hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Shamima K. Choudhury
Shamima Karim Choudhury (born February 12, 1951) is a Bangladeshi physicist, academician, researcher, and women-in-science advocate. She retired as a professor from the Department of Physics, University of Dhaka on 30 June 2016 after 44 years of teaching and research. She supervised more than 70 Masters and MPhil students in Physics. She is a Fellow of Bangladesh Physical Society. She is a member of OWSD, IOP and many national science societies. She is the team Leader of WIP in Bangladesh. She worked as the Provost of Rokeya Hall and as director of the Bose Centre for Advanced Study and Research in Natural Sciences (named after Prof. Satyendra Nath Bose) at Dhaka University.

Satyendra Nath Bose
Satyendra Nath Bose (/ˈboʊs/; 1 January 1894 – 4 February 1974) was an Indian theoretical physicist and mathematician. He is best known for his work on quantum mechanics in the early 1920s, in developing the foundation for Bose–Einstein statistics, and the theory of the Bose–Einstein condensate. A Fellow of the Royal Society, he was awarded India's second highest civilian award, the Padma Vibhushan, in 1954 by the Government of India.

The eponymous particles class described by Bose's statistics, bosons, were named by Paul Dirac.

A polymath, he had a wide range of interests in varied fields, including physics, mathematics, chemistry, biology, mineralogy, philosophy, arts, literature, and music. He served on many research and development committees in India after independence.
Nibble
In computing, a nibble, also spelled nybble to match byte, is a unit of information that consists of four bits. A nibble is half of a byte, or octet. The unit is alternatively called nyble, nybl, half-byte or tetrade. In networking or telecommunications, the unit is often called a semi-octet, quadbit, or quartet.

As a nibble can represent sixteen (24) possible values, a nibble value is often shown as a hexadecimal digit (hex digit). A byte is two nibbles, and therefore, a value can be shown as two hex digits.

Four-bit computers use nibble-sized data for storage and operations, in the form of the word unit. Such computers were used in early microprocessors, pocket calculators and pocket computers. They continue to be used in some microcontrollers. In this context, 4-bit groups were sometimes also called characters rather than nibbles.

Octet (computing)
The octet is a unit of digital information in computing and telecommunications that consists of eight bits. The term is often used when the term byte might be ambiguous, as the term byte has historically been used for storage units of a variety of sizes.

The term octad(e) for eight bits is no longer common.
A4018 road
The A4018 is an A-road connecting the city centre of Bristol to the M5 motorway at Cribbs Causeway. It is one of the four principal roads which link central Bristol to the motorway network (the others being the M32 motorway, the A38 and the Portway).

M5 motorway
The M5 is a motorway in England. It runs south-west from the M6 at junction 8 (West Bromwich), north-west of Birmingham to Exeter in Devon. The M5 runs through Sandwell Valley and its early sections form part of the Birmingham Motorway Box, after which it passes Worcester, Cheltenham, and Gloucester. It intersects with the M4 motorway at Almondsbury Interchange north of Bristol, then serves Taunton, and Tiverton, before terminating at junction 31 to the south of Exeter. At a total length of 163 miles (262 km), the M5 is the fourth-longest motorway in the UK.
Uraci
The Uraci or Duraci (Greek: Urakoi) were a little-known Celtic people of pre-Roman Iberia who dwelt to the east of the Vaccaei and the Carpetani, occupying the southern Soria, northern Guadalajara and western Zaragoza provinces since the 4th century BC.

Carpetani
The Carpetani (Greek: Karpetanoi), also named Karpesioi by Polybius, were one of the Celtic peoples inhabiting the Iberian Peninsula prior to the Roman conquest. Their core domain was constituted by the lands between the Tagus and the Anas, in the southern Meseta. Agriculture is thought to have had a greater importance in the Carpetanian economy than other neighboring peoples'.
Ashikaga Domain
Ashikaga Domain (足利藩, Ashikaga-han) was a feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan, located in Shimotsuke Province (modern-day Tochigi Prefecture), Japan. It was centered on Ashikaga jin'ya in what is now part of the city of Ashikaga. Ashikaga was ruled through most of its history by a junior branch of the Toda clan.

Han system
Han (Japanese: 藩, "domain") is a Japanese historical term for the estate of a daimyo in the Edo period (1603–1868) and early Meiji period (1868–1912). Han or Bakufu-han (daimyo domain) served as a system of de facto administrative divisions of Japan alongside the de jure provinces until they were abolished in the 1870s.
Manor of Shirwell
The Manor of Shirwell was a manor in North Devon, England, centred on the village of Shirwell and largely co-terminous with the parish of Shirwell. It was for many centuries successively the seat of two of the leading families of North Devon, the Beaumonts and their heirs the Chichesters of Raleigh, Pilton, both of which families were seated at the estate of Youlston within the manor of Shirwell. The manor house which survives today known as Youlston Park is one of the most architecturally important historic houses in North Devon and exists largely in its Georgian form, but retains many impressive late 17th-century interiors.

Manor of Raleigh, Pilton
The historic manor of Raleigh, near Barnstaple and in the parish of Pilton, North Devon, England, was the first recorded home in the 14th century of the influential Chichester family of Devon. It was recorded in Domesday Book of 1086 together with three other manors that lay within the later-created parish of Pilton. The manor lies above the River Yeo on the southern slope of the hill on top of which stand the ruins of the Anglo-Saxon hillfort called Roborough Castle. Part of the historic manor of Raleigh is now the site of the North Devon District Hospital.

Pilton as a borough had existed long before the Norman Conquest and was one of the most important defensive towns in Devon under the Anglo-Saxons; it is now a northern suburb of Barnstaple. On modern maps, an area of the Yeo valley on the eastern edge of Pilton is marked as Raleigh.
Johnny Kelly (hurler)
Johnny Kelly (born 1971) is an Irish hurling manager and former player who is the current manager of the Offaly senior hurling team. He previously managed a range of club sides, having played club hurling with Portumna.

Manager (Gaelic games)
In Gaelic games, a manager or (in Irish) bainisteoir is involved in the direction and instruction of the on-field operations of a team. The role entails the application of sport tactics and strategies during the game itself, and usually entails substitution of players and other such actions as needed. At games, the manager may sometimes wear a bib with the word "manager" or "bainisteoir" adorning it. Many managers were former players themselves, and are assisted in coaching the team by a group of selectors (in Irish roghnóirí).
Phosh
Phosh (portmanteau of phone and shell) is a graphical user interface designed for mobile and touch-based devices initially developed by Purism. The project is maintained and developed by a diverse community, and is the default shell used on several mobile Linux operating systems including PureOS, Mobian and Fedora Phosh. It is also an option on postmarketOS, Manjaro, and openSUSE. Its components follow a six-week release cycle.

Phosh is used by several vendors as their default user interface, examples are Purism's Librem 5 and Librem 11 and Furlabs' FLX1 and FLX1s.

PureOS
PureOS is a Linux distribution focusing on privacy and security, using the GNOME or KDE Plasma desktop environment. It is maintained by Purism for use in the company's Librem laptop computers as well as the Librem 5 and Liberty Phone smartphones.

PureOS is designed to include only free software, and is included in the list of Free Linux distributions published by the Free Software Foundation.

PureOS is a Debian-based Linux distribution, merging open-source software packages from the Debian “testing” main archive using a hybrid point release and rolling release model. The default web browser in PureOS is GNOME Web. The default search engine is DuckDuckGo.
Minnesota State Highway 112
Minnesota State Highway 112 (MN 112) was a 15.012-mile-long (24.159 km) highway in south-central Minnesota, which ran from its interchange with U.S. Highway 169 in the city of Le Sueur and continued south and then east to its eastern terminus at its intersection with State Highway 99 in Lexington Township near the city of Le Center.

U.S. Route 169 in Minnesota
U.S. Highway 169 (US 169) is a major north–south United States Numbered Highway in the state of Minnesota, connecting the Minnesota River valley with the Twin Cities and the Iron Range. Much of the route is built to expressway or freeway standards.
Chuar Rebellion
Chuar rebellion, also called the Chuar Bidroha was a series of peasant movements between 1766 and 1834 by the tribal inhabitants of the countryside surrounding the Jungle Mahals settlements of Dhalbhum, Midnapore, Bishnupur and Manbhum against the rule of the East India Company (EIC).

Jungle Mahals
Jungle Mahals (lit. jungle estates) was a district formed by British possessions and some independent chiefdoms lying between Birbhum, Burdwan, Midnapore and the hilly country of Chota Nagpur in what is now the Indian state of West Bengal. The district was located in the area known as the Jungle Terry.
Casino Lisboa (Macau)
Casino Lisboa (lit. 'Lisbon Casino', Chinese: 葡京娛樂場) is an integrated resort located in Sé, Macau, operated by SJM Holdings. This three-storey complex was built in late 1960s.

The original casino and the 12-storey round hotel tower were built in 1970 by Stanley Ho, Teddy Yip, Yip Hon and Henry Fok. A 270-room extension was added in 1991 for a total of 927 rooms. In 2006, another extension, the Grand Lisboa, was built next to the current complex. Therefore, a total of 2,362 rooms are in place at Hotel Lisboa as of 2010. This expansion was partly done in competition with the then newly opened Wynn Macau, located right next to the original Casino Lisboa.

Grand Lisboa
Grand Lisboa (Chinese: 新葡京, Portuguese: Grande Lisboa) is a 47-floor, 261-metre-tall (856 ft) hotel in Sé, Macau. It is owned and operated by Sociedade de Jogos de Macau and was designed by Hong Kong architects Dennis Lau and Ng Chun Man with the interiors created by Khuan Chew, Design Principal of KCA International. Its casino and restaurants were opened on February 11, 2007, while the hotel was opened in December 2008. The casino offers 800 gaming tables and 1,000 slot machines. The hotel contains 430 hotel rooms and suites. The Grand Lisboa is the tallest building in Macau and the most distinctive part of its skyline.

The casino is the first in Macau to offer Texas hold 'em poker ring games. It was also the first to offer craps, though several other casinos in Macau now offer the game.

In 2017 it was reported that the Grand Lisboa suffered a decline in revenue and profits during 2016.
Kate Reid (pastry chef)
Kate Reid is an Australian pastry chef and entrepreneur. An aerospace engineer by training, Reid worked for a time in Formula One before becoming a pastry chef. Opening Lune Croissanterie in 2012, Reid is believed to have created the first cruffin and in 2016 the New York Times described her croissants as the 'finest you will find anywhere in the world". She has been awarded  Chevaliere dans l’Ordre du Mèrite Agricole for services to French gastronomy.

Order of Agricultural Merit
The Order of Agricultural Merit (French: Ordre du Mérite agricole) is an order of merit bestowed by the French Republic for outstanding contributions to agriculture. When it was created in 1883, it was second in importance only to the Legion of Honour within the French order of precedence.
DS-39
DS-39 (Russian: Дегтярёва Станковый образца 1939 года, romanized: Degtyaryova Stankovyy obraztsa 1939 goda) was a Soviet medium machine gun, designed by Vasily Degtyaryov, that was used during the Second World War.  The work on the gun's design began in 1930, and it was accepted by the Red Army in September, 1939. About 10,000 were made from 1939 to 1941, but the weapon was not successful in service and its production was discontinued after the German invasion began in June, 1941, with factories converted to produce the older, more reliable PM M1910 (a WWI-era Maxim machine gun design) which was in turn replaced by the SG-43 Goryunov medium machine gun in 1943.

PM M1910
The Pulyemyot Maksima M1910 (Russian: Пулемёт Максима образца 1910 года, romanized: Pulemyot Maksima obraztsa 1910 goda, lit. 'Maxim machine gun model 1910'), or PM M1910, is a heavy machine gun based on the Maxim gun, that was used by the Imperial Russian Army, Navy and Air Service during World War I, then by the Red, White and Green armies during the Russian Civil War, and later by the Soviet Armed Forces during World War II. Later the gun saw service in the Korean War, the Vietnam War and the Russo-Ukrainian war.
NS Class 1000
The Nederlandse Spoorwegen (NS) Class 1000 was a set of ten electric locomotives (numbered 1001-1010) used in the Netherlands during the latter half of the 20th century.  The electrical systems and three completed units were ordered from the Swiss Locomotive and Machine Works in 1942, but the war blocked delivery until 1948.  Despite high failure rates the locomotives remained in service until 1982, and locomotive 1010—built by Werkspoor—is now preserved in the Dutch National Railway Museum.

Swiss Locomotive and Machine Works
Swiss Locomotive and Machine Works (German Schweizerische Lokomotiv- und Maschinenfabrik; French Société Suisse pour la Construction de Locomotives et de Machines; or for both, SLM) was a railway equipment manufacturer based in Winterthur in Switzerland. Much of the world's mountain railway equipment was constructed by the company.
Kok River
The Kok River (Thai: แม่น้ำกก, RTGS: Maenam Kok, pronounced [mɛ̂ː.náːm kòk]; Northern Thai: ᨶᩣᩴ᩶ᩯᨾ᩵ᨠᩫ᩠ᨠ, pronounced [náːm mɛ̂ː kǒk]) is a tributary river of the Mekong that flows in Chiang Rai and Chiang Mai provinces in northern Thailand.

Mekong
The Mekong or Mekong River (UK: /miːˈkɒŋ/ mee-KONG, US: /ˌmeɪˈkɔːŋ/ may-KAWNG) is a transboundary river in East Asia and Southeast Asia. It is the world's twelfth-longest river and the third-longest in Asia with an estimated length of 4,909 km (3,050 mi) and a drainage area of 795,000 km2 (307,000 sq mi), discharging 475 km3 (114 cu mi) of water annually. From its headwaters in the Tibetan Plateau, the river runs through Southwest China (where it is officially called the Lancang River), Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, and southern Vietnam. The extreme seasonal variations in flow and the presence of rapids and waterfalls in the Mekong make navigation difficult, though the river remains a major trade route between Tibet and Southeast Asia. The construction of hydroelectric dams along the Mekong in the 2000s through the 2020s has caused serious problems for the river's ecosystem, including the exacerbation of drought.
Michael Freeling
Michael Freeling is an American geneticist and plant biologist. He is currently a professor in the Department of Plant and Microbial Biology at the University of California. He is known for early work on maize anaerobic metabolism, developmental genetics of the maize ligule, proposing the grasses as a single genetic system model with Jeffrey Bennetzen, and the discovery of biased gene retention following whole genome duplications in plants. In 1994 Freeling was elected to the National Academy of Sciences. In 2017 he was awarded the McClintock Prize for Plant Genetics and Genome Studies.

Jeffrey Bennetzen
Jeffrey Lynn Bennetzen is an American geneticist on the faculty of the University of Georgia (UGA). Bennetzen is known for his work describing codon usage bias in yeast, and E. coli; being the first to clone and sequence an active transposon in plants, discovering that most of the DNA in plant genomes was a particular class of mobile DNA (LTR-retrotransposons);  solving the C-value paradox; proposing sorghum and Setaria as model grasses; showing that rice centromeres were hotspots for recombination, but not crossovers; and developing a technique to date polyploidization events. He is an author, with Sarah Hake of the book "Handbook of Maize." Bennetzen was elected to the US National Academy of Sciences in 2004.
Operative vaginal delivery
Operative vaginal delivery, also known as assisted or instrumental vaginal delivery, is a vaginal delivery that is assisted by the use of forceps or a vacuum extractor.

Operative vaginal delivery is required in times of maternal or fetal distress to assist in childbirth as an alternative to caesarean section. Its use has decreased over the years in comparison to caesarean section. The two main instruments used are rotational forceps and vacuum extractors, each with different complication risks. Possible complications introduced with the use of instruments for the mother include pelvic floor injury, anal sphincter injury, bleeding, or cuts. Possible complications to the infant include bruising to the scalp, retinal bleeding, and scrapes to the scalp and face.

Perineal tear
A perineal tear is a laceration of the skin and other soft tissue structures which, in women, separate the vagina from the anus. Perineal tears mainly occur in women as a result of vaginal childbirth, which strains the perineum. It is the most common form of obstetric injury. Tears vary widely in severity. The majority are superficial and may require no treatment, but severe tears can cause significant bleeding, long-term pain or dysfunction. A perineal tear is distinct from an episiotomy, in which the perineum is intentionally incised to facilitate delivery. Episiotomy, a very rapid birth, or large fetal size can lead to more severe tears which may require surgical intervention.
U.S. Route 77 in Iowa
U.S. Highway 77 (US 77) is the shortest U.S. Highway in the state of Iowa.  It crosses into Iowa over the Missouri River from South Sioux City, Nebraska, at Sioux City and runs approximately three-tenths mile (500 m) to an interchange with Interstate 29 where the road continues north as Wesley Parkway.  Like all other state highways in Iowa, the route is maintained by the Iowa Department of Transportation.

US 77 has never been a long route in Iowa.  When it was extended into the state in 1929, it only traveled 6 miles (9.7 km) in Sioux City before crossing the Big Sioux River into South Dakota.  After I-29 was built in Sioux City during the late 1950s, US 77 was moved onto the new Interstate Highway.  At both historic ends of the highway in Iowa, bridge failures have caused US 77 to be detoured around Sioux City.  In the mid-1980s, the national end of the highway was moved to the interchange with I-29.

Interstate 29 in Iowa
In the US state of Iowa, Interstate 29 (I-29) is a north–south Interstate Highway, which closely parallels the Missouri River. I-29 enters Iowa from Missouri near Hamburg and heads to the north-northwest through the Omaha–Council Bluffs and the Sioux City areas. It exits the state by crossing the Big Sioux River into South Dakota. For its entire distance through the state, I-29 runs on the flat land between the Missouri River and the Loess Hills, and is also part of the Lewis and Clark Trail.

I-29 was built in sections over a period of 15 years. When there was a shortage of male workers, female workers stepped in to build a 20-mile (32 km) section near Missouri Valley. Between Council Bluffs and Sioux City, I-29 replaced U.S. Highway 75 (US 75) as the major route in western Iowa. As a result of I-29's creation, US 75 south of Sioux City was relocated into Nebraska.
IBM System/390
The IBM System/390 is a discontinued mainframe product family implementing ESA/390, the fifth generation of the System/360 instruction set architecture. The first computers to use the ESA/390 were the Enterprise System/9000 (ES/9000) family, which were introduced in 1990. These were followed by the 9672, Multiprise, and Integrated Server families of System/390 in 1994–1999, using CMOS microprocessors. The ESA/390 succeeded ESA/370, used in the Enhanced 3090 and 4381 "E" models, and the System/370 architecture last used in the IBM 9370 low-end mainframe. ESA/390 was succeeded by the 64-bit z/Architecture in 2000.

PC-based IBM mainframe-compatible systems
Since the rise of the personal computer in the 1980s, IBM and other vendors have created PC-based IBM mainframe-compatible systems which are compatible with the larger IBM mainframe computers. For a period of time PC-based mainframe-compatible systems had a lower price and did not require as much electricity or floor space. However, they sacrificed performance and were not as dependable as mainframe-class hardware. These products have been popular with mainframe developers, in education and training settings, for very small companies with non-critical processing, and in certain disaster relief roles (such as field insurance adjustment systems for hurricane relief).
Pennsylvania Route 104
Pennsylvania Route 104 (PA 104) is a 22-mile-long (35 km) state highway located in Perry, Juniata, Snyder, and Union counties in Pennsylvania. The southern terminus is at US 11/US 15 between McKees Half Falls and Liverpool. The northern terminus is at PA 45 in Mifflinburg.

U.S. Route 15 in Pennsylvania
U.S. Route 15 (US 15) is United States Numbered Highway that runs from Walterboro, South Carolina, north to Painted Post, New York. In Pennsylvania, the highway runs for 194.89 miles (313.65 km), from the Maryland state line just south of Gettysburg, north to the New York state line near Lawrenceville.
Tomb of Ataga Khan
The Tomb of Ataga Khan is a 16th-century mausoleum located in the outer limits of the Nizamuddin Dargah complex in Delhi, India. Built during the reign of Mughal Emperor Akbar, it was dedicated to Ataga Khan, an important noble of Akbar's court.

Hazrat Nizamuddin Dargah
The Hazrat Nizamuddin Dargah is the dargah and mosque complex of the Sufi saint Nizamuddin Auliya, located in the Nizamuddin West area of Delhi, India. The dargah, or mausoleum, is a Sufi shrine and is visited by thousands of pilgrims every week. The site is also known for its evening qawwali devotional music sessions.

The complex comprises the Hazrat Nizamuddin Dargah, including several tombs, the Jamat Khana Masjid (or Khilji Mosque), and a baoli. Many of the structures are Monuments of National Importance, administered by the Archaeological Survey of India.