hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Attack angle (rail technology)
In rail technology attack angle means an angle generated between the direction of the wheel set and the direction of the wheel set traveling direction in a curved section or the like. γ in the figure on the right is the attack angle. If the attack angle is not 0, a force that pushes the wheel against the rail is generated, which may cause derailment. Also, due to the wheel skidding with respect to the rail, wear on the tread and rail of the wheel increases. Further, when the attack angle is large, the flange comes into contact with the side surface of the rail, which is one of the causes of squeaking noise and increases wear. An oiling device may be installed on the vehicle or track side for the purpose of reducing wear in curved sections caused by attack angles, etc. Various self-steering bogies have been developed for the purpose of reducing the attack angle.

Bogie
A bogie (/ˈboʊɡi/ BOH-ghee) (or truck in North American English) comprises two or more wheelsets (two wheels on an axle), in a frame, attached under a vehicle by a pivot. Bogies take various forms in various modes of transport. A bogie may remain normally attached (as on many railroad cars and semi-trailers) or be quickly detachable (as for a dolly in a road train or in railway bogie exchange). It may include suspension components within it (as most rail and trucking bogies do), or be solid and in turn be suspended (as are most bogies of tracked vehicles). It may be mounted on a swivel, as traditionally on a railway carriage or locomotive, additionally jointed and sprung (as in the landing gear of an airliner), or held in place by other means (centreless bogies).

Although bogie is the preferred spelling and first-listed variant in various dictionaries, bogey and bogy are also used.
Observatory Inlet
Observatory Inlet is an inlet on the North Coast of British Columbia. It is a northward extension of Portland Inlet, other branches of which include the Portland Canal. The entrance of Observatory Inlet, from Portland Inlet, lies between Ramsden Point and Nass Point. Ramsden Point also marks, to the west, the entrance of Portland Canal.

The Nisga'a assert that the inlet constitutes part of their ancient territory.

Nisga'a
The Nisga’a (English: /ˈnɪsɡɑː/; Nisga'a: Nisg̱a’a [nisqaʔa]), formerly spelled Nishga or Niska, are an Indigenous people in British Columbia, Canada. They reside in the Nass River valley of northwestern British Columbia. The origin of the term Niska is uncertain. The spelling Nishga is used by the Nishga Tribal Council, and some scholars claim that the term means 'people of the Nass River'. The name is a reduced form of [naːsqaʔ], which is a loan word from Tongass Tlingit, where it means 'people of the Nass River'.

The official languages of Nisg̱a’a are the Nisg̱a’a language and English.
Bassir
Bassir (Arabic: بصير) is a town in southern Syria, administratively part of the as-Sanamayn District in the Daraa Governorate. It is located 630 meters (2,070 ft) above sea level and 51 kilometers (32 mi) south of Damascus. Bassir is bordered by Lajat to the east, Khabab to the south, as-Sanamayn to the west, and Jabab to the north. The town lies in the middle of three main Syrian cities: Damascus, Daraa and Suwayda. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Bassir had a population of 1,442 in the 2004 census. Its inhabitants are predominantly Melkite Greek Catholic Christians.

Khabab
Khabab (Arabic: خبب) is a town in southern Syria, administratively part of the as-Sanamayn District in the Daraa Governorate. It is situated 700 meters (2,300 ft) above sea level, about 57 km south of Damascus, in the Hauran plain. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Khabab had a population of 3,379 in the 2004 census. Its inhabitants are predominantly Melkite Greek Catholic Christians.
Ben Rounsevell
William Benjamin Rounsevell (23 September 1843 – 18 July 1923), known as "Ben" or "Big Ben", was a South Australian politician. He was a member of the South Australian House of Assembly from 1875 to 1893 and from 1899 to 1906, representing the Burra and Burra Burra seats for all but one term, when he held Port Adelaide. He was Treasurer of South Australia four times: from May to June 1881 under William Morgan, from 1884 to 1885 under John Colton, from January to June 1892 under Thomas Playford II and from 1892 to 1893 under John Downer. He also served as Commissioner of Public Works from 1890 to 1892 under Playford, and again in the seven-day Solomon Ministry of 1899. His brother, John Rounsevell, was also a South Australian politician.

Thomas Playford II
Thomas Playford (26 November 1837 – 19 April 1915) was an Australian politician who served two terms as Premier of South Australia (1887–1889; 1890–1892). He subsequently entered federal politics, serving as a Senator for South Australia from 1901 to 1906 and as Minister for Defence from 1905 to 1907.
Cauchy-continuous function
In mathematics, a Cauchy-continuous, or Cauchy-regular, function is a special kind of continuous function between metric spaces (or more general spaces). Cauchy-continuous functions have the useful property that they can always be (uniquely) extended to the Cauchy completion of their domain.

Complete metric space
In mathematical analysis, a metric space M is called complete (or a Cauchy space) if every Cauchy sequence of points in M has a limit that is also in M.

Intuitively, a space is complete if there are no "points missing" from it (inside or at the boundary). For instance, the set of rational numbers is not complete, because e.g.  is "missing" from it, even though one can construct a Cauchy sequence of rational numbers that converges to it (see further examples below). It is always possible to "fill all the holes", leading to the completion of a given space, as explained below.
Shyam Bihari Prasad Sinha
Air Marshal Shyam Bihari Prasad Sinha, PVSM, AVSM, VM, ADC is a retired officer of Indian Air Force who served as Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief (AOC-in-C), Central Air Command from 1 January 2016 to 31 December 2018. He assumed office from Air Marshal Kulwant Singh Gill and was succeeded by Air Marshal Rajesh Kumar. AVSM, VM.

Param Vishisht Seva Medal
Param Vishisht Seva Medal (PVSM) (IAST: Parama Viśiṣṭa Sēvā, lit. 'Supreme Distinguished Service Medal') is a military award of India. It is the highest peacetime medal of the Indian Armed Forces, and is awarded for "distinguished service of the most exceptional order." The medal is awarded for "distinguished service rendered by personnel of the Armed Forces."

All ranks of the Armed Forces, including Territorial Army, Auxiliary and Reserve forces, Nursing officers and other members of the Nursing services and other lawfully constituted Armed Forces are eligible for the medal, which may be awarded multiple times as well as posthumously.
2023 Nigerian Senate elections in Enugu State
The 2023 Nigerian Senate elections in Enugu State will be held on 25 February 2023, to elect the 3 federal Senators from Enugu State, one from each of the state's three senatorial districts. The elections will coincide with the 2023 presidential election, as well as other elections to the Senate and elections to the House of Representatives; with state elections being held two weeks later. Primaries were held between 4 April and 9 June 2022.

2023 Nigerian Senate election
The 2023 Nigerian Senate elections were held on 25 February 2023 in all 109 senatorial districts where voters elected senators using first-past-the-post voting. The last regular senatorial elections for all districts were in 2019.

Other federal elections, including the elections to the House of Representatives and the presidential election, were also held on the same date while state elections was held two weeks afterwards on 11 March. The winners of these Senate elections will serve beginning in the 10th Nigerian National Assembly. The APC have held a majority in the Senate since the 2015 elections and solidified that majority in 2019.

As of May 2023, the APC had retained its 59 seats, while the PDP had lost 3 for a total of 37. The Labour Party won seats in its own name for the first time, taking 7 mandates, while smaller parties, such as the NNPP and Social Democratic Party, took a total of 5. One seat has not yet been called.
Chain Gang (1955 song)
"Chain Gang" is a 1955 song written by Sol Quasha and Herb Yakus. In 1956, a recording by American singer Bobby Scott reached number 13 on the US Billboard Hot 100, whilst a version by English singer Jimmy Young peaked at number 9 on the UK Singles Chart. A work song, its chart success followed that of the similarly themed "Sixteen Tons", a transatlantic number one for Tennessee Ernie Ford.

Sixteen Tons
"Sixteen Tons" is a song written by Merle Travis about a coal miner, based on life in the mines of Rosewood, Kentucky. Travis first recorded the song at the Radio Recorders Studio B in Hollywood, California, on August 8, 1946. Cliffie Stone played bass on the recording. It was first released in July 1947 by Capitol on Travis's album Folk Songs of the Hills. The song became a gold record.
Tumut Pond Dam
Tumut Pond Dam (/ˈtjuːmət/) is a major gated concrete arch dam across the upper reaches of the Tumut River in the Snowy Mountains of New South Wales, Australia. The dam's main purpose is for the generation of hydro-power and is one of the sixteen major dams that comprise the Snowy Mountains Scheme, a vast hydroelectricity and irrigation complex constructed in south-east Australia between 1949 and 1974 and now run by Snowy Hydro.

The impounded reservoir is called the Tumut Pond Reservoir, or less formally, the Tumut Pondage.

Snowy Hydro
Snowy Hydro Limited is an electricity generation and retailing company in Australia that owns, manages, and maintains the Snowy Mountains Hydro-electric Scheme that consists of nine hydro-electric power stations and sixteen large dams connected by 145 kilometres (90 mi) of tunnels and 80 kilometres (50 mi) of aqueducts located mainly in the Kosciuszko National Park. Snowy Hydro also owns and operates two gas-fired power stations in Victoria and one in New South Wales, three diesel power stations in South Australia and owns two electricity retailing businesses, Red Energy and Lumo Energy.

The company is owned by the Government of Australia and whilst not a statutory corporation, is established by the Snowy Mountains Hydro-electric Power Act 1949 (Cth). Prior to its incorporation under the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth), the company was previously known as Snowy Mountains Hydro-electric Authority.
KK SPD Radnički
Košarkaški klub Radnički (Serbian Cyrillic: Кошаркашки клуб Раднички), commonly referred to as Radnički Kragujevac or SPD Radnički, is a men's professional basketball club based in Kragujevac, Serbia, and a part of a multi-sports company SPD Radnički. They are currently competing in the Basketball League of Serbia.

SPD Radnički
Sportsko privredno društvo Radnički (Serbian Cyrillic: Спортско привредно друштво Раднчки, lit. 'Radnički Sports Company'), commonly abbreviated as SPD Radnički (Serbian Cyrillic: СПД Раднички), is a company and multi-sport club based in Kragujevac, Serbia. There are currently four men's and three women's teams within the club.
Roots to Branches
Roots to Branches is the nineteenth studio album by the British band Jethro Tull released in September 1995. It carries characteristics of Tull's classic 1970s progressive rock and folk rock roots alongside jazz and Arabic and Indian influences. All songs were written by Ian Anderson and recorded at his home studio. It is the last Tull album to feature Dave Pegg on the bass, and the first to feature keyboardist Andrew Giddings as an official band member, although he had contributed to Catfish Rising (1991) on a session basis. As a result, the album features the five longest serving members to date in Jethro Tull's history. It was the final Tull album to be released through long-time label Chrysalis Records.

A remastered edition of the album was released in January 2007.

Catfish Rising
Catfish Rising is the eighteenth studio album by the British rock group Jethro Tull, released on 2 September 1991. It is the first Tull album to feature keyboardist Andrew Giddings. The album continues the hard rock and blues sound of the previous two albums.
Piccoma
Piccoma (Japanese: ピッコマ, Hepburn: Pikkoma) is a Japanese digital comic app that is available on smartphones, tablets, and personal computers. It was developed and released by Kakao Piccoma Corp., the Japanese subsidiary of Kakao.

Kakao
Kakao Corporation (Korean: 카카오) is a South Korean internet conglomerate headquartered in Jeju City. It was formed through the merger of Daum Communications and the original Kakao Inc. in 2010. The company was renamed Daum Kakao in 2014. In 2015, it was rebranded once more, reverting simply to Kakao.

The KakaoTalk messaging app dominates in South Korea, and after launching in March 2010, the service gained around 90% of domestic market share in 2015. In January 2016, Kakao acquired a 76.4% stake in LOEN Entertainment, a large South Korean entertainment company, for $1.5 billion; it was later rebranded to Kakao M. The company has gained further prominence through KakaoTalk, a free mobile instant messaging application for smartphones, with text and call features.

Kakao Corp's full suite of apps includes: KakaoTalk, KakaoStory, KakaoTaxi, KakaoAccount, KakaoMap, KakaoDriver, KakaoBus, KakaoMusic, KakaoGroup, KakaoHome, KakaoPlace, KakaoAlbum, KakaoPage, KakaoStyle, and KakaoAgit.
Delaware First Nation
The Delaware First Nation is a Lenape First Nation in southern Ontario and is a member nation of the Six Nations of the Grand River. Its reserves include the shared Glebe Farm 40B and Six Nations of the Grand River First Nation reserves.

Six Nations of the Grand River
Six Nations (or Six Nations of the Grand River) is demographically the largest First Nations reserve in Canada. As of the end of 2017, it has a total of 27,276 members, 12,848 of whom live on the reserve. The six nations of the Iroquois Confederacy are the Mohawk, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, Seneca and Tuscarora. Some Lenape (also known as Delaware) live in the territory as well.

The Six Nations reserve is bordered by the County of Brant, Norfolk County, and Haldimand County, with a subsection reservation, the New Credit Reserve, located within its boundaries. The acreage at present covers some 46,000 acres (190 km2) near the city of Brantford, Ontario. This represents approximately 8% of the original 550,000 acres (2,200 km2) of land granted to the Six Nations by the 1784 Haldimand Proclamation.
Khusro Bakhtiar
Makhdum Khusro Bakhtyar (Urdu: مخدوم خسرو بختیار; born 7 July 1967) is a Pakistani politician who recently served as Pakistan's Federal Minister for Industries & Production. Previously, he has served as Federal Minister of Economic Affairs, Federal Minister of National Food Security and Research and Federal Minister for Planning, Development and Reforms in the PTI Government under the leadership of Prime Minister Imran Khan. He had been a member of the National Assembly of Pakistan from 2002 to 2008, 2013 to 2018 and 2018 till 2023.

Previously, he was a member of the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab from 1997 to 1999 and served as provincial advisor to the then Chief Minister, Shehbaz Sharif. During his first tenure as Member of the National Assembly, he served as Minister of State for Foreign Affairs from September 2004 to November 2007 in the Federal Cabinet of Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz.

Shaukat Aziz
Shaukat Aziz (born 6 March 1949) is a Pakistani-born British former banker who served as the 15th prime minister of Pakistan from 28 August 2004 to 15 November 2007. When his term as Prime Minister was over, he immediately left Pakistan and settled in the United Kingdom. Previously, he served as the finance minister of Pakistan from 6 November 1999 to 15 November 2007.

Aziz was born in Karachi. He graduated from the Institute of Business Administration and later joined the corporate staff of the CitiBank Pakistan in 1969. He initially served as CitiBank financier, and became executive vice-president of Citibank in 1999.

In 1999, Aziz entered politics on the personal request of Pervez Musharraf and moved to Pakistan from the United States to assume charge of the Finance Ministry as the finance minister. In 2004, Aziz was nominated by the Musharraf as his prime minister after taking resignation from Zafarullah Khan Jamali on 6 June 2004.
Pamphobeteus fortis
Pamphobeteus fortis also known as the Colombian giant copperhead or Colombian giant brown tarantula is a tarantula which was first described by Anton Ausserer in 1875. As its common name aptly states it is found in Colombia, Venezuela and Panama.

Tarantula
Tarantulas are a group of large and often hairy spiders of the family Theraphosidae. More than a thousand species have been identified, within almost 200 genera. The term "tarantula" is usually used to describe members of the family Theraphosidae, although many other members of the same infraorder (Mygalomorphae) are commonly referred to as "tarantulas" or "false tarantulas".  Some of the more common species have become popular in the exotic pet trade. Many New World species kept as pets have setae known as urticating hairs that can cause irritation to the skin, and in extreme cases, cause damage to the eyes.
Microsoft Forefront Threat Management Gateway
Microsoft Forefront Threat Management Gateway (Forefront TMG), formerly known as Microsoft Internet Security and Acceleration Server (ISA Server), is a discontinued network router, firewall, antivirus program, VPN server and web cache from Microsoft Corporation. It ran on Windows Server and works by inspecting all network traffic that passes through it.

Web cache
A web cache (or HTTP cache) is a system for optimizing the World Wide Web. It is implemented both client-side and server-side. The caching of multimedia and other files can result in less overall delay when browsing the Web.
2008 Bavarian state election
The 2008 Bavarian state election was held on 28 September 2008 to elect the members of the Landtag of Bavaria. The result was a historic defeat for the Christian Social Union (CSU), which had governed with a majority uninterrupted since 1962, and had won over 60% of the vote in the 2003 election. Despite polling suggesting that the party would retain its majority with losses, it suffered a 17% swing and came up two seats short of a majority, its worst result since 1954. Minister-President and CSU leader Günther Beckstein subsequently resigned from both posts, and the Landtag elected Horst Seehofer as his successor after the CSU and Free Democratic Party (FDP) came to a coalition agreement.

The Free Voters of Bavaria entered the Landtag for the first time with 10% of the vote; the FDP also won seats for the first time in 14 years. The Left competed in its first Bavarian election, recording a modest result of 4.3%, but failing to win any seats.

2003 Bavarian state election
The 2003 Bavarian state election was held on 21 September 2003 to elect the members to the 15th Landtag of Bavaria. The Christian Social Union (CSU) led by Minister-President Edmund Stoiber achieved the largest majority in German history, winning 69% of the seats in the Landtag. This election was the first and to date only time a single party won a two-thirds supermajority of seats in any German state parliament. The CSU also won its largest proportion of the popular vote since 1974, at 60.7%.

The election was marked by a major decline in turnout, falling by almost 13 points to 57%. As a result, despite achieving its best result in decades, the CSU won 230,000 votes fewer than it had in the 1998 election.
John Taylor (VC)
John Taylor, VC, CGM (c. 1822 – 25 February 1857) was a sailor in the Royal Navy and an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

Conspicuous Gallantry Medal
The Conspicuous Gallantry Medal (CGM) was, until 1993, a military decoration for gallantry in action. Initially, it was awarded to petty officers and seamen of the Royal Navy, including Warrant Officers and other ranks of the Royal Marines. The CGM was also later awarded to personnel of other Commonwealth navies. From 1943, it was also awarded to NCOs of the Royal Air Force and other Commonwealth air forces, for conspicuous gallantry in action against the enemy in the air. The CGM was officially discontinued in 1993.
Rock Ventures
Rock Ventures LLC (doing business as ROCK) is the holding company for the portfolio of companies, investments, and real estate properties owned by American businessman Dan Gilbert. It is based in Detroit, Michigan and engaged in community development in both Detroit and Cleveland, Ohio. Its over 110 affiliated companies included the Cleveland Cavaliers and Rocket Mortgage.

Rocket Mortgage
Rocket Mortgage, LLC, formerly Quicken Loans, LLC, is an American mortgage lender, headquartered in Detroit, Michigan. Rocket Mortgage uses wholesale funding for loans and online applications as opposed to a branch system.
Geelong Volunteer Rifle Corps
The Geelong Volunteer Rifle Corps, also called the Geelong Rifle Corps, or the Geelong Rifles, was a part-time Volunteer Force of the Colony of Victoria (later the state of Victoria) in Australia from 1854 to 1912. The unit is named after the city of Geelong and was involved in suppressing the Eureka Rebellion at the Battle of the Eureka Stockade. The unit was originally commanded and organized by Robert William Rede.

Battle of the Eureka Stockade
The Battle of the Eureka Stockade was fought in Ballarat, Victoria, Australia, on 3 December 1854, between gold miners and the colonial forces of Australia. It was the culmination of the 1851–1854 Eureka Rebellion during the Victorian gold rush. The fighting resulted in at least 27 deaths and many injuries, the majority of casualties being rebels. The miners had various grievances, chiefly the cost of mining permits and the officious way the system was enforced.
Northwest Italy
Northwest Italy (Italian: Italia nord-occidentale or just Nord-ovest) is one of the five official statistical regions of Italy used by the National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT), a first level NUTS region and a European Parliament constituency. Northwest encompasses four of the country's 20 regions:

Aosta Valley

Liguria

Lombardy

Piedmont

First-level NUTS of the European Union
The Classification of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS, for the French nomenclature d'unités territoriales statistiques) is a geocode standard for referencing the administrative divisions of countries for statistical purposes. The standard was developed by the European Union.

There are three levels of NUTS defined, with two levels of local administrative units (LAUs). Depending on their size, not all countries have every level of division. One of the most extreme cases is Luxembourg, which has only LAUs; the three NUTS divisions each correspond to the entire country itself.

There are 92 first-level NUTS regions of the European Union, and 240 second-level NUTS regions.
Jamia Tur Rasheed
Jamia Tur Rasheed, Karachi (Urdu:  جامعۃ الرشید کراچی) is an Islamic seminary in Karachi, Pakistan. The seminary was established by Rasheed Ahmad Ludhianvi. It is a degree awarding institute accredited by Ministry of Federal Education and Professional Training and the Higher Education Commission.

The seminary has 36 departments including "Kulyatush Shariyah". It also runs girls  schools including "Jamia Umm Habībah lil-Banāt", "Jamia Hafsa lil-Banāt" and "Al-Bairuni Girls Secondary School".

The seminary co-formed "Majma-ul-Uloom Al-Islamia" (Board of Islamic Sciences) along with Jamia Binoria in May 2021, to blend secular and religious education in the "madrasas".

In December 2022 the seminary established Al-Ghazali University.

Mufti Abdul Rahim is the current head of the seminary.

Jamia Binoria
Jamia Binoria Aalamia (Arabic: الجامعۃ البنوریۃ العالمیۃ) is an Islamic University in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.

It is regarded as one of the most modern madrassas.

Noman Naeem is the chancellor of the seminary.