hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Inc. v. Thompson
Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Inc. v. Thompson, 478 U.S. 804 (1986), was a United States Supreme Court decision involving the original jurisdiction of the federal district courts under 28 U.S.C. § 1331 (federal question jurisdiction).

Federal question jurisdiction
In United States law, federal question jurisdiction is a type of subject-matter jurisdiction that gives United States federal courts the power to hear civil cases where the plaintiff alleges a violation of the United States Constitution, federal law, or a treaty to which the United States is a party. The federal question jurisdiction statute is codified at 28 U.S.C. § 1331.
Eucorynus crassicornis
Eucorynus crassicornis is a species of fungus weevil in the beetle family Anthribidae, which was first described in 1801 by Johan Christian Fabricius as Anthribus crassicornis, from specimen(s) collected in Sumatra.

It has been found in South Korea (Jeju Island),  Japan, Far East Russia, China, Taiwan, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, the Philippines, India, and Australia.

In Indonesia, this weevil damages the pods and seeds of the legume crops Crotalaria striata, other Crotalaria species, and those of Leucaena leucocephala. In Kerala, it has been found to be a major destroyer of stored bamboo.

Anthribidae
Anthribidae is a family of beetles also known as fungus weevils. The antennae are not elbowed, may occasionally be longer than the body and thread-like, and can be the longest of any members of Curculionoidea. As in the Nemonychidae, the labrum appears as a separate segment to the clypeus, and the maxillary palps are long and projecting.

Most anthribids feed upon fungi or decaying plant matter, and the larvae feed within dead wood. Some species of Choraginae feed upon seeds, a few are stored product pests, and, unusually, Anthribus feeds upon soft scale insects.
Herta Leistner
Herta Leistner is a German is a practitioner of social pedagogy, a teacher and an author. She is a Deaconess of the Evangelical (i.e. Protestant) Church who has come to wider prominence as a pioneer of the lesbian liberation movement inside the church.

In 1996 Leistner was awarded the German Order of Merit ("Verdienstkreuz am Bande"). Her award hit the headlines and the high-profile theologian Wolfhart Pannenberg, an uncompromising critic of homosexual practice, returned his own Order of Merit in protest.

Wolfhart Pannenberg
Wolfhart Pannenberg  (2 October 1928 – 4 September 2014) was a German Lutheran theologian. He made a number of significant contributions to modern theology, including his concept of history as a form of revelation centered on the resurrection of Christ, which has been widely debated in both Protestant and Catholic theology, as well as by non-Christian thinkers.
Longcross
Longcross is a village in the Borough of Runnymede in Surrey, England, approximately 34.6 kilometres (21.5 mi) west of central London. Its name is thought to come from a marker, placed where the parish boundaries of Chertsey, Chobham and Egham met.

Chobham
Chobham is a village and civil parish in the Borough of Surrey Heath in Surrey, England.

The village has a small high street area, specialising in traditional trades and motor trades.  The River Bourne and its northern tributary, the Hale, Mill Bourne or Windle Brook run through the village.

Chobham lost a large minority of its land to West End, in 1968, which has a larger population and was long associated with another parish. Chobham has a wide range of outlying businesses, particularly plant growing and selling businesses, science/technology and restaurants.

Chobham has no railway line; it is approximately midway between London-terminating services at Woking and Sunningdale, just under 5 miles (8.0 km) away. The village sits to the south of Chobham Common, a Site of Special Scientific Interest.
MD–MS program
An MD–MS program is a dual degree graduate school program awarding both a Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) degree and a Master of Surgery (M.S.) degree. Post-graduate diploma holders and Diplomate of National Board (India) candidates can upgrade to an MD-MS admission 2019-20 degree through opportunities such as post-graduate–up-gradation programs.

Diplomate of National Board
The Diplomate of National Board (DNB) is a postgraduate degree in medicine awarded by the National Board of Examinations in Medical Sciences (NBEMS) under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, on completion of three-year training in any of 30 broad specialties. DNB is equivalent to the Master of Medicine (MD), Master of Surgery (MS), Doctor of Medicine (DM), and Master of Chirurgiae (MCh) in all purposes. Doctors who already hold an MD/MS/DM/MCh are eligible to directly appear in the DNB final examination.

Doctorate of National Board (DrNB) is a post MD/MS/DNB post doctoral level super speciality degree awarded by NBE. It is equivalent to Doctorate of Medicine (DM) / Master of Chirurgiae (MCh) degrees awarded respectively in medical and surgical super specialities.
Reginald Weir
Reginald Storum Weir  also known as Reggie Weir (September 30, 1911 – August 22, 1987) was an American tennis player and physician. He was active from 1931  to 1973 and won 6 career titles, 5 of which came at the  ATA National Championships (1931–33, 1937, 1942).

American Tennis Association
The American Tennis Association (ATA) is based in Largo, Maryland, outside Washington, D.C., and is the oldest African-American sports organization in the United States.  The core of the ATA's modern mission continues to be promoting tennis as a sport for black people and developing junior tennis players, but the ATA welcomes people of all backgrounds.
Strangulation in domestic violence
Strangulation in the context of domestic violence is a potentially lethal form of assault. Unconsciousness may occur within seconds of strangulation and death within minutes. Strangulation can be difficult to detect and until recently was often not treated as a serious crime. However, in many jurisdictions, strangulation is now a specific criminal offense, or an aggravating factor in assault cases.

Unconsciousness
Unconsciousness is a state in which a living individual exhibits a complete, or near-complete, inability to maintain an awareness of self and environment or to respond to any human or environmental stimulus. Unconsciousness may occur as the result of traumatic brain injury, brain hypoxia (inadequate oxygen, possibly due to a brain infarction or cardiac arrest), severe intoxication with drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system (e.g., alcohol and other hypnotic or sedative drugs), severe fatigue, pain, anaesthesia, and other causes.

Loss of consciousness should not be confused with the notion of the psychoanalytic unconscious, cognitive processes that take place outside awareness (e.g., implicit cognition), and with altered states of consciousness such as sleep, delirium, hypnosis, and other altered states in which the person responds to stimuli, including trance and psychedelic experiences.
American Hardcore (film)
American Hardcore: The History of American Punk Rock 1980–1986 is a 2006 documentary film directed and produced by Paul Rachman and written by Steven Blush.
It is based on the 2001 book American Hardcore: A Tribal History also written by Blush.  It had its world premiere at the 2006 Sundance Film Festival and was released on September 22, 2006 on a limited basis by Sony Pictures Classics. The film features some early pioneers of the hardcore punk music scene including Bad Brains, Black Flag, D.O.A., Minor Threat, Minutemen, SSD, and others. It was released on DVD by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment on February 20, 2007.

Steven Blush
Steven Blush is an American author, journalist, and filmmaker known for his book American Hardcore and its documentary film adaptation. He founded Seconds magazine and has written about music and popular culture for publications including Spin, Kerrang!, and The Village Voice. His work focuses primarily on punk and hardcore music.
Fadwa Khaled
Fadwa Abdullah Abdulmohsen Khaled (Arabic: فدوى عبد الله عبد المحسن خالد; born 27 January 2005) is a Saudi footballer who plays as a forward for Saudi Women's Premier League club Al-Ahli and the Saudi Arabia national team.

Saudi Arabia women's national football team
The Saudi Arabia women's national football team (Arabic: المنتخب السعودي لكرة القدم للسيدات) is the official women's national football team represents Saudi Arabia. The team is controlled by the Saudi Arabian Football Federation (SAFF), the governing body for football in Saudi Arabia.

Colloquially called "the Green Falcons", Saudi Arabia played their first match in 2022 against the Seychelles in a 2–0 win in a friendly tournament in the Maldives.
Saverio Bettinelli
Saverio Bettinelli S.J. (18 July 1718 – 13 September 1808) was an Italian Jesuit priest and writer. He became known as a polymath, dramatist, polemicist, poet, and literary critic. He was a friend of some of the leading authors of his times: Voltaire, Francesco Algarotti, Vincenzo Monti and Ippolito Pindemonte. Théodore Tronchin, Guillaume du Tillot, Melchiorre Cesarotti, Giacomo Filippo Durazzo, Pietro Verri, Giammaria Mazzucchelli and Francesco Maria Zanotti were among his correspondents.

Ippolito Pindemonte
Ippolito Pindemonte (November 13, 1753 – November 18, 1828) was an Italian poet. 
He was an exponent of Italian neoclassicism and pre-romanticism, with poems of the pastoral genre and related to graveyard poets style.
Ful medames
Ful medames (Arabic: فول مدمس, romanized: fūl midammis IPA: [fuːl meˈdammes]; other spellings include ful mudammas and  foule mudammes), or simply fūl, is a stew of cooked fava beans served with olive oil, cumin, and optionally with chopped parsley, garlic, onion, lemon juice, chili pepper and other vegetables, herbs, and spices. Ful medames is traditionally made in and served out of a large metal jug. It is notably a staple food in Sudan and Egypt and is considered a national dish, especially in the northern cities of Cairo and Gizah. Fava beans can also sometimes be found in other cuisines in the Middle East, and Africa, though cooked differently.

Lemon
The lemon (Citrus × limon) is a species of small evergreen tree in the Citrus genus of the flowering plant family Rutaceae. A true lemon is a hybrid of the citron and the bitter orange. Its origins are uncertain, but some evidence suggests lemons originated during the 1st millennium BC in what is now northeastern India. Some other citrus fruits are called lemon.

The yellow fruit of the lemon tree is used throughout the world, primarily for its juice. The pulp and rind are used in cooking and baking. The juice of the lemon is about 5–6% citric acid, giving it a sour taste. This makes it a key ingredient in drinks and foods such as lemonade and lemon meringue pie.

In 2024, world production was 23 million tonnes, led by India and Mexico with 31% of the total.
John Giffard (1602–1665)
Colonel John Giffard (1602–1665), (pron. "Jiffard") of Brightley in the parish of Chittlehampton, Devon, England, was a Royalist leader during the Civil War. Giffard commanded the Devon Pikemen at the Battle of Lansdowne in 1643, in which his 3rd cousin the Royalist commander of the Cornish forces Sir Bevil Grenville (1596-1643) was killed in heroic circumstances. Giffard's loyalty to the Royalist cause led to him being proposed in 1660 as a knight of the intended Order of the Royal Oak. He was personally known to the biographer John Prince (1643–1723) who included him as one of his Worthies of Devon. He was buried in Chittlehampton Church, where his small kneeling effigy survives on the base of the monument he erected in 1625 to his grandfather.

Bevil Grenville
Sir Bevil Grenville (23 March 1596 – 5 July 1643) was an English landowner  and soldier who sat as a Member of Parliament for various constituencies between 1620 and 1642, although during those years there were few parliamentary sessions. When the First English Civil War broke out in August 1642, he joined the Royalists and played a leading role in their early campaigns in the West Country. He was killed in action at the Battle of Lansdowne in 1643.
Zoropsis
Zoropsis is a spider genus in the family Zoropsidae. The genus was described in 1878 by Eugène Simon. The genus name comes from Zora C.L.Koch, 1847, another genus of spiders, and the Greek ὄψις (ópsis) "aspect", because the two genera look similar.

Eugène Simon
Eugène Louis Simon (French pronunciation: [øʒɛn lwi simɔ̃]; 30 April 1848 – 17 November 1924) was a French naturalist who worked particularly on insects and spiders, but also on birds and plants. He is by far the most prolific spider taxonomist in history, describing over 4,000 species.
Adventure (Yoasobi song)
"Adventure" (アドベンチャー, Adobenchā) is a song by Japanese duo Yoasobi from their third EP, The Book 3 (2023). It was released as a single on February 15, 2023, by Sony Music Entertainment Japan. Written by Ayase, the song is a theme for 2023 Universal Studios Japan's campaign Unibaru, based on Nagi's short story Lens Goshi no Kirameki o. Its accompanying music video, showing an animated girl dancing in the theme park, premiered on March 11. Commercially, "Adventure" peaked at number 48 on the Oricon Combined Singles Chart and number 30 on the Billboard Japan Hot 100.

Universal Studios Japan
Universal Studios Japan (ユニバーサル・スタジオ・ジャパン) is a theme park located in Osaka, Japan. Opened on March 31, 2001, it is one of six Universal Studios theme parks worldwide and was the first to open outside the United States. The park is owned and operated by USJ LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Comcast NBCUniversal. The park is similar in layout to Universal Studios Florida and contains selected attractions from both Universal Orlando and Universal Studios Hollywood, in addition to a small number of unique attractions.

Over 11 million guests visited the park in its opening year, making it the fastest theme park to reach the 10 million guest milestone at the time. In 2024, Universal Studios Japan hosted 16 million visitors, making it the third-most visited theme park in the world behind Magic Kingdom and Disneyland, and the most visited theme park in Asia.
North Coast Limited
The North Coast Limited was a named passenger train operated by the Northern Pacific Railway between Chicago and Seattle via Bismarck, North Dakota. It started on April 29, 1900, and continued as a Burlington Northern Railroad train after the merger on March 2, 1970 with Great Northern Railway and the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad.  The next year, it ceased operations after the trains which left their originating stations on April 30, 1971, the day before Amtrak began service (May 1, 1971), arrived at their destinations.

After 1918 the Chicago to St. Paul leg of the route was on the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy railroad along its Mississippi River line through Wisconsin.  The train had a Portland section which split off the Seattle section at Pasco, Washington and ran over NP subsidiary Spokane, Portland and Seattle Railway between Pasco and Portland.

For much of its history the North Coast Limited was known for its dining car service.

Great Northern Railway (U.S.)
The Great Northern Railway (reporting mark GN) was an American Class I railroad. Running from Saint Paul, Minnesota, to Seattle, Washington, it was the creation of 19th-century Canadian-American railroad entrepreneur James J. Hill and was developed from the Saint Paul & Pacific Railroad. The Great Northern's route made it the northernmost transcontinental railroad in the U.S.

In 1970, the Great Northern Railway merged with three other railroads to form the Burlington Northern Railroad, which merged in 1996 with the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway to form the Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Railway.
RK Ilagan
Regille Kent Ilagan (born April 3, 1997) is a Filipino professional basketball player for the Blackwater Bossing of the Philippine Basketball Association (PBA). He played college basketball for the San Sebastian Stags, where he gained a reputation as one of the best amateur shooters in the country. In the PBA, he is known as a clutch scorer.

San Sebastian Stags, Lady Stags and Staglets
The San Sebastian Golden Stags and Lady Stags, also known collectively as the SSC-R Stags, are the National Collegiate Athletic Association (Philippines) varsity teams of the San Sebastian College – Recoletos.
Their five consecutive NCAA seniors basketball championships was the longest streak in the NCAA.

The college's juniors team are the San Sebastian Staglets.
Diné College Press
Diné College Press (formerly Navajo Community College Press) is the publishing division of Diné College, headquartered in Tsaile, Arizona, but whose territory spans throughout the Navajo Nation. Diné College Press has published books by and pertaining to Native Americans. While most titles focus on the issues of the Navajo people, others have dealt with broader issues pertaining to Native American studies. Authors include Acoma Pueblo poet and author Simon J. Ortiz and Pawnee-Otoe-Missouria author Anna Lee Walters.

Simon J. Ortiz
Simon J. Ortiz (born May 27, 1941) is a Native American writer, poet, and enrolled member of the Pueblo of Acoma. Ortiz is one of the key figures in the second wave of what has been called the Native American Renaissance.

Ortiz's commitment to preserving and expanding the literary and oral histories of the Acoma people accounts for many of the themes and techniques that compose his work. Ortiz identifies himself less as a "poet" than a "storyteller". The composition of a traditional Pueblo storyteller includes not only oral narrative materials, which adapt easily to short story or essay forms but also songs, chants, winter stories, sacred oral narratives associated with origin stories and their attendant ceremonies. Such materials when recited aloud, have a distinctly "poetic" texture.
Niger–Russia relations
Historically, Niger and Russia have had very little contact. However, following the 2023 Nigerien coup d'état, the two nations became close allies, with Russia becoming the new government's preferred military partner.

2023 Nigerien coup d'état
On 26 July 2023, a coup d'état occurred in Niger when the country's presidential guard detained President Mohamed Bazoum, and Presidential Guard commander General Abdourahamane Tchiani proclaimed himself the leader of a new military junta, shortly after confirming the coup a success.

This was the fifth military coup d'état since the country gained independence from France in 1960, and the first since 2010. The coup was condemned by the United States and France, and by the West African regional bloc ECOWAS, the latter of which threatened military intervention against the junta, leading to the 2023–2024 Niger crisis.
A. K. M. Mohiuddin Ahmed
A.K.M. Mohiuddin Ahmed (25 February 1949 – 28 January 2010) was a Bangladesh Army officer who was convicted in absentia and executed for the assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. On 28 January 2010, Ahmed was hanged along with Syed Faruque Rahman, Sultan Shahriar Rashid Khan, Mohiuddin Ahmed, and Mohammad Bazlul Huda in Old Dhaka Central Jail.

Old Dhaka Central Jail
Dhaka Central Jail was the largest jail in Bangladesh, located in the old section of Dhaka, the country's capital. The jail has been used to house criminals as well as political prisoners, especially during the Language Movement of 1952, the 6 Point Movement, and the Bangladesh War of Independence.

However, the jail earned infamy after the killings of four political leaders — A. H. M. Qamaruzzaman, Tajuddin Ahmad, Syed Nazrul Islam and Captain Muhammad Mansur Ali — on the eve of a military counter-coup on 3 November 1975, against the government of president Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad and army chief Ziaur Rahman, which was in power after 15 August after the assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. The slain leaders are mourned by many in Bangladesh today, with the date informally known as "Jail killing day."
Jens Martin Gammelby
Jens Martin Gammelby (Danish pronunciation: [ˈjens ˈmɑːtsʰin ˈkɑml̩ˌpyˀ]; born 5 February 1995) is a Danish professional footballer who plays as a right-back for Danish Superliga club Silkeborg.

A Silkeborg academy graduate, Gammelby made more than 100 first-team appearances and scored nine goals in his initial spell before a 2018 transfer to Brøndby. He later had loans at Lyngby and Miedź Legnica in Poland, and spent 2023 with Norwegian side HamKam. In January 2024, he returned to Silkeborg, winning the 2023–24 Danish Cup with the club.

Gammelby has also been capped by the Denmark League XI, scoring on his debut in 2018.

Lyngby Boldklub
Lyngby Boldklub (Danish pronunciation: [ˈløŋˌpyˀ ˈpʌlˀtkʰlup]) is a professional football club based in Lyngby, Denmark, founded in 1921. It is based at Lyngby Stadion. The club play in the Danish 1st Division. From 1994 to 2001 the club was known as Lyngby FC. The club has won the Danish championship twice (1983 and 1992) and the Danish Cup three times (1984, 1985 and 1990).
Kurdish Democratic Political Union
The Kurdish Democratic Political Union (Kurdish: Yekîtiya Siyasî ya Demokrata Kurd, Arabic: الإتحاد السياسي الديمقراطي الكوردي), or KDPU was a Syrian Kurdish alliance linked to Iraqi Kurdish president Massoud Barzani's Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP).

Founded in December 2012 in Qamishli, it was aimed at forming a new party to rival the dominant role of the Democratic Union Party (PYD) in governing the de facto independent Syrian Kurdish region of Rojava. After one of the parties had broken apart in 2013, the alliance dissolved in April 2014 with the remaining parties merging into the Kurdistan Democratic Party of Syria (KDP-S).

Democratic Union Party (Syria)
The Democratic Union Party (Kurmanji Kurdish: Partiya Yekîtiya Demokrat, pronounced [paːrtɨjaː jɛkiːtɨja dɛmokraːt], PYD; Arabic: حزب الاتحاد الديمقراطي, romanized: Ḥizb al-Ittiḥad al-Dimuqraṭiy; Classical Syriac: ܓܒܐ ܕܚܘܝܕܐ ܕܝܡܩܪܐܛܝܐ, romanized: Gabo d'Ḥuyodo Demoqraṭoyo) is a Kurdish left-wing political party established on 20 September 2003 in northern Syria. It is a founding member of the National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change. It is the leading political party among Syrian Kurds. The PYD was established as a Syrian branch of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) in 2003, and both organizations are still closely affiliated through the Kurdistan Communities Union (KCK).
Stephen Cottrell
Stephen Geoffrey Cottrell PC SCP (/ˈkɒtrəl/; born 31 August 1958) is a Church of England bishop. Since 9 July 2020, he has been the Archbishop of York and Primate of England; the second-most senior bishop of the church and the most senior in northern England. He previously served as Bishop of Reading (an area bishop in the Diocese of Oxford), 2004–2010, and as Bishop of Chelmsford, 2010–2020.

From 7 January 2025 until 28 January 2026, Cottrell assumed most of the primatial functions of the Archbishop of Canterbury  during the vacancy that followed the resignation of archbishop Justin Welby.

Bishop of Chelmsford
The Bishop of Chelmsford is the Ordinary of the Church of England Diocese of Chelmsford in the Province of Canterbury.

The current bishop is Guli Francis-Dehqani, since the confirmation of her election on 11 March 2021.
Rapid growing mycobacterium
Rapid growing mycobacterium consists of organism of the Mycobacterium fortuitum group and Mycobacterium chelonae/Mycobacterium abscessus group and these usually cause subcutaneous abscesses or cellulitis following trauma in immunocompetent patients.: 340

Mycobacteroides chelonae
Mycobacteroides chelonae (formerly Mycobacterium chelonae) is a species of bacteria from the phylum Actinomycetota belonging to the genus Mycobacteroides. Mycobacteroides chelonae is a rapidly growing mycobacterium that is found all throughout the environment, including sewage and tap water. It can occasionally cause opportunistic infections of humans.
It is grouped in Runyon group IV.

The complete genome sequence of the M. chelonae CCUG 47445 type strain was deposited and published in DNA Data Bank of Japan, European Nucleotide Archive, and GenBank in 2016 under the accession number CP007220.