hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Nematophagous fungus
Nematophagous fungi are carnivorous fungi specialized in trapping and digesting nematodes. More than 700 species are known. Species exist that live inside the nematodes from the beginning and others that catch them, mostly with glue traps or in rings, some of which constrict on contact. Some species possess both types of traps. Another technique is to stun the nematodes using toxins, a method employed by Coprinus comatus, Stropharia rugosoannulata, and the family Pleurotaceae. The habit of feeding on nematodes has arisen many times among fungi, as is demonstrated by the fact that nematophagous species are found in all major fungal groups. Nematophagous fungi can be useful in controlling those nematodes that eat crops. Purpureocillium, for example, can be used as a bio-nematicide.

Purpureocillium
Purpureocillium is a fungal genus in the Ophiocordycipitaceae family. The genus now contains at least 5 species with the type species Purpureocillium lilacinum, a common soil mold. It has been isolated from a wide range of habitats, including cultivated and uncultivated soils, forests, grassland, deserts, estuarine sediments and sewage sludge, and insects. It has also been found in nematode eggs, and occasionally from females of root-knot and cyst nematodes. In addition, it has frequently been detected in the rhizosphere of many crops. The species can grow at a wide range of temperatures – from 8 to 38 °C (46 to 100 °F) for a few isolates, with optimal growth in the range 26 to 30 °C (79 to 86 °F). It also has a wide pH tolerance and can grow on a variety of substrates. P. lilacinum has shown promising results for use as a biocontrol agent to control the growth of destructive root-knot nematodes.
A Mero Hajur 3
A Mero Hajur 3 (Nepali: ए मेरो हजुर ३, lit. 'Oh My Dear 3') is a Nepali romantic comedy-drama film, directed by Jharana Thapa (her second film as a director) and produced by Sunil Kumar Thapa, under the banner of Suhana Entertainment and Sunil Kumar Thapa Production. The film stars Suhana Thapa in her debut and Anmol K.C.  in the lead roles alongside Salon Basnet, Arpan Thapa and Rabindra Jha.

The film is part of the A Mero Hajur series after A Mero Hajur 2 (2017) and A Mero Hajur (2002). The film was released on 12 April 2019. The film received mixed responses; while its routine story was panned by critics and K.C.'s performance was criticized, it received positive responses for debutante Suhana Thapa's performance, as well as the film's music, cinematography and costume design . The film was a commercial blockbuster and became the 6th Highest Grossing Nepali film in Nepal and the highest grossing film in Anmol K.C.'s career.

A Mero Hajur 2
A Mero Hajur 2 (Nepali: ए मेरो हजुर २) is a 2017 Nepali musical romantic movie directed by Jharana Thapa The second part of A Mero Hajur series, the film stars Samragyee RL Shah and debutant Salin Man Bania in lead roles. The movie received mixed to negative response from critics with praise for its music but performances of the actors, direction, routine story and screenplay met with negative response from audience and critics. But the film had a huge opening weekend at the box office and owing to that it became a huge success at the box office. The success of the movie was credited for the massive popularity of its predecessor starring Shree Krishna Shrestha and Jharana Thapa and music of the film. The film had further two sequels.
Esmeralda Johnson
Esmeralda Johnson is a politician from Saba, and former member of the Saba Island Council for the Windward Islands People's Movement. She held this post since 28 March 2019 when, at age 21, she became the youngest person to serve in that capacity.

Island Council of Saba
17°37′34.5″N 63°14′55.5″W﻿ / ﻿17.626250°N 63.248750°W﻿ / 17.626250; -63.248750

The Island Council of Saba is the legislative body of the Dutch special municipality of Saba. It consists of five members and elections take place every four years. The Island Council appoints and supervises the commissioners in the Executive Council. The Island Council is chaired by the Island Governor.
Type B1 submarine
The Type B1 submarine (巡潜乙型潜水艦, Junsen Otsu-gata sensuikan; lit. "Cruiser submarine type B"), also called the I-15-class submarine (伊一五型潜水艦, I-jū-go-gata sensuikan) after its lead submarine, was the first group of boats of the Type B cruiser submarines built for the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) during the 1940s. In total 20 were built, starting with I-15, which gave the series their alternative name.

Type B submarine
The Cruiser submarine Type-B (巡潜乙型潜水艦, Junsen Otsu-gata sensuikan) was a class of submarine in the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) which served during World War II. The Type-B submarines were similar to the Type-A apart from not having the headquarters installation.
Katsukawa Shunkō I
Katsukawa Shunkō I (Japanese: 勝川 春好; 1743 – 1 December 1812) was a Japanese artist who designed ukiyo-e-style woodblock prints and paintings in Edo (modern Tokyo).  He was a student of Katsukawa Shunshō, and is generally credited with designing the first large-head actor portraits (ōkubi-e).  As his teacher did, Shunkō used a jar-shaped seal and was known as kotsubo ("little jar").  At 45, the right-handed Shunkō became partially paralyzed and ceased designing prints, although he continued producing paintings with his left hand.

Katsukawa Shunshō
Shunshō Katsukawa  (Japanese: 勝川 春章; 1726 – 19 January 1793) was a Japanese painter and printmaker in the ukiyo-e style, and the leading artist of the Katsukawa school. Shunshō studied under Miyagawa Shunsui, son and student of Miyagawa Chōshun, both equally famous and talented ukiyo-e artists. Shunshō is best known for introducing a new form of yakusha-e, prints depicting Kabuki actors. However, his bijin-ga (images of beautiful women) paintings, while less famous, are said by some scholars to be "the best in the second half of the [18th] century".
Joe Quintal Field
Joe Quintal Field is an American football stadium located in Mitchell, South Dakota. It has been home to the football teams from Dakota Wesleyan University and Mitchell High School since its construction in 1943. It is located at 501–599 E 11th Ave. in Mitchell, South Dakota on the west side of Mitchell High School.

Mitchell, South Dakota
Mitchell (Lakota: Čhaŋkȟá-Ok'é) is a city in and the county seat of Davison County, South Dakota, United States. The population was 15,660 at the 2020 census making it the seventh most populous city in South Dakota.

Mitchell is the principal city of the Mitchell Micropolitan Statistical Area, which includes all of Davison and Hanson counties.
Archbishop of Lipa
The Roman Catholic Archbishop of Lipa is the head of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lipa and the Metropolitan Bishop of the suffragan dioceses of Boac, Gumaca, Lucena and the Prelature of Infanta.

Gilbert Garcera is the incumbent archbishop of Lipa since 2017.

Diocese of Lucena
The Diocese of Lucena (Latin: Dioecesis Lucenensis) is a Latin Catholic diocese of the Catholic Church in the Philippines with the seat in Lucena City.  The diocese was erected in 1950 and was carved out from the then Diocese of Lipa and was a suffragan diocese of Manila. When Lipa was elevated to an archdiocese in 1972, the Diocese of Lucena was reassigned to the new Archdiocese.  In 1977, the Diocese of Boac, which covers the parishes in the island-province of Marinduque, was created and separated from Lucena.  In 1984, the Diocese of Lucena was further divided with the creation of the Diocese of Gumaca, which covers the municipalities of Quezon province east of Gumaca, Quezon.
Kingston Bypass
The Kingston Bypass is a A$41 million, 2.8-kilometre-long (1.7 mi) highway bypassing the southern Hobart community of Kingston, Tasmania. The proposal of a bypass was originally published in the Hobart Area Transportation Study during 1965. The bypass was completed in 2011, after the need to such a road was realised several years earlier when the Channel Highway reached an 18,000 AADT. 
Construction of the Bypass was made possible by an A$15 million pledge for the project, made by the Australian Labor Party during the 2007 federal election campaign. During construction total cost of the bypass blew out from the original estimate of $30 million to over $41 million.

Hobart Area Transportation Study
The Hobart Area Transportation Study was a comprehensive transport plan released in 1965 for the purpose of examining the transport needs of the Australian Hobart metropolitan area over the proceeding 20 years. The study predicted the majority of the proposed traffic corridors would need to be operational by the 1985 target year.

Ultimately, the majority of the study's recommendations were brought to fruition in some form or another. Sections of Hobart's three major radial highways—the Tasman Highway (Tasman Bridge to Airport), the Brooker Highway (north of Berriedale) and the Southern Outlet—were influenced in their construction by the study's recommendations for grade-separated, limited-access freeway designs.
NHS Centre for Integrative Care
The NHS Centre for Integrative Care, formerly the Glasgow Homeopathic Hospital, is an NHS treatment centre specialising in holistic treatments, including the use of homeopathy, on the Gartnavel Hospital campus in Glasgow, Scotland. It is managed by NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde.

Gartnavel General Hospital
Gartnavel General Hospital is a teaching hospital in the West End of Glasgow, Scotland. The hospital is located next to the Great Western Road, between Hyndland, Anniesland and Kelvindale. Hyndland railway station is adjacent to the hospital. The name Gartnavel is derived from the Gaelic Gart (field or enclosure) Ubhal (apple) – i.e. "a field of apple trees". It is managed by NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde.
Montenegrin Americans
Montenegrin Americans are Americans who are of Montenegrin origin. The figure includes all people affiliated with United States who claim Montenegrin ancestry, both those born in the country and naturalized citizens, as well as those with dual citizenship who affiliate themselves with both countries or cultures. The number of Montenegrin Americans in the United States is unknown, as the Montenegrin community has not been differentiated in the United States census as different from closely related Yugoslav American groups; therefore Montenegrin Americans are likely to identify with those groups.

Yugoslav Americans
Yugoslav Americans are Americans of full or partial Yugoslav ancestry. In the 2021 Community Surveys, there were 210,395 people who indicated Yugoslav or Yugoslav American as their ethnic origin; a steep and steady decrease from previous censuses (233,325 in 2019; 276,360 in 2016) and nearly a 36% decrease from the 2000 Census when there were over 328,000.

The total number of Americans whose origins lie in former Yugoslavia is unknown due to conflicting definitions and identifications; in descending order these were as per 2021 American Community Survey:
Hufeisensiedlung
The Hufeisensiedlung ("Horseshoe Estate") is a housing estate in Berlin, built in 1925–33. It was designed by architect Bruno Taut, municipal planning head and co-architect Martin Wagner, garden architect Leberecht Migge and Neukölln gardens director Ottokar Wagler. In 1986 the ensemble was placed under German heritage protection. On 7 July 2008 it was inscribed as one of six estates that constitute the Berlin Modernism Housing Estates World Heritage Site.

Berlin Modernism Housing Estates
The Berlin Modernism Housing Estates (German: Siedlungen der Berliner Moderne) is a World Heritage Site designated in 2008, comprising six separate subsidized housing estates in Berlin. Dating mainly from the years of the Weimar Republic (1919–1933), when the city of Berlin was particularly progressive socially, politically and culturally, they are outstanding examples of the building reform movement that contributed to improving housing and living conditions for people with low incomes through innovative approaches to architecture and urban planning. The estates also provide exceptional examples of new urban and architectural typologies, featuring fresh design solutions, as well as technical and aesthetic innovations.

Bruno Taut, Martin Wagner and Walter Gropius were among the leading architects of these projects which exercised considerable influence on the development of housing around the world.
Birchville, Texas
Birchville, or Smith Ranch, now a ghost town, was located in what is now Hudspeth County, Texas, United States.  Birchville was a settlement on the San Antonio-El Paso Road in what was El Paso County.  Birchville lay 35 miles northwest of the First Camp on Rio Grande and 24.8 miles southeast of San Elizario, according to the table of distances for the San Antonio-San Diego Mail Line in the Texas Almanac of 1857.  Later used as a station on the Butterfield Overland Mail, the distances to the station for that line were given as 241⁄2 miles from San Elizario, 33 miles from Fort Quitman.

Butterfield Overland Mail
Butterfield Overland Mail (officially Overland Mail Company) was a stagecoach service in the United States operating from 1858 to 1861. It carried passengers and U.S. Mail from two eastern termini, Memphis, Tennessee, and St. Louis, Missouri, to San Francisco, California. The routes from each eastern terminus met at Fort Smith, Arkansas, and then continued through Indian Territory (Oklahoma), Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Mexico, and California ending in San Francisco. On March 3, 1857, Congress authorized the U.S. postmaster general, at that time Aaron V. Brown, to contract for delivery of the U.S. mail from St. Louis to San Francisco. Prior to this, U.S. Mail bound for the Far West had been delivered by the San Antonio–San Diego Mail Line since June 1857.

The route was designated a national historic trail in 2023.
Bachelor in Paradise Canada
Bachelor in Paradise Canada is a Canadian reality competition television series, which premiered on October 10, 2021, on Citytv. It is a spin-off of the American reality television shows Bachelor in Paradise, The Bachelor, The Bachelorette, and Canadian reality television shows The Bachelor Canada and The Bachelorette Canada. It was originally hosted by Jesse Jones. For season 2, Sharleen Joynt, who starred on season 18 of The Bachelor, became the host.

The Bachelorette Canada
The Bachelorette Canada is a Canadian reality television dating game show based on the American series of the same name. The series is produced by Good Human Productions Inc. and airs on the women's specialty channel W Network.
Vermont Route 155
Vermont Route 155 (VT 155) is a 10.377-mile-long (16.700 km) north–south state highway in central Vermont, United States. It runs from VT 100 in Weston in the south to VT 103 in East Wallingford in the north. Much of the highway goes through the Green Mountain National Forest.

VT 155 was part of VT 8 until May 1961, when the section between Weston and Wallingford was re-designated.

Vermont Route 103
Vermont Route 103 (VT 103) is a 42.036-mile-long (67.650 km) north–south state highway in southern Vermont, United States. It runs from U.S. Route 5 (US 5) in Rockingham in the east to US 7 in Clarendon near Rutland in the west. The Vermont Country Store's second branch is one attraction along the route, as well as the Okemo Ski Resort in Ludlow.
Deep Run Ponds Natural Area Preserve
Deep Run Ponds Natural Area Preserve is a 907-acre (3.67 km2) Natural Area Preserve in Rockingham County, Virginia. The preserve contains one of the largest remaining systems of Shenandoah Valley sinkhole ponds in Virginia. Such ponds are found in Rockingham and Augusta counties; their water levels fluctuate throughout the year. The preserve's eight sinkhole ponds support a variety of rare plant and animal life; two ponds support the rare Virginia sneezeweed (Helenium virginicum), while others contain black-fruited spikerush (Eleocharis melanocarpa), northern St. John's-wort (Hypericum boreale), Buxbaum's sedge (Carex buxbaumi), and northern bog clubmoss (Lycopodiella inundata).

The preserve is owned and maintained by the Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation. It does not include improvements for public access, and visitors must make arrangements with a state-employed land steward prior to visiting.

Virginia Natural Area Preserve System
The Virginia Natural Area Preserve System is a system of protected areas in the state of Virginia. It is managed by the Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation.

As of 2025, there are sixty-seven (67) dedicated preserves totaling 65,107 acres (263.48 km2). These preserves contain examples of some of the rarest natural communities in the state; in addition, many serve as a home for locally, nationally, and globally rare species.
Brian McGrath
Sir Brian Henry McGrath, GCVO, MW (27 October 1925 – 4 June 2016) was the Private Secretary to the Duke of Edinburgh.

He was educated at Eton College. From 1943 to 1946, he served in the Irish Guards, and after World War II, he joined Cannon Brewery from 1946 to 1948. In 1948, he went to Victoria Wine Ltd, of which he became a director in 1949, and was chairman from 1960 to 1982. He was a Master of Wine.

McGrath also held various directorships, including Grants of St James Ltd 1960 (chairman 1975–1982), Allied Breweries Ltd (now Allied-Lyon Plc) 1970–1982, and Broad Street Securities Ltd (chairman 1983–1991). In 1982 he joined the Office of the Duke of Edinburgh as Assistant Private Secretary, being promoted to Private Secretary and Treasurer in 1984. In 1992 he ceased to be Private Secretary, and from 1993 to 1995 was Head of the Household. He retired as Treasurer in 1995, and in the following year was appointed Extra Equerry. He died on 4 June 2016, aged 90.

Master of Wine
Master of Wine (MW) is a qualification (not an academic degree) issued by The Institute of Masters of Wine in the United Kingdom. The MW qualification is generally regarded in the wine industry as one of the highest standards of professional knowledge.

The Institute was founded in 1955, and the MW examinations were first arranged in 1953 by the Worshipful Company of Vintners and the Wine and Spirits Association.
Alvia
Alvia is a high-speed train service in Spain offered by Renfe on long-distance routes with a top speed of 250 km/h (160 mph). The trains have the ability to use both Iberian gauge and standard gauge, which allows them to travel on the recently constructed high-speed lines for part of the journey before switching to the "classic" Iberian gauge network to complete it. Trains that run exclusively on high-speed tracks are branded AVE or Avant.

AVE
Alta Velocidad Española (AVE) is a high-speed rail service operated by Renfe, the Spanish State railway company. The first AVE service was inaugurated in 1992, with the introduction of the first Spanish high-speed railway connecting the cities of Madrid, Córdoba and Seville. In addition to Renfe's use of the Administrador de Infraestructuras Ferroviarias-managed rail infrastructure in Spain, Renfe offers two AVE services partially in France, connecting respectively Barcelona-Lyon and Madrid-Marseille. Alta Velocidad Española translates to "Spanish High Speed", but the initials are also a play on the word ave, meaning "bird". AVE trains operate at speeds of up to 300 km/h (186 mph).
Thet Naing Win
Lieutenant General Thet Naing Win (Burmese: သက်နိုင်ဝင်း) is a Lieutenant General in the Myanmar Army. He was the Minister of Border Affairs, having been appointed by Thein Sein in February 2013, to replace Thein Htay, who returned to the Ministry of Defence.

Thein Sein
Thein Sein (Burmese: သိန်းစိန်; IPA: [θéɪɰ̃ sèɪɰ̃]; born 20 April 1945) is a Burmese politician and retired army general who served as the eighth president of Myanmar from 2011 to 2016. He previously served as 11th prime minister from 2007 to 2010, and was considered by many in and outside Myanmar as a reformist leader in the post-junta government.

His government undertook a series of political reforms including some deregulation of the country's censored media, releasing many political prisoners and halting the country's controversial large Chinese-led hydro-power project. The developments that followed included Myanmar's appointment to chair ASEAN in 2014, improved relations with the United States, the release of Aung San Suu Kyi – his 2015 general election rival – from house arrest, and the reinstatement of major opposition party National League for Democracy (NLD) in the by-election held on 1 April 2012.
Lee Seung-hoon (rapper)
Lee Seung-hoon (/iː sʊŋhuːn/; Korean: 이승훈; born January 11, 1992), also known by the mononym Hoony, is a South Korean rapper and dancer. His musical career began in 2011 as a contestant in the first installation of K-pop Star (2011–2012); where he caught the attention of YG Entertainment CEO Yang Hyun-suk and was signed under his agency. Lee debuted with Winner on August 17, 2014, after the band competed and were titled as the victors of WIN: Who is Next (2013), and as a soloist on July 15, 2024.

Yang Hyun-suk
Yang Hyun-suk (Korean: 양현석; born January 9, 1970) is a South Korean music executive, rapper, singer, dancer, songwriter, and record producer. He rose to fame as a member of Seo Taiji and Boys during the 1990s. After the group disbanded, he founded and became the executive producer and chairman of YG Entertainment, the fourth-largest record company in South Korea.
Brumer–Stark conjecture
The Brumer–Stark conjecture is a conjecture in algebraic number theory giving a rough generalization of both the analytic class number formula for Dedekind zeta functions, and also of Stickelberger's theorem about the factorization of Gauss sums. It is named after Armand Brumer and Harold Stark.

It arises as a special case (abelian and first-order) of Stark's conjecture, when the place that splits completely in the extension is finite.  There are very few cases where the conjecture is known to be valid.  Its importance arises, for instance, from its connection with Hilbert's twelfth problem.

Algebraic number theory
Algebraic number theory is a branch of number theory that uses the techniques of abstract algebra to study the integers, rational numbers, and their generalizations. Number-theoretic questions are expressed in terms of properties of algebraic objects such as algebraic number fields and their rings of integers, finite fields, and function fields. These properties, such as whether a ring admits unique factorization, the behavior of ideals, and the Galois groups of fields, can resolve questions of primary importance in number theory, like the existence of solutions to Diophantine equations.
Al Heedan
Al Heedan (Arabic: الحيضان; also spelled Al Hidan and Al Haydan) is a village in Qatar located in the municipality of Al Khor. It is situated on the outskirts of Al Khor City, the municipal seat, and is considered a district of the city. Parts of its territory fall under Al Daayen Municipality.

Al Khor (city)
Al Khor (Arabic: الخور, romanised: Al Khawr) is a coastal city in northeast Qatar, located 50 kilometres (31 mi) north of the capital Doha. Considered one of Qatar's largest cities, it is the capital of the municipality of Al Khor and Al Thakhira. Dating back to the 18th century, it is one of Qatar's oldest settlements. The name of the city, meaning creek in Arabic, emerged because the original settlement was built on a creek. Until the mid-1900s, it was known as Khor Al Shaqiq.

Originally a fishing and pearling village, much of Al Khor's recent growth has been due to its proximity to Qatar's northern oil and natural gas fields and to Ras Laffan Industrial City. Along with the neighbouring Al Khor Community, it hosts a large number of oil workers. Al Khor Island, an important archaeological and tourist site, is northeast of the city. It was also the venue for the opening game of the 2022 FIFA World Cup.