hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Conversational Chinese 301
Conversational Chinese 301 is a textbook published by the Beijing Language and Culture University Press.

It was first published in 1990. Its revised edition, included in the series of "BLCU choice textbook for learners overseas", was published in 1998. Conversational Chinese 301 has several different versions, including versions annotated in English, French, Japanese, and in Korean etc., and the sales of all these versions added up to over 300,000 copies. It is regarded as the most popular Chinese textbooks for foreigners all over the world at present. The third edition of Conversational Chinese 301 is divided into two volumes: Volume 1 and Volume 2. Versions of the third edition annotated in different languages will be published successively to satisfy the various needs of learners of Chinese all over the world.

Textbook
A textbook is a book containing a comprehensive compilation of content in a branch of study serving to explain the subject. Textbooks are produced to meet the needs of educators, usually at educational institutions, as well as learners (who could be independent learners outside of formal education). Schoolbooks are textbooks and other books used in schools. Today, many textbooks are published in both print and digital formats.
Euophrys limpopo
Euophrys limpopo is a species of jumping spider in the genus Euophrys that is endemic to South Africa. The species was first described in 2014 by Wanda Wesołowska, Galina Azarkina and Anthony Russell-Smith. It is a very small brown spider, with a body that consists of a cephalothorax that is typically 1.1 mm (0.04 in) long and an abdomen that is typically 1.2 mm (0.05 in) long. The cephalothorax has a darker carapace, or topside, and a lighter sternum, or underside, while the abdomen is reversed. Its eye field is even darker, nearly black. A hairless scutum covers much of the abdomen. The copulatory organs are unique amongst spiders in the genus, particularly the long thin embolus on the palpal bulb of the male. The female has not been described.

Palpal bulb
The two palpal bulbs – also known as palpal organs and genital bulbs – are the copulatory organs of a male spider. They are borne on the last segment of the pedipalps (the front "limbs" of a spider), giving the spider an appearance often described as like wearing boxing gloves. The palpal bulb does not actually produce sperm, being used only to transfer it to the female. Palpal bulbs are only fully developed in adult male spiders and are not completely visible until after the final moult. In the majority of species of spider, the bulbs have complex shapes and are important in identification.
Huawei HiCar
Huawei HiCar is a mobile app developed by Huawei to mirror features of an Android EMUI and HarmonyOS device, such as a smartphone, on a car's dashboard information and entertainment head unit.

Once an HarmonyOS device is paired with the car's head unit, the system can mirror some apps on the vehicle's display. Supported apps include GPS mapping and navigation, music playback, SMS, telephony, and Web search. The system supports both touchscreen and button-controlled head units. Hands-free operation through voice commands via Celia is available and recommended to reduce driver distraction.

EMUI
EMUI (formerly known as Emotion UI) is an interface based on Android developed by Chinese technology company Huawei, used on the company's smartphones primarily globally.

Instead of Google Mobile Services, EMUI devices have used Huawei Mobile Services, such as the Huawei AppGallery, in January 2020 due to United States sanctions imposed during the trade war against China in May 2019. From Version 13 (2022), Huawei additionally bundled the HarmonyOS TEE microkernel with the Android system; this microkernel for example handled identity security features such as the fingerprint authentication.
Sello Lehari
Jonas Sello Lehari (born 22 February 1969) is a South African politician who is currently serving as Member of the Executive Council (MEC) for Health in the North West. He formerly served as MEC for Community Safety and transport Management from May 2019 until June 2024, as MEC for Education and Sports Development from May 2016 to May 2019, and before that as Mayor of Moretele Local Municipality. In August 2022, he was additionally elected Provincial Treasurer of the North West branch of his political party, the African National Congress (ANC).

Provincial Executive Committees of the African National Congress
The Provincial Executive Committees (PECs) of the African National Congress (ANC) are the chief executive organs of the party's nine provincial branches. Comprising the so-called “Top Five” provincial officials and up to 30 additional elected members, each is structured similarly to the party's National Executive Committee (NEC) and is elected every four years at party provincial conferences.

The “Top Five” officials at the head of each PEC are the ANC Provincial Chairperson, the political leader of the party in the province; the ANC Provincial Secretary, a full-time party functionary; their respective deputies; and the Provincial Treasurer. With some notable exceptions, especially under President Thabo Mbeki, the Provincial Chairperson often becomes the ANC's candidate for election as Premier in the corresponding provincial government, and other members of the PEC are often appointed to the provincial cabinet as Members of the Executive Council.
Cave salamander
A cave salamander is a type of salamander that primarily or exclusively inhabits caves, a group that includes several species. Some of these animals have developed special, even extreme, adaptations to their subterranean environments. Some species have only rudimentary (or even absent) eyes (blind salamanders). Others lack pigmentation, rendering them a pale yellowish or pinkish color (e.g., Eurycea rathbuni).

With the notable exception of the olm (Proteus anguinus), all "cave salamanders" are members of the family Plethodontidae ("lungless salamanders"). Almost all of them are paedomorphic and therefore never undergo metamorphosis, but it is not clear if this happened before or after they adapted to an existence in caves, as some species that don't live in caves are also paedomorphic.

Texas blind salamander
The Texas blind salamander (Eurycea rathbuni) is a rare and endangered cave-dwelling troglobite amphibian native to San Marcos, Hays County, Texas, specifically the San Marcos Pool of the Edwards Aquifer. This species resembles the olm, another stygofaunal salamander from Europe. Unlike the olm, this amphibian's body is not as elongated, and also has less reduced digits on its limbs (the olm only has three digits on its front limbs, and two on the back).
Lofoten Vortex
The Lofoten Vortex, also called Lofoten Basin Vortex or Lofoten Basin Eddy, is a permanent oceanic anticyclonic eddy, located in the northern part of the Norwegian Sea, off the coast of the Lofoten archipelago. It was documented for the first time in the 1970s.

Due to the presence of the permanent vortex, the Lofoten basin features a localised area with high levels of sea surface temperature and eddy kinetic energy. The local currents inside the vortex and the strong convection observed during winter generate a hot spot rich in nutrients, affecting the surrounding marine biology.

Moreover, due to its extraordinary persistence and location, the Lofoten Vortex is likely to influence the dense water formation in the region.

Eddy (fluid dynamics)
In fluid dynamics, an eddy  is the swirling of a fluid and the reverse current created when the fluid is in a turbulent flow regime. The moving fluid creates a space devoid of downstream-flowing fluid on the downstream side of the object. Fluid behind the obstacle flows into the void creating a swirl of fluid on each edge of the obstacle, followed by a short reverse flow of fluid behind the obstacle flowing upstream, toward the back of the obstacle. This phenomenon is naturally observed behind large emergent rocks in swift-flowing rivers.

An eddy is a movement of fluid that deviates from the general flow of the fluid. An example for an eddy is a vortex which produces such deviation. However, there are other types of eddies that are not simple vortices. For example, a Rossby wave is an eddy which is an undulation that is a deviation from mean flow, but does not have the local closed streamlines of a vortex.
James Lyons (admiral)
James Aloysius "Ace" Lyons Jr. (September 28, 1927 – December 12, 2018) was an admiral in the United States Navy who served as Commander, U.S. Pacific Fleet from 1985 to 1987. He later served as chairman of the Center for Security Policy's Military Committee.

Commander, U.S. Pacific Fleet
Commander, U.S. Pacific Fleet (COMPACFLT) is the title of the United States Navy officer who commands the United States Pacific Fleet (USPACFLT).  Originally established in 1907 as a two-star rear admiral's billet, the position has been held by a four-star admiral since March 19, 1915.

As of April 4, 2024, Admiral Stephen Koehler is the 65th and current commander, U.S. Pacific Fleet.
Ulrich Arnswald
Ulrich Arnswald (born 1970 in Karlsruhe) is a German philosopher, economist, political scientist, and university lecturer. He is a Privatdozent at the Institute of Philosophy at the Leopold-Franzens-University in Innsbruck, Austria.

University of Innsbruck
The University of Innsbruck (German: Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck; Latin: Universitas Leopoldino Franciscea) is a public research university in Innsbruck, the capital of the Austrian federal state of Tyrol, founded on October 15, 1669.

It is the largest education facility in the Austrian Bundesland of Tirol, and the third largest in Austria behind the University of Vienna and the University of Graz. Significant contributions have been made in many branches, most of all in the physics department.
The Art of Cross-Examination
The Art of Cross-Examination is a classic text for trial attorneys and law students on how to cross-examine witnesses.  Written by American attorney Francis L. Wellman, the book was first published in 1903 by The Macmillan Company, and was still in print more than 100 years later.

Cross-examination
In law, cross-examination is the interrogation of a witness by one's opponent. It is preceded by direct examination (known as examination-in-chief in Ireland, the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, South Africa, India and Pakistan) and may be followed by a redirect (known as re-examination in the aforementioned countries). A redirect examination, performed by the attorney or pro se individual who performed the direct examination, clarifies the witness' testimony provided during cross-examination including any subject matter raised during cross-examination but not discussed during direct examination. Recross examination addresses the witness' testimony discussed in redirect by the opponent. Depending on the judge's discretion, opponents are allowed multiple opportunities to redirect and recross examine witnesses (this may vary by jurisdiction).
Ekti Raat
Ekti Raat (transl. One Night) is a 1956 Indian Bengali-language comedy film directed by Chitta Basu and produced by Harendranath Chattopadhyay based on, Bhimpalashree, a story of Bengali novelist Balai Chand Mukhopadhyay. The film stars Uttam Kumar and Suchitra Sen in the lead roles with Tulsi Chakraborty and Bhanu Banerjee. This film was released on 26 April 1956 in the banner of H.N.C. Productions. This film became successful at the box office.

Bhanu Banerjee
Bhanu Banerjee, also known as Bhanu Bandyopadhyay (born as Samyamoy Banerjee; 26 August 1920 – 4 March 1983), was an Indian actor, known for his work in Bengali cinema. He acted in over 300 movies, in numerous plays and performed frequently on the radio.
Cascatelli
Cascatelli (Italian: [kaskaˈtɛlli]) are a short pasta shape with a flat strip and a pair of ruffles parallel to each other, each of which sticks out at a 90-degree angle from the strip. The ruffles give the shape texture and create a "sauce trough".

This modern pasta shape was developed over three years from 2018 to 2021 by American food podcaster Dan Pashman in collaboration with the New York pasta company Sfoglini. The shape is inspired by the ribbon-shaped ruffles of mafalda pasta and the half-tube components of bucatini pasta, and was designed to meet Pashman's preferred characteristics in a pasta shape, which he described as "forkability", "sauceability", and "toothsinkability". With its ruffled design, cascatelli closely resembles radiatori in shape.

Bucatini
Bucatini (Italian: [bukaˈtiːni]), also known as perciatelli (Italian: [pertʃaˈtɛlli]), is a thick spaghetti-like pasta with a hole running through the center. It is common throughout Lazio, particularly Rome.

The similar pasta type ziti (Italian: [ˈdziːti]) consists of long hollow rods which are also smooth in texture and have square-cut edges; "cut ziti" are ziti cut into shorter tubes. There is also a wider version of ziti, zitoni (Italian: [dziˈtoːni]).
Sergius Tikhomirov
Metropolitan Sergius (secular name Georgiy Alexeyevich Tikhomirov, Russian: Георгий Алексеевич Тихомиров; June 16, 1871 – August 10, 1945) was a bishop of the Orthodox Eastern Church. He first served in Russia, but spent most of his episcopate in Japan (1908 - 1945) in the Russian Orthodox Christian mission and in the Japanese Orthodox Church.

Nicholas of Japan
Nicholas (Kasatkin), Equal-to-the-Apostles, Archbishop of Japan, born Ivan Dmitrovich Kasatkin (Russian: Иван Дмитриевич Касаткин; 13 August [O.S. 1 August] 1836 – 16 February 1912) was a Russian Orthodox priest, monk, and bishop. He introduced the Eastern Orthodox Church to Japan. The Orthodox cathedral of Tokyo (metropolitan diocese of Japan), Tokyo Resurrection Cathedral, was informally named after him as Nikorai-do, first by the local community, and today nationwide, in remembrance of his work.
Froude number
In continuum mechanics, the Froude number (Fr, after William Froude, /ˈfruːd/) is a dimensionless number defined as the ratio of the flow inertia to the external force field (the latter in many applications simply due to gravity). The Froude number is based on the speed–length ratio which he defined as:

where u is the local flow velocity (in m/s), g is the local gravity field (in m/s2), and L is a characteristic length (in m).

The Froude number has some analogy with the Mach number. In theoretical fluid dynamics the Froude number is not frequently considered since usually the equations are considered in the high Froude limit of negligible external field, leading to homogeneous equations that preserve the mathematical aspects. For example, homogeneous Euler equations are conservation equations.
However, in naval architecture the Froude number is a significant figure used to determine the resistance of a partially submerged object moving through water.

Body force
In physics, a body force is a force that acts throughout the volume of a body. Forces due to gravity, electric fields and magnetic fields are examples of body forces. Body forces contrast with contact forces or surface forces which are exerted to the surface of an object.
Fictitious forces such as the centrifugal force, Euler force, and the Coriolis effect are other examples of body forces.
Greta Valikonienė
Greta Valikonienė (née Guižauskaitė; (born 31 January 1997) is a Lithuanian footballer who plays as a defender for Transinvest. She is also a futsal player, and represented Lithuania internationally in both football and futsal.

Lithuania women's national football team
The Lithuania women's national football team (Lithuanian: Lietuvos nacionalinė moterų futbolo komanda) represents Lithuania in international women's football and is controlled by the Lithuanian Football Federation, the governing body for football in Lithuania.
Saimyō-ji (Kora)
Saimyō-ji (西明寺), also known as Kotō-sanzan Saimyōji (湖東三山西明寺) or as Ryūōzan Saimyōji (龍應山西明寺) is a Buddhist temple of the Tendai sect located in the town of Kōra, Shiga Prefecture, Japan. The honzon of the temple is Yakushi Nyōrai, the Buddha of healing. The temple was founded in the early Heian period and together with Kongōrin-ji in Aishō and Hyakusai-ji in Higashiōmi the temple forms a group of three temples known as Kotō-sanzan (湖東三山; lit. "three mountains east of the lake"). The complex includes several National Treasures and a garden designated as National Place of Scenic Beauty.

Buddhist temples in Japan
Buddhist temples or monasteries are (along with Shinto shrines) the most numerous, famous, and important religious buildings in Japan. The shogunates or leaders of Japan have made it a priority to update and rebuild Buddhist temples since the Momoyama period (late 16th century). The Japanese word for a Buddhist monastery is tera (寺) (kun reading), and the same kanji also has the pronunciation ji (on reading), so temple names frequently end in -dera (voiced) or -ji. Another ending, -in (院), is normally used to refer to minor temples. Examples of temple names that have these suffixes are Kiyomizu-dera, Enryaku-ji and Kōtoku-in.
Stephen Williams (cyclist)
Stephen  "Stevie" Williams (born 6 June 1996) is a Welsh professional cyclist who currently rides for UCI ProTeam NSN Cycling Team. His career wins include overall victories in the 2021 CRO Race, 2023 Arctic Race of Norway, the 2024 Tour Down Under and the one-day Ardennes classic La Flèche Wallonne in 2024.

NSN Cycling Team
The NSN Cycling Team (UCI team code: NSN) is a UCI WorldTeam cycling team. It was originally founded in 2014 by Ron Baron and Ran Margaliot as Cycling Academy and was based in Israel. It started as a Continental outfit to help develop young cycling talent and kickstart their professional careers. Under the names of Israel Start-Up Nation and Israel–Premier Tech, the team competed as a UCI World Tour squad from 2020 to 2022 before being relegated to the UCI ProTeam at the end of the 2022 season. At the time, the team and its riders were subject to disruptions by protestors over the Gaza War and accused of sportswashing.

In November 2025, it was announced that the team would go through a rebrand and be renamed to NSN Cycling Team for the 2026 cycling season. The team rides under a Swiss license and is based in Spain and competes in the World Tour.
Chief Peteetneet
Chief Peteetneet, or more precisely Pah-ti't-ni't (pronounced Paw-tee't-nee't), was a clan leader of a band of Timpanogos that lived near Peteetneet Creek, which was named for him (or perhaps for which he was named), in what is now known as Payson, Utah, United States.

Act for the relief of Indian Slaves and Prisoners
The Act for the relief of Indian Slaves and Prisoners, which was passed on March 7, 1852, in the Utah Territory, dealt with Native American slavery.  A similar law, the Act in Relation to Service, which had made slavery legal in the territory, had been passed on February 4, 1852.
Timeline of teachings on homosexuality in the LDS Church
Homosexuality has been publicly discussed by top leaders in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS church)—Mormonism's largest denomination—since the late 1800s. The frequency of teachings on same-sex sexual activity increased starting in the late 1950s.: 375, 377 : 170  Most discussion focuses on male homosexuality and rarely mentions lesbianism or bisexuality.: 20  Below is a timeline of notable speeches, publications, and policies in the LDS church on the topic of homosexuality.

General authority
A general authority is a member of the highest levels of leadership within the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints who has administrative and ecclesiastical authority over the church. A general authority's jurisdiction is church-wide, in contrast to the responsibilities of a local authority or an area authority, which relate to a particular area, unit, or department of the church. As a group, the general authorities are often referred to as "the Brethren". As of April 2023, the church listed 95 general authorities.
Lewis Gordon (footballer)
Lewis Courtney Gordon (born 12 February 2001) is a professional footballer who plays as a left back for EFL League Two club Chesterfield.

Gordon is a product of the Watford academy and he began his professional career with the club. Following two seasons with Brentford B, Gordon's professional career began in earnest with Bristol Rovers in 2022. He was capped by Scotland at youth level.

Brentford F.C. Reserves and Academy
Brentford F.C. Reserves was the reserve team of Brentford. The reserve team played at varying times from 1900 until 2011. During the 2012 off-season, the English reserve football pyramid and youth system was overhauled under the Elite Player Performance Plan and replaced with a new Academy system and development leagues. Brentford's reserve team was relaunched as the Brentford Development Squad in 2011 and in 2012 it began competing in Professional Development League 2 South. After closing the academy in May 2016, the club withdrew from the Elite Player Performance Plan and Professional Development League and launched a new Brentford B team. Following the first team's promotion to the Premier League in 2021, the club reopened its academy in time for the start of the 2022–23 season, under the Elite Player Performance Plan, while retaining the B team.
The Langham (apartment building)
The Langham is a luxury apartment building located at 135 Central Park West on the Upper West Side of Manhattan, New York City. After the site was unused for more than 15 years, the building was constructed between 1905 and 1907. Built at a cost of US $2 million, the structure included modern amenities, such as an ice maker in every apartment. The building was designed in the French Second Empire style by architects Clinton and Russell. It was listed as a contributing property to the federal government designated Central Park West Historic District on November 9, 1982.

Second Empire style
Second Empire style, also known as the Napoleon III style or Haussmann style, is a highly eclectic style of architecture and decorative arts originating in the Second French Empire. It was characterized by elements of many different historical styles, and also made innovative use of modern materials, such as iron frameworks and glass skylights. It flourished during the reign of Emperor Napoleon III (1852–1870) and had an important influence on architecture and decoration in the rest of Europe and North America. Major examples of the style include the Opéra Garnier (1862–1871) in Paris by Charles Garnier, the Institut National d'Histoire de l'Art, the Church of Saint Augustine (1860–1871), and the Philadelphia City Hall (1871–1901). The architectural style was closely connected with Haussmann's renovation of Paris carried out during the Second Empire; the new buildings, such as the Opéra, were intended as the focal points of the new boulevards.
Silas Jayne
Silas Carter Jayne (July 3, 1907 – July 13, 1987) was a Chicago-based stable owner, horse trainer, and horse trader who was heavily involved in criminal activity, including fraud, intimidation, arson, and murder. He covered up the infamous Peterson-Schuessler murders and hired the murder of his stepbrother. Silas was also tried and acquitted of arson in 1980, after he allegedly had a former cellmate start a fire in a stable where men against whom he had a grudge kept their horses. Jayne died of leukemia in 1987, aged 80.

Sam DeStefano
Samuel "Mad Sam" DeStefano (September 13, 1909 − April 14, 1973) was an American mobster who was associated with the Chicago Outfit. He was one of the organization's most notorious loan sharks and sociopathic killers. Chicago-based Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agents, such as William F. Roemer Jr., considered DeStefano to be the worst torture-murderer in the history of the United States. The Outfit used the mentally unstable and sadistic DeStefano for the torture-murders of Leo Foreman and Arthur Adler, and many others. At least one Outfit insider, Charles Crimaldi, claimed DeStefano was a devil worshipper.