hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Michael Maleinos
Saint Michael Maleinos (Greek: Μιχαήλ Μαλεΐνος, c. 894–12 July 961) was a Byzantine monk who commanded great respect among Christians of Asia Minor. He was the brother of general Constantine Maleinos and uncle of Nikephoros Phokas, who was greatly influenced by Michael and became Byzantine emperor several years after Michael's death. His feast day is July 12.

Nikephoros II Phokas
Nikephoros II Phokas (Greek: Νικηφόρος Φωκᾶς, romanized: Nikēphóros Phōkâs; c. 912 – 11 December 969), Latinized Nicephorus II Phocas, was Byzantine emperor from 963 to 969. His career, not uniformly successful in matters of statecraft or of war, nonetheless greatly contributed to the resurgence of the Byzantine Empire during the 10th century. In the east, Nikephoros completed the conquest of Cilicia and retook the islands of Crete and Cyprus, opening the path for subsequent Byzantine incursions reaching as far as Upper Mesopotamia and the Levant; these campaigns earned him the sobriquet "pale death of the Saracens."
Plato (spider)
Plato is a genus of ray spider (family Theridiosomatidae). The American biologist Jonathan A. Coddington named and circumscribed the genus in 1986. It is a Neotropical genus and it is limited to South America. As of 2018, nine species were recognized. They are found in caves and have a distinctive cubic egg sac. The generic name comes from the ancient Greek philosopher Plato.

Ray spider
Theridiosomatidae, commonly known as ray spiders, are a family of araneomorph spiders first described by Eugène Simon in 1881. The family includes more almost 200 described species divided between 24 genera.

Ray spiders are small arachnids, usually less than 3 mm in body length, best known for their distinctive cone-shaped webs and their remarkable hunting technique of using their webs as high-speed slingshots to capture prey.
Dogpiling (Internet)
Dogpiling, dog-piling or simply a piling-on is a form of online harassment or online abuse characterized by having groups of harassers target the same victim. Examples of online abuse include flaming, doxing (online release of personal information without consent), impersonation, and public shaming. Dog-pilers often focus on harassing, exposing, or punishing a target for an opinion that the group does not agree with, or just simply for the sake of being a bully and targeting a victim. Participants use criticism and/or insults  to target a single person. In some definitions, it also includes sending private messages.

Cyberbullying
Cyberbullying (cyberharassment or online bullying/harassment) is a form of bullying or harassment using electronic means. Since the 2000s, it has become increasingly common, especially among teenagers and adolescents, due to young people's increased use of social media. Related issues include online/internet harassment and trolling. In 2015, according to cyberbullying statistics from the i-Safe Foundation, over half of adolescents and teens had been bullied online, and about the same number had engaged in cyberbullying. Both the bully and the victim are negatively affected, and the intensity, duration, and frequency of bullying are three aspects that increase the negative effects on both of them.
2010–11 Hyderabad C.A. season
The 2010–11 season is Hyderabad cricket team's 77th competitive season. The Hyderabad cricket team is senior men's domestic cricket team based in the city of Hyderabad, India, run by the Hyderabad Cricket Association. They represent the region of Telangana in the state of Andhra Pradesh in domestic competitions.

Hyderabad cricket team
The Hyderabad cricket team is a domestic cricket team based in the city of Hyderabad, Telangana, run by the Hyderabad Cricket Association. It is part of the Ranji Trophy Plate Group and has seen scattered success over its many years in the Ranji Trophy circuit. It has won Ranji Trophy twice and been runners-up thrice and have made one appearance in the Irani Trophy.
Transfer credit
Transfer credit, credit transfer, and advanced standing are the terms used by colleges and universities for the procedure of granting credit to a student for educational experiences or courses undertaken at another institution. This is a subset of recognition of prior learning (which also includes prior work or non-institutional experience for credit).

"Advanced standing" is also used to describe the status of a student granted credit, as distinct from normal course entrants who commence the stream of study at the beginning.

Course credit
A course credit is a measure of the size of an educational course, often used to determine whether the requirements for an award have been met, to facilitate transfer between institutions, or to enhance intercomparability of qualifications. Credit may be input-based, defined by the quantity and notional time of instruction given – or outcome-based, such as learning outcomes or summative assessments.
Namco Classic Collection Vol. 2
Namco Classic Collection Vol. 2 is a 1996 compilation arcade game developed and published by Namco. It is a collection of four of Namco's popular games: Pac-Man (1980), Rally-X (1980), New Rally-X (1981) and Dig Dug (1982). Alongside the original games, three new "Arrangement" games based on each game are included.

It is a follow-up to Namco Classic Collection Vol. 1, released in 1995.

New Rally-X
New Rally-X (Japanese: ニューラリーX, Hepburn: Nyū Rarī-Ekkusu) is a maze chase arcade video game released by Namco in 1981. It is a lightly tweaked version of 1980's Rally-X, with slightly enhanced graphics, easier gameplay, a new soundtrack, and a "Lucky Flag" that gives the player extra points for remaining fuel when collected.

New Rally-X was manufactured in greater numbers and was much more popular in Japan than its predecessor. While the original Rally-X, released under a Midway Games license, was a moderate hit in the United States, Midway only distributed New Rally-X as an upgrade kit for Rally-X cabinets.
Rosenmontag
Rosenmontag (German: [ˌʁoːzn̩ˈmoːntaːk] ⓘ; English: Rose-Monday) is the highlight of the German Karneval (carnival), and takes place on the Shrove Monday before Ash Wednesday, the beginning of Lent. Mardi Gras, though celebrated on Fat Tuesday, is a similar event.

Rosenmontag is celebrated in German-speaking countries, including Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and Belgium (Eupen, Kelmis), but most heavily in the carnival strongholds including the Rhineland, especially in Cologne, Bonn, Düsseldorf, Aachen, and Mainz. In contrast to Germany, in Austria, the highlight of the carnival is not Rosenmontag, but Shrove Tuesday.

The name for the carnival comes from the German dialect word roose, meaning 'to frolic', and Montag, meaning 'Monday'.

Mardi Gras
Mardi Gras (UK: /ˌmɑːrdi ˈɡrɑː/; US: /ˈmɑːrdi ɡrɑː/), also known as Shrove Tuesday, is the final day of Carnival (also known as Shrovetide or Fastelavn); it thus falls on the day before the beginning of Lent on Ash Wednesday. Mardi Gras ([maʁdi ɡʁa]) is French for "Fat Tuesday", referring to it being the last day of consuming rich, fatty foods, most notably red meat, in preparation for the Christian fasting season of Lent, during which such foods are avoided.

Related popular practices are associated with Carnival celebrations before the fasting and religious obligations associated with the penitential season of Lent. In countries such as the United Kingdom, Mardi Gras is more usually known as Pancake Day or (traditionally) Shrove Tuesday, derived from the word shrive, meaning "to administer the sacrament of confession to; to absolve".
Alsophila dregei
Alsophila dregei, synonym Cyathea dregei, (common tree fern or gewone boomvaring in Afrikaans) is a widespread species of tree fern in southern Africa.

Within South Africa, it co-occurs with the indigenous forest tree fern (Gymnosphaera capensis) and the invasive Sphaeropteris cooperi from Australia. Further north, outside of South Africa, it coexists with an additional two tree fern species, A. manniana and A. thomsonii.

This species is locally known as the common South African tree fern or grassland tree fern (in contrast to its relative, the forest tree fern). It is commonly known as the gewone boomvaring in Afrikaans.

Gymnosphaera capensis
Gymnosphaera capensis, synonyms Alsophila capensis and Cyathea capensis, (known as the "forest tree fern") is a regionally widespread and highly variable species of tree fern. It is indigenous to Southern Africa (subsp. capensis) and South America (subsp. polypodioides).
Suki da (song)
"Suki da" (好きだ; lit. "I Like You") is a song by Japanese duo Yoasobi from their EPs Hajimete no – EP and The Book 3 (2023). It was released on May 30, 2022, through Sony Music Entertainment Japan, as the second single from the short story collection project Hajimete no following "Mr." Based on the short story Hikari no Tane written by 135th Naoki Prize-winning Eto Mori, the song depicts a high school girl's fourth confession to her crush and efforts to erase her past confessions through time travel. "Suki da" peaked at number 23 on the Oricon Combined Singles Chart and number eight on the Billboard Japan Hot 100. The accompanying music video, directed by Kazuaki Seki, was uploaded on November 13.

Mr. (Yoasobi song)
"Mr." (ミスター, Misutā) is a song by Japanese duo Yoasobi from their EPs, Hajimete no – EP and The Book 3 (2023). It was released on February 16, 2022, through Sony Music Entertainment Japan, as the first single from the short story collection project Hajimete no. Written by Ayase and based on 159th Naoki Prize-winning Rio Shimamoto's short story Watashi Dake no Shoyūsha, the song is about the desire of an android for their owner. Commercially, "Mr." reached number 11 on the Billboard Japan Hot 100, and number 19 on the Oricon Combined Singles Chart.
Heike Shamisen
The heike shamisen (Japanese: 平家三味線), is a Japanese musical instrument, member of the shamisen family. Like its other counterparts, the heike shamisen has three strings, a slender neck, a body taut with skin, and it is plucked with a plectrum called a bachi.

Shamisen
The shamisen (三味線),  also known as sangen (三絃) or samisen
(all meaning "three strings"), is a three-stringed traditional Japanese musical instrument derived from the Chinese instrument sanxian. It is played with a plectrum called a bachi.

The Japanese pronunciation is usually shamisen but sometimes jamisen when used as a suffix, according to regular sound change (e.g. tsugaru-jamisen). In Western Japanese dialects and several Edo period sources, it is both written and pronounced as samisen.

The construction of the shamisen varies in shape, depending on the genre in which it is used. The instrument used to accompany kabuki has a thin neck, facilitating the agile and virtuosic requirements of that genre. The one used to accompany puppet plays and folk songs has a longer and thicker neck instead, to match the more robust music of those genres.
Tobita Shinchi
Tobita Shinchi (飛田新地), also known as Tobita Yūkaku (飛田遊廓), is the largest of the brothel districts in Osaka, and also the largest in western Japan. It is located in the Sanno 3-chōme area of Nishinari-ku, Osaka. Tobita Shinchi dates from the Taishō period. To circumvent the anti-prostitution laws, the brothels operate largely under the guise of being "Japanese-style restaurants" (ryōtei).

Prostitution Prevention Law
The Prostitution Prevention Law (売春防止法, Baishun bōshi hō) (Law no. 118, May 24, 1956) is a law in Japan that aims to prevent prostitution, punish third parties involved in the trade and to protect and rehabilitate women involved in prostitution. It is also known as the "Anti-Prostitution Law". The law came into force on April 1, 1957, and all provisions were fully effective on April 1 of the following year. As the law does not punish prostitution per se (client and prostitute), it is viewed as a preventive law rather than a prohibition law.
Kvenvær Church
Kvenvær Church (Norwegian: Kvenvær kirke) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Hitra Municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway. It is located in the village of Kvenvær on the northwestern coast of the island of Hitra. It is one of the churches for the Kvenvær og Sandstad parish which is part of the Orkdal prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Nidaros. The white, wooden church was built in a long church design in 1909 using plans drawn up by the architect Nils Ryjord. The church seats about 500 people.

Hitra (island)
Hitra is an island in Hitra Municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway.  The 571.5-square-kilometre (220.7 sq mi) island is the 7th largest island in Norway (excluding Svalbard) and the largest island south of the Lofoten archipelago. The island lies between the Trondheimsleia strait and the Frøyfjorden, just southwest of the entrance to the Trondheimsfjorden.

Hitra is surrounded by many islands such as Smøla to the southwest; Bispøyan, Helgbustadøya, Dolmøya, and Frøya to the north; Ulvøya, Fjellværsøya, and Leksa to the east; and Hemnskjela and the mainland of Norway to the south.  The 345-metre (1,132 ft) tall Mørkdalstuva is the highest point on the island.

Most of the island's residents live near the coastline. The largest villages on the island are Fillan, Sandstad, Hestvika, Kvenvær, Ansnes, and Melandsjøen.
Ted Howard (conservationist)
Thomas Edward Howard QSM is a New Zealand conservationist. He is a long-term resident of Kaikōura in the South Island of New Zealand, and is known for his work with conservation of Hutton's shearwater and banded dotterel in the Kaikōura region. He is also active in marine conservation and has been appointed to a statutory role as a member of the Kaikōura Marine Guardians. Howard was awarded the Queen's Service Medal in 2022 for services to wildlife conservation.

King's Service Medal
The King's Service Medal (created as the Queen's Service Medal in 1975 and renamed in 2024) is a medal awarded by the government of New Zealand to recognise and reward volunteer service to the community and also public service in elected or appointed public office. It was established in 1975 and is related to the King's Service Order. The QSM replaced the Imperial Service Medal as an award of New Zealand.

On 3 May 2024, the Queen's Service Medal was renamed to the King's Service Medal by Royal Warrant. Recipients of the Queen's Service Medal from 1975 until May 2024 will continue to use the 'QSM' postnominal letters with recipients of the King's Service Medal from June 2024 using the postnominal letters 'KSM'.
Baldham
Baldham is a district of Vaterstetten in the Upper Bavarian district of Ebersberg, Germany. It is located approximately 18 km east of the state capital Munich and 15 km west of the district capital Ebersberg.

Vaterstetten
Vaterstetten (German pronunciation: [faːtɐˈʃtɛtn̩] ⓘ) is a municipality in the Upper Bavarian district of Ebersberg. It lies east of Munich and is the district's biggest community. Vaterstetten is on the outskirts of Munich, roughly twenty minutes by S-Bahn from Marienplatz.
Operation Chameleon (Peru)
Operation Chameleon (Spanish: Operación Camaleón) was an anti-terrorist operation carried out on August 11, 2013, by the Peruvian Armed Forces and the Peruvian National Police that resulted in the death of Alejandro Borda Casafranca (Comrade Alipio), number two of the remnants of the Shining Path and Martín Antonio Quispe Palomino (Comrade Gabriel).

National Police of Peru
The National Police of Peru (Spanish: Policía Nacional del Perú, PNP) is the national police force of Peru. Its jurisdiction covers the nation's land, sea, and air territories. Formed from the merger of the Investigative Police, the Civil Guard, and the Republican Guard in 1988, it is one of the largest police forces in Latin America. Its mission is to preserve domestic order, public order and national security, in order to enforce the law and protect the people of Peru. The PNP is controlled by the Ministry of the Interior. The PNP has a number of divisions, tasked with enforcing specific aspects of the law; among the more well known are DIROES (Special Operations), DIRANDRO (Anti-Narcotics Unit), DIRINCRI (Criminal Investigations), and DIRCOTE (Anti-Terrorism).
1934 International Lawn Tennis Challenge America Zone
The America Zone was one of the two regional zones of the 1934 International Lawn Tennis Challenge.

5 teams entered the America Zone: 3 teams competed in the North & Central America Zone, while 2 teams competed in the South America Zone. The winner of each sub-zone would play against each other to determine who moved to the Inter-Zonal Final to compete against the winner of the Europe Zone.

The United States defeated Mexico in the North & Central America Zone final and received a walkover into the Inter-Zonal Final after both Brazil and Peru, the only competing teams in the South America Zone, withdrew.

1934 International Lawn Tennis Challenge
The 1934 International Lawn Tennis Challenge was the 29th edition of what is now known as the Davis Cup. 10 teams would enter the Europe Zone (with 17 teams taking part in the qualifying rounds), while only 5 would enter the Americas Zone, 3 in North America and 2 in South America.  Due to the large number of entries in Europe, a "Qualifying Round" system was introduced in order to better manage the number of teams competing. European teams which lost before the 1933 Europe Zone semifinals would play-off against each other for four spots in the 1934 Europe Zone main draw.

In the America Inter-Zonal Final the United States received a walkover due to Brazil's absence, while in the Europe Zone final Australia defeated Czechoslovakia. The United States defeated Australia in the Inter-Zonal play-off, but would fall to Great Britain in the Challenge Round. The final was played at the All England Club Centre Court in Wimbledon, London, England on 28–31 July.
Sheng Siong kidnapping
On 8 January 2014, 79-year-old Ng Lye Poh (Chinese: 黄来宝; pinyin: Huáng Láibǎo), the mother of the Sheng Siong supermarket chain's founder CEO, was kidnapped by two men for a S$20 million ransom (later reduced to S$2 million after some negotiations). The next day, shortly after the ransom was paid and Ng's release, the two kidnappers – Heng Chen Boon (Chinese: 王振文; pinyin: Wáng Zhènwén) and Lee Sze Yong (Chinese: 李士荣; pinyin: Lǐ Shìróng) – were arrested and charged with kidnapping for ransom, an offence that carries the death penalty in Singapore, where kidnapping was considered an extremely rare crime. Eventually, one of the perpetrators, Heng, was jailed for three years on a reduced charge of abetting wrongful abduction, while Lee, who was the mastermind of the case, was found guilty of kidnapping for ransom and sentenced to life imprisonment and three strokes of the cane on 1 December 2016.

Capital punishment in Singapore
Executions in Singapore are carried out by long drop hanging, and usually take place at dawn. Thirty-three offences—including murder, drug trafficking, terrorism, use of firearms and kidnapping—warrant the death penalty under Singaporean law.

In 2012, Singapore amended its laws to exempt some offences from the mandatory death sentence. In a 2005 survey by The Straits Times, 95% of Singaporeans were of the view that their country should retain the death penalty. The support steadily fell throughout the years due to the increasing liberal opinions of society. Despite the decline, a large majority of the public remains supportive of the use of the death penalty, with more than 80% of Singaporeans believing that their country should retain the death penalty in 2021.

The most recent execution conducted in Singapore took place on 13 February 2026, when a 62-year-old Singaporean was hanged for trafficking not less than 29.06g of diamorphine in his possession.
Asexual flag
The asexual flag is a pride flag representing the asexual community created in 2010 by a member of the Asexual Visibility and Education Network (AVEN) known by the alias 'standup'. The flag features four horizontal stripes of equal size. From top to bottom, the stripes are black, gray, white, and purple. The black stripe represents asexuality, the gray stripe represents greysexuality and demisexuality, the white stripe represents allosexuality (or, sometimes, allies), and the purple stripe represents the community as a whole. The flag is often flown at pride events and is used to represent the asexual community.

Standup's asexual flag has become one of the most recognizable symbols associated with asexual identity.

Demisexuality
Demisexuality is a term used to describe individuals who rarely or never experience primary sexual attraction – a type of attraction that is based on immediately observable characteristics such as appearance or smell, and is experienced immediately after first encounter. A demisexual person generally tends to develop sexual attraction after  they experience secondary sexual attraction – a type of attraction that occurs after development of an emotional bond. The amount of time that a demisexual individual needs to know another person before developing sexual attraction towards them varies from person to person. Demisexuality is generally categorized on the asexuality spectrum.
Justin Jones (admiral)
Vice Admiral Justin Garred Jones, AO, CSC is a senior officer in the Royal Australian Navy (RAN), serving as the Chief of Joint Operations since July 2024. He joined the RAN in 1988. He has commanded HMAS Newcastle (2008–10) and HMAS Success (2014–16) and served as Director of the Sea Power Centre (2011–14). He was Commander Maritime Border Command from 2022 to 2024 and Deputy Chief of Joint Operations from January to July 2024.

Conspicuous Service Cross (Australia)
The Conspicuous Service Cross (CSC) is a decoration (medal) of the Australian honours system. It is awarded to members of the Australian Defence Force "for outstanding devotion to duty or outstanding achievement in the application of exceptional skills, judgment or dedication, in non-warlike situations". In November 2019, 1129 people were listed as recipients. All ranks are eligible for the award.
Elopteryx
Elopteryx is a genus of paravian theropod dinosaur based on fragmentary fossils found in Late Cretaceous rocks of Romania. The single species, Elopteryx nopcsai, was known only from very incomplete material until new specimens were reported in the 21st century. Balaur bondoc might represent a junior synonym of this taxon.

Paraves
Paraves are a widespread group of theropod dinosaurs that originated in the Middle Jurassic period. In addition to the extinct dromaeosaurids, troodontids, anchiornithids, and possibly the scansoriopterygids, the group also contains the avialans, which include diverse extinct taxa as well as the over 11,000 species of living birds.

Basal members of Paraves are well known for the possession of an enlarged claw on the second digit of the foot, which was held off the ground when walking in some species. A number of differing scientific interpretations of the relationships between paravian taxa exist. New fossil discoveries and analyses make the classification of Paraves an active subject of research.
Cream pie
A cream pie, crème pie, or creme pie is a type of pie filled with a rich custard or pudding that is made from milk, cream, sugar, wheat flour, and eggs and typically topped with whipped cream.

Cream pies are usually what is used for pieing, or throwing a pie in someone's face.

Custard
Custard is a variety of culinary preparations based on sweetened milk, cheese, or cream cooked with egg or egg yolk to thicken it, and sometimes also flour, corn starch, or gelatin. Depending on the recipe, custard may vary in consistency from a thin pouring sauce (crème anglaise) to the thick pastry cream (crème pâtissière) used to fill éclairs. The most common custards are used in custard desserts or dessert sauces and typically include sugar and vanilla; however, savory custards are also found, e.g., in quiche.