hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Colasterion
Colasterion (from the Greek word for "instrument of punishment" or "house of correction") was published by the English poet and polemicist John Milton with his Tetrachordon on 4 March 1645. The tract is a response to an anonymous pamphlet attacking the first edition of The Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce. Milton makes no new arguments, but harshly takes to task the "trivial author".

In the tract, Milton promotes an idea of marital separation, and, in his situation, a separation from his previous wife.

Tract (literature)
A tract is a literary work and, in current usage, often religious in nature. The notion of what constitutes a tract has changed over time; by the early 21st century, the term refers to a brief pamphlet with religious or political themes. Tracts are often either left for someone to find or distributed as a medium of mass communication in the context of proselytism. However, there have been times in history when the term also implied much longer, tome-like works. The derivative tractate of scripture or the Talmud is the equivalent in Hebrew literature to a chapter of the Christian Bible.
Girdle of Thomas
The Girdle of Thomas, Virgin's Girdle, Holy Belt, or Sacra Cintola in modern Italian, is a Christian relic in the form of a "girdle" or knotted textile cord used as a belt, that according to a medieval legend was dropped by the Virgin Mary from the sky to Saint Thomas the Apostle at or around the time of the Assumption of Mary to Heaven.  The supposed original girdle is a relic belonging to Prato Cathedral in Tuscany, Italy and its veneration has been regarded as especially helpful for pregnant women. The story was frequently depicted in the art of Florence and the whole of Tuscany, and the keeping and display of the relic at Prato generated commissions for several important artists of the early Italian Renaissance. The Prato relic has outlasted several rivals in Catholic hands, and is the Catholic equivalent of the various relics held by Eastern Christianity: the Cincture of the Theotokos of the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Holy Girdle of the Syriac Orthodox Church.

Cincture of the Theotokos
The Cincture of the Theotokos is believed to be a Christian relic of the Theotokos (Blessed Virgin Mary), now in the Vatopedi monastery on Mount Athos, which is venerated by the Holy Eastern Orthodox Church. The word "cincture" (Greek: zone) is sometimes also translated as "belt", "sash" or "girdle". Its feast day is September 13.
South Lanarkshire Council
South Lanarkshire Council is the unitary authority serving the South Lanarkshire council area in Scotland. The council has its headquarters in Hamilton, has 16,000 employees, and an annual budget of almost £1bn. The large and varied geographical territory takes in rural and upland areas, market towns such as Lanark, Strathaven and Carluke, the urban burghs of Rutherglen, Cambuslang, and East Kilbride which was Scotland's first new town. The area was formed in 1996 from the areas of Clydesdale, Hamilton and East Kilbride districts, and some outer areas of Glasgow district (Rutherglen/Fernhill, Cambuslang/Halfway and part of King's Park/Toryglen); all were previously within the Strathclyde region from 1975 but in historic Lanarkshire prior to that.

Hamilton (Scottish district)
55°45′N 4°03′W﻿ / ﻿55.75°N 4.05°W﻿ / 55.75; -4.05

Hamilton (Scottish Gaelic: Hamaltan) was a local government district in the Strathclyde region of Scotland from 1975 to 1996, lying to the south-east of the regional capital Glasgow.
Nurses' Health Study
The Nurses' Health Study is a series of prospective studies that examine epidemiology and the long-term effects of nutrition, hormones, environment, and nurses' work-life on health and disease development. The studies have been among the largest investigations into risk factors for major chronic diseases ever conducted. The Nurses' Health Studies have led to many insights on health and well-being, including cancer prevention, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes.  They have included clinicians, epidemiologists, and statisticians at the Channing Laboratory (of Brigham and Women's Hospital), Harvard Medical School, Harvard School of Public Health, and several Harvard-affiliated hospitals, including Brigham and Women's Hospital, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Children's Hospital Boston, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center.

Brigham and Women's Hospital
Brigham and Women's Hospital (BWH or The Brigham) is a teaching hospital of Harvard Medical School and the largest hospital in the Longwood Medical Area in Boston, Massachusetts. Along with Massachusetts General Hospital, it is one of the two founding members of Mass General Brigham, the largest healthcare provider in Massachusetts. Giles Boland, MD, serves as the hospital's current president.

Brigham and Women's Hospital conducts the second largest hospital-based research program in the world, with an annual research budget of more than $630 million.
1912 in Japan
Events in the year 1912 in Japan. In the history of Japan, it marks the final year of the Meiji period, Meiji 45 (明治45年), upon the death of Emperor Meiji on July 30, and the beginning of the Taishō Period, Taishō 1 (大正元年), upon the accession of his son Emperor Taishō.

Taishō era
The Taishō era (大正時代, Taishō jidai; [taiɕoː dʑidai] ⓘ) was a period in the history of Japan dating from July 30, 1912 to December 25, 1926, coinciding with the reign of Emperor Taishō. The new emperor brought on the shift in political power from the old oligarchic group of elder statesmen (or genrō) to the Imperial Diet of Japan and the democratic parties. Thus, the era is considered the time of the liberal movement known as Taishō Democracy; it is usually distinguished from the preceding chaotic Meiji era and the following militaristic-driven first part of the Shōwa era.
Dick Kinzel
Richard L. Kinzel (born July 25, 1940) is the former president and CEO of Cedar Fair Entertainment Company, promoted to the role in 1986. He was replaced by his successor, Matt Ouimet, on January 2, 2012. Kinzel's career with Cedar Fair had spanned 39 years by the time of his retirement.

Matt Ouimet
Matthew Anthony Ouimet (born 1958) is a retired tourism industry executive. Over his 40-plus-year career, Ouimet held leadership positions at both The Walt Disney Company and Cedar Fair Entertainment Company.
Kazimierz Cichowski
Kazimierz Cichowski (Russian: Казимир Генрихович Циховский; 7 December 1887 — 26 October 1937) was a Polish-Soviet communist activist and politician, Bolshevik revolutionary and nobleman. Along with Vincas Mickevičius-Kapsukas, he played an important role in establishing the Soviet government in Lithuania and the Lithuanian–Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.

Vincas Mickevičius-Kapsukas
Vincas Mickevičius, known under his pen name Kapsukas (7 April [O.S. 23 March] 1880 – 17 February 1935), was a Lithuanian communist political activist, publicist, and revolutionary.

As an active member of the Lithuanian National Revival, he wrote for and edited many Lithuanian publications and joined the Lithuanian Social Democratic Party. As his views turned from nationalism to socialism, and then to communism, he became one of the founders and leaders of the Lithuanian Communist Party and headed the short-lived Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic and Lithuanian–Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (Litbel) in 1918–1919. After the fall of these republics, Mickevičius left for Soviet Russia, where he continued to lead the Lithuanian communists and worked for the Communist International (Comintern).
Cambodia House
Cambodia House (French: Maison du Cambodge) is a student housing and cultural center located in the Cité internationale universitaire de Paris, in the 14th arrondissement. The center was built by French architect Alfred Audoul in the neoclassical style; it is ornamented with Khmer decorative elements. The Cambodia House was inaugurated in 1957, four years after Cambodia's independence.

In the 1970s, the center was the scene of tensions and clashes in the aftermath of the 1970 Cambodian coup d'état, and the establishment of the Khmer Republic. The Cambodia House was shut down for 30 years following the death of one of its residents in 1973. After major work carried out in the early 2000s, it has reopened for new students in 2004.

Cité internationale universitaire de Paris
Cité internationale universitaire de Paris (French pronunciation: [site ɛ̃tɛʁnɑsjɔnal ynivɛʁsitɛːʁ də paʁi]) or the Cité universitaire (CIUP or Cité U) is a university campus, a private park and foundation located in Paris, France. Since 1925, it has provided general and public services, including the maintenance of several dozen residences housing around 6,000 students and visiting academics in the Île-de-France region. Officially recognized as a foundation of public interest, the CIUP promotes exchanges between students from around the world in a spirit of tolerance.

The Cité universitaire de Paris is administered by the CIUP foundation, and the universities of Paris own the campus. They are represented by the Chancellery of the Universities of Paris, which sits on the foundation's board of directors.
Riyang railway station
Riyang Railway Station/Raing Railway Station is the railway station which serves Rambi Bazar and nearby areas like Mangpu, Shelpu, Rolak, Latpanchar, Sittong, Teesta Valley, Lohapul, Birik Dara etc   in Kalimpong district of West Bengal. It is currently under construction on the Sivok–Rangpo line of the Northeast Frontier Railway, Alipurduar railway division.

Sivok–Rangpo line
Sivok-Rangpo Railway Line, a 44.96 km long 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge line connecting the Indian states of West Bengal (Sivok railway station on New Jalpaiguri–Alipurduar–Samuktala Road line near Siliguri in Darjeeling district) and Sikkim (Rangpo Railway Station in Pakyong District), is currently under construction. The railway line is strategically important for national security and socio-economic development, as the line will help troops and armaments move faster towards the Indo-Tibet border.

In the second phase and third phase, this line will be extended eastward to Gangtok (capital of Sikkim) and then to the Nathu La pass (on Sikkim's eastern border with Tibet). A separate fork from Melli will be extended towards west to Dentam.
Pietro Belluschi
Pietro Belluschi (August 18, 1899 – February 14, 1994) was an Italian-American architect. A leading figure in modern architecture, he was responsible for the design of over 1,000 buildings.

Born in Ancona, Italy, Belluschi began his architectural career as a draftsman in a Portland, Oregon firm. He achieved a national reputation within about 20 years, largely for his 1947 aluminum-clad Equitable Building. In 1951, he was named the dean of the MIT School of Architecture and Planning, where he served until 1965, also working as collaborator and design consultant for many high-profile commissions, most famously the 1963 Pan Am Building. He won the American Institute of Architects' Gold Medal in 1972.

AIA Gold Medal
The AIA Gold Medal is awarded by the American Institute of Architects conferred "by the national AIA Board of Directors in recognition of a significant body of work of lasting influence on the theory and practice of architecture."

It is the Institute's highest award. The medal was established in 1907. Since 1947, the medal has been awarded more-or-less annually.
Hertingfordbury
Hertingfordbury is a village in on the western outskirts of the town of Hertford, in the East Hertfordshire district of Hertfordshire, England. It was mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086. The village also gives its name to a civil parish, which covers the rural area to the west of the village. The village itself is no longer part of the civil parish, having been removed from the parish in 1935 and transferred to the parish of Hertford. Hertingfordbury village is now also classed as part of the Hertford built up area by the Office for National Statistics. The main settlements in the civil parish of Hertingfordbury are Birch Green, Cole Green, East End Green, Letty Green, and Staines Green. At the 2021 census the civil parish had a population of 688.

East Hertfordshire
East Hertfordshire is one of ten local government districts in Hertfordshire, England. Its council is based in Hertford, the county town of Hertfordshire. The largest town in the district is Bishop's Stortford, and the other main towns are Ware, Buntingford and Sawbridgeworth. At the 2011 Census, the population of the district was 137,687. By area it is the largest of the ten local government districts in Hertfordshire. The district borders North Hertfordshire, Stevenage, Welwyn Hatfield and Broxbourne in Hertfordshire, and Epping Forest, Harlow and Uttlesford in Essex.

In the 2006 edition of Channel 4's "Best and Worst Places to Live in the UK", East Hertfordshire was rated the seventh-best district to live in. In 2012, East Hertfordshire came ninth in Halifax bank's annual survey of most desirable places to live. It came first in this survey in 2020.
Shape optimization
Shape optimization is part of the field of optimal control theory. The typical problem is to find the shape which is optimal in that it minimizes a certain cost functional while satisfying given constraints. In many cases, the functional being solved depends on the solution of a given partial differential equation defined on the variable domain.

Topology optimization is, in addition, concerned with the number of connected components/boundaries belonging to the domain. Such methods are needed since typically shape optimization methods work in a subset of allowable shapes which have fixed topological properties, such as having a fixed number of holes in them. Topological optimization techniques can then help work around the limitations of pure shape optimization.

Constraint (mathematics)
In mathematics, a constraint is a condition of an optimization problem that the solution must satisfy. There are several types of constraints—primarily equality constraints, inequality constraints, and integer constraints. The set of candidate solutions that satisfy all constraints is called the feasible set.
Paul Corkum
Paul Bruce Corkum OC OOnt FRSC FRS  (born October 30, 1943) is a Canadian physicist specializing in attosecond physics and laser science. He holds a joint University of Ottawa–NRC chair in attosecond photonics. He also holds academic positions at Texas A&M University and the University of New Mexico. Corkum is both a theorist and an experimentalist. He is known for developing the theory of attosecond physics.

Order of Ontario
The Order of Ontario (French: Ordre de l'Ontario) is a civilian honour for merit in the Canadian province of Ontario. Instituted in 1986 by Lieutenant Governor Lincoln Alexander, on the advice of the Cabinet under Premier David Peterson, the civilian order is administered by the Lieutenant Governor-in-Council and is intended to honour current or former Ontario residents for conspicuous achievements in any field.
Markvelde
Markvelde is a hamlet in the eastern Netherlands. It is located in the municipality Hof van Twente, Overijssel. Until 2001, Markvelde was in the former municipality of Diepenheim. A part of the hamlet is in Berkelland, Gelderland.

Markvelde is a statistical entity, but the postal authorities have placed it under Diepenheim. It was first mentioned in 1225 as Marcvelthe, and means "field near communal ground".

In 1840, it was home to 190 people.

Markvelde includes a community center, and a number of hog and cattle farms. The school closed in 2018.

Diepenheim
Diepenheim is a small city in the Dutch province of Overijssel. It is located in the municipality of Hof van Twente, about 5 km southwest of Goor. Diepenheim was a separate municipality until 2001, when it became a part of Hof van Twente.
Indicator analysis
Indicator analysis is a structured analytic technique used in intelligence analysis.  It uses historical data to expose trends and identify upcoming major shifts in a subject area, helping the analyst provide evidence-based forecasts with reduced cognitive bias.

Intelligence analysis
Intelligence analysis is the application of individual and collective cognitive methods to weigh data and test hypotheses within a secret socio-cultural context. The descriptions are drawn from what may only be available in the form of deliberately deceptive information; the analyst must correlate the similarities among deceptions and extract a common truth. Although its practice is found in its purest form inside national intelligence agencies, its methods are also applicable in fields such as business intelligence or competitive intelligence.
Dhenkanal Palace
Dhenkanal Palace (Odia: ରାଜବାରି) is the official palace of the Bhoi dynasty of Dhenkanal princely state, India. Built by the Bhois of Dhenkanal, this palace is located in Dhenkanal town, Odisha.

This palace was turned into a homestay in 1992.

Dhenkanal State
Dhenkanal State was one of the princely states of India during the period of the British Raj. The area of the former state is now referred to as Dhenkanal district, Odisha, with Dhenkanal town as its district headquarters.Dhenkanal state was ruled by several rulers from the year 1530 to 1948, meaning an astounding 418 years.Dhenkanal state had the major parts of Dhenkanal, Angul and some parts of Keonjhar and southern areas.
Xbox Developer Direct
Xbox Developer Direct (stylized as Developer_Direct) is a series of livestream events produced by Microsoft Gaming to showcase upcoming first-party content from Xbox Game Studios, Bethesda Softworks, Activision, Blizzard Entertainment, and King. The livestreams also include third-party titles. The Developer Direct takes place at the beginning of each year in January.

Xbox Game Studios
Xbox Game Studios (previously known as Microsoft Studios, Microsoft Game Studios, and Microsoft Games) is an American video game publisher based in Redmond, Washington. It was established in March 2000, spun out from an internal Games Group, for the development and publishing of video games for Microsoft Windows. It has since expanded to include games and other interactive entertainment for the namesake Xbox platforms, other desktop operating systems, Windows Mobile and other mobile platforms, web-based portals, and other game consoles.

Xbox Game Studios, alongside ZeniMax Media and Activision Blizzard, are part of the Microsoft Gaming division led by Phil Spencer, who is chief executive officer of the division.
Compound of five octahedra
The compound of five octahedra is one of the five regular polyhedron compounds, and can also be seen as a stellation. It was first described by Edmund Hess in 1876. It is unique among the regular compounds for not having a regular convex hull. It can also be called a small icosicosahedron.

Polytope compound
In geometry, a polyhedral compound is a figure that is composed of several polyhedra sharing a common centre.  They are the three-dimensional analogs of polygonal compounds such as the hexagram.

The outer vertices of a compound can be connected to form a convex polyhedron called its convex hull. A compound is a faceting of its convex hull.

Another convex polyhedron is formed by the small central space common to all members of the compound. This polyhedron can be used as the core for a set of stellations.
Rob Bauer
Robert Peter Bauer (born 11 November 1962) is a Dutch retired military officer of the Royal Netherlands Navy who served as Chair of the NATO Military Committee from 2021 to 2025, after succeeding Air Chief Marshal Stuart Peach. Bauer formerly served as the Chief of Defence (Dutch: Commandant der Strijdkrachten) from October 2017 to April 2021, and as the Vice Chief of Defence of the Netherlands of the from 1 September 2015 to 13 July 2017. Bauer was also involved in counter-terrorist and anti-piracy operations in the Mediterranean Sea, and in the Horn of Africa.

Chief of Defence (Netherlands)
The Chief of Defence (Dutch: Commandant der Strijdkrachten, CDS) is the highest-ranking officer in the Netherlands Armed Forces and is the principal military advisor to the minister of defence. On behalf of the minister of defence, he is responsible for operational policy, strategic planning and for preparing and executing military operations carried out by the armed forces. The chief of defence is in charge of the central staff and is the direct commanding officer of all the commanders of the branches of the armed forces. In this capacity, the chief of defence directs all the activities of the Royal Netherlands Army, the Royal Netherlands Navy and Royal Netherlands Air and Space Force. He is also in charge of the Royal Netherlands Marechaussee, when it is operating under the guise of the minister of defence.
WBXML
WAP Binary XML (WBXML) is a binary representation of XML. It was developed by the WAP Forum and since 2002 is maintained by the Open Mobile Alliance as a standard to allow XML documents to be transmitted in a compact manner over mobile networks and proposed as an addition to the World Wide Web Consortium's Wireless Application Protocol family of standards. The MIME media type application/vnd.wap.wbxml has been defined for documents that use WBXML.

WBXML is used by a number of mobile phones. Usage includes Exchange ActiveSync for synchronizing device settings, address book, calendar, notes and emails, SyncML for transmitting address book and calendar data, Wireless Markup Language, Wireless Village, OMA DRM for its rights language and Over-the-air programming for sending network settings to a phone.

Open Mobile Alliance
The Open Mobile Alliance (OMA), briefly known as OMA SpecWorks, is a standards organization which develops open, international technical standards for the mobile phone industry. It is a nonprofit Non-governmental organization (NGO), not a formal government-sponsored standards organization as is the International Telecommunication Union (ITU): a forum for industry stakeholders to agree on common specifications for products and services.
Gerry Wall
Sir Gerard Aloysius Wall (24 January 1920 – 22 November 1992) was a surgeon and a politician in New Zealand. He was Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives from 1985 to 1987. He was a member of the Labour Party.

Wall was noted for his firmly held socially conservative views and opposition to legalising abortion and homosexuality, which frequently brought him into conflict with his contemporaries. Porirua Mayor John Burke said of Wall "He was a man who had the courage of his convictions – if he felt strongly about any issue it concerned him little who or how many disagreed."

Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives
In New Zealand, the speaker of the House of Representatives, commonly known as the speaker of the House (Māori: te mana whakawā o te Whare), is the presiding officer and highest authority of the New Zealand House of Representatives. The individual who holds the position is elected by members of the House from among their number in the first session after each general election. They hold one of the highest-ranking offices in New Zealand. The current Speaker is Gerry Brownlee, who was elected on 5 December 2023.

The speaker's role – similar to that of  speakers in other countries that use the Westminster system – involves presiding over debates by determining who may speak, maintaining order during debate, and disciplining members who break the rules of the House. Aside from duties relating to presiding over the House, the speaker also performs administrative and procedural functions, and remains a member of Parliament (MP).