hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Brownian tree
In probability theory, the Brownian tree, or Aldous tree, or Continuum Random Tree (CRT) is a random real tree that can be defined from a Brownian excursion. The Brownian tree was defined and studied by David Aldous in three articles published in 1991 and 1993. This tree has since then been generalized.

This random tree has several equivalent definitions and constructions: using sub-trees generated by finitely many leaves, using a Brownian excursion, Poisson separating a straight line or as a limit of Galton-Watson trees.

Intuitively, the Brownian tree is a binary tree whose nodes (or branching points) are dense in the tree; which is to say that for any distinct two points of the tree, there will always exist a node between them. It is a fractal object which can be approximated with computers or by physical processes with dendritic structures.

Brownian excursion
In probability theory a Brownian excursion process (BPE) is a stochastic process that is closely related to a Wiener process (or Brownian motion). Realisations of Brownian excursion processes are essentially just realizations of a Wiener process selected to satisfy certain conditions. In particular, a Brownian excursion process is a Wiener process conditioned to be positive and to take the value 0 at time 1. Alternatively, it is a Brownian bridge process conditioned to be positive. BEPs are important because, among other reasons, they naturally arise as the limit process of a number of conditional functional central limit theorems.
Arsenical keratosis
Arsenical keratosis (AK) is growth of keratin on the skin caused by arsenic,: 725  which occurs naturally in the Earth's crust and is widely distributed in the environment, Arsenical compounds are used in industrial, agricultural, and medicinal substances. Arsenic is also found to be an environmental contaminant in drinking water (well water) and an occupational hazard for miners and glass workers.: 640   Arsenic may also causes other conditions including: Bowen's disease, cardiovascular diseases, developmental abnormalities, neurologic and neurobehavioral disorders, diabetes, hearing loss, hematologic disorders, and various types of cancer. Arsenical keratoses may persist indefinitely, and some may develop into invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Metastatic arsenic squamous cell carcinoma and arsenic-induced malignancies in internal organs such as the bladder, kidney, skin, liver, and colon, may result in death.

Keratin
Keratin (/ˈkɛrətɪn/) is one of a family of structural fibrous proteins also known as scleroproteins. It is the key structural material making up scales, hair, nails, feathers, horns, claws, hooves, and the outer layer of skin in tetrapod vertebrates. Keratin also protects epithelial cells from damage or stress. Keratin is extremely insoluble in water and organic solvents. Keratin monomers assemble into bundles to form intermediate filaments, which are tough and form strong unmineralized epidermal appendages found in reptiles, birds, amphibians, and mammals.  Excessive keratinization participate in fortification of certain tissues such as in horns of cattle and rhinos, and armadillos' osteoderm. The only other biological matter known to approximate the toughness of keratinized tissue is chitin.
Keratin comes in two types: the primitive, softer forms found in all vertebrates and the harder, derived forms found only among sauropsids (reptiles and birds).
Stony Creek Branch
The Stony Creek Branch is a railway line in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. It runs 9.9 miles (15.9 km) from Lansdale, Pennsylvania, to Norristown, Pennsylvania, connecting the Bethlehem and Doylestown Branches with the Norristown Branch. Although SEPTA owns the line, it is freight-only. CSX Transportation, Norfolk Southern Railway, and the Pennsylvania Northeastern Railroad have trackage rights on the branch.

Lansdale, Pennsylvania
Lansdale is a borough in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is a densely populated commuter town, with many residents traveling daily to Philadelphia using SEPTA Regional Rail's Lansdale/Doylestown Line. In the year 1900, 2,754 people lived here; in 1910, 3,551; and in 1940, 9,316 people were inhabitants of Lansdale. The population was 18,773 at the 2020 census.

Lansdale is the center of the North Penn Valley, a region which includes the surrounding townships and boroughs. It is located 27 miles (43 km) southeast of Allentown and 21 miles (34 km) north of Philadelphia.
Llan Ffestiniog
Llan Ffestiniog, also known as Ffestiniog or simply Llan, is a village in Gwynedd (formerly in the county of Merionethshire), Wales, about 2 miles south of Blaenau Ffestiniog. Llan Ffestiniog is the older of the two communities, with its church and other buildings predating most of Blaenau Ffestiniog. The population was given as 864 in the 2011 census.

Merionethshire
Merionethshire, or Merioneth (Welsh: Meirionnydd or Sir Feirionnydd), was one of the thirteen counties of Wales that existed from 1536 until their abolition in 1974. It was located in the north-west of Wales.
Faisal Amin Khan Gandapur
Sardar Faisal Amin Khan Gandapur is a Pakistani politician who has been a member of the National Assembly of Pakistan since April 2024. He was a member of the Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa from October 2018 to January 2023.

He also served as the Provincial Minister of for Local Government, Elections, and Rural Development from November 2021 till January 2023.

Additionally, he has also worked in modeling and journalism.

Faisal Amin was a French citizen but on the advice of his brother Ali Amin Gandapur relinquished his citizenship in 2018 when he joined the active politics of Pakistan.

Ali Amin Gandapur
Sardar Ali Amin Khan Gandapur is a Pakistani politician who served as the 18th Chief Minister of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa from March 2024 to October 2025. He also served as the Federal Minister for Kashmir Affairs and Gilgit-Baltistan from 5 October 2018 to 10 April 2022. He had been a member of the National Assembly of Pakistan from August 2018 till January 2023.

Previously, he was a member of the Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa from 2013 to 2018 and served as Provincial Minister of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa for Revenue for the same period of time. He contested his first election in 2013, winning in PK-94 Dera Ismail Khan, he would win again later on in 2018. He contested 2 seats, PK-97 Dera Ismail Khan City 1, and NA-38, winning both seats. In 2024, he was elected again to a seat in the Provincial Assembly, winning in PK-113 Dera Ismail Khan.
Automatic lamp changer
An automatic lamp changer (or lampchanger) is a device used to ensure that a navigational light such as a marine lighthouse or aero beacon stays lit even if a bulb burns out. Numerous types exist. The common design elements are an array of two or more lamps (or bulbs), installed on a mounting which can rotate to various positions. Each position brings a different lamp into the focal point of an optical assembly. Since signal and navigational lights use sophisticated optics to focus the beam, lampchangers are designed to position the new bulb at the focal point with high precision. The device automatically detects when the currently active lamp has ceased to function and moves the next lamp into place.

Aerodrome beacon
An aerodrome beacon, airport beacon, rotating beacon or aeronautical beacon is a beacon installed at an airport or aerodrome to indicate its location to aircraft pilots at night.

An aerodrome beacon is mounted on top of a towering structure, often a control tower, above other buildings of the airport. It produces flashes similar to that of a lighthouse.

Airport and heliport beacons are designed in such a way to make them most effective from one to ten degrees above the horizon; however, they can be seen well above and below this peak spread. The beacon may be an omnidirectional flashing xenon strobe, or it may be an aerobeacon rotating at a constant speed which produces the visual effect of flashes at regular intervals. Flashes may be of one, two, or three alternating colors.
Planar chirality
Planar chirality, also known as 2D chirality, is the special case of chirality for two dimensions.

Most fundamentally, planar chirality is a mathematical term, finding use in chemistry, physics and related physical sciences, for example, in astronomy, optics and metamaterials. Recent occurrences in latter two fields are dominated by microwave and terahertz applications as well as micro- and nanostructured planar interfaces for infrared and visible light.

Chirality (mathematics)
In geometry, a figure is chiral (and said to have chirality) if it is not identical to its mirror image, or, more precisely, if it cannot be mapped to its mirror image by rotations and translations alone. An object that is not chiral is said to be achiral.

A chiral object and its mirror image are said to be enantiomorphs. The word chirality is derived from the Greek χείρ (cheir), the hand, the most familiar chiral object; the word enantiomorph stems from the Greek ἐναντίος (enantios) 'opposite' + μορφή (morphe) 'form'.
Jean Brette
Jean-Louis Brette (23 June 1929 – 20 November 2018) was a Général de corps d'armée of the French Army, who served in the French Foreign Legion and was the regimental commander of the 2nd Foreign Parachute Regiment 2e REP in 1974.

2nd Foreign Parachute Regiment
The 2nd Foreign Parachute Regiment (French: 2e Régiment étranger de parachutistes, 2e REP) is the only airborne regiment of the Foreign Legion in the French Army. It is one of the four infantry regiments of the 11th Parachute Brigade and part of the spearhead of the French rapid reaction force.

Since the regiment's arrival from Algeria in 1967, it has been stationed at Camp Raffalli near the town of Calvi on the island of Corsica, south of mainland France. The regiment is also equipped with Véhicule de l'Avant Blindé.
Evje
Evje is a former municipality in the old Aust-Agder county in Norway. The 177-square-kilometre (68 sq mi) municipality existed from 1877 until 1960. It was located in what is now the eastern part of the present-day municipality of Evje og Hornnes in the Setesdal valley of Agder county. The administrative centre was the village of Evje where the Evje Church is located. The lake Høvringsvatnet is located about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) northeast of the village.

Evje Church
Evje Church (Norwegian: Evje kirke) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Evje og Hornnes Municipality in Agder county, Norway. It is located at the north end of the village of Evje. It is one of the churches for the Evje og Hornnes parish which is part of the Otredal prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Agder og Telemark. The white, wooden church was built in a Swiss chalet style with a cruciform design in 1891 using plans drawn up by an unknown architect. The church seats about 450 people.
Kalghatgi Assembly constituency
Kalghatgi- Alnavar Assembly constituency is one of the 224 Legislative Assembly constituencies of Karnataka in India.

It is part of Dharwad district. As of 2023, it is represented by Santosh Lad of the Indian National Congress party.

Dharwad district
Dharwad district or Dharawada is an administrative district of the state of Karnataka in southern India. The administrative headquarters of the district is the city of Dharwad, also known as Dharwar. Dharwad is located 425 km northwest of Bangalore and 421 km southeast of Pune, on the main highway between Chennai and Pune, the National Highway 4 (NH4).

Before 1997 the district had an area of 13738 km2. In 1997, the new districts of Gadag and Haveri were carved out of Dharwad's former territory, and a portion of Dharwad district was combined with lands formerly part of three other districts to create the new district of Davanagere.
Gavin St Pier
Gavin Anthony St Pier (born January 1967) is an elected deputy in the States of Guernsey and former president of the Policy and Resources Committee. He has been a prominent figure in Guernsey politics since 2012 and is currently the leader of the Forward Guernsey political party.

President of the Policy and Resources Committee of Guernsey
The President of the Policy and Resources Committee (P&RC president), also known as the Chief Minister of Guernsey, is the head of government of Guernsey and chair of the Policy and Resources Committee. The head of government is not directly elected by the people but rather by the legislature, the States of Guernsey.

The current P&RC president is Lindsay de Sausmarez.
GRACE (organization)
GRACE (Godly Response to Abuse in the Christian Environment ) is a Virginia 501(c)(3) non-profit organization to help Christian groups confront sexual abuses, psychological abuses and physical abuses. Its headquarters are at Lynchburg, Virginia, United States.

Psychological abuse
Psychological abuse, often known as emotional abuse or mental abuse, is a form of abuse characterized by a person knowingly or intentionally exposing another person to a behavior that results in psychological trauma, including anxiety, chronic depression, clinical depression or post-traumatic stress disorder amongst other psychological reactions.

It is often associated with situations of controlling behavior in abusive relationships, and may include bullying, gaslighting, abuse in the workplace, amongst other behaviors that may cause an individual to feel unsafe.
Gent-Sint-Pieters railway station
Gent-Sint-Pieters railway station (Dutch: Station Gent-Sint-Pieters; French: Gare de Gand-Saint-Pierre) is the main railway station in Ghent, East Flanders, Belgium, and the fourth-busiest in Belgium and busiest in Flanders, with 17.65 million passengers a year. The station is operated by the National Railway Company of Belgium (NMBS/SNCB).

East Flanders
East Flanders (Dutch: Oost-Vlaanderen [ˌoːst ˈflaːndərə(n)] ⓘ; French: Flandre-Orientale [flɑ̃dʁ ɔʁjɑ̃tal] ⓘ; German: Ostflandern [ˈɔstˌflandɐn] ⓘ; West Flemish: Ôost-Vloandern) is a province of Belgium. It borders (clockwise from the North) the Dutch province of Zeeland and the Belgian provinces of Antwerp, Flemish Brabant, Hainaut and West Flanders. It has an area of 3,007 km2 (1,161 sq mi), divided into six administrative districts containing 60 municipalities, and a population of over 1.57 million as of January 2024. The capital is Ghent, home to the Ghent University and the Port of Ghent.
West Holstein Railway Company
The West Holstein Railway Company was founded in 1875 with the aim of connecting the west Holstein region in the present-day district of Dithmarschen in the German state of Schleswig-Holstein with the railway junction of Neumünster and beyond with the cities of Kiel and Lübeck. Its creation involved the Kingdom of Prussia, the Altona-Kiel Railway Company, neighbouring villages and towns and the town of Tonning.

Tönning
Tönning (German pronunciation: [ˈtœnɪŋ] ⓘ; Low German: Tünn, Tönn or Tönnen; Danish: Tønning; North Frisian: Taning) is a town in the district of Nordfriesland in the German state of Schleswig-Holstein.
Danuel House Jr.
Danuel Kennedy House Jr. (born June 7, 1993) is an American professional basketball player who last played for the Philadelphia 76ers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played two seasons of college basketball for the Houston Cougars before transferring to the Texas A&M Aggies. During his senior season, he was instrumental in the Aggies' first share of a regular-season Southeastern Conference (SEC) championship, as well as their run to the Sweet Sixteen in the 2016 NCAA tournament.

Houston Cougars men's basketball
The Houston Cougars men's basketball team represents the University of Houston in Houston, Texas, in NCAA Division I men's basketball competition. They compete as members of the Big 12 Conference. In addition to 26 NCAA tournament appearances, the Cougars have won 22 conference championships and have had several players and a coach elected to the Basketball Hall of Fame.
Klamath people
The Klamath people are a Native American tribe of the Plateau culture area in Southern Oregon and Northern California. Today Klamath people are enrolled in the federally recognized tribes:

Klamath Tribes (Klamath, Modoc, and Yahooskin (Yahuskin) Band of Northern Paiute Indians), Oregon

Quartz Valley Indian Community (Klamath, Karuk (Karok), and Shasta (Chasta) people), California.

Karuk
The Karuk people (Karok: káruk va'áraaras) are an indigenous people of California, and the Karuk Tribe is one of the largest tribes in California. Karuks are also enrolled in two other federally recognized tribes, the Cher-Ae Heights Indian Community of the Trinidad Rancheria and the Quartz Valley Indian Community.

Happy Camp, California, is located in the heart of the Karuk Tribe's ancestral territory, which extends along the Klamath River from Bluff Creek (near the community of Orleans in Humboldt County) through Siskiyou County and into Southern Oregon.
John Chrysestom Muyingo
John Chrysestom Muyingo is a Ugandan educator and politician. He is the State Minister for Higher Education in the Ugandan Cabinet. He was appointed to that position on 6 June 2016. He previously served as the State Minister for Primary Education from 1 March 2015 until 5 June 2016. Before that, from 27 May 2011 until 1 March 2015, he served as the State Minister for Higher Education, having replaced Mwesigwa Rukutana in May 2011. Muyingo was also the elected Member of Parliament for Bamunanika County, Luweero District. In the 2021 general elections he lost the seat to his former campaign manager and personal assistant, Robert Ssekitoleko who run on the National Unity Platform party ticket.

Parliament of Uganda
The Parliament of Uganda is the unicameral legislature of the Republic of Uganda. One of its primary functions is to pass laws that support effective governance in the country. Government ministers are required to answer to the people's representatives on the floor of the house and may be appointed from amongst its members.

Through the various parliamentary committees, parliament scrutinises government programmes, particularly as outlined in the State of the Nation address by the president. Fiscal matters, such as taxation and loans, require parliamentary approval after appropriate debate.Parliament also holds the authority to confirm certain presidential nominations and, through a motion of censure, may compel a Minister to resign.
Chah Mosafer Rural District
Chah Mosafer Rural District (Persian: دهستان چاه مسافر) is in Kuh Yakhab District of Eshqabad County, South Khorasan province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Chah Mosafer, whose population at the time of the 2016 National Census was 122 people in 35 households.

Kuh Yakhab District
Kuh Yakhab District (Persian: بخش کوه یخاب) is in Eshqabad County of South Khorasan province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Tappeh Taq, whose population at the time of the 2016 National Census was 439 people in 121 households.
Julia Grosso (American soccer)
Julia Grosso (born December 10, 1998) is an American professional soccer player who plays as a defender for USL Super League club Fort Lauderdale United. She played college soccer for the Kentucky Wildcats and began her professional career with A-League Women club Melbourne City, receiving the club's Player of the Year award in 2023.

Melbourne City FC Player of the Year
The Melbourne City Player of the Year award, more commonly known as the Scott Jamieson Medal is an official award given by Melbourne City Football Club to the best performing player (men's and women's) from the club over the course of the season.

The inaugural men's award was handed to Clint Bolton in 2011, and the inaugural women's award was handed to Aivi Luik in 2015.

Kai Trewin is the most recent men's winner of the award, following the 2024–25 men's season and Taylor Otto is the most recent women's winner of the award, following the 2024–25 women's season.
Holbæk (nomination district)
Holbæk nominating district is one of the 92 nominating districts that exists for Danish elections following the 2007 municipal reform. It consists of Holbæk Municipality. It was created in 1849 as a constituency, and has been a nomination district since 1920, though its boundaries have been changed since then.

In general elections, the district often votes close to the national results when looking at the voter split between the two blocs. However it has trended towards voting more for parties commonly associated with the red bloc, and was one of only two nomination districts where the bloc increased their vote share in the 2022 election.

Elections in Denmark
There are three types of elections in Denmark: elections to the national parliament (the Folketing), local elections (to municipal and regional councils), and elections to the European Parliament. Referendums may also be called to consult the Danish citizens directly on an issue of national concern.

Parliamentary elections are called by the Monarch on the advice of the Prime Minister, usually three to four years after the last election, although early elections may occur. Elections to local councils (municipal or regional) and to the European Parliament are held on fixed dates. Elections use the party-list proportional representation system. All Danish citizens, living in the Kingdom of Denmark and at least 18 years of age, are eligible to vote in parliamentary elections and long-time residents may vote in local elections.
Natasha Anasi
Natasha Moraa Anasi-Erlingsson (born 2 October 1991) is a professional footballer who plays as a defender for Grindavík/Njarðvík of the  Besta deild kvenna.

Born and raised in the United States, Anasi played college football for the Duke Blue Devils before moving to Iceland in 2014, where she joined Úrvalsdeild kvenna club ÍBV. She moved to fellow Icelandic club Keflavík ÍF in 2017. After receiving Icelandic citizenship in December 2019, Anasi made her international debut for the Iceland national team in March 2020.

Keflavík ÍF
Keflavík ÍF (Keflavík, íþrótta- og ungmennafélag, lit. 'Keflavík, sports and youth association') is an Icelandic sports club, from the town of Reykjanesbær.  The club has several divisions for different sports: football, basketball, swimming, gymnastics, badminton, shooting, and taekwondo. Its biggest divisions are Knattspyrnudeild Keflavíkur (football) and Körfuknattleiksdeild Keflavíkur (basketball).
Anton Haselmayer
Anton Haselmayer (12 April 1895 – 22 January 1962) was a German journalist and an early member of the Nazi Party who served as the Gauleiter of Gau Hesse-Nassau South in 1925–1926, but was later dismissed and expelled from the Party. He became a lawyer, but his petitions for reinstatement were repeatedly denied and little is known of his subsequent life.

Gauleiter
A Gauleiter (German pronunciation: [ˈɡaʊlaɪtɐ] ⓘ) was a regional leader of the Nazi Party (NSDAP) who served as the head of a Gau or Reichsgau. Gauleiter was the third-highest rank in the Nazi political leadership, subordinate only to Reichsleiter and to the Führer himself. The position was effectively abolished with the fall of the Nazi regime on 8 May 1945.
Pedro María de Anaya
Pedro Bernardino María de Anaya y Álvarez (20 May 1794 – 21 March 1854) was a Mexican soldier who served twice as interim president of Mexico during the Mexican-American War. Inbetween presidencies, he directly participated in the fighting as an officer, distinguishing himself at the Battle of Churubusco.

Battle of Churubusco
The Battle of Churubusco took place on August 20, 1847, while Santa Anna's army was in retreat from the Battle of Contreras or Battle of Padierna during the Mexican–American War. It was the battle where the San Patricio Battalion, made up largely of US deserters, made their last stand against U.S. forces. The U.S. Army was victorious, outnumbering more than six-to-one the defending Mexican troops. After the battle, the U.S. Army was only 5 miles (8 km) away from Mexico City. 50 Saint Patrick's Battalion members were officially executed by the U.S. Army, all but two by hanging. Collectively, this was the largest mass execution in United States history.