hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Battle of Vitebsk (1664)
The Battle of Vitebsk, part of the Russo–Polish War of 1654–1667, took place on 5–6 June 1664 near Vitebsk. It was fought between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth led by Michał Kazimierz Pac against the Tsardom of Russia led by Ivan Nikitich Khovansky. It ended with a Polish–Lithuanian victory.

Tsardom of Russia
The Tsardom of Russia, also known as the Tsardom of Moscow, was the centralized Russian state from the assumption of the title of tsar by Ivan IV in 1547 until the foundation of the Russian Empire by Peter the Great in 1721.

From 1550 to 1700, Russia grew by an average of 35,000 square kilometres (14,000 sq mi) per year. The period includes the upheavals of the transition from the Rurik to the Romanov dynasties, wars with the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Sweden, and the Ottoman Empire, and the Russian conquest of Siberia, to the reign of Peter the Great, who took power in 1689 and transformed the tsardom into an empire. During the Great Northern War, he implemented substantial reforms and proclaimed the Russian Empire after victory over Sweden in 1721.
Spanish–Moro conflict
The Spanish–Moro conflict (Spanish: La Guerra Español y Moro; Tagalog: Sagupaang Kastila at Moro, Labanang Kastila at Moro) was a series of battles in the Philippines lasting more than three centuries. It began during the Spanish Philippines and lasted until the Spanish–American War, when Spain finally began to subjugate the Moro people after centuries of attempts to do so. Spain ultimately conquered portions of the Mindanao and Jolo islands and turned the Sultanate of Sulu into a protectorate, establishing geographic dominance over the region until the Spanish-American War. Moro resistance continued.

Castilian War
The Castilian War, also called the Spanish expedition to Borneo, was a conflict between the Spanish Empire and several Muslim states in Southeast Asia, including the Sultanates of Brunei, Sulu, and Maguindanao. It is also considered as part of the Ottoman-Habsburg Wars. This war is the beginning of relations between the Ottoman state and the Sultanate of Brunei in 1560 to 1578.
Iresia mniszechii
Iresia mniszechii is a species of tiger beetle of the family Cicindelidae. It is found in French Guiana, Suriname, and Venezuela. The species is shiny blue with orange legs and black head, and 10 millimetres (0.39 in) long.

Tiger beetle
Tiger beetles or the Cicindelidae are a family of beetles known for their aggressive predatory habits and running speed. The fastest known species of tiger beetle, Rivacindela hudsoni, can run at a speed of 9 km/h (5.6 mph; 2.5 m/s), or about 125 body lengths per second. As of 2005, about 2,600 species and subspecies were known, with the richest diversity in the Oriental (Indo-Malayan) region, followed by the Neotropics. While historically treated as a subfamily of ground beetles (Carabidae) under the name Cicindelinae, several studies since 2020 indicated that they should be treated as a family, the Cicindelidae, a sister group to Carabidae, within the Adephaga.
Latvian Gambit
The Latvian Gambit (or Greco Countergambit) is a chess opening characterised by the moves:

1. e4 e5

2. Nf3 f5?!

It is one of the oldest chess openings, having been analysed in the 16th century by Giulio Cesare Polerio and the 17th century by Gioachino Greco, after whom it is sometimes named. The opening has the appearance of a King's Gambit with colours reversed. It is an aggressive but objectively dubious opening for Black which often leads to wild and tricky positions.

The ECO code for the Latvian Gambit is C40, along with several other uncommon responses to 2.Nf3.

Chess annotation symbols
When annotating chess games, commentators frequently use widely recognized annotation symbols. Question marks and exclamation points that denote a move as bad or good are ubiquitous in chess literature. Some publications intended for an international audience, such as the Chess Informant, have a wide range of additional symbols that transcend language barriers.

The common symbols for evaluating the merits of a move are "??", "?", "?!", "!?", "!", and "!!". The chosen symbol is appended to the text describing the move (e.g. Re7? or Kh1!?); see Algebraic chess notation.

Use of these annotation symbols is subjective, as different annotators use the same symbols differently or for a different reason.
Hardinge Hay Cameron
Hardinge Hay Cameron CCS, JP, FRCI (5 August 1846 – 16 September 1911) was the nineteenth Treasurer of Ceylon (1901–1904), and a member of both the Legislative Council and Governor's Executive Council, under the Ridgeway, and Blake administrations. He also served as the Mayor/Chairman of the Colombo Municipal Council (1887–1893).

Ceylon Civil Service
The Ceylon Civil Service, popularly known by its acronym CCS, was the premier civil service of the Government of Ceylon under British colonial rule and in the immediate post-independence period. Established in 1833, it functioned as part of the executive administration of the country to various degrees until Ceylon gained self-rule in 1948. Until it was abolished on 1 May 1963 it functioned as the permanent bureaucracy or secretariat of Crown employees that assisted the Government of Ceylon.

Many of the duties of the CCS were taken over by the much larger Ceylon Administrative Service (CAS) which was created absorbing all executive management groups such as the CCS officers and the Divisional Revenue Officers' Service, was to be established with five grades. It was renamed following the declaration of the republic in 1972 as the Sri Lankan Administrative Service which is now the main administrative service of the Government.
Aromaticity (cheminformatics)
Aromaticity detection in cheminformatics refers to computational algorithms and models used to identify aromatic ring systems in molecular graphs. Unlike the chemical concept of aromaticity, which describes the special stability of certain cyclic conjugated systems, computational aromaticity is primarily a nomenclature and data representation concern. There is no single universally accepted aromaticity model in cheminformatics, and different software toolkits implement different algorithms, leading to inconsistent results for the same molecular structure.

Cheminformatics
Cheminformatics (also known as chemoinformatics) refers to the use of physical chemistry theory with computer and information science techniques—so called "in silico" techniques—in application to a range of descriptive and prescriptive problems in the field of chemistry, including in its applications to biology and related molecular fields. Such in silico techniques are used, for example, by pharmaceutical companies and in academic settings to aid and inform the process of drug discovery, for instance in the design of well-defined combinatorial libraries of synthetic compounds, or to assist in structure-based drug design. The methods can also be used in chemical and allied industries, and such fields as environmental science and pharmacology, where chemical processes are involved or studied.
Ashley M. Jones
Ashley Michelle Jones (born 1990) is an American poet and activist. She is the first Black Poet Laureate of Alabama (2022–2026) and the youngest person to hold this position. She is the Associate Director of the University Honors Program at UAB and a Core faculty member at Converse University's MFA Program. Her poetry explores the impact the Deep South has on Black individuals and aspires to expose Black stories that were left behind due to Alabama's historical enslavement of Black men and women. She is the author of three books: Magic City Gospel, dark//thing, and Reparations Now!.

Converse University
Converse University is a private university in Spartanburg, South Carolina. It was established in 1889 by a group of Spartanburg residents and named after textile pioneer Dexter Edgar Converse. It was originally a women's college but now admits men.
Paul Staroba
Paul Louis Staroba (born January 20, 1949) is an American former professional football player who was a wide receiver and punter in the National Football League (NFL).  He played college football for the Michigan Wolverines from 1968 to 1970.  During the 1970 season, he caught 35 passes for 519 yards and led the Big Ten Conference, and finished fourth in the country, with a 41.5 yard punting average.  He played in the NFL for the Cleveland Browns in 1972 and the Washington Redskins and Green Bay Packers in 1973.

Punt (gridiron football)
In gridiron football, a punt is a kick performed by dropping the ball from the hands and then kicking the ball before it hits the ground. The most common use of this tactic is to punt the ball downfield to the opposing team, usually on the final down, with the hope of maximizing the distance the opposing team must advance in order to score. The result of a typical punt, barring any penalties or extraordinary circumstances, is a first down for the receiving team. A punt is not to be confused with a drop kick, a kick after the ball hits the ground, now rare in both American and Canadian football.

The type of punt leads to different motion of the football. Alex Moffat invented the now-common spiral punt, as opposed to end-over-end.
J. Terry Steib
James Terry Steib, SVD (born May 17, 1940) is an American Catholic retired prelate who served as bishop of Memphis from 1993 to 2016. He previously served as an auxiliary bishop for the Archdiocese of St. Louis from 1983 to 1993. He was the first African American to lead the Diocese of Memphis and is a member of the Society of the Divine Word (Verbites).

Society of the Divine Word
The Society of the Divine Word (Latin: Societas Verbi Divini), abbreviated SVD and popularly called the Verbites or the Divine Word Missionaries, and sometimes the Steyler Missionaries, is a Catholic clerical religious congregation of Pontifical Right for men. As of 2020, it consisted of 5,965 members composed of priests and religious brothers working in more than 70 countries, now part of VIVAT international. It is one of the largest missionary congregations in the Catholic Church. Its members add the nominal letters SVD after their names to indicate membership in the Congregation. The superior general is Anselmo Ricardo Ribeiro, who hails from Brazil.
2025 Jakarta floods
In March 2025, major flooding occurred in Jakarta, the capital city of Indonesia and nearby cities within its metropolitan area which are located in Banten and West Java provinces. The flood was caused due to the overflowing of rivers that are mostly located in Bogor due to high rainfall that affected Jakarta and its metropolitan area. However, the massive development within the suburban areas such as Bogor, Bekasi, and Tangerang was also partly to blame for the flood. At least nine people have been killed, and more than 90,000 displaced. It was the worst flood in the city's modern history since 2007 and 2020.

2020 Jakarta floods
Flash floods occurred throughout the Indonesian capital of Jakarta and its metropolitan area on the early hours of 1 January 2020, due to the overnight rain which dumped nearly 400 millimetres (15 in) of rainwater, causing the Ciliwung and Cisadane rivers to overflow. At least 66 people were killed, and 60,000 displaced in the worst flooding in the area since 2007.
History of cycling infrastructure
The history of cycling infrastructure starts from shortly after the bike boom of the 1880s when the first short stretches of dedicated bicycle infrastructure were built, through to the rise of the automobile from the mid-20th century onwards and the concomitant decline of cycling as a means of transport, to cycling's comeback from the 1970s onwards.

Cycling infrastructure
Cycling infrastructure is all infrastructure cyclists are allowed to use. Bikeways include bike paths, bike lanes, cycle tracks, rail trails and, where permitted, sidewalks. Roads used by motorists are also cycling infrastructure, except where cyclists are barred such as many freeways/motorways. It includes amenities such as bike racks for parking, shelters, service centers and specialized traffic signs and signals. The more cycling infrastructure there is, the more people travel by bicycle.

Good road design, road maintenance and traffic management can make cycling safer and more useful. Settlements with a dense network of interconnected streets tend to be places for getting around by bike. Their cycling networks can give people direct, fast, easy and convenient routes.
Phillip and Maria Hasselbach Dingledey House
The Phillip and Maria Hasselbach Dingledey House was a private house located at 1638 Haggerty Road, near Westland in Canton Township, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000. The house is no longer at its listed location; a small commercial complex now occupies the site.

Canton, Michigan
Canton Township (commonly known simply as Canton) is a charter township in Wayne County in the U.S. state of Michigan. A western suburb of Detroit, Canton is located roughly 23 miles (37.0 km) west of downtown Detroit, and 15 miles (24.1 km) east of Ann Arbor. As of the 2020 census, the township had a population of 98,659, making it Michigan's second most-populated township (after Clinton Township) and ninth most-populated municipality overall.

The township is ranked as the 96th highest-income place in the United States with a population of 50,000 or more, and is consistently ranked as one of the safest communities in the United States.
Crochet braids
Crochet braids, also known as latch hook braids, are techniques for braiding hair that involve crocheting synthetic hair extensions to a person's natural hair with a latch hook or crochet hook. While crochet braids are a hybrid of traditional braids, they're considered to be more similar to weaves. This method is associated with African hair styles. Known as a protective style, the technique can assist with hair growth if cared for properly. Crochet braids can be worn straight, curly, twisted, or braided.

Crochet hook
A crochet hook (or crochet needle) is an implement used to make loops in thread or yarn and to interlock them into crochet stitches. It is a round shaft pointed on one end, with a lateral groove behind it. The point eases the insertion of the hook through the material being crocheted and the groove makes it possible to pull a loop back through the material. The shaft is then divided into a working area that determines the hook's nominal diameter and ensures the uniform sizing of the loops formed on it, and a handle.
Exe Valley Railway
The Exe Valley Railway was a branch line built by the Great Western Railway (GWR) in Devon, England, to link its Bristol to Exeter line with its Devon and Somerset Railway (D&SR), thereby connecting Exeter with Dulverton (which is in Somerset). The line was in use from 1884 until 1964.

Exeter St Davids railway station
Exeter St Davids railway station is the primary intercity and second-busiest railway station in Exeter, and consequentially the second-busiest in Devon.

It is 193 miles 72 chains (193.90 mi; 312.1 km) from the zero point at London Paddington, from where trains travel through Exeter to Plymouth and Penzance. The station is also served by trains from London Waterloo via Salisbury and long distance services to Bristol Temple Meads, Birmingham New Street, Edinburgh Waverley and other places in the North. Local services operate on the Avocet Line to Exmouth, the Riviera Line to Paignton, the Tarka Line to Barnstaple and Dartmoor Line to Okehampton.

It is managed by Great Western Railway and served by trains operated by them, South Western Railway and CrossCountry.
Kuramia
Kuramia was a K-class ferry on Sydney Harbour. Commissioned in 1914, the timber-hulled steamer was built for Sydney Ferries Limited during the early twentieth boom in cross-harbour ferry travel. At 353 tons, she was the largest wooden ferry on Sydney Harbour.

She was a typical example of the K class; a group of double-deck, double-ended, steam-powered screw ferries.

Kuramia was built for the short but busy cross-harbour route between  Circular Quay and Milsons Point. Made redundant by the 1932 opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge, the Royal Australian Navy converted her to a boom defence vessel.

Kuramia followed Sydney Ferries Limited's tradition of naming their vessels after Australian Indigenous words starting with "K". Kuramia was reported to have been named after a village on the Transcontinental railway route.

Sydney Ferries Limited
Sydney Ferries Limited operated ferry services on Sydney Harbour from 1900 until June 1951.

The company grew out of the North Shore Steam Ferry Company and took over smaller ferry operators to become the largest ferry operator in Sydney's history. Without a physical connection across the harbour, demand for ferry services to developing areas on the North Shore rose dramatically and Sydney Ferries commissioned 27 large ferries in its own right between 1900 and 1922. The company named its vessels with Australian Aboriginal words beginning with "K".

The 1932 opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge saw the companies annual patronage drop from 40 million to 15 million.
Tara Burns
Tara Burns is an Irish judge who has served as a Judge of the Court of Appeal since July 2023. She previously served as a Judge of the High Court from 2018 to 2023. She was the Chairperson of the Referendum Commission for a 2019 referendum on divorce.

She formerly practiced as a barrister specialising in criminal law and has continued to focus on criminal trials while serving on the bench.

Thirty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland
The Thirty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland is an amendment to the Constitution of Ireland which altered the provisions regulating divorce. It removed the constitutional requirement for a defined period of separation before a Court may grant a dissolution of marriage, and eased restrictions on the recognition of foreign divorces. The amendment was effected by an act of the Oireachtas, the Thirty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution (Dissolution of Marriage) Act 2019 (introduced as bill no. 57 of 2016).

The bill as introduced did not propose the total deletion of a waiting period from the Constitution, merely a reduction in the required term. After amendments by the Oireachtas, the bill was put to a referendum on 24 May 2019, the same date as the local and European elections. The proposal was approved by 82% of voters. The bill was signed into law on 11 June 2019 by Michael D. Higgins, the President of Ireland.
Ityphilus
Ityphilus is a genus of soil centipedes in the clade once accepted as the family Ballophilidae, but now regarded as a possible subfamily (Ballophilinae) in the family Schendylidae. This genus includes 28 species. These centipedes are found mostly in tropical and subtropical parts of the Americas but also on islands in Seychelles, East Asia, and the Pacific Ocean.

Geophilomorpha
Geophilomorpha is an order of centipedes commonly known as soil centipedes. The name "Geophilomorpha" comes from Ancient Greek γεω- (geo-), meaning "earth", φίλος (phílos), meaning "lover", and μορφή (morphḗ), meaning "form". This group is the most diverse centipede order, with 230 genera. These centipedes are found nearly worldwide but are absent in Antarctica and most Arctic regions.
Southern Pacific 786
Southern Pacific 786 is a preserved 2-8-2 "Mikado" type steam locomotive, built in August 1916 by the American Locomotive Company's (ALCO) Brooks Works in New York. It was used to pull mainline freight trains by the Texas and New Orleans Railroad (TNO), a subsidiary of the Southern Pacific Railroad (SP), until it was removed from service in 1955, and it was donated to the city of Austin, Texas the following year. Beginning in 1989, No. 786 was leased to the Austin Steam Train Association, who restored it to operating condition, and the locomotive was used to pull excursion trains on the Austin Western Railroad (AWRR) until 1999. Since 2000, crews have been performing an extensive rebuild on No. 786 to bring it back to service, and as of 2026, the rebuild continues to progress.

Excursion train
An excursion train is a chartered train run for a special event or purpose. Examples are trains to major sporting event, trains run for railfans or tourists, and special trains operated by the railway company for employees and prominent customers.
HMS Sesame (1918)
HMS Sesame was an S-class destroyer, which served with the Royal Navy in the twentieth century. Launched on 30 November 1918 just after the end of the First World War, the ship was commissioned into the Reserve Fleet. A year later, the destroyer was sent to Latvia in support of the country's call for independence, arriving just at the cessation of that county's war of independence. Returning to the United Kingdom, Sesame was later equipped to act as a plane guard within the Home Fleet, with all armament removed and a davit fitted to rescue aircraft. The vessel remained in that configuration for a short time, but the London Naval Treaty sounded the death knell for the ship as it limited the destroyer tonnage that the Royal Navy could operate. As newer and more powerful destroyers entered service, Sesame was one of those retired, being sold to be broken up on 4 May 1934.

S-class destroyer (1917)
The S class (initially known as the Modified Trenchant class) was a class of 67 destroyers ordered for the Royal Navy in 1917 under the 11th and 12th Emergency War Programmes. They saw active service in the last months of the First World War and in the Russian and Irish Civil Wars during the early 1920s.  Most were relegated to the reserve by the mid-1920s and subsequently scrapped under the terms of the London Naval Treaty. Eleven survivors saw much action during the Second World War.
Women in jazz
Women in jazz have contributed throughout the many eras of jazz history, both as performers and as composers, songwriters and bandleaders. While women such as Billie Holiday and Ella Fitzgerald were famous for their jazz singing, women have achieved much less recognition for their contributions as composers, bandleaders and instrumental performers. Other notable jazz women include piano player Lil Hardin Armstrong and jazz songwriters Irene Higginbotham and Dorothy Fields.

Bandleader
A bandleader is the leader of a music group such as a dance band, rock or pop band or jazz quartet. The term is most commonly used with a group that plays popular music as a small combo or a big band, such as one which plays jazz, blues, rhythm and blues or rock and roll music. Most bandleaders are also performers with their own band, either as singers or as instrumentalists, playing an instrument such as electric guitar, piano, or other instruments.
Communist Working Group (Germany)
The Communist Working Group (German: Kommunistische Arbeitsgemeinschaft; KAG) was a short-lived political party in Germany during the Weimar Republic that existed from 1921 to 1922. Created by the former head of the Communist Party, Paul Levi, the organization was formed following his ousting in response to criticism of the March uprising. In 1922, the KAG merged with the USPD.

Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany
The Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (German: Unabhängige Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands, USPD) was a short-lived political party in Germany during the German Empire and the Weimar Republic. The organization was established in 1917 as the result of a split of anti-war members of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), from the left of the party as well as the centre and the right. The organization attempted to chart a course between electorally oriented reformism on the one hand and Bolshevik revolutionism on the other. After several splits and mergers, the last part of the organization was terminated in 1931 through merger with the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany (SAPD).