hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Doomsday argument
The doomsday argument (DA), or Carter catastrophe, is a probabilistic argument that aims to predict the total number of humans who will ever live. It argues that if a human's birth rank is randomly sampled from the set of all humans who will ever live, it is improbable that one would be at the extreme beginning. This implies that the total number of humans is unlikely to be much larger than the number of humans born so far.

The doomsday argument was originally proposed by the astrophysicist Brandon Carter in 1983, leading to the initial name of the Carter catastrophe. The argument was subsequently championed by the philosopher John A. Leslie and has since been independently conceived by J. Richard Gott and Holger Bech Nielsen.

Robin Hanson
Robin Dale Hanson (born August 28, 1959) is an American economist and author. He is associate professor of economics at George Mason University and a former research associate at the Future of Humanity Institute of Oxford University. Hanson is known for his work on idea futures and markets, and he was involved in the creation of the Foresight Institute's Foresight Exchange and DARPA's FutureMAP project. He invented market scoring rules like LMSR (Logarithmic Market Scoring Rule) used by prediction markets such as Consensus Point (where Hanson is Chief Scientist), and has conducted research on signalling. He also proposed the Great Filter hypothesis.
Ungmennafélagið Leiknir
Ungmennafélagið Leiknir (Icelandic pronunciation: [ˈuŋkˌmɛnːaˌfjɛːˌlaijɪð ˈleikˌnɪr̥], lit. 'Leiknir Youth Club'), commonly referred to as Leiknir Fáskrúðsfjörður ([ˈleikˌnɪr̥ ˈfauːˌskruðsˌfjœrðʏr̥]) to differentiate them from the Reykjavík club also called Leiknir, is an Icelandic multi-sports club from Fáskrúðsfjörður. The club was founded in 1940.

2. deild karla
2. deild karla (transl. Men's Second Division) is a football league in Iceland. It is the third division in the Icelandic football league system. The current champions are Afturelding from Mosfellsbær, who won their 1st title in 2018.

The division was started in 1966 as third division with two provisional groups, with number of teams varying from 7 to 10 teams in each group. In 1987 it was decided to merge the two groups to form a single nationwide league with 10 teams so at the end of the 1987 season only three teams from each group would stay in the league, the top teams in each group were promoted, all other teams relegated to the 4th division and two teams promoted from the 4th division. In 1997 after a name change, the division became Second division.

In 2008, as a part of a general change in Icelandic football, the number of teams was increased from 10 to 12.
Walter Kypke
Leutnant Walter Kypke (22 September 1893—6 June 1924) HOH, IC was an  early military aviator in the predecessor to the Luftwaffe, the Luftstreitkräfte. This itinerant flying ace accumulated nine official aerial victories, which were scored in four of the seven flying units with which he served; the wins were spread over a three-year period. Kypke served for the entirety of World War I, rising to command during his final year of combat.

House Order of Hohenzollern
The House Order of Hohenzollern (German: Hausorden von Hohenzollern or Hohenzollernscher Hausorden) was a dynastic order of knighthood of the House of Hohenzollern awarded to military commissioned officers and civilians of comparable status. Associated with the various versions of the order were crosses and medals which could be awarded to lower-ranking soldiers and civilians.
Giuseppe Colosi
Giuseppe Colosi (29 March 1892 – 20 October 1975) was an Italian zoologist. He specialized in the study of crustaceans and mysids in particular.

Colosi was born in Petralia Sottana. From 1920 to 1924, he taught in Turin, and he was the head of the zoological institute of the University of Florence from 1940 to 1962. He died in Florence, aged 83.

Colosi is commemorated in the scientific name of a species of lizard, Chalcides colosii.

Chalcides colosii
Chalcides colosii, also known commonly as the Riffian skink and Colosi's cylindrical skink, is a moderate-sized species of lizard in the family Scincidae. The species is native to Morocco and some Spanish territories in northwestern Africa. It is named after Giuseppe Colosi, former director of the Zoological Institute of the University of Florence. It has been considered a subspecies of Chalcides ocellatus. The females of the species give birth to live young.
The Eighth Promise
The Eighth Promise: An American Son's Tribute to His Toisanese Mother is a memoir by American lawyer William Poy Lee, published in 2007 by Rodale Books. The paperback version was released October 2007. A translation into Mandarin Chinese is in development with the Chinese Professors of American language and Culture Studies.

William Poy Lee
William Poy Lee (Chinese: 李培湛) is an author and political activist currently living in Shanghai, China.  His 2007 book The Eighth Promise is a memoir about two generations of Chinese Americans, in China and Chinatown, San Francisco.

Before becoming a writer, Mr. Lee worked as an international banking attorney and an advertising executive. Mr. Lee left the professional world and has traveled, lived and taught writing in China since 2008. As a political activist, his most recent endeavor is a website about Tibet, Tibet China Accuracy Project
Howard Cox
Howard Cox is a British academic and Professor of International Business History at the University of Worcester. His research covers international business, industrial and corporate change, and the business history of various industries, including publishing, tobacco, alcoholic beverages, and food retailing.  He is a contributor to the History of Oxford University Press which will be published in 2016, and is an associate member of the Centre for Printing History and Culture (CPHC). His keynote lecture to the 2016 symposium of the CHPC was about the founder of John Bull, Horatio Bottomley and entitled "Horatio Bottomley and the Making of John Bull Magazine."

John Bull (magazine)
John Bull is the name of a succession of different periodicals published in the United Kingdom during the period 1820–1964. In its original form, a Sunday newspaper published from 1820 to 1892, John Bull was a champion of traditionalist conservatism. From 1906 to 1920, under Member of Parliament Horatio Bottomley, John Bull became a platform for his trenchant populist views. A 1946 relaunch by Odhams Press transformed John Bull magazine into something similar in style to the American magazine The Saturday Evening Post.

All versions of the publication intended to cash in on John Bull, the national personification of the United Kingdom in general and England in particular. (In political cartoons and similar graphic works, John Bull is usually depicted as a stout, middle-aged, country-dwelling, jolly and matter-of-fact man.)
Itezhi-Tezhi District
Itezhi-Tezhi District is a district of Zambia, located in Southern Province. The capital lies at Itezhi-Tezhi. As of the 2022 Zambian Census, the district had a population of 130,216 people.

It was moved from Southern Province to Central Province by President Michael Sata in 2012 and later moved back to Southern Province by president Hakainde Hichilema in 2021.

Districts of Zambia
The ten provinces of Zambia are divided into a total of 116 districts as of 2018.

Article 109 in part VIII of the constitution of Zambia deals with local government. It states only that there should be some form of local government, and that this local government should be based on democratically elected councils on the basis of universal adult suffrage.
Roberto Hernandez Stadium
Roberto Hernandez Stadium is a former minor league and current collegiate baseball stadium, located in Aiken, South Carolina. It is currently the home of the USC Aiken Pacers. Built in 2003, the stadium was named after USC Aiken alumnus and former major league pitcher, Roberto Hernández. The stadium has a capacity of 1,000 and has a fully operational concession stand. The stadium also has a dedicated Hall of Fame to Hernandez, which contains several items of baseball memorabilia and awards belonging to him.

The stadium was briefly the home of the Aiken Foxhounds, of the South Coast League in 2007. The Foxhounds folded after the league went into bankruptcy and never returned.

USC Aiken Pacers
The USCA Pacers (formerly USC Aiken) are the athletic teams that represent the University of South Carolina Aiken, located in Aiken, South Carolina, in intercollegiate sports at the Division II level of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). The Pacers have primarily competed in the Peach Belt Conference since the 1990–91 academic year. The Pacers' primary rival is conference foe Augusta.

USCA competes in ten intercollegiate varsity sports. Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, golf, and soccer; while women's sports include basketball, cross country, soccer, softball, and volleyball. Men's and women's tennis were discontinued at the end of the 2018–19 school year. The Pacers also sponsor a co-ed Spirit Squad.
Harbor Mountain Press
Harbor Mountain Press is an American, nonprofit, poetry press located in White River Junction, Vermont. The press was founded by poet and editor Peter Money in 2006 (in Brownsville, Vermont). Notable authors published by the press include Alice B. Fogel, Sinan Antoon, Jan Clausen, Robert Farnsworth, Ana Merino, Laura Davies Foley, Elizabeth Robinson, Elena Georgiou, Norman MacAfee, and Mario Susko. Harbor Mountain Press titles have been reviewed in venues including Time, Library Journal, Bookslut and others. The press has received funding from the Byrne Foundation and Pentangle Council on the Arts and individual donors. Harbor Mountain Press titles are distributed by Small Press Distribution and GenPop Books.

Ana Merino
Ana Merino Norverto (born June 1971) is a Spanish poet, novelist, playwright, essayist and comics scholar. She won the Premio Nadal in 2020 for her novel El mapa de los afectos.

She belongs to the so-called "Generation of 2000" of Spanish poetry, and is the daughter of writer and academic José María Merino. Merino earned degrees in Modern and Contemporary History from the Autonomous University of Madrid, an MA in Columbus, Ohio, and a PhD from the University of Pittsburgh with a dissertation on Ibero-American comics. She is a professor at the University of Iowa, where she founded the MFA in Spanish Creative Writing, serving as its first director from 2011 to 2018. Merino is also a columnist for El País.
Long Binh Post
Long Binh Post (Tổng kho Long Bình) is a former U.S. Army base located in Long Bình, Đồng Nai between Biên Hòa and Saigon, Vietnam. The base functioned as a U.S. Army base, logistics center, and major command headquarters for United States Army Vietnam (USARV). Long Binh Post was also unofficially known as "Long Binh Junction", influenced by the widely used initials of then-President Lyndon B. Johnson.

Long Bình, Đồng Nai
Long Binh is a ward of Đồng Nai Province of Vietnam. It has an area of about 44.91 square kilometres (17.34 sq mi) and the population in 2025 was 168.614. Currently, it is the largest ward, also one of the most populous ward of the city.

Established in 1994, from the separation of two wards Tam Hòa and Phước Tân (the latter ward previously belonged to Long Thành district then). The ward is 7km away to the east from the city center.
Renee Chenault-Fattah
Renee Chenault-Fattah (born October 12, 1957) is an American journalist and former co-anchor of the WCAU NBC 10 News at 4 and 6 p.m. on weeknights in Philadelphia. She worked as a lawyer in New York City in the 1980s. She is married to former U.S. Representative Chaka Fattah.

WCAU
WCAU (channel 10) is a television station in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, serving the Delaware Valley. It is owned and operated by the NBC television network through its NBC Owned Television Stations division.

Under common ownership with Mount Laurel, New Jersey–licensed Telemundo outlet WWSI (channel 62) and regional sports network NBC Sports Philadelphia, both WCAU and WWSI share studios in the Comcast Technology Center on Arch Street in Center City, with some operations remaining at their former main studio at the corner of City Avenue and Monument Road in Bala Cynwyd. The stations broadcast from the same transmitter in the Roxborough section of Philadelphia.
Campiglia Cervo
Campiglia Cervo is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Biella in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 70 kilometres (43 mi) northeast of Turin and about 4 kilometres (2 mi) northwest of Biella. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 176 and an area of 11.7 square kilometres (4.5 mi2).

Campiglia Cervo borders the following municipalities: Andorno Micca, Mosso, Piedicavallo, Quittengo, Rosazza,  Valle Mosso. From 1 January 2016 Campiglia Cervo also encompasses two former neighbouring municipalities, Quittengo and San Paolo Cervo.

Valle Mosso
Valle Mosso was a comune (municipality) in the Province of Biella in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 75 kilometres (47 mi) northeast of Turin, 85 kilometres (53 mi) northwest of Milan and 9 kilometres (6 mi) northeast of Biella. As of 31 December 2004 it had a population of 3,965 and an area of 8.9 square kilometres (3.4 sq mi).
Segmented mirror
A segmented mirror is an array of smaller mirrors designed to act as segments of a single large curved mirror. The segments can be either spherical or asymmetric (if they are part of a larger parabolic reflector). They are used as objectives for large reflecting telescopes. To function, all the mirror segments have to be polished to a precise shape and actively aligned by a computer-controlled active optics system using actuators built into the mirror support cell.

The concept was pioneered by Guido Horn D'Arturo, who built the first working segmented mirror in 1952, after twenty years of research; It was later independently rediscovered and further developed under the leadership of Dr. Jerry Nelson at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and University of California during the 1980s, and since then all the necessary technologies have spread worldwide to the point that essentially all future large optical telescopes plan to use segmented mirrors.

Jerry Nelson (astronomer)
Jerry Earl Nelson (January 15, 1944 – June 10, 2017) was an American astronomer known for his pioneering work designing segmented mirror telescopes, which led to him sharing the 2010 Kavli Prize for Astrophysics.

He was the principal designer and project scientist for the Keck telescopes.
Livonian Chronicle of Henry
The Livonian Chronicle of Henry (Latin: Heinrici Cronicon Lyvoniae) is a Latin narrative of events in Livonia (roughly corresponding to today's Estonia and Latvia) and surrounding areas from 1180 to 1227. It was written c. 1229 by a priest named Henry. Apart from some references in Gesta Danorum – a patriotic work by the 12th-century Danish historian Saxo Grammaticus – and few mentions in the Primary Chronicle compiled in Kievan Rus', the Chronicle of Henry is the oldest known written document about the history of Estonia and Latvia.

Albert of Riga
Albert of Riga or Albert of Livonia (c. 1165 – 17 January 1229) was the third Catholic Bishop of Riga in Livonia. As the Bishop of Livonia, in 1201, he founded Riga, the modern capital city of Latvia, and the city was later made a bishopric. The building of the Riga Cathedral started during his tenure there in 1221.

Albert headed the armed forces that forcibly converted the pagan indigenous population of the eastern Baltic region to Christianity as a result of the Northern Crusades.
1949 Norwegian Football Cup
The 1949 Norwegian Football Cup was the 44th season of the Norwegian annual knockout football tournament. The tournament was open for all members of NFF, except those from Northern Norway. The final was played at Ullevaal Stadion in Oslo on 23 October 1949, and was contested by the defending champions Sarpsborg and the one-time former winners Skeid. Sarpsborg successfully defended their title with a 3–1 victory, securing their fifth Norwegian Cup trophy.

Sarpsborg FK
Sarpsborg Fotballklubb is a Norwegian football club from Sarpsborg, Østfold. It was founded on 8 May 1903. Sarpsborg is one of the most successful teams in the Norwegian Football Cup, with six titles and twelve finals in total. In 2007, the club merged into the club that is now called Sarpsborg 08, and today Sarpsborg FK is an amateur club playing in the 4. divisjon, the fifth tier of Norwegian league system.
Yarri Kamara
Yarri Kamara is a Sierra Leonean-Ugandan policy researcher, writer and literary translator of French and Italian.

Kamara's essays and poems have featured in publications including Courrier International, Lolwe, Brittle Paper, Africa is a Country, The Republic, African Arguments and Welt-Sichten. For her non-fiction and poetry, she has been awarded a Villa Saint-Louis Ndar residency and a Goethe Institut African Writers residency, as well as a Sevhage Literary Prize shortlist. In 2023, she was an editor of Sahara: A Thousand Paths Into the Future, an anthology dedicated to the voices of the Sahara, intended as an accompaniment to the Swiss arts festival, Culturescapes.

Kamara's 2022 translation of Burkinabé author Monique Ilboudo’s So Distant From My Life was the winner of a PEN Heim Award and was shortlisted for the US National Translation in Prose Award in 2023.

Monique Ilboudo
Monique Ilboudo (born 1959) is an author and human rights activist from Burkina Faso.  As of 2012, she was Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Burkina Faso to the Nordic and Baltic countries.
Avenue Franklin Roosevelt
The Avenue Franklin Roosevelt (French, pronounced [avny fʁɑ̃klɛ̃ ʁuz(ə)vɛlt]) or Franklin Rooseveltlaan (Dutch, pronounced [ˈfrɛŋklɪn ˈroːzəvɛltˌlaːn]) is a major thoroughfare in Brussels, Belgium. It is located in the southern part of the City of Brussels, near the border with the municipality of Ixelles, where it runs parallel to the Bois de la Cambre/Ter Kamerenbos. It is named in honour of the 32nd president of the United States, Franklin Delano Roosevelt.

The Avenue Franklin Roosevelt is known as one of the most beautiful avenues in Brussels. Many of the houses on the avenue date from the Interwar period. It also houses many embassies and residences of ambassadors.

Neighbourhoods in Brussels
There are several neighbourhoods in Brussels, Belgium. Their names and borders are not officially defined, and they might vary occasionally. The districts listed by the Brussels-Capital Region have a statistical purpose, and therefore do not always correspond to the historic municipal districts. In addition, their borders are not necessarily identical according to regional or municipal sources, and may thus overlap.
Stephen Altschul
Stephen Frank Altschul (born February 28, 1957) is an American mathematician who has designed algorithms that are used in the field of bioinformatics (the Karlin–Altschul algorithm and its successors). Altschul is the co-author of the BLAST algorithm used for sequence analysis of proteins and nucleotides.

BLAST (biotechnology)
In bioinformatics, BLAST (basic local alignment search tool) is an algorithm and program for comparing primary biological sequence information, such as the amino-acid sequences of proteins , nucleotides of DNA and/or RNA sequences. A BLAST search enables a researcher to compare a subject protein or nucleotide sequence (called a query) with a library or database of sequences, and identify database sequences that resemble the query sequence above a certain threshold. For example, following the discovery of a previously unknown gene in the mouse, a scientist will typically perform a BLAST search of the human genome to see if humans carry a similar gene; BLAST will identify sequences in the human genome that resemble the mouse gene based on similarity of sequence.
Beaumont United High School
Beaumont United High School is a public high school in Beaumont, Texas. It is one of two high schools in the Beaumont Independent School District, serving its eastern half, and was established in fall 2018 by the merger of Clifton J. Ozen High School and Central High School. United uses the former Ozen campus, and the new school offers all of the courses offered at the former schools. The students of Ozen and Central voted on the school name, colors, and team name.

Beaumont Independent School District
Beaumont Independent School District is a U.S. public school district serving Beaumont in Southeast Texas. The district originated in the annexation of the former Beaumont ISD by the South Park Independent School District after its trustees voted in 1983 to dissolve it as the culmination of a struggle over desegregation of both districts. The original Beaumont ISD had previously absorbed the smaller French ISD.

As of May 2025, the district operates 14 elementary schools, 4 middle schools, 3 high schools, a Headstart center, and 3 other specialized and alternative learning centers. Since April 2014, it has been under direct state control, with a superintendent and board of managers appointed by the Texas Education Agency.
Shruti Bhist
Shruti Bhist (born 22 January 2003) is an Indian film and television actress. She played Ira in Ek Nayi Chhoti Si Zindagi. In 2011, she appeared in the television serial Hitler Didi as Indu.
She also played as Saloni in the fairy adventure comedy series Baal Veer on SAB TV. She also appeared in famous web series The Family Man as Mahima.

Ek Nayi Chhoti Si Zindagi
Chhoti Si Zindagi — later renamed Ek Nayi Chhoti Si Zindagi — (International Title: Silver Lining) was an Indian television series that aired on Zee TV. It was based on the lives of two orphan sisters, Isha and Ira. It was produced by J.D. Majethia's Hats Off Productions and shot in areas in Northern India like Kasauli, Himachal Pradesh. The series premiered on 4 April 2011 and starred  Pavan Malhotra and Sushmita Mukherjee.
Dick Ebersol
Duncan Richard Ebersol (/ˈɛbərsɒl/; born July 28, 1947) is an American television executive and a senior adviser for NBC Universal Sports & Olympics. He had previously been the chairman of NBC Sports, producing large-scale television events such as the Olympic Games and National Football League broadcasts.

Friday Night Videos
Friday Night Videos is an American music video/variety program that aired from July 29, 1983, to May 24, 2002, on NBC. Originally developed as an attempt by the network to capitalize on the emerging popularity of music videos, which had been brought into the mainstream by MTV during the early 1980s, the program shifted over to a general music focus in 1990, mixing in live music performances alongside the video showcases. Upon being retitled Friday Night in 1994, its format was expanded to incorporate a variety of entertainment content to supplement, and eventually surpass, the music videos. The program evolved into its final format in 2001 under the title Late Friday, removing the music and feature segments and becoming dedicated solely to showcasing new stand-up comedy talent.
Witolub
Witolub [viˈtɔlup] is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Karlino, within Białogard County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately 4 km (2 mi) north-east of Karlino, 9 km (6 mi) north-west of Białogard, and 114 km (71 mi) north-east of the regional capital Szczecin.

For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

Gmina Karlino
Gmina Karlino is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Białogard County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. Its seat is the town of Karlino, which lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) north-west of Białogard and 110 km (68 mi) north-east of the regional capital Szczecin.

The gmina covers an area of 141.02 square kilometres (54.4 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 9,168 (out of which the population of Karlino amounts to 5,794, and the population of the rural part of the gmina is 3,374).