hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Transponder landing system
A transponder landing system (TLS) is an all-weather, precision landing system that uses existing airborne transponder and instrument landing system (ILS) equipment to create a precision approach at a location where an ILS would normally not be available.

Transponder (aeronautics)
A transponder (short for transmitter-responder and sometimes abbreviated to XPDR, XPNDR, TPDR or TP) is an electronic device that produces a response when it receives a radio-frequency interrogation. Aircraft have transponders to assist in identifying them on air traffic control radar. Collision avoidance systems have been developed to use transponder transmissions as a means of detecting aircraft at risk of colliding with each other.

Air traffic control (ATC) units use the term "squawk" when they are assigning an aircraft a transponder code, e.g., "Squawk 7421". "Squawk" thus can be said to mean "select transponder code" and "squawking xxxx" to mean "I have selected transponder code xxxx".

The transponder receives interrogation from the secondary surveillance radar on 1030 MHz and replies on 1090 MHz.
Huron and Eastern Railway
Huron and Eastern Railway (reporting mark HESR) is a short line railroad operating 331 miles (533 km) of track in  The Thumb and Flint/Tri-Cities area of the lower peninsula of Michigan. It is currently owned by Genesee & Wyoming, Inc., who purchased it from RailAmerica in 2012. Its headquarters is in the former Michigan Central Railroad depot in Vassar, Michigan.

Vassar, Michigan
Vassar is a city in Tuscola County in the U.S. state of Michigan. Founded March 1, 1849. The population was 2,727 at the 2020 census and 2,697 in 2010 (an increase of about 1.1%). The city is located on the western edge of Vassar Township but is administratively autonomous.
Automatic height controller
An automatic height controller (AHC) is an electronic suspension system that automatically adjusts a vehicle's ride height in response to driving conditions, load changes, speed, and terrain. Using sensors, electronic control units (ECUs), and air or hydraulic actuators, the system maintains optimal ground clearance, handling stability, and comfort without driver intervention.

Automatic height control is widely used in luxury SUVs, off-road vehicles, and high-end passenger cars, particularly in systems produced by Toyota, Lexus, Mercedes-Benz, Land Rover, and aftermarket air-suspension manufacturers.

Air suspension
Air suspension is a type of vehicle suspension powered by an electric or engine-driven air pump or compressor. This compressor pumps the air into a flexible bellows, usually made from textile-reinforced rubber. Unlike hydropneumatic suspension, which offers many similar features, air suspension does not use pressurized liquid, but pressurized air. The air pressure inflates the bellows, and raises the chassis from the axle.
Alice D'Amato
Alice D'Amato (Italian: [aˈliːtʃe daˈmaːto]; born 7 February 2003) is an Italian artistic gymnast. She represented Italy at the 2020 and 2024 Olympic Games. She is the 2024 Olympic balance beam champion, becoming the first Italian woman to win gold at the Olympics in any gymnastics event. On the uneven bars she is the 2023 and 2024 European champion, the 2022 European silver medalist, and the 2019 European bronze medalist. Additionally, she is a two-time European all-around medalist. She was a member of the teams that won silver at the 2024 Olympic Games, bronze at the 2019 World Championships, and gold at the 2022 and 2024 European Championships. She is the twin sister of Asia D'Amato.

2019 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships
The 2019 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships was held in Stuttgart, Germany from October 4–13, 2019. The championships took place at the Hanns-Martin-Schleyer-Halle, and was the third time the city of Stuttgart hosted the event following the 1989 and 2007 editions, and the fifth time Germany hosted it.

As of October 2, 92 federations registered gymnasts for the event with a total of 288 men and 259 women.

Sam Mikulak of the United States and Mélanie de Jesus dos Santos of France won the Longines Prize for Elegance. Both mark a first for their respective countries: de Jesus dos Santos is the first gymnast from France to win this prize, and Mikulak is the first male gymnast from the United States to win one.
Philip Ludwell Lee
Philip Ludwell Lee (February 24, 1727 – February 21, 1775): 70  (sometimes nicknamed "Colonel Phil") was a Virginia planter and politician who briefly represented Westmoreland County on Virginia's Northern Neck in the House of Burgesses in 1756 before serving on the Virginia Governor's Council (1757-1774).: 162–163 : xx, 87

Virginia Governor's Council
The Governor's Council, also known as the Privy Council and Council of State, was the upper house of the legislature of the Colony of Virginia (the House of Burgesses being the other house). It also served as an advisory body to the royal governor and as the highest judicial body in the colony. Beginning in the 1630s, its 12 members were appointed by the British sovereign. After Virginia declared its independence from Great Britain in 1776, members were appointed by the General Assembly, and most of their powers were redistributed to the newly formed Senate of Virginia and the state's judiciary. The Council was formally abolished after delegates to the 1850 Virginia constitutional convention voted to enact what became known as the "Reform Constitution," which vested many of its remaining functions in the popularly elected offices of Governor, Lieutenant Governor, and Attorney General.
Kaiwalya Trivikram Parnaik
Lieutenant General K. T. Parnaik PVSM, UYSM, YSM (born 28 June 1953) is a retired general officer of the Indian Army who is serving as 20th Governor of Arunachal Pradesh since 2023. He is the first person from Maharashtra who took over as the General Officer Commanding-in-Chief of Northern Command.

Param Vishisht Seva Medal
Param Vishisht Seva Medal (PVSM) (IAST: Parama Viśiṣṭa Sēvā, lit. 'Supreme Distinguished Service Medal') is a military award of India. It is the highest peacetime medal of the Indian Armed Forces, and is awarded for "distinguished service of the most exceptional order." The medal is awarded for "distinguished service rendered by personnel of the Armed Forces."

All ranks of the Armed Forces, including Territorial Army, Auxiliary and Reserve forces, Nursing officers and other members of the Nursing services and other lawfully constituted Armed Forces are eligible for the medal, which may be awarded multiple times as well as posthumously.
Edison Flores
Edison Michael Flores Peralta (born 14 May 1994) is a Peruvian professional footballer who plays as a forward for Peruvian Liga 1 club Universitario de Deportes and the Peru national team.

Flores began his career in the youth ranks of Lima club Universitario de Deportes. In 2011, at the age of 17, he helped Universitario win the U-20 Copa Libertadores and was named best player of the tournament.

With the national team, Flores participated at the 2018 FIFA World Cup and was the joint-top scorer (together with Paolo Guerrero) for Peru in the qualifiers for said competition, with five goals. He also played at three Copa América tournaments in 2016, 2019 and 2024, helping Peru finish as runners-up in 2019.

2011 U-20 Copa Libertadores
The 2011 U-20 Copa Libertadores (known as the 2011 Copa Movistar Libertadores Sub-20 for sponsorship reasons) was the first edition of this U-20 club competition. Players born on or after 1 January 1990 were eligible to compete. The tournament was originally going to be hosted in November 2010, however, because of the postponement, players born in 1990 were allowed to play, otherwise only players born after 1 January 1991 would have been eligible.
Yahia Fofana
Yahia Fofana (born 21 August 2000) is an Ivorian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Turkish Süper Lig club Çaykur Rizespor. Born in France, he plays for the Ivory Coast national football team.

Ivory Coast national football team
The Ivory Coast national football team (French: Équipe de football de Côte d'Ivoire, recognized as the Côte d'Ivoire by FIFA) represents Ivory Coast in men's international football. Nicknamed the Elephants, the team is managed by the Ivorian Football Federation (FIF). The team has won the Africa Cup of Nations three times, in 1992, 2015 and 2023, and has qualified for the FIFA World Cup four times, in 2006, 2010, 2014 and 2026.

Ivory Coast's home colours are all orange. Since 2020 their home games have been played at Alassane Ouattara Stadium, in Abidjan. Prior to this their home ground was Felix Houphouet Boigny Stadium, also in Abidjan. Didier Zokora holds the record for number of caps, with 123. The nation's leading goalscorer is Didier Drogba, who scored 65 goals for the Elephants in 105 appearances.
Ghias Mela
Chaudhry Ghias Ahmed Mela (چوہدری غیاث احمد میلہ;17 September 1961 – 27 June 2015) was a Pakistani politician who was a three time Member of National Assembly (1997–1999, 2002–2007, 2008–2013) from Sargodha. He hails from the Mela village of Kot Momin Tehsil, in Sargodha District and was an agriculturist by profession. He was a member of the PML-Q and held the post of senior vice president of the party until March 2015, when he joined the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf.

He had also served as the Chairman of the standing committee for housing under the PML-Q regime (2002–2007) and as Federal Minister of State for the Ministry of Human Resource Development (2012–2013).

Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis and Human Resource Development
The Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis and Human Resource Development (Urdu: وزارت بیرون ملک پاکستانی و ترقی انسانی وسائل), abbreviated as MOPHRD) is a ministry of the Government of Pakistan that oversees matters concerning Overseas Pakistanis and human resource development in Pakistan.

The ministry was established in July 2013 through the merger of the Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis and the Ministry of Human Resource Development.
Areekode
Areekode is a  town on the banks of the Chaliyar River in Areekode Grama Panchayat in Malappuram district, India. It was part of the Malabar district in British India.

Areekode has an area of 7.25 square miles and is one of the highly literate areas in the state of Kerala. Situated in the northern part of the Malappuram district, it is encircled by hills and hillocks capped in green. The Areekode region includes Urangatiri, Kizhuparamba, Kavanoor, and Areekode panchayats.

It is 17 km from Manjeri, 27 km from Malappuram, and 35 km from Calicut town.

Manjeri
Manjeri (IPA: [mɐɲd͡ʑeːɾi]) is a major town and municipality in Malappuram district, Kerala, India. It is the fourth-most populous municipality in the state. It is situated 23 kilometres (14 mi) southeast of Karipur International Airport and 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) northeast of Malappuram, the district headquarters, and forms a part of the Malappuram metropolitan area. It is one of the major commercial towns under the Malappuram urban agglomeration and serves as the headquarters of Eranad Taluk. Manjeri Municipality is a local self-government institution with a jurisdiction of three villages, namely Manjeri, Payyanad, and Narukara.
Rivière du Sud (Richelieu River tributary)
The Rivière du Sud (French pronunciation: [ʁivjɛʁ dy syd], "River of the South") is a tributary of the Richelieu River, flowing successively in the municipalities of Saint-Alexandre, Saint-Sébastien, Clarenceville and Henryville, in the Le Haut-Richelieu Regional County Municipality, in Montérégie, on the south shore of Fleuve Saint-Laurent, in province of Quebec, in Canada.

Agriculture is the main economic activity in this small valley; forestry, second in the lower part of the river.

The river surface is generally frozen from mid-December to the end of March. Safe traffic on the ice is generally from late December to early March. The water level of the river varies with the seasons and the precipitation.

Le Haut-Richelieu Regional County Municipality
Le Haut-Richelieu Regional County Municipality (French pronunciation: [lə o ʁiʃ(ə)ljø], lit. 'The Upper Richelieu') is a regional county municipality in the Montérégie region in southwestern Quebec, Canada. Its seat is in Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu. It is named for the Richelieu River which runs south-north through it.
Stratford, New Zealand
Stratford (Māori: Whakaahurangi) is the only town in Stratford District, and the seat of the Taranaki region, in New Zealand's North Island. It lies beneath the eastern slopes of Mount Taranaki, approximately halfway between New Plymouth and Hāwera, near the geographic centre of the Taranaki Region. The town has a population of 6,430, making it the 62nd largest urban area in New Zealand (using the Statistical Standard for Geographic Areas 2018 (SSGA18)), and the fourth largest in Taranaki (behind New Plymouth, Hāwera and Waitara).

The Stratford District has a population of 10,500, and a land area of 2,163.35 km2 (835.27 sq mi), which is divided between the Manawatū-Whanganui region (including the settlements of Whangamōmona, Marco and Tahora, 31.87% of its land area) and the Taranaki region (68.13% of its land area).

Hāwera
Hāwera is the second-largest centre in the Taranaki region of New Zealand's North Island, with a population of 10,700. It is near the coast of the South Taranaki Bight. The origins of the town lie in a government military base that was established in 1866, and the town of Hāwera grew up around a blockhouse in the early 1870s.

Hāwera is 75 kilometres south of New Plymouth on State Highway 3 and 30 minutes' drive from Mount Taranaki. It is located on State Highway 45, known as Surf Highway 45 for its numerous surf beaches. State Highway 45 passes through Manaia, Ōpunake and Oakura en route to New Plymouth. Kaponga is a 20-minute drive to the north-west. The Marton–New Plymouth Line railway passes through Hāwera and has served the town since 1 August 1881, though it has been freight-only since the cancellation of the last railcar passenger service between Wellington and New Plymouth on 30 July 1977.
Zeferino Torreblanca
Carlos Zeferino Torreblanca Galindo (born March 14, 1954, in Guadalajara, Jalisco) is a Mexican politician previously affiliated with the PRD Party of the Democratic Revolution now affiliated with the PT (Labor Party) and former governor of Guerrero. He is the first non PRI member to hold the position.

Party of the Democratic Revolution
The Party of the Democratic Revolution (Spanish: Partido de la Revolución Democrática [paɾˈtiðo ðe la reβoluˈsjon demoˈkɾatika], PRD) is a state-level social democratic political party in Mexico (previously national, until 2024). The PRD originated from the Democratic Current, a political faction formed in 1986 from the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). The PRD was formed after the contested general election in 1988, which the PRD's immediate predecessor, the National Democratic Front, believed was rigged by the PRI. This sparked a movement away from the PRI's authoritarian rule.

As of 2023, the PRD was a member of the Fuerza y Corazón por México (Strength and Heart for Mexico) coalition. Internationally, the PRD was a member of the Progressive Alliance. The members of the party are known colloquially in Mexico as Perredistas. In 2024, the party failed to reach the necessary percentage of votes to keep its registration as a national political party.
Lynestrenol
Lynestrenol, sold under the brand names Exluton and Ministat among others, is a progestin medication which is used in birth control pills and in the treatment of gynecological disorders. The medication is available both alone and in combination with an estrogen. It is taken by mouth.

Lynestrenol is a progestin, or a synthetic progestogen, and hence is an agonist of the progesterone receptor, the biological target of progestogens like progesterone. It has weak androgenic and estrogenic activity and no other important hormonal activity. The medication is a prodrug of norethisterone in the body, with etynodiol occurring as an intermediate.

Lynestrenol was discovered in the late 1950s and was introduced for medical use in 1961. It has mostly been used in Europe and elsewhere in the world and was never marketed in the United States.

Prodrug
A prodrug is a pharmacologically inactive medication or compound that, after intake, is metabolized (i.e., converted within the body) into a pharmacologically active drug. Instead of administering a drug directly, a corresponding prodrug can be used to improve how the drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted (ADME).

Prodrugs are often designed to improve bioavailability when a drug itself is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. A prodrug may be used to improve how selectively the drug interacts with cells or processes that are not its intended target.  This reduces adverse or unintended effects of a drug, especially important in treatments like chemotherapy, which can have severe unintended and undesirable side effects.
Saxiloba
Saxiloba is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Porinaceae. It comprises three species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling) placodioid lichens, known from disjunct locations in the Caribbean, Hawaii, and Brazil. The genus was circumscribed in 2020 to accommodate species with a distinctive placodioid thallus featuring unique surface patterns and internal crystal structures. Saxiloba lichens are characterised by their flattened, leaf-like thalli with marginal lobes, growing tightly appressed to rock surfaces. They have a complex internal structure, including large crystal clusters embedded within the photobiont layer, which may be an adaptation for light management in their typically shaded habitats.

Disjunct distribution
In biology, a taxon with a disjunct distribution is one that has two or more groups that are related but considerably separated from each other geographically. The causes are varied and might demonstrate either the expansion or contraction of a species' range.
Frederick Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby
Frederick Arthur Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby (known as Hon. Frederick Stanley until 1886 and Lord Stanley of Preston between 1886–1893; 15 January 1841 – 14 June 1908) was a Conservative Party politician in the United Kingdom who served as Colonial Secretary from 1885 to 1886 and Governor General of Canada from 1888 to 1893. An avid sportsman, he built Stanley House Stables in England and is famous in North America for presenting Canada with the Stanley Cup, the championship trophy in ice hockey. Stanley was also one of the original inductees of the Hockey Hall of Fame.

Secretary of State for the Colonies
The secretary of state for the colonies or colonial secretary was the Cabinet of the United Kingdom's minister in charge of managing certain parts of the British Empire.

The colonial secretary never had responsibility for the provinces and princely states of India, which had its own secretary of state.

From 1768 until 1966, the secretary of state was supported by an under-secretary of state for the colonies (at times an under-secretary of state for war and the colonies), and latterly by a minister of state.
House of Mendoza
The Mendoza family was a powerful line of Spanish nobles.  Members of the family wielded considerable power, especially from the 14th to the 17th centuries in Castile. The family originated from the village of Mendoza (Basque mendi+oza, 'cold mountain') in the province of Álava in the Basque countries.

The seigneury of Mendoza became part of the Kingdom of Castile during the reign of Alfonso XI (1312–1350), and thereafter the Mendozas participated in Castilian politics, becoming advisers, administrators, and clerics. The family's branches and name expanded out of its original nucleus in later centuries.

Kingdom of Castile
The Kingdom of Castile (/kæˈstiːl/; Spanish: Reino de Castilla: Latin: Regnum Castellae) was a polity in the Iberian Peninsula during the Middle Ages. It traces its origins to the 9th-century County of Castile (Spanish: Condado de Castilla, Latin: Comitatus Castellae), as an eastern frontier lordship of the Kingdom of León. During the 10th century, the Castilian counts increased their autonomy, but it was not until 1065 that it was separated from the Kingdom of León and became a kingdom in its own right. Between 1072 and 1157, it was again united with León, and after 1230, the union became permanent.

Throughout that period, the Castilian kings made extensive conquests in southern Iberia at the expense of the Islamic principalities. The Kingdoms of Castile and of León, with their southern acquisitions, came to be known collectively as the Crown of Castile, a term that also came to encompass overseas expansion.
Goguryeo–Yan Wars
The Goguryeo–Yan Wars were a series of wars between the Korean state of Goguryeo and the Murong-Xianbei states of Former Yan and Later Yan in the 4th and early 5th century. The Murong, who settled in Liaodong with assent from the Chinese imperial court, clashed on several occasions with the neighbouring Goguryeo and went as far as sacking their capital, Hwando in 342, forcing them into submission.

After a brief period under Former Qin rule, the Murong restored their state as the Later Yan, and hostility resumed between them and Goguryeo. The Goguryeo king, Gwanggaeto the Great invaded Yan and made significant gains by capturing the Liaodong Peninsula in 404. The conflict came to an end in 407 with the ascension of Gao Yun, an adopted member of the ruling-Murong clan and a distant relative of the Goguryeo imperial family, establishing several years of peace between Goguryeo and the succeeding Northern Yan dynasty.

Northern Yan
Yan, known in historiography as the Northern Yan (Chinese: 北燕; pinyin: Běi Yān; 407 or 409–436), Eastern Yan (simplified Chinese: 东燕; traditional Chinese: 東燕; pinyin: Dōng Yān) or Huanglong (simplified Chinese: 黄龙; traditional Chinese: 黃龍), was a dynastic state of China during the era of Sixteen Kingdoms. Some historians consider Gao Yun, a member of the Goguryeo royal family, to be the first Northern Yan monarch, while others consider Feng Ba of Han ethnicity to be the founder.

All rulers of the Northern Yan took the title of Tiān Wáng (Heavenly King). The Northern Yan inherited what was left of the preceding Later Yan regime, whose territory occupied western Liaoning and parts of northeastern Hebei. In historiography, they are given the prefix of "Northern" to distinguish it with the contemporaneous Southern Yan, and unlike the Later Yan, their capital remained at Longcheng in the north throughout their existence.
Strada statale 148 Pontina
Strada statale 148 Pontina (SS 148), previously known as Strada regionale 148 Pontina (SR 148), is an Italian state highway 109.2 kilometres (67.9 mi) long in Italy in the region of Lazio that connects Rome to Terracina, passing through Latina and through the localities of Pomezia, Ardea in the Metropolitan City of Rome and for Aprilia, Pontinia and Sabaudia in province of Latina.

Latina, Lazio
Latina (Italian: [laˈtiːna] ⓘ) is the capital of the province of Latina, in the Lazio region, in Central Italy. As of 2024, the city has 127,486 inhabitants and is the second-largest city of the region, after the national capital Rome.

It is one of the youngest cities in Italy, being founded as Littoria in 1932 under the fascist administration, when the area surrounding it which had been a swamp since antiquity was drained.