío de Jesús Pico IV (May 5, 1801 – September 11, 1894) was a Californio politician, ranchero, and entrepreneur, famous for serving as the last governor of Alta California under Mexican rule from 1845 to 1846. He briefly held the governorship during a disputed period in 1832. A member of the prominent Pico family of California, he was one of the wealthiest men in California at the time and a hugely influential figure in Californian society, continuing as a citizen of the nascent U.S. state of California.

His legacy can be seen in the numerous places named after him, such as the city of Pico Rivera, Pico Boulevard in Los Angeles, Pio Pico State Historic Park, and numerous schools that bear his name.
Big Burro Mountains
The Big Burro Mountains are a moderate length 35-mile (56 km) long, mountain range located in central Grant County, New Mexico. The range's northwest-southeast 'ridgeline' is located 15 mi southwest of Silver City.

The southeast end of the range has the Continental Divide of the Americas crossing the range over Burro Peak and traversing from Silver City, the Pinos Altos Range, and then the adjacent Little Burro Mountains attached to the Big Burro's on the southeast.

The northwest region of the range has the Gila River traversing on a course from the Gila Wilderness, north of Silver City, and the Gila on its excursion towards Arizona, being one of the major regional river basins of the arid Sonoran Desert of central and southern Arizona. On the other hand, the Big Burro Mountains are on the northwest perimeter of the Chihuahuan Desert as it extends into southern New Mexico through the Playas and Animas Valleys.

Playas Valley
The Playas Valley is a lengthy and narrow 60-mi (97-km) long, valley located in Hidalgo County, New Mexico in the Bootheel Region; the extreme south of the valley lies in Chihuahua. Playas, New Mexico is located in the northeast. The valley is noteworthy for the Playas Lake, a dry lake in the north.

The Continental Divide of the Americas forms its western border in a series of three linear mountain ranges, and the divide forms the water divide as the northern border of the Playas Valley. The valley disappears southward into regions of the northwest Chihuahuan Desert of Chihuahua, Mexico. Regions of the desert extend northward to foothills of various mountain ranges, canyons, washes, or other landforms.
Statue of Queen Victoria, Teldeniya
A statue of Queen Victoria was originally erected in front of the Passenger Jetty of Colombo Harbor and at the junction of York and Church Streets in 1897. The first monument to Queen Victoria in Ceylon, the marble statue was commissioned and unveiled in celebration of the Queen's Diamond Jubilee. The statue was commissioned to British portrait sculptor George Edward Wade. It was one of the only statues of Queen Victoria to be sculpted by him.

The statue was at its original location until mid-1920s and then it was moved to Gordon Gardens adjacent to the Queen's House. The statue moved from Gordon Gardens to Victoria Park and then to the Colombo Museum site in 2006. The statue was given a facelift ahead of the Commonwealth heads of government meeting in 2013 and was reinstalled facing Green Path.

The statue was removed and reinstalled at Queen Victoria Dam as part of the plan to make the surrounding area of the dam a tourist attraction.

Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria
The Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria was officially celebrated on 22 June 1897 to mark the occasion of the 60th anniversary of Queen Victoria's accession on 20 June 1837. Queen Victoria was the first British monarch ever to celebrate a Diamond Jubilee.
Named graph
Named graphs are a key concept of Semantic Web architecture in which a set of Resource Description Framework statements (a graph) are identified using a URI, allowing descriptions to be made of that set of statements such as context, provenance information or other such metadata.

Named graphs are a simple extension of the RDF data model through which graphs can be created but the model lacks an effective means of distinguishing between them once published on the Web at large.

Uniform Resource Identifier
A Uniform Resource Identifier (URI), formerly Universal Resource Identifier, is a unique sequence of characters that identifies an abstract or physical resource,: 1  such as resources on a webpage, email address, phone number,: 7  books, real-world objects such as people and places, and concepts.: 5

URIs which provide a means of locating and retrieving information resources on a network (either on the Internet or on another private network, such as a computer file system or an Intranet) are Uniform Resource Locators (URLs). Therefore, URLs are a subset of URIs, i.e. every URL is a URI (and not necessarily the other way around).: 7  Other URIs provide only a unique name, without a means of locating or retrieving the resource or information about it; these are Uniform Resource Names (URNs). The web technologies that use URIs are not limited to web browsers.
West Adelaide Bearcats
West Adelaide Bearcats is a NBL1 Central club based in Adelaide, South Australia. The club fields both a men's and women's team. The club is a division of the overarching West Adelaide Basketball Club (WABC), the major administrative basketball organisation in Adelaide's western suburbs. The Bearcats play their home games at Port Adelaide Recreation Centre.

NBL1 Central
NBL1 Central, formerly the Premier League, is a semi-professional basketball league in South Australia, comprising both a men's and women's competition. In 2020, Basketball South Australia partnered with the National Basketball League (NBL) to bring NBL1 to South Australia. NBL1 replaced the former Premier League to create more professional pathways and opportunities for males and females playing basketball in South Australia. As a result, the Premier League became the central conference of NBL1.
Tourism in Vila Nova de Gaia
Vila Nova de Gaia is a tourist destination in northern Portugal, located opposite Porto on the South bank of Douro river. The cities connect through several bridges over Douro river. Vila Nova de Gaia is home to several notable attractions, such as the Port wine cellars, Dom Luís I Bridge, the Teleferico, Monastery of Serra do Pilar, Douro Estuary and 18 km long beaches.

Monastery of Serra do Pilar
The Monastery of Serra do Pilar is a former monastery located in Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal, on the opposite side of the Douro River from Porto. The monastery is situated on an outcrop overlooking the Dom Luís I Bridge and the historic centre of Porto. Together with these locations, the monastery was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1996. The monastery is notable for its church and cloister, both of which are circular.
Minakuchi Domain
Minakuchi Domain (水口藩, Minakuchi-han) was a Fudai feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of  Edo period Japan.  It was located in southeastern Ōmi Province, in the Kansai region of central Honshu. The domain was centered at Minakuchi Castle, located in what is now the city of Kōka in Shiga Prefecture.

Ōmi Province
Ōmi Province (近江国, Ōmi no Kuni; Japanese pronunciation: [oꜜː.mʲi (no kɯ.ɲi)]) was a province of Japan, which today comprises Shiga Prefecture. It was one of the provinces that made up the Tōsandō circuit. Its nickname is Gōshū (江州). Under the Engishiki classification system, Ōmi was ranked as one of the 13 "great countries" (大国) in terms of importance, and one of the "near countries" (近国) in terms of distance from the imperial capital Kyoto.

Ōmi bordered on Wakasa and Echizen Provinces to the north, Mino and Ise Provinces to the east, Iga and Yamato Provinces to the south, and Yamashiro and Tanba Provinces to the west. Lake Biwa, Japan's largest lake, is located at the center of the province.
Ku Klux Klan in Southern Illinois
The Ku Klux Klan in Southern Illinois operated between 1867 and 1875 in seven counties—Franklin, Williamson, Jackson, Saline, Johnson, Union, and Pope. The "worst Klan years" were in 1874 and 1875.

The earliest date attributed to this group was 1867. The organizer was reputed to be Aaron Neal of Franklin County, who, according to one Klansman, had been a member of the first KKK, founded in Pulaski, Tennessee, on December 24, 1865.

Jackson County, Illinois
Jackson County is a county located in the U.S. state of Illinois with a population of 52,974 at the 2020 census, the county is located 98 miles southeast of St. Louis. Its county seat is Murphysboro, and its most populous city is Carbondale, home to the main campus of Southern Illinois University. The county was incorporated on January 10, 1816, and named for Andrew Jackson. The community of Brownsville served as the fledgling county's first seat. Jackson County is included in the Carbondale-Marion, IL Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is located in the southern portion of Illinois known locally as "Little Egypt".
Pune Suburban Railway
Pune Suburban Railway (Marathi: पुणे उपनगरीय रेल्वे), also known as Pune Local, is a suburban rail system connecting Pune to its suburbs and neighboring villages in Pune District, Maharashtra. It is operated by Central Railway (CR), part of Indian Railways. The system operates on two routes, Pune Junction–Lonavala and its part Shivaji Nagar–Talegaon. 17 trains operate on Pune Junction–Lonavala route and 4 trains operate on Shivaji Nagar–Talegaon route. Also, DEMU trains operate on Pune Junction–Daund–Baramati route.

Daund Junction railway station
Daund Junction railway station is a railway junction station on the Mumbai–Chennai route of Indian Railways located in Pune district, Maharashtra, India. The Daund–Manmad line and the Daund–Baramati branch line start from here. Daund is a major freight redistribution hub.
TER Haute-Normandie
TER Haute Normandie was the regional rail network serving the former region of Upper Normandy in France. In 2016 it was merged into the new TER Normandie.

Trains are operated by the SNCF, services are subject to regulation by the Conseil Régional de Haute Normandie as all TER services are and are promoted using the TER branding. The Conseil Régional has since 2001 received several new multiple units diesel-electric, including single coach, double coach and refurbishment of three car DMUs.

Upper Normandy
Upper Normandy (French: Haute-Normandie, IPA: [ot nɔʁmɑ̃di] ⓘ; Norman: Ĥâote-Normaundie) is a former administrative region of France. On 1 January 2016, Upper and Lower Normandy merged becoming one region called Normandy.
Ocean University of China
The Ocean University of China (中国海洋大学) is a public university in Qingdao, Shandong, China. It is affiliated with the Ministry of Education of China. The university is part of Project 211, Project 985, and the Double First-Class Construction.

While offering studies in various branches of natural and social sciences alongside engineering, the university is especially renowned for its marine sciences and fishery sciences departments.

The university celebrated its centenary on October 25, 2024 organising a mega event.

Project 985
Project 985 (Chinese: 985工程) was a higher education development and sponsorship scheme of the Chinese central government for creating world-class higher education institutions, initiated in May 1998. There were 39 universities selected to be part of this program, which are mostly considered top-tier institutions in mainland China.

Project 211 and Project 985 were both initiated by the Jiang Zemin administration in 1990s as part of the "revitalize the country through science and education" strategy. They were nullified in 2016 and replaced by the Double First-Class Construction in 2017, under the Xi Jinping administration.
Gandhari Valley
Gandhari is a valley in Kishtwar district of Jammu and Kashmir region of India. It is an extension of Paddar Valley and abuts the other Indian territories of Ladakh and Himachal Pradesh.

It consists of six villages in which three are Hindu villages namely ( Bhatwas, Chagg & Muthal ) and rest three are Buddhist villages are ( Khajroni, Aliyah & Tun ).  Every village has its own uniqueness besides tourist spot capability. Famous Chandi mata temple located in the chagg village where all the cultural festival of Goddess are celebrated with great unity, joy and glee. Naag devta Temple are located in bhatwas village. Aliyah village of Gandhari valley is famous for its buddhist monastery locally called Gompa.

The Panchayat of Gandhari Valley is named after its last village tun as TUN PYT.

The valley is rich in Natural Vegetation and Wildlife, Cultural diversity

Paddar
Paddar, also spelled Padar (Hindi: pāḍar), is a sub-district and remote valley in the Kishtwar district of the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India. It falls in the Jammu division. It consists of two tehsils: Machail and Atholi Paddar. The valley covers the entire southeastern portion of the Kishtwar district. It borders Zanskar (Ladakh) in the north and east, Pangi (Himachal Pradesh) in the south and the rest of Jammu and Kashmir in the west. The valley is known for its Sapphire mines. It lies along the Chenab river in the Great Himalayas. Paddar is one of the most remote regions of Jammu and Kashmir. There are a number of small valleys within Paddar, such as Machail, Gandhari, Kabban, Ongai, Bhuzunu, Barnaj, Bhuzas, Kijai Nallah, Ishtiyari, Tiyari and Dharlang, among others.
Thailand International (badminton)
The Thailand International (Thai: การการแข่งขันแบดมินตันนานาชาติ ปุ้มปุ้ยแชมเปี้ยนชิพ) is an open international badminton tournament held in Thailand. It is one of the most important tournaments in Thailand behind the Thailand Open and Thailand Masters. The tournament is also known as the Thailand Satellite or Smiling Fish International and became an International Challenge level tournament in 2016. The name of the tournament comes from that of a Thai food company from Trang, where the competition is held. In 2023, the tournament was renamed as Thailand International Challenge.

Thailand Masters (badminton)
The Thailand Masters is an international badminton tournament held starting from 2016. The tournament is launched to honor Princess Sirivannavari, who was a former badminton player. Currently, the level of the tournament is BWF World Tour Super 300, replacing the older structure of Grand Prix Gold. The first tournament was held in Bangkok and offered a total prize money of US$120,000, until 2018 it increased to US$150,000.
External ballistics
External ballistics or exterior ballistics is the part of ballistics that deals with the behavior of a projectile in flight. The projectile may be powered or un-powered, guided or unguided, spin or fin stabilized, flying through an atmosphere or in the vacuum of space, but most certainly flying under the influence of a gravitational field.

Gun-launched projectiles may be unpowered, deriving all their velocity from the propellant's ignition until the projectile exits the gun barrel. However, exterior ballistics analysis also deals with the trajectories of rocket-assisted gun-launched projectiles and gun-launched rockets and rockets that acquire all their trajectory velocity from the interior ballistics of their on-board propulsion system, either a rocket motor or air-breathing engine, both during their boost phase and after motor burnout.  External ballistics is also concerned with the free-flight of other projectiles, such as balls, arrows etc.

Projectile
A projectile is an object that is propelled by the application of an external force and then moves freely under the influence of gravity and air resistance. Although any objects in motion through space are projectiles, they are commonly found in warfare and sports (for example, a thrown baseball, kicked football, fired bullet, shot arrow, a ball from a cannon, stone released from catapult).

In ballistics, mathematical equations of motion are used to analyze projectile trajectories through launch, flight, and impact.
Hironobu Abe
Hironobu Abe (安倍 寛信, Abe Hironobu); born May 30, 1952) is a Japanese businessman. He is the CEO of AB Communications and former CEO of Mitsubishi Corporation Packaging. A scion of the Satō–Kishi–Abe family, he is the eldest son of politician Shintaro Abe, and the older brother of former prime minister of Japan Shinzo Abe and former minister of defense Nobuo Kishi. Abe was a grandson of former prime minister Nobusuke Kishi and a grand-nephew of former prime minister Eisaku Satō.

Shintaro Abe
Shintaro Abe (安倍 晋太郎, Abe Shintarō; April 29, 1924 – May 15, 1991) was a Japanese politician who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1982 to 1986. He was a leading member of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party (LDP). He was the father of Prime Minister Shinzo Abe and part of the Satō–Kishi–Abe family.
Helicini
Helicini is a tribe of terrestrial gastropods in the family Helicidae. It contains mostly large land snail species, diversified in particular in the Balkans, Anatolia, and the Caucasus.

The tribe as currently accepted was delimited with molecular phylogenetic analyses. The previously used concept was much broader and included what now constitutes the subfamily Helicinae, but without Theba. In its present sense, the tribe constitutes the eastern clade of Helicinae, in contrast to the primarily North African Otalini and Allognathini from the western Europe and Macaronesia. There is no known synapomorphy.

Helicinae
Helicinae is a subfamily of terrestrial gastropods in the family Helicidae. It contains mostly large land snail species, distributed in the western Palaearctic. The most recent (as of 2023) classification proposed division into three tribes.

The subfamily contains the largest helicids, and includes widely known, widespread species like the garden snail, grove snail, white garden snail, chocolate-band snail or the Roman snail.
Basque Swimming Federation
The Basque Swimming Federation (Basque: Euskal Igeriketa Erakundea, EIF; Spanish: Federación Vasca de Natación, FVN) is the body responsible for managing swimming sport in the Basque Country autonomous region. Its offices are in Bilbao.

The federation integrates the three regional federations - the Biscayan Swimming Federation (FBN-BIF) of Biscay, the Gipuzkoa Swimming Federation (GIF) of Gipuzkoa and the Álava Swimming Federation (FAN) of Álava, being represented by the Basque organization.

The Basque Swimming Federation is part of the Royal Spanish Swimming Federation (RFEN).

Royal Spanish Swimming Federation
The Royal Spanish Swimming Federation (Spanish: Real Federación Española de Natación - RFEN) founded in 1920, is the aquatics national federation for Spain. It oversees competition in the 5 aquatics disciplines (swimming, diving, open water swimming, synchronized swimming and water polo) and Masters competition in these. As of 2023, the federation has 790 registered clubs and 66,766 federated swimmers.

It is affiliated to:

FINA, which oversees international swimming;

LEN, which oversees swimming in Europe;

COE, the Spanish Olympic Committee