hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
19th-century turnpikes in Rhode Island
The following turnpikes were chartered and built in Rhode Island:

West Glocester Turnpike 1794

Providence and Norwich Turnpike 1794

Rhode Island and Connecticut Turnpike 1803

Glocester Turnpike 1804

Providence and Douglass Turnpike 1805

Rhode Island Turnpike 1805

Loisquisset Turnpike 1806

Providence and Pawtucket Turnpike 1807

Farnum and Providence Turnpike 1808

Woonasquatucket Turnpike 1810

Powder Mill Turnpike 1810

Natick Turnpike 1812

Valley Falls Turnpike 1813

Foster and Scituate Turnpike 1813

Foster and Scituate Central Turnpike 1813

Coventry and Cranston Turnpike

Providence and Pawcatuck Turnpike 1816

Hopkinton and Richmond Turnpike 1820

Smithfield Turnpike 1823

Pawtuxet Turnpike 1825

Mineral Spring Turnpike 1825

Pawtucket and Providence East Turnpike 1825

Fall River and Watupper Turnpike 1827 (became within Massachusetts after a border change in 1861)

Stone Bridge and Fall River Turnpike 1838

U.S. Route 44
U.S. Route 44 (US 44) is an east–west United States Numbered Highway that runs for 237 miles (381 km) through four states in the Northeastern United States. The western terminus is at US 209 and New York State Route 55 (NY 55) in Kerhonkson, New York, a hamlet in the Hudson Valley region. The eastern terminus is at Route 3A in Plymouth, Massachusetts.
Beattie well tanks
The Beattie well tanks were a series of 111 steam locomotives of seven different designs produced for the London and South Western Railway (LSWR) between 1852 and 1875. All carried the water supply in well tanks, set low down between the frames. All had six wheels; the first three designs were of the 2-2-2WT wheel arrangement, the last four being 2-4-0WT. Most were designed by Joseph Hamilton Beattie, the LSWR Mechanical Engineer, but the last few locomotives built to the seventh design incorporated modifications made by his son and successor, William George Beattie. Most were intended for the LSWR's suburban services, but were later used elsewhere on the LSWR system before withdrawal. Apart from three locomotives which lasted until 1962, withdrawal occurred between 1871 and 1899.

Tank locomotive
A tank locomotive is a steam locomotive which carries its water in one or more on-board water tanks, instead of a more traditional tender. Most tank engines also have bunkers (or fuel tanks) to hold fuel; in a tender-tank locomotive a tender holds some or all of the fuel, and may hold some water also.

There are several different types of tank locomotive, distinguished by the position and style of the water tanks and fuel bunkers. The most common type has tanks mounted either side of the boiler. This type originated about 1840 and quickly became popular for industrial tasks, and later for shunting and shorter-distance main line duties.

Tank locomotives have advantages and disadvantages compared to traditional locomotives that required a separate tender to carry needed water and fuel.
Long thoracic nerve
The long thoracic nerve (also: external respiratory nerve of Bell or posterior thoracic nerve) is a branch of the brachial plexus derived from cervical nerves C5-C7 that innervates the serratus anterior muscle.

Spinal nerve
A spinal nerve is a mixed nerve, which carries motor, sensory, and autonomic signals between the spinal cord and the body. In the human body there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves, one on each side of the vertebral column. These are grouped into the corresponding cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal regions of the spine. There are eight pairs of cervical nerves, twelve pairs of thoracic nerves, five pairs of lumbar nerves, five pairs of sacral nerves, and one pair of coccygeal nerves. The spinal nerves are part of the peripheral nervous system.
Cammy Palmer
Cameron Palmer (born 15 May 2000) is a Northern Irish professional footballer who plays for NIFL Premiership side Glentoran

A product of the Rangers youth academy, Palmer has previously had loan spells with Partick Thistle, Orange County and Clyde.

Glentoran F.C.
Glentoran Football Club is a professional football club based in East Belfast, Northern Ireland, that plays in the NIFL Premiership. The club was founded in 1882 and has since won more than 130 major honours. They are one of three Northern Irish teams to have never been relegated.
Mammary Lane
Mammary Lane was a listener request show featuring clips of The Howard Stern Show. The show aired on Howard 100 and Howard 101 on SIRIUS XM Radio, during certain weeks when the Stern Show was on vacation. The hosts of the show rotated, including Richard Christy, Sal "The Stockbroker" Governale, Jason Kaplan, Will Murray, Gary Dell'Abate, and Jon Hein. The show was a production of "The Tapes Team" at SIRIUS, along with Master Tape Theatre, Stern Spotlight, The History of Howard Stern and Road Trip. Past Mammary Lane episodes aired on Howard 101.

Howard 100 and Howard 101
Howard 100 and Howard 101 are two uncensored channels on SiriusXM, a satellite radio service that broadcasts programming affiliated with Howard Stern and The Howard Stern Show. Though the channels were first broadcast on September 29, 2005 with the former company Sirius Satellite Radio, Stern could not officially broadcast until January 1, 2006, as Stern was still at WXRK, the terrestrial radio station where he had to finish his FM radio contract. A merger of Sirius Satellite Radio and XM Satellite Radio occurred in the summer of 2008.
À La Becasse
À La Bécasse (French, pronounced [a la bəkasə], lit. 'At The Woodcock') is a historic lambic café located at 9–11,Rue de Tabora/Taborastraat in Brussels, Belgium. Established in 1877 by Henri Steppé, the establishment is notable for its long-standing association with lambic beer culture and for having remained in the ownership of the Steppé family for more than a century.

Lambic
Lambic (English: /ˈlæmbɪk/ LAM-bik; French: [lɑ̃bik] ⓘ; Dutch: lambiek [lɑmˈbik] ⓘ) is a type of beer brewed in the Pajottenland region of Belgium southwest of Brussels since the 13th century. Types of lambic beer include gueuze, kriek lambic, and framboise. Lambic differs from most other beers in that it is fermented through exposure to wild yeasts and bacteria native to the Zenne valley, as opposed to exposure to carefully cultivated strains of brewer's yeast. This process gives the beer its distinctive flavour: dry, vinous, and cidery, often with a tart aftertaste.
Damian Schulz
Damian Schulz (born 26 February 1990) is a Polish professional volleyball player who plays as an opposite spiker for Trefl Gdańsk. He is a former member of the Poland national team with which he won the 2018 World Champion title.

Poland men's national volleyball team
The Poland men's national volleyball team (Polish: Reprezentacja Polski w piłce siatkowej mężczyzn) represents Poland in international volleyball competition. The team is directed by the Polish Volleyball Federation (Polski Związek Piłki Siatkowej, PZPS), the governing body for volleyball in Poland, which represents the country in international competitions and friendly matches.

Poland's greatest achievements to date have been winning gold medal at the 1976 Summer Olympics, three World Championship titles (1974, 2014 and 2018), two European Championship titles (2009 and 2023), World League (2012) and the Nations League (2023 and 2025).

As of July 2025, Poland is one of the world's strongest teams, ranked first in the FIVB world ranking.
City of Wolverhampton Council
City of Wolverhampton Council is the local authority for the city of Wolverhampton in the West Midlands, England. Wolverhampton has had an elected local authority since 1848, which has been reformed several times. Since 1974 the council has been a metropolitan borough council. It provides the majority of local government services in the city. The council has been a member of the West Midlands Combined Authority since 2016.

The council has been under Labour majority control since 2011. It is based at the Civic Centre on St Peter's Square.

Metropolitan borough
A metropolitan borough (or metropolitan district) is a type of local government district in England. Created in 1974 by the Local Government Act 1972, metropolitan boroughs are defined in English law as metropolitan districts within metropolitan counties. All of the metropolitan districts have been granted or regranted royal charters giving them borough status (and in some cases, they also have city status). Metropolitan boroughs have been effectively unitary authority areas since the abolition of metropolitan county councils by the Local Government Act 1985. Metropolitan boroughs pool much of their authority in joint boards and other arrangements that cover whole metropolitan counties, such as local enterprise partnerships and combined authorities, with most of the latter having a directly elected metropolitan mayor.
Pillai (surname)
Pillai or Pillay, (IPA: [piɭːai̯]) meaning "Child of King" (Prince) or "Child", is a surname or title found among the Malayalam and Tamil speaking people of India and Sri Lanka.

In Kerala, Pillai is the most common title among upper-caste Nairs, often bestowed by the ruling royal families of Kerala and less commonly found among some Brahmins, Nazrani Mappila and Marars of travancore.

In Tamil Nadu, it is a most common surname among various high-ranking Vellalar subcastes. It is less commonly found among some other Tamil-speaking castes, including Isai Vellalar, Agamudayar, etc. A minority population of Tamil Pillais have migrated and can be found in some parts of Kerala and Karnataka.

In general, the concept of "the Pillai title of Kerala" and "the Pillai surname of Tamilnadu" have two different meanings and no direct relation with each other.

Samantan
Samantan, also known as Samanthan Nair or Samantha Kshatriya (meaning "Kshatriyas without Vedic rituals" or "equal to"), was a generic term applied to dignify a group of sub-clans among the Naduvazhi (ruling elites) and  Jenmimar (feudal lords) of the Nair community in Kerala, India.
Leven, Fife
Leven (Pictish; Scottish Gaelic: Inbhir Lìobhann) is a seaside town in Fife, set in the east Central Lowlands of Scotland. It lies on the coast of the Firth of Forth at the mouth of the River Leven, 8.1 miles (13.0 km) north-east of the town of Kirkcaldy and 6.4 miles (10.3 km) east of Glenrothes.

According to the 2022 Scottish Census, Leven has a population of 10,087. The town forms part of the Levenmouth conurbation, which has a total population of 37,651.

Methil
Methil (Scottish Gaelic: Meadhchill) is a coastal town in Fife, Scotland.

Methil has ancient origins: two Bronze Age cemeteries have been discovered which date the settlement as over 8,000 years old. The town was first recorded as "Methkil" in 1207, and belonged to the Bishop of St Andrews. Methil was part of its own barony from 1614 and also part of the former burgh of Buckhaven and Methil, which existed between 1891 and 1975. Previously an industrial maritime powerhouse of the region and once Scotland's greatest coal port, it is now redirecting itself towards a green energy future.

Methil lies on the north shore of the Firth of Forth, between Largo Bay to the east and Wemyss Bay to the west. It is situated within a continuous urban area described as Levenmouth; the River Leven delineates Methil from adjacent towns. The Fife Coastal Path, one of Scotland's Great Trails, runs through Methil. The town has a population of 10,890 (2022).
King Edward VI Five Ways School
King Edward VI Five Ways (KEFW) is a selective co-educational state grammar school for ages 11–18 in Bartley Green, Birmingham, United Kingdom. One of the seven establishments of the Foundation of the Schools of King Edward VI, it is a voluntary aided school, with admission by highly selective examination. It was founded in Five Ways, Birmingham in 1883 and retained its name when it moved to Bartley Green in 1958.

Foundation of the Schools of King Edward VI
The King Edward VI Foundation Birmingham is a charitable institution that operates thirteen schools in Birmingham, England.

The Foundation was registered as a charity in November 1963 under the name "The Schools of King Edward VI in Birmingham". As of September 2022 the Foundation operates two independent schools and a Multi-academy trust called the King Edward VI Academy Trust Birmingham, consisting of six selective schools, and five non-selective academy schools.

In 2019/20 the Foundation had a gross income of approximately £21 million, much of which is derived from extensive land holdings in the centre of Birmingham. The Academy Trust has a further income of approximately £47 million.
Wyaconda, Missouri
Wyaconda is a city in Clark County, Missouri, United States.  As of the 2020 census, its population was 214.  The city was organized in 1888 and is named after a Siouan name for God or the Great Spirit. The first land purchased from the Santa Fe and Land Co. was in 1888.

Wyaconda is part of the Fort Madison–Keokuk, IA-MO Micropolitan Statistical Area.

Fort Madison, Iowa
Fort Madison is a city in and a county seat of Lee County, Iowa, United States along with Keokuk. Of Iowa's 99 counties, Lee County is the only one with two county seats. The population was 10,270 at the time of the 2020 census. Located along the Mississippi River in the state's southeast corner, it lies between small bluffs along one of the widest portions of the river. Fort Madison is also the home of the Iowa State Penitentiary.
1912 South Carolina gubernatorial election
The 1912 South Carolina gubernatorial election was held on November 5, 1912, to select the governor of the state of South Carolina. Governor Coleman Livingston Blease won the Democratic primary. As South Carolina was dominated by the Democratic Party, he faced no significant opposition in the general election.

Governor of South Carolina
The governor of South Carolina is the head of government of South Carolina. The governor is the ex officio commander-in-chief of the National Guard when not called into federal service. The governor's responsibilities include making yearly "State of the State" addresses to the South Carolina General Assembly, submitting an executive budget, and ensuring that state laws are enforced.

The 117th and current governor of South Carolina is Henry McMaster, who is serving his second elected term. He assumed the office on January 24, 2017, after Nikki Haley resigned to become the United States ambassador to the United Nations. He won election to full terms in 2018 and 2022. McMaster is also the state’s longest serving governor.
RC oscillator
Linear electronic oscillator circuits, which generate a sinusoidal output signal, are composed of an amplifier and a frequency selective element, a filter.  A linear oscillator circuit which uses an RC network, a combination of resistors and capacitors,  for its frequency selective part is called an RC oscillator.

Sine wave
A sine wave, sinusoidal wave, or sinusoid (symbol: ∿) is a periodic wave whose waveform (shape) is the trigonometric sine function. In mechanics, as a linear motion over time, this is simple harmonic motion; as rotation, it corresponds to uniform circular motion. Sine waves occur often in physics, including wind waves, sound waves, and light waves, such as monochromatic radiation. In engineering, signal processing, and mathematics, Fourier analysis decomposes general functions into a sum of sine waves of various frequencies, relative phases, and magnitudes.

When any two sine waves of the same frequency (but arbitrary phase) are linearly combined, the result is another sine wave of the same frequency; this property is unique among periodic waves. Conversely, if some phase is chosen as a zero reference, a sine wave of arbitrary phase can be written as the linear combination of two sine waves with phases of zero and a quarter cycle, the sine and cosine components, respectively.
Purple Sneakers
"Purple Sneakers" is the third single from the album Hi Fi Way by Australian rock band You Am I. It was released in 1995 and was listed at number 24 on Triple J Hottest 100, 1995.

The song opens with the lyric "Had a scratch only you could itch, underneath the Glebe Point bridge", which refers to the Anzac Bridge, Sydney. The Glebe Island Bridge was still under construction when Tim Rogers wrote and recorded the song in 1994, with the bridge's official name changing to Anzac Bridge on Remembrance Day in 1998.

Tim Rogers (musician)
Timothy Adrian Rogers (born September 20, 1969) is an Australian musician and actor, best known as the frontman of the rock band You Am I. He has also recorded solo albums with backing bands. As of July 2013, Rogers has released 12 albums with You Am I and five solo albums.
Marvin Ávila Jr
Marvin Alexander Ávila Veliz Junior (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈmaɾβin ˈaβila xunjˈoɾ]; born 17 March 2008) is a Guatemalan professional footballer who plays as a right winger for Liga Guate club Antigua.

Liga Bantrab
The Liga Nacional de Fútbol de Guatemala, officially known as the Liga Bantrab for sponsorship reasons, is a professional association football league in Guatemala and the highest level of the Guatemalan football league system. It is controlled by the Federación Nacional de Fútbol de Guatemala and contested by 12 teams.
Michael Frank Drummond
Michael Frank Drummond (born 30 April 1948) is a British health economist known for his contributions to the economic evaluation of health care interventions, health technology assessment, and applied health economics. He has held senior academic posts in the United Kingdom, Canada, and Italy, and has served as president of both the International Society of Technology Assessment in Health Care (ISTAHC) and the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR).

ISPOR
ISPOR—The Professional Society for Health Economics and Outcomes Research, also  known as ISPOR (and formerly as the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research) is a global, nonprofit 501(c)(3) public organization for educational and scientific purposes, as defined by the United States Internal Revenue Service.

ISPOR was founded in 1995 as an international multidisciplinary professional organization that advances the policy, science, and practice of pharmacoeconomics (health economics) and outcomes research (the scientific discipline that evaluates the effect of healthcare interventions on patient well-being including clinical, economic, and patient-centered outcomes).
American Expeditionary Forces Memorial
The American Expeditionary Forces Memorial is a monument to the landing of the American Expeditionary Forces in France in 1917, during the First World War. It features a large bronze sculpture designed by Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney. It was erected in Saint-Nazaire in 1926, destroyed in 1941 during the German occupation of France in the Second World War, and recreated and reinstalled in 1989.

American Expeditionary Forces
The American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) was a formation of the United States Armed Forces on the Western Front during World War I, composed mostly of units from the U.S. Army. The AEF was established on July 5, 1917, in Chaumont, France under the command of then-major general John J. Pershing. It fought alongside French Army, British Army, Canadian Army, British Indian Army, New Zealand Army and Australian Army units against the Imperial German Army. A small number of AEF troops also fought alongside Italian Army units in 1918 against the Austro-Hungarian Army. The AEF helped the French Army on the Western Front during the Aisne Offensive (at the Battle of Château-Thierry and Battle of Belleau Wood) in the summer of 1918, and fought its major actions in the Battle of Saint-Mihiel and the Meuse-Argonne Offensive in the latter part of 1918.
Rodovid
Rodovid is a free online collaborative family tree portal.  Originally a Ukrainian project, as of 2023 it had active communities in 25 languages.  It provides a web service built using MediaWiki and its own Rodovid Engine software to help store and visualize family relationships.

Family tree
A family tree, also called a genealogical tree or a pedigree chart, is a chart representing family relationships in a conventional tree structure. More detailed family trees, used in medicine and social work, are known as genograms.
Bulgarian Social Democracy – EuroLeft
Bulgarian Social Democracy – EuroLeft (Bulgarian: Българска социалдемокрация – Евролевица, romanized: Bŭlgarska sotsialdemokratsiya – Evrolevitsa; BSDE), formerly Bulgarian EuroLeft (Bulgarian: Българска евролевица, romanized: Bŭlgarska evrolevitsa; BEL) is a pro-Western social-democratic political party in Bulgaria. The party was established on 22 February 1997 in Sofia. The party was formed by former members of the Bulgarian Socialist Party.

The BEL was admitted into the Socialist International as an observer affiliate in 1999. The party was in favour of Bulgaria's accession to the European Union.

Bulgarian Socialist Party
The Bulgarian Socialist Party (BSP), also known as The Centenarian, is a centre-left, social democratic political party in Bulgaria. The BSP is a member of the Socialist International, Party of European Socialists, and Progressive Alliance. Although founded in 1990 in its modern form, it traces its political heritage back to the founding of the BRSDP in 1891. It is also Bulgaria's largest party by membership numbers.
Ben Hart (magician)
Benjamin Hart (born 19 October 1990) is an English magician. In 2007, he was awarded the "Young Magician of the Year" award by The Magic Circle. Hart has worked on British television and is an inventor and designer of magic tricks and stage illusions. In 2014, he starred in Killer Magic on BBC Three. Hart was a finalist on Britain's Got Talent in 2019. He is a member of The Magic Circle (organisation) (Member of The Inner Magic Circle with Gold Star)

The Magic Circle (organisation)
The Magic Circle is a British organisation dedicated to promoting and advancing the art of magic.

Applicants must qualify for membership, either through a performance exam or by a written thesis on a branch of magic, after which they are designated Members of The Magic Circle (M.M.C.). Further distinctions may earn them the titles Associate of the Inner Magic Circle (A.I.M.C.); and Member of The Inner Magic Circle (M.I.M.C), a select group limited to 300 members. The Circle was founded in 1905, and was male-only until 1991. There is a junior branch, the Young Magicians Club.
Surf Life Saving Northern Region
Surf Life Saving Northern Region is the largest of four regions that make up Surf Life Saving New Zealand. As of the 2021/2022 season, it is made up of 18 clubs that look after 22 patrol locations from Ahipara to Raglan on the West Coast and from Whangārei Heads to Takapuna on the East Coast.

The organisation currently employs 16 full-time staff as well as more than 100 seasonal roles in the Volunteer Lifeguard Service, Paid Lifeguard Service, Community Education and Search and Rescue Services.

Whangārei Heads
Whangārei Heads is a locality and volcanic promontory on the northern side of the Whangārei Harbour in Northland, New Zealand. Whangārei is 29 km (18 mi) to the north-west, and Ocean Beach is 8 km (5.0 mi) to the south-east, with Taurikura between the two. Mount Manaia rises to 420 metres (1,380 feet) to the east.

Immediately to the west is McLeod Bay, which is about 2 km (1.2 mi) long. The McDonald sandbank lies a few metres offshore at low tide. The promontory to the south of the settlement consists of a hill, Mount Aubrey, and a small gravel beach about 200 metres wide, Reotahi Bay.