hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Peroxyacetyl nitrate
Peroxyacetyl nitrate is a peroxyacyl nitrate. It is a secondary pollutant present in photochemical smog and PAN concentrations can be sensitive to precursor emissions. It is thermally unstable and decomposes into peroxyethanoyl radicals and nitrogen dioxide gas. It is a lachrymatory substance, meaning that it irritates the lungs and eyes.

Peroxyacetyl nitrate, or PAN, is an oxidant that is more stable than ozone. Hence, it is more capable of long-range transport than ozone. It serves as a carrier for oxides of nitrogen (NOx) into rural regions and causes ozone formation in the global troposphere.

Nitrogen dioxide
Nitrogen dioxide is a chemical compound with the formula NO2. One of several nitrogen oxides, nitrogen dioxide is a reddish-brown gas.  It is a paramagnetic, bent molecule with C2v point group symmetry. Industrially, NO2 is an intermediate in the synthesis of nitric acid, millions of tons of which are produced each year, primarily for the production of fertilizers.

Nitrogen dioxide is poisonous and can be fatal if inhaled in large quantities. Cooking with a gas stove produces nitrogen dioxide which causes poorer indoor air quality. Combustion of gas can lead to increased concentrations of nitrogen dioxide throughout the home environment which is linked to respiratory issues and diseases. The LC50 (median lethal dose)  for humans has been estimated to be 174 ppm for a 1-hour exposure. It is also included in the NOx family of atmospheric pollutants.
German humour
German humour is the conventions of comedy and its cultural meaning within the country of Germany. German humour encompasses traditions such as Kabarett and other forms of satire as well as more recent trends such as TV shows and stand-up comedy.

Kabarett
Kabarett (German pronunciation: [kabaˈʁɛt]; from French cabaret = tavern) is satirical revue, a form of cabaret which was developed in France by Rodolphe Salis in 1881 as the cabaret artistique. It was named Le Chat Noir and was centered on political events and satire. It later inspired creation of Kabarett venues in Germany from 1901, with the creation of Berlin's Überbrettl venue and in Austria with the creation of the Jung-Wiener Theater zum lieben Augustin housed in the Theater an der Wien. By the Weimar era in the mid-1920s it was characterized by political satire and gallows humor. It shared the characteristic atmosphere of intimacy with the French cabaret from which it was imported, but the gallows humor was a distinct German aspect.
Wollastonite
Wollastonite is a calcium inosilicate mineral (CaSiO3) that may contain small amounts of iron, magnesium, and manganese substituting for calcium. It is usually white. It forms when impure limestone or dolomite is subjected to high temperature and pressure, which sometimes occurs in the presence of silica-bearing fluids as in skarns or in contact with metamorphic rocks. Associated minerals include garnets, vesuvianite, diopside, tremolite, epidote, plagioclase feldspar, pyroxene and calcite. It is named after the English chemist and mineralogist William Hyde Wollaston (1766–1828).

Despite its chemical similarity to the compositional spectrum of the pyroxene group of minerals—where magnesium (Mg) and iron (Fe) substitution for calcium ends with diopside and hedenbergite respectively—it is structurally very different, with a third SiO4−4 tetrahedron in the linked chain (as opposed to two in the pyroxenes).

Calcite
Calcite is a carbonate mineral and the most stable polymorph of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). It is a very common mineral, particularly as a component of limestone. Calcite defines hardness 3 on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness, based on scratch hardness comparison. Large calcite crystals are used in optical equipment, and limestone composed mostly of calcite has numerous uses.

Other polymorphs of calcium carbonate are the minerals aragonite and vaterite. Aragonite will change to calcite over timescales of days or less at temperatures exceeding 300 °C, and vaterite is even less stable.
Tafí del Valle
Tafí del Valle is a city in Tucumán, Argentina. It is located in the department of the same name, of which it is the main settlement, in the west of the Argentine province of Tucumán, 126 km from the provincial capital, San Miguel de Tucumán.

San Miguel de Tucumán
San Miguel de Tucumán (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈsam miˈɣel de tukuˈman]), usually called simply Tucumán, is the capital and largest city of Tucumán Province, located in northern Argentina 1,311 kilometres (815 mi) from Buenos Aires. It is the fifth-largest city of Argentina after Buenos Aires, Córdoba, Rosario and Mendoza and the most important city of the northern region. The Spanish conquistador Diego de Villarroel founded the city in 1565 in the course of an expedition from present-day Peru. Tucumán moved to its present site in 1685.
Stridsvagn m/42
Stridsvagn m/42 (Strv m/42) was a Swedish medium tank in service in the World War II period.  Known by its manufacturer AB Landsverk as Lago II-III-IV, it fielded a 75 mm L/31 gun, the first of its size in a Swedish tank.  It entered service with the Swedish Army in April 1943.  Modern in design and mobile, a total of 282 were produced.

As a neutral nation in World War II, Sweden did not engage in combat; thus its tanks have no battlefield record.

AB Landsverk
AB Landsverk (full name: Aktiebolaget Landsverk, lit. 'The Corporation Landsverk') was a Swedish heavy industry company, manufacturing a wide variety of tracked and wheeled military vehicles, such as tractor units, off-road vehicles and armoured vehicles, etc, most notably the world's first welded tank constructions, among others, but also a wide variety of civilian heavy equipment, such as railroad cars, harbour cranes and agricultural machinery.

It was founded in 1872 as Firman Petterson & Ohlsen. It was located in Landskrona, Sweden.
Nathaline Gilinguirian
Nathaline Karkour Gilinguirian (Arabic: ناتالين كركور جلنكريان; born 12 April 1986) is a Lebanese football coach and former football and futsal player. She represented Lebanon internationally in both football and futsal.

Lebanon women's national futsal team
The Lebanon women's national futsal team (Arabic: منتخب لبنان لكرة الصالات النسائي; French: Équipe du Liban féminine de futsal) represents Lebanon in international women's futsal competitions. Nicknamed "the Lady Cedars", the team is controlled by the Lebanese Football Association (LFA).

While Lebanon has yet to participate in the FIFA Futsal Women's World Cup, they have participated once at the AFC Women's Futsal Asian Cup, in 2018, and twice in the WAFF Women's Futsal Championship, finishing fourth in 2012.
Ulriken Elite
Ulriken Elite is a Norwegian professional basketball team. It was formed in 1970 by a group of pupils at Ulriken secondary school. Ulriken play their matches in Haukelandshallen in Bergen. The kits are red and white and the coach is Jay Anderson. The team played in the Norwegian top tier BLNO for several years, but withdrew in 2011.

Basketligaen Norge
Basketligaen Norge, better known as BLNO, is a professional men's basketball league in Norway. It was established in 2000 following the rebranding of the former premier division Hovedserien (1974–2000). The competition is organised by the Norwegian Basketball Federation (NBBF). It is played with a regular season and playoff format.
Francesco Marchetti Selvaggiani
Francesco Marchetti Selvaggiani (1 October 1871 – 13 January 1951) was an Italian Catholic prelate who served as Secretary of the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith, Vicar General of His Holiness, Secretary of the Holy Office, and Dean of the College of Cardinals. He was elevated to the cardinalate in 1930.

College of Cardinals
The College of Cardinals (Latin: Collegium Cardinalium), also called the Sacred College of Cardinals, is the body of all cardinals of the Catholic Church. As of 19 February 2026, there are 244 cardinals, of whom 121 are eligible to vote in a conclave to elect a new pope. Appointed by the pope, cardinals serve for life, but become ineligible to participate in a papal conclave if they turn 80 before a papal vacancy occurs.

Since the emergence of the College of Cardinals in the Early Middle Ages, the size of the body has historically been limited by popes, ecumenical councils ratified by the pope, and the college itself. The total number of cardinals from 1099 to 1986 has been about 2,900, nearly half of whom were created after 1655. This number excludes possible undocumented 12th-century cardinals and pseudocardinals appointed during the Western Schism by pontiffs now considered to be antipopes, and subject to some other sources of uncertainty.
Approval proofer
Within the printing industry, the Approval proofer, also known as the Approval Digital Imaging System or Kodak Approval System, was designed for use in Prepress proofing, especially for the highest quality contract proofs.

The Approval is a laminate based system where up to 6 color donors can transfer images to a receiver sheet by a high-powered laser. Once imaging is complete the image can be transfer to a wide variety of substrates including papers, boards, shrink wrap, plastics, metals, etc.

The system comes in two sizes: The 3-page model images a proof 13.3 × 20.9 in. (338 × 530 mm); the 4-page model images a proof  26.6 × 20.9 in. (676 × 530 mm)

The Approval is similar to the Fuji Finalproof product. Another similar lamination device is the Creo Spectrum (now supported by Kodak) which is unique in that proofs are created on the actual plate-setting device (the Creo/Kodak Trendsetter).

Printing
Printing is a process for mass reproducing text and images using a master form or template. The earliest non-paper products involving printing include cylinder seals and objects such as the Cyrus Cylinder and the Cylinders of Nabonidus. The earliest known form of printing evolved from ink rubbings made on paper or cloth from texts on stone tablets, used during the sixth century. Printing by pressing an inked image onto paper (using woodblock printing) appeared later that century. Later developments in printing technology include the movable type invented by Bi Sheng around 1040 and the printing press invented by Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century. The technology of printing played a key role in the development of the Renaissance and the Scientific Revolution and laid the material basis for the modern knowledge-based economy and the spread of learning to the masses.
Clarence Floyd Hirshfeld
Clarence Floyd Hirshfeld (January 30, 1881 – April 19, 1939) was an American electrical, mechanical and consulting engineer, educator, chief of research for the Detroit Edison Co., now DTE Electric Company, author, and inventor, who was awarded the John Fritz Medal posthumously in 1940.

John Fritz Medal
The John Fritz Medal has been awarded annually since 1902 by the American Association of Engineering Societies (AAES) for "outstanding scientific or industrial achievements". The medal was created for the 80th birthday of John Fritz, who lived between 1822 and 1913.  When AAES was dissolved in 2020, the administration of the Fritz medal was transferred to the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers (AIME), and is currently coordinated by AIME member society, the Society of Mining, Metallurgy, & Exploration (SME).

The award is referred to as the "highest award in the engineering profession" by the AAES, and is further regarded by many as the "Nobel Prize in engineering".
Charlotte von Graffenried
Charlotte Aline von Graffenried (née von Muralt; 9 April 1930 – 18 September 2013) was an American-born Swiss ethnologist, author and philanthropist who served as curator of the Bern Historical Museum. She was the wife of Charles von Graffenried and mother of Michael von Graffenried.

Ethnology
Ethnology (from the Ancient Greek: ἔθνος, ethnos meaning 'nation') is an academic field and discipline that compares and analyzes the characteristics of different peoples and the relationships between them (compare cultural, social, or sociocultural anthropology).
Detric Golden
Detric Golden (born January 1, 1977) is an American former professional basketball player. He played college basketball for the Northwest Mississippi CC Rangers, Memphis Tigers and Troy State Trojans. Golden was selected as the Trans America Athletic Conference (TAAC) Player of the Year during his only season with the Trojans in 2000. He played professionally in the United States Basketball League and in Germany. After his playing career, Golden worked as a youth mentor in his hometown of Memphis, Tennessee.

Troy Trojans men's basketball
The Troy Trojans men's basketball program is the intercollegiate men's basketball of Troy University.  The program is classified in NCAA Division I and the team competes in the Sun Belt Conference. The team currently plays their home games in Trojan Arena, which was built in 2012 and replaced the old arena known as Sartain Hall. Troy has appeared three times in the NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament, most recently in 2025.
Cecil King (Irish painter)
Cecil King (22 February 1921 – 7 April 1986) was famous for his painting. Born Rathdrum, County Wicklow, Ireland, King was largely self-taught as an artist. He had his first one-man show in 1959, but worked as a businessman and did not become a full-time artist until 1964. While he began painting in an expressionist style, his mature works have a distinctive cool minimalist formality and often involve clean blocks of even colour cleaved at an acute angle. The break came in the late 1960s. He lived for many years in Blackrock on Idrone Terrace.

A retrospective of his work was held at the Hugh Lane Municipal Gallery in 1981, and another was held in the Irish Museum of Modern Art on 27 February 2008.

Hugh Lane Gallery
The Hugh Lane Gallery, and originally the Municipal Gallery of Modern Art, is an art museum operated by Dublin City Council and its wholly owned company, the Hugh Lane Gallery Trust. It is in Charlemont House (built 1763) on Parnell Square, Dublin, Ireland. Admission is free. The gallery closed September 28, 2025 for major refurbishment.
Vargunteia gens
The gens Vargunteia was a minor plebeian family of ancient Rome.  Only a few members of this gens are mentioned by Roman writers, of whom the best known include one of the Catilinian conspirators, and a noteworthy grammarian mentioned by Suetonius.  Others are known from inscriptions, including a Lucius Vargunteius who attained the praetorship during the second century BC.

Praetor
Praetor (/ˈpriːtər/ PREE-tər, Classical Latin: [ˈprae̯tɔr]), also pretor, was the title granted by the government of ancient Rome to a man acting in one of two official capacities: (i) the commander of an army, and (ii) as an elected magistratus (magistrate), assigned to discharge various duties. The functions of the magistracy, the praetura (praetorship), are described by the adjective itself: the praetoria potestas (praetorian power), the praetorium imperium (praetorian authority), and the praetorium ius (praetorian law), the legal precedents established by the praetores (praetors). Praetorium, as a substantive, denoted the location from which the praetor exercised his authority, either the headquarters of his castra, the courthouse (tribunal) of his judiciary, or the city hall of his provincial governorship. The minimum age for holding the praetorship was 39 during the Roman Republic, but it was later changed to 30 in the early Empire.
Barbara Tisserat
Barbara Tisserat (1951–2017) was an American artist and lithographer born in Denver, Colorado. She taught lithography at Virginia Commonwealth University's School of the Arts. She was a member of
One/Off Printmakers and also taught at the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts Robinson House lithography workshop with Marilyn Bevilacqua. She was active with the Richmond Printmaking Workshop and served on the Advisory Board of Studio Two-Three in Richmond, Virginia. She was a member of the Summer 2007 graphics faculty at Haystack Mountain School of Crafts and was a visiting artist and lecturer in the Lyceum program at Emory and Henry College.

Virginia Commonwealth University School of the Arts
The Virginia Commonwealth University School of the Arts (abbreviated as VCU Arts) is the arts school of Virginia Commonwealth University, a public university in Richmond, Virginia, United States.

The school has 18 bachelor's degree programs and six master's degree programs.  Its satellite campus in Doha, Qatar, VCUarts Qatar, offers five bachelor's degrees and one master's degree. It was the first off-site campus to open in Education City by an American university.

Founded in 1928 as a single painting class by artist Theresa Pollak, VCUarts became the official art school of the university in 1933. VCUarts has been ranked in the top four art schools in the United States by U.S. News & World Report since at least 2008.
The Gardens Mall
The Gardens Mall is a two-story, enclosed shopping mall in Palm Beach Gardens, Florida. The mall features Macy's, Bloomingdale's, Saks Fifth Avenue, and Nordstrom. A former anchor store, Sears, closed in February 2024. Dick’s Sporting Goods has attempted to operate out of the space for sometime now and eventually was able gain approval to after Sears abruptly closed down. The space is set to become a Dick’s House of Sport.

The mall also boasts restaurants like Brio Tuscan Grille, California Pizza Kitchen, PF Chang's China Bistro, Shake Shack, Tap 42, and Cooper's Hawk Winery and Restaurant.

Dick's Sporting Goods
Dick's Sporting Goods, Inc. (stylized as DICK'S Sporting Goods) is an American chain of sporting goods stores founded in 1948 by Richard "Dick" Stack. It is the largest sporting goods retailer in the United States and is listed on the Fortune 500.
Paul Mattei
Paul Mattei (born 15 May 1953) is a French Latinist, professor of Latin language and literature at the Lumière University Lyon 2, a specialist of the History of Christianity and its first period, and scientific advisor of the Institut des sources chrétiennes. His research focuses particularly on the Christian Latin authors of Antiquity (third-fifth centuries) and medieval extensions (Merovingian and Carolingian times).

Sources Chrétiennes
Sources Chrétiennes (French "Christian sources") is a bilingual collection of patristic texts founded in Lyon in 1942 by the Jesuits Jean Daniélou, Claude Mondésert, and Henri de Lubac.  Citations to the series are commonly made by the letters SC followed by the volume number.
Isla de Aves
Isla de Aves ([ˈisla ðe ˈaβes]; Spanish for "Island of Birds" or "Birds Island"), or Aves Island, is a Federal Dependency of Venezuela.

Possessing valuable guano deposits, the island has been the subject of numerous territorial disputes (now resolved) with the United States (through the Guano Islands Act of 1856), neighbouring independent island countries such as Dominica, and European states controlling their nearby dependent island territories, such as the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. The sovereignty of Venezuela over the island was eventually internationally recognized.

Guano Islands Act
The Guano Islands Act (11 Stat. 119, enacted August 18, 1856, codified at 48 U.S.C. ch. 8 §§ 1411-1419) is a United States federal law passed by the Congress that enables citizens of the United States to take possession of unclaimed islands containing guano deposits in the name of the United States. The islands can be located anywhere, so long as they are not occupied by citizens of another country and not within the jurisdiction of another government. It also empowers the president  to use the military to protect such interests and establishes the criminal jurisdiction of the United States in these territories.
KGIR
KGIR (1220 AM, "ESPN 1220/1470") is a radio station licensed to serve Cape Girardeau, Missouri, United States.  The station is owned by Max Media and licensed to River Radio LLC. It airs a sports format in conjunction with KMAL and featuring programming from ESPN Radio.

The station was assigned the KGIR call letters by the Federal Communications Commission on March 29, 1996.

KGIR has an FCC construction permit for a new FM translator in Cape Girardeau, Missouri; it will broadcast on the frequency of 93.5 MHz with the call letters K228FX.

Cape Girardeau, Missouri
Cape Girardeau (/dʒɪˈrɑːrdoʊ/ jirr-AR-doh, French: Cap-Girardeau [kap ʒiʁaʁdo] ⓘ; colloquially referred to as "Cape") is a city in Cape Girardeau and Scott counties in the U.S. state of Missouri. The population was 39,540 at the 2020 census, making it the 17th-largest city in the state. It is a principal city of the Cape Girardeau–Jackson metropolitan area with 97,517 residents. Cape Girardeau is the economic center of southeastern Missouri and the home of Southeast Missouri State University. It is located approximately 100 miles (160 km) southeast of St. Louis and 150 miles (240 km) north of Memphis, Tennessee.
Culture of Guyana
Guyanese culture reflects the influence of Indian, African, Amerindian, British, Portuguese, Chinese, Creole, and Dutch cultures. Guyana is part of the mainland Caribbean region. Guyanese culture shares a continuum with the cultures of islands in the West Indies.

Afro-Guyanese
Afro-Guyanese, also known as Black Guyanese, is a Creole ethnic group that primarily lives in the South American country of Guyana. Generally, they descend from enslaved Africans taken to Guyana from West and Central Africa, and the Lesser Antilles during the Atlantic slave trade. Following the abolition of slavery, tens of thousands of Bajans migrated to Guyana from 1835 to 1928, many of whom assimilated into the pre-existing creole population. Although Guyana is geographically located in South-America, Afro-Guyanese are considered Afro-Caribbean due to their cultural and ancestral roots in the Caribbean islands.
Matthew 4:24
Matthew 4:24 is the twenty-fourth verse of the fourth chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament. This verse is part of a brief summary of and introduction to Jesus' ministry in Galilee, which will be recounted in the next several chapters. This verse relates Jesus' fame "throughout all Syria" (Greek: εἰς ὅλην τὴν Συρίαν, eis holēn tēn Syrian) and summarizes his work of healing.

Roman Syria
Roman Syria was an early Roman province annexed to the Roman Republic in 64 BC by Pompey in the Third Mithridatic War following the defeat of King of Armenia Tigranes the Great, who had become the protector of the Hellenistic kingdom of Syria.

Following the partition of the Herodian Kingdom of Judea into a tetrarchy in 4 BC, it was gradually absorbed into Roman provinces, with Roman Syria annexing Iturea and Trachonitis. By the late 2nd century AD, the province was divided into Coele Syria and Syria Phoenice.
Karkota dynasty
The Karkota dynasty (c. 625 − 855 CE) ruled over the Kashmir valley and some northern parts of the Indian subcontinent during 7th and 8th centuries. Their rule saw a period of political expansion, economic prosperity and emergence of Kashmir as a centre of culture and scholarship.

The Karkota rulers constructed several shrines to Vishnu in their dominions. They however also allowed Buddhism to flourish under them. Stupa, Chaitya and Vihara can be found in the ruins of their capital. Martand Sun Temple in the Anantnag district was built by Lalitaditya. It is the oldest known Sun temple in India and was also one of the biggest temple complexes at the time.

Avanti Varman ascended the throne of Kashmir in 855, establishing the Utpala dynasty and ending the rule of Karkota dynasty.

Martand Sun Temple
The Martand Sun Temple is a Hindu temple located in Mattan, in the Anantnag district of the Kashmir Valley of Jammu and Kashmir, India. It dates back to the eighth century CE and was dedicated to Surya, the solar deity in Hinduism; Surya is also known by the Sanskrit-language synonym Martand (मार्तण्ड, Mārtaṇḍa). The temple was destroyed by Sikandar Shah Miri.