hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Old ale
Old ale is a form of strong ale. The term is commonly applied to dark, malty beers in England, generally above 5% ABV, and also to dark ales of any strength in Australia. It is sometimes associated with stock ale or, archaically, keeping ale, in which the beer is held at the brewery. In modern times, the line has blurred between old ale and barley wine.

Strong ale
Strong ale is a type of ale, usually above 5% abv and often higher, between 7 and 11% abv, which spans a number of beer styles, including old ale, barley wine, and Burton ale. Strong ales are brewed throughout Europe and beyond, including in England, Belgium, and the United States.

Scotch ale was first used as a designation for strong ales exported from Edinburgh in the 18th century. Scotch ale is sometimes termed "wee heavy". A recipe for an unhopped Scotch ale can be found in the 17th-century cookery book The Closet Opened.

The strong ale described in John Mortimer's The whole Art of Husbandry (1708) was made from a ratio of eleven bushels of malt to a hogshead.
Berlin State Opera
The Staatsoper Unter den Linden (lit. State Opera under the Lime Trees), also known as the Berlin State Opera (German: Staatsoper Berlin), is a listed building on Unter den Linden boulevard in the historic center of Berlin, Germany. The opera house was built by order of Prussian king Frederick the Great from 1741 to 1743 according to plans by Georg Wenzeslaus von Knobelsdorff in the Palladian style. Damaged during the Allied bombing in World War II, the former Royal Prussian Opera House was rebuilt from 1951 to 1955 as part of the Forum Fridericianum square in East Berlin.

Nicknamed Lindenoper, it is "the world's oldest state opera" and "the first theater anywhere to be, by itself, a prominent, freestanding monumental building in a city."

Opera house
An opera house is a theater building used for performances of opera. Like many theaters, it usually includes a stage, an orchestra pit, audience seating, backstage facilities for costumes and building sets, as well as offices for the institution's administration.

While some venues are constructed specifically for operas, other opera houses are part of larger performing arts centers. Indeed, the term opera house is often used as a term of prestige for any large performing arts center.
Sulęcin Szlachecki
Sulęcin Szlachecki (Polish pronunciation: [suˈlɛɲtɕin ʂlaˈxɛtskʲi]) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Stary Lubotyń, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

Gmina Stary Lubotyń
Gmina Stary Lubotyń is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. Its seat is the village of Stary Lubotyń, which lies approximately 15 kilometres (9 mi) north-east of Ostrów Mazowiecka and 100 km (62 mi) north-east of Warsaw.

The gmina covers an area of 109.16 square kilometres (42.1 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 3,984 (3,857 in 2013).
JumpStart
JumpStart (known as Jump Ahead in the United Kingdom) was an educational media franchise created for children, primarily consisting of educational games. The franchise began with independent developer Fanfare Software's 1994 video game JumpStart Kindergarten. The series was expanded into other age groups and beyond games to include workbooks, direct-to-video films, mobile apps, and other media under the ownership of Knowledge Adventure, which later assumed the name JumpStart Games.

A JumpStart online virtual world was officially launched in March 2009, offering educational activities within an online environment. JumpStart Games later ended support for both their JumpStart and Math Blaster series, and the studio was closed in July 2023.

JumpStart Games
JumpStart Games, Inc., formerly Knowledge Adventure, Inc., was an American edutainment video game company based in Torrance, California. Founded in 1991, it was acquired by Chinese holding company NetDragon Websoft in 2017.
Sir Henry Wellwood-Moncreiff, 10th Baronet
Sir Henry Wellwood-Moncreiff, 10th Baronet, originally Henry Moncrieff (21 May 1809–4 November 1883) was a Scottish minister, considered one of the most influential figures in the Free Church of Scotland in his time. Henry Wellwood Moncreiff, tenth baronet, born in 1809, was ordained minister of the parish of East Kilbride, Lanarkshire, in 1836, and at the disruption, in 1843, he joined the Free Church. He was afterwards translated to St. Cuthbert's, Edinburgh. He married in 1838, Alexina-Mary, daughter of Edinburgh surgeon George Bell. He is one of the two principal clerks of the General Assembly of the Free Church of Scotland, Patrick Clason, being the other; and on the death, in 1861, of James Robertson, professor of divinity and church history in the university of Edinburgh, he was appointed his successor as secretary to her majesty's sole and only master printers in Scotland.

Free Church of Scotland (1843–1900)
The Free Church of Scotland is a Scottish denomination which was formed in 1843 by a large withdrawal from the established Church of Scotland in a schism known as the Disruption of 1843. In 1900, the vast majority of the Free Church of Scotland joined with the United Presbyterian Church of Scotland to form the United Free Church of Scotland (which itself mostly re-united with the Church of Scotland in 1929). In 1904, the House of Lords judged that the constitutional minority that did not enter the 1900 union were entitled to the whole of the church's patrimony (see Bannatyne v. Overtoun); the residual Free Church of Scotland acquiesced in the division of those assets, between itself and those who had entered the union, by a Royal Commission in 1905. Despite the late founding date, the leadership held a doctrine of unbroken succession of leaders going back to the Apostles.
Altona-Kiel Railway Company
The Altona-Kiel Railway Company (German: Altona-Kieler Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft, AKE) was a joint-stock company, established under the law of Denmark in personal union with the Duchy of Holstein, that built and operated an 105 km railway line between Altona and the Baltic Sea port city of Kiel. Altona was at that time the second largest city under Danish rule and the railway line was the first built in Danish-controlled territory.

Hamburg-Altona–Kiel railway
The Hamburg-Altona–Kiel railway (historic name: The King Christian VIII Baltic Railway) is one of the most important main line railways of the states of Schleswig-Holstein and Hamburg in Northern Germany. The line runs through the region of Holstein and connects the cities of Hamburg, Elmshorn, Neumünster and Kiel. The 105 km (65 mi) long standard gauge double track electrified railway line is now owned by DB Netz.

The railway line opened in 1844 to connect the cities of Altona and Kiel, at the time the two largest cities in the Duchy of Holstein then under Danish rule. It is the oldest railway line in the current state of Schleswig-Holstein, one of the first railways in Germany, and the first to reach the Baltic Sea. When it opened, it was also the first railway in Denmark and its dependencies.
Nongshim Cup
The Nongshim Cup is a Go competition played between three teams representing China, Japan, and South Korea. The competition was created in 1999 and is held annually. It is officially named the Nongshim Shin Ramyun Cup World Baduk Championship, and sponsored by Nongshim, a South Korean food company.

Ke Jie
Ke Jie (Chinese: 柯洁; pinyin: Kē Jié) is a Chinese professional Go player of 9 dan rank. He was born on August 2, 1997, in Liandu District, Lishui City, Zhejiang Province. According to the Go Ratings, Ke Jie maintained his position as world number one from August 2014 until November 2017.
Staten Island Economic Development Corporation
Staten Island Economic Development Corporation (SIEDC) is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization that advocates for the economic development of Staten Island's economy. The SIEDC has organized the SIEDC Business Conference and the SIEDC Health and Wellness Expo.

Michael Cusick
Michael J. Cusick (born February 21, 1969) is a former New York State legislator who represented the New York State Assembly's District 63, in Staten Island, New York. He is a Democrat, and served in the Assembly from 2003 to 2023.
Saint-Laurent-des-Mortiers
Saint-Laurent-des-Mortiers (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃ loʁɑ̃ de mɔʁtje]) is a former commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune Bierné-les-Villages.

Bierné-les-Villages
Bierné-les-Villages (French pronunciation: [bjɛʁne le vilaʒ], literally Bierné the Villages) is a commune in the Mayenne department in northwestern France. It was established on 1 January 2019 by merger of the former communes of Bierné (the seat), Argenton-Notre-Dame, Saint-Laurent-des-Mortiers and Saint-Michel-de-Feins.
Verzuolo
Verzuolo is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cuneo in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 66 kilometres (41 mi) southwest of Turin and about 25 kilometres (16 mi) north of Cuneo. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 6,379 and an area of 26.2 square kilometres (10.1 sq mi).

The municipality of Verzuolo contains the frazioni (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets) Falicetto, Villanovetta, Papò, Chiamina, S. Bernardo, and Pomerolo.

Verzuolo borders the following municipalities: Costigliole Saluzzo, Lagnasco, Manta, Pagno, Piasco, Savigliano, Villafalletto.

Pagno
Pagno is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cuneo in the Italian region of Piedmont. It is located about 50 kilometres (31 mi) southwest of Turin and about 30 kilometres (19 mi) northwest of Cuneo. It covers an area of 8.4 square kilometres (3.2 sq mi) and as of 31 December 2004 has a population of 564.

Pagno borders the municipalities of Brondello, Manta, Piasco, Revello, Saluzzo, Venasca, and Verzuolo.
Greek Youth Symphony Orchestra
The Greek Youth Symphony Orchestra (GYSO; Greek: Ελληνική Συμφωνική Ορχήστρα Νέων, ELSON) is the national youth orchestra of Greece, founded in 2017 by conductor Dionysis Grammenos. Since October 2020 the GYSO is  Orchestra in Residence at Megaron the Athens Concert Hall and it is a member of the European Federation of National Youth Orchestras.

During its three years of existence, more than 100 Greek musicians have been selected, after auditions, to perform with the orchestra, and over 1,500 young people have attended its educational activities. So far, the GYSO has given nine concerts in Greece, featuring world-class soloists, and two composers have been commissioned to write new works for the Orchestra. It has also been invited to perform at the opening concert of the Young Euro Classic Festival at the Berlin Konzerthaus.

The Greek Youth Symphony Orchestra operates with funding from the John S. Latsis Public Benefit Foundation and is supported by The Hellenic Initiative (THI).

Young Euro Classic
Young Euro Classic is an international music festival for youth orchestras. Established in Berlin, Germany in 2000, it is one of the world's most important international platforms for young musicians in the Western classical music tradition. Every summer, orchestras from all over the world perform at the Konzerthaus Berlin.

The festival is an associated member organization of the European Federation of National Youth Orchestras.
Sir Robert Newman, 1st Baronet
Sir Robert William Newman, 1st Baronet (18 August 1776 – 24 January 1848) was a British Whig politician. He was elected as one of the two Members of Parliament (MPs) for Bletchingley at a by-election in December 1812.

He held that seat until the 1818 general election, when he was returned for Exeter, and held the seat until the 1826 general election, which he did not contest.

He was created a baronet of Stokeley and of Mamhead in the County of Devon in 1836. He lived at Mamhead House, which he had built in the 1820s, employing Anthony Salvin as architect. He died, aged 71, and was succeeded by Sir Robert Lydston Newman, 2nd Baronet, who was killed in action at the battle of Inkerman.

He was high sheriff of Devon in 1827.

Mamhead House
Mamhead House, Mamhead, Devon, is a country house dating from 1827. Its origins are older but the present building was constructed for Robert William Newman, an Exeter merchant, in 1827–1833 by Anthony Salvin. The house is Grade I listed as Dawlish College, its function at the time of listing. The parkland is listed at Grade II*.
Cristo Yacente of El Pardo
The Cristo Yacente (Dead Christ) of El Pardo, is a life-size polychromed sculpture by Spanish sculptor Gregorio Fernández, executed between 1614 and 1615. Housed in a chapel of the Capuchin Monastery of El Pardo (Madrid), the sculpture was commissioned by King Philip III to celebrate the birth of his son Philip IV.

The Cristo yacente of El Pardo is the most famous of the fourteen "Cristos" produced by Fernández and his workshop.

As  devotional images, many of them were processed during Holy Week with other “pasos” (elaborate religious floats adorned with sculptures depicting scenes from the Passion of Christ). All these images were created in accordance with Counter-Reformation ideology that required realism in religious images to impress and move the believer.

Gregorio Fernández
Gregorio Fernández (April 1576 – 22 January 1636) was a Spanish Baroque sculptor. He belongs to the Castilian school of sculpture, following the style of other great artists like Alonso Berruguete, Juan de Juni, Pompeyo Leoni, and Juan de Arfe.
Hector Martin (cyclist)
Hector Martin (26 December 1898–9 August 1972) was a Belgian road racing cyclist, professional from 1925 to 1935. In 1924 he won the "Tour of Flanders for Independents" and the Belgian championship cycling for independents . From 1925 to 1935 he was a professional cyclist. In the 1927 Tour de France he won the third stage in Caen and the 22nd stage to Charleville and he wore the yellow jersey for 4 days. In 1928 he won Bordeaux-Paris and in 1929 he came second. In 1930 he won the Circuit de Béarn. He was the brother of Léon Martin.

Camiel Thomas fabricated cycling shoes and marketed them under Hector's name in 1939.

1927 Tour de France
The 1927 Tour de France was the 21st edition of the Tour de France, taking place from 19 June to 17 July. It consisted of 24 stages over 5,398 km (3,354 mi).

This tour featured the first win by Nicolas Frantz, a cyclist from Luxembourg. Frantz had come in second in the previous tour, and went on to win the tour in 1928 as well. It also showcased the debuts of André Leducq (4th) and Antonin Magne (6th), two French riders who would win the Tour de France in coming years.

Because Tour director Henri Desgrange was dissatisfied with the tactics used in the long flat stages in the previous years, the individual team start format was introduced, similar to the later team time trial. In this concept, used in stages 1 to 9, 14 and 18 to 23, teams left fifteen minutes after each other. The concept did not make the race more interesting, so after the 1929 Tour de France, it was removed again.
Nerur (Tamil Nadu)
Nerur is one of the villages in Karur taluk in Karur District in Tamil Nadu State. Nerur is located 10 km distance from Karur. It is 323 km far from Chennai. This village is known for the Samadhi of a 17th-century Hindu saint, Sri Sadasiva Brahmendra.

Karur district
Karur district is one of the 38 districts (a district located centrally along the Kaveri and Amaravathi rivers) in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The main town in Karur District is the city of Karur, which is also the district headquarters. The district has a population of 1,064,493 with a sex-ratio of 1,015 females for every 1,000 males, according to 2011 census.
Brandon Banks (album)
Brandon Banks is the second studio album by American rapper Maxo Kream, released on July 19, 2019, by Big Persona, 88 Classic, and RCA Records. It is his major-label debut album. The album was produced by Mike Dean, Teej, Kal Banx, Smash David, D.A. Doman, among others. It also features guest appearances from Travis Scott, Megan Thee Stallion, Schoolboy Q, ASAP Ferg and KCG Josh.

Mike Dean (music producer)
Michael George Dean (born March 1, 1965) is an American record producer, audio engineer, and multi-instrumentalist. He is known for his synthesizer-heavy instrumentation and audio mixing for high-profile music industry artists. Beginning his career in 1992, he was first credited on releases for Texas-based rappers Scarface, Willie D, and Geto Boys, though he has since worked with hip-hop and pop artists including Kanye West, the Weeknd, Beyoncé, Kid Cudi, Travis Scott, Jay-Z, Drake, Madonna, Selena Gomez, Playboi Carti, and Lana Del Rey, among others. As a non-performing lead artist, Dean has released six solo studio albums: 4:20 (2020), 4:22 (2021), Smoke State 42222 (2022), 4:23 (2023), 424 (2024) and 425 (2025).
HMS Monarch (1911)
HMS Monarch was the second of four Orion-class dreadnought battleships built for the Royal Navy in the early 1910s. She spent the bulk of her career assigned to the Home and Grand Fleets. Aside from participating in the failed attempt to intercept the German ships that had bombarded Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby in late 1914, the Battle of Jutland in May 1916 and the inconclusive action of 19 August, her service during World War I generally consisted of routine patrols and training in the North Sea.

After the Grand Fleet was dissolved in early 1919, Monarch was transferred back to the Home Fleet for a few months before she was assigned to the Reserve Fleet. The ship was listed for disposal in mid-1922, but was hulked for use as a stationary training ship. In late 1923 Monarch was converted into a target ship and sunk in early 1925.

Raid on Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby
The Raid on Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby on 16 December 1914 was an attack by the Imperial German Navy on the British ports of Scarborough, Hartlepool, West Hartlepool and Whitby. The bombardments caused hundreds of civilian casualties and resulted in public outrage in Britain against the German Navy for the raid and the Royal Navy for failing to prevent it.
Paarai (film)
Paarai (transl. Rock) is a 2003 Indian Tamil-language action drama film directed by K. S. Ravikumar. The film stars R. Sarathkumar, Jayaram, Meena and Ramya Krishnan. The music was composed by Sabesh–Murali. It is a remake of the Malayalam film Mahayanam and was released on 13 June 2003.

R. Sarathkumar
Ramanathan Sarathkumar (born 14 July 1954) is an Indian actor, politician and former bodybuilder who works predominantly in Tamil cinema in addition to Telugu, Malayalam, Kannada and Hindi films. He has acted in more than 150 films and won two Tamil Nadu State Film Awards and three Filmfare Awards South.

Originally a bodybuilder and later journalist, in 1986, Sarathkumar started his acting career in the Telugu film Samajamlo Sthree. He first acted in negative roles, and later played supporting roles before establishing himself as a lead actor in subsequent years, earning him the titles Super Hero and Supreme Star in Tamil cinema.

In 2007, he launched a new political party All India Samathuva Makkal Katchi (AISMK) in Tamil Nadu, claiming to carry out the ideals of K. Kamaraj. He is the former Member of Legislative Assembly of Tenkasi constituency. He served as the president of the Nadigar Sangam from 2006 to 2015 for three consecutive terms.
Gisborne Secondary College
Gisborne Secondary College is a co-educational secondary school located in Gisborne, Victoria, established in 1981. The current enrolment is 1071 students. Students attend from years seven to twelve. The college serves a large proportion of the southern Macedon Ranges district in Victoria, with over 800 students attending school via school bus. The College has a large range of subject offerings, including electives from Year 9 onwards, and at the Senior School, VCE, VCE-VM, and VET programs.

Macedon Ranges
The Macedon Ranges is a region in Central Victoria, known for its expansive native forests, vibrant arts scene, thriving food and wine industries (including weekly farmers' markets) and natural attractions such as Hanging Rock and Mount Macedon. It is located in between the cities of Bendigo and Melbourne. It includes the towns of Clarkefield, Gisborne South, Gisborne, Kyneton, Lancefield, Macedon, Malmsbury, Mount Macedon, New Gisborne, Riddells Creek, Romsey and Woodend. It is governed and administered by the Macedon Ranges Shire Council.
Kostera
Kostera [kɔsˈtɛra] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gnojno, within Busko County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 8 km (5 mi) south-west of Gnojno, 11 km (7 mi) north-east of Busko-Zdrój, and 40 km (25 mi) south of the regional capital Kielce.

Gmina Gnojno
Gmina Gnojno is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Busko County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. Its seat is the village of Gnojno, which lies approximately 18 kilometres (11 mi) north-east of Busko-Zdrój and 35 km (22 mi) south-east of the regional capital Kielce.

The gmina covers an area of 95.66 square kilometres (36.9 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 4,735.
Jacob Sonderling
Jacob Sonderling (19 October 1878 – 30 September 1964) was a German and American Rabbi. He was born in a chassidic family and was an early Zionist (Klal Yisrael). His aim was to combine art and religion.

Sonderling was born in Lipine, now part of Świętochłowice.  He wrote his Ph.D. dissertation about the logic lessons of Kant. He was a preacher at Hamburg Temple with David Leimdörfer. In World War I, he was Field Rabbi in the Hindenburg army and emigrated to the United States in 1923.

After his arrival in the US, he served as a rabbi in New York and Chicago. In Los Angeles he was founder of the Fairfax Temple and helped Jewish immigrants with music commissions.  He died, aged 85, in Los Angeles.

Arnold Schoenberg

Erich Zeisl

Świętochłowice
Świętochłowice (Polish: [ɕfjɛntɔxwɔˈvit͡sɛ] ⓘ; German: Schwientochlowitz; Silesian: Świyntochłowice) is a city with powiat rights in Silesia in southern Poland, near Katowice. It is also one of the central cities of the Metropolis GZM, with a population of 2 million, and is located in the Silesian Highlands, on the Rawa River (tributary of the Vistula).

It is situated in the Silesian Voivodeship since its formation in 1999, previously in Katowice Voivodeship, and before then, of the Autonomous Silesian Voivodeship. Świętochłowice is one of the cities of the 2.7 million conurbation – Katowice urban area and within a greater Katowice-Ostrava metropolitan area populated by about 5,294,000 people. The population of the city is 49,762 (2019).
Shauna Taylor case
The Shauna Taylor case was a 2018 criminal trial involving the investigation and conviction of Shauna Dee Taylor, a Floridian housewife who poisoned her prematurely-born infant daughter (unnamed in public sources) with Tylenol and iron supplements, causing acute liver damage due to iron poisoning, from which the child unexpectedly survived. The case rose to further prominence in 2019 when two of Shauna's grown adult children, Annie and Joshua Taylor, appeared publicly on the daytime talk show Dr. Phil, reporting that all ten children documented as under Shauna's care at one point or another, including themselves, were subject to severe physical, verbal and medical abuse. Shauna was diagnosed with Munchausen by proxy and sentenced to 12 years in prison for aggravated child abuse, with 15 months of parole to follow.

Murder of Garnett Spears
Garnett-Paul Thompson Spears (December 3, 2008 – January 23, 2014) was a 5-year-old boy who died at a hospital in suburban Valhalla, New York. He was murdered by his mother, Lacey Spears, who injected him with high levels of sodium, leading to  encephalitis.