hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Arena (web browser)
The Arena browser (also known as the Arena WWW Browser) was one of the first web browsers for Unix. Originally begun by Dave Raggett in 1993, development continued at CERN and the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and subsequently by Yggdrasil Computing. Arena was used in testing the implementations for HTML version 3.0, Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), Portable Network Graphics (PNG), and libwww. Arena was widely used and popular at the beginning of the World Wide Web.

Arena, which predated Netscape Navigator and Microsoft's Internet Explorer, featured a number of innovations used later in commercial products. It was the first browser to support background images, tables, text flow around images, and inline mathematical expressions.

The Arena browser served as the W3C's testbed browser from 1994 to 1996 when it was succeeded by the Amaya project.

World Wide Web Consortium
The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) is the main international standards organization for the World Wide Web. Founded in 1994 by Tim Berners-Lee, the consortium is made up of member organizations that maintain full-time staff working together in the development of technical standards for the World Wide Web. As of May 2025, W3C has 350 members. The organization has been led by CEO Seth Dobbs since October 2023. W3C also engages in education and outreach, develops software and serves as an open forum for discussion about the Web.
Stephen Dalton
Air Chief Marshal Sir Stephen Gary George Dalton, GCB, FRAeS (born 23 April 1954) is a retired senior officer of the Royal Air Force and former Lieutenant-Governor of Jersey.

As commanding officer of XIII Squadron, Dalton deployed on Operation Jural, the United Kingdom's contribution to Operation Southern Watch enforcing the No-Fly Zone over Southern Iraq. He then moved on to high command, serving as Head of Air Operations at the Ministry of Defence during the preparations for and conduct of Operation Telic in Iraq. Most recently he was appointed Chief of the Air Staff, the professional head of the Royal Air Force, in which role he advised the British Government on the deployment of air power during the Libyan conflict. In that capacity he implemented 2,700 redundancies, as determined by the Strategic Defence and Security Review.

Lieutenant Governor of Jersey
The lieutenant governor of Jersey (Jèrriais: Gouvèrneux d'Jèrri, "Governor of Jersey"), properly styled the lieutenant-governor of Jersey (French: Lieutenant-Gouverneur de Jersey), is the representative of the British monarch in the Bailiwick of Jersey, a dependency of the British Crown.

Presently, there is no governor of Jersey (French: Gouverneur de Jersey), the role having devolved its responsibilities onto the lieutenant governors and then been discontinued in 1854. The position of lieutenant governor is now itself largely ceremonial, with day-to-day responsibility over most functions of government overseen by the Chief Minister of Jersey and judicial and certain other official matters overseen by the Bailiff of Jersey.
Bowhunting
Bowhunting (or bow hunting) is the practice of hunting game animals by archery. Many indigenous peoples have employed the technique as their primary hunting method for thousands of years, and it has survived into contemporary use for sport and hunting.

Game (hunting)
Game or quarry are wild animals which are hunted for animal products (primarily meat), for recreation ("sporting"), or for trophies. The species of animals hunted as game varies in different parts of the world and by different local jurisdictions, though most are terrestrial mammals and birds. Fish caught non-commercially (recreational fishing) are also referred to as game fish.
Prem Dhawan
Prem Dhawan (1923–2001) was an Indian lyricist, music composer, choreographer and actor of Bollywood known for his patriotic songs, especially for the lyrics and compositions for the 1965 Manoj Kumar starrer, Shaheed. He was the winner of the National Film Award for Best Lyrics in 1971 and was honoured by the Government of India in 1970 with Padma Shri, the fourth highest Indian civilian award.

Manoj Kumar
Harikrishan Giri Goswami, professionally known as Manoj Kumar (24 July 1937 – 4 April 2025), was an Indian actor, director, screenwriter, lyricist and editor who worked in Hindi cinema. He is regarded as one of the greatest and most accomplished actors of Indian cinema. He is noted for his acting in patriotism-themed films. In a career spanning over four decades, he worked in 55 films.

Kumar was honoured with the Padma Shri in 1992 and Dadasaheb Phalke Award in 2015 by the Government of India for his contribution to Indian cinema and arts. He was also the recipient of a National Film Award and seven Filmfare Awards.
Saue
Saue is a town in north-western Estonia. It is the administrative centre of Saue Parish in Harju County.

The territory of Saue is 3.50 square kilometres (1.35 sq mi) and population about 5,800. Closest centres are Tallinn (18 km (11 mi)), Keila (7 km (4 mi)), Saku (7 km (4 mi)) and Laagri (7 km (4 mi)).

Keila
Keila (German: Kegel) is a town and an urban municipality in Harju County in north-western Estonia, 25 km (16 mi) southwest of Tallinn. As of 2025, the town has a population of 11,024 inhabitants.

Keila is also the location of administrative buildings of the surrounding Keila Parish, a rural municipality separate from the town itself.
Judean Civil War
The Judean Civil War was an internal conflict in the Hasmonean kingdom of Judea fought between King Alexander Jannaeus and the Pharisees, who then dominated the Great Sanhedrin.

During the war, Jannaeus was backed by the Sadducees, while the rebels briefly secured aid from Seleucid king Demetrius III. After a Seleucid victory over Jannaeus at Shechem, Jannaeus ultimately prevailed and carried out brutal reprisals, including the crucifixion of hundreds of opponents. Archaeological finds from Jerusalem's Russian Compound and the Dead Sea Scrolls align with Josephus's reports of mass executions by Jannaeus.

Politically, the Pharisees soon regained dominance under Salome Alexandra, Alexander Jannaeus's wife and successor to the throne, possibly setting conditions that fed into the later Hasmonean civil war between her two sons, Hyrcanus II and Aristobulus II.

Hasmonean civil war
The Hasmonean civil war was a succession war fought in Judea between Salome Alexandra's sons, Hyrcanus II and Aristobulus II, over the Hasmonean crown. What began as a civil war, Hyrcanus backed by Antipater and Nabataean king Aretas III, Aristobulus holding Jerusalem, drew in the Roman Republic when Pompey intervened, besieged the Temple precincts in 63 BCE, and captured Jerusalem. Pompey reinstated Hyrcanus as high priest but stripped royal power, reduced Judea's territory, imposed tribute, and carried Aristobulus to Rome, ending the independence of Judea.
Uberabatitan
Uberabatitan (meaning "Uberaba titan", in reference to where it was found) is a genus of titanosaurian sauropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Brazil. It is known from bones including neck, back, and tail vertebrae, pelvic bones, and limb bones. These fossils were found in the uppermost portion of the Maastrichtian-age Serra da Galga Formation of the Bauru Group, in Uberaba, Minas Gerais. The type species, described by Salgado and Carvalho in 2008, is U. ribeiroi. To date, it is the most recent titanosaur from Bauru Group rocks; other titanosaurs from the Bauru Group, including Baurutitan and Trigonosaurus, come from lower (thus older) levels.

Trigonosaurus
Trigonosaurus (meaning "triangle lizard" after Triangulo Mineiro, where it was found), is a genus of saltasaurid dinosaurs from the Maastrichtian Serra da Galga Formation of Brazil. The type species, Trigonosaurus pricei, was first described by Campos, Kellner, Bertini, and Santucci in 2005. It was based on two specimens, both consisting mainly of vertebrae. The two specimens were originally believed to have come from the same individual. However, one specimen was described as the holotype of Caieiria in 2022, while the holotype may have instead come from Baurutitan. Before its description, it was known as the "Peirópolis titanosaur", after the place it was found.
Frankfurter Löwen
The Frankfurter Löwen (English: Frankfurt Lions) were an American football team from Frankfurt, Germany.

The Löwen were the first American football club to be formed in Germany. The club, a founding member of the American Football Bundesliga, was also the winner of the first two editions of the German Bowl. However, the club was short-lived, folding in 1985. It was the last team to represent Frankfurt at the GFL level for over three decades before  Frankfurt Universe earned promotion to the top tier after the 2015 season.

Frankfurt Universe
The Frankfurt Universe, which is part of AFC Universe Frankfurt, are a German American football team from Frankfurt, Hesse.

The club, formed in 2007, won promotion to the German Football League 2, the second tier of league football in Germany, in 2011. The team rebranded itself as "Frankfurt Galaxy" ahead of the 2015 season and won promotion to the first division German Football League Süd (South) at the end of this season. It was renamed again as Frankfurt Universe in 2016.
Lycaeninae
Lycaeninae, the coppers, are a subfamily of the gossamer-winged butterflies (Lycaenidae).

The relationships of the Lycaenidae are not fully resolved. Sometimes the Polyommatinae and Theclinae are included in the Lycaeninae; in particular the Theclinae tribe Eumaeini contains many similar taxa. Consequently, the delimitation of the Lycaeninae is by no means definitely resolved; many genera await conformation of placement. Regardless, it is today generally considered better to restrict the Lycaeninae to the immediate relatives of the type genus Lycaena, and one or two clades close to that group.

Lycaena
Lycaena is a genus of butterflies. The genus range is Holarctic, with the exception of four species found in New Zealand, two in South Africa, one in New Guinea and one in Java. It is commonly divided into several subgenera, such as Antipodolycaena. Many formerly independent genera are now subsumed within Lycaena; the genus Gaiedes may also belong here. Many of the subgenera, species groups and species listed here may be synonyms.
Perennial vegetable
Perennial vegetables are vegetables that can live for more than two years.

Some well known perennial vegetables from the temperate regions of the world include asparagus, artichoke and rhubarb. In the tropics, cassava and taro are grown as vegetables, and these plants can live many years. Some perennial plants are cultivated as annuals in order to minimise pest pressure (e.g., potato, Solanum tuberosum).

Perennial vegetables are an integral part of many cultural diets around the world, particularly in tropical agriculture. In contrast, temperate Eurasian cultures have relied on annual cereals (oats, barley, wheat) as dietary staples since antiquity. Some examples of older temperate varieties include: seakale, skirret, sorrel, and Good King Henry.

Sium sisarum
Sium sisarum, commonly known as skirret, is a perennial plant of the family Apiaceae in the same family as carrots and parsnip.  Skirret is grown as a root vegetable. The English name skirret is derived from the Middle English 'skirwhit' or 'skirwort', meaning 'white root'. In Scots it is known as crummock and in Irish as sciréad. Its Danish name sukkerrod, Dutch name suikerwortel and German name "Zuckerwurzel" translate as 'sugar root'.

Skirret has a cluster of bright white, sweetish, somewhat aromatic roots, each approximately 15–20 centimetres (6–8 in) in length. These are used as a vegetable in the same manner as the common salsify, black salsify and the parsnip.
West Virginia Route 27
West Virginia Route 27 is an east–west state highway located within the northern panhandle county of Brooke in West Virginia. The western terminus of the route is at West Virginia Route 2 in Wellsburg. The eastern terminus is at the Pennsylvania state line 5 miles (8 km) east of Wellsburg, where WV 27 continues east into the border town of Independence as Pennsylvania Route 844.

West Virginia Route 2
West Virginia Route 2 is a state highway in the US state of West Virginia. It generally parallels the Ohio River along the western border of the state, from U.S. Route 60 in Huntington (just west of the East End Bridge) northeasterly to U.S. Route 30 in Chester (just south of the Jennings Randolph Memorial Bridge).

WV 2 leaves the shores of the Ohio River in two places: between Point Pleasant and Mount Alto (where West Virginia Route 62 follows the river) and between Ravenswood and Waverly (where West Virginia Route 68 mostly follows the river). The entire route is included as a part of the National Highway System, a system of routes determined to be the most important for the nation's economy, mobility, and defense.
The highway is also somewhat parallel with Ohio Route 7, which can be spotted from the Ohio River.
Kumbhalgarh Assembly constituency
Kumbhalgarh Assembly constituency is one of the 200 Legislative Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan state in India.

It comprises Kumbhalgarh and Amet tehsils, both in Rajsamand district. As of 2023, its representative is Surendra Singh of the Bharatiya Janata Party.

Rajsamand district
Rajsamand district is a district of the state of Rajasthan in western India.
The city of Rajsamand is the district headquarters. The district was constituted on 10 April 1991 from Udaipur district by carving out 7 tehsils - Bhim, Deogarh, Amet, Kumbhalgarh, Rajsamand, Nathdwara, and Railmagra.
County of Durango
The County of Durango (Basque: Durangoko Merinaldea), also known as Land of Durango and Merindad of Durango, was the ancient political administration of the territory that is now known as Durangaldea, in the Basque region of Biscay. This political administration included all the towns and elizates that existed within its territory. The elizates were all governed by the Foral law, while the towns had their own law. The county of Durango was a vassal state of the Kingdom of Pamplona (later, Navarre), and in the 13th century it became a constituent part of the Lordship of Biscay. It has been part of the territory of Biscay since then. Its capital city was the town of Durango.

Durango, Spain
Durango is a town and municipality of the historical territory and province of Biscay, located in the Basque Country, Spain. It is the main town of Durangaldea, one of the comarcas of Biscay. Because of its economical activities and population, Durango is considered one of the largest towns in Biscay after the ones that compose the conurbation of Greater Bilbao.

Durango has 29,715 inhabitants (2023). The town is crossed by three rivers (as illustrated in the town symbol). The Ibaizabal river is the main river, and lies in the middle of its wide valley, with the Urkiola mountain range and natural park to the south. The tallest peak is Anboto (1,331 m (4,367 ft) in elevation).
Towards the Republic
Towards the Republic (走向共和), also known as For the Sake of the Republic, is a Chinese historical drama television series first broadcast on China Central Television (CCTV) in China from April to May 2003. The series is based on historical events in China in the late 19th century and early 20th century which led to the collapse of the Qing dynasty and the establishment of the Republic of China. As the series portrays historical issues which are politically sensitive in present-day China, the series has been subjected to censorship.

China Central Television
China Central Television (CCTV) is the national television broadcaster of the People's Republic of China. Established in 1958 as Peking Television, it was renamed as CCTV in 1978 and became a key player in the Chinese government's propaganda network. It is operated by China Media Group, supervised by National Radio and Television Administration, and led by the Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party. Freedom House and The Guardian commented that CCTV's reporting about topics sensitive to the Chinese government and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) is distorted and often used as a weapon against the party's perceived enemies.
Acanthosomatidae
Acanthosomatidae is a family of Hemiptera, commonly named shield bugs and sometimes stink bugs. There are currently recognized 200 species in 55 genera, making it is one of the least diverse families within Pentatomoidea. The Acanthosomatidae species are found throughout the world, being most abundant in high-latitude temperate regions and in subtropical regions at high altitudes.

One of the most well-known species in Acanthosomatidae is the hawthorn shield bug (Acanthosoma haemorrhoidale), which is found throughout Europe and also northern Siberia; this species is typically green or brown in color and has a distinctive shape with two projections on its thorax. It feeds on a variety of plants, including hawthorn, rowan, and cherry.

Hawthorn shield bug
The hawthorn shield bug (Acanthosoma haemorrhoidale) is a common European shield bug. Its chief food is haws, the fruit of the hawthorn tree, but adults can overwinter on a diet of leaves, and individuals can be found on many potential food plants, including pedunculate oak, sessile oak and whitebeam. They may grow up to 17 mm (0.67 in) long, and are camouflaged in shades of green and brown. Like many so-called "stink bugs", they may release unpleasant odours when disturbed.
Sharma Bandhu
Sharma Bandhu (Sharma Brothers) (Hindi: शर्मा बन्धु) refers to four Indian classical vocalist brothers, who perform bhajan and Hindu devotional music. They were born in the music family of Pandit Jyoti Prasad and Pandit Munshi Ram to the student of Pandit V. D. Paluskar, founder of Gandharva Mahavidyalaya. Quartet consists of the Pandit Gopal Sharma, Pandit Shukdev Sharma, Pandit Kaushalendra Sharma and Pandit Raghavendra Sharma.

Sharma brothers have been most famous for singing "Suraj Ki Garmi Se Jalte Hue Tan Ko" for 1974 Best Feature Film on National Integration winning Hindi film Parinay (1974).

Vishnu Digambar Paluskar
Pandit Vishnu Digambar Paluskar (18 August 1872 – 21 August 1931) was a Hindustani musician. He sang the original version of the bhajan Raghupati Raghava Raja Ram, and founded the Gandharva Mahavidyalaya on 5 May 1901. He is also credited with arranging India's national song, Vande Mātaram, as it is heard today. His original surname was Gadgil, but as they hailed from the village Palus (near Sangli), they came to be known as the "Paluskar"  family.
Nishi Amane
Nishi Amane (西周; March 7, 1829 – January 30, 1897) was a Japanese philosopher. He studied law and economics in the Netherlands. He became a political advisor to Tokugawa Yoshinobu before and after the Meiji Restoration. He served as a bureaucrat in the Ministry of War, the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Popular Affairs, and the Ministry of the Imperial Household under the Meiji government. He was involved in the drafting of the Military Precepts and the Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors. With Mori Arinori and others, he formed the Meirokusha and worked to introduce Western philosophy.

Mori Arinori
Viscount Mori Arinori (森 有礼) (23 August 1847 – 12 February 1889) was a Meiji period Japanese statesman, diplomat, and founder of Japan's modern educational system. Mori Arinori served as the first Minister of Education in the first Ito Cabinet of Japan, playing a key role in establishing the educational system during the Empire of Japan. He, along with Inoue Kowashi, laid the foundation of Japan’s educational system by issuing several orders from 1886, which included the establishment of elementary, middle, normal school systems, and an imperial university system. This was a crucial step in Japan’s modernization efforts during the Meiji era.
Chencun station (Guangzhou Metro)
Chencun Station (simplified Chinese: 陈村站; traditional Chinese: 陳村站; pinyin: Chéncūn Zhàn; Cantonese Yale: Chàhnchyūn Jaahm) is a station on Line 7 of Guangzhou Metro, located underground on the south side of the intersection of Chencun Avenue and Baichen Road in Foshan's Shunde District. The station was opened on 1 May 2022, with the opening of the western extension of Line 7.

Shunde, Guangdong
Shunde or Shun Tak (from Cantonese) is a district in the city of Foshan, Guangdong, located in the Pearl River Delta of China. It had a population of 2,464,784 as of the 2010 census. Once a traditional agricultural county, it has become one of the most affluent counties in Guangdong and mainland China. Since 2009, Shunde has been administered independently of Foshan city. It is directly accountable to the Guangdong provincial government.
Compton Place (horse)
Compton Place (20 April 1994 – 21 September 2015) was a British Thoroughbred racehorse, best known for his 50/1 upset victory in the 1997 July Cup. As a juvenile in 1996 he won two minor races and finished second in both the Gimcrack Stakes and the Flying Childers Stakes. In the following year he was beaten in his first two starts before defeating a strong field including Royal Applause and Bahamian Bounty to win the July Cup. He failed to display his best form in four subsequent races and was retired in August 1998. He later became a successful breeding stallion.

Bahamian Bounty
Bahamian Bounty  (10 February 1994 – 2 March 2020) was a British Thoroughbred racehorse and sire.  He was named  European Champion Two-Year-Old Colt at the 1996 Cartier Racing Awards. In his championship season, Bahamian Bounty won three of his five races including two Group One races, the Prix Morny in France and the Middle Park Stakes in England. He was retired after two unsuccessful starts in 1997 and later stood as a stallion at the National Stud at Newmarket, Suffolk.
Ducasse de Mons
The Ducasse de Mons, also commonly known as the Doudou, is a traditional folk festival held in Mons, Hainaut, Belgium, on Trinity Sunday (57 days after Easter). The feast comprises two important parts: the procession, including taking Saint Waltrude's shrine down from its altar and placing it on a dray, as well as the combat named Lumeçon between Saint George and a dragon. Since 2008, it has been recognised as a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO.

Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity
The Proclamation of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity was made by the Director-General of UNESCO starting in 2001 to raise awareness of intangible cultural heritage—such traditions, rituals, dance, and knowledge—and urge the protection of the communities that create them. Several manifestations of intangible heritage around the world were awarded the status of Masterpieces; further proclamations occurred biennially. The status exists to recognize the value of non-material culture, as well as to commit states to promote and safeguard the Masterpieces. In 2008, the 90 declared Masterpieces were incorporated into the new Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity as its first entries.
Pietro Mengoli
Pietro Mengoli (1626, Bologna – June 7, 1686, Bologna) was an Italian mathematician and clergyman from Bologna, where he studied with Bonaventura Cavalieri at the University of Bologna, and succeeded him in 1647. He remained as professor there for the next 39 years of his life.

Mengoli was pivotal figure in the development of calculus. He established the divergence of the harmonic series nearly forty years before Jacob Bernoulli, to whom the discovery is generally attributed; he gave a development in series of logarithms thirteen years before Nicholas Mercator published his famous treatise Logarithmotechnia. Mengoli also gave a definition of the definite integral which is not substantially different from that given more than a century later by Augustin-Louis Cauchy.

Bonaventura Cavalieri
Bonaventura Francesco Cavalieri (Latin: Bonaventura Cavalerius; 1598 – 30 November 1647) was an Italian mathematician and a Jesuate. He is known for his work on the problems of optics and motion, work on indivisibles, the precursors of infinitesimal calculus, and the introduction of logarithms to Italy. Cavalieri's principle in geometry partially anticipated integral calculus.