hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Exact differential
In multivariate calculus, a differential or differential form is said to be exact or perfect (exact differential), as contrasted with an inexact differential, if it is equal to the general differential  for some differentiable function  in an orthogonal coordinate system (hence  is a multivariable function whose variables are independent, as they are always expected to be when treated in multivariable calculus).

An exact differential is sometimes also called a total differential, or a full differential, or, in the study of differential geometry, it is termed an exact form.

The integral of an exact differential over any integral path is path-independent, and this fact is used to identify state functions in thermodynamics.

Orthogonal coordinates
In mathematics, orthogonal coordinates are defined as a set of d coordinates  in which the coordinate hypersurfaces all meet at right angles (note that superscripts are indices, not exponents). A coordinate surface for a particular coordinate qk is the curve, surface, or hypersurface on which qk is a constant. For example, the three-dimensional Cartesian coordinates (x, y, z) is an orthogonal coordinate system, since its coordinate surfaces x = constant, y = constant, and z = constant are planes that meet at right angles to one another, i.e., are perpendicular. Orthogonal coordinates are a special but extremely common case of curvilinear coordinates.
Anatoly Sivkov
Anatoly Ivanovich Sivkov (alternative spelling: Anatolii Ivanovich Sivkov)(Russian: Анатолий Иванович Сивков)(born 18.02.1952-died 07.02.2017) is a contemporary Russian painter. Sivkov studied from 1966-73 at the renowned Novosibirsk State University in Akademgorodok (Russian: Академгородок), a suburb of Novosibirsk. 
In recent years he lived and worked in St. Petersburg. Buried at the Kovalevsky cemetery in St. Petersburg .Russia.

Pavel Filonov
Pavel Nikolayevich Filonov (Russian: Па́вел Никола́евич Фило́нов, IPA: [ˈpavʲɪl nʲɪkɐˈlajɪvʲɪtɕ fʲɪˈlonəf] ⓘ; January 8, 1883 – December 3, 1941) was a Russian avant-garde painter, art theorist, and poet.
Finnur Atli Magnússon
Finnur Atli Magnússon (born 14 September 1985) is an Icelandic basketball player and a former member of the Icelandic men's national basketball team. He won the Icelandic championship as a member of KR in 2011, 2015 and 2019. In 2012, he was named to the Úrvalsdeild Domestic All-First Team.

Úrvalsdeild karla (basketball)
Úrvalsdeild karla (English: Men's Premier League), also known as Bónus deild karla for sponsorship reasons, is the highest men's professional basketball competition among clubs in Iceland, where play determines the national champion. It is organized by the Icelandic Basketball Federation (Icelandic: Körfuknattleikssamband Íslands - KKÍ).
The season consists of a home-and-away schedule of 22 games, followed by an eight-team playoff round. Quarterfinals, semifinals and finals series are best-of-five. The bottom clubs are relegated, and replaced by the top team from the regular-season phase and the four-team playoff round winner of the second-level First Division (Icelandic: 1. deild karla).
Subject side parameter
The subject-side parameter, also called the specifier–head parameter, is a proposed parameter within generative linguistics which states that the position of the subject may precede or follow the head. In the world's languages, Specifier-first order (i.e., subject-initial order) is more common than Specifier-final order (i.e., subject-final order). For example, in the World Atlas of Linguistic Structures (WALS), 76% of the languages in their sample Specifier-first (either SOV or SVO). In this respect, the subject-side parameter contrasts with the head-directionality parameter. The latter, which classifies languages according to whether the head precedes or follows its complement, shows a roughly 50-50 split: in languages that have a fixed word order, about half have a Head-Complement order, and half have a Complement-Head order.

Subject–object–verb word order
In linguistic typology, a subject–object–verb (SOV) language is one in which the subject, object, and verb of a sentence always or usually appear in that order. If English were SOV, "Sam apples ate" would be an ordinary sentence, as opposed to the actual Standard English "Sam ate apples" which is subject–verb–object (SVO).

The term is often loosely used for ergative languages like Adyghe and Basque that in fact have agents instead of subjects.
Cláudio (footballer, born 1977)
Cláudio Rodrigo Siqueira Carolino (born 17 August 1977), known simply as Cláudio, is a Brazilian former professional footballer who played as a central defender.

He spent his entire professional career in Portugal, appearing in 202 games in the Segunda Liga and scoring ten goals in as many seasons, representing mainly Vizela. He added 50 matches and 12 goals in the Primeira Liga, with Gil Vicente.

F.C. Vizela
Futebol Clube de Vizela is a Portuguese professional football club that plays in Liga Portugal 2, the second tier of Portuguese football. They are based in the town of Vizela and play in the Estádio do Futebol Clube de Vizela, with a capacity of 6,000.
Murunkan massacre
The Murunkan massacre of Inspector Bastianpillai and his team of police officers was the mass murder of a team of CID officers of the Sri Lanka Police on 7 April 1978 in the jungles of Murunkan in the Vavuniya District. Four police officers including Inspector Bastianpillai were killed by LTTE members led by Uma Maheswaran.

Criminal Investigation Department (Sri Lanka)
The Criminal Investigation Department (known as CID) of the Sri Lanka Police Service is responsible for carrying out investigations  throughout the island into serious crimes, including murders, rape and organized crime cases of a very serious nature that require special skills and complex detection. At times, the CID carries out investigations pertaining to national security.

It is the premier investigation arm of the Sri Lanka Police Department and was established in 1870.

It is headed by a director, who was of a Senior Superintendent of Police (SSP) Grade. However, since the late 1970s, the position of Deputy Inspector General of Police - CID (DIG/CID) was established.

The CID was modeled after the British Police Criminal Investigation Department and hence constitute the plain clothes detectives of the Sri Lanka police. The CID has the power to arrest any person from anywhere in Sri Lanka without getting approval from any Range DIG.
Night hag
The night hag is the name given to a supernatural creature, commonly associated with the phenomenon of sleep paralysis. It is a phenomenon in which the sleeper feels the presence of a supernatural, malevolent being which immobilizes the person as if sitting on their chest or the foot of their bed. The word "night-mare" or "nightmare" was used to describe this phenomenon before the word received its modern, more general meaning. Various cultures have various names for this phenomenon and supernatural character.

Ifrit
Ifrit, also spelled as efreet, afrit, and afreet (Arabic: عفريت, romanized: ʿifrīt [ʕifriːt] ⓘ), plural عفاريت ʿafārīt), is a powerful type of demon in Islamic culture. The ʿafārīt are often associated with the underworld and identified with the spirits of the dead, and have been compared to evil genii locorum in European culture. In Quran, hadith, and Mi'raj narrations the term functions as an epithet, always followed by the phrase "among the jinn". Due to the ambiguous meaning of the term jinn, their relation to other spirits is often unclear.

In Arabic dialects, the term is a substantive referring to independent entities, powerful chthonic demons or ghosts of the dead who sometimes inhabit desolate places such as ruins and temples. Their true habitat is the Jahannam or underworld.
Robert Whittaker (British Army officer)
Major-General Robert Frederick Edward Whittaker, CB, CBE, TD (18 June 1894 – 17 February 1967) was a City of London banker and a senior officer in Britain's part-time Territorial Army (TA). He rose to the position of chief of staff at Anti-Aircraft Command during World War II.

Territorial Decoration
The Territorial Decoration (TD) was a military medal of the United Kingdom awarded for long service in the Territorial Force and its successor, the Territorial Army.

This award superseded the Volunteer Officer's Decoration when the Territorial Force was formed on 1 April 1908, following the enactment of the Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907, (7 Edw.7, c.9) which was a large reorganisation of the old Volunteer Army and the remaining units of militia and Yeomanry.  However, the Militia were transferred to the Special Reserve rather than becoming part of the Territorial Force. Recipients of this award are entitled to use the letters "TD" after their name (post-nominal).
2010–11 Hessenliga
The 2010–11 season of the Hessenliga was the third season of the league at tier five (V) of the German football league system.

Although the teams from the German state of Hesse made up the bulk of the clubs in the Hessenliga, the Bavarian side FC Bayern Alzenau played the 2010–11 season in the division as they are members of the Hessischer Fußball-Verband (HFV; Hessian Football Association). As league champions, they were directly promoted to the 2011–12 Regionalliga Süd. The three worst placed teams, Hünfelder SV, 1. FC Schwalmstadt and VfB Marburg, were relegated to their respective Verbandsligen and the 15th placed team, RSV Würges, lost in the playoffs to the runners-up of the three Verbandsligen and thus were also relegated.

Hessian Football Association
The Hessian Football Association (German: Hessischer Fußball-Verband), the HFV, is one of 21 state organisations of the German Football Association, the DFB, and covers the state of Hesse.

The Hessian FA is also part of the Southern German Football Association (German: Süddeutscher Fußball-Verband), the SFV, one of five regional federations in Germany. The other members of the SFV are the football associations of Baden, Bavaria, South Baden and Württemberg. The SFV is the largest of the five regional federations and based in Munich.
Grigory Chukhray
Grigory Naumovich Chukhray (23 May 1921 – 28 October 2001) was a Soviet film director and screenwriter of Ukrainian origin. People's Artist of the USSR (1981). He's the father of the Russian film director Pavel Chukhray.

People's Artist of the USSR
People's Artist of the USSR, also sometimes translated as National Artist of the USSR, was an honorary title granted to artists of the Soviet Union. The term is confusingly used to translate two Russian language titles: Народный артист СССР (Narodny artist SSSR), awarded in performing arts and Народный художник СССР (Narodny khudozhnik SSSR), granted in some visual arts.

As those titles were granted by the government, honorees were afforded certain privileges and would often receive commissions from the Minister of Culture of the Soviet Union. Accordingly, artists and authors who expressed criticism of the Communist Party were seldom granted such recognition, if not outright censored. Each Soviet Republic, as well as the Autonomous Republics (ASSRs), had a similar award that would be held previously by virtually every receiver of the higher title of People's Artist of the USSR.
New Hampshire Route 121
New Hampshire Route 121 (abbreviated NH 121) is a 22.555-mile-long (36.299 km) north–south state highway in Rockingham and Hillsborough counties in southeastern New Hampshire. The road winds through the communities of Atkinson, Hampstead, Sandown, Derry, Chester, and Auburn. The southern terminus of NH 121 is at the Massachusetts state line in Plaistow, where the road, named Atkinson Depot Road, continues into the city of Haverhill as an unnumbered local road (North Main Street) leading to Route 125. The northern terminus is at a traffic circle, where NH 121 meets New Hampshire Route 28 Bypass (the Londonderry Turnpike) in eastern Manchester. At this point, the road is known as Manchester Road.

Rockingham County, New Hampshire
Rockingham County is the easternmost county in the U.S. state of New Hampshire. As of the 2020 census, the population was 314,176, making it New Hampshire's second-most populous county. The county seat is Brentwood. Rockingham County is part of the Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH Metropolitan Statistical Area and the greater Boston-Worcester-Providence, MA-RI-NH-CT Combined Statistical Area. Per the 2020 census, it was New Hampshire's fastest growing county from 2010 to 2020.

As of 2014–2018 estimates from the American Community Survey, Rockingham County was the fourth- wealthiest county in New England, with a median household income of $90,429.
1985 NCAA women's soccer tournament
The 1985 NCAA Women's Soccer Tournament was the fourth annual single-elimination tournament to determine the national champion of NCAA women's collegiate soccer. The championship game was played at George Mason Stadium in Fairfax, Virginia during November 1985.

George Mason defeated defending champion North Carolina in the final, 2–0, to win its first national title. The Patriots were coached by Hank Leung. This would be the last championship until 1995 not won by North Carolina.

The most outstanding player was Pam Baughman (George Mason) and the most outstanding defensive player was Betsy Drambour (George Mason). An All-Tournament team was not named this year.

The leading scorer for the tournament was Lisa Gmitter from George Mason (3 goals).

NCAA Division I women's soccer tournament
The NCAA Division I Women's Soccer Championship, sometimes known as the Women's College Cup, is an American college soccer tournament conducted by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), and determines the Division I women's national champion.
Solar eclipse of August 3, 2073
A total solar eclipse will occur at the Moon's ascending node of orbit on Thursday, August 3, 2073, with a magnitude of 1.0294. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide. Occurring about 3.1 days before perigee (on August 6, 2073, at 18:30 UTC), the Moon's apparent diameter will be larger.

The path of totality will be visible from parts of southern Chile and Argentina. A partial solar eclipse will also be visible for parts of central and southern South America and the Antarctic Peninsula.

Lunar node
A lunar node is either of the two orbital nodes of the Moon; that is, the two points at which the orbit of the Moon intersects the ecliptic. The ascending (or north) node is where the Moon moves into the northern ecliptic hemisphere, while the descending (or south) node is where the Moon enters the southern ecliptic hemisphere.

They are the reason for eclipse season, being the intersection necessary for the alignment of Sun, Earth and Moon.
André Cruz
André Alves da Cruz (born 20 September 1968) is a Brazilian former professional footballer who played as a central defender. He played for several clubs in Brazil and Europe, and also represented the Brazil national team, taking part in the 1989 and 1995 Copa América tournaments, and the 1998 FIFA World Cup, as well as the 1987 Pan American Games and the 1988 Summer Olympics.

1989 Copa América
The 1989 Copa América football tournament was hosted by Brazil, from 1 to 16 July. All ten CONMEBOL member nations participated.

Brazil won their fourth Copa América, and first since 1949, by beating Uruguay 1–0 in the final match at the Estádio do Maracanã. This achievement ended a 19-year streak without official titles for the Brazilians. The last one had been in the 1970 World Cup. The final match between Brazil and Uruguay on Maracanã Stadium also marks exactly 39 years, on another 16 July since the FIFA World Cup 1950 Final.

Moreover, Brazil was victorious in the Copa América after a 40-year hiatus, and this achievement ended Brazil's 19-year streak without an official championship since the 1970 World Cup.

The top scorer was Brazilian Bebeto. He scored six times, including three in the final group stage.
Carol Waller
Carol Waller (born (1949-09-20)20 September 1949 in New Zealand) is a former association football player who represented New Zealand at international level.

Waller made her Football Ferns debut in their first ever international as they beat Hong Kong 2–0 on 25 August 1975 at the inaugural AFC Women's Asian Cup. She finished her international career with 4 caps to her credit.

New Zealand women's national football team
The New Zealand women's national football team represents New Zealand in international football competitions, and is governed by New Zealand Football (NZF). They are nicknamed the Football Ferns.

The New Zealand national team has taken part in the FIFA Women's World Cup six times, making their debut in 1991. New Zealand co-hosted the 2023 World Cup alongside Australia. They have failed to go past the group stage in all occasions.
Charles Self
53°17′41″N 6°09′23″W﻿ / ﻿53.29485°N 6.15631°W﻿ / 53.29485; -6.15631


Charles Self (14 February 1949 – 21 January 1982) was a Scottish gay man who was attacked and killed at his home in Monkstown, Dublin in Ireland in a brutal attack in January 1982.

Monkstown, Dublin
Monkstown (Irish: Baile na Manach), historically known as Carrickbrennan (Irish: Carraig Bhraonáin), is a suburb on the southside of Dublin, Ireland, located in Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown. It is on the coast, between Blackrock and Dún Laoghaire while also bordering Sallynoggin and Deansgrange inland.

The lands of the Carrickbrennan estate form the greater part of the civil parish of Monkstown.
Gampo Abbey
Gampo Abbey is a Western Buddhist monastery in the Shambhala tradition in Nova Scotia, Canada on the edge of the Pleasant Bay community.  Founded by Chögyam Trungpa Rinpoche in 1983, it is a lineage institution of Shambhala and a corporate division of the Vajradhatu Buddhist Church of Canada.

Under the spiritual direction of Sakyong Mipham Rinpoche, the spiritual head of Shambhala International, Gampo Abbey is guided by its abbot Thrangu Rinpoche and its principal teacher Pema Chödrön.

Gampo Abbey is named after Gampopa, the first monastic in the Kagyü lineage of Tibetan Buddhism.

Shambhala Training
Shambhala Training is a secular approach to meditation and a new religious movement developed by Tibetan Buddhist teacher Chögyam Trungpa Rinpoche and his students. It is based on what Trungpa calls Shambhala Vision, which sees enlightened society as not purely mythical, but as realizable by people of all faiths through practices of mindfulness/awareness, non-aggression, and sacred outlook.
Toronto Rock and Roll Revival
The Toronto Rock and Roll Revival was a one-day, twelve-hour music festival held in Toronto on September 13, 1969. It featured a number of popular musical acts from the 1950s and 1960s. Held less than a month after Woodstock, the festival is particularly notable for featuring an appearance by John Lennon, Yoko Ono, Eric Clapton, Klaus Voormann, and Alan White as the Plastic Ono Band leading to the release of their Live Peace in Toronto 1969 album. The festival was also the subject of two films: D.A. Pennebaker film Sweet Toronto and the 2022 Ron Chapman film Revival 69: The Concert That Rocked the World.

D. A. Pennebaker
Donn Alan Pennebaker (/ˈpɛniːbeɪkər/; July 15, 1925 – August 1, 2019) was an American documentary filmmaker and one of the pioneers of direct cinema. Performing arts and politics were his primary subjects. In 2013, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences recognized his body of work with an Academy Honorary Award. Pennebaker was called by The Independent as "arguably the pre-eminent chronicler of Sixties counterculture".

He received an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature nomination for The War Room (1993). He is also known for directing documentaries such as Dont Look Back (1967), Monterey Pop (1968), Original Cast Album: Company (1971), Eat the Document (1972), Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars (1979), Jimi Plays Monterey (1986), Elaine Stritch: At Liberty (2004), and Kings of Pastry (2009).
Great World MRT station
Great World MRT station is an underground Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) station on the Thomson–East Coast Line (TEL). Located in River Valley, Singapore, the station is near the Great World shopping mall and surrounding residential developments. The station is operated by SMRT Trains.

First announced in August 2012 as part of the Thomson Line (TSL), the station was constructed as part of TEL Phase 3 (TEL 3) with the merger of the TSL and the Eastern Region Line. The station opened on 13 November 2022 with only two out of five entrances completed due to construction difficulties at the site. Great World station features an Art-in-Transit artwork Great World, Great Times by Deanna Ng.

River Valley, Singapore
River Valley is a planning area located within the Central Area of the Central Region of Singapore. The planning area shares boundaries with Orchard in the north, Museum in the east, Tanglin in the west, and Singapore River in the south.

River Valley consists of five subzones: Institution Hill, Leonie Hill, One Tree Hill, Oxley and Paterson.
Hadi Srour
Hadi Hassan Srour (born 16 November 1995) is a Norwegian professional boxer.

As an amateur, he competed at the 2017 World Championships as well as three editions of the European Championships in 2015, 2017 and 2019. He won over 100 amateur bouts, becoming a three-time Nordic champion (two senior, one youth) and a seven-time national champion (four senior, three youth).

Srour was convicted of doping in November 2020 and given the maximum sentence of a four-year ban. He is the brother of fellow boxer Ali Srour, who was sentenced to ten years and six months months in prison for multiple rapes in September 2025.

Boxing at the 2019 European Games
At the 2019 European Games in Minsk, matches across fifteen weight categories in boxing were contested between 21 and 30 June 2019, of which ten were allocated to men and five were allocated to women.

In contrast to 2015, this tournament doubled up as the 2019 European Amateur Boxing Championships for men. For women, it remained a separate tournament.
Jake Kirkpatrick
Jacob Daniel Kirkpatrick (born July 7, 1987) is an American former football center who played college football for the TCU Horned Frogs, where he won the Rimington Trophy in 2010. He was signed by the Indianapolis Colts as an undrafted free agent in 2011, but never played in any NFL game.

Rimington Trophy
The Dave Rimington Trophy is awarded to the player considered to be the best center in college football. Dave Rimington was a center who played at the University of Nebraska from 1979 to 1982.

A member of the National College Football Awards Association, the Rimington Trophy serves as a fundraiser for the Boomer Esiason Foundation's fight against cystic fibrosis. The sculptor of the Dave Rimington Trophy is Marc Mellon, also the sculptor of the NBA MVP Trophy.