hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Udhampur Lok Sabha constituency
Udhampur Lok Sabha constituency is one of the six Lok Sabha (parliamentary) constituencies in Jammu and Kashmir in northern India. The constituency covers 20,230 square kilometres of mountainous Himalayan terrain, and is comparable to the size of Israel. It is composed of the districts of Kishtwar, Ramban, Kathua, Doda, and Udhampur. Udhampur constituency's population is over 2,400,000, and exceeds the population of New Mexico. The seat from 1967 to 1980 was held by Karan Singh, the former crown prince of Jammu and Kashmir. It is currently represented by Union minister Jitendra Singh since 2014 from the Bharatiya Janata Party.

Ramban district
Ramban district is an administrative district in the Jammu division of Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir in the disputed Kashmir region.  It is located in a valley surrounded the Pir Panjal range. It was carved out as a separate district from erstwhile Doda district in 2007. It is located in the Jammu division. The district headquarters are at Ramban town, which is located midway between Jammu and Srinagar on the banks of the Chenab river on National Highway-44, approximately 151 km from Jammu and Srinagar.
Axel F
"Axel F" is an electronic instrumental track by German musician Harold Faltermeyer. The track served as the theme tune for the film Beverly Hills Cop, its eponymous character, and the film franchise it is based on, and became an international number one hit in 1985. The single was released in 1984 by MCA Records and reached number one in Ireland as well as on the US Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart. Additionally, it was a number-two hit in Belgium, Canada, the Netherlands, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and West Germany.

In addition to the Beverly Hills Cop soundtrack, the track also appears on Faltermeyer's own album Harold F. as a bonus track. Its music video was directed by Faltermeyer himself.

Axel Foley
Detective Axel James Foley is a fictional character, portrayed by Eddie Murphy, and is the titular protagonist of the Beverly Hills Cop film series. He is ranked No. 55 on Empire magazine's 2008 and 2020 lists of The 100 Greatest Movie Characters. Sylvester Stallone was originally intended to be cast as Axel Foley.
Mark Clinton
Mark A. Clinton (7 February 1915 – 23 December 2001) was an Irish Fine Gael politician who served as Minister for Agriculture from 1973 to 1977. He served as Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for the Leinster constituency from 1979 to 1989. He served as a Teachta Dála (TD) from 1961 to 1981.

Minister for Agriculture, Food and the Marine
The Minister for Agriculture, Food and the Marine (Irish: An tAire Talmhaíochta, Bia, Iascaigh agus Mara) is a senior minister in the Government of Ireland and leads the Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine.

The current Minister for Agriculture, Food and the Marine is Martin Heydon. He is assisted by three ministers of state:

Noel Grealish, TD – Minister of State for food promotion, new markets, research and development

Michael Healy-Rae, TD – Minister of State for forestry, farm safety and horticulture

Timmy Dooley, TD – Minister of State for the marine
Weaving shed
A weaving shed is a distinctive type of mill developed in the early 1800s in Lancashire, Derbyshire and Yorkshire to accommodate the new power looms weaving cotton, silk, woollen and worsted. A weaving shed can be a stand-alone mill, or a component of a combined mill. Power looms cause severe vibrations requiring them to be located on a solid ground floor. In the case of cotton, the weaving shed needs to remain moist. Maximum daylight is achieved, by the sawtooth "north-facing roof lights".

Power loom
A power loom is a mechanized loom that automates the weaving of cloth through leveraging mechanical power. It interlaces warp and weft threads via mechanisms like cams, gears, levers, and pulleys, replicating motions previously done manually. The mechanization of weaving dramatically increased production efficiency, contributing to the rise of large-scale textile factories during the Industrial Revolution.

Though the idea is older and experimentation predates him, Edmund Cartwright is credited with initiating power loom development with his 1785 patent. His initial versions were rudimentary but they pioneered automated weaving and laid the groundwork for factory-based production. By the early 19th century, improvements had made power looms reliable and widely adopted across Europe and North America, ushering in a new era of textile manufacturing. Cartwright’s invention marked the beginning of mechanized weaving, drastically reducing reliance on skilled handweavers.
Tombo Ati
Tombo Ati is a traditional Javanese song composed by Sunan Bonang, one of Wali Sanga, from Tuban, East Java. The song is about a Muslim's ways of gaining spiritual peace and tranquility, through tahajjud, reciting the Qur'an, fasting, gathering with pious people, and in constant remembrance of god, all of which are considered to be "Remedies for the Heart".

This song is still taught at pesantrens, and has been sung, recorded and released by several Indonesian singers.

Wali Sanga
Wali Songo (Javanese: ꦮꦭꦶꦱꦔ, lit. 'Nine Saints'), also transcribed as Wali Sanga, are revered saints of Islam in Indonesia, especially on the island of Java, because of their historic role in the spread of Islam in Indonesia. The word wali is Arabic for "trusted one" or "friend of God" ("saint" in this context), while the word sanga is Javanese for the number nine.

Although referred to as a group, there is good evidence that fewer than nine were alive at any given time. Also, some sources use the term "Wali Sanga" to refer to saintly mystic(s) other than the most well-known nine individuals. Each man is often attributed the title sunan in Javanese, which may derive from suhun, in this context meaning "honoured". Most of the wali were also called raden during their lifetimes, because they were members of royal houses.

The graves of the Wali Sanga are venerated as locations of ziarah (ziyarat) or local pilgrimage in Java. The graves are also known as pundhen in Javanese.
Novikov conjecture
The Novikov conjecture is one of the most important unsolved problems in topology.  It is named for Sergei Novikov who originally posed the conjecture in 1965.

The Novikov conjecture concerns the homotopy invariance of certain polynomials in the Pontryagin classes of a manifold, arising from the fundamental group. According to the Novikov conjecture, the higher signatures, which are certain numerical invariants of smooth manifolds, are homotopy invariants.

The conjecture has been proved for finitely generated abelian groups. It is not yet known whether the Novikov conjecture holds true for all groups.  There are no known counterexamples to the conjecture.

Homotopy
In topology, two continuous functions from one topological space to another are called homotopic (from Ancient Greek: ὁμός homós 'same, similar' and τόπος tópos 'place') if one can be "continuously deformed" into the other, such a deformation being called a homotopy (/həˈmɒtəpiː/ hə-MOT-ə-pee; /ˈhoʊmoʊˌtoʊpiː/ HOH-moh-toh-pee) between the two functions. A notable use of homotopy is the definition of homotopy groups and cohomotopy groups, important invariants in algebraic topology.

In practice, there are technical difficulties in using homotopies with certain spaces. Algebraic topologists work with compactly generated spaces, CW complexes, or spectra.
Jorge Bocobo
Jorge Cleofas Bocobo (October 19, 1886 – July 23, 1965) was a Filipino author and jurist. He was appointed Secretary of Public Instruction by President Manuel L. Quezon and Justice of the Supreme Court from 1942 to 1944 under President Jose P. Laurel. Bocobo was the principal author of the Civil Code of the Philippines.

Jose P. Laurel
José Paciano Laurel y García (March 9, 1891 – November 6, 1959) was a Filipino politician, lawyer, and judge, who served as the President of the Second Philippine Republic from 1943 to 1945, which was a Japanese ally during World War II.

Laurel was the runner-up in the 1949 Philippine presidential election. In the 1951 Philippine Senate election, he was elected to the Senate of the Philippines for the Nacionalista Party. He headed a mission to negotiate trade and other matters with the United States, which led to the Laurel–Langley Agreement of 1954.

Since the administration of President Diosdado Macapagal (1961–1965), Laurel has been recognized by later administrations as a former president of the Philippines.
UEFA Women's Euro 2017 qualifying Group 1
Group 1 of the UEFA Women's Euro 2017 qualifying competition consisted of five teams: Iceland, Scotland, Belarus, Slovenia, and Macedonia. The composition of the eight groups in the qualifying group stage was decided by the draw held on 20 April 2015.

The group was played in home-and-away round-robin format. The group winners qualified directly for the final tournament, while the runners-up also qualified directly if they were one of the six best runners-up among all eight groups (not counting results against the fifth-placed team); otherwise, the runners-up advance to the play-offs.

UEFA Women's Euro 2017 qualifying
The UEFA Women's Euro 2017 qualifying competition was a women's football competition that determined the 15 teams joining the automatically qualified hosts Netherlands in the UEFA Women's Euro 2017 final tournament.

A total of 46 UEFA member national teams, with Andorra entering for the first time at senior women's level, entered the qualifying competition.
Tower FM
Greatest Hits Radio Bolton & Bury (formerly Tower FM) is an Independent Local Radio station serving the Bolton and Bury areas of Greater Manchester.

Following its sale to Bauer Radio, the station was closed and merged with the Greatest Hits Radio network in September 2020.

Greatest Hits Radio
Greatest Hits Radio (GHR) is a classic hits radio network in the United Kingdom, owned and operated by Bauer Media Audio UK. It currently includes 18 local and regional radio stations operating over 50 FM and DAB licences in England, Scotland and Wales, as well as a national DAB station in areas not served by a local Bauer-owned licence.

The GHR brand launched on 7 January 2019 as an "older" companion to Hits Radio, which Bauer had launched in 2018. It is a rebranding of the former Bauer City 2 Network (launched on 5 January 2015) due to the success of Radio City 2 in Liverpool on FM. All GHR stations are networked and include localised opt-outs for news, weather, travel and advertising. Until 31 October 2024, the stations aired a three-hour regional afternoon show on weekdays.

According to RAJAR data, the GHR stations have a combined weekly reach of 7.5 million people as of September 2024.
Worms: The Director's Cut
Worms: The Director's Cut is an artillery strategy game, a sequel to Worms, developed by Team17 and published by Ocean Software. It was programmed by Andy Davidson and released in 1997 for the Amiga platform only.

The player has control of a team of worms and takes turns at attacking either computer or human opponents controlling other teams. The game builds upon Worms (1995) and adds various graphical and gameplay developments. The Director's Cut received positive reviews, but only sold 5,000 copies worldwide - primarily due to the game being sold at the extreme end of the Amiga's lifespan.

In 2021, it was announced that Worms: The Director's Cut would be one of several Team17 games included on the A500 Mini.

Worms (1995 video game)
Worms is a 2D artillery tactical video game developed by Team17 and released in 1995. It is the first game in the Worms series of video games. It is a turn based game where a player controls a team of worms against other teams of worms that are controlled by a computer or human opponent. The aim is to use various weapons to kill the worms on the other teams and have the last surviving worm(s).
American Soccer League (2014–2017)
The American Soccer League (ASL) was an American soccer league that held three seasons of play between August 2014 and 2017. It is the fourth league in U.S. history to use that name. The league footprint was in the northeastern United States. ASL players were paid, making it different from the NPSL or PDL models in which college-eligible players can compete.

American Professional Soccer (APS) is the parent company of American Soccer League (ASL). The league's goal was to eventually achieve U.S. Soccer Division 3 status. However, this did not materialize. Initially, the league was sanctioned by the United States Adult Soccer Association (USASA).

National Premier Soccer League
The National Premier Soccer League (NPSL) is an American men's soccer league. The league is officially affiliated to the United States Adult Soccer Association (USASA) and has automatic qualification for the U.S. Open Cup. It is the successor of the Men's Premier Soccer League, a regional league originally based in the Western United States, which has now expanded nationwide to encompass teams from 29 states. The league's motto is "A National League with a Regional Focus".
Rui Almeida
Rui Miguel Garcia Lopes de Almeida (born 29 September 1969) is a Portuguese professional football manager who is the manager of Moroccan club Difaâ Hassani El Jadidi.

After working as an assistant to Jesualdo Ferreira, he worked mainly in France, with Bastia in Ligue 1 and four clubs in Ligue 2, as well as a brief spell in his country's Primeira Liga with Gil Vicente.

Jesualdo Ferreira
Manuel Jesualdo Ferreira (born 24 May 1946) is a Portuguese football manager.

In a managerial career of over forty years, he was in charge of all of his country's Big Three and had his greatest successes at Porto, where he became the first manager to win three consecutive Primeira Liga titles and also lifted the Taça de Portugal twice. He won two Egyptian Premier League titles and as many national cups at Zamalek, as well as a Qatar Stars League title and three domestic cups at Al Sadd. Additionally, he managed Angola and teams in Morocco, Spain, Greece and Brazil.
Caproic acid
Caproic acid, also known as hexanoic acid, is the carboxylic acid derived from hexane with the chemical formula CH3(CH2)4COOH. It is a colorless oily liquid with a fatty, cheesy, waxy odor resembling that of goats or other barnyard animals. It is a fatty acid found naturally in various animal fats and oils, and is one of the chemicals that gives the decomposing fleshy seed coat of the ginkgo its characteristic unpleasant odor. It is also one of the components of vanilla and cheese. Salts and esters of caproic acid are known as caproates or hexanoates.

Two other acids are named after goats: caprylic acid (C8) and capric acid (C10). Along with caproic acid, they account for 15% of the fat in goat's milk.

Caproic, caprylic, and capric acids (capric is a crystal- or wax-like substance, whereas the other two are mobile liquids) are used for the formation of esters, and also commonly used "neat" in: butter, milk, cream, strawberry, bread, beer, nut, and other flavors.

Fatty acid
In chemistry, particularly in biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid with an aliphatic chain, which is either saturated or unsaturated. Most naturally occurring fatty acids have an unbranched chain of an even number of carbon atoms, from 4 to 28. Fatty acids are a major component of the lipids (up to 70% by weight) in some species such as microalgae but in some other organisms are not found in their standalone form, but instead exist as three main classes of esters: triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesteryl esters. In any of these forms, fatty acids are both important dietary sources of fuel for animals and important structural components for cells.
A. Frank Glahn
A. Frank Glahn (1865–1941), was a German mystic, Germanic revivalist, and most notably a pendulum dowser. He was used by the German military in the Third Reich, not necessarily willingly.

Glahn was mentioned greatly in the book Reveal the Power of the Pendulum by Karl Spiesberger.

In 1920 A. Frank-Glahn's "Das Deutsche Tarot Buch" was published by Uranus Verlag, accompanied by a deck of cards "Deutsches Original Tarot", an Egyptian style deck, but unique. Glahn's book and cards became a German tarot bible, which survived up in the 1980s, published by Hermann Bauer Verlag. (K.Frank Jensen)

Karl Spiesberger
Karl Spiesberger (29 October 1904 – 1 January 1992) was a German mystic, occultist, Germanic revivalist and Runosophist. He is best known for his revivalism and usage of the Sidereal Pendulum for divination and dowsing and for his anti-racialist stance and revivalist usage of the Armanen Futharkh runic system after the second world war, removing its negative connotations. During his involvement with the Fraternitas Saturni Spiesberger was also known as Frater Eratus. Under this name he published several articles in the Blätter für angewandte okkulte Lebenskunst.
Torver
Torver is a village and civil parish in the Westmorland and Furness Unitary Authority of Cumbria, England, 3 miles (4.8 km) south west of the village of Coniston and 1 mile (1.6 km) west of Coniston Water.

Farming has always played an important part in Torver's history, though slate mining increased when the Coniston branch of the Furness Railway was opened in the 19th century (it subsequently closed in 1958). Nowadays, the hamlet remains a starting point for many walks around the Duddon Valley and Coniston Water, an area popularised by William Wordsworth.

Coniston, Cumbria
Coniston is a village and civil parish in the Westmorland and Furness district of Cumbria, England. In the 2001 census the parish had a population of 1,058, decreasing at the 2011 census to 928. Within the boundaries of the historic county of Lancashire, it is in the southern part of the Lake District National Park, between Coniston Water, the third longest lake in the Lake District, and Coniston Old Man.

Coniston is 25 miles (40 km) northeast of Barrow-in-Furness, 20 miles (32 km) west of Kendal and 42 miles (68 km) north of Lancaster.
FreeHAL
FreeHAL was a volunteer computing project to build a self-learning chatbot. This project is no longer active.

Originally, the program was called JEliza referring to the chatbot ELIZA by Joseph Weizenbaum. The J stood for Java because JEliza has first been programmed in Java. In May 2008, the program has been renamed to FreeHAL because the programming language has changed. The name is related to the computer in the film 2001: A Space Odyssey.

FreeHAL uses a semantic network and technologies like pattern recognition, stemming, part of speech databases and Hidden Markov Models in order to imitate a human behaviour. FreeHAL learns autonomously. While communicating by keyboard, the program extends its database.  Currently, English and German are supported.

By using the BOINC platform, new semantic networks for the program are built. FreeHAL@home appears to have terminated operations.

Chatbot
A chatbot (originally chatterbot) is a software application or web interface that simulates conversation through text or speech. Modern chatbots are typically online and use generative artificial intelligence systems that are capable of maintaining a conversation with a user in natural language and simulating the way a human would behave as a conversational partner. Such chatbots often use deep learning and natural language processing. Simpler chatbots have existed for decades.

Chatbots have gained popularity with the release of ChatGPT in 2022, followed by competitors such as Gemini, Claude, and Grok, in what is labelled an AI boom. AI chatbots typically use fine-tuned large language models to generate text.

A major area where chatbots have long been used is customer service and support, with various sorts of virtual assistants.
Mohamed Macan Markar
Sir Hadji Mohamed Macan Markar (7 September 1877 – 10 May 1952) was a prominent Ceylonese colonial era legislator and businessmen. He was Minister of Home Affairs of the State Council, member of the Legislative Council and a Senator.

Markar was born 5 October 1885 in Galle, the son of Oduma Lebbe Marikar Macan Markar, a wealthy merchant from Galle, and was educated at Wesley College, Colombo, where he played cricket before going into the family business.

Markar was elected as a member of the Legislative Council of Ceylon in 1924 and later to the State Council. He became the Minister of Communications and Works. He was knighted in the 1938 Birthday Honours as a Knight Bachelor.  From 1948 to 1952 he was a member of the Senate of Ceylon. He was knighted in 1938.

Markar's sons were Ahmed Hussain Macan Markar, former member of parliament for Batticaloa; Muhammad Ajward Macan Markar, FRCP, Professor of Medicine, University of Ceylon, Peradeniya and Alavi Ibrahim Macan Markar, FCA.

Legislative Council of Ceylon
The Legislative Council of Ceylon was the legislative body of Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) established in 1833, along with the Executive Council of Ceylon, on the recommendations of the Colebrooke-Cameron Commission. It was the first form of representative government in the island. The 1931 Donoughmore Constitution replaced the Legislative Council with the State Council of Ceylon.

Members of the Legislative Council, used the post-nominal letters, MLC.
Grower Champagne
Grower Champagnes or Artisan Champagnes are Champagnes produced by the estate that owns the vineyards where the grapes are grown. Récoltant-Manipulant is the term in French, and Grower Champagnes can be identified by "RM" on the wine label. While large Champagne houses such as Mumm, Moët et Chandon and Veuve Clicquot may use grapes from as many as 80 different vineyards in the Champagne region to create a consistent house style, Grower Champagnes tend to be more terroir-focused, sourced from a single vineyard or closely located vineyards around a village, and made with grapes which vary with each vintage. Today there are over 19,000 independent growers in the Champagne region, accounting for nearly 88% of vineyard land in the region; around 5,000 of these growers produce wine from their own grapes. Of the Champagne imported into the US in 2014, only 5% was Grower Champagne.

Terroir
Terroir (/tɛrˈwɑːr/; French: [tɛʁwaʁ] ⓘ; from terre, lit. 'lands') is a French term used to describe the environmental factors that affect a crop's phenotype, including unique environment contexts, farming practices and a crop's specific growth habitat. Collectively, these contextual characteristics are said to have a character; terroir also refers to this character.

Some artisanal crops and foods for which terroir may apply include wine, cheese, coffee, single malt whisky, onions, and tea.

Terroir is the basis of the French wine appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) system, which is a model for wine appellation and regulation in France and around the world. The AOC system presumes that the land from which the grapes are grown imparts a unique quality that is specific to that growing site (the plants' habitat). The extent of terroir's significance is debated in the wine industry.
Current Opinion In Food Science
Current Opinion in Food Science is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Elsevier. It covers the field of food Science and nutrition, and is divided into themed sections. The journal was established in 2015 as part of Elsevier's Current Opinion series, which is a collection of journals publishing invited reviews aimed at experts and non-specialists on various disciplines. The current editors-in-chief are A.G. Marangoni (University of Guelph) and A. Sant'Ana (State University of Campinas).

Current Opinion (Elsevier)
Current Opinion is a collection of review journals on various disciplines of the life sciences. They were acquired by Elsevier in 1997. Each issue of each journal, which all are published bimonthly, contains one or more themed sections edited by scientists who specialise in the field and invite authors to contribute reviews aimed at experts and non-specialists. Each journal aims to cover all the major recent advances in its topic area, and to direct readers to the most important original research.