hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Political geography of Nineteen Eighty-Four
In George Orwell's 1949 dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four, the world is divided into three superstates: Oceania, Eurasia and Eastasia, which are all fighting each other in a perpetual war in a disputed area mostly located around the equator. All that Oceania's citizens know about the world is whatever the Party wants them to know, so how the world evolved into the three states is unknown; and it is also unknown to the reader whether they actually exist in the novel's reality, or whether they are a storyline invented by the Party to advance social control. The nations appear to have emerged from nuclear warfare and civil dissolution over 20 years between 1945 and 1965, in a post-war world where totalitarianism becomes the predominant form of ideology, through English Socialism of Oceania, Neo-Bolshevism of Eurasia, and Death-Worship of Eastasia.

Superstate
A superstate is defined as "a large and powerful state formed when several smaller countries unite", or "A large and powerful state formed from a federation or union of nations", or "a hybrid form of polity that combines features of
ancient empires and modern states."
This is distinct from the concept of superpower, although these are sometimes seen together.
Hiram Tua
Hiram Mulero (September 16, 1983) is a Puerto Rican professional wrestler. He is best known under his ring name, Hiram Tua, which he has used in several of Puerto Rico's promotions, including the International Wrestling Association, the World Wrestling Council and the World Wrestling League.

WWL World Heavyweight Championship
The WWL World Heavyweight Championship (Campeonato Mundial Peso Completo de la WWL in Spanish) was a professional wrestling world heavyweight championship promoted by the World Wrestling League (WWL) promotion in Puerto Rico. The first champion was crowned on April 21, 2013, when Monster Pain won a battle royal for the title.

The championship was generally contested in professional wrestling matches, in which participants execute scripted finishes rather than contend in direct competition.
Tempera
Tempera (Italian: [ˈtɛmpera]) is a permanent, fast-drying painting medium consisting of pigments mixed with a water-soluble binder medium, usually glutinous material such as egg yolk. There are several types of tempera paint, but the one containing egg yolk is called egg tempera. Tempera paint made from the milk protein is Casein paint. If the binder is synthetic PVA, the result is polyvinyl acetate tempera. A distemper paint consisting of pigment and binders such as cornstarch, gum arabic and other gums is called poster paint in certain parts of the world, and it is also often confusingly referred to as "tempera paint", although the binders in this paint are different from traditional egg tempera paints and the visual effect is more like gouache.

The term Tempera also refers to the paintings done in any kind of these tempera mediums.

Ganesh Pyne
Ganesh Pyne (Bengali: গণেশ পাইন) (11 June 1937 – 12 March 2013) was an Indian painter and draughtsman, born in Kolkata, West Bengal. Pyne is one of the most notable contemporary artists of the Bengal School of Art, who had also developed his own style of  "poetic surrealism", fantasy and dark imagery, around the themes of Bengali folklore and mythology.
Shark River (New Jersey)
The Shark River is a river in eastern New Jersey that rises in eastern Monmouth County and flows southeast for 11.7 miles (18.8 km), continuing through Neptune Township and Wall Township. The river continues towards the Shark River Inlet, an estuary that feeds into the Atlantic Ocean between Belmar and Avon-by-the-Sea.

Neptune Township, New Jersey
Neptune Township is a township in Monmouth County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 United States census, the township's population was 28,061, an increase of 126 (+0.5%) from the 2010 census count of 27,935, which in turn reflected an increase of 245 (+0.9%) from the 27,690 counted in the 2000 census.

Featuring Jersey Shore Medical Center, the historic community of Ocean Grove, along with office parks and cultural amenities, Neptune Township has been a longtime regional commercial and cultural hub of the Jersey Shore. The township was named for Neptune, the Roman water deity; referring to its location on the Atlantic Ocean.
Gugark pogrom
The Gugark pogrom was a pogrom directed against the Azerbaijani minority of the Gugark District (now a part of the Lori Province) in the Armenian SSR, then part of the Soviet Union.

The pogrom of Azerbaijanis in Gugark in March 1988 followed the earlier pogrom of Armenians in Sumgait in the end of February 1988. The persecution of the Azerbaijanis continued until virtually all of them fled the region. The pogrom was one of the acts of ethnic violence in the context of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, which would later erupt into a war.

Azerbaijani sources label the pogrom as a "massacre" (Azerbaijani: Quqark qırğını/qətliamı).

Azerbaijanis in Armenia
Azerbaijanis in Armenia (Azerbaijani: Ermənistan azərbaycanlıları or Qərbi azərbaycanlılar, lit. 'Western Azerbaijanis') numbered 29 people according to the 2001 census of Armenia. Although they have previously been the biggest minority in the country according to 1831–1989 censuses, they are virtually non-existent since 1988–1991 when most fled or were forced out of the country as a result of the tensions of the First Nagorno-Karabakh War to neighboring Azerbaijan. The UNHCR estimates that the current population of Azerbaijanis in Armenia to be somewhere between 30 and a few hundred people, with most of them living in rural areas as members of mixed couples (mostly mixed marriages), as well as elderly or sick. Most of them are reported to have changed their names to maintain a low profile to avoid discrimination.
Travel London
Travel London was a bus company operating services in Greater London. It was a subsidiary of the National Express Group before being sold in May 2009 to NedRailways. In October 2009, it was rebranded as Abellio London.

Tellings-Golden Miller
Tellings-Golden Miller is a charter coach operator in England. It was a subsidiary of Arriva twice previously, but once again has returned to family ownership. The company is now a subsidiary of Falcon Buses based in Byfleet, Surrey.
White Horse Historic District
The White Horse Historic District, also known as White Horse Village, is a national historic district that is located in Willistown Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.

Willistown Township, Pennsylvania
Willistown Township is a township in Chester County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 10,497 at the 2010 census. At the 1860 census, the population of Willistown was 1,521, and in 1980 it was 8,269.
1881 Atlanta washerwomen strike
The Atlanta washerwomen strike of 1881 was a labor strike in Atlanta, Georgia involving African American washerwomen. It began on July 19, 1881, and lasted into August 1881. The strike began as an effort to establish better pay, more respect and autonomy, and a uniform base salary for their work.

Washerwoman
A washerwoman or laundress was a person, usually a woman, employed to wash laundry by hand, before the widespread use of washing machines and commercial laundries.  The profession existed in many cultures, spanning from antiquity to the early modern period. While the profession has historically been gendered, often associated with women, in some contexts, men also performed laundry labor. It was typically low-paid, physically arduous, and associated with lower social status. Their work has been documented through art, literature, and labor records.
Yoav Freund
Yoav Freund (Hebrew: יואב פרוינד; born 1961) is an Israeli professor of computer science at the University of California San Diego who mainly works on machine learning, probability theory and related fields and applications.

He is an alumnus of the Hebrew University High School, of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and the Talpiot program of the Israeli army. He did his PhD in University of California, Santa Cruz.

He is best known for his work on the AdaBoost algorithm, an ensemble learning algorithm which is used to combine many "weak" learning machines to create a more robust one. He and Robert Schapire received the Gödel Prize in 2003 for their joint work on AdaBoost.  In 2004 he was awarded the Paris Kanellakis Award. He was elected an AAAI Fellow in 2008.

Ensemble learning
In statistics and machine learning, ensemble methods use multiple learning algorithms to obtain better predictive performance than could be obtained from any of the constituent learning algorithms alone.
Unlike a statistical ensemble in statistical mechanics, which is usually infinite, a machine learning ensemble consists of only a concrete finite set of alternative models, but typically allows for much more flexible structure to exist among those alternatives.
Thury-Harcourt
Thury-Harcourt (French pronunciation: [tyʁi aʁkuʁ] ⓘ) is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Thury-Harcourt-le-Hom. The town is 24 kilometres (15 mi) south of Caen, in the Orne valley. It is part of Norman Switzerland, which attracts visitors for various sports and outdoor activities with its hilly terrain.

Thury-Harcourt-le-Hom
Thury-Harcourt-le-Hom (French pronunciation: [tyʁi aʁkuʁ lə ɔm]; known as Le Hom before 2022) is a commune in the department of Calvados, northwestern France. The municipality was established on 1 January 2016 by merger of the former communes of Thury-Harcourt (the seat), Caumont-sur-Orne, Curcy-sur-Orne, Hamars and Saint-Martin-de-Sallen.

Le Hom officially changed its name to Thury-Harcourt-le-Hom on 1 January 2022.
Amsterdam Muiderpoort railway station
Amsterdam Muiderpoort is a railway station in the east of Amsterdam. It was reopened on 15 October 1939 after being first opened in 1896. It is located 4 km southeast of Amsterdam Centraal. At this station the Amsterdam–Arnhem railway and the Amsterdam–Zutphen railway split, with the two parts of the station separated (keilbahnhof). The western part is the Amsterdam Centraal to Utrecht Centraal line. The eastern part is the Amsterdam Centraal to Amersfoort Centraal line. The station is operated by the Nederlandse Spoorwegen.

Amsterdam–Zutphen railway
The Amsterdam–Zutphen railway is a railway line in the Netherlands running from Amsterdam, North Holland to Zutphen, Gelderland via the province of Utrecht. It passes through the cities of Hilversum, Amersfoort and Apeldoorn. It is also informally called the Oosterspoorweg (English: Eastern railway), with the part between Amsterdam and Amersfoort sometimes being called the Gooilijn (Gooi line) because of the region it runs through.
Memanbetsu Airport
Memanbetsu Airport (女満別空港, Memanbetsu Kūkō) (IATA: MMB, ICAO: RJCM) is an airport in the Memanbetsu section of Ōzora, a town in Hokkaidō, Japan. The airport is close to Shiretoko National Park and consistently has over one million passengers per year.

Memanbetsu, Hokkaido
Memanbetsu (女満別町, Memanbetsu-chō) was a town located in Abashiri District, Abashiri Subprefecture (now Okhotsk Subprefecture), Hokkaido, Japan.

As of 2004, the town had an estimated population of 5,925 and a population density of 37.26 persons per km2. The total area was 159.02 km2.

On March 31, 2006, Memanbetsu was merged with the village of Higashimokoto (also from Abashiri District) to create the new town of Ōzora.

Memanbetsu's name was derived from the Ainu "Memanpet" meaning "River with a spring"
Ian Nairn
Ian Douglas Nairn (24 August 1930 – 14 August 1983) was a British architectural critic who coined the word "Subtopia" to describe drab suburb that look identical through unimaginative urban planning. He published two strongly personalised critiques of London and Paris, and collaborated with Nikolaus Pevsner, who considered his reports to be too subjective but acknowledged him as a better writer.

The Architectural Review
The Architectural Review is a monthly international architectural magazine. It has been published in London since 1896. Its articles cover the built environment – which includes landscape, building design, interior design and urbanism – as well as theory of these subjects.
Wilsonart
Wilsonart is a global manufacturer and distributor of high pressure laminates and other engineered composite materials, used in furniture, office and retail space, countertops, worktops and other applications. Headquartered in Temple, Texas, Wilsonart was founded by Ralph Wilson Sr. in 1956. The company sells decorative laminates and other engineered surfaces under the Wilsonart brand and international brands Arborite, Polyrey, and Resopal.

Decorative laminate
Decorative laminates are laminated products primarily used as furniture surface materials or wall paneling. It can be manufactured as either high- or low-pressure laminate, with the two processes not much different from each other except for the pressure applied in the pressing process. Also, laminate can be produced either in batches or in a continuous process; the latter is called continuous pressure laminate (CPL).
Suzy (film)
Suzy is a 1936 American drama film directed by George Fitzmaurice and starring Jean Harlow, Franchot Tone and Cary Grant.  The film was partially written by Dorothy Parker, based on a novel by Herbert Gorman. The Academy Award-nominated theme for Suzy, "Did I Remember?", was sung by Virginia Verrill (uncredited).

Dorothy Parker
Dorothy Parker (née Rothschild; August 22, 1893 – June 7, 1967) was an American poet, literary critic and writer of fiction. Based in New York, she was known for her caustic wisecracks, and eye for 20th-century urban foibles.

Parker rose to acclaim, both for her literary works published in magazines, such as The New Yorker, and for her role as a founding member of the Algonquin Round Table. In the early 1930s, Parker traveled to Hollywood to pursue screenwriting. Her successes there, including two Academy Award nominations, were curtailed when her involvement in left-wing politics resulted in her being placed on the Hollywood blacklist.

Dismissive of her own talents, she deplored her reputation as a "wisecracker". Nevertheless, both her literary output and reputation for sharp wit have endured. Some of her works have been set to music.
Niablé
Niablé is a town in eastern Ivory Coast. It is a sub-prefecture and commune of Abengourou Department in Indénié-Djuablin Region, Comoé District. A few hundred metres southwest of the town is a border crossing with Ghana.
In 2021, the population of the sub-prefecture of Niablé was 57,081.

Indénié-Djuablin
Indénié-Djuablin Region is one of the 31 regions of Ivory Coast. Since its establishment in 2011, it has been one of two regions in Comoé District. The region's seat is Abengourou. Other important towns are Agnibilekrou, Bettié and Niablé. The region's area is 6910 km2, and at the 2021 census, it had a population of 716,443.
Returns from Troy
The Returns from Troy are the stories of how the Greek leaders returned after their victory in the Trojan War. Many Achaean heroes did not return to their homes, but died or founded colonies outside the Greek mainland. The most famous returns are those of Odysseus, whose wanderings are narrated in the Odyssey, and Agamemnon, whose murder at the hands of his wife Clytemnestra was portrayed in Greek tragedy.

Ajax the Lesser
Ajax (Ancient Greek: Αἴας, romanized: Aíās) was a Greek mythological hero, son of Oileus, the king of Locris.  He was called the "Ajax the Less", the "lesser" or "Locrian" Ajax, to distinguish him from Ajax the Great, son of Telamon. He was the leader of the Locrian contingent during the Trojan War. He is a significant figure in Homer's Iliad and is also mentioned in the Odyssey, in Virgil's Aeneid and in Euripides' The Trojan Women. In Etruscan legend, he was known as Aivas Vilates.
Melody Hits
Melody Hits (Arabic: ميلودي هيتس) was a Canadian exempt Category B Arabic language specialty channel owned by Ethnic Channels Group. It broadcast programming from Melody Hits in addition to local Canadian content.

Discretionary service
A discretionary service is a Canadian specialty channel which, as defined by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission, may be carried optionally by all subscription television providers. It replaces the previous category A, category B, category C (instead split into the categories of "mainstream sports" and "national news"), and premium classifications.

Discretionary services may air programming from any of the CRTC's defined categories, although no more than 10% of programming per month may be devoted to live professional sports. Discretionary services may be authorized to offer multiplex channels.
Spilt Milk (Kristina Train album)
Spilt Milk is the debut album by Kristina Train, released on October 20, 2009. Her record label at the time, Blue Note Records, had initially been interested in pairing Train with Norah Jones producer Lee Alexander, but instead she went to London in 2007 and asked Jimmy Hogarth to produce the album. Train cowrote eight songs on the album, collaborating with Hogarth, Eg White, and Ed Harcourt. Train also arranged and overdubbed strings on three tracks on Spilt Milk. The extended version of the release contains the Carolyn Franklin & Jimmy Radcliffe song "If You Want Me".

In 2016 Lorrie Morgan covered the album's title track on her album Letting Go...Slow.

Kristina Train
Kristina Train (born January 17, 1982, in New York City as Kristina Beaty) is an American singer-songwriter and musician who lives in Nashville, having previously lived in London, United Kingdom. Her music blends influences from country, soul, gospel, blues, folk, and jazz.
Torbung
Torbung is a census village split across the Bishnupur district and Churachandpur district in Manipur, India. The Bishnupur part of the village has a population of 2781, and the Churachandpur part a population of 2358 in the 2011 census.
Torbung is watered by the Loklai river and the Torbung stream, which flow down from Thangjing hills to join the Khuga River.  Torbung is a village of historical as well as current political significance. The 2023–2025 Manipur violence started in the vicinity of the Torbung village.

Thangjing Hill
Thangjing Hill (also called Thangching Hill and Thangting Hill),
is a mountain peak in the Indian state of Manipur. It is in the Churachandpur district, to the west of Moirang.
The north–south-running mountain range on which it sits is also called Thangjing range or Thangjing Hills. The range forms part of the western border of the Imphal Valley.

The Thangjing Hill is believed by the Meitei people (the dominant valley-based community of Manipur) to be the abode of a diety Thangching, regarded as the ancestral deity of Moirang.
In the Meitei cosmology, the "body" of Manipur is represented with various natural features of the land, including the Thangjing hill as its right leg.

The Meiteis of the Moirang region carry out an annual pilgrimage to the top of the hill. Some Kuki commentators have said that this is a recent practice.
Fluopyram
Fluopyram is a synthetic fungicide and nematicide used in agriculture. It is used to control fungal diseases such as gray mold (Botrytis cinerea), powdery mildew, apple scab, Alternaria, Sclerotinia, and Monilinia.  It is an inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase (SDHI fungicide).

Succinate dehydrogenase
Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) or succinate-coenzyme Q reductase (SQR) or respiratory complex II is an enzyme complex, found in many bacterial cells and in the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes. It is the only enzyme that participates in both the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. Histochemical analysis showing high succinate dehydrogenase in muscle demonstrates high mitochondrial content and high oxidative potential.

In step 6 of the citric acid cycle, SQR catalyzes the oxidation of succinate to fumarate with the reduction of ubiquinone to ubiquinol. This occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane by coupling the two reactions together.
Georgios Rallis
Georgios Ioannou Rallis (Greek: Γεώργιος Ιωάννου Ράλλης; 26 December 1918 – 15 March 2006), anglicised to George Rallis, was a Greek conservative politician and Prime Minister of Greece from 1980 to 1981.

Greek junta
The Greek junta or Regime of the Colonels was a right-wing military junta that ruled Greece from 1967 to 1974. On 21 April 1967, a group of colonels overthrew a caretaker government a month before scheduled elections which Georgios Papandreou's Centre Union was favoured to win.

The dictatorship was characterised by policies such as anti-communism, restrictions on civil liberties, and the imprisonment, torture, and exile of political opponents. It was ruled by Georgios Papadopoulos from 1967 to 1973, but an attempt to renew popular support in a 1973 referendum on the monarchy and gradual democratisation by Papadopoulos was ended by another coup by the hardliner Dimitrios Ioannidis. Ioannidis ruled until it fell on 24 July 1974 under the pressure of the Turkish invasion of Cyprus, leading to the Metapolitefsi ("regime change"; Greek: Μεταπολίτευση) to democracy and the establishment of the Third Hellenic Republic.
William Ratcliffe (artist)
William Ratcliffe (6 October 1870 – January 1955) was an English painter who was one of the Camden Town Group of artists in early twentieth-century England. Although he never achieved the fame of other members of the Group, such as his friend and mentor Harold Gilman, he remained a full-time artist throughout his life, relying on the support of friends and family.

Camden Town Group
The Camden Town Group was a group of English Post-Impressionist artists founded in 1911 and active until 1913.  They gathered frequently at the studio of painter Walter Sickert in the Camden Town area of London.
Algernon Percy, 1st Earl of Beverley
Algernon Percy, 1st Earl of Beverley, FSA (21 January 1750 – 21 October 1830), styled Lord Algernon Percy between 1766 and 1786 and known as the Lord Lovaine between 1786 and 1790, was a British politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1774 to 1786 when he succeeded to the Peerage. He is the ancestor of the present Dukes of Northumberland.

Burials and memorials in Westminster Abbey
Honouring individuals buried in Westminster Abbey has a long tradition. Over 3,300 people are buried or commemorated in the abbey. This Anglican church is generally a royal mausoleum. It features both coffins and urns. For much of the abbey's history, most of the people buried there besides monarchs were people with a connection to the church – either ordinary locals or the monks of the abbey itself, who were generally buried without surviving markers. Since the 18th century, it has become a prestigious honour for any British person to be buried or commemorated in the abbey, a practice much boosted by the lavish funeral and monument of Sir Isaac Newton, who died in 1727. By the end of the 19th century, so many prominent figures were buried in the abbey that the writer William Morris called it a "National Valhalla".