hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Ghulam Dastagir Alam
Ghulam Dastagir Alam Qasmi (Urdu: غلام دستگیر عالم قاسمی; popularly known as G.D. Alam; PhD, HI; 1937 – 5 December 2000), was a Pakistani theoretical physicist and professor of mathematics at the Quaid-e-Azam University. Alam is best known for conceiving and embarking on research on the gas centrifuge during Pakistan's integrated atomic bomb project in the 1970s, and he also conceived the research on charge density, nuclear fission, and gamma-ray bursts throughout his career.

After the atomic bomb project, Alam joined the Department of Mathematics at the Quaid-e-Azam University (QAU) as well as serving as visiting faculty at the Institute of Physics, and co-authored papers on variation calculus and fission isomer. He was one of the notable theoretical physicists at the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) and QAU. At one point, his fellow theorist, Munir Ahmad Khan, called Alam "the problem solving brain of the PAEC".: 155

Quaid-i-Azam University
Quaid-i-Azam University (QAU), founded as the University of Islamabad, is a public research university in Islamabad, Pakistan. Founded as the University of Islamabad in 1967, it was initially dedicated to postgraduate study, but later expanded to an interdisciplinary university offering both undergraduate and postgraduate education. The university became known by its current name in 1976.
New York State Route 76
New York State Route 76 (NY 76) is located entirely within Chautauqua County, New York, in the United States. It runs north–south from NY 474 in the hamlet of North Clymer in the town of Clymer at its southern end to NY 5 along the Lake Erie shoreline in the town of Ripley. It crosses both the Southern Tier Expressway (I-86/NY 17) and the New York State Thruway (I-90), although it does not connect to the latter.

Chautauqua County, New York
Chautauqua County is the westernmost county in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2020 census, the population was 127,657. Its county seat is Mayville, and its largest city is Jamestown. Its name is believed to be the lone surviving remnant of the Erie language, a tongue lost in the 17th century Beaver Wars; its meaning is unknown and a subject of speculation. The county was created in 1808 and organized in 1811. The county is part of the Western New York region of the state.

Chautauqua County comprises the Jamestown–Dunkirk–Fredonia, NY Micropolitan Statistical Area. It is located south east of Lake Erie and includes a small portion of the Cattaraugus Reservation of the Seneca.
MonoNeon
Dywane Eric Thomas Jr. (born August 6, 1990), professionally known as MonoNeon, is an American bassist,  experimental musician, singer and songwriter. His work, spanning multiple experimental projects and collaborations, including with American musician Prince, has seen an online cult following. Thomas was the last bassist Prince hired before his death in 2016, and he additionally played bass on American singer Ne-Yo song "Makin' A Movie" released in 2010. MonoNeon also played bass on Georgia Anne Muldrow's EP "Ms. One" (2014). He has since become known for his videos that harmonize viral videos with basslines, and his compositions that utilize microtonality. In 2025 MonoNeon produced two singles featuring Katt Williams rapping. He is a native of Memphis, Tennessee.

Microtonality
Microtonality is the use in music of microtones — intervals smaller than a semitone, also called "microintervals". It may also be extended to include any music using intervals not found in the customary Western tuning of twelve equal intervals per octave. In other words, a microtone may be thought of as a note that falls "between the keys" of a piano tuned in equal temperament.
Avalanche transistor
An avalanche transistor is a bipolar junction transistor designed for operation in the region of its collector-current/collector-to-emitter voltage characteristics beyond the collector-to-emitter breakdown voltage, called avalanche breakdown region.  This region is characterized by avalanche breakdown, which is a phenomenon similar to Townsend discharge for gases, and negative differential resistance. Operation in the avalanche breakdown region is called avalanche-mode operation: it gives avalanche transistors the ability to switch very high currents with less than a nanosecond rise and fall times (transition times). Transistors not specifically designed for the purpose can have reasonably consistent avalanche properties; for example 82% of samples of the 15V high-speed switch 2N2369, manufactured over a 12-year period, were capable of generating avalanche breakdown pulses with rise time of 350 ps or less, using a 90V power supply as Jim Williams writes.

Avalanche breakdown
Avalanche breakdown (or the avalanche effect) is a phenomenon that can occur in both insulating and semiconducting materials. It is a form of electric current multiplication that can allow very large currents within materials which are otherwise good insulators. It is a type of electron avalanche. The avalanche process occurs when carriers in the transition region are accelerated by the electric field to energies sufficient to create mobile or free electron-hole pairs via collisions with bound electrons.
Natalio Ecarma III
Natalio Cabili Ecarma III (born June 3, 1955) is a Filipino General who recently served as Undersecretary of the Department of National Defense of the Republic of the Philippines. He is known for being the first Filipino appointed by UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, to serve as Head of Mission and Force Commander of the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force in the Golan Heights, giving him the distinction of being the first Filipino to head a United Nations Peacekeeping Mission, with the rank of UN Assistant Secretary General.

Department of National Defense (Philippines)
The Department of National Defense (DND; Filipino: Kagawaran ng Tanggulang Pambansa) is the executive department of the Philippine government responsible for guarding against external and internal threats to peace and security in the country. The Department of National Defense exercises executive supervision over the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP), the Office of Civil Defense (OCD), the Philippine Veterans Affairs Office (PVAO), the National Defense College of the Philippines (NDCP), the Government Arsenal (GA), and Veterans Memorial Medical Center (VMMC). It is also responsible for disaster preparation and management in the country.

It is headed by the secretary of national defense, who is a member of the president's cabinet.
Podanur-Chettipalayam Road
Chettipalayam Road, SH 162 is an arterial road in the city of Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. This road connects the city with the Coimbatore Integrated Bus Terminus and Podanur Junction. It is a four lane road from Podanur to Chettipalayam.

Podanur Junction railway station
Podanur Junction railway station (station code: PTJ) is an Indian railway station in Podanur, Coimbatore. It comes under the purview of the Salem railway division of Southern Railway zone and is categorised as NSG-4 under the Indian railway station classification system.
Japan National Route 338
National Route 338 (国道338号, Kokudō San hyaku san jūhachigō) is a national highway in the Japanese prefectures of Hokkaido and Aomori. Route 338 stretches 241.3 kilometers (149.9 mi) from National Route 5 in Hakodate, Hokkaido south across the Tsugaru Strait by ferry to Ōma, Aomori, around the western, southern, and eastern edges of the Shimokita Peninsula and finally to Oirase.

Hakodate
Hakodate (函館市, Hakodate-shi; Japanese pronunciation: [ha.ko.da.te, ha.ko.da.teꜜ.ɕi]) is a city and port located in Oshima Subprefecture, Hokkaido, Japan. It is the capital city of Oshima Subprefecture. As of January 31, 2024, the city had an estimated population of 239,813 with 138,807 households, and a population density of 354 inhabitants per square kilometre (920/sq mi). The total area is 677.86 square kilometres (261.72 sq mi). The city is the third largest in Hokkaido after Sapporo and Asahikawa.
Gleninsheen gorget
The Gleninsheen gorget (catalogued as NMI W21) is a late Bronze Age collar, found in 1930 in the Gleninsheen region of  the Burren, County Clare, Ireland. Given that the gorget (a type of large collar or necklace) is made from gold and weighs 276 g (8.9 ozt) it must have been intended as an ornament for a high-ranking warrior. Dated to c. 800–700 BC, it is one of the earliest examples of substantial Irish goldwork, although the gorget may represent a development of the much earlier and lighter gold lunula form. Both are mainly found in Ireland.

When found, it had been placed in a rock cleft and, like a number of similar Irish gold collars, was folded in half, probably as part of a "decommissioning" process. When this happened is unknown.

It is in the collection of the National Museum of Ireland (NMI), Kildare Street, Dublin, and appeared as number 12 in the 2011 semi-official list of a History of Ireland in 100 Objects.

Gorget
A gorget (/ˈɡɔːrdʒɪt/ GOR-jit; from Old French  gorge 'throat') is a band of linen that was wrapped around a woman's neck and head in the medieval period or the lower part of a simple chaperon hood. The term later described a steel or leather collar to protect the throat, a set of pieces of plate armour, or a single piece of plate armour hanging from the neck and covering the throat and chest. Later, particularly from the 18th century, the gorget became primarily ornamental, serving as a symbolic accessory on military uniforms, a use which has survived in some armies (see below).

The term may also be used for other things such as items of jewellery worn around the throat region in several societies, for example wide thin gold collars found in prehistoric Ireland dating to the Bronze Age.
Paden's Drug Store
Paden's Drug Store, at 1200-1208 E Ave. in Carrizozo, New Mexico, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005. It was built in 1907.

The listing includes two buildings. The most prominent is the two-part commercial building built in 1909 and modified to add a second story, by Carrizozo builder D.B. Tennis, in 1917.

In 1937, Melvin G. Paden sold the pharmacy to “Red” Eaker who retained the "Paden" name and ran the store until 1954. In 1977, Carrizozo resident Roy Dow, who owned a gift shop, moved his shop into the Paden Drug Store.

Paden's Drug Store recently operated as a Gift Gallery and Ice Cream Parlour.

In April 2022, Marc Cohen and Julia Danielle quietly purchased the Paden Drug Store building, with plans to make improvements.

Carrizozo, New Mexico
Carrizozo is a town in Lincoln County, New Mexico, United States. It is the county seat, and as of the 2020 census had a population of 972. Founded in 1899, the town provided the main railroad access for Lincoln County, and the town experienced significant population growth in the early decades of the 1900s. However, with declining relevance of the railroad, the population of the town has gradually declined. The town is located at the intersection of U.S. Routes 54 and 380.
Newtown, Bristol
Newtown is a neighbourhood within the Lawrence Hill ward of the city of Bristol, England, and is adjacent to Old Market and The Dings. It is bounded by the Bristol & Bath Railway Path to the south, the A420 (Lawrence Hill) to the north, Trinity Road to the west, and St Philip's Causeway and Barton Hill to the east. The current community was rebuilt following the construction of the Outer Circuit Road in Easton, with very little remaining from the pre-war landscape.

Bristol and Bath Railway Path
The Bristol and Bath Railway Path is a 15-mile (24 km) off-road cycleway, part of National Cycle Network National Cycle Route 4. It has a 3-metre (9.8 ft) wide tarmacked surface, and was used for 2.4 million trips in 2007, increasing by 10% per year.

It was built by the cycling charity Sustrans between 1979 and 1986, which leased a five-mile (8.0 km) stretch near Saltford, with the help of the then Avon County Council, and using volunteers turned it into its first cycleway.
PK: Out of the Shadows
PK: Out of the Shadows (known as Donald Duck PK in Europe) is a 2002 action-adventure video game developed by Ubi Soft Casablanca and published by Ubi Soft. It stars Donald Duck as Paperinik or "PK" as he battles to stop the Evron Empire from taking over Earth. The game is based on the Italian comic book series PK – Paperinik New Adventures.

The game was released on October 4 2002, to mixed reviews from critics; some praised the voice acting, but criticized some level designs and lack of originality.

PKNA
PK – Paperinik New Adventures (PKNA) is an Italian comic, published by Disney Italy from 14 March 1996 to 20 December 2000, about the new adventures of Paperinik (known as Duck Avenger in the United States), the superhero created in 1969 by Guido Martina, Elisa Penna and Giovan Battista Carpi, which served as Donald Duck's secret identity.

The first issue of the series was called "Evroniani", and featured Paperinik's new alien enemies, the Evronians. Introduced in the same issue were Paperinik's two new allies, the A.I. Uno (One), who resides in the skyscraper Ducklair Tower, and Lyla Lay (Lyla Lee), a journalist and robot utilized by a time police organization based in the 23rd century.

The series was extremely well received at the beginning of its run, and saluted as an unexpectedly innovative project for Disney. In 2016, IDW Publishing announced plans to start publishing an official English translation of the series written by Jonathan Gray under the title "Duck Avenger".
Urofsky v. Gilmore
Urofsky v. Gilmore, 216 F.3d 401 (4th Cir. 2000), is a case decided before the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit which concerned the matter of professors challenging the constitutionality of Virginia law restricting access to sexually explicit material on work computers. The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) joined the professors in the case against the state of Virginia. A three-judge panel of the Fourth Circuit overturned an earlier ruling by the District Court, and upheld the Virginia law.

The ACLU then requested an en banc hearing of the entire Fourth Circuit, which determined that university instructors do not have a right guaranteed by the United States Constitution to view sexually explicit material on facility computers. The ACLU then appealed this decision to the Supreme Court of the United States. The Supreme Court refused to hear the case, and the ruling by the Fourth Circuit remained in effect.

United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit
The United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit (in case citations, 4th Cir.) is a federal court located in Richmond, Virginia, with appellate jurisdiction over the district courts in the following districts:

District of Maryland

Eastern District of North Carolina

Middle District of North Carolina

Western District of North Carolina

District of South Carolina

Eastern District of Virginia

Western District of Virginia

Northern District of West Virginia

Southern District of West Virginia

The court is based at the Lewis F. Powell Jr. United States Courthouse in Richmond, Virginia. With 15 authorized judgeships, it is the 4th largest circuit among the 13 United States Courts of Appeals.
Musical instruments of Georgia
A rich variety of musical instruments are known from Georgia. Among the most popular instruments are blown instruments, like the soinari, known in Samegrelo as larchemi (Georgian panpipe), stviri (flute), gudastviri (bagpipe), string instruments like changi (harp), chonguri (four stringed unfretted long neck lute), panduri (three stringed fretted long neck lute), bowed chuniri, known also as chianuri, and a variety of drums. Georgian musical instruments are traditionally overshadowed by the rich vocal traditions of Georgia, and subsequently received much less attention from Georgian (and Western) scholars. Dimitri Arakishvili and particularly Manana Shilakadze contributed to the study of musical instrument in Georgia.

Panduri
The panduri (Georgian: ფანდური) is a 
traditional Georgian three-string plucked instrument common in all regions of Eastern Georgia: such as Pshav-Khevsureti, Tusheti, Kakheti and Kartli.

The panduri is generally used to accompany solo heroic, comic and love songs, as well as dance.
Steve Miller (American football coach)
Stephen C. Miller (August 26, 1943) is an American former football player, coach of football, basketball, and baseball, and college athletics administrator. He served as the head football coach at Carroll College—now known as Carroll University—in Waukesha, Wisconsin from 1972 to 1976, Morningside College in Sioux City, Iowa from 1977 to 1979, and Cornell College in Mount Vernon, Iowa from 1987 to 2001, compiling a career college football record of 121–94–2. Miller was also the head basketball coach at Cornell during the 1982–83 season and again from 1984 to 1988, tallying a mark of 49–61. He was named NCAA Division III coach of the year while coaching football at Cornell.

Carroll University
Carroll University is a private university in Waukesha, Wisconsin, United States. It was established in 1846 as Wisconsin's first four-year institution of higher learning. The university is affiliated with the Presbyterian Church (USA).
Tetramethyl orthosilicate
Tetramethyl orthosilicate (TMOS) is the chemical compound with the formula Si(OCH3)4.  This molecule consists of four methoxy groups bonded to a silicon atom. It is the tetramethyl ester of orthosilicic acid. The basic properties are similar to the more popular tetraethyl orthosilicate, which is usually preferred because the product of hydrolysis, ethanol, is less toxic than methanol.

Tetramethyl orthosilicate hydrolyzes to SiO2:

Si(OCH3)4 + 2 H2O → SiO2 + 4 CH3OH

In organic synthesis, Si(OCH3)4 has been used to convert ketones and aldehydes to the corresponding ketals and acetals, respectively.

Methanol
Methanol (also called methyl alcohol, wood alcohol, and wood spirit, amongst other names) is an organic chemical compound and the simplest aliphatic alcohol, with the chemical formula CH3OH (a methyl group linked to a hydroxyl group, often abbreviated as MeOH). It is a light, volatile, colorless and flammable liquid with a distinctive alcoholic odor similar to that of ethanol (potable alcohol), but is more acutely toxic than the latter.
Methanol acquired the name wood alcohol because it was once produced through destructive distillation of wood. Today, methanol is mainly produced industrially by hydrogenation of carbon monoxide.

Methanol consists of a methyl group linked to a polar hydroxyl group. With more than 20 million tons produced annually, it is used as a precursor to other commodity chemicals, including formaldehyde, acetic acid, methyl tert-butyl ether, methyl benzoate, anisole, peroxyacids, as well as a host of more specialized chemicals.
Will Hope
William Hope (born 2 June 1993) is an Irish professional rugby league footballer who plays as a second row or loose forward for the Swinton Lions in the Championship and Ireland at international level.

In 2014, he was called up to the Ireland squad and has been ever present in the team. In 2016, he was called up to the Ireland squad for the 2017 Rugby League World Cup European Pool B qualifiers.

Hope has previously played for the Salford City Reds. He has also spent time on loan at the Sheffield Eagles and Oldham. He joined Oldham in 2015 and was released at the end of the 2016 season. He then signed for Sheffield in January 2017.

Hope was selected to travel with the Ireland squad for the 2017 World Cup, he only made one appearance but scored twice against Wales.

Ireland national rugby league team
The Ireland men's national rugby league team, known as the Wolfhounds, is organised by Rugby League Ireland and represents the entire isle of Ireland in international rugby league. The representative team is composed largely of players of Irish descent who compete in the Super League as well as the Australasian National Rugby League. Ireland is also represented by an Ireland A side, which is made up of players from the Irish domestic competition.

Since Ireland began competing in international rugby league in 1995, it has participated in the 1995 Rugby League Emerging Nations Tournament, the 1996 Super League World Nines, and five Rugby League World Cups – 2000, 2008, 2013, 2017 and 2021. They have also competed in the Rugby League European Nations Cup.

Although, the island of Ireland is separate from the island of Great Britain, Irish players such as Cork-born Brian Carney have in the past been selected to play for the Great Britain side.
Carlos Valcarce
Carlos Raúl Valcarce Medina (born 26 April 1950) is a Chilean politician who served as a deputy.

He began his professional career in higher education in the late 1970s, holding senior administrative posts at the Universidad del Norte and the Catholic University of the North.

In 1982, he became the first Rector of the University of Tarapacá, serving until 1987, and later held senior academic positions, including as dean at the Universidad Central.

Chamber of Deputies of Chile
33°02′52″S 71°36′21″W﻿ / ﻿33.04778°S 71.60583°W﻿ / -33.04778; -71.60583

The Chamber of Deputies (Spanish: Cámara de Diputadas y Diputados) is the lower house of Chile's bicameral Congress. Its organisation and its powers and duties are defined in articles 42 to 59 of Chile's current constitution.
Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage Month
Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage Month (as of 2025, officially changed from Asian American, Native Hawaiian, Pacific Islander Month) is an annually observed commemorative month in the United States. It is celebrated during the month of May, and recognizes the contributions and influence of Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islander Americans to the history, culture, and achievements of the United States. This demographic group is collectively referred to as Asian Pacific Americans (APA) or Asian American Pacific Islanders (AAPI).

On January 20, 2025, the Trump administration's Initial Rescissions of Harmful Executive Orders and Actions eliminated federal recognition of the month. The White House Initiative on Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders was subsequently dissolved. Nonetheless, on May 16, 2025, the proclamation was issued after all.

Executive Order 14148
Executive Order 14148, titled "Initial Rescissions of Harmful Executive Orders and Actions", is an executive order signed by United States president Donald Trump on January 20, 2025, during the first day of his second presidential term. The order directed the rescindment of several executive orders enacted during the Biden administration.

The main focus of the order was to rescind diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) policies in the US Government, specific climate and environmental regulations, and certain border policies.
The Maven Boys
The Maven Boys are a songwriting-production duo from Toronto, Ontario, Canada, consisting of Zale "Zalezy" Epstein and Brett Ryan Kruger. In 2012, they were featured on Complex Magazine's 25 New Producers To Watch Out For list. The Maven Boys have co-produced alongside Eminem and Boi-1da. They have worked with many notable artists including Kanye West, Nicki Minaj, 2 Chainz, and Childish Gambino.

Boi-1da
Matthew Jehu Samuels (born October 12, 1986), known professionally as Boi-1da (a play on Boy Wonder) is a Canadian record producer and songwriter based in Toronto, Ontario.

He is an in-house producer for Drake's OVO Sound label and has produced for a variety of artists and groups, most notably Drake, Rihanna, Eminem, Jay-Z, Nicki Minaj, Nas, Jack Harlow, Kanye West and Kendrick Lamar among others. In 2015, Samuels served as the executive producer for Drake's mixtape If You're Reading This It's Too Late.