hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Degree of a continuous mapping
In topology, the degree of a continuous mapping between two compact oriented manifolds of the same dimension is a number that represents the number of times that the domain manifold wraps around the range manifold under the mapping. The degree is always an integer, but may be positive or negative depending on the orientations.

The degree of a map between general manifolds was first defined by Brouwer, who showed that the degree is homotopy invariant and used it to prove the Brouwer fixed point theorem. Less general forms of the concept existed before Brouwer, such as the winding number and the Kronecker characteristic (or Kronecker integral).

In modern mathematics, the degree of a map plays an important role in topology and geometry. In physics, the degree of a continuous map (for instance a map from space to some order parameter set) is one example of a topological quantum number.

Homotopy
In topology, two continuous functions from one topological space to another are called homotopic (from Ancient Greek: ὁμός homós 'same, similar' and τόπος tópos 'place') if one can be "continuously deformed" into the other, such a deformation being called a homotopy (/həˈmɒtəpiː/ hə-MOT-ə-pee; /ˈhoʊmoʊˌtoʊpiː/ HOH-moh-toh-pee) between the two functions. A notable use of homotopy is the definition of homotopy groups and cohomotopy groups, important invariants in algebraic topology.

In practice, there are technical difficulties in using homotopies with certain spaces. Algebraic topologists work with compactly generated spaces, CW complexes, or spectra.
Uzzal
Ashraf Uddin Ahmed Uzzal (known by the stage name Uzzal; 28 April 1946) is a Bangladeshi film actor, producer and director. He made his film debut in the Subhash Dutta directed film Binimoy. In addition to acting, he also produced and directed films. He acted in over 100 films and also in about 100 television plays. Notable films in which he starred include Arunodoyer Agnishakkhi and Nalish. His directorial works include Shakti Porikkha, Tibro Protibad, and Paaper Shasti.

Subhash Dutta
Subhash Dutta (9 February 1930 – 16 November 2012) was a Bangladeshi filmmaker, theater and film actor. He started his career as a commercial artist. Dutta was heavily influenced by Satyajit Ray and his deep affection towards Satyajit earned him the nickname "Duttajit".
Ahenk
The ahenk is a fretless stringed instrument from Turkey, invented by Süleyman Suat Sezgin in 1929. It was designed to be played like the oud. The instrument is similar to a banjo; like the banjo it uses has a reflector bowl as a resonator. On the ahenk, the bowl is made of wood. The front resembles a banjo, with a bridge between the strings and a skin head, similar to that used on a kanun. The skin head does not cover the whole front of the instrument, instead the instrument has a wooden front with a hole for the skin, and two or more sound holes.  It is similar to the Cumbus by having an adjustable neck, adjusted by turning a wing-nut.

Unlike the Cumbus, another Turkish banjo invented in the early 20th century, the instrument has nearly disappeared. There is a renewed interest in the instrument, which is being built in Istanbul and in Eskişehir (where it was invented).

Cümbüş
The cümbüş (/dʒuːmˈbuːʃ/; Turkish pronunciation: [dʒymˈbyʃ]) is a Turkish stringed instrument of relatively modern origin. It was developed in 1930 by Zeynel Abidin Cümbüş as an oud-like instrument that could be heard as part of a larger ensemble.

The cümbüş is shaped like an American banjo, with a spun-aluminum resonator bowl and skin soundboard. Although originally configured as an oud, the instrument has been converted to other instruments by attaching a different set of neck and strings. The standard cümbüş is fretless, but guitar, mandolin and ukulele versions have fretboards. The neck is adjustable, allowing the musician to change the angle of the neck to its strings by turning a screw. One model is made with a wooden resonator bowl, with the effect of a less tinny, softer sound.
Paopi
Paopi (Coptic: Ⲡⲁⲱⲡⲉ, Paōpe), also known as Phaophi (Ancient Greek: Φαωφί, Phaōphí) and Babah (Arabic: بابه, Baba), is the second month of the ancient Egyptian and Coptic calendars. It lasts between 11 October and 9 November of the Gregorian calendar, unless the previous Coptic year was a leap year.

The month of Paopi is the second month of the Season of Akhet (Inundation) in Ancient Egypt, when the Nile floods inundated the land. (They have not done so since the construction of the High Dam at Aswan.)

Coptic calendar
The Coptic calendar, also called the Alexandrian calendar, is a liturgical calendar used by the farming populace in Egypt and used by the Coptic Orthodox and Coptic Catholic churches. It was used for fiscal purposes in Egypt until the adoption of the Gregorian calendar on 11 September 1875 (1st Thout 1592 AM). Like the Julian calendar (and unlike the international Gregorian calendar), the Coptic calendar has a leap year every four years invariably; it does not skip leap years three times every 400 years.
Kishangarh Bas Assembly constituency
Kishangarh Bas Assembly constituency is one of the 200 Legislative Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan state in India.

It is part of Alwar district. As of 2023, it is represented by Deepchand Khairiya of the Indian National Congress.

Alwar district
Alwar district is a district in the state of Rajasthan in northern India, whose district headquarters is Alwar city. The district covers 8,337 km2. It is bound on the north by Khairthal Tijara and Kot Behror district of Rajasthan, on the east by Bharatpur district of Rajasthan and Nuh district of Haryana, on the south by Dausa district, and on the west by Jaipur district.

As of 2011, it is the third most populous district of Rajasthan (out of 33), after Jaipur and Jodhpur.
Eastern Coastal Plains
The Eastern Coastal Plains is a stretch of landmass lying between the eastern part of the Deccan Plateau and the Bay of Bengal in India. The plains stretch from the Mahanadi delta to Kaniyakumari at the southern tip of the Indian peninsula with the Eastern Ghats forming its rough western boundary. It is wider and leveled than the Western Coastal Plains and traverses the states of Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu.

The plains are broadly divided into three subdivisions–Utkal Plains in the north, Andhra plains in the center, and Tamil Nadu plains in the south. The plains are fertile as it forms part of the deltas of major peninsular rivers such as Godavari, Krishna, Mahanadi, and Kaveri.

Coromandel Coast
13°22′00″N 80°20′00″E﻿ / ﻿13.3667°N 80.3333°E﻿ / 13.3667; 80.3333

The Coromandel Coast is a coastal region along the southeastern front of the Indian peninsula. Its delimitations are numerous, but generally admitted to be bounded by the Krishna river mouth to the north, the Bay of Bengal to the east, the Point Calimere cape to the south, and the Eastern Ghats to the west. Some may define its northern boundaries up to Ganjam. This region can be extending over an area of about 22,800 square kilometres. The coast has an average elevation of 80 metres and is backed by the Eastern Ghats, a chain of low lying and flat-topped hills.

The land of the Chola dynasty was called Cholamandalam in Tamil, literally translated as "the realm of the Cholas", from which Coromandel is derived.

In historical Muslim sources from the 12th century onward, the Coromandel Coast was notably called as Maʿbar Coast.
Barrow Blitz
The Barrow Blitz is the name given to the Luftwaffe bombings of Barrow-in-Furness, United Kingdom during World War II. They took place primarily during April and May 1941, although the earliest Luftwaffe bombing occurred in September 1940. VSEL shipyard was the main target for bombing alongside Barrow's steelworks, which were formerly the largest in the world.

Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering
Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering Limited (VSEL) was a shipbuilding company based at Barrow-in-Furness, England that built warships, civilian ships, submarines and armaments. The company was historically the Naval Construction Works of Vickers Armstrongs and has a heritage of building large naval warships and armaments. Through a complicated history the company's shipbuilding division is now BAE Systems Submarine Solutions and the armaments division is now part of BAE Systems Land & Armaments.
Grindlow
Grindlow is a farming hamlet of a dozen or so houses that nestles under Hucklow Edge in the Derbyshire Peak District. Although it is a separate civil parish in the Derbyshire Dales District, the Parish Council is joint with Great Hucklow, its near neighbour, and Little Hucklow. The village lies north of the A623 road as it crosses Wardlow Mires. It is a familiar stop for groups of walkers passing through from Foolow, Wardlow and Abney.

At its centre lies Grind Low, a small limestone knoll surmounted by a few trees. There are also two Bronze Age burial mounds near the footpath to Foolow.

Grindlow was a mining village for many centuries. After the demise of mining, agriculture remained as the principal form of income.

Wardlow, Derbyshire
Wardlow is a parish and linear village in the Derbyshire Dales two miles from Tideswell, Derbyshire, England. The population at the 2011 census was 118.  The village contains the church of the Good Shepherd and the small hamlet of Wardlow Mires, which contains a notable pub, The Three Stags' Heads.
Northampton and Rutland Militia
The Northampton and Rutland Militia was an auxiliary unit formed in 1860 by the merger of the militia regiments of Northamptonshire and Rutlandshire in the East Midlands of England. The regiment trained regularly in peacetime and served during periods of international tension and major wars, relieving regular troops from routine garrison duties. It became a battalion of the Northamptonshire Regiment in 1881, serving in the Second Boer War and training thousands of officers and men during World War I. After a shadowy postwar existence, it was finally disbanded in 1953.

Militia (United Kingdom)
The British Militia was the principal military reserve force of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Militia units were repeatedly raised in Great Britain during the Victorian and Edwardian eras for internal security duties and to defend against external invasions. The British Militia was transformed into the Special Reserve under the Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907 (7 Edw. 7. c. 9), which integrated all militia formations into the British Army.
Gynacantha rosenbergi
Gynacantha rosenbergi is a species of dragonfly in the family Aeshnidae, 
known as the grey duskhawker. 
It inhabits still waters and is found in New Guinea, Indonesia, through parts of northern Australia, 
as well as islands in the south Pacific.

Aeshnidae
Aeshnidae, also called aeshnids, hawkers, or darners, is a family of dragonflies, found nearly worldwide, with more than 50 genera and over 450 species.

The family includes some of the largest dragonflies, and can be over three inches long.
Nicole Soranzo
Nicole Soranzo FMedSci is an Italian-British senior group leader in human genetics at the Wellcome Sanger Institute, Professor of Human Genetics at the University of Cambridge. She is an internationally recognised Human Geneticist who has focused on the application of cutting edge genomic technologies to study the spectrum of human genetic variation associated with cardio-metabolic and immune diseases. She has led many large-scale discovery efforts including more than 1,000 novel genetic variants associated with cardio-metabolic diseases and their risk factors as well as establishing the HaemGen consortium, which is a worldwide effort to discover genetic determinants of blood cell formation and also interpretation of the downstream consequences of sequence variation through a host of integrative analyses and functional approaches.

Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences
Fellowship of the Academy of Medical Sciences (FMedSci) is an award for medical scientists who are judged by the UK Academy of Medical Sciences for the "excellence of their science, their contribution to medicine and society and the range of their achievements".
Budshah Bridge
Budshah Bridge, locally also known as Budshah Kadal, is a concrete bridge located in the Srinagar city of the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir. It was first built in 1957 during the rule of Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad and is named after the 15th Century ruler of Kashmir, Zain-ul-Abidin, popularly known as Budshah (the Great King).

The bridge is also known as Alamgir Bridge. It is located more than 100 metres downstream of Amira Kadal and handles most of the vehicular traffic from the Civil Secretariat to the Maulana Azad Road. In 2017, colourful fountains were installed on either side of the bridge as part of a beautification programme for the city.

Amira Kadal
Amira Kadal (Urdu pronunciation: [əmiːɾɑː kəd̪əl] ; Kashmiri pronunciation: [əmraː kəd̪ɨl]) is a bridge built in 1774–77 by the Afghan Governor Amir Khan Sher Jawan. Of all the seven historical bridges of Srinagar, the Amira Kadal Bridge also referred to as the "first Bridge" is a relatively newer one if compared with the rest of the six bridges. This bridge has been witness to many events of historical importance.
Traxamillion
Sultan Banks (February 26, 1979 – January 2, 2022), better known as Traxamillion, was an American hip hop producer. He  produced records such as Keak da Sneak's "Super Hyphy" and Dem Hoodstarz "Grown Man Remix". His first album, The Slapp Addict, was a compilation of Bay Area hyphy artists and was released August 22, 2006.

Keak da Sneak
Charles Kente Williams (né Bowens; born October 21, 1977), better known by his stage name Keak da Sneak, is an American rapper from Oakland, California. He is known for his gravelly voice, for coining the term "hyphy" in 1994, and for his contributions to the hyphy movement.

He has collaborated frequently with fellow West Coast rapper E-40.
Gangotri National Park
Gangotri National Park is a national park in Uttarkashi District in Uttarakhand state of India, covering about 2,390 km2 (920 sq mi). Its habitat consists of coniferous forests, alpine meadows and glaciers. Gomukh at Gangotri glacier, the origin of the river Ganga, is located inside the park. Gangotri National Park was established in 1989.

Gomukh
Gomukh, also known as "Gaumukh" or "Gomukhi" (Hindi: गौमुख or गौमुखी ; Assamese and Bengali: গোমুখ or গোমুখী), is the terminus or snout of the Gangotri Glacier and the source of the Bhagirathi River, one of the primary headstreams of the Ganga River. The word Gomukh/Gaumukh (go/gau=cow, mukh= mouth) literally means "Mouth of a Cow."

The place is situated at a height of 13,200 ft (4,023 m) in the Uttarkashi district in the state of Uttarakhand, India. It is one of the largest glaciers in the Himalayas with an estimated volume of over 27 cubic kilometers.

It is a Hindu holy pilgrimage site, visited by many who visit Gangotri. It is around 20 km away from Gangotri and can be reached by trekking.
June Byers
DeAlva Eyvonnie Sibley (May 25, 1922 – July 20, 1998), better known by her ring name June Byers, was an American women's professional wrestler famous in the 1950s and early 1960s. She held the Women's World Championship for ten years and is a member of the Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame. She is overall a three-time women's world champion.

Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum
The Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame (PWHF) and Museum was an American professional wrestling hall of fame and museum located in Wichita Falls, Texas; following the postponement of its 19th induction ceremony, planned for May 2020, and an announced temporary closure to expand the museum, its status was changed to "closed due to water leaks" in 2021, and never re-opened.

The museum was founded by Tony Vellano in 1999, and was previously in Amsterdam, New York and Schenectady, New York. Its purpose was to "preserve and promote the dignified history of professional wrestling and to enshrine and pay tribute to professional wrestlers who have advanced this national pastime in terms of athletics and entertainment." It was not affiliated with any professional wrestling promotion.
Eat the Document
Eat the Document is a documentary of Bob Dylan's 1966 tour of parts of Europe with the Hawks. It was shot under Dylan's direction by D. A. Pennebaker, whose groundbreaking documentary Dont Look Back chronicled Dylan's 1965 British tour.  The film was originally commissioned for the ABC television series ABC Stage 67.

Though shooting had completed for the film, Dylan's July 1966 motorcycle accident delayed the editing process. Once well enough to work again, Dylan edited the film himself. ABC rejected the film as incomprehensible for a mainstream audience.

It has never been released on home video and prints are rarely screened in theaters. Some footage filmed for Eat the Document was used in Martin Scorsese's 2005 documentary on Bob Dylan, No Direction Home, and 3 song excerpts are special features on the DVD.

No Direction Home
No Direction Home: Bob Dylan is a 2005 documentary film directed by Martin Scorsese that traces the life of Bob Dylan, and his impact on 20th-century American popular music and culture. The film focuses on the period between Dylan's arrival in New York in January 1961 and his "retirement" from touring following his motorcycle accident in July 1966. This period encapsulates Dylan's rise to fame as a folk singer and songwriter where he became the center of a cultural and musical upheaval, and continues through the electric controversy surrounding his move to a rock style of music.

The title of the film is taken from the lyrics of Dylan's 1965 single "Like a Rolling Stone".
Cheyenne language
Cheyenne (Tsėhésenėstsestȯtse, pronounced [tse̥hésene̥stsesto̥tse], informal spelling Tsisinstsistots) is an indigenous language of North America, spoken mainly in present-day Montana and Oklahoma, in the United States. It is a member of the Algonquian language family, and named for the Cheyenne peoples, who are native to the Great Plains of the United States.

Cheyenne is an endangered language. The endangerment is primarily a result of the English being the most spoken language in the world, due to the global influences of the former British Empire (succeeded by the Commonwealth of Nations) and the United States.

Like all other Algonquian languages, it has a complex agglutination and polysynthetic morphology. Cheyenne is either the first language, or the second language, for approximately 789 individuals in the United States.

Algonquian languages
The Algonquian languages (/æl.ˈɡɒŋ.k(w)i.ən/ al-GONG-k(w)ee-ən; also Algonkian) are a branch of the Algic language family. The name of the Algonquian language family is distinguished from the orthographically similar Algonquin dialect of the Indigenous Ojibwe language (Chippewa), which is a senior member of the Algonquian language family. The term Algonquin has been suggested to derive from the Wolastoqey word elakómkwik (pronounced [ɛlæˈɡomoɡwik]), meaning 'they are our relatives/allies'.

Speakers of Algonquian languages stretch from the east coast of North America to the Rocky Mountains. The proto-language from which all of the languages of the family descend, Proto-Algonquian, was spoken around 2,500 to 3,000 years ago. There is no scholarly consensus about where this language was spoken.
Newby, Cumbria
Newby is a village and civil parish in the Westmorland and Furness district of the county of Cumbria, England.  It is about 7 miles (11 km) from the large town of Penrith and about 5 miles (8 km) from the small town of Appleby-in-Westmorland, and has a population of 164.  Nearby is Newby Beck. Newby has a post office. The population at the 2011 Census was less than 100 and data was included with Sleagill.

Penrith, Cumbria
Penrith (/ˈpɛnrɪθ/, /pɛnˈrɪθ/) is a market town and civil parish in the Westmorland and Furness district of Cumbria, England. It is less than 3 miles (5 km) outside the Lake District National Park and about 17 miles (27 km) south of Carlisle. It is between the Rivers Petteril and Eamont and just north of the River Lowther. It was historically part of Cumberland.
Schafsiedel
The Schafsiedel is a 2,447 m above sea level (AA) high mountain in the Kitzbühel Alps in Austria. It is one of the highest peaks on the main crest of the Kitzbühel Alps. It also the summit most frequently climbed from the New Bamberg Hut, not least because of the 3 mountain lakes that are passed en route: the photogenic lower lake, the green middle lake and the rock-rimmed upper lake.

About 500 m south of the summit is the Aleitenspitze (2,449 m above sea level (AA)), which is easily reached from the Schafsiedel.

Kitzbühel Alps
The Kitzbühel Alps (German: Kitzbüheler Alpen or Kitzbühler Alpen) are a mountain range of the Central Eastern Alps surrounding the town of Kitzbühel in Tyrol, Austria. Geologically they are part of the western slate zone (greywacke zone).
Daniel Nordlander
Daniel Enoch Nathanael Nordlander (3 January 1829 – 27 February 1890) was a Swedish Lieutenant Colonel of the Swedish Army, Adjutant to King Charles XV of Sweden, Director-general of Kongl. Telegrafverket, and Member of Parliament of the Riksdag of Sweden of the First Chamber for the Västerbotten County (1883-1885).

Charles XV
Charles XV and IV (Carl Ludvig Eugen; Swedish and Norwegian officially: Karl; 3 May 1826 – 18 September 1872) was King of Sweden and King of Norway, there often referred to as Charles IV, from 8 July 1859 until his death in 1872. Charles was the third Swedish monarch from the House of Bernadotte. He was the first one to be born in Sweden, the first to grow up speaking Swedish as his first language, and the first to be raised from birth in the Lutheran faith.
Cartazzi axle
A Cartazzi axle is a design of leading or trailing wheel support used worldwide. The design was used extensively on the former LNER's Pacific steam locomotives and named after its inventor F.J. Cartazzi, formerly of the Great Northern Railway.  It should not be confused with a pony truck as it does not pivot at all.  The axle does, however, have sideways play built in to accommodate tight curves.  Cartazzi's design causes the weight of the locomotive to exert a self-centring action on the trailing wheels.

The Cartazzi design was also sometimes applied to driving wheel axles on longer wheelbase locomotives.

Bissel truck
A Bissell or Bissel truck (also Bissel bogie or pony truck) is a single-axle bogie which pivots towards the centre of a steam locomotive to enable it to negotiate curves more easily.  Invented in 1857 by Levi Bissell and usually then known as a pony truck, it is a very simple and common means of designing a carrying wheel.
Apastepeque
Apastepeque is a municipality in the San Vicente Department, El Salvador. It is located approximately 50 km east of San Salvador and approximately 6 km from San Vicente. The town has approximately 10,000 residents with 19,895 in municipality.

The town is known for its fiestas and cultural traditions throughout the year, starting in January with Fiesta de los Moros, in May, Santa Rita's festivities, in July the patron Santiago, and in December, the annual Christmas carnaval.

San Vicente, El Salvador
San Vicente (Spanish pronunciation: [sam biˈsente]) is a municipality in the San Vicente department of El Salvador. It was founded by 50 Spanish families in 1635 under the Tempisque tree, which is still standing today.