hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
1977 Los Angeles Dodgers season
The 1977 Los Angeles Dodgers season was the 88th season for the Los Angeles Dodgers franchise in Major League Baseball (MLB), their 20th season in Los Angeles, California, and their 16th season playing their home games at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles California.

Tommy Lasorda started his first full season at the helm of the Dodgers, replacing longtime manager Walter Alston as manager of the team near the end of the previous season. The Dodgers won the National League West by 10 games and defeated the Philadelphia Phillies in four games in the NLCS, then lost to the New York Yankees in the World Series. This edition of the Dodgers featured the first quartet of teammates that hit 30 or more home runs: Steve Garvey with 33, Reggie Smith with 32, and Dusty Baker and Ron Cey, who both hit 30. The Dodgers duplicated this feat again 20 years later in 1997.

1977 National League Championship Series
The 1977 National League Championship Series was a best-of-five matchup in Major League Baseball’s 1977 postseason between the West Division champion Los Angeles Dodgers and the East Division champion Philadelphia Phillies. It was the ninth NLCS in all. The Dodgers beat the Phillies three games to one and went on to lose the 1977 World Series to the New York Yankees.
Quicksilver (software)
Quicksilver is a utility app for macOS. Originally developed as proprietary freeware by Nicholas Jitkoff of Blacktree, Inc., it is now an open-source project hosted on GitHub.

Quicksilver is essentially a graphical shell for the macOS operating system, allowing users to use the keyboard to rapidly perform tasks such as launching other apps, manipulating files, or sending e-mail. Since its first release in 2003, many of its features have subsequently been integrated into the modern macOS system feature, Spotlight. It is similar to the macOS applications LaunchBar and Alfred, but uses a different interaction paradigm. Because of its flexible interface and extensibility, Quicksilver has been called one of the top productivity applications on the Mac.

Alfred (software)
Alfred is an application launcher and productivity software for macOS developed by Running with Crayons Ltd. It provides faster access to applications, files, folders, dictionaries, and various system functions. Alfred is similar to macOS's Spotlight function, but offers a higher degree of customizability and extensibility through its action system known as "workflows".
Criss-cross algorithm
In mathematical optimization, the criss-cross algorithm is any of a family of algorithms for linear programming. Variants of the criss-cross algorithm also solve more general problems with linear inequality constraints and nonlinear objective functions; there are criss-cross algorithms for linear-fractional programming problems, quadratic-programming problems, and linear complementarity problems.

Like the simplex algorithm of George B. Dantzig, the criss-cross algorithm is not a polynomial-time algorithm for linear programming. Both algorithms visit all 2D corners of a (perturbed) cube in dimension D, the Klee–Minty cube (after Victor Klee and George J. Minty), in the worst case. However, when it is started at a random corner, the criss-cross algorithm on average visits only D additional corners. Thus, for the three-dimensional cube, the algorithm visits all 8 corners in the worst case and exactly 3 additional corners on average.

Quadratic programming
Quadratic programming (QP) is the process of solving certain mathematical optimization problems involving quadratic functions. Specifically, one seeks to optimize (minimize or maximize) a multivariate quadratic function subject to linear constraints on the variables. Quadratic programming is a type of nonlinear programming.

"Programming" in this context refers to a formal procedure for solving mathematical problems. This usage dates to the 1940s and is not specifically tied to the more recent notion of "computer programming." To avoid confusion, some practitioners prefer the term "optimization" — e.g., "quadratic optimization."
George Peabody Gooch
George Peabody Gooch OM CH FBA (21 October 1873 – 31 August 1968) was a British journalist, historian and Liberal Party politician. A follower of Lord Acton who was independently wealthy, he never held an academic position, but knew the work of historians of continental Europe.

Order of the Companions of Honour
The Order of the Companions of Honour is an order of the Commonwealth realms. It was founded on 4 June 1917 by King George V as a reward for outstanding achievements. It was founded on the same date as the Order of the British Empire.

The order was originally intended to be conferred upon a limited number of persons for whom this special distinction seemed to be the most appropriate form of recognition, constituting an honour dissociated from either the acceptance of title or the classification of merit. It is now described as being "awarded for having a major contribution to the arts, science, medicine, or government lasting over a long period of time". The first recipients of the order were all decorated for "services in connection with the war" and were listed in The London Gazette.
Trinity College of Arts and Sciences
The Trinity College of Arts and Sciences is the undergraduate liberal arts college of Duke University. Founded in 1838, it is the original school of the university. Currently, Trinity is one of five undergraduate degree programs at Duke, the others being the Edmund T. Pratt School of Engineering, Nicholas School of the Environment, School of Nursing, and Duke Kunshan University.

At Duke, Arts & Sciences is the collective name of all educational programs, research programs, and faculty in the humanities, social sciences, and the natural sciences at Duke, inclusive of undergraduate programs and many degree programs in Duke's Graduate School.

The division's unusual dual name may reflect the fact that it is responsible for undergraduate education (through Trinity College) and graduate education and research (Arts and Sciences).

Nicholas School of the Environment
The Duke University Nicholas School of the Environment is one of ten graduate and professional schools at Duke University and is headquartered on Duke’s main campus in Durham, N.C. A secondary coastal facility, Duke University Marine Laboratory, is maintained in Beaufort, North Carolina. The Nicholas School is composed of three research divisions: Earth and Climate Sciences, Environmental Sciences and Policy, and Marine Science and Conservation. The current dean of the Nicholas School is Lori Bennear.
NGC 1192
NGC 1192 is a lenticular galaxy approximately 417 million light-years away from Earth in the constellation of Eridanus. It was discovered by American astronomer Francis Leavenworth on December 2, 1885 with the 26" refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory.

Together with NGC 1189, NGC 1190, NGC 1191 and NGC 1199 it forms Hickson Compact Group 22 (HCG 22) galaxy group.  Although they are considered members of this group, NGC 1191 and NGC 1192 are in fact background objects, since they are much further away compared to the other members of this group.

Eridanus (constellation)
Eridanus is a constellation which stretches along the southern celestial hemisphere. It is represented as a river. One of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd century AD astronomer Ptolemy, it remains one of the 88 modern constellations. It is the sixth largest of the modern constellations.  The same name was later taken as a Latin name for the real Po River and also for the name of a minor river in Athens.
Mohamed Kallon
Mohamed Kallon MOR (born 6 October 1979) is a Sierra Leonean football manager and former player who is the manager of the Sierra Leone national football team. He was a striker and played for Inter Milan from 2001 to 2004, competing for spots with players such as Christian Vieri, Ronaldo, Álvaro Recoba, Adriano, Hakan Şükür and Nicola Ventola. He is widely considered the most famous footballer from Sierra Leone.

Before playing for Inter, Kallon had one-year stints at Serie B club Genoa, and the Serie A clubs Bologna, Cagliari, Reggina and Vicenza. After leaving Inter in 2004, Kallon played at Monaco for three years. He subsequently had short stints in Greece, Saudi Arabia, the UAE and China.

He made 39 appearances for the Sierra Leone national team during his career. Kallon is the younger brother of former Sierra Leonean international footballers Kemokai Kallon and Musa Kallon.

Álvaro Recoba
Álvaro Alexánder Recoba Rivero (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈalβaɾo aleɣˈsandeɾ reˈkoβa riˈβeɾo]; born 17 March 1976; nickname "El Chino") is an Uruguayan professional football coach and former player, who played as a forward or midfielder. He is the current manager of Venezuelan club Deportivo Táchira. He is considered one of the greatest Uruguayan players of all time.

He began and ended his footballing career in his native Uruguay. He also played for several European clubs throughout his career, most notably Italian side Inter Milan, where he spent 11 seasons between 1997 and 2008.

At international level, Recoba won 68 caps for the Uruguay national team between 1995 and 2007, participating at the 2002 FIFA World Cup and two Copa América tournaments.
Loob
In Philippine culture, loob or kalooban refers to one's inner self, or, more specifically, to the internal dimension of a person's identity.  Its external counterpart is labas – the physical, outward appearance.  Loob is a core concept in Filipino Psychology, a field which is unthinkable without both the internal and external dimensions, "loob"/"labas".

Loob or kalooban has been compared to similar concepts in other Southeast Asian and Oceanian cultures, such as the Indonesian concept of batin or kebatinan.

Culture of the Philippines
The culture of the Philippines is characterized by great ethnic diversity. Although the multiple ethnic groups of the Philippine archipelago have only recently established a shared Filipino national identity, their cultures were all shaped by the geography and history of the region, and by centuries of interaction with neighboring cultures, and colonial powers. In more recent times, Filipino culture has also been influenced through its participation in the global community.
Medical Training Application Service
The Medical Training Application Service (MTAS, pronounced em-tass) was an on-line application system set up under the auspices of Modernising Medical Careers in 2007 and used for the selection of Foundation House Officers and Specialty Registrars, and allocating them to jobs in the UK. Its implementation was heavily criticised both in the press and within the medical profession, and its operation was marked by the resignation of key staff and serious security breaches. The system affected junior doctors, and so every qualified doctor in the UK who had not yet attained Consultant status.

Registrar (medicine)
In medicine, a registrar is a doctor, dentist, or public health practitioner who is working towards certification in a medical specialty, usually as part of a structured training programme. The term is most commonly used in the United Kingdom and Commonwealth countries such as Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. Registrars have full medical registration and deliver medical care to patients while supervised by a senior doctor such as a Consultant as part of a structured training experience that leads to being able to undertake independent practice in a hospital specialty or working as a general practitioner.
Nebraska Cornhuskers men's gymnastics
The Nebraska Cornhuskers men's gymnastics team competes as part of NCAA Division I, representing the University of Nebraska–Lincoln in the Big Ten Conference. NU is one of just twelve Division I universities that sponsors a men's gymnastics program. Nebraska has hosted meets at the Bob Devaney Sports Center since 1976.

Since being established in 1939, the program has won eight national championships, finished as the national runner-up seven times, and won forty-two NCAA event titles. The bulk of this success came under longtime head coach Francis Allen, a former All-American who led the program for forty seasons. Twelve Cornhuskers have participated in the Olympic Games and combined to win four gold medals. The team has been coached by Chuck Chmelka since 2010.

Bob Devaney Sports Center
The Bob Devaney Sports Center (commonly shortened to Devaney Center) is a sports complex on the campus of the University of Nebraska–Lincoln in Lincoln, Nebraska. The facility, opened in 1976 as the NU Sports Complex, was named for football coach and athletic director Bob Devaney in 1978, and its main arena was dedicated as John Cook Arena in 2025.

The facility was built to replace the smaller NU Coliseum as the university's primary indoor athletic venue. It hosted men's and women's basketball for thirty-seven years until both programs moved off campus in 2013. Volleyball and wrestling relocated to the vacated Devaney Center, which was extensively modernized and had its main arena shrunk to a capacity of approximately 8,000. Nebraska has led collegiate volleyball in attendance each year at the venue. The sprawling complex also hosts gymnastics, indoor track and field, and swimming and diving events.
Neston railway station
Neston railway station serves the town of Neston, Cheshire, England. It is the southernmost station on the English part of the Borderlands Line before it reaches Wales. The station is 8¾ miles (14 km) south of Bidston.

Bidston railway station
Bidston railway station serves the village of Bidston, in Merseyside, England. It is situated at a junction of the West Kirby branch of the Wirral line, which is part of the Merseyrail network; it also serves as the northern terminus for the Borderlands line to Wrexham Central, with services operated by Transport for Wales.
Residuated lattice
In abstract algebra, a residuated lattice is an algebraic structure that is simultaneously a lattice x ≤ y and a monoid x•y that admits operations x\z and z/y, loosely analogous to division or implication, when x•y is viewed as multiplication or conjunction, respectively.  Called respectively right and left residuals, these operations coincide when the monoid is commutative.  The general concept was introduced by Morgan Ward and Robert P. Dilworth in 1939.  Examples, some of which existed prior to the general concept, include Boolean algebras, Heyting algebras, residuated Boolean algebras, relation algebras, and MV-algebras.  Residuated semilattices omit the meet operation ∧, for example Kleene algebras and action algebras.

Relation algebra
In mathematics and abstract algebra, a relation algebra is a residuated Boolean algebra expanded with an involution called converse, a unary operation. The motivating example of a relation algebra is the algebra  of all binary relations on a set , that is, subsets of the cartesian square , with  interpreted as the usual composition of binary relations  and , and with the converse of  as the converse relation.

Relation algebra emerged in the 19th-century work of Augustus De Morgan and Charles Peirce, which culminated in the algebraic logic of Ernst Schröder. The equational form of relation algebra treated here was developed by Alfred Tarski and his students, starting in the 1940s. Tarski and Givant (1987) applied relation algebra to a variable-free treatment of axiomatic set theory, with the implication that mathematics founded on set theory could itself be conducted without variables.
Thopia expansionist Wars
The Thopia expansionist Wars were a series of military campaigns by the Thopia dynasty led by Karl Thopia against neighbouring states during the years of 1358–1385. During these years, the Thopia regularly engaged with the Anjou who were in control of the city of Durrës and also with the Balshaj who were also expanding their territory in Albania.

Principality of Albania (medieval)
The Principality of Albania (Albanian: Principata e Arbërisë) was an Albanian principality ruled by the Albanian dynasty of Thopia. The first notable ruler was Tanusio Thopia, who became Count of Mat in 1328. The principality would reach its zenith during the rule of Karl Thopia, who emerged in 1359 after the Battle of Achelous, conquering the cities of Durrës and Krujë and consolidating his rule of central Albania between the rivers of Mat and Shkumbin. The principality would last up until 1415, when it was conquered by the Ottoman Empire.
Bodney
Bodney is a former civil parish, now in the parish of Hilborough, in the Breckland District of the English county of Norfolk. It is 10 miles (16 km) north of Thetford and 26 miles (42 km) west of Norwich. In 1931 the parish had a population of 70. The village has virtually disappeared with only a few houses remaining.

Parts of the parish lie within the Stanford Training Area, a military training area operated by the Ministry of Defence since 1942. On the edge of the training area Bodney Camp serves as a military camp, including for members of the Household Cavalry during their summer trip to Norfolk. Old Bodney Camp, a Site of Special Scientific Interest, is within the area of the former parish, near to the site of Bodney Camp.

Breckland District
Breckland is a local government district in Norfolk, England. Its council is based in Dereham, although the largest town is Thetford. The district also includes the towns of Attleborough, Swaffham and Watton, along with numerous villages and surrounding rural areas.

The district derives its name from the Breckland landscape region, a gorse-covered sandy heath of south Norfolk and north Suffolk. The term "Breckland" dates back to at least the 13th century.

The neighbouring districts are King's Lynn and West Norfolk, North Norfolk, Broadland, South Norfolk, Mid Suffolk and West Suffolk.
Altai Kai
Altai Kai (stylized, АлтайКАЙ) is an Altai folk band from the Altai Republic of the Russian Federation, founded by Urmat Yntaev in 1997. Their band name means Altaian Folklore. Their music features throat singing, and several native musical instruments, including the khomus and topshuur. Their music is often about the nature and history of Altai.

Overtone singing
Overtone singing, also known as overtone chanting, harmonic singing, polyphonic overtone singing, or diphonic singing, is a singing technique in which the vocalist produces two distinct pitches at the same time.

From a fundamental pitch made by a human voice, harmonic overtones can be selectively amplified through manipulating the dimensions and the shape of the resonant cavities of the mouth and the pharynx.

Overtone singing should not be confused with throat singing, although many throat singing techniques include overtone singing. While overtone singing involves careful manipulation of the vocal tract, throat singing mostly involves the voice source.
Time in China
The time in China follows a single standard time offset of UTC+08:00, where Beijing is located, even though the country spans five geographical time zones. It is the largest sovereign nation in the world that officially observes only one time zone.

The nationwide standardized time is named Beijing Time (BJT; Chinese: 北京时间) domestically and China Standard Time (CST) internationally. Daylight saving time has not been observed since 1991.

China Standard Time (UTC+8) is consistent across Mainland China, Hong Kong, and Macau. It is also equivalent with Taiwan, Philippines, Singapore, Brunei, most of Mongolia, Malaysia, Irkutsk Time of Russia, Western Australia, and Central Indonesia.

Hong Kong Time
Hong Kong Time (abbreviation: HKT; Chinese: 香港時間; Jyutping: hoeng1 gong2 si4 gaan3) is the time in Hong Kong, observed at UTC+08:00 all year round. The Hong Kong Observatory is the official timekeeper of the Hong Kong Time. It is indicated as Asia/Hong_Kong in the IANA time zone database.
Yakhchāl
A yakhchāl (Persian: یخچال, lit. 'Ice pit'; yakh meaning 'ice' and chāl meaning 'pit') is an ancient type of ice house, which also made ice. They are primarily found in the Dasht-e Lut and Dasht-e-Kavir deserts, whose climates range from cold (BWk) to hot (BWh) desert regions.

In modern-day Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan the term yakhchāl is also used to refer to modern refrigerators.

The structure typically had a domed shape on the  ground, a subterranean storage space, shade walls, and icy pools. It was often used to store ice, but sometimes was used to store food as well as produce ice. The subterranean space and thick heat-resistant construction material insulated the storage space year-round. These structures were built and used since ancient times in Persia.

Ice house (building)
An ice house or icehouse is a building used to store ice throughout the year, commonly used prior to the invention of the refrigerator. Some were underground chambers, usually man-made, located near natural sources of winter ice, such as freshwater lakes, but many were buildings with various types of insulation.

During the winter, ice and snow would be cut from lakes or rivers, taken into the ice house, and packed with insulation (often straw or sawdust). It would remain frozen for many months, often until the following winter, and could be used as a source of ice during the summer months.

The main application of ice was food preservation, but it could also be used to cool drinks or to prepare desserts such as ice cream and sorbet. During the heyday of the ice trade, a typical commercial ice house would store 2,700 tonnes (3,000 short tons) of ice in a 9-by-30-metre (30 by 100 ft) and 14-metre-high (45 ft) building.
Satin spar
Satin spar, less commonly atlas spar, is a trivial, partly obsolete name for fibrous varieties of the minerals gypsum, calcite,: 40  and aragonite. Satin spars have a characteristic satin (silky) luster. Despite their very low hardness (2 or 3 on the Mohs scale), satin spars are widely used as ornamental stones.

Spar is a general term for glassy, transparent to translucent minerals that cleave easily. Satin spars are not related to other minerals containing spar in their names, such as feldspar and fluorspar.

Aragonite
Aragonite is a carbonate mineral and one of the three most common naturally occurring crystal forms of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), the others being calcite and vaterite. It is formed by biological and physical processes, including precipitation from marine and freshwater environments.

The crystal lattice of aragonite differs from that of calcite, resulting in a different crystal shape, an orthorhombic crystal system with acicular crystal. Repeated twinning results in pseudo-hexagonal forms. Aragonite may be columnar or fibrous, occasionally in branching helictitic forms called flos-ferri ("flowers of iron") from their association with the ores at the Carinthian iron mines.
Ivan Soldo
Ivan Soldo (born 14 April 1996) is a professional Australian rules footballer who plays for the Port Adelaide Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). He is the cousin of former Richmond  ruck Ivan Maric. Soldo set the AFL record for most hit-outs in a debut game during his first match in 2017. In 2019 he became an AFL premiership player with Richmond.

Ivan Maric
Ivan Maric (Croatian: Ivan Marić, /ˈiːvɑːn ˈmæriːtʃ/ ee-vahn mar-itch; born 4 January 1986) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the Richmond Football Club and the Adelaide Football Club  in the Australian Football League (AFL). He was Richmond's vice-captain in 2015 and 2016. In 2017 he began working as a ruck coach at Richmond.