hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
South African type MX tender
The South African type MX tender was a steam locomotive tender.

Type MX tenders entered service in 1949, as tenders to the last batch of Class 19D 4-8-2 Mountain type steam locomotives which entered service on the South African Railways in that year.

Tender (rail)
A tender is a special rail vehicle hauled by a steam locomotive containing its fuel (wood, coal, oil or torrefied biomass) and water. Steam locomotives consume large quantities of water compared to the quantity of fuel, so their tenders are necessary to keep them running over long distances. A locomotive that pulls a tender is called either a tender locomotive or a tender engine. Locomotives that do not have tenders and carry all their fuel and water on board are called tank locomotives or tank engines.

A corridor tender is a locomotive tender with a passageway to one side, allowing crew changes on the fly.

A brake tender is a tender that is heavy and used (primarily) to provide greater braking efficiency.
Henry Kandrup
Henry Emil Kandrup (July 24, 1955 – October 18, 2003) was an American astrophysicist and professor at the University of Florida, Gainesville.  His major contributions were in the areas of galaxy dynamics and plasma physics.

Stellar dynamics
Stellar dynamics is the branch of astrophysics which describes in a statistical way the collective motions of stars subject to their mutual gravity. The essential difference from celestial mechanics is that the number of body

Typical galaxies have upwards of millions of macroscopic gravitating bodies and countless number of neutrinos and perhaps other dark microscopic bodies. Also each star contributes more or less equally to the total gravitational field, whereas in celestial mechanics the pull of a massive body dominates any satellite orbits.
Kevin Quiambao
Karl Kevin Argana Quiambao (born April 22, 2001), also known by his initials KQ, is a Filipino professional basketball player for the Goyang Sono Skygunners of the Korean Basketball League (KBL).

Quiambao won back-to-back UAAP high school championships with the NU Bullpups before playing for the De La Salle Green Archers in the league's collegiate level. He was named Rookie of the Year in season 85 (2022). He then led the Green Archers to the UAAP championship in season 86 (2023) in which he also won both the Most Valuable Player (MVP) and Finals MVP awards. He is also the first to have logged multiple triple-doubles in a season during the Final Four era (since 1993). In Season 87 (2024), he won his second consecutive MVP award but failed to defend their championship in the finals rematch with the UP Fighting Maroons.

Quiambao has been playing for the Philippine national team since 2022, notably in that year's FIBA Asia Cup.

UP Fighting Maroons men's basketball
The UP Fighting Maroons are the collegiate men's basketball team of the University of the Philippines Diliman, which play in the University Athletic Association of the Philippines (UAAP), the premiere sports league in the country.
Cosmorama
A cosmorama is an exhibition of perspective pictures of different places in the world, usually world landmarks. Careful use of illumination and lenses gives the images greater realism.

Cosmorama was also the name of an entertainment in 19th century London, at 207-209 Regent Street, at which the public could view scenes of distant lands and exotic subjects through optical devices that magnified the pictures. It was later converted into an exhibition of curiosities named the Prince of Wales Bazaar. Exhibits included a sea lion, a sea serpent and L. Bertolotto's Flea circus.

Cosmorama of Chateau Versailles (1819-1818), once in City Hall Park, New York City, now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art

Cosmorama of Chateau Versailles (1819-1818), once in City Hall Park, New York City, now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art

Cosmorama of Chateau Versailles (1819-1818), once in City Hall Park, New York City, now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art

Panoramic painting
Panoramic paintings are massive artworks that reveal a wide, all-encompassing view of a particular subject, often a landscape, military battle, or historical event. They became especially popular in the 19th century in Europe and the United States, inciting opposition from some writers of Romantic poetry. A few have survived into the 21st century and are on public display. Typically shown in rotundas for viewing, panoramas were meant to be so lifelike they confused the spectator between what was real and what was image.

In China, panoramic paintings are an important subset of handscroll paintings, with some famous examples being Along the River During the Qingming Festival and Ten Thousand Miles of the Yangtze River.
Teklemariam Shanko
Teklemariam Shanko Balcha (Amharic: ተክለማርያም ሻንቆ; born 2 January 1998) is an Ethiopian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Ethiopian Premier League club Ethiopian Insurance and the Ethiopia national team.

Ethiopia national football team
The Ethiopia national football team (Amharic: የአትዮጵያ ብሔራዊ እግር ኳስ ቡድን), nicknamed Walia, after the Walia ibex, represents Ethiopia in men's international football and is controlled by the Ethiopian Football Federation, the governing body for football in Ethiopia. The team has been representing Ethiopia in regional, continental, and international competitions since its founding in 1943. The Walias play their home games at Addis Ababa Stadium located in the capital city of Addis Ababa. They are currently ranked 150th in the world according to the FIFA World Rankings and 44th in CAF.

Ethiopia was one of only three teams (along with Egypt and Sudan) to participate in the inaugural Africa Cup of Nations in 1957. It won the competition in 1962, while it was also the host. However, success has been elusive since the end of the 1960s. Under coach Sewnet Bishaw, the team qualified for the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations after a 31-year absence.
Mélissande Llorens
Mélissande Llorens (born 18 June 2002) is a French international rugby union player. She plays as a winger for Blagnac SCR as well as in the France women's national rugby union team. She competed at the 2021 Rugby World Cup, and the 2022 Women's Six Nations Championship.

France women's national rugby union team
The France women's national rugby union team represents France in women's international rugby union. They played the first-ever women's rugby union test match against the Netherlands on 13 June 1982. They compete annually in the Women's Six Nations Championship and have placed third in seven of nine Rugby World Cups.
Dennis Man
Dennis Man (born 26 August 1998) is a Romanian professional footballer who plays as a winger or an attacking midfielder for Eredivisie club PSV and the Romania national team.

Man began his senior career at UTA Arad in 2015, and moved to FCSB in 2016. He was named in the Liga I Team of the Year for the 2018–19 season, and won the Cupa României the following campaign. Later in 2020, Man was voted Gazeta Sporturilor's Romanian Footballer of the Year, before transferring abroad to Parma for €11 million—the highest fee ever received for a player sold from the Romanian championship. In 2025, after more than 130 appearances in the Serie A and Serie B combined, he signed for Dutch club PSV.

Internationally, Man made his senior debut for Romania in March 2018, being previously capped at under-19 and under-21 levels. He represented his country in the UEFA Euro 2024, where they achieved first place in their group and advanced to the round of 16.

2018–19 Liga I
The 2018–19 Liga I (also known as Liga 1 Betano for sponsorship reasons) was the 101st season of the Liga I, the top professional league for Romanian association football clubs. The season began on 20 July 2018 and ended on 2 June 2019, being the fourth to take place since the play-off/play-out rule has been introduced.

Dunărea Călărași and Hermannstadt joined as the promoted clubs from the 2017–18 Liga II. CFR Cluj managed to defend the title for the first time in their history, while FCSB became the first team in the country to finish as runners-up for four consecutive seasons.
Thomas (bishop of Finland)
Thomas (Finnish: Tuomas; died in 1248) was the third bishop of Finland, and is the first known one. Little is known of his activities. After admitting to having committed several crimes, he resigned in 1245. He died in Visby three years later. He is sometimes associated with an unnamed bishop who was sent letters from Pope Gregory IX in 1229.

Archdiocese of Turku
The Archdiocese of Turku (Finnish: Turun arkkihiippakunta, Swedish: Åbo ärkestift), historically known as Archdiocese of Åbo, is the seat of the Archbishop of Turku. It is a part of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland, and its see city is Turku.

The Archbishop has many administrative tasks relating to the National church, and is the Metropolitan and Primate of the church. In common with other Lutheran and Anglican churches the Archbishop is considered primus inter pares while all diocesan bishops retain their independence within their respective jurisdictions. This also applies to the Bishop of Turku Archdiocese. The Archdiocese of Turku has a unique episcopal structure, as there are two bishops in the Diocese.
Vincent Munier
Vincent Munier (born 14 April 1976) is a French wildlife photographer and documentary filmmaker. Among his most notable works are his photographs of arctic wolves and snow leopards. He co-directed a film about snow leopards, The Velvet Queen (2021), which received the César Award for Best Documentary Film.

Wildlife photography
Wildlife photography is a genre of photography concerned with documenting various forms of wildlife in their natural habitat.

As well as requiring photography skills, wildlife photographers may need field craft skills. For example, some animals and birds are difficult to approach and thus a knowledge of the animal's and birds behavior is needed in order to be able to predict its actions. Photographing some species may require stalking skills or the use of a hide/blind for concealment.

While wildlife photographs can be taken using basic equipment, successful photography of some types of wildlife requires specialist equipment, such as macro lenses for insects, long focal length lenses for birds and underwater cameras for marine life.
Bairagi Kainla
Til Bikram Nembang Limbu, professionally known as Bairagi Kainla or Bairagi Kaila, is a Nepalese poet and litterateur. He has served as Chancellor of the Nepal Academy from 2009 (2066 BS) to 2013 (2070 BS). Part of his significant literary struggle was the Tesro Aayam (Third Dimension) movement. During the early 1960s, he, along with Ishwor Ballav and Indra Bahadur Rai, searched unexplored realms of Nepali literature and added a new dimension – the third dimension – to Nepalese literature.

He is currently working in the field of Folklore of Limbu ethnic people of Eastern Nepal. He is also working to promote the culture, language and literature of the minor communities, nationalities and indigenous people of Nepal. Bairagi Kainla was nominated as a member of the Royal Nepal Academy in 1990.

Vikram Samvat
Vikram Samvat (ISO: Vikrama Saṁvata; abbreviated VS), also known as the Vikrami or Bikrami calendar, is a Hindu calendar historically used in the Indian subcontinent and still also used in several Indian states and Nepal. It is a lunisolar calendar, using twelve lunar months each solar sidereal year. The year count of the Vikram Samvat calendar is usually 57 years ahead of the Gregorian calendar, except during January to March/April, when it is ahead by 56 years.

Vikram Samvat is an official calendar of Nepal where the first month is Baisakh and the last month is Chaitra. Unlike India where it is used only for religious dates (with first month starting with Chaitra), the solar version of Vikram Samvat is a civil calendar for general usage.
Fishing River
The Fishing River is a 39.0-mile-long (62.8 km) tributary of the Missouri River in western Missouri in the United States. It rises in the northeastern extremity of Kansas City in Clay County and flows generally eastward and southeasterly through Clay and southwestern Ray counties, past the town of Mosby. It joins the Missouri River about 3 miles (5 km) south of the town of Orrick.

Downstream of Mosby, it collects the East Fork Fishing River, which rises at the town of Lawson and flows 20.6 miles (33.2 km) generally southward through Ray and Clay counties, through the resort community of Crystal Lake and past the town of Excelsior Springs.

Fishing River was named for the fact it contained an abundance of fish.

In 1808, William Clark of the Lewis and Clark Expedition established Fort Osage along the Missouri near the mouth of the Fishing River.  The fort became a center of trade among European settlers and Native Americans in the region.

Clay County, Missouri
Clay County is located in the U.S. state of Missouri and is part of the Kansas City metropolitan area. As of the 2020 census, the county had a population of 253,335, making it the fifth-most populous county in Missouri. Its county seat is Liberty. The county was organized January 2, 1822, and named in honor of U.S. Representative Henry Clay from Kentucky, later a member of the United States Senate and United States Secretary of State. Clay County contains many of the area's northern suburbs, along with a portion of the city of Kansas City, Missouri. It also owns and operates the Midwest National Air Center in Excelsior Springs.
Pittsburgh, Johnstown, Ebensburg and Eastern Railroad
The Pittsburgh, Johnstown, Ebensburg and Eastern Railroad was a railroad corporation in Pennsylvania, intended to unite two local short lines in Clearfield, Blair and Cambria Counties and create a coal-hauling railroad to compete with the Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR). Highly speculative, the railroad never had the financing necessary to begin construction. Chartered in 1897, it began to lose control of the two short lines in 1900, but continued to litigate the matter until 1909. Left a paper corporation without railroad property, it was dissolved a few years later.

Blair County, Pennsylvania
Blair County is a county in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. As of the 2020 census, the population was 122,822. Its county seat is Hollidaysburg, and its largest city is Altoona. The county was created on February 26, 1846, from parts of Huntingdon and Bedford counties. The county is part of the Southwest region of the commonwealth.

Blair County comprises the Altoona, PA metropolitan statistical area. It is also part of the Altoona-Huntingdon, PA Combined Statistical Area, which includes Blair and Huntingdon counties.
Athletik SK
Athletik Sportklub, commonly referred to as Athletik SK or simply Athletik, was a Slovenian football club from Celje. The club was founded in 1906 by the Germans of Celje. It was also referred to as Cillier Sportverein in the first part of the 1920 season.

Austrian striker Karl Dürschmied served as the club's player-coach in 1921 and accepted to play for the Ljubljana Football Subassociation in a friendly exhibition game against the France national team, which is often considered the first match of the Slovenia national team.

Slovenian Republic Football League
The Slovenian Republic Football League (Slovene: Slovenska republiška nogometna liga) was the highest football league in Slovenia within the Yugoslav football system.

During the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, the league was known as the Ljubljana Subassociation League (Slovene: Prvenstvo Ljubljanske nogometne podzveze) and was one of the qualifying tournaments for the Yugoslav Championship. During the Yugoslavia era, it was a third-tier league for most of its existence, but in 1988 it became a fourth-tier league. Before that, the winner was promoted to the Yugoslav Second League, and after that it was promoted to the Yugoslav Inter-Republic League. After Slovenia's independence in 1991, the league was transformed into the Slovenian PrvaLiga.
Canon EF 20mm lens
The Canon EF 20 mm f/2.8 USM lens is an ultra-wide-angle prime lens produced by Canon for the EF lens mount. It features an ultrasonic motor. On a camera with an APS-C sensor the focal length is equivalent to 32 mm, and it is classified as a wide-lens. It features a ring-type USM motor featuring full-time manual and a fixed front element. The optical scheme of the lens includes eleven element in nine groups without any special lens. The performances are considered good, but not enough to compete with modern prime lenses; some zoom lenses from the Canon L series offer similar performances.

Canon EF lens mount
The EF lens mount is the standard lens mount on the Canon EOS family of SLR film and digital cameras. EF stands for "Electro-Focus": automatic focusing on EF lenses is handled by a dedicated electric motor built into the lens. Mechanically, it is a bayonet-style mount, and all communication between camera and lens takes place through electrical contacts; there are no mechanical levers or plungers. The mount was first introduced in 1987, with its last new lens design produced on Sep 5th, 2018.

Canon claims to have produced its 100-millionth EF-series interchangeable lens on April 22, 2014.
Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 1-11
Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 1–11 was a Northwest Orient Airlines flight from New York City to Manila, with stopovers in Seattle, Anchorage, Tokyo, and Okinawa.  On July 14, 1960, the Douglas DC-7C serving the flight ditched in the ocean 8 km (5.0 mi) northeast off Polillo Island, Quezon, Philippines. Of the 58 people on board, 57 survived with 44 suffering from minor injuries and one passenger losing her life.

Water landing
In aviation, a water landing is, in the broadest sense, an aircraft landing on a body of water. Seaplanes, such as floatplanes and flying boats, land on water as a normal operation. Ditching is a controlled emergency landing on the water surface in an aircraft not designed for the purpose, and it is a very rare occurrence. Controlled flight into the surface and uncontrolled flight ending in a body of water (including a runway excursion into water) are generally not considered water landings or ditching, but are considered accidents. Most times, ditching results in aircraft structural failure.
Old Sow whirlpool
Old Sow (Mocinikosk, in Maliseet-Passamaquoddy) is the largest tidal whirlpool in the Western Hemisphere, located off the southwestern shore of Deer Island, New Brunswick, Canada, and off the northeast shore of Moose Island, the principal island of Eastport, Maine. It is considered most visible and dangerous three hours after low tide.

The name has been in use since at least 1935.

Moose Island, Maine
Moose Island is an island in Eastport, Maine, located at the entrance to Cobscook Bay from Passamaquoddy Bay in the Bay of Fundy. Shackford Head State Park is on Moose Island.

Connected to the mainland portion of Washington County at Passamaquoddy Pleasant Point Reservation by a causeway, the city of Eastport occupies several islands, including its major land mass, Moose Island. Other islands comprising the city include Carlow Island, Spectacle Island, Goose Island, and Treat Island, along with other islets. Quoddy Village lies at the north-western end of Moose Island, while the city's downtown lies at the eastern end of the island. The Eastport Municipal Airport lies between Quoddy Village and downtown Eastport.
Vaishali Nagar Assembly constituency
Vaishali Nagar is one of the 90 Legislative Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh state in India.

It comprises parts of Durg tehsil, in Durg district. As of 2023, its representative is Shri Rikesh Sen of the Bharatiya Janata Party.

Durg district
Durg district is a district situated in Chhattisgarh, India. The district headquarters is Durg.  The district covers an area of 2,238 km². As of 2011 it is the second-most populous district of Chhattisgarh (out of 18), after Raipur.

The district is home to two important religious sites. The principal Hindu temple, the Ganga Maiyaat Jhalmala, Jain shrine of Uwasaggaharam Parshwa Teerth at Nagpura (near Durg), attract pilgrims from all over India. The Langurveer Mandir is one and only Hindu Temple Devoted to God Langoorveer in India situated in Durg.

The town of Bhilai is home to the Bhilai Steel Plant.

The present District Magistrate and Collector of Durg is Shri Abhijeet Singh (I.A.S.).
Abu Hanifa Dinawari
Abū Ḥanīfa Aḥmad ibn Dāwūd Dīnawarī (Arabic: أبو حنيفة أحمد بن داود الدينوري; died 895) was an Islamic Golden Age polymath: astronomer, agriculturist, botanist, metallurgist, geographer, mathematician, and historian.

Yaqub Ibn as-Sikkit
Abū Yūsuf Ya‘qūb Ibn as-Sikkīt (ابو يوسف يعقوب ابن السكيت) was a Persian philologist tutor to the son of the Abbasid caliph Al-Mutawakkil and a great grammarian and scholar of poetry of the al-Kūfah school.  He was punished on the orders of the caliph and died between 857 and 861.
Dar Es-Sultan
Dar Es-Sultan, which can be translated into "Sultan's Domain" - was one of the provinces of the Regency of Algiers. This province was bounded to the north by the Mediterranean Sea, to the east by the Beylik of Constantine, to the south by that of the Beylik of Titteri and to the west by the Western Beylik. Dar Es Sultan included the capital Algiers, the Mitidja plain and the coastline to Tenès.

Transposed on the current territorial divisions, it would consist of the wilayas of Algiers, Tipaza, Blida as well as parts of the wilayas of Chlef, Médéa, Boumerdes and Ain Defla.

Beylik of Titteri
The Beylik of Titteri (Arabic : bâylik at-Tîtrî) was one of the three permanent Beyliks of the Regency of Algiers, the other two being the Western Beylik, and the Beylik of Constantine. It was established in 1546 and was ended during the French conquest of Algeria.
Villanova University
Villanova University is a private Catholic research university in Villanova, Pennsylvania, United States. It was founded by the Order of Saint Augustine in 1842 and named after Saint Thomas of Villanova. The university is the oldest Catholic university in Pennsylvania and one of two Augustinian institutions of higher learning in the United States (the other being Merrimack College).

The university traces its roots to the old Saint Augustine's Church, Philadelphia, which the Augustinian friars of the Province of Saint Thomas of Villanova founded in 1796, and to its parish school, Saint Augustine's Academy, which was established in 1811. It is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity".

Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education
The Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education, or simply the Carnegie Classification, is a framework for classifying colleges and universities in the United States. It was created in 1970 by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. It is managed by the American Council on Education.

The framework primarily serves educational and research purposes, where it is often important to identify groups of roughly comparable institutions. The classification generally focuses on types of degrees awarded and related level of activity such as research. The classification includes all accredited, degree-granting colleges and universities in the United States that are represented in the National Center for Education Statistics' Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS).