hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Damm algorithm
In error detection, the Damm algorithm is a check digit algorithm that detects all single-digit errors and all adjacent transposition errors. It was presented by H. Michael Damm in 2004, as a part of his PhD dissertation entitled Totally Antisymmetric Quasigroups.

Transcription error
A transcription error is a specific type of data entry error that is commonly made by human operators or by optical character recognition (OCR) programs. Human transcription errors are commonly the result of typographical mistakes; putting one's fingers in the wrong place while touch typing is the easiest way to make this error. Electronic transcription errors occur when the scan of some printed matter is compromised or in an unusual font – for example, if the paper is crumpled, or the ink is smudged, the OCR may make transcription errors when reading.
Police uniforms and equipment in the United Kingdom
Police uniforms and equipment in the United Kingdom vary enormously per force or service, and different uniforms and equipment is used for different situations. Both what is worn and what is carried have varied considerably from the inception of the earliest recognisable mainstream police services in the early 19th century. As various laws in the mid-19th century standardised policing in the United Kingdom, so too were uniforms and equipment. From a variety of home grown uniforms, bicycles, swords and pistols the British police force evolved in look and equipment through the long coats and top hat, to the recognisable modern uniform of a white shirt, black tie, reflective jackets, body armour, and the battenburg-marked vehicles, to the present-day Airwave Solutions radios, electric vehicles and tasers.

The lists of police uniforms and equipment here are not exhaustive, nor specific for each force, but give a general overview of typical 'kit' used in the United Kingdom.

Battenburg markings
Battenburg markings or Battenberg markings are a pattern of high-visibility markings developed in the United Kingdom in the 1990s and currently seen on many types of emergency service vehicles in the UK, Crown dependencies, British Overseas Territories and several other European countries including the Czech Republic, Iceland, Sweden, Germany, Romania, Spain, Ireland, and Belgium as well as in Hong Kong and Commonwealth nations including Australia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Trinidad and Tobago, and more recently, Canada. The name comes from its similarity in appearance to the cross-section of a Battenberg cake.
Wangyuehu
Wangyuehu Subdistrict (Chinese: 望月湖街道; pinyin: Wàngyuèhú Jiēdào) is a subdistrict of Yuelu District in Changsha, Hunan, China. The subdistrict has an area of 1.57 square kilometres (0.61 sq mi) with a permanent population of about 52,000 (as of 2015). The subdistrict has six communities under its jurisdiction.

Yuelu, Changsha
Yuelu District (simplified Chinese: 岳麓区; traditional Chinese: 嶽麓區; pinyin: Yuèlù qū) is one of six urban districts and the municipal seat of the prefecture-level city of Changsha, the capital of Hunan Province, China. It is the 4th most populous district (after Heshan, Dingcheng and Yueyanglou Districts) in Hunan. The district is bordered to the north by Wangcheng District, to the west by Ningxiang County, to the south by Yuhu District of Xiangtan City, across the Xiang river to the west by Tianxin, Furong and Kaifu Districts. Located on the west bank of the Xiang River, as the western part of the City proper, the district is named after Mount Yuelu, one of the national parks, Yuelu District covers 538.83 km2 (208.04 sq mi) with registered population of 644,834 and resident population of 818,900 (as of 2014). The district has 16 subdistricts and 2 towns under its jurisdiction, with its administrative centre at Wangyue (望岳街道).
2013 Moto3 World Championship
The 2013 FIM Moto3 World Championship was a part of the 65th F.I.M. Road Racing World Championship season. The riders' championship title was won by Team Calvo rider Maverick Viñales and runner up by Álex Rins from Estrella Galicia 0,0.

Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme
The International Motorcycling Federation (Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme) or (FIM) is the global governing/sanctioning body of motorcycle racing. It represents 123 national motorcycle federations that are divided into six continental unions.

There are ten motorcycle-racing disciplines that FIM covers, encompassing 62 international championships as well as 188 secondary championships of circuit racing, enduro, Speedway Racing, Trials, Off-Roading, Motorcross, Supercross, Sno-Cross, Sidecars, and E-Bikes. FIM is also involved in many non-racing activities that promote the sport, its safety, and support relevant public policy. The FIM is also the first international sporting federation to publish an Environmental Code, in 1994. In 2007, a Commission for Women in Motorcycling was created by the FIM in order to promote the use of powered two-wheelers and the motorcycle sport among women.
Billy Incardona
Billy Incardona (born December 2, 1943) is an American professional pool player.

"Pittsburgh Billy" was inducted into the One Pocket Hall of Fame in 2007 for his outstanding contribution to the legacy of the game of one pocket.

In addition to playing pool, Incardona is a professional broadcaster for pocket billiards competitions around the world.

Pool (cue sports)
Pool is a group of cue sports played on a billiard table. The table has six pockets along the rails, into which balls are shot. Of the many different pool games, the most popular include: eight-ball, blackball, nine-ball, ten-ball, seven-ball, straight pool, one-pocket, and bank pool. Eight-ball is the most frequently played discipline of pool, and it is often thought of as synonymous with "pool".

The generic term pocket billiards is sometimes also used, and favored by some pool-industry bodies, but is technically a broader classification, including games such as snooker, Russian pyramid, and kaisa, which are not referred to as pool games. There are also hybrid games combining aspects of both pool and carom billiards, such as American four-ball billiards, bottle pool, cowboy pool, and English billiards.
King County Library System
The King County Rural Library District, doing business as the King County Library System (KCLS), is a public library system of King County, Washington, United States. It has 49 locations in the areas of the county around Seattle, which has a separate city library system. KCLS is headquartered in Issaquah, Washington, and was the busiest library system in the United States in 2010 with a circulation of 22.4 million items. As of 2023, the library system serves a population of 1.6 million residents and has 3.7 million items in its collection, which includes books, periodicals, audio and videotapes, films, disc media, and online resources.

Issaquah, Washington
Issaquah (/ˈɪsəkwɑː/ ISS-ə-kwah) is a city in King County, Washington, United States. The population was 40,051 at the 2020 census. Located in a valley and bisected by Interstate 90, the city is bordered by the Sammamish Plateau to the north and the "Issaquah Alps" to the south. It is home to the headquarters of the multinational retail company Costco Wholesale Corporation. Issaquah is included in the Seattle metropolitan area.
Baseball at the 2023 Pan American Games Qualifier
The Baseball at the 2023 Pan American Games Qualifier was an international professional baseball tournament that served as the final qualifier for Baseball at the 2023 Pan American Games. The tournament took place in Argentina from June 16, 2023, to June 21, 2023.

Panama won the final qualifier and earned the last spot for the Baseball at the 2023 Pan American Games championship. Panama will compete in Baseball at the Pan American Games for the 7th time.

Baseball at the 2023 Pan American Games
Baseball competitions at the 2023 Pan American Games in Santiago, Chile are scheduled to be held from October 18 to 28. The venue for the competition is the Baseball and Softball Center, located in Cerillos, a suburb of Santiago.

A total of eight men's teams (each consisting of up to 24 players) will compete. Thus, a total of 192 athletes are scheduled to compete.
Macedonian alphabet
The orthography of the Macedonian language includes an alphabet consisting of 31 letters (Macedonian: Македонска азбука, romanized: Makedonska azbuka), which is an adaptation of the Cyrillic script, as well as language-specific conventions of spelling and punctuation.

The Macedonian alphabet was 
standardized in 1945 by a commission formed in Yugoslav Macedonia after the Partisans took power at the end of World War II. The alphabet used the same phonemic principles employed by Vuk Karadžić (1787–1864) and Krste Misirkov (1874–1926).

Before standardization, the language had been written in a variety of different versions of Cyrillic by different writers, influenced by Early Cyrillic, Russian, Bulgarian and Serbian orthography.

Phoneme
A phoneme (/ˈfoʊniːm/) is a set of similar speech sounds that are perceptually regarded by the speakers of a language as a single basic sound—a smallest possible phonetic unit—that helps distinguish one word from another. All languages contain phonemes (or the spatial–gestural equivalent in sign languages), and all spoken languages include both consonant and vowel phonemes. Phonemes are studied under phonology, a branch of linguistics (a discipline encompassing language, writing, speech and related matters).

Phonemes are often represented, when written, as a glyph (a character) enclosed within two forward-sloping slashes /. For example, /k/ represents the phoneme or sound used at the beginning of the English-language word cat (as opposed to, say, the /b/ of bat).
Horacio Arruda
Horacio Arruda is a Canadian physician specialized in community health who formerly served as National Director of Public Health and Assistant Deputy Minister at the Ministry of Health and Social Services for Quebec under Premier François Legault.

Ministry of Health and Social Services (Quebec)
The Minister of Health and Social Services (in French: Ministère de la Santé et des Services sociaux) is responsible for the administration of health and social services in the province of Quebec since June 1985. The Minister of Social Affairs was previously responsible for this duty.
Uniform Resource Name
A Uniform Resource Name (URN) is a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) that uses the urn scheme. URNs are globally unique persistent identifiers assigned within defined namespaces so they will be available for a long period of time, even after the resource which they identify ceases to exist or becomes unavailable. URNs cannot be used to directly locate an item and need not be resolvable, as they are simply templates that another parser may use to find an item.

Info URI scheme
In computing, info is a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) scheme which enables identifiers from public namespaces to be represented as URIs, when they would otherwise have no canonical URL form, such as Library of Congress identifiers, Handle System handles, and Digital object identifiers.
1893-S Morgan dollar
The 1893-S Morgan dollar is a United States dollar coin struck in 1893 at the San Francisco Mint. It is the lowest mintage business strike Morgan dollar in the series. The 1893-S is considered to be a key date in the Morgan dollar series: examples of the coin in both mint state and in circulated condition are valuable.

The high value of the coin has made it a target for counterfeiters. Many fake 1893-S Morgan dollars have been created. Knowledgeable coin collectors can identify a fake based on the variations in the dies which were used to strike the coins.

Sheldon coin grading scale
The Sheldon Coin Grading Scale is a 70-point coin grading scale used in the numismatic assessment of a coin's quality. The American Numismatic Association based its Official ANA Grading Standards in large part on the Sheldon scale. The scale was created by William Herbert Sheldon.
Michael Middleton
Michael Francis Middleton (born 23 June 1949) is a British businessman. He is the father of Catherine, Princess of Wales, Philippa Matthews and James Middleton.

Born in Leeds, Middleton was educated at the University of Surrey. He joined British Airways and worked as a flight dispatcher. In 1980, he married Carole Goldsmith, who founded Party Pieces, a mail-order party supply company. Middleton joined his wife at the company in 1989. Their eldest three grandchildren, Prince George, Princess Charlotte, and Prince Louis, are second, third and fourth in line to the British throne respectively. The Middleton family resides at Bucklebury Manor, in Berkshire.

Prince George of Wales
Prince George of Wales (George Alexander Louis; born 22 July 2013) is a member of the British royal family. He is the eldest child of William, Prince of Wales, and Catherine, Princess of Wales, and the eldest grandchild of King Charles III and Diana, Princess of Wales. He is second in the line of succession to the British throne behind his father.

George was born at St Mary's Hospital, London, during the reign of his paternal great-grandmother, Queen Elizabeth II, and was third in line before her death. His birth was widely celebrated across the Commonwealth realms due to the expectation that he will eventually become king.
USA South Athletic Conference men's basketball tournament
The USA South Athletic Conference men's basketball tournament (formerly the Dixie Intercollegiate Athletic Conference men's basketball tournament) is the annual conference basketball championship tournament for the NCAA Division III USA South Athletic Conference. The tournament has been held annually since 1964, when the conference was still known as the Dixie Intercollegiate Athletic Conference. It is a single-elimination tournament and seeding is based on regular season records.

The winner receives the USA South's automatic bid to the NCAA Men's Division III Basketball Championship.

USA South Athletic Conference
The USA South Athletic Conference (formerly the Dixie Intercollegiate Athletic Conference or the Dixie Conference) is an intercollegiate athletic conference which competes in the NCAA's Division III.  Member schools are located in North Carolina and Virginia.
John Darsee
John Roland Darsee (born c. 1948 in Huntington, West Virginia) is an American physician and former medical researcher. After compiling an impressive list of publications in reputable scientific journals, he was found to have fabricated data for his publications.

Scientific misconduct
Scientific misconduct refers to violations of ethical and professional standards in research, including fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, and other practices that compromise the integrity of the design, conduct, analysis, reporting, or publication of scientific or research findings.
Tornado outbreak of May 2, 1942
On May 2, 1942, a deadly tornado outbreak affected portions of the Central United States, particularly Northeastern Oklahoma and Southeast Kansas. In the latter areas the severe weather event produced at least four violent, long-tracked tornado families, retroactively assessed as having inflicted F4 damage, that varied in length from 55 to 88 mi (89 to 142 km). Altogether these claimed 29 lives and injured at least 158 people, featuring six known tornadoes, all rated F4. Besides these, the outbreak also yielded two other tornadoes, both deadly: a long-lived F3 family in Illinois that killed one person and an F2 in Missouri that killed one more. The entire outbreak killed 31 people and injured at least 172.

Fujita scale
The Fujita scale (F-Scale; /fuˈdʒiːtə/), or Fujita–Pearson scale (FPP scale), is a scale for rating tornado intensity, based primarily on the damage tornadoes inflict on human-built structures and vegetation. The official Fujita scale category is determined by meteorologists and engineers after a ground or aerial damage survey, or both; and depending on the circumstances, ground-swirl patterns (cycloidal marks), weather radar data, witness testimonies, media reports and damage imagery, as well as photogrammetry or videogrammetry if motion picture recording is available. The Fujita scale, named for the meteorologist Ted Fujita, was replaced with the Enhanced Fujita scale (EF-Scale) in the United States in February 2007. In April 2013, Canada adopted the EF-Scale over the Fujita scale along with 31 "Specific Damage Indicators" used by Environment Canada (EC) in their ratings.
Ravenswood standing stone
The Ravenswood standing stone is an ancient monument in The Inch, Edinburgh, Scotland. Erected around 2000 BC, it is a menhir that may mark the site of an ancient battle or have had a ritual use. It was moved in the early 19th-century for a road scheme, but returned to its original location in 1891. It was moved again in 1971 and now sits in a cul-de-sac on a housing estate, protected by metal railings. It is 1.85 metres (6 ft 1 in) high.

The Inch, Edinburgh
The Inch is a district of Edinburgh, Scotland, located to the south of Inch Park in the south of the city. It is located  2 miles (3 km) south south-east of central Edinburgh. It incorporates the Inch housing development, Inch Park and the category A listed Inch House, a former country house now used as a community centre. The associated Inch Doocot or dovecot, also a category A listed building, is situated close by, west of Gilmerton Road.
Laurie Taylor (footballer, born 1918)
Laurie Taylor (21 October 1918 – 18 October 1980) was an Australian rules footballer who played in the Victorian Football League (VFL) for the Richmond Football Club and in the South Australian National Football League (SANFL) for West Adelaide and Glenelg Football Clubs.

Taylor was 6'2", an inch taller than fellow Richmond ruckman Jack Dyer and was a well-built centre-half forward, renowned for his strong marking.

Glenelg Football Club
The Glenelg Football Club, nicknamed the Tigers or the Bays, is an Australian rules football team which plays in the South Australian National Football League. Their home ground is Stratarama Stadium (formerly Glenelg Oval), located in the southern coastal suburb of Glenelg East, South Australia.
182nd Tunnelling Company
The 182nd Tunnelling Company was one of the tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers created by the British Army during World War I. The tunnelling units were occupied in offensive and defensive mining involving the placing and maintaining of mines under enemy lines, as well as other underground work such as the construction of deep dugouts for troop accommodation, the digging of subways, saps (a narrow trench dug to approach enemy trenches), cable trenches and underground chambers for signals and medical services.

Dugout (shelter)
A dugout or dug-out, also known as a pit-house or earth lodge, is a shelter for humans or domesticated animals and livestock based on a hole or depression dug into the ground. Dugouts can be fully recessed into the earth, with a flat roof covered by ground, or dug into a hillside. They can also be semi-recessed, with a constructed wood or sod roof standing out.
These structures are one of the most ancient types of human housing known to archaeologists, and the same methods have evolved into modern "earth shelter" technology.

Dugouts may also be temporary shelters constructed as an aid to specific activities, e.g., concealment and protection during warfare or shelter while hunting.
Minister of Mines (Canada)
The Minister of Mines was a Minister of the Crown in the Canadian Cabinet responsible for the mining industry in Canada.

The Department of Mines was created by the government of Sir Wilfrid Laurier and assented to on 27 April 1907. The Minister of Inland Revenue was the first to be named Minister of Mines. In 1936, the mines portfolio became part of the Minister of Mines and Resources, in 1950, Minister of Mines and Technical Surveys, in 1966 the Minister of Energy, Mines and Resources, and since 1995 the Minister of Natural Resources.

In 1936, the office of the Minister of Mines, along with those of the Minister of Immigration and Colonization, Minister of the Interior, and Superintendent-General of Indian Affairs, were abolished and the office of Minister of Mines and Resources was created by Statute 1 Edw. VIII, c. 33, proclaimed in force on 1 December 1936.

Minister of National Revenue
The minister of national revenue (French: ministre du revenu national) is the minister of the Crown responsible for the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA). The role is currently styled Minister of Finance and National Revenue (French: Ministre des Finances et du Revenu national).

François-Philippe Champagne has been Minister of National Revenue since May 13, 2025. He concurrently serves as the minister of finance.
Dutch colonization of the Americas
The Netherlands began its colonization of the Americas with the establishment of trading posts and plantations. The first forts and settlements along the Essequibo River in Guyana date from the 1590s. Actual colonization, with the Dutch settling in the new lands, was not as common as by other European nations.
This colonization preceded the much wider known colonization activities of the Dutch in Asia, as the first Dutch fort in Asia was built in 1600 in present-day Indonesia.

Many of the Dutch settlements were lost or abandoned by the end of the 17th century, but the Netherlands managed to retain possession of Suriname until it gained independence in 1975. Among its several colonies in the region, only the Dutch Caribbean still remains to be part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands today.

Surinam (Dutch colony)
Surinam (Dutch: Suriname), also unofficially known as Dutch Guiana, was a Dutch plantation colony in the Guianas and the predecessor polity of the modern country of Suriname. It  was bordered by the fellow Dutch colony of Berbice to the west, and the French colony of Cayenne to the east. It later bordered British Guiana (modern-day Guyana) from 1831 to 1966.
Alonso Correa
Alonso Correa (born 3 January 1998) is a Peruvian professional surfer. Correa won the gold medal the in Men's Open during the Pan American Surf Games twice, in 2015 and 2017, and the bronze in 2018. During the 2023 ISA World Surfing Games, Correa won gold as a member of the Peruvian team. He qualified for the 2024 Olympic Games.

2015 Pan American Surf Games
The 2015 Pan American Surf Games, also referred to as PASA Games 2015 and officially named XI Pan American Surfing Games Claro Open 2015 for sponsorship reasons, was the eleventh edition of the Pan American Surf Games, the main competition organized by the Pan American Surf Association. It was held at Punta Rocas beach in Punta Negra District, Lima, Peru from 2 to 6 December 2015.

Athletes from 11 national teams competes in 13 surfing events; comprising Open (Shortboard), SUP surf, SUP race, Bodyboard prone and Paddleboard race each for men and women, plus Longboard, Bodyboard dropknee and Juniors Under–20 (shortboard) events only for men.

Peru won the competition with 11 out of the 13 gold medals at stake. Chile, Ecuador and Venezuela were second, third and fourth respectively.
Eye 2 Eye: Live in Madrid
Eye 2 Eye: Live in Madrid is a live concert performance by Alan Parsons released on both DVD-Video and Audio CD on April 6, 2010 on the Frontiers label. The show was performed with his band Alan Parsons Live Project, and was recorded live at the Plaza Mayor, Madrid, Spain, on May 14, 2004.

Alan Parsons
Alan Parsons OBE (born 20 December 1948) is an English audio engineer, songwriter, musician, singer and record producer.

Parsons was the sound engineer on albums including the Beatles' Abbey Road (1969) and Let It Be (1970), Pink Floyd's Dark Side of the Moon (1973), and the eponymous debut album by Ambrosia in 1975. Parsons's own group, The Alan Parsons Project, as well as his subsequent solo recordings, have also been commercially successful. He has been nominated for 13 Grammy Awards, with his first win occurring in 2019 for Best Immersive Audio Album for Eye in the Sky (35th Anniversary Edition).