hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
History of communication
The history of communication technologies (media and appropriate inscription tools) have evolved in tandem with shifts in political and economic systems, and by extension, systems of power. Communication can range from very subtle processes of exchange to full conversations and mass communication. The history of communication itself can be traced back since the origin of speech circa 100,000 BCE. The use of technology in communication may be considered since the first use of symbols about 30,000 years BCE. Among the symbols used, there are cave paintings, petroglyphs, pictograms and ideograms. Writing was a major innovation, as well as printing technology and, more recently, telecommunications and the Internet.

Ideogram
An ideogram or ideograph (from Greek idéa 'idea' + gráphō 'to write') is a symbol that is used within a given writing system to represent an idea or concept in a given language. (Ideograms are contrasted with phonograms, which indicate sounds of speech and thus are independent of any particular language.) Some ideograms are more arbitrary than others: some are only meaningful assuming preexisting familiarity with some convention; others more directly resemble their signifieds. Ideograms that represent physical objects by visually illustrating them are called pictograms.

Numerals and mathematical symbols are ideograms, for example ⟨1⟩ 'one', ⟨2⟩ 'two', ⟨+⟩ 'plus', and ⟨=⟩ 'equals'.

The ampersand ⟨&⟩ is used in many languages to represent the word and, originally a stylized ligature of the Latin word et.

Other typographical examples include ⟨§⟩ 'section', ⟨€⟩ 'euro', ⟨£⟩ 'pound sterling', and ⟨©⟩ 'copyright'.
Miss World Philippines 2024
Miss World Philippines 2024 was the twelfth Miss World Philippines pageant, held at the SM Mall of Asia Arena in Pasay, Metro Manila, Philippines, on July 19, 2024.

Gwendolyne Fourniol of Negros Occidental crowned Krishnah Gravidez of Baguio at the end of the event. Gravidez represented the Philippines at the 72nd Miss World pageant, where she ended up as a top eight finalist and continental queen for Asia.

Contestants from thirty-three localities competed in this edition. The pageant was hosted by Billy Crawford, Maria Gigante, Teejay Marquez, and Emmanuelle Vera. The competition also featured the debut of “Rays of Hope,” a new crown designed by Oro China Jewelry. Filipino pop rock band The Juans, the Manila Philharmonic Orchestra, Johnoy Danao, Alyssa Muhlach and Filipino pop groups Kaia and Bilib performed in the finals. Miss World 2023 Krystyna Pyszková and Julia Morley also attended the coronation night.

Miss World 2023
Miss World 2023 was the 71st edition of the Miss World pageant, held at the Jio World Convention Centre in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, on 9 March 2024.

At the end of the event, Krystyna Pyszková of the Czech Republic was crowned by the previous winner Karolina Bielawska of Poland. This is the second win by the Czech Republic at the pageant.

Contestants from 112 countries and territories competed in the pageant. The pageant was co-hosted by Karan Johar and Miss World 2013, Megan Young. Shaan, Neha Kakkar, Tony Kakkar, and Miss World 2019 Toni-Ann Singh performed in this edition.
BL 6-inch Mk VII naval gun
The BL 6-inch gun Mark VII (and the related Mk VIII) was a British naval gun dating from 1899, which was mounted on a heavy travelling carriage in 1915 for British Army service to become one of the main heavy field guns in the First World War, and also served as one of the main coast defence guns throughout the British Empire until the 1950s.

BL 9.2-inch Mk IX – X naval gun
The BL 9.2-inch Mk IX and Mk X guns were British breech loading 9.2-inch (234 mm) guns of 46.7 calibre, in service from 1899 to the 1950s as naval and coast defence guns. They had possibly the longest, most varied and successful service history of any British heavy ordnance.
Commune of Venice
The Commune of Venice (Latin: Commune Veneciarum) is the title with which the government of the city of Venice and its Republic was designated from 1143. The municipality, similar to other medieval municipalities, was based on the popular power of the assembly, called Concio in Venice. It represented the patriciate of the city with a system of assemblies including the Great Council, Minor Council, Senate and the Council of Forty.

Medieval commune
Medieval communes in the European Middle Ages had sworn allegiances of mutual defense (both physical defense and of traditional freedoms) among the citizens of a town or city. These took many forms and varied widely in organization and makeup.

Communes are first recorded in the late 11th and early 12th centuries, thereafter becoming a widespread phenomenon. They had greater development in central-northern Italy, where they became city-states based on partial democracy. At the same time in Germany they became free cities, independent from local nobility.
Gorget patches
Gorget patches (collar tabs, collar patches) are an insignia in the form of paired patches of cloth or metal on the collar of a uniform (gorget), used in the military and civil service in some countries. Collar tabs sign the military rank (group of ranks), the rank of civil service, the military unit, the office (department) or the branch of the armed forces and the arm of service.

Gorget
A gorget (/ˈɡɔːrdʒɪt/ GOR-jit; from Old French  gorge 'throat') is a band of linen that was wrapped around a woman's neck and head in the medieval period or the lower part of a simple chaperon hood. The term later described a steel or leather collar to protect the throat, a set of pieces of plate armour, or a single piece of plate armour hanging from the neck and covering the throat and chest. Later, particularly from the 18th century, the gorget became primarily ornamental, serving as a symbolic accessory on military uniforms, a use which has survived in some armies (see below).

The term may also be used for other things such as items of jewellery worn around the throat region in several societies, for example wide thin gold collars found in prehistoric Ireland dating to the Bronze Age.
Street fighting
Street fighting or street combat is hand-to-hand combat in public places between individuals or groups of people. The venue is usually a public place (e.g., a street), and the fight sometimes results in serious injury or even death. Some street fights can be gang related.

A typical situation involves two individuals arguing in a bar, during which dispute one suggests stepping outside, where the fight commences. It is often possible to avoid the fight by withdrawing from the situation; whereas in self-defense, a person is actively trying to escape the confrontation, using force if necessary to ensure their own safety.

In some martial arts communities, street fighting and self-defense are often considered synonymous.

Bar (establishment)
A bar, also known as a saloon, a tavern or tippling house, or sometimes as a pub or club, is a retail business that serves alcoholic beverages, such as beer, wine, liquor, cocktails, and other beverages such as mineral water and soft drinks. Bars often also sell snack foods, such as chips (crisps) or peanuts, for consumption on their premises. Some types of bars, such as pubs, may also serve food from a restaurant menu. The term "bar" refers both to the countertop where drinks are prepared and served and also by extension to the entirety of the establishment in which the bar is located.

The term derives from the metal or wooden bar (barrier) that is often located along the length of the "bar". Over many years, heights of bars were lowered, and high stools added, and the brass bar remains today.
The Informer (Takagi novel)
The Informer (密告者, Mikkoku-sha) is a 1965 novel by Akimitsu Takagi. It was translated into English by Sadako Mizuguchi. Soho Crime published the English version, which was released in 1999. It was the third book by Takagi to be published in English.

Author Katy Munger wrote that the book "became a runaway bestseller and established Takagi as one of Japan's most popular writers."

Soho Press
Soho Press is a New York City-based publisher founded by Juris Jurjevics and Laura Hruska in 1986 and currently headed by Bronwen Hruska. It specializes in literary fiction and international crime series. Other works include published by it include memoirs. Its Young Adult imprint Soho Teen, which focuses on YA mysteries and thrillers.

Soho Press releases an average of 90 titles per year. Its fiction backlist holds titles from several notable authors, such as National Book Award finalist Edwidge Danticat (Krik? Krak!), Sue Townsend (Adrian Mole: The Lost Years), Maria Thomas (Antonia Saw the Oryx First), Jake Arnott (Long Firm-C), John L'Heureux (The Handmaid of Desire), Delores Phillips, and Jacqueline Winspear, recipient of the Agatha Award.
George Fisher (netball)
Georgina Inger (née Fisher; born 30 September 1998) is an English professional netball player. She plays for London Mavericks NXT Gen team. She was a member of the Wasps Netball team which won the Super League in 2017 and 2018. Fisher represented England in the 2018 Sunshine Series against Jamaica and the 2018 Fast5 Netball World Series in Melbourne.

She was a part of the England netball program at the age of 14, and joined the England under 17 team in 2014.

England national netball team
The England national netball team, also known as the Vitality Roses, represent England Netball in international netball tournaments such as the Netball World Cup, the Commonwealth Games, the Netball Quad Series, the Taini Jamison Trophy, the Fast5 Netball World Series and the European Netball Championship. They have also competed at the World Games. England made their Test debut in 1949. Their best result in a major tournament is a gold medal in the 2018 Commonwealth Games. As of 1 June 2025, England are ranked fourth in the World Netball Rankings.
Rofe Park
Rofe Park Hornsby Heights is a bushland reserve in New South Wales, Australia. It has a heritage listing of local significance.

This district park is located on Galston Road in Hornsby Heights. It is on Crown land and is maintained by Hornsby Shire Council.

There are two Rofe Parks: Rofe Park Turramurra is located in the nearby Ku-ring-gai Council Local Government Area. Both parks were donated to the public by Thomas Ernest Rofe and his family.

Hornsby Shire
Hornsby Shire is a local government area situated on the Upper North Shore as well as parts of the Hills District, of Sydney in the state of New South Wales, Australia. The shire stretches from the M2 Hills Motorway in the south to the Hawkesbury River town of Wisemans Ferry, some 53 kilometres (33 mi) to the north, making it the largest local government council in the Greater Sydney Metropolitan region by total area. As of the 2016 census the shire had an estimated population of 142,667.

The mayor of Hornsby Shire is Cr Warren Waddell, a member of the Liberal Party, who was elected on 14 September 2024.
TET-assisted pyridine borane sequencing
TET-assisted pyridine borane sequencing or TAPS is a laboratory technique in epigenetics for high-throughput profiling of DNA methylation at a single base-pair resolution. It uses a two-step enzymatic conversion of methylated cytosines, 5mC and 5hmC, to uracil which is read as a thymine after sequencing. Due to direct conversion of methylated bases, TAPS is a mC-to-T chemistry unlike traditional method such as bisulfite sequencing or EM-Seq which are C-to-T chemistries and convert unmethylated cytosines. The enzymatic conversion mitigates DNA damage and degradation and direct conversion improves the sensitivity and specificity of DNA methylation profiling.

Cytosine
Cytosine (symbol C or Cyt) is one of the four nucleotide bases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA). It is a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached (an amine group at position 4 and a keto group at position 2). The nucleoside of cytosine is cytidine.  In Watson–Crick base pairing, it forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine.
Killed Again, Mr. Detective?
Killed Again, Mr. Detective? (Japanese: また殺されてしまったのですね、探偵様, Hepburn: Mata Korosarete Shimatta no desu ne, Tantei-sama) is a Japanese light novel series written by Teniwoha and illustrated by Riichu. It began publication under Media Factory's MF Bunko J imprint in August 2021, with six volumes published as of November 2025. A manga adaptation illustrated by Inaba was serialized from July 2022 to March 2024, with its chapters collected into two volumes between March 2023 and March 2024. An anime television series adaptation produced by Liden Films is set to premiere in April 2026.

Liden Films
Liden Films, Inc. (株式会社ライデンフィルム, Kabushiki-gaisha Raiden Firumu; stylized as LIDENFILMS) is a Japanese animation studio and production enterprise headquartered in Kamiogi, Suginami, Tokyo, and has animation studios in Kyoto and Osaka.
Ana K. Spalding
Ana K. Spalding is an Afro-Panamanian environmental researcher who works at both the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute and Oregon State University. Her work focuses on environmental policy questions related to human impact on marine habitats, and its social implications for coastal communities.

Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute
The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI, Spanish: Instituto Smithsonian de Investigaciones Tropicales) is located in Panama and is the only bureau of the Smithsonian Institution based outside of the United States. It is dedicated to understanding the past, present, and future of tropical ecosystems and their relevance to human welfare. STRI grew out of a small field station established in 1923 on Barro Colorado Island in the Panama Canal Zone to become one of the world's leading tropical research organizations. STRI's facilities provide for long-term ecological studies in the tropics and are used by some 1,200 visiting scientists from academic and research institutions around the world every year.
Nonvenereal endemic syphilis
Bejel, or endemic syphilis, is a chronic skin and tissue disease caused by infection by the endemicum subspecies of the spirochete Treponema pallidum. Bejel is one of the "endemic treponematoses" (endemic infections caused by spiral-shaped bacteria called treponemes), a group that also includes yaws and pinta. Typically, endemic trepanematoses begin with localized lesions on the skin or mucous membranes. Pinta is limited to affecting the skin, whereas bejel and yaws are considered to be invasive because they can also cause disease in bone and other internal tissues.

Mucous membrane
A mucous membrane or mucosa is a membrane that lines various cavities in the body of an organism and covers the surface of internal organs. It consists of one or more layers of epithelial cells overlying a layer of loose connective tissue known as the lamina propria. It is mostly of endodermal origin and is continuous with the skin at body openings such as the eyes, eyelids, ears, inside the nose, inside the mouth, lips, the genital areas, the urethral opening and the anus. Some mucous membranes secrete mucus, a thick protective fluid. The function of the membrane is to stop pathogens and dirt from entering the body and to prevent bodily tissues from becoming dehydrated.

Amphibians, fish, snails, slugs, and some other invertebrates also produce external mucus from their epidermis as protection against pathogens, to help in movement, and to line fish gills. Plants produce a similar substance called mucilage that is also produced by some microorganisms.
April Webster
April Webster is an American casting director, based in Los Angeles, California, known for her work in film and television. Webster has worked with some of the most successful directors, including several projects with J. J. Abrams.

She has been nominated for thirteen Artios Awards, and has won three in addition to her four Emmy nominations.  Her casting credits have included Star Wars: The Force Awakens, Star Trek, Mission: Impossible III, Tomorrowland, and Lost.

Casting Society
The Casting Society, formerly known as the Casting Society of America (CSA), is a professional association of about 1,200 casting directors and associate casting directors for film, television, theatre, and commercials in Canada, Europe, Australia, Asia and Africa, and the United States. The nonprofit organization was founded in Los Angeles, California, in 1982, and announced its name change from the Casting Society of America to the Casting Society on February 10, 2022. The society is not to be confused with an industry union. The International Brotherhood of Teamsters represent most (though not all) of the major casting directors and associate casting directors in Hollywood. Members use the post-nominal letters "CSA" when credited for their work.
Lele Hardy
Wilesia "Lele" Hardy (born September 6, 1988) is an American former professional basketball player. She won the Icelandic championship with Njarðvík in 2012, when she was also named Úrvalsdeild Playoffs MVP, and was named the Úrvalsdeild Foreign Player of the Year three years in a row, from 2012 to 2014. She won the Icelandic Basketball Cup with Njarðvík in 2012 and in 2014 with Haukar while also being named the Cup Finals MVP.

Hardy played three seasons in the Naisten Korisliiga, leading the league in scoring in 2016.

Icelandic Women's Basketball Cup
The Icelandic Women's Basketball Cup (Icelandic: Bikarkeppni KKÍ) is an annual basketball competition between clubs in Iceland. It is Iceland's first-tier cup competition, and is not to be confused with Iceland's former second-tier cup competition, the Company Cup.
Bitch Magnet (album)
Bitch Magnet is a career-spanning three-disc box-set of the band Bitch Magnet, released on December 6, 2011, through Temporary Residence Limited. It contains all of the band's recorded output, including two studio albums, an EP, and alternate mixes of previously released songs. The tracks were completely remastered by Alan Douches for their inclusion in the set.

Remaster
A remaster is a change in the sound or image quality of previously created forms of media, whether audiophonic, cinematic, or videographic. The resulting product is said to be remastered. The terms digital remastering and digitally remastered are also used.

In a wider sense, remastering a product may involve other, typically smaller inclusions or changes to the content itself. They tend to be distinguished from remakes, based on the original.
Marti Belle
Martibel Payano (born August 7, 1988) is an American professional wrestler, best known working under the ring name Marti Belle. She is best known for her time with the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA), where she is the current NWA World Women's Tag Team Champion in her second reign.  She also competes on the American independent circuit under the ring name for promotions including Evolve, Shimmer Women Athletes, Shine Wrestling and Women Superstars Uncensored (WSU), for which she is a former WSU Spirit Champion and a two–time WSU Tag Team Champion.

WSU Spirit Championship
The WSU Spirit Championship is a women's professional wrestling championship in Women Superstars United (WSU). It is competed for in Women Superstars United, and has been defended on shows of sister promotion National Wrestling Superstars.
Anterior ligament of the head of the fibula
The anterior ligament of the head of the fibula (anterior superior ligament) consists of two or three broad and flat bands, which pass obliquely upward from the front of the head of the fibula to the front of the lateral condyle of the tibia.

This fibrous band crosses obliquely and superiorly from the anterior aspect of the head of the fibula to the lateral condyle of the tibia. It merges with the fibrous capsule of the proximal tibiofibular joint and restrains its movements further.

Lateral condyle of tibia
The lateral condyle is the lateral portion of the upper extremity of tibia.

It serves as the insertion for the biceps femoris muscle (small slip). Most of the tendon of the biceps femoris inserts on the fibula.
Ballard Terminal Railroad
The Ballard Terminal Railroad Company LLC (reporting mark BDTL) operates two Class III short line terminal railroads in western Washington, United States. Founded in 1997 to operate a three-mile spur through Seattle's Ballard neighborhood, the Ballard Terminal Railroad has expanded to operate two additional lines in the Puget Sound area, including Eastside Freight Railroad (reporting mark EFRX) from Snohomish to Woodinville, Washington, and Meeker Southern Railroad (reporting mark MSN), a 5 mi (8.0 km) segment from East Puyallup ("Meeker") to McMillin, Washington. Eastside Freight Railroad has ceased operation as of mid 2020.

Woodinville, Washington
Woodinville is a city in King County, Washington, United States. The population was 13,069 at the 2020 census. It is a part of the Seattle metropolitan area and is east of Bothell. Woodinville has waterfront parks on the Sammamish River, a winery district, and industrial areas along State Route 522.
Shrine of St. Elizabeth Ann Bayley Seton
40°42′9.12″N 74°0′49.79″W﻿ / ﻿40.7025333°N 74.0138306°W﻿ / 40.7025333; -74.0138306

The Shrine of St. Elizabeth Ann Bayley Seton is located in the Church of Our Lady of the Holy Rosary, a Roman Catholic parish church of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York at 7 State Street, between Pearl and Water Streets in the Financial District of Manhattan, New York City.

Elizabeth Ann Seton
Elizabeth Ann Bayley Seton SC (August 28, 1774 – January 4, 1821) was an American Catholic educator, known as a founder of the country's parochial school system. Born in New York and reared as an Episcopalian, she married and had five children with her husband William Seton. She converted to Catholicism in 1805 and established the first Catholic girls' school in the nation in Emmitsburg, Maryland. There she also founded the first American congregation of religious sisters, the Sisters of Charity.

On September 14, 1975, Seton was the first person born in what would become the United States to be canonized by the Catholic Church.
Ministry of Armed Forces (Senegal)
The Ministry of Armed Forces (French: Ministère des Forces Armées), is the government agency responsible for overseeing the national defense and security of the Republic of Senegal. It is one of the key ministries in the Senegalese government and plays a crucial role in the management of the Senegalese Armed Forces.

Government of Senegal
The Government of Senegal (French: Gouvernement du Sénégal) is the union government created by the constitution of Senegal, consisting of the executive, parliament, and judiciary. The Seat of the Government is located in Dakar. The government is led by the president (currently Bassirou Diomaye Faye).