hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
History of the steel industry (1850–1970)
Before 1800 A.D., the iron and steel industry was located where raw material, power supply and running water were easily available. After 1950, the iron and steel industry began to be located on large areas of flat land near sea ports. The history of the modern steel industry began in the late 1850s. Since then, steel has become a staple of the world's industrial economy. This article is intended only to address the business, economic and social dimensions of the industry, since the bulk production of steel began as a result of Henry Bessemer's development of the Bessemer converter, in 1857. Previously, steel was very expensive to produce, and was only used in small, expensive items, such as knives, swords and armor.

Steelmaking
Steelmaking is the process of producing steel from iron ore and/or scrap. Steel has been made for millennia, and was commercialized on a massive scale in the 1850s and 1860s, using the Bessemer and Siemens-Martin processes.

Currently, two major commercial processes are used. Basic oxygen steelmaking (BOS) uses liquid pig-iron from a blast furnace and scrap steel as the main feed materials. Electric arc furnace (EAF) steelmaking uses scrap steel or direct reduced iron (DRI). Oxygen steelmaking has become more popular over time.

Steelmaking is one of the most carbon emission-intensive industries. In 2020, the steelmaking industry was reported to be responsible for 7% of energy sector greenhouse gas emissions. The industry is seeking significant emission reductions.
Bohuslav Raion
Bohuslav Raion (Ukrainian: Богуславський район) was a raion (district) in Kyiv Oblast of Ukraine. Its administrative center was the city of Bohuslav. The raion was abolished on 18 July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Kyiv Oblast to seven. The area of Bohuslav Raion was split between Bila Tserkva and Obukhiv Raions. The last estimate of the raion population was 33,318 (2020 est.).

Obukhiv Raion
Obukhiv Raion (Ukrainian: Обухівський район, romanized: Obukhivskyi raion) is a raion (district) in Kyiv Oblast of Ukraine. Its administrative center is Obukhiv. Population: 227,209 (2022 estimate).

On 18 July 2020, as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, the number of raions of Kyiv Oblast was reduced to seven, and the area of Obukhiv Raion was significantly expanded. Two abolished raions, Kaharlyk and Myronivka Raions, as well of Obukhiv Municipality and the cities of Vasylkiv and Rzhyshchiv, which were previously incorporated as cities of oblast significance, and parts of Bohuslav, Kyiv-Sviatoshyn, and Vasylkiv Raions, were merged into Obukhiv Raion. The January 2020 estimate of the raion population was 35,278 (2020 est.).
Trinity Chronicle
The Trinity Chronicle (Russian: Троицкая летопись, romanized: Troitskaya letopis', abbreviated TL, Tro, or T) is a Rus' chronicle written in Church Slavonic, probably at the Trinity Lavra near Moscow by Epiphanius the Wise (died 1420).

Epiphanius the Wise
Epiphanius the Wise (Russian: Епифаний Премудрый, romanized: Epifany Premudry; died c. 1420) was a Russian Orthodox monk and hagiographer. He was a disciple of Sergius of Radonezh.

Historian Serge Aleksandrovich Zenkovsky wrote that Epiphanius, along with Stephen of Perm, Sergius of Radonezh, and the painter Andrei Rublev, signified "the Russian spiritual and cultural revival of the late fourteenth and early fifteenth century".
Sarah Masen
Sarah Masen is an American singer-songwriter based in Nashville, Tennessee. She was initially signed to Charlie Peacock's re:think label. She was subsequently signed to Word Records, and is now independent. As a songwriter, she has collaborated with Béla Fleck, Julie Lee and Sam Ashworth.

Charlie Peacock
Charles William Ashworth (born August 10, 1956), known professionally as Charlie Peacock, is an American singer, songwriter, pianist, record producer, and author. His albums include Love Press Ex-Curio, Arc of the Circle and No Man's Land (2012). He is the founder of re:think, an imprint that signed acts such as Switchfoot.
Verkhoturye
Verkhoturye (Russian: Верхоту́рье) is a historical town and the administrative center of Verkhotursky District of Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia, located in the middle Ural Mountains on the left bank of the Tura River 306 kilometers (190 mi) north of Yekaterinburg. Population: 8,820 (2010 census); 7,815 (2002 Census; 8,973 (1989 Soviet census); 10,900 (1967).

Historical city of Russia
Historical cities and settlements of Russia (Russian: исторические города и поселения) are settlements of historical and archaeological importance in Russia, as defined by Russian governments from a 1970 decree through a 2002 federal law.
Trude Beiser
Trude Beiser (after her marriage Trude Jochum-Beiser; born 2 September 1927) is a former alpine ski racer from Austria. Born in Lech am Arlberg in Vorarlberg, she won two Olympic gold medals and a world championship. Beiser was the first female Austrian skier to win two Olympic gold medals at two Olympic Winter Games.

Lech (Vorarlberg)
Lech am Arlberg (Alemannic: Lääch) is a mountain village and an exclusive ski resort in the Bludenz district in the westernmost Austrian state of Vorarlberg, on the banks of the river Lech.

In terms of both geography and history, Lech belongs to the Tannberg district. In touristic terms, however, it is part of the Arlberg region. Lech is administered together with the neighbouring villages of Zürs, Zug, Oberlech and Stubenbach. The municipality is an internationally known winter sports resort on the Arlberg mountain range and caters to wealthier clientele, particularly to the international jet set and foreign royalty. The Dutch royal family and Russian oligarchs regularly ski there. Lech am Arlberg is one of the 12 members of the elite group "Best of the Alps".
Platinum group
The platinum-group metals (PGMs) are six noble, precious metallic elements clustered together in the periodic table. These elements are all transition metals in the d-block (groups 8, 9, and 10, periods 5 and 6).

The six platinum-group metals are ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, and platinum. They have similar physical and chemical properties, and tend to occur together in the same mineral deposits. However, they can be further subdivided into the iridium-group platinum-group elements (IPGEs: Os, Ir, Ru) and the palladium-group platinum-group elements (PPGEs: Rh, Pt, Pd) based on their behaviour in geological systems.

The three elements above the platinum group in the periodic table (iron, nickel and cobalt) are all ferromagnetic; these, together with the lanthanide element gadolinium (at temperatures below 20 °C), are the only known transition metals that display ferromagnetism near room temperature.

Group 9 element
Group 9, by modern IUPAC numbering, is a group (column) of chemical elements in the d-block of the periodic table. Members of Group 9 include cobalt (Co), rhodium (Rh), iridium (Ir) and meitnerium (Mt). These elements are among the rarest of the transition metals, and as of 2025 rhodium and iridium are the only non-radioactive metals with higher prices per weight than gold.

Like other groups, the members of this family show patterns in electron configuration, especially in the outermost shells, resulting in trends in chemical behavior; however, rhodium deviates from the pattern.
Bhutanitis thaidina
Bhutanitis thaidina, commonly known as the Chinese three-tailed swallowtail, is a rare species of butterfly in the family Papilionidae.

The butterfly is found in Tibet and China. The larva feeds on Aristolochia Aristolochia moupinensis.

Aristolochia
Aristolochia (English: /əˌrɪstəˈloʊkiə/) is a large plant genus with over 500 species that is the type genus of the family Aristolochiaceae. Its members are commonly known as birthwort, pipevine or Dutchman's pipe and are widespread and occur in the most diverse climates. Some species, like A. utriformis and A. westlandii, are threatened with extinction.

The genus Isotrema is usually included here as Aristolochia subgenus Siphisia, but might be a valid genus. It contains the species with a three-lobed calyx.
Melipeuco
Melipeuco (Spanish pronunciation: [meliˈpewko]) is a town and commune (Spanish: comuna) in Chile, located at the foot of the Andes, in the Province of Cautín, Araucanía Region. Melipeuco is 12 km (7 mi) from the southern entrance of the Conguillío National Park. The Nevados de Sollipulli, an ice-filled volcanic caldera surrounded by numerous hot water springs and geysers, lie south of the town. Lake Carilafquén is also located in this area. At the edge of the Nevados de Sollipulli, at the Alpehue intersection 33 km (21 mi) away, there are several hot springs with water from 40 to 70 °C (104 to 158 °F), even in the middle of glacier blocks.

Conguillío National Park
Conguillío National Park is in the Andes, in the provinces of Cautín and Malleco, in the Araucanía Region of Chile also known as Region IX. Its name derives from the Mapuche word for "water with Araucaria seeds".

Among the attractions in the park are the Llaima volcano, Sierra Nevada and  wild landscapes characterized by islands of vegetation completely surrounded by vast areas of lava flows and is a humid and wet area.

There are also extensive forests, formed mainly by Araucarias and Nothofagus species, and small lakes within the park.

It is also known as Los Paraguas (The Umbrellas), due to the shape of the Monkey Puzzle trees.

The park was used as a filming location for Walking with Dinosaurs, a television series produced by the BBC.
Nithin Lukose
Nithin Lukose (born 4 May 1987 in Wayanad) is an Indian film director, writer and sound designer known for his works in Malayalam, Hindi, Kannada and Telugu films. Nithin Lukose is a graduate at the Film and Television Institute of India, Pune. He has been a part of many films. PAKA (River of Blood) is his debut feature film as director. The film was premiered at Toronto international Film festival (TIFF). As a sound designer of Thithi, won Golden Leopard - Filmmakers of the Present, Recently completed Sandeep Aur Pinky Faraar with director Dibakar Banerjee as the sound designer. Production sound mixer for Hollywood directors like Bennet Miller and Julie Taymor when they shot their documentary and film in India.

Paka (River of Blood)
Paka (River of Blood) is a 2021 Indian Malayalam language drama film written and directed by Nithin Lukose. The film stars Basil Paulose in lead role while Vinitha Koshy, Nithin George, Abhilash Nair, Jose Kizhakkkan, Athul John, Joseph Manikkal and Mariyakkutty are in supporting roles. The film is produced by Raj Rachakonda and Anurag Kashyap. The film premiered at the 2021 Toronto International Film Festival in Discovery Section. It is also selected in the Red Sea International Film Festival as Part of Competition section- 2021.
Cobweb (horse)
Cobweb (1821–1848) was an undefeated British Thoroughbred racehorse and who won two British Classic Races as a three-year-old and went on to become a highly successful broodmare. Cobweb's racing career consisted of three competitive races in the early part of 1824. After winning on her debut she claimed a second prize when her opponents were withdrawn by their owners. She then won the 1000 Guineas at Newmarket Racecourse and the Oaks Stakes at Epsom Downs Racecourse before being retired to stud.

Cobweb produced three classic winners, including The Derby winner Bay Middleton, and several other successful racehorses. Through her daughter Clementina she is the direct female ancestor of many champions of the nineteenth, twentieth and twenty-first centuries.

British Classic Races
The British Classics are five long-standing Group 1 horse races run during the traditional flat racing season. They are restricted to three-year-old horses, and traditionally represent the pinnacle of achievement for racehorses against their own age group. As such, victory in any classic marks a horse as amongst the very best of a generation. Victory in two or even three of the series (a rare feat known as the Triple Crown) marks a horse as truly exceptional.
The Seven Lady Godivas
The Seven Lady Godivas: The True Facts Concerning History's Barest Family is a picture book of the tale of Lady Godiva, written and illustrated by Dr. Seuss. One of Seuss's few books written for adults, its original 1939 publication by Random House was a failure and was eventually remaindered. However, it later gained popularity as Seuss himself grew in fame, and was republished in 1987 by "multitudinous demand".

Lady Godiva
Lady Godiva (/ɡəˈdaɪvə/; died between 1066 and 1086), in Old English Godgifu, was a late Anglo-Saxon noblewoman who is relatively well documented as the wife of Leofric, Earl of Mercia, and a patron of various churches and monasteries.

She is mainly remembered for a legend dating back to at least the 13th century, in which she rode naked – covered only by her long hair – through the streets of Coventry to gain a remission of the oppressive taxation that her husband, Leofric, imposed on his tenants. The name "Peeping Tom" for a voyeur originates from later versions of this legend, in which a man named Thomas watched her ride and was struck blind or dead.
The Other Side (comics)
The Other Side is a five-issue 2006 Vietnam War-themed comic book miniseries published by American company DC Comics as a part of its Vertigo imprint. It was written by Jason Aaron and illustrated by Cameron Stewart. Stewart travelled to Vietnam to do extensive visual research.

Jason Aaron
Jason Aaron (born January 28, 1973) is an American comic book writer, known for his creator-owned series Scalped and Southern Bastards, as well as his work on Marvel series Ghost Rider, Wolverine, PunisherMAX, Thor and The Avengers, as well as his work on DC Comics for his work on Absolute Superman. In 2019 he wrote the eponymous central miniseries of the Marvel company-wide crossover storyline "The War of the Realms". As part of his Marvel work, he co-created the character Gorr the God Butcher and introduced the concept of Jane Foster becoming Thor in the main Marvel Universe.

The film Thor: Love and Thunder was based on and influenced by his work on Thor.
Three Dirty Dwarves
Three Dirty Dwarves is a 1996 beat 'em up video game developed by Appaloosa Interactive and published by Sega for their Sega Saturn console. It was later ported to Windows.

Even before its release on the Saturn, SegaSoft announced that Three Dirty Dwarves would be the first game they would publish for the PlayStation once they acquired a PlayStation software license. However, SegaSoft ended up only publishing Plane Crazy for the PlayStation.

SegaSoft
SegaSoft was a joint venture by Sega and CSK (Sega's majority stockholder at the time), created in 1995 to develop and publish games for the PC and Sega Saturn, primarily in the North American market. SegaSoft was originally headquartered in Redwood City, California and later San Francisco.

SegaSoft was responsible for, among other things, the Heat.net multiplayer game system and publishing the last few titles made by Rocket Science Games.
Battle of Paraguarí
The Battle of Paraguarí, also known as Battle of Cerro Porteño, took place on January 19, 1811 nearby Paraguarí between the army sent by the Primera Junta and the forces of the Intendency of Paraguay under the command of their governor Bernardo de Velasco. The battle ended with a Paraguayan victory and boosted confidence to declare independence from both Buenos Aires and Spain.

Paraguarí
Paraguarí (Spanish pronunciation: [paɾaɣwaˈɾi]; Guarani: Paraguari) is a city, district, and capital of Paraguarí Department in Paraguay. It is located 66 km from the country's capital, Asunción.  According to the census in 2002, it had a population of 22,154.
Kennard baronets
The Kennard Baronetcy, of Fernhill in the County of Southampton, was a title in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 11 February 1891 for the five-year-old Coleridge Kennard. The baronetcy was originally intended for his grandfather and namesake Coleridge Kennard, co-founder of the Evening News and M.P. for Salisbury 1882-1885, who had died before the patent was gazetted. His grandmother Ellen Georgiana Kennard had on 17 January 1892 been granted the style and precedence as if her husband had been created a baronet. The title became extinct on the death of the third Baronet in 1999 as his only son predeceased him.

Coleridge Kennard (politician)
Coleridge John Kennard (6 October 1828 – 25 December 1890) was a Conservative Party politician.

Kennard was the third son of banker John Peirse Kennard, of Hordle Cliff, Hampshire, and Sophia, daughter of Sir John Chapman, M.D., F.R.C.S., of Windsor.

He first stood for election in Salisbury in 1880 but was unsuccessful. However, he was then elected MP for the constituency at a by-election in 1882, but lost the seat when it was reduced to one member in 1885.

Just prior to his death, Kennard was expected to be created a baronet. However, upon his death, his grandson Coleridge Kennard received the title.

During his life, he was Deputy Lieutenant of London and a Justice of the Peace for Hampshire. He was a managing director of Heywood, Kennard and Co. bank, and co-founder of the Evening News.

Kennard married Ellen Georgiana Rowe, daughter of Captain John Wilkinson Rowe, H.E.I.C.S. in 1858. Together, they had at least two children: Meredyth Sophia Frances, and Hugh Coleridge Downing.
Amity–enmity complex
The amity–enmity complex theory was introduced by Sir Arthur Keith in his work A New Theory of Human Evolution (1948). He posited that humans evolved as differing races, tribes, and cultures, exhibiting patriotism, morality, leadership and nationalism. Those who belong are part of the in-group, and tolerated; all others are classed as out-group, and subject to hostility: "The code of enmity is a necessary part of the machinery of evolution. He who feels generous towards his enemy... has given up his place in the turmoil of evolutionary competition."

Conscience in humans evolved a duality: to protect and save friends, and also to hate and fight enemies. Keith's work summarized earlier opinions on human tribalism by Charles Darwin, Alfred Russel Wallace, and Herbert Spencer.

Arthur Keith
Sir Arthur Keith FRS FRAI (5 February 1866 – 7 January 1955) was a British anatomist and anthropologist, and a proponent of scientific racism. He was a fellow and later the Hunterian Professor and conservator of the Hunterian Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. He was a strong proponent of the Piltdown Man, but conceded it to be a forgery shortly before his death.
Historical Dictionary Project of the Hebrew Language
The Historical Dictionary Project of the Hebrew Language (HDP; Hebrew: מִפְעַל הַמִּלּוֹן הַהִיסְטוֹרִי) is a long-term research undertaking of the Academy of the Hebrew Language. According to the Academy's website, "The overarching goal of the HDP is to present the history and development of the Hebrew lexicon, from the earliest occurrences of words down through their most recent documentation." It aims to encompass the entire Hebrew lexicon throughout its history; that is, to present every Hebrew word in its morphological, semantical, and contextual development from its first appearance in written texts to the present.

The editorial board consists of Prof. Chaim E. Cohen, editor-in-chief; Prof. Steven (Shmuel) Fassberg, associate editor; and Dr. Gabriel Birnbaum, writer of the entries.

Academy of the Hebrew Language
The Academy of the Hebrew Language (Hebrew: הָאָקָדֶמְיָה לַלָּשׁוֹן הָעִבְרִית, ha-akademyah la-lashon ha-ivrit) was established by the Israeli government in 1953 as the "supreme institution for scholarship on the Hebrew language in the Hebrew University of Jerusalem of Givat Ram campus."

Its stated aims are to assemble and research the Hebrew language in all its layers throughout the ages; to investigate the origin and development of the Hebrew tongue; and to direct the course of development of Hebrew, in all areas, including vocabulary, grammar, writing, spelling, and transliteration.

Since 2022, the Academy has been headed by Aharon Maman. It is composed of 42 members, in addition to having members who serve as academic advisors, as well as honorary members. Every person is entitled to query the Academy on language matters and to receive a formal reply.
Rajaton Sings ABBA with Lahti Symphony Orchestra
Rajaton sings ABBA with Lahti Symphony Orchestra is the seventh album of Finnish a cappella ensemble Rajaton, released in 2006. It consists of 13 ABBA covers, ten of which are accompanied by the Lahti Symphony Orchestra and three fully a cappella.

The album reached No. 1 in the Finnish album chart and sold platinum within a month of release.

Rajaton
Rajaton is a Finnish a cappella ensemble, founded in Helsinki in 1997. The Finnish word rajaton means "boundless", to indicate the breadth of their repertoire, from sacred classical to near Europop.
Rajaton performs primarily in Finland but also tours around Europe and the rest of the world, having performed in over 25 countries.

In 2005, Rajaton album sales reached 100,000 worldwide. They have earned eight gold records in total, with Rajaton Sings ABBA reaching platinum (30,000) and Joulu reaching double platinum (60,000).

Rajaton mainly performs a cappella, music written or arranged by members of the ensemble. Most lyrics are taken from poetry and from a collection of Finnish folk poetry Kanteletar.
Ruotsinpyhtää
Ruotsinpyhtää (Finnish pronunciation: [ˈruo̯tsimˌpyhtæː]; Swedish: Strömfors) is a former municipality of Finland. Ruotsinpyhtää, Pernå and Liljendal were consolidated to Loviisa on January 1, 2010.

It is located in the province of Southern Finland and was part of the Eastern Uusimaa region (now Uusimaa). The municipality had a population of 2,893 (December 31, 2009) and covered an area of 470.03 square kilometres (181.48 sq mi) of which 193.36 km2 (74.66 sq mi) is water. The population density was 10.46 inhabitants per square kilometre (27.1/sq mi).

The municipality was bilingual, with majority being Finnish and minority Swedish speakers.

Regions of Finland
Finland is divided into 19 regions (Finnish: maakunta; Swedish: landskap)
which are governed by regional councils that serve as forums of cooperation for the municipalities of each region. The councils are composed of delegates from the municipal councils. The main tasks of regional councils are regional planning, the development of enterprises, and education. Between 2004 and 2012, the regional council of Kainuu was elected via popular elections as part of an experimental regional administration.

In 2022, new Wellbeing services counties were established as part of a health care and social services reform. The wellbeing services counties follow the regional borders, and are governed by directly elected county councils.