hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Operation Vigilant Warrior
Operation Vigilant Warrior (Arabic: عملية المحارب اليقظ) was a military operation from 8 October 1994 to 15 December 1994 by the United States in response to two divisions of Iraqi Republican Guard troops moving toward the Kuwaiti border. A quick response by U.S. president Bill Clinton allowed USCENTAF command and staff to deploy to Riyadh within days.

Iraqi Republican Guard
The Iraqi Republican Guard (IRG; Arabic: حرس العراق الجمهوري, romanized: Ḥaras al-ʿIrāq al-Jamhūrīy) was a branch of the Iraqi military from 1969 to 2003, which existed primarily during the presidency of Saddam Hussein. Initially a praetorian guard unit tasked with the sole purpose to protect the president of Iraq, it grew exponentially during the Iran-Iraq War, transforming into an elite force of the Iraqi Armed Forces. It later became known as the Republican Guard Corps, and then the Republican Guard Forces Command (RGFC) with its expansion into two corps. The Republican Guard was disbanded in 2003 after the invasion of Iraq by a U.S.-led international coalition.

The Republican Guard were the elite troops of the Iraqi army directly reporting to Hussein, unlike the paramilitary force Fedayeen Saddam, and the regular Iraqi Army. They were better trained, disciplined, equipped, and had higher salaries than ordinary Iraqi soldiers, receiving bonuses, new cars, and subsidized housing.
Kingsley Ehizibue
Kingsley Osezele Ehizibue (born 25 May 1995) is a professional footballer who plays as a right back for Serie A club Udinese. Born in Germany and raised in the Netherlands, he represented the latter internationally at youth level.

Udinese Calcio
Udinese Calcio (Italian pronunciation: [udiˈneːze ˈkaltʃo, -eːse -]; "Udinese Football") is a professional football club based in Udine, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Italy. The team currently competes in the Serie A, the first tier of Italian football. It was founded on 30 November 1896 as a sports club, and on 5 July 1911 as a football club.

The traditional team home kit is black and white striped shirt, black shorts, and white socks. The club broadcasts on channel 110 (Udinese Channel) on digital terrestrial television in the north-east of Italy. It has many fans in Friuli and the surrounding areas.
Moya Dyring
Moya Dyring (10 February 1909 – 4 January 1967) was an Australian artist. She was one of the first women artists to embrace Modernism and exhibit cubist paintings in Melbourne. For several years she was a member of the modern art community known as the Heide Circle, named after the home of art collectors John and Sunday Reed, and now the Heide Museum of Modern Art. Dyring then travelled to the USA and France, where she lived most her life.  Her work is held in the Heide Museum as well as the National Gallery of Australia.

Heide Circle
The Heide Circle was a loose grouping of Australian artists who lived and worked at "Heide", a former dairy farm on the Yarra River floodplain at Bulleen, a suburb of Melbourne, counting amongst their number many of Australia's best-known modernist painters.
Universal suffrage
Universal suffrage or universal franchise refers to the right to vote being available for all adults within a jurisdiction. The idea is often endorsed by the slogan "one man, one vote".

For many, the term universal suffrage assumes the exclusion of the young and non-citizens (among others). At the same time, some insist that more inclusion is needed before suffrage can be truly universal. Democratic theorists, especially those hoping to achieve more universal suffrage, support presumptive inclusion, where the legal system would protect the voting rights of all subjects unless the government can clearly prove that disenfranchisement is necessary. Universal full suffrage includes both the right to vote, also called active suffrage, and the right to be elected, also called passive suffrage.

Nomination rules
Nomination rules in elections regulate the conditions under which a candidate or political party is entitled to stand for election. The right to stand for election, right to be a candidate or passive suffrage is one part of free and fair elections. Passive suffrage is distinct from active suffrage, the right to vote. The criteria to stand as a candidate depends on the individual legal system. They may include the age of a candidate, citizenship, endorsement by a political party and profession. Laws' restrictions, such as competence or moral aptitude, can be used in a discriminatory manner. Restrictive and discriminatory nomination rules can impact the civil rights of candidates, political parties, and voters.

In some jurisdictions a candidate or party must not only be nominated but also has to pass separate rules in order to be listed on the ballot paper. In the United States, this is called ballot access.
Edward Bethune
Lieutenant-General Sir Edward Cecil Bethune, KCB, CVO (23 June 1855 – 2 November 1930) was a British Army officer who raised and led his own regiment, Bethune's Mounted Infantry, in the Second Boer War and directed the Territorials in the First World War.

Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)
Lieutenant general (Lt Gen), formerly more commonly lieutenant-general, is a senior rank in the British Army and the Royal Marines. It is the equivalent of a multinational three-star rank; some British lieutenant generals sometimes wear three-star insignia, in addition to their standard insignia, when on multinational operations.

Lieutenant general is a superior rank to major general, but subordinate to a (full) general. The rank has a NATO rank code of OF-8, equivalent to a vice-admiral in the Royal Navy and an air marshal in the Royal Air Force (RAF) and the air forces of many Commonwealth countries.

The rank insignia for both the Army and the Royal Marines is a crown over a crossed sabre and baton. During the reign of Elizabeth II, the St Edward's Crown, commonly known as the Queen's Crown, was depicted. Before 1953, and again since the accession of Charles III in 2022, the Tudor Crown has been used.
Malachians F.C.
Malachians Football Club is an intermediate Northern Irish football club playing in the Premier Division of the Northern Amateur Football League. The club was formed in 1963 as the football section of the St Malachy's College Old Boys' Association, and joined the Amateur League in 1967, achieving intermediate status in 1977.

Northern Amateur Football League
The Northern Amateur Football League, also known as the Northern Amateur League and often simply as the Amateur League, is an association football league in Northern Ireland. It contains 13 divisions. These comprise four intermediate sections: the Premier Division, Division 1A, Division 1B and Division 1C; three junior sections: Division 2A, Division 2B and Division 2C; and six reserve sections.
Crime in Iran
Crime in Iran is present in various forms, and may include the following offences: murder, kidnapping, theft, fraud, money laundering, drug trafficking, drug dealing, alcohol smuggling, oil smuggling, tax evasion, terrorism, homosexuality, Guidance Patrol, eating and drinking during Ramadan, drinking alcohol, and many other crimes.

Taxation in Iran
Taxation in Iran is levied and collected by the Iranian National Tax Administration under the Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs of the Government of Iran. In 2008, about 55% of the government's budget came from oil and natural gas revenues, the rest from taxes and fees. An estimated 50% of Iran's GDP was exempt from taxes in FY 2004. There are virtually millions of people who do not pay taxes in Iran and hence operate outside the formal economy. The fiscal year begins on March 21 and ends on March 20 of the next year.

As part of the Iranian Economic Reform Plan, the government  proposed income tax increases on traders in gold, steel, fabrics and other sectors, prompting  work stoppages by merchants.
Anser (poet)
Anser was a minor poet of ancient Rome who lived in the 1st century BC. He is mentioned by Ovid as a writer of love poetry associated with Catullus, Calvus  and Cinna. According to the 4th-century AD grammarian Servius, he was a "very bad poet" who wrote in praise of the triumvir Mark Antony and was a detractor of Virgil. None of his work is known to have survived.

Helvius Cinna
Gaius Helvius Cinna (died 20 March 44 BC) was an influential neoteric poet of the late Roman Republic, a little older than the generation of Catullus and Calvus. He was lynched at the funeral of Julius Caesar after being mistaken for an unrelated Cornelius Cinna who had spoken out in support of the dictator's assassins.
2008 Plymouth City Council election
The 2008 Plymouth City Council election was held on 1 May 2008 to elect members of Plymouth City Council in England. One third of the council was up for election and the Conservative Party remained in control of the council with an increased majority.

2004 Plymouth City Council election
The 2004 Plymouth City Council election was held on 10 June 2004 to elect members of Plymouth City Council in England. This was on the same day as the other local elections. One third of the council was up for election and the Labour Party remained in control of the council.
Mongolian script
The traditional Mongolian script, also known as the Hudum Mongol bichig, was the first writing system created specifically for the Mongolian language, and was the most widespread until the introduction of Cyrillic in 1946. The script has been a co-official script since 2025, alongside the Cyrillic script for the language. It is traditionally written in vertical lines from top to bottom, flowing in lines from left to right . Derived from the Old Uyghur alphabet, it is a true alphabet, with separate letters for consonants and vowels. It has been adapted for such languages as Oirat and Manchu. Alphabets based on this classical vertical script continue to be used in Mongolia and Inner Mongolia to write Mongolian, Xibe and, experimentally, Evenki.

Computer operating systems have been slow to adopt support for the Mongolian script; almost all have incomplete support or other text rendering difficulties.

ʼPhags-pa script
The Phagspa (/ˈpɑːɡzˌpɑː/ PAHGZ-PAH),  ʼPhags-pa or ḥPʻags-pa script is an alphabet designed by the Tibetan monk and State Preceptor (later Imperial Preceptor) Drogön Chögyal Phagpa (1235–1280) for Kublai Khan (r. 1264–1294), the founder of the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368) in China, as a unified script for the written languages within the Yuan. The actual use of this script was limited to about a hundred years during the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty, and it fell out of use with the advent of the Ming dynasty.

The script was used to write and transcribe varieties of Chinese, the Tibetic languages, Mongolian, the Uyghur language, Sanskrit, probably Persian, and other neighboring languages during the Yuan era. For historical linguists, its use provides clues about changes in these languages.

Its descendant systems include Horizontal square script, used to write Tibetan and Sanskrit. During the Pax Mongolica the script even made numerous appearances in Western medieval art.
Northern Caribbean University
Northern Caribbean University (NCU) is a university in Mandeville, Manchester, Jamaica.

NCU, founded in 1907, is owned and operated by the Seventh-day Adventist Church, and also has campuses in Kingston, Montego Bay, and Runaway Bay. The university offers a number of professional, pre-professional and vocational programmes.

It is a part of the Seventh-day Adventist education system, the world's second largest Christian school system.

Seventh-day Adventist education
The Seventh-day Adventist educational system, part of the Seventh-day Adventist Church, is overseen by the General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists located in Silver Spring, Maryland. It is considered as the largest Protestant educational system and second largest Christian educational system in the world. The educational system is a Christian school–based system.

In 2023, the Seventh-day Adventist Church has associations with a total of 9,845 educational institutions operating in over 100 countries around the world with over 2,177,933 million students worldwide.

The denominationally-based school system began in the 1870s.
His Majesty's Inspectorate of Education
His Majesty's Inspectorate of Education in Scotland (HMIE) is a public body of the Scottish Government, responsible for the inspection of public and private, primary and secondary schools, as well as further education colleges, community learning, Local Authority Education Departments and teacher education.

HMIE and Learning and Teaching Scotland were merged in 2011 to create Education Scotland. However, the body was re-established in 2025, following the passage of the Education (Scotland) Act 2025.

The head of the service is the HM Chief Inspector of Education, held in the interim by Graeme Logan. The Chief Inspector in appointed by the King on advice from the Scottish Government.

Teacher education
Teacher education or teacher training refers to programs, policies, procedures, and provision designed to equip (prospective) teachers with the knowledge, attitudes, behaviors, approaches, methodologies and skills they require to perform their tasks effectively in the classroom, school, and wider community. The professionals who engage in training the prospective teachers are called teacher educators (or, in some contexts, teacher trainers).

There is a longstanding and ongoing debate about the most appropriate term to describe these activities. The term 'teacher training' (which may give the impression that the activity involves training staff to undertake relatively routine tasks) seems to be losing ground, at least in the U.S., to 'teacher education' (with its connotation of preparing staff for a professional role as a reflective practitioner). The two major components of teacher education are in-service teacher education and pre-service teacher education.
Clifford Etienne
Clifford Etienne (born March 9, 1970) is an American former professional boxer and convicted robber, who is currently serving a 105-year prison sentence without the possibility of parole. Known for his aggressive, high-volume style despite being a heavyweight, he fought Mike Tyson, Francois Botha, Nikolay Valuev, Calvin Brock, and Lamon Brewster.

Nikolai Valuev
Nikolai Sergeyevich Valuev (Russian: Никола́й Серге́евич Валу́ев, IPA: [vɐˈlujɪf]; born 21 August 1973) is a Russian politician and former professional boxer. He competed in boxing from 1993 to 2009, and held the World Boxing Association (WBA) heavyweight title twice between 2005 and 2009. Standing at a height of 2.13 metres (7 feet) and a peak weight of 151 kilograms (333 pounds), Valuev is best known for being the tallest and heaviest world champion in boxing history.
Chari Hawkins
Chari Wanda Hawkins (born May 21, 1991) is an American track and field athlete who competes in combined events. She won the 2022 U.S. Indoor Pentathlon title and has represented the U.S. in the heptathlon at the 2019 World Championships, finishing 12th, and at the 2023 World Championships, finishing 8th.

2023 World Athletics Championships
The 2023 World Athletics Championships (Hungarian: 2023-as atlétikai világbajnokság), the nineteenth edition of the World Athletics Championships, were held from 19 to 27 August 2023 at the National Athletics Centre, in Budapest, Hungary. The tournament returned to its usual two-year cycle after the previous event in Eugene, Oregon, United States was postponed to 2022, held 13 months earlier due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

These are the first World Athletics Championships in Hungary. The city of Budapest had previously stated an interest in hosting the 2007 World Championships, but withdrew and it was eventually held in Osaka.
Esther Short
Esther Clark Short (December 24, 1806 – June 28, 1862) was an early American settler of what would become the State of Washington. She was a founder of the City of Vancouver, Washington. Part of her land bequeath became Esther Short Park, which is the oldest public square in the state of Washington. She was able to achieve this though it was not legal for women in the territory of Washington to own property prior to 1881.

Vancouver, Washington
Vancouver (/væn.ˈkuː.vər/ ⓘ van-KOO-vər) is a city in Clark County, Washington, United States, located on the north bank of the Columbia River. It had a population of 190,915 at the 2020 census, making it the fourth-most populous city in Washington. Founded in 1825 and incorporated in 1857, the city was originally established around Fort Vancouver, a fur trading outpost, and is situated directly north of Portland, Oregon, along the Washington–Oregon state line. Vancouver serves as the county seat of Clark County and is part of the Portland metropolitan area.
Graeme Blick
Graeme Hilton Blick CNZM (born 1953) is a New Zealand surveyor and photogrammetrist.  He was chief geodesist of New Zealand, working for Land Information New Zealand, from 2009 until his retirement in 2024.

Land Information New Zealand
Land Information New Zealand (LINZ; Māori: Toitū Te Whenua) is the public service department of New Zealand charged with geographical information and surveying functions as well as handling land titles, and managing Crown land and property. The minister responsible is the Minister for Land Information, and was formerly the Minister of Survey and Land Information. LINZ was established in 1996 following the restructure of the Department of Survey and Land Information (DOSLI), which was itself one of the successor organisations to the Department of Lands and Survey.

The New Zealand Geographic Board secretariat is part of LINZ and provides the Board with administrative and research assistance and advice.

The Minister for Land Information is Chris Penk.

Gaye Searancke was appointed Chief Executive of Land Information New Zealand in August 2019. She succeeded Andrew Crisp, who had been in the post since 2016.
University of the Faroe Islands
The University of the Faroe Islands (Faroese: Fróðskaparsetur Føroya) is a state-run university located in Tórshavn, the capital of the Faroe Islands. It consists of five faculties: Faculty of Faroese Language and Literature, Faculty of Social Sciences and History, Faculty of Education, Faculty of Science and Technology and Faculty of Health Sciences. The University offers bachelors, masters, and Ph.D. programs. The student body is relatively small (around 1000). The University organises an annual dissertation competition open to all students. The educational language of the university is Faroese, making it the only university in the world to conduct classes officially in the Faroese language. Some classes are taught in other languages. The University works closely with the University of Copenhagen and the University of Iceland for research projects and is a member of UArctic.

University of the Arctic
The University of the Arctic (UArctic) is an international cooperative network based in the Circumpolar Arctic region, consisting of universities, colleges, and other organizations with an interest in promoting education and research in the Arctic region.

UArctic was launched in 2001, endorsed by the Arctic Council and in conjunction with the tenth anniversary of the Rovaniemi Process and the Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy.
First Army Air Service
The First Army Air Service was an Air Service, United States Army unit that fought on the Western Front during World War I as part of the Air Service, First United States Army.  The First Army Air Service was the largest and most diverse Air Service combat organization of the American Expeditionary Forces in France, and most American Air Service combat units were assigned to it when assigned to the front.

The organization was demobilized in France on 15 April 1919 with the demobilization of the United States First Army. It was reconstituted in the Organized Reserve on 15 October 1921 as Headquarters, First Army Air Service, assigned to the First Army and allotted to the First Corps Area. It was then allotted to the Regular Army in 1928, and then inactivated in December 1929.

First Army (United States)
First Army is the oldest and longest-established field army of the United States Army. It served as a theater army, having seen service in both World War I and World War II, and supplied the US army with soldiers and equipment during the Korean War and the Vietnam War under some of the most famous and distinguished officers of the U.S. Army. It now serves as a mobilization, readiness and training command.
Roger Cressey
Roger W. Cressey (born August 9, 1965) is a cyber security and counter-terrorism expert and served in senior positions under presidents Bill Clinton and George W. Bush. He is a former member of the United States National Security Council staff and the founder and former president of the Good Harbor consulting group.

Cressey served as an adjunct professor of counter-terrorism policy at Georgetown University and is currently a Partner with Liberty Group Ventures, LLC.

United States National Security Council
The United States National Security Council (NSC) is the national security council used by the president of the United States for consideration of national security, military, and foreign policy matters. Based in the White House, it is part of the Executive Office of the President of the United States, and composed of senior national security advisors and presidential cabinet officials.

Since its inception in 1947 by President Harry S. Truman, the function of the council has been to advise and assist the president on national security and foreign policies. It also serves as the president's principal arm for coordinating these policies among various government agencies. The council has subsequently played a key role in most major events in U.S. foreign policy, from the Korean War to the war on terror.
Johannes Muralt (1577)
Johannes Muralt (18 September 1577 – 2 February 1645) was a Swiss silk manufacturer and merchant from Zurich. He was the first member of the Muralt family to engage in silk manufacturing and founded the silk factory Muralt an der Sihl.

Muralto family
The Muralt (also Muralto or von Muralt) is a noble family of Lombard origin that established itself in Locarno in the 12th century and later developed prominent branches in Zürich and Bern following the Protestant Reformation.
2010 NCAA Division III baseball tournament
The 2010 NCAA Division III baseball tournament was played at the end of the 2010 NCAA Division III baseball season to determine the 35th national champion of college baseball at the NCAA Division III level.  The tournament concluded with eight teams competing at Time Warner Cable Field at Fox Cities Stadium in Grand Chute, Wisconsin for the championship.  Eight regional tournaments were held to determine the participants in the World Series. Regional tournaments were contested in double-elimination format, with four regions consisting of six teams, one consisting of seven, and three consisting of eight, for a total of 55 teams participating in the tournament, up from 54 in 2009.  The tournament champion was Illinois Wesleyan, who defeated SUNY Cortland for the championship.

Grand Chute, Wisconsin
Grand Chute (French: great fall or "large rapids") is a town in Outagamie County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 23,831 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Appleton metropolitan area. The unincorporated community of Apple Creek is partially located in the town.