hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
History of surface weather analysis
The history of surface weather analysis concerns the timetable of developments related to surface weather analysis.  Initially a tool of study for the behavior of storms, surface weather analyses became a work in progress to explain current weather and as an aid for short term weather forecasting. Initial efforts to create surface weather analyses began in the mid-19th century by using surface weather observations to analyze isobars, isotherms, and display temperature and cloud cover. By the mid-20th century, much more information was being placed upon the station models plotted on weather maps and surface fronts, per the Norwegian cyclone model, were being analyzed worldwide. Eventually, observation plotting went from a manual exercise to an automated task for computers and plotters. Surface analysis remains a manual and partially subjective exercise, whether it be via hand and paper, or via a workstation.

Station model
In meteorology, station models are symbolic illustrations showing the weather occurring at a given reporting station. Meteorologists created the station model to fit a number of weather elements into a small space on weather maps. This allows map users to analyze patterns in atmospheric pressure, temperature, wind speed and direction, cloud cover, precipitation, and other parameters. The most common station plots depict surface weather observations although upper air plots at various mandatory levels are also frequently depicted.

Station model plots use an internationally accepted coding convention that has changed little since August 1, 1941. Elements in the plot show the key weather elements, including temperature, dew point, wind, cloud cover, air pressure, pressure tendency, and precipitation.
Hashmonaim
Hashmonaim (Hebrew: חַשְׁמוֹנָאִים, lit. Hasmoneans) is an Israeli settlement located in the western section of the West Bank, off Route 443. Hashmonaim is located two kilometers east of Modi'in-Maccabim-Re'ut, midway between Jerusalem and Tel Aviv and is part of the Mateh Binyamin Regional Council. In 2023 it had a population of 3,122.

The international community considers Israeli settlements in the West Bank illegal under international law, but the Israeli government disputes this.

Mateh Binyamin Regional Council
Mateh Binyamin Regional Council (Hebrew: מועצה אזורית מטה בנימין, Mo'atza Azorit Mateh Binyamin, Lit. Council for the Region of the Tribe of Benjamin) is a regional council governing 47 Israeli settlements and outposts in the West Bank. The council's jurisdiction is from the Jordan valley in the east to the Samarian foothills in the west, and from the Shiloh creek in the north to the Jerusalem Mountains in the south.

The seat of the council is Psagot. The council is named for the ancient Israelite tribe of Benjamin, whose territory roughly corresponds to that of the council. The region in which the Binyamin settlements are located is referred to as the Binyamin Region.

The international community considers Israeli settlements to be illegal, but the state of Israel disputes this, and this applies to all communities under the administration of Mateh Binyamin.
BioBIKE
BioBike(nee. BioLingua ) is a cloud-based, through-the-web programmable (Paas) symbolic biocomputing and bioinformatics platform that aims to make computational biology, and especially intelligent biocomputing (that is, the application of Artificial Intelligence to computational biology) accessible to research scientists who are not expert programmers.

Platform as a service
Platform as a service (PaaS) or application platform as a service (aPaaS) or platform-based service is a cloud computing service model where users provision, instantiate, run and manage a modular bundle of a computing platform and applications, without the complexity of building and maintaining the infrastructure associated with developing and launching application(s), and to allow developers to create, develop, and package such software bundles.
Istrian Y
The Istrian Y (Croatian: Istarski ipsilon) is a highway network in the Croatian highway network & TEN-T network, maintained by BINA Istra (from 1995 through at least 2027). It consists of two sections arranged in a shape similar to the letter Y, located in Istria County:

A8 (Matulji – Kanfanar)

A9 (Plovanija – Pula via Kanfanar)

Kanfanar interchange
The Kanfanar interchange (Croatian: Čvor Kanfanar) is a cloverleaf interchange west of Kanfanar, Croatia. The interchange represents the western terminus of the A8 motorway and it connects the A8 route to the A9 motorway representing major a link in the Croatian motorway system. The interchange represents a junction of three arms of the European route E751.

Construction of the interchange marked start of construction of the A9 motorway in form of an expressway. Its construction started in 1988 and finished in 1991, making it a part of the first section of the Pula–Umag route which was subsequently expanded to comprise six lanes and dual carriageways, connecting the largest tourist resorts in the western Istria to Slovenia.
David Ramsay (Ontario politician)
David James Ramsay (April 23, 1948 – July 29, 2020) was a Canadian politician in Ontario. He was elected as a New Democratic member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario in 1985 who crossed the floor a year later to join the Liberal party. He represented the northern Ontario riding of Timiskaming from 1985 to 1999 and the redistributed riding of Timiskaming—Cochrane from 1999 to 2011. He served as a cabinet minister in the governments of David Peterson and Dalton McGuinty.

David Peterson
David Robert Peterson PC OOnt ECO KC (born December 28, 1943) is a Canadian lawyer and former politician who served as the 20th premier of Ontario from 1985 to 1990. He was the first Liberal officeholder in 42 years, ending the so-called Tory dynasty.
Ed Schieffelin
Edward Lawrence Schieffelin (1847–1897) was an American prospector and Indian Scout who discovered silver in the Arizona Territory, an event that led to the founding of Tombstone. He entered into a partnership with his brother Al and mining engineer Richard Gird in a handshake deal that produced millions of dollars in wealth for all three men. During the course of Tombstone's mining history, about US$85,000,000 in silver was produced from its mines.

United States Army Indian Scouts
Native Americans have made up an integral part of American military conflicts since the Colonial period. Colonists recruited Indian allies during conflicts such as the Pequot War, the French and Indian Wars, the Revolutionary War, as well as in War of 1812. Native Americans also fought on both sides during the American Civil War, as well as military missions abroad including the most notable, the Codetalkers who served in World War II. The Scouts were active in the American West in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Including those who accompanied General John J. Pershing in 1916 on his expedition to Mexico in pursuit of Pancho Villa. Indian Scouts were officially deactivated in 1947 when their last member retired from the Army at Fort Huachuca, Arizona. For many Indians it was an important form of interaction with European-American culture and their first major encounter with the Whites' way of thinking and doing things.
Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
Czechoslovak resistance to the German occupation of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia during World War II began after the occupation of the rest of Czechoslovakia and the formation of the protectorate on 15 March 1939. Similar resistance could be found in the German speaking parts of the Czechoslovakia []. 
German policy deterred acts of resistance and annihilated organizations of resistance. In the early days of the war, the Czech population participated in boycotts of public transport and large-scale demonstrations. Later on, armed communist partisan groups participated in sabotage and skirmishes with German police forces. The most well-known act of resistance was the assassination of Reinhard Heydrich. Resistance culminated in the so-called Prague uprising of May 1945; with Allied armies approaching, about 30,000 Czechs seized weapons. Four days of bloody street fighting ensued before the Soviet Red Army entered the nearly liberated city.

Jan Žižka partisan brigade
The 1st Czechoslovak Partisan Brigade of Jan Žižka (Czech: 1. československá partizánská brigáda Jana Žižky or Partyzánská brigáda Jana Žižky z Trocnova), initially known as Ušiak-Murzin Unit, was the largest partisan unit in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (modern day Czech Republic) during the German occupation of Czechoslovakia. After its core of Soviet-trained paratroopers was dropped into Slovakia in August 1944, the brigade crossed into Moravia and began operations in earnest at the end of 1944. Its focus was guerrilla warfare, especially sabotage and intelligence gathering.
Furious Flower Poetry Center
The Furious Flower Poetry Center (FFPC) is the first academic center in the United States devoted to Black poetry, housed by James Madison University. Dr. Lauren Alleyne is the current executive director.

Even beyond its decennial conferences, the FFPC is very active, both on and off campus. The many activities it hosts include poetry camps during the summer for the youth, workshops, and visits for poets. Aside from its substantial collection of Black poetry, the center also has an online journal titled The Fight and the Fiddle.

James Madison University
James Madison University (JMU, Madison, or James Madison) is a public research university in Harrisonburg, Virginia, United States. Founded in 1908, the institution was renamed in 1938 in honor of the fourth president of the United States, James Madison. It has since expanded from its origins as a normal school and teacher's college into a comprehensive university. It is situated in the Shenandoah Valley, just west of Massanutten Mountain.
Francisco del Rincón
Francisco del Rincón, OM (29 January 1650 – 28 June 1723) was a Spanish-born Minim friar and prelate of the Catholic Church in the New World, in what is now the Dominican Republic, Venezuela, and Colombia.

From 1705 to 1714, Rincón was Archbishop of Santo Domingo, and was appointed Archbishop of Caracas in 1714, but he declined to accept the position. In 1716, he was appointed Archbishop of Santafé en Nueva Granada (now the Archdiocese of Bogotá), where he served until his death in 1723. He also had political influence in the Viceroyalty of New Granada, serving as President of the Royal Audience of Santafé de Bogotá from 1717 to 1718.

Order of Minims
The Order of Minims (Latin: Ordo Minimorum, abbreviated O.M.; known in German-speaking countries as the Paulaner Order (German: Paulanerorden)) are a mendicant order of friars and nuns in the Catholic Church, founded by Francis of Paola in fifteenth-century Italy. The Order soon spread to France, Germany and Spain, and continues to exist today.

Like the other mendicant orders, there are three separate components—called Orders—of the movement: the friars, contemplative nuns and a Third Order of laypeople who live in the world while following the spirit of the Order in their daily lives. At present there are only two fraternities of the Minim tertiaries; both are in Italy.
Kearns, New South Wales
Kearns is a suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia 57 kilometres south-west of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the City of Campbelltown and is part of the Macarthur region.

City of Campbelltown (New South Wales)
The City of Campbelltown is a local government area in the Macarthur region of south-western Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia. The area is located about 55 kilometres (34 mi) south west of the Sydney central business district and comprises 312 square kilometres (120 sq mi).

The mayor of the City of Campbelltown is Cr. Darcy Lound, a member of the Labor Party.
National Highway 109 (India)
National Highway 109 (NH 109), (Previously NH 87), is a highway in India which runs in the Indian state of Uttarakhand. It is one of the most important routes, connecting the entire Kumaon region to the state as well as the country. It is also the major route towards the hill stations such as Nainital, Kausani, Ranikhet, Mukteswar and Almora from Delhi. Previously known as NH 87, it was renumbered as NH 109 in 2010. The northern terminal is at NH 7 near Karnaprayag and the southern terminal is at National Highway 9 near Rudrapur. More than 10,000 vehicles travel through NH-109 in tourist season.

National Highway 9 (India)
National Highway 9 (NH 9) is a National Highway in India in east-west direction. It starts at Fazilka in Punjab and ends at Gori Ganga Bridge at Askot in Pithoragarh (Kumaun) District of Uttarakhand in Pithoragarh district in Uttarakhand. It passes through the states of Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand. After renumbering of all national highways by National Highway Authority of India in 2010, the current NH 9 was formed by merging segments of five separate national highways in 2010; these were Old NH 10 (Fazilka-Delhi section), Old NH 24 (Delhi-Rampur section),  Old NH 87 (Rampur-Rudrapur section), Old NH 74 (Rudrapur-Sitarganj-Khatima section) and Old NH 125 (Tanakpur-Pithoragarh section).
Aelurillus kopetdaghi
Aelurillus kopetdaghi is  a species of jumping spider that lives in the mountains of Turkmenistan. A member of the genus Aelurillus, it was first described in 1996 by Wanda Wesołowska. A dark brown and medium-sized spider, it has a bristly carapace that is between 3.4 and 3.5 mm (0.13 and 0.14 in) long and a hairy abdomen that is between 3.2 and 4.1 mm (0.13 and 0.16 in) long. Its hairy legs are orange or orange-brown. The female is larger than the male. They also differ in details, such as the colour of the pedipalps, which are orange and brown, respectively. The copulatory organs of the female are superficially similar to those of other species in the genus, like Aelurillus v-insignitus, but the internal structure is more complex. This makes them hard to distinguish from other spiders in the genus.

Jumping spider
Jumping spiders are spiders in the family Salticidae, with almost 700 genera and around 7,000 described species, making it the largest family of spiders – comprising 13% of spider species. Jumping spiders have some of the best vision among arthropods — being capable of stereoptic color vision — and use sight in courtship, hunting, and navigation.

Although they normally move unobtrusively and fairly slowly, most species are capable of very agile jumps, notably when hunting, but sometimes in response to sudden threats or crossing long gaps. Both their book lungs and tracheal system are well-developed, and they use both systems (bimodal breathing). Jumping spiders are generally recognized by their eye pattern. All jumping spiders have four pairs of eyes, with the anterior median pair (the two front middle eyes) being particularly large.
American Staghound
The American Staghound, referred to by various names including the Cold-Blooded Greyhound, the Longdog of the Prairie and the American Lurcher, is a crossbreed of various sighthounds. It has been bred in the United States from the 19th century where it is used for hunting.

Dog crossbreed
Dog crossbreeds (sometimes called designer dogs) are dogs which have been crossbred or selectively bred from two or more recognized dog breeds. Generally considered a specific type of mixed-breed dog, dog crossbreeds are not recognised as breeds in their own right, and do not necessarily breed true. However, historic crossbreeding has led to established breeds, such as the Cesky Terrier.

Dog crossbreeds are combinations of lineages of the domestic dog; they are distinguished from canid hybrids, which are interspecific crosses between Canis species (wolves, coyotes, jackals, etc.).
Donald Kutyna
General Donald Joseph Kutyna (/kəˈtinə/; born December 6, 1933) is a retired United States Air Force officer. He was commander in chief of the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) and the United States Space Command from 1990 to 1992, and commander of Air Force Space Command at Peterson Air Force Base, Colorado from 1987 to 1990.

NORAD
The North American Aerospace Defense Command (commonly abbreviated to NORAD /ˈnɔːræd/ NΟR-ad; French: Commandement de la défense aérospatiale de l'Amérique du Nord; CDAAN) is a bi-national mutual defense organization in Canada and the United States. Established 12 September 1957 as the North American Air Defense Command, NORAD is headquartered at Peterson Space Force Base in Colorado, which also serves as the headquarters of United States Northern Command (USNORTHCOM).

During World War II, Canada contacted the United States for protection from Nazi aggression. Later, during the beginning of the Cold War, the U.S. and Canada formed a permanent military alliance.

NORAD has three regions: the Alaskan region, the Canadian region, and the American Continental region. The administrative offices are located in New Mexico and Arizona. NORAD has an alternate command center called Cheyenne Mountain Complex in Colorado. NORAD has a total of 1,000 soldiers, personnel and military dependents.
Big Koniuji Island (Alaska)
Big Koniuji Island (Aleut: Kiuniuiu Tanani or Kunujutanany) is an island located in the Aleutians East Borough, Gulf of Alaska, southwest of mainland Alaska, United States. It is part of the Shumagin Islands, which consist of 20 islands, and lies southeast of Popof Island.

Popof Island
Popof Island (Siitikdax̂ in Aleut) is an island in the Shumagin Islands south of mainland Alaska. The largest community in the area, Sand Point, is located on the northwest coast. Popof Island is 10 miles (16 km) long, 5 miles (8.0 km) wide and the peak elevation is 1,550 feet (470 meters). It is located at 55°18′49″N 160°22′29″W﻿ / ﻿55.31361°N 160.37472°W﻿ / 55.31361; -160.37472. It has a land area of 93.651 km2 (36.159 sq mi) and a total population of 578 persons at the 2020 census.

Pirate Cove on the island was developed as a major codfish fishing station.

A herd of introduced bison is on the uninhabited side of the island and currently numbers about 120.
Kreis Rößel
The Rößel district was a Prussian district in the administrative region of Königsberg (and later Allenstein) in the Prussian province of East Prussia. It was located in Warmia in the middle of East Prussia and existed from 1818 to 1945. The seat of the district administration was initially Rößel (Reszel) and, from 1862, Bischofsburg (Biskupiec).

Biskupiec
Biskupiec [bʲisˈkupʲɛt͡s] ⓘ (German: Bischofsburg, [ˈbɪʃɔfsbʊʁk] ⓘ) is a town in northern Poland, in Warmia, in the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship. It is located in Olsztyn County and, as of December 2021, it has a population of 10,496. The countryside surrounding Biskupiec is a popular tourist destination, part of the Masurian Lake District.
Renault Modus
The Renault Modus is a mini MPV produced by the French manufacturer Renault from August 2004 to December 2012, in Valladolid, Spain. The production version is very similar to the concept car of the same name, which was presented at the 2004 Geneva Motor Show. It is essentially a taller version of the Clio III and, as such, shared its platform and much of its engine range with the third generation of the Clio.

A larger wheelbase version was produced as the Renault Grand Modus. Originally marketed as "a higher-range alternative to the Twingo and Clio", it aimed to provide the practicality and versatility of the larger Renault Scénic in a smaller footprint. The Clio platform that spawned the Modus also gave rise to the current Nissan Micra and its monospace relative, the Nissan Note.

Mini MPV
Mini MPV (an abbreviation for mini multi-purpose vehicle) is a vehicle size class for the smallest size of minivans/multi-purpose vehicles (MPVs). The mini MPV size class sits below the compact MPV size class and the vehicles are often built on the platforms of B-segment hatchback models. By the European definition, the mini MPV commonly consists of vans with two rows of seats, while in Asia mini MPVs with three rows are common. Sliding doors are sometimes also fitted to mini MPVs. Mini MPVs are also called tall-hatchbacks or small MPVs.
Not Alone (Seventeen song)
"Not Alone" (Japanese: ひとりじゃない, Hepburn: Hitorijanai) is a song by South Korean boy group Seventeen. It was released as the group's third non-album and fifth overall Japanese single through Pledis Japan on April 21, 2021. The single debuted at number one on the Oricon Singles Chart, becoming the group's second consecutive chart-topper after "Fallin' Flower" in 2020.

Fallin' Flower
"Fallin' Flower" (Japanese: 舞い落ちる花びら, Hepburn: Mai Ochiru Hanabira; lit. 'Falling petals') is a song recorded by South Korean boy group Seventeen. It was released on April 1, 2020, through Pledis Japan, as the group's second non-album and third overall Japanese single. The track debuted at number one on the Oricon Singles Chart, becoming the group's first song to top the chart.
Columba Cary-Elwes
Dom Columba Cary-Elwes, OSB (born Charles Evelyn George Cary-Elwes; 6 November 1903 – 22 January 1994) was an English Benedictine monk who professed vows at Ampleforth Abbey in York, England. As a missionary he travelled to Uganda, Tanzania and Kenya and has written books on Christianity. He was the founding prior of the Priory of Saints Louis and Mary (later Saint Louis Abbey) in Saint Louis, Missouri.

Ampleforth College
Ampleforth College is a co-educational fee-charging private boarding school. It opened in 1803 as a boys' school. It is near the village of Ampleforth, North Yorkshire, England, on the grounds of Benedictine monastery Ampleforth Abbey. The school is in a valley with sports pitches, wooded areas, and lakes. The school has the oldest purpose-built school theatre in the United Kingdom, a dedicated student pub, and its own infirmary. It has received national attention for significant safeguarding failures.

St Laurence Educational Trust and the Ampleforth Abbey Trust are responsible for running Ampleforth College. Boarding fees were £46,740 for the school year 2024/2025.
Bebaakee
Bebaakee (Madness) is a Hindi-language drama web series directed by Muzammil Desai and produced by Ekta Kapoor and Shobha Kapoor under their banner Balaji Telefilms. It stars Kushal Tandon, Karan Jotwani along with debutant Shiv Jyoti Rajput in lead roles. The first eight episodes were streamed on ZEE5 and ALTBalaji on 30 August 2020 while the ninth and tenth were streamed on 2 September 2020. The next five episodes were released on 12 October 2020 while the remaining sixteen episodes of the first season were released on 11 December 2020. The series will receive a second season but the release date hasn't been officially announced.

ALTT
ALTT, formerly ALTBalaji, was an Indian subscription based video on demand platform and a wholly owned subsidiary of Balaji Telefilms. Launched on 16 April 2017, ALTBalaji became Balaji Telefilms' foray into the digital entertainment sphere to create original OTT content.

In July 2025, it was banned by the government of India citing obscenity. Balaji Telefilms went onto replace ALTT with Kutingg, a family friendly streaming platform.