hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Chomsky's Universal Grammar: An Introduction
Chomsky's Universal Grammar: An Introduction is a linguistics book about the concept of universal grammar as proposed by Noam Chomsky. First published in 1988, its third edition was authored by Vivian Cook and Mark Newson and released in 2007.

Universal grammar
Universal grammar (UG), in modern linguistics, is the theory of the innate biological component of the language faculty, usually credited to Noam Chomsky. The basic postulate of UG is that there are innate constraints on what the grammar of a possible human language could be. When linguistic stimuli are received in the course of language acquisition, children then adopt specific syntactic rules that conform to UG. The advocates of this theory emphasize and partially rely on the poverty of the stimulus (POS) argument and the existence of some universal properties of natural human languages. However, the latter has not been firmly established.

Other linguists have opposed that notion, arguing that languages are so diverse that the postulated universality is rare. The theory of universal grammar remains a subject of debate among linguists.
Textile Engineering College, Chittagong
Textile Engineering College, Zorargonj, Chittagong (Bengali: টেক্সটাইল ইঞ্জিনিয়ারিং কলেজ, জোরারগঞ্জ, চট্টগ্রাম) is a college in Bangladesh, offering bachelor's degree in textile engineering. It is situated by the side of old Dhaka Trunk road which passes through Zorargonj, Mirsharai, Chittagong. It is one of the seven constituent textile engineering colleges of Bangladesh University of Textiles, which are collectively funded by the Department of Textiles.

Bangladesh University of Textiles
Bangladesh University of Textiles, commonly referred to as BUTEX, is a public university in Bangladesh, situated in Tejgaon, Dhaka. It is the only public university in Bangladesh to teach textile engineering. The institution established education which sustains the entrepreneurship and industrialisation in the RMG industry of Bangladesh.

This institution has nine (9) government textile engineering affiliated colleges, each of which is textile based institutes of technology. The colleges are centrally regulated by the university while funding is provisioned under a bilateral Memorandum of understanding signed between Ministry of Education, Bangladesh and Department of Textiles, Bangladesh.

The university itself offers academic and professional degrees in various fields of textile technology, advanced international business and marketing strategies and in several other disciplines on both undergraduate and postgraduate levels.
Pasir Gudang United F.C.
Pasir Gudang United F.C. was a Malaysian professional football club based in Pasir Gudang, Johor. They last played in the 4th level of Malaysian football, the Johor FA State League. Their home stadium was the JCorp Stadium, Pasir Gudang. The club represented the Pasir Gudang City Council.

Johor Football Association
Johor Football Association (JFA; Malay: Persatuan Bolasepak Negeri Johor (PBNJ)) is the governing body of football for the state of Johor, Malaysia. JFA is responsible for coordinating and developing football in Johor, and has teamed up with the Football Association of Malaysia (FAM) as the official governing body of football in Malaysia.
Cora barbifera
Cora barbifera is a rare species of basidiolichen in the family Hygrophoraceae. It was formally described as a new species in 2016 by Bibiana Moncada, Ayda Lucía Patiño, and Robert Lücking. The specific epithet barbifera refers to the dense setae on the thallus surface, which somewhat resembles a beard. The lichen is known to occur only at the type locality in the páramo of Cerro Negro, Colombia, where it grows as an epiphyte on páramo shrubs. Cora hirsuta and C. schizophylloides are closely related species.

Cora schizophylloides
Cora schizophylloides is a species of basidiolichen in the family Hygrophoraceae. Found in Colombia, it was formally described as a new species in 2016 by Bibiana Moncada, Camillo Rodríguez, and Robert Lücking. The type specimen was collected in the páramo of Guanacas-Las Delicias (Inzá, Cacua) at an altitude of 3,330 m (10,930 ft). The specific epithet schizophylloides alludes to the resemblance of the dried lichen thallus with the fruitbody of the fungus Schizophyllum commune. The lichen is only known from the type locality, where it grows as an epiphyte on páramo shrubs. The terrestrial species Cora hirsuta is closely related.
Brian Elwood
Sir Brian George Conway Elwood CBE JP (born 5 April 1933) is a former New Zealand lawyer, politician, and public servant. He served as mayor of Palmerston North from 1971 to 1985, and was the Chief Ombudsman of New Zealand from December 1994 to June 2003. In the latter role, he was responsible for investigating complaints against central and local government agencies, including Ministers of the Crown.

Mayor of Palmerston North
The mayor of Palmerston North is the head of the municipal government of Palmerston North, New Zealand, and presides over the Palmerston North City Council. The current mayor is Grant Smith, who became mayor in a February 2015 by-election. This resulted from the resignation of Jono Naylor in October 2014 after his election to the House of Representatives. Since the 2013 election, Palmerston North is one of the few councils that uses the single transferable vote electoral system for the election of mayor.
Bethan Dyke
Bethan Dyke (born 25 December 1994) is a Wales netball international. She represented Wales at the 2014, 2018 and 2022 Commonwealth Games and at the 2015 and 2023 Netball World Cups. Since 2023, she has served as Wales' captain. In the Netball Super League, she has also played for Celtic Dragons, Severn Stars, Team Bath and Cardiff Dragons.

Wales national netball team
The Wales national netball team, also known as the Welsh Feathers, represents Wales Netball in international netball competitions such as the Netball World Cup, the Commonwealth Games, the Netball Europe Open Championships, Netball World Cup Qualifiers and the Netball Singapore Nations Cup. Since 2005–06, Wales has also effectively competed in the Netball Super League, initially playing as Celtic Dragons and more recently as Cardiff Dragons. As of 1 September 2025, Wales are listed 6th on the World Netball Rankings.
Adam Tse
Adam Chi Keung Tse (Traditional Chinese: 謝志強, born 22 June 1990) is an English footballer who last played for Hong Kong First Division League club South China. His position is a striker.

He has a younger brother, Sean Tse, who also plays for Hong Kong club South China.

Sean Tse
Sean Tse Ka Keung (pronounced [ʃɔn tsɛː˨ kɑː˥˧ kʰœːŋ˨˩], Chinese: 謝家強; born 3 May 1992) is a professional footballer who plays for Northern Premier League Division One West club Stalybridge Celtic. Born in England, he represented Hong Kong internationally.
Verticordia sect. Corynatoca
Verticordia sect. Corynatoca is one of six sections in the subgenus Eperephes. It includes the single species Verticordia ovalifolia. Plants in this section are sometimes bushy shrubs, sometimes tall and open. The flower cup has very short appendages and the staminodes have raised glands on their surface.

When Alex George reviewed the genus in 1991 he described the section and gave it the name Corynatoca. The name "Corynatoca" is from the Greek koryne (a club) and atakos (barren), referring to the unusual staminodes.

The type and only species in this section is Verticordia ovalifolia.

Verticordia ovalifolia
Verticordia ovalifolia, commonly known as oval-leaved featherflower, is a flowering plant in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is an openly branched shrub with egg-shaped leaves and strap-like, feathery petals in spring.
Virendra Vats
Lieutenant General Virendra Vats, YSM, SM, VSM is a serving general officer of the Indian Army. He currently serves as the Director General, National Cadet Corps. He earlier served as the Commandant of the Defence Services Staff College, Wellington.

Vishisht Seva Medal
The Vishisht Seva Medal (VSM, lit. 'Distinguished Service Medal') is a decoration of the Indian Armed Forces. It is awarded to recognize "distinguished service of a high order" to all ranks of the Indian Armed Forces.

From 1980, the Yudh Seva Medal was introduced to recognize exceptional services in an operational environment. Since then the VSM has been restricted to non-operational service.
Serb-Catholic movement in Dubrovnik
The Serb-Catholic movement in Dubrovnik (Serbo-Croatian: Дубровачки србокатолички покрет / Dubrovački srbokatolički pokret) was a cultural and political movement of people from Dubrovnik who, while Catholic, declared themselves Serbs, while Dubrovnik was part of the Habsburg-ruled Kingdom of Dalmatia in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Initially spearheaded by intellectuals who espoused strong pro-Serbian sentiments, there were two prominent incarnations of the movement: an early pan-Slavic phase under Matija Ban and Medo Pucić that corresponded to the Illyrian movement, and a later, more Serbian nationalist group that was active between the 1880s and 1908, including a large number of Dubrovnik intellectuals at the time. The movement, whose adherents are known as Serb-Catholics (Срби католици / Srbi katolici) or Catholic Serbs (католички Срби / katolički Srbi), largely disappeared with the creation of Yugoslavia.

Illyrian movement
The Illyrian movement (Croatian: Ilirski pokret; Slovene: Ilirsko gibanje) was a pan-South-Slavic cultural and political campaign with roots in the early modern period, and revived by a group of young Croatian intellectuals during the first half of the 19th century, around the years of 1835 to 1863. This movement aimed to create a Croatian national establishment in Austria-Hungary through linguistic and ethnic unity, and through it lay the foundation for cultural and linguistic unification of all South Slavs under the revived umbrella term Illyrian.

Aspects of the movement pertaining to the development of Croatian culture are considered in Croatian historiography to be part of the Croatian national revival (Croatian: Hrvatski narodni preporod).
Isabelline wheatear
The isabelline wheatear (Oenanthe isabellina) is a small passerine bird that was formerly classed as a member of the thrush family Turdidae, but is now more generally considered to be an Old World flycatcher in the family Muscicapidae.  It is a migratory insectivorous bird.  Its habitat is steppe and open countryside and it breeds in southern Russia and Central Asia to northern Pakistan, wintering in Africa and northwestern India.  It is a very rare vagrant to western Europe.

In colouring it resembles a female northern wheatear but it is larger at 15–16.5 centimetres (5.9–6.5 in) in length, more upright and more tawny in colour, and has more black on its tail.  The term isabelline refers to the parchment-like colouration.  The axillaries and underwing coverts are white, whereas in the commoner bird they are mottled with grey.  The sexes are similar.

Northern wheatear
The northern wheatear or wheatear (Oenanthe oenanthe) is a small passerine bird in the Old World flycatcher family. It is the most widespread member of the wheatear genus Oenanthe in Europe and North and Central Asia. The northern wheatear is a migratory insectivorous species breeding in open stony country in Europe and east across the Palearctic  with footholds in northeastern Canada and Greenland as well as in northwestern Canada and Alaska. It nests in rock crevices and rabbit burrows. All birds spend most of their winter in Africa.
Pueyrredón Bridge
34°39′24.4″S 58°22′24.9″W﻿ / ﻿34.656778°S 58.373583°W﻿ / -34.656778; -58.373583

The Pueyrredón Bridge (officially called Prilidiano Pueyrredón Bridge) is a bascule bridge in Buenos Aires, Argentina. It connects Vieytes street of Barracas neighborhood with Bartolomé Mitre Avenue in Avellaneda Partido, crossing over Matanza River (popularly known as Riachuelo). The bridge carries vehicular, bicycle, and pedestrian traffic between both points. It was named after painter and architect Prilidiano Pueyrredón, one of the country's first prominent artists.

Bascule bridge
A bascule bridge (also referred to as a drawbridge or a lifting bridge) is a moveable bridge with a counterweight that continuously balances a span, or leaf, throughout its upward swing to provide clearance for boat traffic. It may be single- or double-leafed.

The name comes from the French term for balance scale, which employs the same principle. Bascule bridges are the most common type of movable span because they open quickly and require relatively little energy to operate, while providing the possibility for unlimited vertical clearance for marine traffic.
2024 Premier Volleyball League draft
The 2024 Premier Volleyball League draft was the inaugural rookie draft for the Premier Volleyball League, the top-level women's professional volleyball league in the Philippines, conducted on July 8, 2024 at Novotel Manila Araneta City in Quezon City.

The draft was held in the middle of the PVL's 2024 season, after the All-Filipino Conference and before the Reinforced Conference.

2024 Premier Volleyball League All-Filipino Conference
The 2024 Premier Volleyball League All-Filipino Conference was the seventeenth conference of the Premier Volleyball League and its eighth conference as a professional league.

The 2024 PVL season was supposed to have two All-Filipino Conferences, the same as the 2023 PVL season, but this plan was later scrapped. This conference was supposed to begin on February 17, 2024, but was later moved to February 20, 2024.

A total of twelve teams competed in this tournament; two new club teams were announced before the start of the conference. Meanwhile, the F2 Logistics Cargo Movers and Quezon City Gerflor Defenders withdrew from the PVL. Strong Group Athletics took over the Gerflor Defenders franchise. Capital1 Solar Spikers was unveiled as the 12th team and replaced the Cargo Movers.
Kolkata–Ara Garib Rath Express
The 12359 / 60 Kolkata–Ara Garib Rath Express is a Superfast Express train of the Garib Rath series belonging to Indian Railways - Eastern Railway zone that runs between Kolkata and Ara Junction in India. The train was extended to Ara Junction from Patna Junction.

It operates as train number 12359 from Kolkata to Ara Junction and as train number 12360 in the reverse direction serving the states of West Bengal, Jharkhand & Bihar.

It is part of the Garib Rath Express series launched by the former railway minister of India, Mr. Laloo Prasad Yadav.

Garib Rath Express
The Garib Rath (lit. Poor Chariot) trains are a series of no-frills trains operated by Indian Railways to provide air-conditioned train travel at a cheaper rate compared to regular trains. Garib Rath Express trains primarily operate on long-distance routes, connecting major cities and important railway stations across different states in India. These trains are designed to cover extensive distances, often traversing several hundred kilometers in a single journey.
Refined coal
Refined coal is the product of coal-upgrading technology processes that remove moisture and certain pollutants from lower-rank coals such as sub-bituminous and lignite (brown) coals, raising their calorific values. Coal refining or upgrading technologies are typically pre-combustion treatments and processes that alter the characteristics of coal before it is burned. Pre-combustion coal-upgrading technologies aim to increase efficiency and reduce emissions when coal is burned. Depending on the situation, pre-combustion technology can be used in place of or as a supplement to post-combustion technologies to control emissions from coal-fueled boilers.

A primary benefit of refined coal is the capacity to reduce the net volume of carbon emissions that is currently emitted from power generators and would reduce the number of emissions that is proposed to be managed via emerging carbon sequestration methodologies. Refined coal technologies have primarily been developed in the United States.

Coal analysis
Coal analysis techniques are specific analytical methods designed to measure the particular physical and chemical properties of coals. These methods are used primarily to determine the suitability of coal for coking, power generation or for iron ore smelting in the manufacture of steel.
Drexel University College of Arts and Sciences
The College of Arts and Sciences (CoAS) is one of the many colleges at Drexel University. It was formed in 1990 when Drexel merged the two existing College of Sciences and College of Humanities together.

Drexel University
Drexel University is a private research university with its main campus in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. Drexel's undergraduate school was founded in 1891 by Anthony J. Drexel, a financier and philanthropist. Founded as Drexel Institute of Art, Science and Industry, it was renamed Drexel Institute of Technology in 1936, before assuming its current name in 1970. As of 2020, more than 24,000 students were enrolled in over 70 undergraduate programs and more than 100 master's, doctoral, and professional programs at the university. Drexel's cooperative education program (co-op) is a unique aspect of the school's degree programs, offering students the opportunity to gain up to 18 months of paid, full-time work experience in a field relevant to their undergraduate major or graduate degree program prior to graduation.
Kerala Motor Vehicles Department
The Kerala Motor Vehicles Department, colloquially known as the MVD or Kerala MVD, is the motor vehicle law enforcement agency under the Transport Department of the Government of Kerala. It is responsible for the enforcement of motor vehicle laws, issuing driving licences, registering motor vehicles, ensuring road safety, and the levy and collection of road tax in the state.  The department is administered by the Transport Commissioner who is the Head of the Department. The current Transport Commissioner is Nagaraju Chakilam, IPS.

It is primarily responsible for enforcing the Central Motor Vehicles Act, 1988, and its associated rules and regulations within the state of Kerala.

Motor Vehicles Act
The Motor Vehicles Act is an Act of the Parliament of India which regulates all aspects of road transport vehicles. The Act provides in detail the legislative provisions regarding licensing of drivers/conductors, registration of motor vehicles, control of motor vehicles through permits, special provisions relating to state transport undertakings, traffic regulation, insurance, liability, offences and penalties, etc. For exercising the legislative provisions of the Act, the Government of India made the Central Motor Vehicles Rules 1989.
Cavalry regiments of the British Army
There are 13 cavalry regiments of the British Army each with its own unique cap badge, regimental traditions, and history. Of the currently nine regular cavalry regiments, two serve as armoured regiments, three as armoured cavalry regiments, three as light cavalry, and one as a mounted ceremonial regiment. There are also four yeomanry regiments of the Army Reserve, of these, three serve as light cavalry and one as an armoured regiment. Each yeomanry light cavalry unit has been paired with a regular unit of the same role, the armoured yeomanry unit is paired with the two regular armoured units (and a further armoured unit which is not cavalry). All except the Household Cavalry are part of the British Army's Royal Armoured Corps.

Household Cavalry Regiment
The Household Cavalry Regiment (HCR) is an Armoured Cavalry regiment of the British Army based in Bulford Camp in Wiltshire.  It is the brother regiment of the Household Cavalry Mounted Regiment (HCMR) based at Hyde Park Barracks in London - both regiments together form the Household Cavalry (HCav).  The Household Cavalry Regiment was formed in 1992, under the Options for Change reforms, by the union of the Life Guards and the Blues and Royals in order to preserve the distinct identities of the regiments.  A precedent for the Household Cavalry Regiment has previously been set by the Household Cavalry Composite Regiment - active during the Anglo-Egyptian War, the Second Boer War and latterly during both the First and Second World Wars.

The HCR is part of the Household Cavalry, rather than the Royal Armoured Corps (RAC), which encompasses all other armoured and cavalry regiments of the British Army.
Suproclone
Suproclone is a sedative and anxiolytic drug in the cyclopyrrolone family of drugs, developed by the French pharmaceutical company Rhône-Poulenc. Other cyclopyrrolone drugs include zopiclone, pagoclone and suriclone.

Suproclone is very similar in structure to the related drug suriclone, but little information has been published about it specifically. However it can be expected that the mechanism of action by which suproclone produces its sedative and anxiolytic effects is by modulating benzodiazepine receptors (resulting in an increased response to endogenous GABA), in a similar manner to other drugs of this class.

Suriclone
Suriclone (Suril) is a sedative and anxiolytic drug in the cyclopyrrolone family of drugs. Other cyclopyrrolone drugs include zopiclone and pagoclone.

Suriclone has a very similar pharmacological profile to the benzodiazepine family of drugs including sedative and anxiolytic properties but with less amnestic effects, and its chemical structure is quite different from that of the benzodiazepine drugs.

The mechanism of action by which suriclone produces its sedative and anxiolytic effects is by modulating GABAA receptors, although suriclone is more subtype-selective than most benzodiazepines.
Sainte-Pauline shaft
The Sainte-Pauline shaft is a former coal mine shaft located in the Ronchamp coal basin, along the RD 619 road in the commune of Champagney, Haute-Saône, eastern France. Excavation began in 1854, and coal extraction took place from 1861 until the shaft was backfilled in 1884.

In the 1870s, a mining settlement was established near the shaft, including a phalanstery and a Catholic chapel. These structures remained inhabited into the early 21st century. Visible remnants include parts of the shaft and slag heaps. An informational panel installed in 2017 presents the history of the Sainte-Pauline and Sainte-Barbe shafts.

Sainte-Barbe Coal Mine
The Sainte-Barbe Coal Mine is a former shaft of the Ronchamp coal mines located near the Champagney ballast pits (Haute-Saône department), in eastern France. The shaft was excavated in 1854, and mined for coal from 1860 to 1872. It was used to ventilate the Sainte-Pauline shaft from 1869 to 1884, before being backfilled. Its longevity and productivity were less than those of the company's main extraction shafts.

In the second half of the 20th century, the site was used as a sand pit. A short-lived equestrian center existed at the beginning of the 21st century. An explanatory panel installed in 2017 tells the story of the Sainte-Pauline and Sainte-Barbe shafts.
Colorado State Highway 202
State Highway 202 (SH 202) is a short highway in Otero County, Colorado. SH 202's western terminus is at County Route 16 (CR 16) where it continues west as CR FF west of Rocky Ford, and the eastern terminus is at U.S. Route 50 (US 50) and SH 71 in Rocky Ford.

Colorado State Highway 71
State Highway 71 (CO 71 or SH 71) is a 224-mile-long (360 km) state highway passing several other highways in northern and central Colorado. SH 71's southern terminus is at U.S. Route 350 (US 350) near La Junta, and the northern terminus is a continuation as Nebraska Highway 71 (N-71) at the Nebraska border, which eventually crosses into South Dakota as South Dakota Highway 71 (SD-71), making Highway 71 a triple-state highway.

State Highway 71 is the subject of a truck freight diversion feasibility study being conducted by the Colorado Department of Transportation to explore diverting truck traffic from Interstate 25.