hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
2017 New Zealand rugby league season
The 2017 New Zealand rugby league season was the 110th season of rugby league that had been played in New Zealand. The main feature of the year was the National Competition, run by the New Zealand Rugby League. The New Zealand national rugby league team also competed at the 2017 Rugby League World Cup.

2017 Rugby League World Cup
The 2017 Rugby League World Cup was the fifteenth staging of the Rugby League World Cup tournament and took place in Australia, New Zealand and Papua New Guinea between 27 October and 2 December 2017. The tournament featured the national teams of 14 Rugby League International Federation member countries who qualified through either standing in the previous tournament or a series of qualification play-off matches. In the final, defending champions Australia, playing in their 14th consecutive World Cup final, faced England at Brisbane's Lang Park, the home side keeping the British scoreless with the Kangaroos winning 6 - 0.
Selamawit Kassa
Selamawit Kassa (Amharic: ሰላማዊት ካሳ) is an Ethiopian politician who is currently serving as Minister of Tourism since 2024. She was Deputy Minister of Government Communication Services from 31 October 2021.

Ministry of Culture and Tourism (Ethiopia)
The Ministry of Culture and Tourism (Amharic: የባህልና ቱሪዝም ሚኒስቴር) is the Ethiopian government department responsible for researching, preserving, developing, and promoting the culture and tourist attractions of Ethiopia and its peoples, both inside the country and internationally. In doing so the Ministry closely works together with different national and international stakeholders.
Gregorius Herkulanus Bala
Gregorius Herkulanus Bala (born 26 October 1969) is an Indonesian businessman and politician of the Gerindra party. He has served as the regent of Sintang, West Kalimantan since February 2025. He was previously a member of the West Kalimantan Regional House of Representatives between 2019 and 2024, and of Sintang's municipal DPRD from 2014 to 2019.

West Kalimantan Regional House of Representatives
The West Kalimantan Regional House of Representatives (Indonesian: Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Provinsi Kalimantan Barat, abbreviated to DPRD Kalbar) is the unicameral legislature of the Indonesian province of West Kalimantan. It is composed of 65 members elected via party lists in the 2024 general election. Elections are held every five years and are conducted simultaneously with the nationwide legislative election.

It convenes in the Gedung DPRD Kalimantan Barat, South East Pontianak District, Pontianak City.
Purgatory Afterglow
Purgatory Afterglow is the fourth full-length studio album by Swedish death metal band Edge of Sanity. The album was recorded by Dan Swanö in Unisound Studios, Örebro, Sweden, in July 1994 and released in 1994 by Black Mark Production.

There are two different versions of the CD; a mirror-like disc with black letters and a black disc with gold letters. The Japanese release features the tracks "Until Eternity Ends" and "Eternal Eclipse" from the Until Eternity Ends EP. A music video was made for the song "Black Tears".

The record was both remixed and remastered by Dan Swanö in 2024. Both new editions of the album were released by Century Media on June 21, 2024.

The album is dedicated to the memory of Kurt Cobain.

Dan Swanö
Dan-Erland Swanö (born 10 March 1973), also known as Dan "The Man" Swanö, is a Swedish musician and record producer who is currently the vocalist, guitarist, ex-bassist and ex-drummer for the band Nightingale, lately vocalist, keyboardist and drummer for the band Witherscape, as well as the owner of Unisound. He achieved fame as the vocalist and songwriter of progressive death metal band Edge of Sanity.

As a multi-instrumentalist he is regarded as influential in the underground melodic death metal, black metal, progressive metal, death metal, progressive rock, and power metal communities. He is known for his progressive rock-influenced songwriting style and his frequent use of both clean and growled vocals.
Bath stone
Bath Stone is an oolitic limestone comprising granular fragments of calcium carbonate originally obtained from the Middle Jurassic aged Great Oolite Group of the Combe Down and Bathampton Down Mines under Combe Down, Somerset, England. Its honey colouring gives the World Heritage City of Bath, England, its distinctive appearance. An important feature of Bath Stone is that it is a 'freestone', so-called because it can be sawn or 'squared up' in any direction, unlike other rocks such as slate, which form distinct layers.

Bath Stone has been used extensively as a building material throughout southern England, for churches, houses, and public buildings such as railway stations.

Some quarries are still in use, but the majority have been converted to other purposes or are being filled in.

Calcium carbonate
Calcium carbonate is a chemical compound with the chemical formula CaCO3. It is a common substance found in rocks as the minerals calcite and aragonite, most notably in chalk and limestone, eggshells, gastropod shells, shellfish skeletons and pearls. Materials containing much calcium carbonate or resembling it are described as calcareous. Calcium carbonate is the active ingredient in agricultural lime.  Limescale is calcium carbonate produced when calcium ions in hard water react with carbonate ions. Calcium carbonate has medical use as a calcium supplement or as an antacid, but excessive consumption can be hazardous and cause hypercalcemia and digestive issues.
Marco Antonio Barrera
Marco Antonio Barrera Tapia (born January 17, 1974) is a Mexican former professional boxer who competed from 1989 to 2011. He held multiple world championships in three weight classes between 1995 and 2007, from super bantamweight to super featherweight.

After a brief retirement after losing twice to Junior Jones, Barrera revived his career with a trilogy against Erik Morales and a win against Naseem Hamed, earning him the Ring magazine featherweight title. He lost this title in his first fight against Manny Pacquiao. BoxRec currently ranks Barrera 55th in its list of the greatest boxers of all time, pound for pound, while ESPN ranked Barrera as 43rd on their list of the 50 greatest boxers of all time. He was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 2017.

The Ring (magazine)
The Ring (often called The Ring magazine or Ring magazine) is a boxing magazine, that was first published in 1922 as a boxing and wrestling magazine. As the sporting legitimacy of professional wrestling came more into question, The Ring shifted to becoming exclusively a boxing-oriented publication.

Ring began publishing annual ratings of boxers in 1924. With its November/December 2022 issue, the magazine stopped publication of its regular monthly print issues and will remain a digital publication, offering occasional special interest print issues.
Meitei diaspora
The Meitei diaspora, also known as the Manipuri diaspora, comprises individuals of Meitei ethnicity (or Manipuri people), who have migrated from their ancestral homeland of Manipur, a state in northeastern India, to various regions across the world. Historically, movements of Meitei populations have occurred due to political, economic, and educational factors, as well as regional instability, most significantly during the Seven Years' Devastation of Manipur Kingdom. Notable Meitei communities exist in neighboring countries such as Myanmar and Bangladesh, as well as in more distant locations including the United Kingdom, the United States, Australia, Canada,  Korea and the Gulf states. The diaspora maintains varying degrees of cultural, linguistic, and social ties to Manipur, while also adapting to the contexts of their host societies.

Meitei people in Bangladesh
Meitei people (Meitei: ꯃꯩꯇꯩ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯨꯞ), also known as Manipuri people (Meitei: ꯃꯅꯤꯄꯨꯔꯤ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯨꯞ), is one of the minority ethnic groups of Bangladesh. They live mostly in the Sylhet Division of the country. The Meitei of Bangladesh's population reached 15,000 in 2020
Tuff Hedeman
Richard Neale "Tuff" Hedeman (born March 2, 1963) is an American former professional rodeo cowboy who specialized in bull riding. He won the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association (PRCA) bull riding world championship three times (1986, 1989 and 1991), as well as the 1995 Professional Bull Riders (PBR) world championship. He also won the 1993 world championship for the now-defunct Bull Riders Only (BRO) organization. He is also one of the co-founders of the PBR and is known for having been one of rodeo icon Lane Frost's closest friends. He and the infamous bucking bull, Bodacious, had a few historic clashes. He later served as the President of the PBR and then the President and Ambassador of Championship Bull Riding (CBR). In 2018, he formed his own bull riding organization: the Tuff Hedeman Bull Riding Tour (THBRT).

In 2023, Hedeman was ranked No. 2 on the list of the top 30 bull riders in PBR history.

Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association
The Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association (PRCA) is the largest rodeo organization in the world. It sanctions events in the United States, Canada, and Mexico, with members from said countries, as well as others. Its championship event is the National Finals Rodeo (NFR). The PRCA is headquartered in Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States.
Scranton Fire Department
The Scranton Fire Department (also known as the City of Scranton Bureau of Fire, SFD, Scranton Fire, and Station 50) is an organization that provides fire protection, rescue services, hazardous materials mitigation, to the City of Scranton, Pennsylvania. The department used volunteer fire companies throughout its history and was established as a career fire department on May 4, 1901. The city maintained a combination of paid and volunteer firefighters from 1901 to 1907 when a full time department was established.

The Scranton Fire Department maintained an ambulance service from 1948 until 1988. Scranton firefighters are organized in a union under the International Association of Firefighters (IAFF). The city of Scranton currently maintains 7 fire stations, 5 engine companies, 2 truck companies, a rescue company, and a command/chief car.

Volunteer fire department
A volunteer fire department (VFD) is a fire department of volunteers who perform fire suppression and other related emergency services for a local jurisdiction. Volunteer and retained (on-call) firefighters are expected to be on call to respond to emergency calls for long periods of time, and are summoned to the fire station when their services are needed. They are also expected to attend other non-emergency duties as well (training, fundraising, equipment maintenance, etc.).

Volunteer firefighters contrast with paid firefighters who work full or part-time and receive a salary. Some volunteer firefighters may be part of a combination fire department that employs both full-time and volunteer firefighters. On-call firefighters who receive some pay for their work are known as call firefighters in the United States, and retained firefighters in the United Kingdom and Ireland.
Orr–Sommerfeld equation
The Orr–Sommerfeld equation, in fluid dynamics, is an eigenvalue equation describing the linear two-dimensional modes of disturbance to a viscous parallel flow.  The solution to the Navier–Stokes equations for a parallel, laminar flow can become unstable if certain conditions on the flow are satisfied, and the Orr–Sommerfeld equation determines precisely what the conditions for hydrodynamic stability are.

The equation is named after William McFadden Orr and Arnold Sommerfeld, who derived it at the beginning of the 20th century.

Arnold Sommerfeld
Arnold Johannes Wilhelm Sommerfeld (German: [ˈaʁnɔlt ˈzɔmɐˌfɛlt]; 5 December 1868 – 26 April 1951) was a German theoretical physicist who pioneered developments in both atomic and quantum physics, and also educated and mentored many students for the new era of theoretical physics.

Sommerfeld served as doctoral advisor and postdoctoral advisor to seven Nobel Prize winners and supervised at least 30 other famous physicists and chemists.

Sommerfeld introduced the second quantum number, azimuthal quantum number, and the third quantum number, magnetic quantum number. He also introduced the fine-structure constant and pioneered X-ray wave theory.
Long Tieng
Long Tieng (also spelled Long Chieng, Long Cheng, or Long Chen) is a town in Longchaeng district, Xaisomboun Province. During the Laotian Civil War, it served as a military base for the Hmong Army, the airbase was operated by the Central Intelligence Agency of the United States. During this time, it was also referred to as Lima Site 98 (LS 98) or Lima Site 20A (LS 20A).

At the height of its significance in the late 1960s, the "secret city" of Long Tieng maintained a population of 40,000 inhabitants, making it the second largest city in Laos at the time, although it never appeared on maps throughout this period.

Hmong people
The Hmong people (RPA: Hmoob, CHV: Hmôngz, Nyiakeng Puachue: 𞄀𞄩𞄰, Pahawh Hmong: 𖬌𖬣𖬵, IPA: [m̥ɔ̃́], Chinese: 苗族蒙人) are an ethnic group from East and Southeast Asia. In China, the Hmong people are classified as a sub-group of the Miao people. The modern Hmong reside mainly in Southwestern China and Mainland Southeast Asian countries such as Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, and Myanmar. There are also diaspora communities in the United States, Australia, France, and South America.
Tell Uqair
Tell Uqair (Tell 'Uquair, Tell Aqair) is a tell or settlement mound northeast of ancient Babylon, about 25 kilometers north-northeast of the ancient city of Kish, just north of Kutha, and about 50 miles (80 km) south of Baghdad in modern Babil Governorate, Iraq. It was occupied in the Ubaid period (c. 5500–3700 BC) and the Uruk period (c. 4000–3100 BC). It has been proposed as the site of the 3rd millennium BC city of Urum.

Ubaid period
The Ubaid period (c. 5500–3700 BC) is a prehistoric period of Mesopotamia. The name derives from Tell al-'Ubaid where the earliest large excavation of Ubaid period material was conducted initially in 1919 by Henry Hall, Leonard Woolley in 1922–1923, and later by Pinhas Delougaz in 1937. Excavations continue into the present day.

In Southern Mesopotamia, this period marks the earliest known human settlements on the alluvial plain, although it is likely earlier periods exist that are obscured under the alluvium. In the south it has a very long duration between about 5500 and 3800 BC when it is replaced by the Uruk period.

In Northern Mesopotamia the period runs only between about 5300 and 4300 BC. It is preceded by the Halaf period and the Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period and succeeded by the Late Chalcolithic period.
Khuzdar
Khuzdar (Balochi: هزدار, Urdu: خضدار, pronounced ['xʊzd̪ɑːɾ]) also known as Hozdar, is a city and the administrative headquarters of Khuzdar District in Balochistan province of Pakistan. Khuzdar is surrounded by the mountainous region of the southwestern portion of the country near central Balochistan. In terms of population, it is the 3rd-largest city in the province and 49th-largest in the country. As of the 2023 Pakistani census, the estimated population of the city is 228,112.

Historically, Khuzdar was the main city and capital of the Jhalawan province of the Khanate of Kalat. From October 1952 to 1955, it was a part of the Balochistan States Union. In 1955, Khuzdar became the capital of the newly formed Kalat Division before it became a district of its own in 1974. Gresha, a tehsil of Khuzdar District, is almost 80 km (50 mi) from Khuzdar city. As of 2023, it is the largest Brahui-speaking city.

Jhalawan
Jhalawan (Brahui: جھالاوان, romanized: Jhālāwān) was an administrative division of the  Khanate of Kalat, a princely state ruled by Brahuis that acceded to Pakistan in 1947. It was established in the 17th-century and its boundary was fixed with Sindh in 1853.  It was located in the southeastern part of Kalat State, north of Las Bela, west of the Kacchi and Sindh and east of the Kharan and Makran.
Síol Muireadaigh
The Síol Muireadaigh or Síol Muireadhaigh (lit. 'Seed of Muiredach'; Anglicized Sil Murray or Silmurray), was a leading sept of the Connachta group of Gaelic dynasties in medieval Ireland. The name Síol Muireadaigh was also used to refer to the territory occupied by the group which was centered around the ancient royal site of Cruachan on the plains of Connacht (Mag nAí/Machaire Connacht) in County Roscommon.

Sept
A sept (/sɛpt/) is a division of a family, especially of a Scottish or Irish family. The term is used both in Scotland and in Ireland, where it may be translated as  Irish sliocht, meaning "progeny" or "seed", and may indicate the descendants of a person (for example, Irish: Sliocht Bhriain Mhic Dhiarmada, "the descendant of Brian MacDermott"). The word may derive from the Latin saeptum, meaning "enclosure" or "fold", or via an alteration of the English-language word "sect".
Tanaya Narendra
Tanaya Narendra, popularly known as Dr Cuterus, is a doctor, Indian sexual health educator, embryologist, and scientist.

In the year 2022, Tanaya received the Health Influencer of the Year award from the IHW Council, supported by NITI Aayog and Ayushman Bharat, in recognition of her contributions to the field of public health.

She has been recognized for her contributions to the field of public health, including being listed among the Top 100 Digital Stars by Forbes in both 2023 and 2024, and being recognized as the Elle Wellness Expert in 2023.

Embryology
Embryology (from Greek ἔμβρυον, embryon, 'the unborn, embryo'; and -λογία, -logia) is the branch of zoology that studies the prenatal development of gametes (sex cells), fertilization and development of embryos and fetuses. Embryology includes teratology, the study of congenital disorders that occur before birth.

Early embryology, put forward by Marcello Malpighi, was preformationist in concept: based on the idea that organisms develop from pre-existing miniature versions of themselves.  The theory now accepted, epigenesis, is the idea that organisms develop from seed or egg in a sequence of steps.  This concept was proposed in antiquity by Aristotle. Modern embryology developed from the work of Karl Ernst von Baer, though accurate observations had been made in Italy by anatomists such as Aldrovandi and Leonardo da Vinci in the Renaissance.
Albert Brown Guynes
Albert Brown Guynes (June 10, 1848 – April 19, 1929) was an American politician. He was a member of the Mississippi House of Representatives, representing Copiah County, from 1882 to 1886, from 1892 to 1896, and from 1928 to his death.

Copiah County, Mississippi
Copiah County is a county located in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2020 census, the population was 28,368. The county seat is Hazlehurst.

With an eastern border formed by the Pearl River, Copiah County is part of the Jackson, Mississippi metropolitan area.
Marta Ferrusola
Marta Ferrusola i Lladós (28 June 1935 – 8 July 2024) was a Spanish Catalan businesswoman, political figure, wife of former President of the Generalitat de Catalunya Jordi Pujol, and First Lady of Catalonia from 1980 to 2003. Ferrusola, an ardent advocate for Catalan nationalism and Catholicism, played a highly influential role in both her husband's government and the Democratic Convergence of Catalonia (CDC) political party.

Jordi Pujol
Jordi Pujol i Soley (Catalan pronunciation: [ˈʒɔɾði puˈʒɔl i suˈlɛj], born 9 June 1930) is a retired Catalan politician who was the leader of the party Convergència Democràtica de Catalunya (CDC) from 1974 to 2003, and President of the Generalitat de Catalunya from 1980 to 2003.

He was tried in 2025 for corruption, suspected of having received illegal commissions worth hundreds of million euros in exchange for political favors during his terms in office. Several of his children, who became businesspeople, are also said to have become considerably wealthy alongside him.
Zuko Godlimpi
Zuko Godlimpi (born 21 March 1992) is a South African politician from the Eastern Cape. He has been serving as Deputy Minister of Trade, Industry and Competition since July 2024. A member of the African National Congress (ANC), he was elected to his first term in the National Assembly in the May 2024 general election.

Godlimpi entered politics as a student activist in the South African Students Congress and rose to prominence in the ANC Youth League. In December 2022, he was the youngest candidate elected to a five-year term on the ANC National Executive Committee. Until his elevation to the National Assembly in 2024, he worked as a political staffer in the ANC-led Eastern Cape Provincial Government, most recently as special adviser to Eastern Cape Premier Oscar Mabuyane.

Minister of Trade, Industry and Competition
The minister of trade, industry and competition is a minister in the Cabinet of South Africa. The portfolio of Trade, Industry and Competition, formed in May 2019, has brought together the former Ministry of Trade and Industry and Ministry of Economic Development.

The minister is responsible for the development and implementation of industrial policy in South Africa. The ministry oversees 17 government agencies, providing for industrial funding, competition policy, black economic empowerment policy, consumer protection, trade policy and technical standards.
Eumetabola
Eumetabola is an unranked clade of Neoptera. Two large unities known as the Eumetabola and Paurometabola are probably from the adelphotaxa of the Neoptera after exclusion of the Plecoptera. The monophyly of these unities appears to be weakly justified.

According to a phylogenetic analysis, the Eumetabola clade originated 390–350 million years ago, in the Late Devonian.

Neoptera
Neoptera (Ancient Greek néos ("new") + pterón ("wing")) is a classification group that includes most orders of the winged insects, specifically those that can flex their wings over their abdomens. This is in contrast with the more basal orders of winged insects (the "Palaeoptera" assemblage), which are unable to flex their wings in this way.
Transposons as a genetic tool
Transposons are semi-parasitic DNA sequences which can replicate and spread through the host's genome. They can be harnessed as a genetic tool for the analysis of gene and protein function. The use of transposons is well-developed in Drosophila (in which P elements are most commonly used) and in Thale cress (Arabidopsis thaliana) and bacteria such as Escherichia coli (E. coli ).

Currently transposons can be used in genetic research and recombinant genetic engineering for insertional mutagenesis. Insertional mutagenesis is when transposons function as vectors to help remove and integrate genetic sequences. Given their relatively simple design and inherent ability to move DNA sequences, transposons are highly compatible with transducing genetic material, making them ideal genetic tools.

Transposable element
A transposable element (TE), also   transposon, jumping gene, or mobile genetic element, is a DNA sequence that can change its position, or translocate, within a genome. TEs were first identified via genetic studies in maize by Barbara McClintock, a discovery for which she was awarded the 1983 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

TEs are very common in all types of organisms in nature, including in plants and animals. As of 2008, there were at least two classes of TEs: Class I TEs or retrotransposons, which generally function via reverse transcription; and Class II TEs or DNA transposons, which encode the protein transposase (and sometimes other proteins), which they require for insertion, excision, or other TE functions.