hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Cover crop
In agriculture, cover crops are plants that are planted to cover the soil rather than for the purpose of being harvested. Cover crops manage soil erosion, soil fertility, soil quality, water, weeds, pests, diseases, biodiversity and wildlife in an agroecosystem—an ecological system managed and shaped by humans. Cover crops can increase microbial activity in the soil, which has a positive effect on nitrogen availability, nitrogen uptake in target crops, and crop yields. Cover crops reduce water pollution risks and remove CO2 from the atmosphere. Cover crops may be an off-season crop planted after harvesting the cash crop. Cover crops are nurse crops in that they increase the survival of the main crop being harvested, and are often grown over the winter.

Agroecology
Agroecology is an academic discipline that studies ecological processes applied to agricultural production systems. Bringing ecological principles to bear can suggest new management approaches in agroecosystems. The term can refer to a science, a movement, or an agricultural practice. Agroecologists study a variety of agroecosystems. The field of agroecology is not associated with any one particular method of farming, whether it be organic, regenerative, integrated, or industrial, intensive or extensive, although some use the name specifically for alternative agriculture.
Hōsono Station
Hōsono Station (祝園駅, Hōsono-eki) is a passenger railway station located in the town of  Seika, Soraku District, Kyoto Prefecture, Japan. It is operated by West Japan Railway Company (JR West) and there is a transfer at this station to the nearby Shin-Hōsono Station on Kintetsu Kyoto Line.

Shin-Hōsono Station
Shin-Hōsono Station (新祝園駅, Shin-Hōsono-eki) is a passenger railway station located in the town of Seika, Kyoto Prefecture, Japan. It is operated by the private transportation company, Kintetsu Railway. t is station number B21. It is one of the major stations of the Kansai Science City.
Santanaraptor
Santanaraptor (meaning "Santana Formation thief") is a genus of coelurosaurian theropod dinosaur that lived in South America during the Early Cretaceous (late Aptian-early Albian), about 112 million years ago.

Coelurosauria
Coelurosauria from Greek κοῖλος (koîlos, "hollow") + οὐρά (ourá, "tail") + σαύρα (saúra, "lizard") +‎ -ia, meaning "hollow-tailed lizards", is the clade containing all theropod dinosaurs more closely related to birds than to carnosaurs.

Coelurosauria is a subgroup of theropod dinosaurs that includes compsognathids, tyrannosauroids, ornithomimosaurs, maniraptorans, and over the recent years, megaraptorans (although their position within the clade is unclear). Maniraptora includes birds, the only known dinosaur group alive today. In the past, Coelurosauria was used to refer to all small theropods, but this classification has since been amended.

Most feathered dinosaurs discovered so far have been coelurosaurs. Philip J. Currie had considered it likely and probable that all coelurosaurs were feathered. However, several skin impressions found for some members of this group show pebbly, scaly skin, indicating that feathers did not completely replace scales in all taxa.
Qian Mountains
Qian Mountains or Qianshan (Chinese: 千山; pinyin: Qiān Shān), a branch of the Changbai Mountains on the China-North Korea border, start from eastern Jilin Province, China, and extend to eastern and southern Liaoning Province, down to Liaodong Peninsula.

Some of the prominent mountains are:

Dahei Shan (Dalian)

Huabo Shan (Benxi) - The highest peak (1,336 meters (4,383 ft))

Laomao Shan (Dalian)

Laotie Shan (Dalian)

Qian Shan (Anshan)

Wunv Shan (Benxi)

Changbai Mountains
The Changbai Mountains (simplified Chinese: 长白山脉; traditional Chinese: 長白山脈; lit. 'long white mountain range') are a major mountain range in East Asia that extends from the Northeast Chinese provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning, across the China-North Korea border (41°41' to 42°51'N; 127°43' to 128°16'E), to the North Korean provinces of Ryanggang and Chagang. They are also referred to as the Šanggiyan Mountains in the Manchu language, or the Great Paekdu in Korean. Most of its peaks exceed 2,000 m (6,600 ft) in height, with the tallest summit being Paektu Mountain at 2,744 m (9,003 ft), which contains the Heaven Lake, a large volcanic crater lake at a surface elevation of 2,189.1 m (7,182 ft). The protected area Longwanqun National Forest Park is located within the vicinity of the mountain range.
Men's Malaysian Open Squash Championships 2012
The Men's Malaysian Open Squash Championships 2012 is the men's edition of the 2012 Malaysian Open Squash Championships, which is a tournament of the PSA World Tour event International (Prize money : 50 000 $). The event took place in Kuala Lumpur in Malaysia from the 12 September to the 15 September. Tarek Momen won his first Malaysian Open trophy, beating Mohamed El Shorbagy in the final.

2012 PSA World Tour
The PSA World Tour 2012 is the international squash tour organised circuit organized by the Professional Squash Association (PSA) for the 2012 squash season. The most important tournament in the series is the World Championship held in Doha in Qatar. The tour features three categories of regular events, World Series, which feature the highest prize money and the best fields, International and Challenger. The Tour is concluded by the PSA World Series Finals, the end of season championship for the top 8 rated players.
Zvezdara
Zvezdara (Serbian Cyrillic: Звездара, pronounced [zv̞ě̞zdara]) is a municipality of the city of Belgrade. The municipality is geographically hilly and with many forests. According to the 2022 census results, the municipality has a population of 172,625 inhabitants.

The municipality of Zvezdara is located east of Belgrade and occupied almost the entire eastern urban section of the city. It borders the municipalities of Palilula on the north-west, north and north-east, Grocka on the east and south-east, Voždovac on the south and south-west and Vračar on the west.

Subdivisions of Belgrade
Serbia's capital city of Belgrade is divided into 17 municipalities.

Most of the municipalities are situated on the southern side of the Danube and Sava rivers, in the Šumadija region. Three municipalities (Zemun, Novi Beograd, and Surčin) are on the northern bank of the Sava, in the Syrmia region, and the municipality of Palilula, spanning the Danube, is in both the Šumadija and Banat regions.
Cap-house
A cap-house (sometimes written cap house or caphouse) is a small watch room, built at the top of a spiral staircase, often giving access to a parapet on the roof of a tower house or castle. They provided protection from the elements by enclosing the top of the stairway, and sometimes incorporated windows or gun loops. They were built in various forms, including square turrets, simple boxes, or small houses with gabled roofs, which were sometimes large enough to provide accommodation for a look-out.

Cap-houses were an authentic feature of the design of medieval and early-modern tower houses in Scotland, and were a frequent element used in the later Scottish Baronial architecture.

Tower house
A tower house is a particular type of stone structure, built for defensive purposes as well as habitation. Tower houses began to appear in the Middle Ages, especially in mountainous or limited access areas, to command and defend strategic points with reduced forces. At the same time, they were also used as an aristocrat's residence, around which a castle town was often constructed.
Leonor de Castro Mello y Meneses
Leonor de Castro Mello y Meneses (born 1512; died 27 March 1546 in Gandía) was a Portuguese noble and court official, the Duchess of Gandía, and the lady-in-waiting and close friend of the Empress regent Isabella of Portugal.

Duke of Gandía
Duke of Gandía (Valencian: Ducat de Gandia, IPA: [duˈkad de ɣanˈdi.a]) is a title of Spanish nobility that was first created in 1399 by Martin of Aragon and granted to Alfonso of Aragon and Foix. It has its origin in the lordship of Gandía created in 1323 by James II of Aragon. Later, having no direct descendants, the title passed from the House of Barcelona to the House of Trastámara.

The title was re-established in 1483 by Ferdinand II of Aragon as a favour to Rodrigo Cardinal Borgia for his son Pier Luigi Borgia. The dukedom then went to Pier Luigi's half-brother Giovanni Borgia. He was assassinated, and his young son inherited the title. The fourth duke was the religious figure Francesco Borgia. After the death of his wife, with whom he had a large family, he became a Jesuit.
Gemini Trains
Gemini Trains is a train operating company which plans to run services between London and Continental Europe, using the Channel Tunnel, and becoming a direct competitor with Eurostar. They plan to run a service from Stratford International, through Ebbsfleet International, to Paris and Brussels.

Gemini has partnered with Uber, who will co-brand the trains and allow users to book journeys through their app.

Eurostar
Eurostar is an international high-speed rail service in Western Europe, connecting Belgium, France, Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom through the Channel Tunnel.

The service is operated by the Eurostar Group which was formed from the merger of Eurostar, which operated trains through the Channel Tunnel to the United Kingdom, and Thalys which operated entirely within continental Europe.

Eurostar has transported over 400 million passengers since services began in 1994, including a record 20 million passengers in 2025. The operator is exploring future network expansions and aims to double passenger numbers between 2022 and 2030.
The History of Rock
The History of Rock is a compilation album by American rapper Kid Rock. Released in 2000, the album consists of re-recorded versions of songs from Rock's 1993 album The Polyfuze Method, remixed versions of songs from his 1996 album Early Mornin' Stoned Pimp, demos and unreleased songs, including the single "American Bad Ass". The album debuted at number two on the Billboard 200, with first week sales of 457,000 copies.

Early Mornin' Stoned Pimp
Early Mornin' Stoned Pimp is the third studio album by American musician Kid Rock and the first to feature his backing band Twisted Brown Trucker. Released on January 9, 1996 by Top Dog Records, the album is a further shift in Kid Rock's sound toward rock music, also furthering his rap metal sound and shaping the redneck image he would become known for.
Luna Fluxá
Luna Jasmine Fluxá Cross (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈluna fluˈksa ˈkros]; born 9 August 2010) is a Spanish racing driver who is set to compete in the F4 Spanish Championship for Campos Racing as part of the Mercedes Junior Team.

Born and raised in Mallorca, Fluxá is the younger sister of racing drivers Lorenzo and Lucas Fluxá. She began competitive kart racing aged six, winning multiple international titles; by winning the OK-N class of Champions of the Future in 2024, she became the first female victor of a senior global championship in 58 years.

Lorenzo Fluxá
Lorenzo James Fluxá Cross (Spanish pronunciation: [loˈɾenso ˈxames fluˈksa ˈkros]; born 23 November 2004), otherwise known as Lorenzo Fluxá Jr., is a Spanish and British racing driver who competes in the European Le Mans Series for Algarve Pro Racing.

Fluxá previously drove for Cool Racing in the 2024 European Le Mans Series.
Triangle Strategy
Triangle Strategy is a 2022 tactical role-playing game co-developed by Square Enix and Artdink and published by Square Enix for the Nintendo Switch. Nintendo released the game internationally for the Nintendo Switch. The Windows version was published by Square Enix and was released on October 13, 2022. A virtual reality version for Meta Quest 2, Meta Quest Pro and Meta Quest 3 was released on October 31, 2024. PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X/S versions were released on August 20, 2025. The development of the game was led by Tomoya Asano, producer of Bravely Default and Octopath Traveler.

Triangle Strategy received positive reviews from critics, who praised the combat, narrative, score, and art direction but criticized the high volume of cutscenes.

Tactical role-playing game
Tactical role-playing game (abbreviated TRPG), also known as strategy role-playing game or simulation RPG (both abbreviated SRPG), is a video game genre that combines core elements of role-playing video games with those of tactical (turn-based or real-time) strategy video games. The formats of tactical RPGs are much like traditional tabletop role-playing games and strategy games in appearance, pacing, and rule structure. Likewise, early tabletop role-playing games are descended from skirmish wargames such as Chainmail, which were primarily concerned with combat.
Sunshine Coast railway line
The Sunshine Coast railway line refers to the section of Queensland's North Coast line that has regular interurban passenger services, which connect Brisbane with the Sunshine Coast and as far north as Gympie. It is the longest line on the Queensland Rail Citytrain network.

North Coast railway line, Queensland
The North Coast railway line (NCL) is a 1,681-kilometre (1,045 mi) 1067 mm gauge railway line in Queensland, Australia. It commences at Roma Street station, Brisbane, and largely parallels the Queensland coast to Cairns in Far North Queensland. The line is electrified between Brisbane and Rockhampton. Along the way, the 1,680-kilometre (1,040 mi) railway passes through the numerous towns and cities of eastern Queensland including Nambour, Bundaberg, Gladstone, Rockhampton, Mackay and Townsville. The line through the centre of Rockhampton runs down the middle of Denison Street.
Noise floor
In signal theory, the noise floor is the measure of the signal created from the sum of all the noise sources and unwanted signals within a measurement system, where noise is defined as any signal other than the one being monitored.

Noise (spectral phenomenon)
Noise is any type of random, troublesome, problematic, or unwanted signals.

Acoustic noise may mar aesthetic experience, such as attending a concert hall. It may also be a medical issue inherent in the biology of hearing.

In technology, noise is unwanted signals in a device or apparatus, commonly of an electrical nature. The nature of noise is much studied in mathematics and is a prominent topic in statistics.

This article provides a survey of specific topics linked to their primary articles.
Dunalley, Tasmania
Dunalley is a rural / residential locality in the local government areas (LGA) of Sorell (37%) and Tasman (63%) in the South-east LGA region of Tasmania. The locality is about 31 kilometres (19 mi) south-east of the town of Sorell. The 2021 census recorded a population of 304 for the state suburb of Dunalley.
It is a small fishing village on the east coast of Tasmania.

Dunalley is approximately 57 km (35 mi) east of Hobart on the Arthur Highway and 20 minutes from Sorell. It is located on the narrow isthmus which separates the Forestier and Tasman Peninsulas from the rest of Tasmania.

Sorell, Tasmania
Sorell is a town in Tasmania, Australia, north-east of Hobart. It is located on the Tasman Highway at the junction with the Arthur Highway. Sorell is one of Tasmania's oldest towns, being first settled in 1808 as a small farming community and becoming an official township in 1821. At the 2006 census, Sorell had a population of 1,546, and at the 2011 census, a population of  2,476. and at the 2016 census, a population of  2,907.
Doughbeezy
Tai Charles Carr (born 1986, Houston, Texas), better known by his stage name Doughbeezy, is an American rapper from Houston, Texas. Active since 2010, he has released a number of mixtapes and collaborated with musicians such as Killa Kyleon, Bun B, Slim Thug, Devin The Dude, and Paul Wall. Doughbeezy won the “Best Rapper In Texas” competition three times, and in 2013 MTV Hive named him one of the "top 5 underground artists in Houston." A frequent live performer, he has toured with rappers such as Dom Kennedy, and is co-CEO of the music company Headwreckas Worldwide, along with company founder Al Hughes.

Slim Thug
Stayve Jerome Thomas (born September 8, 1980) better known by his stage name Slim Thug, is an American rapper. He gained mainstream attention for his guest performance alongside Paul Wall on Mike Jones' 2004 single "Still Tippin'". The following year, he guest appeared alongside Bun B on Beyoncé's 2005 single "Check on It"—which peaked atop the Billboard Hot 100 and won an MTV Music Video Award—and signed with Interscope Geffen A&M and the Neptunes' Star Trak Entertainment to release his debut studio album Already Platinum (2005). It peaked at number two on the Billboard 200 and was followed by his second album, Boss of All Bosses (2009), which peaked at number 15 as an independent release.

Furthermore, Thomas guest appeared on Gwen Stefani's 2005 single "Luxurious", which peaked at number 21 on the Billboard Hot 100.
Sportpark De Toekomst
Sportcomplex De Toekomst (Dutch for Sporting complex The Future) is a sporting complex in Ouder-Amstel, Netherlands, owned by Ajax. The complex comprises nine football fields and is located close to the Johan Cruyff Arena and on the outskirts of Amsterdam. Its main field has seating capacity for 2,250 people.

The facility serves as the home grounds of Ajax Women, which competes in the Eredivisie Vrouwen, the reserves team Jong Ajax, which competes in the Eerste Divisie, as well as Ajax Amateurs, which competes in the Derde Divisie.

De Toekomst also serves as the training grounds for the first team of Ajax as well as for the Ajax Youth Academy; A-juniors (A1, A2), B-juniors (B1, B2), C-juniors (C1, C2), D-pupils (D1, D2, D3), E-pupils (E1, E2, E3) and the F-pupils (F1, F2, F3). It also serves as the home of the Future Cup, an International tournament for under-17 youth teams, which was named after the sport park.

AFC Ajax (women)
AFC Ajax Vrouwen is a Dutch football club from Amsterdam representing AFC Ajax in the Vrouwen Eredivisie, the top women's league in the Netherlands. The team was founded in 2012 and played its first three seasons in the BeNe League before the Eredivisie re-formed. The club won its first title in its second season, winning the domestic KNVB Cup in the 2013–14 season. Ajax won its first two Eredivisie titles in back-to-back seasons in 2016–17 and 2017–18. It won its third title in the 2022–23 season. The best performance in the UEFA Women's Champions League came in the 2023–24 competition, when it finished second in the group stage before losing in the quarterfinals, the first Dutch club to reach that stage. After a third place finish in the 2024–25, Ajax qualified for the inaugural UEFA Women's Europa Cup.
The Last Temptation (Ja Rule album)
The Last Temptation is the fourth studio album by American rapper Ja Rule. It was released by Murder Inc., Def Jam and Island Def Jam Music Group on November 19, 2002.

The album was successful, moving 237,000 units in its first week, but less than his previous Pain Is Love. On December 13, 2002 the album was certified Platinum. "Mesmerize" is ranked at #45 on Blender's list of the "50 Worst Songs Ever", but was the most successful single from the album, reaching number 2 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and number 12 on the UK Singles Chart. The album also received criticism from fans, saying that the album sounded too commercial, and that Ja Rule was selling out.  Though neither its  debut nor lifetime sales ever matched those of Pain Is Love, The Last Temptation is Ja Rule's third highest-selling album to date.

Pain Is Love
Pain Is Love is the third studio album by American rapper Ja Rule, released on October 2, 2001 under The Island Def Jam Music Group, Def Jam Recordings, and Irv Gotti's Murder Inc. Records. The entirety of the album was co-produced by Murder Inc. co-founder and record producer Irv Gotti.

Although the album received a mixed reception from critics, Pain Is Love debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 and was supported by three singles: "Livin' It Up", "Always on Time" and "Down Ass Bitch". It was certified triple-platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for selling over 3,000,000 copies in the United States. Pain is Love received numerous awards and nominations including a nomination for Best Rap Album at the 44th Grammy Awards. The album's first two singles "Livin' It Up" featuring Case and "Always on Time" featuring Ashanti collected nominations for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration in 2002 and 2003.
Shiiya Domain
Shiiya Domain (椎谷藩, Shiiya-han) was a fudai feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan.  It was located in Echigo Province, in the Hokuriku region of  Honshū. The domain was centered at Shiiya Jin'ya, located on the coast of what is now part of the city of Kashiwazaki in Niigata Prefecture.

Echigo Province
Echigo Province (越後国, Echigo no Kuni; Japanese pronunciation: [eꜜ.tɕi.ɡo (no kɯ.ɲi), -tɕi.ŋo-, e.tɕiꜜ.ɡo-, -tɕiꜜ.ŋo-, e.tɕi.ɡoꜜ, -tɕi.ŋoꜜ-]) was an old province in north-central Japan, on the shores of the Sea of Japan. It bordered on Uzen, Iwashiro, Kōzuke, Shinano, and Etchū Provinces. It corresponds today to  Niigata Prefecture, minus the island of  Sado.

Its abbreviated form name was Esshū (越州), with Echizen and Etchū Provinces. Under the Engishiki classification system, Echigo was ranked as one of the 35 "superior countries" (上国) in terms of importance, and one of the 30 "far countries" (遠国) in terms of distance from the capital Kyoto.

Echigo and Kōzuke Province were known as the Jōetsu region.
Caccothryptus abboti
Caccothryptus abboti is a species of minute marsh-loving beetle in the subfamily Limnichinae. The species was described alongside five other Caccothryptus species by Natural History Museum entomologist Keita Matsumoto in 2021, using specimens gathered in 1953 by Harry George Champion in Haldwani, India alongside an earlier 1925 specimen collected nearby. Like the other Caccothryptus species described by Matsumoto, it was distinguished from its original classification of C. testudo due to differences in the shape of its genitalia. One specimen collected by Champion was identified as the holotype for C. abboti and named for English radio presenter Nick Abbot.

Limnichidae
Limnichidae, commonly called minute marsh-loving beetles, is a family of beetles belonging to Byrrhoidea. There are at least 30 genera and 350 described species in Limnichidae. They are found worldwide, with the greatest diversity in tropical regions. Most species seem to be associated with water-adjacent habitats, such as riparian and coastal locations, though many species are likely fully terrestrial, with some species being associated with leaf litter and arboreal habitats. Species with known diets feed on moss or algae. The oldest fossils of the family are known from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber from Myanmar.
Ordinal data
Ordinal data is a categorical, statistical data type where the variables have natural, ordered categories and the distances between the categories are not known.: 2  These data exist on an ordinal scale, one of four levels of measurement described by S. S. Stevens in 1946. The ordinal scale is distinguished from the nominal scale by having a ranking. It also differs from the interval scale and ratio scale by not having category widths that represent equal increments of the underlying attribute.

Level of measurement
Level of measurement or scale of measure is a classification that describes the nature of information within the values assigned to variables. Psychologist Stanley Smith Stevens developed the best-known classification with four levels, or scales, of measurement: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio. This framework of distinguishing levels of measurement originated in psychology and has since had a complex history, being adopted and extended in some disciplines and by some scholars, and criticized or rejected by others. Other classifications include those by Mosteller and Tukey, and by Chrisman.