hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Revolutions of 1830
The Revolutions of 1830 were a revolutionary wave in Europe which took place in 1830. It included two "romantic nationalist" revolutions, the Belgian Revolution in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and the July Revolution in France along with rebellions in Congress Poland, Italian states, Portugal and Switzerland. It was followed eighteen years later, by another and much stronger wave of revolutions known as the Revolutions of 1848.

July Revolution
The July Revolution (French: Révolution de Juillet), also known as the French Revolution of 1830, Second French Revolution, or les Trois Glorieuses ("the Three Glorious [Days]"), was a second French Revolution after the first of 1789–99. It led to the overthrow of King Charles X, the French Bourbon monarch, and the ascent of his cousin Louis Philippe, Duke of Orléans.

The 1830 Revolution marked a shift from that point on as the constitutional monarchy was restored with the July Monarchy; the transition of power from the House of Bourbon to its cadet branch, the House of Orléans; and the replacement of the principle of hereditary right by that of popular sovereignty. Supporters of the Bourbons would be called Legitimists, and supporters of Louis Philippe were known as Orléanists. In addition, there continued to be Bonapartists supporting the return of Napoleon's heirs. After 18 precarious years on the throne, Louis-Philippe was overthrown in the French Revolution of 1848.
Cetinje chronicle
The Cetinje Chronicle (Serbian: Цетињски љетопис/Cetinjski ljetopis) is a collection of manuscripts (letters, documents, reports and poems) compiled by Vasilije Petrović who added some of his own writings to it. It contains 81 leaves of dimensions 32 cm x 21,5 cm. It is kept in Cetinje monastery. There are other versions of this collection (in Odessa, St Petersburg, &c.) which are not identical to the original because the original texts were transcribed by different people at different times. The first scholar who used this chronicle as source for his works was Vasilije Petrović who used it for his work on history of Montenegro, published in Moscow in 1754.

´There are several preserved transcriptions of this manuscript collection. The original is kept in Cetinje monastery. One version was given in 1830 by Njegoš to Polish collector Kucharski. After Kucharski's death it was purchased by Odessa University.

Cetinje Monastery
The Cetinje Monastery (Serbian: Цетињски манастир, Cetinjski manastir) is a monastery of the Serbian Orthodox Church in Montenegro. It is located in Cetinje and is the seat of the Metropolitanate of Montenegro. A center of historical and cultural importance, it was founded c. 1484 by Prince Ivan Crnojević of Zeta, and designated as the cathedral monastery of the Eparchy of Zeta. It was devastated in 1692, during the Morean War, and rebuilt between 1701 and 1704 by Metropolitan Danilo Petrović-Njegoš on the site of the former court of Ivan Crnojević.

There are several relics in the monastery: remains of St. Peter of Cetinje, right hand of John the Baptist, particles of the True Cross, icon of the Philermos Mother of God, remains of Petar II Petrović-Njegoš (relocated), bishop's crown of St. Peter of Cetinje, among others.
Mararit language
The Mararit language is a Taman language of the Eastern Sudanic branch spoken in eastern Chad and western Sudan. There are two dialects, Ibiri and Abou Charib, which Blench (2006) counts as distinct languages. The majority speak the Abou Charib dialect. Mararit is reportedly not mutually intelligible with Tama and Sungor despite being part of the same Taman language group.

Mararit people live in Argid Mararit, Abid Mararit, Wadah area, Donkey Kuma, Sani Kiro, in North Darfur State; in Silala area in South Darfur State and in Gienena province in West Darfur State.  The Talgai, Mirakawi, Wilkawi, and Tirgawi are tribes of the Mararit people.

Sungor language
Sungor (also Assangorior, Assangor, Assangori, Songor, Asongor) is an Eastern Sudanic language of eastern Chad and western Sudan and a member of the Taman branch. It is closely related to Tama with some researchers speaking of a Tama-Assangori continuum.

Sungor is spoken in an area located to the south of Biltine and to the north of Adré (Ouaddaï)  in Chad, as well as in Darfur in Sudan. It is spoken by the Sungor people, of which a majority are Muslim. The number of speakers was estimated at 23,500 according to the 1993 census of Chad.
Yodobashi Camera
Yodobashi Camera Co., Ltd. (株式会社ヨドバシカメラ, Kabushiki gaisha Yodobashi Kamera) is a major Japanese retail chain specializing in electronics, PCs, cameras and photographic equipment.

Yodobashi Camera's sales rank fourth among consumer electronics mass retailers in Japan, after Yamada Denki, Bic Camera, and K's Holdings. There are 24 stores operating as of May 2021. In recent years, the online shopping platform has been developed to become the second largest in Japan only behind Amazon (though sales of Amazon are over 10 times higher).

Bic Camera
Bic Camera, Inc. (株式会社ビックカメラ, Kabushiki gaisha Bikku Kamera) is a consumer electronics retailer chain in Japan. Currently, it has 45 stores in 17 prefectures. Bic Camera has a 50% ownership of former rival store Kojima with 143 stores and full ownership of computer store chain Sofmap with 24 stores.

As of 2023, Bic Camera is the second largest electronics and home appliance retailer, behind Yamada Denki.
Manggha
”Manggha” Museum of Japanese Art and Technology (Polish: Muzeum Sztuki i Techniki Japońskiej „Manggha”) is a museum located at 26 M. Konopnickiej Street in Dębniki, the former district of Kraków, Poland. Until 2005, it was a branch of the National Museum of Kraków.

National Museum in Kraków
The National Museum in Kraków (Polish: Muzeum Narodowe w Krakowie), popularly abbreviated as MNK, is the largest museum in Poland. Established in 1879, the museum consists of 21 departments which are divided by art period: 11 galleries, 2 libraries, and 12 conservation workshops. It holds some 780,000 art objects, from classical archeology to modern art, with special focus on Polish painting. In 2023, the museum was visited by over 1.85 million people, making it the third most-visited art museum in Poland and the 38th most-visited art museum in the world.
Fluorinated gases
Fluorinated gases (F-gases) is a term used by regulators to refer to fluorinated greenhouse gases. Major classes include hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6). They are used in refrigeration, air conditioning, heat pumps, fire suppression, electronics, aerospace, magnesium industry, foam, and high voltage switchgear. Their use is regulated due to their strong global warming potential.

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) also contain fluorine and are often found in gas form, but are not generally described as fluorinated gases.

Chlorofluorocarbon
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) are fully or partly halogenated hydrocarbons that contain carbon (C), hydrogen (H), chlorine (Cl), and fluorine (F). They are produced as volatile derivatives of methane, ethane, and propane.

The most common example of a CFC is dichlorodifluoromethane (R-12). R-12, also commonly called Freon, is used as a refrigerant. Many CFCs have been widely used as refrigerants, propellants (in aerosol applications), gaseous fire suppression systems, and solvents. As a result of CFCs contributing to ozone depletion in the upper atmosphere, the manufacture of such compounds has been phased out under the Montreal Protocol, and they are being replaced with other products such as hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs) including R-410A, R-134a and R-1234yf.
Internet in Singapore
In Singapore, there are  11,512,900 broadband Internet subscribers (as of February 2015). There are three major Internet service providers in Singapore, namely, Singtel, StarHub, and M1 and other growing providers like MyRepublic and ViewQwest. Over the years, the Singapore Government has been promoting the usage of broadband Internet access, as part of its Intelligent Nation 2015 (iN2015) and Smart Nation initiative.

Internet access is readily available in Singapore, with a connectivity rate of over 99%. Surveys have also indicated a significant emotional connectedness between Singaporeans with their internet access. In August 2018, Ookla's tests determined that Singapore's broadband speed of 181.47 Mbit/s is the highest in the world.

Singtel
Singapore Telecommunications Limited, trading as Singtel, is a Singaporean telecommunications conglomerate, the country's principal fixed-line operator and one of the four major mobile network operators operating in the country.
Corps of Observation of the Vendée
The Corps of Observation of the Vendée (French: Corps d'Observation de La Vendée) was a field formation of the French Imperial Army, which took part in the 1815 Vendéen Revolt, one of the minor campaigns of the Hundred Days.  Following the end of the War of the Seventh Coalition, the corps (by this time an Army) was disbanded.

French Imperial Army (1804–1815)
The French Imperial Army (French: Armée Impériale) was the military force commanded by Napoleon Bonaparte during the Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815). Renowned for its organization, discipline, and innovative tactics, it was considered one of the most formidable armies of its time. The French Imperial Army was a highly diverse force, incorporating troops not only from France but also from allied and conquered territories across Europe. Its strength lay in its ability to adapt to different terrains and strategies, as well as its reliance on centralized command under Napoleon. The army was a successor of the French Revolutionary Army.
Social recruiting
Social recruiting (social hiring or social media recruitment) is recruiting candidates by using social platforms as talent databases or for advertising. Social recruiting uses social media profiles, blogs, and other Internet sites to find information on candidates. It also uses social media to advertise jobs either through HR vendors or through crowdsourcing where job seekers and others share job openings within their online social networks.

Social recruiting's effectiveness and return on investment have been difficult to determine, since applicants do not usually apply through the social channels which first attracted them. In May 2013, Maximum Employment Marketing Group released the Social Recruitment Monitor, which ranks the reach, engagement, and interactivity of employers' social recruiting efforts around the world.

Recruitment
Recruitment is the overall process of identifying, sourcing, screening, shortlisting, interviewing, and hiring candidates for jobs (either permanent or temporary) within an organization. Recruitment also is the process involved in choosing people for unpaid roles. Managers, human resource generalists, and recruitment specialists may be tasked with carrying out recruitment, but in some cases, public-sector employment, commercial [recruitment agencies], or specialist search consultancies such as Executive search in the case of more senior roles, are used to undertake parts of the process. Internet-based recruitment is now widespread, including the use of artificial intelligence (AI).
Running River rainbowfish
The Running River rainbowfish (Melanotaenia sp., also known as the Burdekin rainbowfish, Hidden Valley rainbowfish or zig zag rainbowfish) is an undescribed species of rainbowfish found only in freshwater, specifically, Running River, part of the Burdekin River catchment in northern Queensland, Australia. The species used to be included with the Melanotaenia splendida splendida (eastern rainbowfish) but has since been deemed genetically distinct. The species was first documented in 1981.

It is common for Running River rainbowfish to be kept as aquarium pets due to their small size and ease of care.

Eastern rainbowfish
Melanotaenia splendida splendida, also known as the eastern rainbowfish, is a subspecies of fish in the family Melanotaeniidae endemic to Australia.

The Eastern rainbowfish is widespread on the mainland, and is found in river systems east of the Great Dividing Range of Queensland, Australia, from the Boyne River south of Gladstone to Cape York Peninsula. It is usually found in large schools inhabiting small freshwater streams, but is also found in lakes and reservoirs. It is kept as a tropical aquarium fish.
Bible translations into Karelian
The Karelian language is a Baltic Finnic language spoken mostly in the Republic of Karelia (Russia) and Finland. The earliest book of the Bible to be translated in Karelian dates to the 19th century, however the Lord's Prayer is known to have been translated already in the 16th century into Karelian. There have been recently new efforts to create translations into the Karelian language, and there exists two full New Testament translations in Karelian: "Uuzi Sana" in Livvi-Karelian and "Uuši Šana" in Northern Karelian.

Northern Karelian dialect
Northern Karelian (also called: White Sea Karelian, Viena Karelian and North Karelian) (North Karelian: Vienankarjala) is one of the two dialects of Karelian Proper. Northern Karelian is spoken mainly in White Karelia, and is also the traditional language of the villages of Hietajärvi, Kuivajärvi and Rimpi in the Kainuu region of Finland. Northern Karelian is the most mutually intelligible Karelian dialect to speakers of the Finnish language.

Northern Karelian differs from South Karelian due to its inclusion of the voiceless consonants p, t, k, s and š. It also differs due to its more common usage of the š [sh/see] letter more than in other Karelian dialects.
Hopping Mappy
Hopping Mappy is an action arcade game developed by Game Studio and released by Namco in 1986. It is the sequel to Mappy, which was released three years prior. The game was ported to the Wii Virtual Console in Japan on June 2, 2009, followed by the Arcade Archives series for the Nintendo Switch and PlayStation 4 on January 20, 2022.

Arcade Archives
Arcade Archives is a series of emulated arcade games developed and published by Hamster Corporation. A sub-series called ACA Neo Geo focuses on re-releasing SNK's Neo Geo titles in their original MVS arcade format, unlike many services that attempt to emulate the console versions. Individual games are released in a weekly format. Another sub-series called Console Archives focuses on releasing home console video games.
HPE Systems Insight Manager
HPE Systems Insight Manager (HPE SIM, formerly HP Systems Insight Manager or HP SIM) is a proprietary systems management tool designed to help manage HPE servers.

HPE SIM is the basis for the HPE system management tools and is part of HPE's unified infrastructure management strategy.

Web-Based Enterprise Management were rolled into this product as of revision 5.6 with the ability to analyze the System Event Log.

Systems management
Systems management is enterprise-wide administration of distributed systems including (and commonly in practice) computer systems. Systems management is strongly influenced by network management initiatives in telecommunications.  The application performance management (APM) technologies are now a subset of Systems management.  Maximum productivity can be achieved more efficiently through event correlation, system automation and predictive analysis which is now all part of APM.
Instapaper
Instapaper is a social bookmarking service that allows web content to be saved so it can be "read later" on a different device, such as an e-reader, smartphone, or tablet. The service was founded in 2008 by Marco Arment. In April 2013, Arment sold a majority stake to Betaworks and by mid 2016 Pinterest acquired the company. In July 2018, ownership of Instapaper was transferred from Pinterest to a newly formed company Instant Paper, Inc. The transition was completed on August 6, 2018.

Pinterest
Pinterest is an American social media service for publishing and discovery of information in the form of digital pinboards. This includes recipes, home, style, motivation, and inspiration on the Internet using image sharing. Pinterest, Inc. was founded by Ben Silbermann, Paul Sciarra, and Evan Sharp, and is headquartered in San Francisco.
East Kilbride (district)
55°42′N 4°09′W﻿ / ﻿55.70°N 4.15°W﻿ / 55.70; -4.15

East Kilbride (Scottish Gaelic: Cille Bhrìghde an Ear, Scots: East Kirkbride) was a local government district in the Strathclyde region of Scotland from 1975 to 1996, lying to the south of the regional capital Glasgow.

Strathclyde
Strathclyde (Ystrad Clud in Welsh; Srath Chluaidh [s̪t̪ɾa ˈxl̪ˠɯi] in Gaelic, meaning 'strath [valley] of the River Clyde') was one of nine former local government regions of Scotland created in 1975 by the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973 and abolished in 1996 by the Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994. The Strathclyde region had 19 districts. The region was named after the early medieval Kingdom of Strathclyde centred on Govan, but covered a broader geographic area than its namesake by including Argyll and various Western islands in addition to its Southwestern core.
Rustee Allen
Rustee Allen (born March 3, 1951) is an American musician best known as the bass guitar player for the influential funk band Sly and the Family Stone from 1972 to 1975. Allen replaced founding Family Stone member Larry Graham, who was forced out of the band and went on to start his own, Graham Central Station.

Larry Graham
Larry Graham Jr. (born August 14, 1946) is an American bassist and baritone singer, with the psychedelic soul/funk band Sly and the Family Stone and as the founder and frontman of Graham Central Station. In 1980, he released the single "One in a Million You", which reached the top ten on the US Billboard Hot 100. He is credited with the invention of the slapping technique on the electric bass guitar, which radically expanded the tonal palette of the bass, although he himself refers to the technique as "thumpin' and pluckin'".

In 1993, he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Sly and the Family Stone. He is also the uncle of rapper Drake.
2005 Likud leadership election
A leadership election was held by Likud on 19 December 2005. Former Prime Minister and party leader Benjamin Netanyahu defeated Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs Silvan Shalom, as well as candidates Moshe Feiglin and Israel Katz.

Likud's previous leader, Prime Minister Ariel Sharon, initially sought re-election as party leader, and was challenged by Netanyahu and Uzi Landau over Sharon's planned disengagement from the Gaza Strip. In November 2005, Sharon left Likud to form Kadima, after which Silvan Shalom, Moshe Feiglin, Israel Katz, and Defense Minister Shaul Mofaz announced their own bids for the leadership. Mofaz and Landau withdrew from the race in December, with Landau endorsing Netanyahu and Mofaz leaving Likud and joining Kadima.

Several months after Netanyahu's victory, Likud lost decisively in the 2006 Knesset election. The party later returned to power in 2009.

2006 Israeli legislative election
Elections for the 17th Knesset were held in Israel on 28 March 2006. The voting resulted in a plurality of seats for the then-new Kadima party, followed by the Labor Party, and a major loss for the Likud party.

After the election, the government was formed by the Kadima, Labor, Shas, and Gil parties, with the Yisrael Beiteinu party joining the government later. The Prime Minister was Ehud Olmert, leader of Kadima, who had been the acting prime minister going into the election.
Cavity switch
A cavity switch is a device that modulates cavity properties in the time domain. It is known as Q switching if the quality factor of cavities is under modulation. There are other properties such as the cavity mode volume, resonant frequency, phase delay, and optical local density of states can be switched or modulated. Cavity switches are mainly used in telecommunications and quantum electrodynamics studies.

Q-switching
Q-switching, sometimes known as giant pulse formation or Q-spoiling, is a technique by which a laser can be made to produce a pulsed output beam. The technique allows the production of light pulses with extremely high (gigawatt) peak power, much higher than would be produced by the same laser if it were operating in a continuous wave (constant output) mode. Compared to mode locking, another technique for pulse generation with lasers, Q-switching leads to much lower pulse repetition rates, much higher pulse energies, and much longer pulse durations. The two techniques are sometimes applied together.

Q-switching was first proposed in 1958 by Gordon Gould, and independently discovered and demonstrated in 1961 or 1962 by R.W. Hellwarth and F.J. McClung at Hughes Research Laboratories using electrically switched Kerr cell shutters in a ruby laser. Optical nonlinearities such as Q-switching were fully explained by Nicolaas Bloembergen, who won the Nobel Prize in 1981 for this work.
Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute
The Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute (HWI) was an independent, not-for-profit, biomedical research facility located in the Buffalo Niagara Medical Campus affiliated with the University at Buffalo.  Its focus is on structural biology with a strong history in methods development and the application of X-ray crystallography in fundamental studies.. In 2025 it merged with the University at Buffalo.

Buffalo Niagara Medical Campus
The Buffalo Niagara Medical Campus (BNMC) is a medical center of health care, life sciences research and medical education institutions, co-located on 120 acres (49 ha) in Buffalo, New York. The BNMC was founded in 2001 by a consortium (including the University at Buffalo School of Medicine and Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center). This project comprises one of the five "Strategic Investment Areas" that make up Buffalo, NY's Queen City Hub Plan, the city's strategic plan for urban redevelopment.
Drunken Tiger
Drunken Tiger (Korean: 드렁큰 타이거) was a Korean hip hop group that debuted in 1999 and has since released several albums and won numerous awards. They are known as pioneers of Korean hip-hop who helped bring the genre into the mainstream.

The group's original line-up consisted of central member Tiger JK, as well as DJ Shine. Micki Eyes, DJ Jhig, and Roscoe Umali later joined the group. In 2013, Tiger JK moved away from making music under the group's original name and formed MFBTY with his wife Yoon Mi-Rae and Bizzy. In 2018, Tiger JK released a final self titled album under the Drunken Tiger name, featuring Yoon Mi-Rae and Bizzy alongside a number of other artists.

Yoon Mi-rae
Natasha Shanta Reid (born May 31, 1981), better known by her Korean name Yoon Mi-rae (Korean: 윤미래), often stylized as Yoonmirae, is an American-born based South Korean rapper, singer, songwriter, and producer, who is also a member of Korean hip hop trio MFBTY.
Gabonese Navy
The National Navy of Gabon (French: Marine Nationale du Gabon) is the naval branch of the Armed Forces of Gabon. It operates a few fast attack craft and patrol vessels to maintain security along its 800 km (500 mi)-long coastline.

Armed Forces of Gabon
The Armed Forces of Gabon (French: Forces armées gabonaises), officially the Gabonese Defense and Security Forces (Forces de défense et de sécurité gabonaises), is the national professional military of Gabon, divided into the Army, Air Force, Navy, and a National Gendarmerie, consisting of about 5,000 personnel. The armed forces includes a well-trained, well-equipped 1,800-member guard that provides security for the President of Gabon. Although the President of Gabon has authority over all of the armed forces, the Ministry of National Defense administers it.