hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Sandra Knapp
Sandra Diane Knapp OBE FLS FRS (born 1956) is an American-born botanist. She is a merit researcher of the Plants Division of the Natural History Museum, London and from 2018 was the president of the Linnean Society of London. While working at the Natural History Museum, London she has overseen the Flora Mesoamericana inventory of Central American plants. She has published several books on botanical subjects as well as a significant number of scientific articles. In 2016 she was awarded the Linnean Medal. In 2022 she was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society. In 2023 she was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) and was awarded the Engler Medal in Gold by the International Association for Plant Taxonomy.

Linnean Society of London
The Linnean Society of London is a learned society dedicated to the study and dissemination of information concerning natural history, evolution, and taxonomy. It possesses several important biological specimen, manuscript and literature collections, and publishes academic journals and books on plant and animal biology. The society also awards a number of prestigious medals and prizes.

A product of the 18th-century enlightenment, the society is the oldest extant biological society in the world and is historically important as the venue for the first public presentation of the theory of evolution by natural selection on 1 July 1858.

The patron of the society is Anne, Princess Royal. Vice-patrons include: Emeritus Emperor Akihito of Japan, King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden (both have active interests in natural history), and the eminent naturalist and broadcaster Sir David Attenborough.
Struggle for Rome (board game)
Catan Histories: Struggle for Rome is a 2006 German-style board game based on the game mechanics of Settlers of Catan, depicting the fall of the Western Roman Empire. The game is created by Klaus Teuber, the creator of Settlers, and is published under license from Catan GmbH by Kosmos in German and  Mayfair Games in English. It is the second game in the Catan Histories series of board games.  Often games produced in different languages by different publishers have slight rule differences between the versions. Catan Histories: Struggle for Rome is no exception.

Game mechanics
In tabletop games and video games, game mechanics define how a game works for players. Game mechanics are the rules or ludemes that govern and guide player actions, as well as the game's response to them. A rule is an instruction on how to play, while a ludeme is an element of play, such as the L-shaped move of the knight in chess. The interplay of various mechanics determines the game's complexity and how the players interact with the game. All games use game mechanics; however, different theories disagree about their degree of importance to a game. The process and study of game design includes efforts to develop game mechanics that engage players.

Common examples of game mechanics include turn-taking, movement of tokens, set collection, bidding, capture, and spell slots.
Federico Marchetti
Federico Marchetti (Italian pronunciation: [fedeˈriːko marˈketti]; born 7 February 1983) is an Italian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Maltese Premier League club Marsaxlokk.

Marchetti began his professional club career with Torino in 2002, and was subsequently loaned out to Pro Vercelli, Crotone, and Treviso. In 2005, he spent a season with Biellese, and later played for AlbinoLeffe and Cagliari, before moving to Lazio in 2011, where he won the Coppa Italia in 2013. At international level, he has represented Italy at the 2010 FIFA World Cup, at the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup (winning a bronze medal), and at UEFA Euro 2016.

Maltese Premier League
The Maltese Premier League, known as Yo Health Malta Premier for sponsorship reasons with Yo Health (colloquially known as Il-Kampjonat Premjer), is the highest level of professional football in Malta. Managed by the Malta Football Association, the Premier League is contested by 12 teams and operates on a promotion and relegation system with the Challenge League. As of June 2022, the Premier League ranks 46th out of 55 members in the UEFA coefficient.

The league was first contested in 1909 as the First Division, before switching to its current name in 1980; the First Division in turn replaced the Second Division. Sliema Wanderers and Floriana have won the title a record 26 times. The current champions are Ħamrun Spartans who won their 11th title in the 2024-25 season.
1798 French legislative election
Legislative elections were held in France between 9 and 18 April 1798 to elect one-third of the members of the Council of Five Hundred and the Council of Ancients, the lower and upper houses of the legislature, as well as 201 vacant seats. They marked the beginning of the end of the French far-left and rise of the anti-Montagnard and anti-Jacobin groupings. The 1798 elections were partially invalidated by the passage of the Law of 22 Floréal Year VI which saw 106 Montagnards lose their seats by decree of the Council of Five Hundred.

Council of Five Hundred
The Council of Five Hundred (Conseil des Cinq-Cents) was the lower house of the legislature of the French First Republic under the Constitution of the Year III. It operated from  31 October 1795 to 9 November 1799 during the Directory (French: Directoire) period of the French Revolution.
George Eaton Sutherland
George Eaton Sutherland (September 14, 1843 – September 13, 1899) was an American politician, lawyer, and judge.  He served in the Wisconsin State Senate for two years, served as a judge of the Milwaukee Superior Court, and held several local offices in Fond du Lac County, Wisconsin.  During the American Civil War, he served as an officer in the Union Army.

Fond du Lac County, Wisconsin
Fond du Lac County (/ˈfɒndəlæk/ ⓘ) is a county in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. As of the 2020 census, the population was 104,154. Its county seat is Fond du Lac. The county was created in the Wisconsin Territory in 1836 and later organized in 1844. Fond du Lac is French for "bottom of the lake", given so because of the county's location at the southern shore of Lake Winnebago. Fond du Lac County comprises the Fond du Lac, Wisconsin Metropolitan Statistical Area. The Holyland region is in northeastern Fond du Lac County.
Cathy Osten
Catherine Ann Osten is an American politician and a Democratic member of the Connecticut State Senate representing District 19 since January 9, 2013. Osten was a three-term First Selectman from Sprague, Connecticut, until 2019, when she was defeated by current First Selectman, Cheryl Blanchard.

Graduating from the Norwich Free Academy in 1973, Osten enlisted in the United States Army. After four years of active duty, Osten returned to the United States, taking up residence in Norwich and attending Mohegan Community College. In 1990 Osten joined the Connecticut Department of Corrections serving for 21 years and becoming an officer.

Osten was elected as the President of the Corrections Supervisors' Council of CSEA/SEIU 2001. As a State Senator she supports a $15 living wage for all Connecticut workers.

Connecticut State Senate
The Connecticut State Senate is the upper house of the Connecticut General Assembly, the state legislature of the U.S. state of Connecticut. The state senate comprises 36 members, each representing a district with around 99,280 inhabitants. Senators are elected to two-year terms without term limits. The Connecticut State Senate is one of 14 state legislative upper houses whose members serve two-year terms; four-year terms are more common.

As in other upper houses of state and territorial legislatures and the federal U.S. Senate, the Senate is vested with special functions such as confirming or rejecting gubernatorial appointments to the state's executive departments, the state cabinet, commissions and boards. Unlike a majority of U.S. state legislatures, both the Connecticut House of Representatives and the State Senate vote on the composition of the Connecticut Supreme Court.

The Senate meets within the State Capitol in Hartford.
Darel Uy
Darel Dexter Tang Uy (born August 1, 1979), is a Filipino politician who is the 11th Governor of Zamboanga del Norte, having been elected to the office in the 2025 Philippine local elections. Uy previously served as the 20th Mayor of Dipolog from 2016 until 2025, stepping down from the position upon assuming office as governor of Zamboanga del Norte on June 30, 2025.

Governor of Zamboanga del Norte
The governor of Zamboanga del Norte is the local chief executive of the Philippine province of Zamboanga del Norte. The governor holds office at the Zamboanga del Norte Provincial Capitol. Like all local government heads in the Philippines, the governor is elected via popular vote, and may not be elected for a fourth consecutive term (although the former governor may return to office after an interval of one term). In case of death, resignation or incapacity, the vice governor becomes the governor.
Harry Peters (mountaineer)
Harry Peters (28 April 1852 – 9 May 1941) was a German-born New Zealander, who was a mountaineer and helped to establish the main climbing route up Mount Taranaki. Born near Heide, Peters came to New Zealand in 1875. Within months of his arrival, he took up farming at Kaimiro in the Taranaki. His farm was on the slopes of Mount Taranaki and he first climbed the mountain in 1885, via a previously unused route. This became the popular route for ascending Mount Taranaki. From 1892 to 1898 he was the custodian of Tahurangi House, the permanent camp house that was established to serve as accommodation for climbers going up the mountain. He also served as a mountain guide, making nearly 90 ascents of Mount Taranaki until his retirement as custodian. For much of his later life, he was prominent in civic affairs in the region.

Taranaki
Taranaki is a region in the west of New Zealand's North Island. It is named after its main geographical feature, the stratovolcano Mount Taranaki.

The main centre is the city of New Plymouth. The New Plymouth District is one of three in the region and is home to more than 65 per cent of the population of Taranaki. The Stratford District includes the main centres of Stratford, Midhirst, Toko and Whangamōmona. The South Taranaki District includes Hāwera, Manaia, Eltham, and Ōpunake.

Since 2005, Taranaki has used the promotional brand "Like no other".
2015 Birthday Honours
The 2015 Queen's Birthday Honours were appointments by some of the 16 Commonwealth realms of Queen Elizabeth II to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by citizens of those countries. The Birthday Honours were awarded as part of the Queen's Official Birthday celebrations during the month of June. The Queen's Birthday Honours were announced on 1 June 2015 in New Zealand, on 8 June in Australia, and on 12 June in the United Kingdom, in Grenada, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Saint Lucia and Belize.

The recipients of honours are displayed as they were styled before their new honour. They are arranged by the country (in order of precedence) whose ministers advised the Queen on the appointments, then by honour with grades, i.e. Knight/Dame Grand Cross, Knight/Dame Commander etc., and then by divisions, i.e. Civil, Diplomatic and Military as appropriate.

2015 Queen's Birthday Honours (Australia)
The Queen's Birthday Honours 2015 for Australia were announced on 8 June 2015 by the Governor-General, Sir Peter Cosgrove.

The Birthday Honours were appointments by some of the 16 Commonwealth realms of Queen Elizabeth II to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by citizens of those countries. The Birthday Honours are awarded as part of the Queen's Official Birthday celebrations during the month of June.
Nabua
Nabua, officially the Municipality of Nabua (Rinconada Bikol: Banwāan ka Nabua; Tagalog: Bayan ng Nabua), is a municipality in the province of Camarines Sur, Philippines. According to the 2024 census, it has a population of 86,458 people.

The town is recognized as the birthplace of modern kuntaw and jota rojana. The municipality is also known for its large coconut plantations, which support its local agriculture and economy. It is recognized as the mother town of Iriga City, Buhi, Bato, Balatan, Bula, and Baao.

Bato, Camarines Sur
Bato, officially the Municipality of Bato (Rinconada Bikol: Banwāan ka Bato; Tagalog: Bayan ng Bato), is a  municipality in the province of Camarines Sur, Philippines. According to the 2024 census, it has a population of 52,021 people.

The municipality of Bato is home to a lake teeming with various kinds of fishes. Sinarapan, the world's smallest commercially harvested fish, occupies the waters of Lake Bato. Also present, the lake abounds with tilapia housed in fish cages.
Hardware verification language
A hardware verification language, or HVL, is a programming language used to verify the designs of electronic circuits written in a hardware description language. HVLs typically include features of a high-level programming language like C++ or Java as well as features for easy bit-level manipulation similar to those found in HDLs. Many HVLs will provide constrained random stimulus generation, and functional coverage constructs to assist with complex hardware verification.

SystemVerilog, OpenVera, e, and SystemC are the most commonly used HVLs. SystemVerilog attempts to combine HDL and HVL constructs into a single standard.

SystemC
SystemC is a set of C++ classes and macros which provide an event-driven simulation interface (see also discrete event simulation).  These facilities enable a designer to simulate concurrent processes, each described using plain C++ syntax. SystemC processes can communicate in a simulated real-time environment, using signals of all the datatypes offered by C++, some additional ones offered by the SystemC library, as well as user defined. In certain respects, SystemC deliberately mimics the hardware description languages VHDL and Verilog, but is more aptly described as a system-level modeling language.

SystemC is applied to system-level modeling, architectural exploration, performance modeling, software development, functional verification, and high-level synthesis. SystemC is often associated with electronic system-level (ESL) design, and with transaction-level modeling (TLM).
Mac Cana
The Mac Cana or Maccan  were a Gaelic Irish clan who held lands in Clancann and Clanbrasil in what is now northern County Armagh, and had the title of 'Lords of Clanbrasil'. It is the origin of the surname McCann and Maccan.

Oneilland East
Oneilland East (from Irish Uí Nialláin, the name of an ancient Gaelic district) is a barony in the north-east of County Armagh, Northern Ireland. It is also called Clanbrasil (from Clann Bhreasail, "offspring of Breasal"). It lies in the north-east corner of the county, on the south-eastern shore of Lough Neagh and the boundary with County Down. Oneilland East is bordered by three other baronies: Oneilland West to the west; Iveagh Lower to the east; and Orior Lower to the south.
Tejinder Singh (air marshal)
Air Marshal Tejinder Singh, PVSM, AVSM, VM is a serving officer of the Indian Air Force. He is currently serving as the Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief, South Western Air Command. He was previously serving as the Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Training Command  prior to that he served as the Deputy Chief of the Air Staff. He earlier served as Senior Air Staff Officer, Eastern Air Command.

Param Vishisht Seva Medal
Param Vishisht Seva Medal (PVSM) (IAST: Parama Viśiṣṭa Sēvā, lit. 'Supreme Distinguished Service Medal') is a military award of India. It is the highest peacetime medal of the Indian Armed Forces, and is awarded for "distinguished service of the most exceptional order." The medal is awarded for "distinguished service rendered by personnel of the Armed Forces."

All ranks of the Armed Forces, including Territorial Army, Auxiliary and Reserve forces, Nursing officers and other members of the Nursing services and other lawfully constituted Armed Forces are eligible for the medal, which may be awarded multiple times as well as posthumously.
Bob Harrison (American football coach)
Robert Harrison (September 9, 1941 – April 15, 2022) was an American football player and coach. He played college football at Kent State and later served as a coach for John Adams High School, Kent State, Iowa, Cornell, NC State, Tennessee, the Atlanta Falcons, the Washington Commandos, Georgia, the Pittsburgh Steelers and Boston College.

Upon being hired by the Washington Commandos in 1987, Harrison became the second black head coach in modern professional football history (after Willie Wood).

NC State Wolfpack football
The NC State Wolfpack football team represents North Carolina State University in the sport of American football. The Wolfpack competes in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC). Prior to joining the ACC in 1953, the Wolfpack were a member of the Southern Conference. As a founding member of the ACC, the Wolfpack has won seven conference championships and participated in 34 bowl games, of which the team has won 17. NC State is coached by Dave Doeren.

Since 1966, the Wolfpack has played its home games at Carter–Finley Stadium, the largest college football stadium in North Carolina. On September 16, 2010, NC State restored the tradition of having a live mascot on the field.  A wolf-like Tamaskan Dog named
"Tuffy" was on the sidelines for the Cincinnati game that day in Raleigh and Tuffy has not missed a Wolfpack football game in Carter–Finley Stadium since.
Pauline Engel
Dame Sister Pauline Frances Engel DBE RSM (10 September 1930 – 15 November 2017) was a New Zealand educator and Roman Catholic religious sister. A member of the Sisters of Mercy, she served as the third principal of Carmel College. Prior to running Carmel College, she taught English, religious studies, history, and geography. She actively opposed capital punishment and assisted suicide in New Zealand, and was a critic of apartheid in South Africa. After retiring, Engel was appointed as the Vicar for Education in the Diocese of Auckland. She was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 1986 Queen's Birthday Honours and a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 1995 Queen's Birthday Honours for her services to education in New Zealand.

Religious sister
A religious sister (abbreviated: Sr.) is a Christian woman who has taken public vows in a religious order dedicated to apostolic works. Though often referred to as nuns, they are canonically distinct. Nuns, religious sisters and canonesses all use the term "Sister" as a form of address. Religious sisters are found in various traditions of Christianity, particularly Catholicism, Evangelical Lutheranism and Anglicanism. In the Catholic Church, religious sisters are associated with a religious institute.
Steffen Fäth
Steffen Fäth (born 4 April 1990) is a German handball player for HSG Goldstein/Schwanheim and the German national team.

He was part of the German team that won the 2016 European Men's Handball Championship

2016 European Men's Handball Championship
The 2016 EHF European Men's Handball Championship was the twelfth edition and was held for the first time in Poland from 15–31 January 2016. Croatia and Norway were the other applicants in the bidding process.

Poland was awarded the championship on the EHF Congress in Monaco on 23 June 2012 with 58% votes.

Germany won their second title by beating Spain 24–17 in the final. Croatia captured the bronze medal after defeating Norway 31–24.
Arbitrarily varying channel
An arbitrarily varying channel (AVC) is a communication channel model used in coding theory, and was first introduced by Blackwell, Breiman, and Thomasian.  This particular channel has unknown parameters that can change over time and these changes may not have a uniform pattern during the transmission of a codeword.  uses of this channel can be described using a stochastic matrix  , where  is the input alphabet,  is the output alphabet, and  is the probability over a given set of states , that the transmitted input  leads to the received output .  The state  in set  can vary arbitrarily at each time unit .  This channel was developed as an alternative to Shannon's Binary Symmetric Channel (BSC), where the entire nature of the channel is known, to be more realistic to actual network channel situations.

Binary symmetric channel
A binary symmetric channel (or BSCp) is a common communications channel model used in coding theory and information theory. In this model, a transmitter wishes to send a bit (a zero or a one), and the receiver will receive a bit. The bit will be "flipped" with a "crossover probability" of p, and otherwise is received correctly. This model can be applied to varied communication channels such as telephone lines or disk drive storage.

The noisy-channel coding theorem applies to BSCp, saying that information can be transmitted at any rate up to the channel capacity with arbitrarily low error. The channel capacity is  bits, where  is the binary entropy function. Codes including Forney's code have been designed to transmit information efficiently across the channel.
Pupi Campo
Jacinto "Pupi" Campo (May 1, 1920 – December 12, 2011) was a Cuban entertainer, dancer, and bandleader who spent most of his life in the United States. As a bandleader in the 1940s and 1950s, he made recordings for labels such as Seeco and Tico. His band featured percussionist and musical director Tito Puente and pianist Joe Loco.

Tito Puente
Ernest Anthony Puente Jr. (April 20, 1923 – May 31, 2000), commonly known as Tito Puente, was an American musician, songwriter, bandleader, timbalero, and record producer. He composed dance-oriented mambo and Latin jazz music. He was also known as “El Rey de los Timbales,” or “The King of the Timbales.”

Puente and his music have appeared in films including The Mambo Kings and Fernando Trueba's Calle 54. He guest-starred on television shows, including Sesame Street and The Simpsons episode "Who Shot Mr. Burns?".
Ministry of Finance (Mauritius)
The Ministry of Finance of Mauritius is a ministerial department found in the Cabinet of the government of the republic. It is considered as the most executive and important ministry in the cabinet after the Prime Minister's Office. The minister of finance is the most desirable position in the cabinet of the country except of the prime minister. Most of the time being the Deputy Prime Minister or any other senior member of the cabinet. It was created along with the cabinet on 7 July 1968, and since then it has been in the cabinet.

There are other departments falling under the aegis of the office such as economic development or empowerment. The department is not to be confused with the minister of economic planning as the minister of finance is the sole person in charge of the yearly budget for governmental and parliamentary works. The incumbent minister is Navin Ramgoolam who is also the Prime Minister, took office as from 22 November 2024.

Navin Ramgoolam
Navinchandra Ramgoolam (born 14 July 1947) is a Mauritian politician who is the current prime minister of Mauritius, serving since 2024. He previously held the office from 1995 to 2000 and from 2005 to 2014 and intermittently served as leader of the opposition when not in office.

Ramgoolam is the son of former prime minister and governor-general Seewoosagur Ramgoolam and has led the Labour Party since 1991. After an astounding defeat in the 2000 General Elections, he became prime minister for a second term after his coalition, Alliance Sociale, won the 2005 General Elections. The 2024 general election saw the landslide victory of his coalition Alliance du Changement. Following Pravind Jugnauth's resignation as prime minister, Ramgoolam was sworn in for a third time at the State House of Mauritius in the presence of President Prithvirajsing Roopun.