hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Simpson Creek (Niobrara River tributary)
Simpson Creek is a 3.20 mi (5.15 km) long second-order tributary to the Niobrara River in Keya Paha County, Nebraska.

Simpson Creek rises on the Oak Creek divide about 5 miles (8.0 km) north-northeast of School No. 69 in Keya Paha County and then flows southeast to join the Niobrara River about 4 miles (6.4 km) southeast of School No. 69.

Niobrara River
The Niobrara River (/ˌnaɪ.əˈbrærə/; Omaha–Ponca: Ní Ubthátha khe, pronounced [nĩꜜ ubɫᶞaꜜɫᶞa kʰe], literally "water spread-out horizontal-the" or "The Wide-Spreading Water") is a tributary of the Missouri River, approximately 568 miles (914 km) long, running through the U.S. states of Wyoming and Nebraska.  The river drains one of the most arid sections of the Great Plains, and has a low flow for a river of its length. The Niobrara's watershed includes the northern tier of Nebraska Sandhills, a small south-central section of South Dakota, as well as a small area of eastern Wyoming.
2012–13 Maltese Premier League
The 2012–13 Maltese Premier League was the 98th season of the Maltese Premier League, the top-tier football league in Malta. It began in August 2012 and ended in May 2013. Valletta were the defending champions, having won their 21st title last season.

The Premier League consisted of two rounds. In the First Round, every team played each opponent twice, once "home" and once "away" (in actuality, the designation of home and away were purely arbitrary as most of the clubs did not have their own grounds), for a total of 22 games. The league was then split into two pools. Earned points were subsequently halved. Teams that finished in the positions 1–6 compete in the "Top Six" and teams that finished in positions 7–12 play in the "Play-Out".

2011–12 Maltese Premier League
The 2011–12 Maltese Premier League was the 97th season of the Maltese Premier League, the top-tier football league in Malta. It began on 19 August 2011 and it ended in May 2012. Valletta were the defending champions, having won their 20th title last season.

The Premier League consists of two rounds. In the First Round, every team plays each opponent twice, once "home" and once "away" (in actuality, the designation of home and away is purely arbitrary as most of the clubs do not have their own grounds), for a total of 22 games. The league then splits into two pools. Earned points are subsequently halved. Teams that finish in positions 1–6 compete in the "Top Six" and teams that finish in positions 7–12 play in the "Play-Out".

On 13 January 2011, the Malta Football Association decided to expand the league to 12 teams starting with this season.
Syrian Wars
The Syrian Wars were a series of six wars between the Seleucid Empire and the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt, successor states to Alexander the Great's empire, during the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC over the region then called Coele-Syria, more of less equivalent to modern day Israel, Palestine and the Beqaa Valley. Control of this corridor mattered because it linked Asia to Egypt, threatened the Nile Delta, lay within the natural geographic continuation of the Seleucid Levant, and generated substantial agricultural and mercantile revenue. These conflicts drained the resources and manpower of both parties and led to their eventual destruction and conquest by Rome and Parthia. They are briefly mentioned in the biblical Books of the Maccabees.

Diadochi
The Diadochi were the rival generals, families, and friends of Alexander the Great who fought for control over his empire after his death in 323 BC. The Wars of the Diadochi mark the beginning of the Hellenistic period from the Mediterranean Sea to the Indus River Valley.

The most notable Diadochi include Ptolemy, Antigonus, Cassander, and Seleucus as the last remaining at the end of the Wars of the Successors, ruling in Egypt, Asia-Minor, Macedon and Persia respectively, with Ptolemaic, Antigonid and Seleucid dynasties lasting several centuries.
OR-AND-invert
OR-AND-invert gates, or OAI-gates, are logic gates comprising OR gates followed by a NAND gate. They can be efficiently implemented in logic families like CMOS and TTL. They are dual to AND-OR-invert gates.

NAND gate
In digital electronics, a NAND (NOT AND) gate is a logic gate which produces an output which is false only if all its inputs are true; thus its output is complement to that of an AND gate. A LOW (0) output results only if all the inputs to the gate are HIGH (1); if any input is LOW (0), a HIGH (1) output results. A NAND gate is made using transistors and junction diodes. By De Morgan's laws, a two-input NAND gate's logic may be expressed as , making a NAND gate equivalent to inverters followed by an OR gate.

The NAND gate is significant because any Boolean function can be implemented by using a combination of NAND gates. This property is called "functional completeness". It shares this property with the NOR gate. Digital systems employing certain logic circuits take advantage of NAND's functional completeness.

NAND gates with two or more inputs are available as integrated circuits in transistor–transistor logic, CMOS, and other logic families.
Arkansas Highway 75
Highway 75 (AR 75 and Hwy. 75) is a north–south state highway in the Arkansas Delta. The route runs from Highway 38/Highway 50 north to AR 14/AR 140/AR 149 in Marked Tree. Created during the initial 1926 Arkansas state highway numbering, Highway 75 has been shortened and extended over roughly the same alignment over its lifetime. The highway has one spur route, Highway 75 Spur in the small town of Parkin. Both highways are maintained by the Arkansas Department of Transportation (ArDOT).

Arkansas Highway 38
Arkansas Highway 38 (AR 38) is a designation for three state highways in Arkansas. One segment of 50.2 miles (80.8 km) runs from Interstate 57 (I-57) in Cabot east to U.S. Route 49 (US 49) south of Hunter. A second segment of 21.47 miles (34.55 km) runs from I-40 north of Widener east to Highway 147 west of Horseshoe Lake. A third segment of 0.8 miles (1.3 km) runs in West Memphis from US 70 north to I-40. All routes are maintained by the Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department (AHTD).
Alagia Fieschi
Alagia Fieschi (died after 1334), also known as Alagia di Nicolò Fieschi and Alagia di Fieschi, was the daughter of Count Nicolò Fieschi and niece of Pope Adrian V. Alagia married Moroello Malaspina in the 1280s and they had five children. In Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy, Alagia is remembered by Adrian V at the end of his conversation with Dante as the only virtuous woman in his family whom he wishes to pray on his behalf (Purgatorio, Canto XIX, 142-145). Alagia’s mention as the only virtuous person in her family reflects Dante’s view about Alagia's family's actions involving the Malaspina family. In addition, Alagia is celebrated by Dante through his portrayal of her as a virtuous woman whose prayer can contribute to Adrian V's journey of salvation.

Malaspina family
The House of Malaspina was a noble Italian family of Longobard origin that descended from Boniface I, through the Obertenghi line, that ruled Lunigiana from the 13th to the 14th centuries, and the marquisate of Massa and lordship of Carrara (which later became the Duchy of Massa and Carrara and at a later time the Principality of Massa and the Marquisate of Carrara) since the 14th century.
Emergent organization
An emergent organization (alternatively emergent organisation) is an organization that spontaneously emerges from and exists in a complex dynamic environment or market place, rather than being a construct or copy of something that already exists.

Emergence
In philosophy, systems theory, science, and art, emergence occurs when a complex entity has properties or behaviors that its parts do not have on their own, and emerge only when they interact in a wider whole.

Emergence plays a central role in theories of integrative levels and of complex systems. For instance, the phenomenon of life as studied in biology is an emergent property of chemistry and physics.

In philosophy, theories that emphasize emergent properties have been called emergentism.
Washington Improv Theater
Washington Improv Theater (WIT) is an improvisational comedy theater company in Washington, D.C., specializing in long-form improv. It was founded in 1986 by Carole Douglis. Its shows are based at Studio Theatre on the 14th Street corridor, although its teams also use several other venues. Roughly 20,000 people attend WIT shows annually.

Studio Theatre (Washington, D.C.)
The Studio Theatre is a non-profit theater production company located in the 14th Street corridor of Washington, D.C. It produces contemporary plays in a four-stage complex. Stages include the Metheny, the Mead and Milton, and Stage 4, a black box.
Flap (surgery)
Flap surgery is a technique in plastic and reconstructive surgery where tissue with an intact blood supply is lifted from a donor site and moved to a recipient site. Flaps are distinct from grafts, which do not have an intact blood supply and relies on the growth of new blood vessels. Flaps are done to fill a defect such as a wound resulting from injury or surgery when the remaining tissue is unable to support a graft, wound contraction is to be avoided or to rebuild more complex anatomic structures like breasts or jaws. Flaps may also carry with them tissues such as muscle and bone that may be useful in the ultimate reconstruction.

Reconstructive surgery
Reconstructive surgery is surgery performed to restore normal appearance and function to body parts malformed by a disease, medical condition, or injury. The field of reconstructive surgery includes a wide range of sub-specialties including plastic surgery, craniofacial surgery, oral and maxillofacial surgery, hand surgery, reconstructive microsurgery, and surgical treatment of burns and scars.
Angular house
In astrology, an angular house, or cardinal house, is one of four cardinal houses of the horoscope, which are the houses in which the angles of the chart (the Ascendant, the Midheaven, the Imum Coeli and the Descendant) are found. The angular houses of the horoscope are considered to be the most ardent, or forceful, and are considered to have the greatest impact in the chart.  The influential 17th-century astrologer William Lilly states simply: "Planets in angles do more forcibly show their effects."  Angular houses rule those critical things in our life, such as our appearance and how we behave, our family life, our married life or partnerships, and our career.

House (astrology)
Most horoscopic traditions of astrology systems divide the horoscope into a number (usually twelve) of houses whose positions depend on time and location rather than on date. The houses of the horoscope represent different fields of experience wherein the energies of the signs and planets operate—described in terms of physical surroundings as well as personal life experiences.
Stainforth, North Yorkshire
Stainforth is a village and civil parish in the county of North Yorkshire, England, situated north of Settle. Nearby there is a waterfall, Stainforth Force, where the river falls over limestone ledges into a deep, broad pool which can be accessed by walking a short way from the village. There was  a Youth Hostel at Taitlands between 1942 and 2007.

Until 1974 it was part of the West Riding of Yorkshire. From 1974 to 2023 it was part of the district of Craven, it is now administered by the unitary North Yorkshire Council.

Settle, North Yorkshire
Settle is a market town and civil parish in North Yorkshire, England. Historically in the West Riding of Yorkshire, the town had a population of 2,421 in the 2001 census, increasing to 2,564 at the 2011 census.
Wayland Wood
Wayland Wood is a 31.7-hectare (78-acre) biological Site of Special Scientific Interest near to Watton in Norfolk, England. It is a Nature Conservation Review site, Grade 2, and it is managed by the Norfolk Wildlife Trust.

Watton, Norfolk
Watton is a market town in the Breckland district of Norfolk, England, about 25 miles (40 km) west-southwest of Norwich and 15 miles (24 km) northeast of Thetford. The annual Wayland Agricultural Show in its west is one of the oldest one-day such shows in England.
Hydrangea
Hydrangea (/haɪˈdreɪndʒə/ or /haɪˈdreɪndʒiə/) is a genus of more than 70 species of flowering plants native to Asia and the Americas. Hydrangea is also used as the common name for the genus; some (particularly H. macrophylla) are also often called hortensia. The genus was first described from Virginia in North America, but by far the greatest species diversity is in eastern Asia, notably China, Korea, and Japan. Most are shrubs 1–3 m (3 ft 3 in – 9 ft 10 in) tall, but some are small trees, and others lianas reaching up to 30 m (100 ft) by climbing up trees. They can be either deciduous or evergreen, though the widely cultivated temperate species are all deciduous.

The flowers of many hydrangeas act as natural pH indicators, producing blue flowers when the soil is acidic and pink ones when the soil is alkaline.

Hydrangea macrophylla
Hydrangea macrophylla is a species of flowering plant in the family Hydrangeaceae, native and endemic to Japan. It is a deciduous shrub growing to 3 m (10 ft) tall by 2.5 m (8 ft) or more broad with large heads of pink or blue flowers in summer and autumn. It is currently treated as monotypic, with no subspecies or varieties. Common names include bigleaf hydrangea, and, for particular cultivar groups, the names lacecap hydrangea, mophead hydrangea, and hortensia. It is widely cultivated in many parts of the world in many climates. It is not to be confused with H. aspera 'Macrophylla'.
Jef Colruyt
Jozef Maria Damiaan "Jef", Baron Colruyt (born 18 October 1958, Halle) is a Belgian businessman. In 1994, he succeeded his father Jo Colruyt as head of Colruyt, which was founded by his grandfather Franz Colruyt. With an estimated fortune of 2.521 billion euro, he is one of the wealthiest people of Belgium.

Franz Colruyt
François Jean Baptiste Marie "Franz" Colruyt (14 December 1901 – 4 November 1958) was a Belgian businessman. He is known as the founder of the Colruyt family business. Under his leadership, a business in colonial goods evolved into a wholesale business in dry food.
Email filtering
Email filtering is the processing of email to organize it according to specified criteria. The term can apply to the intervention of human intelligence, but most often refers to the automatic processing of messages at an SMTP server, possibly applying anti-spam techniques. Filtering can be applied to incoming emails as well as to outgoing ones.

Depending on the calling environment, email filtering software can reject an item at the initial SMTP connection stage or pass it through unchanged for delivery to the user's mailbox.  It is also possible to redirect the message for delivery elsewhere, quarantine it for further checking, modify it or 'tag' it in any other way.

Anti-spam techniques
Various anti-spam techniques are used to prevent email spam (unsolicited bulk email).

No technique is a complete solution to the spam problem, and each has trade-offs between incorrectly rejecting legitimate email (false positives) as opposed to not rejecting all spam email (false negatives) – and the associated costs in time, effort, and cost of wrongfully obstructing good mail. This leads to combinations of the many techniques in order to achieve the best protection against spam and the potential harms that may come with it, while keeping the emails that should be seen intact.

Anti-spam techniques can be broken into four broad categories: those that require actions by individuals (end-user techniques), those that can be automated by email administrators, those that can be automated by email senders and those employed by researchers and law enforcement officials. They are often used in conjunction with one another.
Mecklenburg County Democratic Party
The Mecklenburg County Democratic Party (Meck Dems) is the largest Democratic Party in North Carolina with 322,505 registered Democrats. Meck Dems is the Mecklenburg affiliate of the Democratic Party. It is headquartered in the historic Court Arcade, located in Charlotte.

Mecklenburg is the key to Democrats winning at the state and federal levels. Despite winning a number of local races, Mecklenburg's turnout levels have lagged behind the statewide average, hindering Democratic chances at winning statewide elections. In 2022, Mecklenburg's Democratic turnout was 45% compared to a statewide average of 51% and Wake County’s 58% turnout.

The Party controls all nine seats on the Mecklenburg County Commission and nine of the eleven seats on the Charlotte City Council, as well as the Charlotte mayoral seat.

Mecklenburg County, North Carolina
Mecklenburg County (/ˈmɛklənˌbɜːrɡ/) is a county located in the southwestern region of the U.S. state of North Carolina, in the United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 1,115,482, making it the second-most populous county in North Carolina (after Wake County), and the first county in the Carolinas to surpass one million in population.  Its county seat is Charlotte, the state's largest municipality.

Mecklenburg County is the central county of the Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia, NC-SC Metropolitan Statistical Area. On September 12, 2013, it was estimated the county surpassed one million residents.

Like its seat, the county is named after Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Queen of the United Kingdom (1761–1818), whose name is derived from the region of Mecklenburg in Germany. It was named for Mecklenburg Castle (Mecklenburg meaning "large castle" in Low German) in the village of Dorf Mecklenburg.
Icius minimus
Icius minimus is a species of jumping spider in the genus Icius that lives in Ethiopia near hot springs and lakes. It is a small spider, with a cephalothorax between 1.5 and 2.3 mm (0.059 and 0.091 in) long and an abdomen between 1.8 and 3.3 mm (0.071 and 0.130 in) long. The male is smaller than the female, as is recalled in the species name. The spider is similar to the related Icius pulchellus but has a distinctive pattern on the abdomen. The male abdomen is brown with two white stripes fringed with black lines. The female has a large white patch and a pattern of wide stripes, mostly interrupted. The male tibial apophysis is also unusual, being short and shaped like a spatula. The female has longer receptacles than other spiders in the genus. The spider was first described in 2008 by Wanda Wesołowska and Beata Tomasiewicz.

Jumping spider
Jumping spiders are spiders in the family Salticidae, with almost 700 genera and around 7,000 described species, making it the largest family of spiders – comprising 13% of spider species. Jumping spiders have some of the best vision among arthropods — being capable of stereoptic color vision — and use sight in courtship, hunting, and navigation.

Although they normally move unobtrusively and fairly slowly, most species are capable of very agile jumps, notably when hunting, but sometimes in response to sudden threats or crossing long gaps. Both their book lungs and tracheal system are well-developed, and they use both systems (bimodal breathing). Jumping spiders are generally recognized by their eye pattern. All jumping spiders have four pairs of eyes, with the anterior median pair (the two front middle eyes) being particularly large.
Ohio State Route 246
State Route 246 (SR 246) is a 7.77-mile-long (12.50 km) east–west state highway in the northwestern part of the U.S. state of Ohio. The western terminus of SR 246 is at the interchange with Interstate 475/U.S. Route 23 (I-475/US 23) at the western border of Toledo. Its eastern terminus is at a signalized intersection with SR 51 in downtown Toledo.

Created in the late 1920s, this state route is located entirely within the city limits of Toledo. All but the easternmost block (17th Street) of SR 246 is known as Dorr Street.

U.S. Route 23 in Ohio
U.S. Route 23 (US 23) is a United States Numbered Highway that runs from Jacksonville, Florida, to Mackinaw City, Michigan. In the state of Ohio, it is a major north–south state highway that runs from the Kentucky border at Portsmouth to the Michigan border at Sylvania.
Minister for Tourism and Heritage
The post of minister for tourism and heritage was a former junior position in the cabinet of the United Kingdom with responsibilities of handling the tourism industry and the heritage and history of England. The Minister of Tourism and Heritage was located within the portfolio of the Department for Culture, Media and Sport.

The post was at Parliamentary Under Secretary of State level. The former minister of tourism and heritage was John Penrose.

Since the September 2012 reshuffle the responsibilities were split with heritage going to the Minister for Culture, Communications and Creative Industries and the tourism and licensing responsibilities going to the Minister for Sport and Tourism which is now at the Minister of State level.

In 2017, the powers were transferred to a newly formed position: Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for Arts, Heritage and Tourism.

Tourism in England
Tourism plays a significant part in the economy of England. In 2018, the United Kingdom as a whole was the world's 10th most visited country for tourists, and 17 of the United Kingdom's 25 UNESCO World Heritage Sites fall within England.

VisitEngland is the official tourist board for England. VisitEngland's stated mission is to build England's tourism product, raise Britain's profile worldwide, increase the volume and value of tourism exports and develop England and Britain's visitor economy. In 2020, the Lonely Planet travel guide rated England as the second best country to visit that year, after Bhutan.

Lockdowns necessitated by the COVID-19 pandemic significantly reduced the number of visitors in 2020–2022, a 10-day quarantine period applied to people entering England from a number of "red list" countries.
East Coast Dedicated Freight Corridor
East Coast Dedicated Freight Corridor or East Coast DFC is a proposed freight specific railway in India under the Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV). It will be constructed by Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India (DFCCIL) of Indian Railways. It is going to be a broad gauge double line-electrified corridor. This corridor will cover a total distance of 1,100 km (680 mi). This corridor will run from Kharagpur in West Bengal to Vijayawada in Andhra Pradesh. The total cost of the project would be around ₹44,000 crore (US$6 billion).

There is an economic significance of this project. This route shall connect the Visakhapatnam port and runs through the mineral-rich regions of Odisha and Bengal. In addition to other commodities like steel, the target industry covers the transfer of coal, fertilizer, and iron ore.

Dedicated freight corridors in India
The dedicated freight corridors in India are a network of electric broad gauge freight railway lines that solely serve freight trains, thus making the freight service in India faster and efficient. The Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India (DFCCIL) a public sector company is responsible for undertaking planning, development, mobilisation of financial resources and construction, maintenance and operation of these corridors.

In fiscal year 2024, an average of 241 trains used the dedicated freight corridors daily. The number increased to an average of 403 freight trains per day in fiscal year 2025.