hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Luther Vose Bell
Luther Vose Bell, M.D. (c. 1806 – February 11, 1862) was one of the thirteen mental hospital superintendents who met in Philadelphia in 1844 to organize the Association of Medical Superintendents of American Institutions for the Insane (AMSAII), now the American Psychiatric Association, and the first medical specialty society in the United States.  He was also Superintendent of the McLean Asylum near Boston, from 1837 to 1855.

Association of Medical Superintendents of American Institutions for the Insane
The Association of Medical Superintendents of American Institutions for the Insane, also known as The Superintendents' Association, was organized in Philadelphia in October, 1844 at a meeting of 13 superintendents, making it the first professional medical specialty organization in the U.S.

The objectives of the Association were "to communicate their experiences to each other, cooperate in collecting statistical information relating to insanity, and assist each other in improving the treatment of the insane." The name of the organization was changed in 1892 to The American Medico-Psychological Association to allow assistant physicians working in mental hospitals to become members. In 1921, the name was changed to the present American Psychiatric Association.
Nishitetsu Tenjin Ōmuta Line
The Nishitetsu Tenjin Ōmuta Line (西鉄天神大牟田線, Nishitetsu Tenjin Ōmuta sen) is a railway line in Fukuoka Prefecture in Kyushu, Japan. It is the main line of the private railway company Nishi-Nippon Railroad (Nishitetsu). The line connects Nishitetsu Fukuoka (Tenjin) Station in Chūō-ku, Fukuoka with Ōmuta Station in Ōmuta. Until 2000, the line was called the Nishitetsu Ōmuta Line (西鉄大牟田線, Ōmuta sen).

Ōmuta, Fukuoka
Ōmuta (Japanese: 大牟田市, Hepburn: Ōmuta-shi) is a city in Fukuoka Prefecture on the island of Kyūshū, Japan.  As of December 31, 2023, the city had an estimated population of 106,393 in 55,373 households, and a  population density of 1,300 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 81.45 km2 (31.45 sq mi).
Emilia-Romagna
Emilia-Romagna (UK: /ɪˌmiːliə roʊˈmɑːnjə/, US: /eɪˌ-/, both also /ɛˌ-/, Italian: [eˈmiːlja roˈmaɲɲa]) is an administrative region of northern Italy, comprising the historical regions of Emilia and Romagna. Its capital is Bologna. It has a population of over 4.4 million in an area of 22,509.67 km2 (8,691 sq mi).

Emilia-Romagna is one of the wealthiest and most developed regions in Europe, with the third highest gross domestic product per capita in Italy. It is also a cultural center, being the home of the University of Bologna, the oldest university in the world. Some of its cities, such as Modena, Parma, Ferrara, and Ravenna, are UNESCO heritage sites. It is a center for food and automobile production (such as Ferrari, Lamborghini, and Maserati). It has coastal resorts such as Cervia, Cesenatico, and Rimini. In 2018, the Lonely Planet guide named Emilia-Romagna as the best place to see in Europe.

Reggio Emilia
Reggio nell'Emilia (Emilian: Rèz; Latin: Regium Lepidi), usually referred to as Reggio Emilia, or simply Reggio by its inhabitants, and known until 1861 as Reggio di Lombardia, is a city in the region of Emilia-Romagna in Italy. With a population of 172,518, it is the 4th-largest city in Emilia-Romagna and the 22nd-largest in Italy.

The inhabitants of Reggio nell'Emilia are called Reggiani, while the inhabitants of Reggio di Calabria, in the southwest of the country, are called Reggini.

The old town has a hexagonal form, which derives from the ancient walls, and the main buildings are from the 16th–17th centuries. The commune's territory lies entirely on a plain, crossed by the Crostolo stream.
Nellore
Nellore(SPSR), also spelt as Nelluru, is a city located on the banks of Penna River, in Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh, India. It serves as the headquarters of the district, as well as Nellore mandal and Nellore revenue division. It is the fourth most populous city in the state. It is at a distance of 279 kilometres (173 mi) from Vijayawada, 660 kilometres (410 mi) from Visakhapatnam, 455 kilometres (283 mi) from Hyderabad and about 170 km (110 mi) north of Chennai, Tamil Nadu and also about 380 km (240 mi) east-northeast of Bangalore, Karnataka. It is the administrative headquarters of Nellore District. The full form of SPSR is Sri Potti Sriramulu Nellore District.

Nellore mandal
Nellore mandal is one of the 46 mandals in Nellore district of the state of Andhra Pradesh, India. Its headquarters are located at Nellore. The mandal is bounded by Sangam, Butchireddipalem, Indukurpet, Kovur, Podlakur, Thotapalligudur, Venkatachalam and Muthukur mandals.
Cholbon
Cholbon (Korean: 졸본; Hanja: 卒本) was the first capital of Goguryeo, which arose in the north of the Korean Peninsula. Cholbon is thought to have been in modern Wunü Mountain, Liaoning province of China. Cholbon was also known by the names of Heulseunggol-seong in the Book of Wei and Holbon in the Gwanggaeto Stele.

In 37 BC, Jumong had fled from Dongbuyeo to avoid death at the hands of Dongbuyeo's Crown Prince Daeso, who presented great jealousy towards Jumong. After he fled, Jumong established a new kingdom in 37 BC called Goguryeo in the Holbon region. In Cholbon, he married Soseono (or So Seo-no), who was the daughter of a local tribal leader.

Cholbon was the first capital city of the ancient Korean Kingdom of Goguryeo from 37 BC – 3 AD. The second ruler, the son of Jumong, Yuri, moved its capital to Gungnae Fortress.

Wunü Mountain
Wunü Shan (Chinese: 五女山; pinyin: Wǔnǚ Shān; Korean: 오녀산 Onyeosan), which means "mountain of Five Women", is a mountain of historical and cultural significance located in the north of the Huanren Town, in Huanren Manchu Autonomous County, Liaoning province, China. It is located northwest of the Hun Jiang River. The tallest peak is the 821 metre-high Main Peak, measuring 1,500 metres long and 300 metres wide.

Wunü Mountain is the location of Jolbon, the birthplace of the ancient Korean kingdom of Goguryeo and its capital from 37 BC to 3 AD. Because of its historical significance to the Goguryeo Kingdom and the exceptional architecture and city planning of Jolbon, Wunü Shan was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List as the site "Capital Cities and Tombs of the Ancient Koguryo Kingdom", along with the nearby ancient cities of Gungnae and Hwando.
Hengrove Athletic F.C.
Hengrove Athletic Football Club is a football club based in the Bristol suburb of Hengrove. Affiliated to the Somerset County FA, they are currently members of the Western League Division One and play at Norton Lane in Whitchurch.

Hengrove
Hengrove is a suburb and council ward of Bristol, England, situated between Whitchurch, Knowle and Bishopsworth, running along both dual carriageways, Wells Road (A37) and Airport Road (A4174). The area of Knowle it adjoins is known as Knowle West.

The residential parts of Hengrove consist mainly of working to middle class terrace houses. There are also infant, primary and secondary schools in the area. It is served by buses and, since 2019, MetroBus rapid transit services.

Hengrove holds the long-disused Whitchurch Airport, which has mostly been redeveloped with a hospital and leisure facilities now situated on parts of the former airfield.
Kuntur Sinqa (Ayacucho)
Kuntur Sinqa (Quechua kuntur condor, sinqa nose, "condor nose", also spelled Condor Sencca, Condor-Sencca, Condor Senja) is a mountain in the Andes of Peru. It is located in the Ayacucho Region, Huanta Province, Luricocha District. Kuntur Sinqa lies on the right bank of the Mantaro River, east of San Miguel de Mayocc and southwest of San José de Secce.

On August 16, 1945, a considerable landslide occurred on the northwest slope of Kuntur Sinqa. It dammed the Mantaro River for about 73 days.

Mantaro River
The Mantaro River (Spanish: Río Mantaro, Quechua: Hatunmayu) is a long river running through the central region of Peru. Its Quechua name means "great river". The word "Mantaro" may be a word originally from the Asháninka language, who live downstream along the Ene River. The Mantaro, along with the Apurímac River, are the sources of the Amazon River, depending on the criteria used for definition.
Fontana Dam, North Carolina
Fontana Dam (also known as Fontana Village) is a town in Graham County, North Carolina, United States. Fontana Dam is located on North Carolina Highway 28 near the Fontana Dam and the Little Tennessee River. The town incorporated in 2011. As of the 2020 census, Fontana Dam had a population of 13.

Graham County, North Carolina
Graham County (locally /ˈɡreɪˌhæm/) is a county located in the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2020 census, the population was 8,030, making it the third-least populous county in North Carolina. Its county seat is Robbinsville.
Il Volo (album)
Il Volo is the self-titled debut album from the pop-opera trio Il Volo, formed on the Italian singing competition Ti lascio una canzone. The album, produced by Humberto Gatica and Italian singer-producer Tony Renis, was released in Italy on November 30, 2010 and in the United States on May 17, 2011. It reached the top spot in the Austrian Albums Chart and it was certified Platinum in Italy by the Federation of the Italian Music Industry. The Spanish edition of the album received a nomination for Best Pop Album by a Duo or Group with Vocals at the 12th Latin Grammy Awards in 2011.

12th Annual Latin Grammy Awards
The 12th Annual Latin Grammy Awards was held on Thursday, November 10, 2011, at the Mandalay Bay Events Center in Las Vegas and was hosted by Lucero and Cristián de la Fuente. The eligibility period for recordings to be nominated is July 1, 2010 to June 30, 2011. The show will be aired on Univision.

Puerto Rican band Calle 13 were the big winners of the night with nine awards (breaking the previous record of five wins in a single ceremony) including Album of the Year for Entren Los Que Quieran; and Record of the Year and Song of the Year for "Latinoamérica". The Best New Artist award went to Sie7e. Shakira was honored as the Person of the Year the night before the telecast and she also won the award for Best Female Pop Vocal Album for Sale El Sol.
Wytham
Wytham (/ˈwaɪtəm/ WY-təm) is a village and civil parish on the Seacourt Stream, a branch of the River Thames, about 3 miles (5 km) northwest of the centre of Oxford. It is just west of the Western By-Pass Road, part of the Oxford Ring Road (A34). The nearest village is Godstow. Wytham was the northernmost part of Berkshire until the 1974 boundary changes transferred it to Oxfordshire.

Hinksey Stream
Hinksey Stream is a branch of the River Thames to the west of the city of Oxford, England. It starts as Seacourt Stream (also known as Wytham Stream), which leaves the Thames at a bifurcation north of the village of Wytham, and rejoins the river south of the city near Kennington.
Banyoles
Banyoles (Catalan pronunciation: [bəˈɲɔləs]) is a city of 20,168  inhabitants (2021) located in the province of Girona in northeastern Catalonia, Spain.

The town is the capital of the Catalan comarca "Pla de l'Estany".  Although an established industrial centre many of the inhabitants commute to the nearby city of Girona (12 km to the south).

Banyoles was connected to Girona by the 750 mm (2 ft 5+1⁄2 in) gauge Palamós–Girona–Banyoles railway, which reached it by 1928. Service on the line continued until 1956.

Province of Girona
The Province of Girona (Catalan: província de Girona [pɾuˈvinsiə ðə ʒiˈɾonə]; Spanish: provincia de Gerona [pɾoˈβinθja ðe xeˈɾona]) is a province in the northeastern part of the autonomous community of Catalonia, Spain. It is bordered on the northwest by the province of Lleida, on the southwest by the province of Barcelona, on the north by France (Pyrénées-Orientales), and on the east by the Mediterranean Sea.

The population of the province in 2016 was 739,607. Its capital and largest city is Girona, with an urban area (including the neighbouring municipalities of Salt, Sarrià de Ter and Vilablareix) representing, with a total population of 144,709, 19.2% of the population. The Girona area acts as an industrial, commercial and service hub for a significant part of the province.
Quantico, Virginia
Quantico (/ˈkwɒntɪkoʊ/; formerly Potomac) is a town in southeastern Prince William County, Virginia, United States.  The population was 578 at the 2020 census. Quantico is approximately 35 miles southwest of Washington, D.C., bounded by the Potomac River to the east and the Quantico Creek to the north. The word 'Quantico' is a corruption of the name of a Doeg village recorded by English colonists as Pamacocack.

Quantico is surrounded on its remaining two sides by one of the largest U.S. Marine Corps bases, Marine Corps Base Quantico. The base is the site of the HMX-1 presidential helicopter squadron, the FBI Academy, the FBI Laboratory, the Marine Corps Combat Development Command, the Officer Candidates School, The Basic School, the United States Drug Enforcement Administration training academy, the Naval Criminal Investigative Service, the United States Army Criminal Investigation Division, and the Air Force Office of Special Investigations headquarters.

Behavioral Analysis Unit
The Behavioral Analysis Unit (BAU) is a department of the Federal Bureau of Investigation's (FBI) National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime that uses behavioral analysts to assist in criminal investigations. Their mission is to provide behavioral-based investigative and/or operational support by applying case experience, research, and training to complex and time-sensitive crimes, typically involving acts or threats of violence.
Valery Limarenko
Valery Igorevich Limarenko  (Russian: Валерий Игоревич Лимаренко; born 19 October 1960) is a Russian politician currently serving as Governor of Sakhalin Oblast, a federal subject of Russia, since 2018.

Sakhalin Oblast
Sakhalin Oblast (Russian: Сахали́нская о́бласть, romanized: Sakhalinskaya oblastʹ, IPA: [səxɐˈlʲinskəjə ˈobləsʲtʲ]) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast) comprising the island of Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands in the Russian Far East. The oblast has an area of 87,100 square kilometers (33,600 sq mi). Its administrative center and largest city is Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk. As of the 2021 Census, the oblast has a population of 466,609.

The vast majority of the oblast's residents are ethnic Russians, with a small minority of Sakhalin Koreans. Sakhalin Oblast is rich in natural gas and oil, and is Russia's second wealthiest federal subject after the Tyumen Oblast. It borders by sea Khabarovsk Krai to the west and Kamchatka Krai to the north, along with Hokkaido, Japan to the south.
St. Anton im Montafon railway station
St. Anton im Montafon railway station (German: Bahnhof St. Anton im Montafon) is a railway station in Sankt Anton im Montafon in the Bludenz district of the Austrian federal state of Vorarlberg. The station is located on the Bludenz–Schruns railway and is owned and operated by the Montafonerbahn (MBS).

Sankt Anton im Montafon
Sankt Anton im Montafon is a town in the Montafon valley in the district of Bludenz in the Austrian state of Vorarlberg.

It is a popular ski resort, and much of the population makes a living from tourism.
Launi Meili
Launi Kay Meili (born June 4, 1963, in Spokane, Washington) is an American sport shooter and Olympic champion from Cheney, Washington. She won a gold medal at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona.

Following her Olympic career, she coached the all-woman University of Nebraska rifle team to the co-ed NCAA National Championship. In 2008, she was appointed rifle coach at the United States Air Force Academy.

Meili has been inducted into the USA Shooting Hall of fame.

Cheney, Washington
Cheney (/ˈtʃiːni/ CHEE-nee) is a city in Spokane County, Washington, United States. The full-time resident population was 13,255 as of the 2020 census. Eastern Washington University is located in Cheney. When classes are in session at EWU, the city's population reaches approximately 17,600 people temporarily.
Clap (Hostyle Gospel song)
"Clap" is the second single released by Christian hip hop artist Hostyle Gospel featuring Gemstones, released on June 8, 2016. "The track "Clap" was produced by Tone Jonez (Lecrae, This'l)." The concept encourage Christian believers to applaud through the form of clap no matter what they are facing in their lives. Gospel Music Historian, Bob Marovich, described the group lyrics as "strapped with their bible as a holy weapon they chant infectiously at demons.” The groups stated that "We are given so many reasons to be defeated and hold our heads low, but it is in those times when we are at our bottom, all alone that we have to "Clap" for and encourage ourselves. Wherever we may end up, we are able to "Clap" your way through".

Demarco Castle
Demarco Lamonte Castle (born June 20, 1981), also known as Gemstones, is an American singer and rapper from Chicago. He is most well known for his affiliation with fellow Chicago artist Lupe Fiasco.

Formerly under the stage name Gemini, Castle began his hip hop career through Lupe Fiasco's Atlantic Records imprint, 1st and 15th Entertainment, where he was set to release his debut album, Troubles of the World, in early 2009. The album has since been delayed indefinitely due to his departure from mainstream hip hop and the discontinuation of 1st and 15th Entertainment. After a brief hiatus, Castle returned to the underground hip hop scene and has since signed to Xist Music as he pursues a career in Christian hip hop. Under his new label, Castle released his debut album, Blind Elephant, in 2015.
Zeka Laplaine
Zeka Laplaine (born 1960), sometimes credited as José Laplaine, is a director and actor from Ilebo in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The child of a Portuguese father and Congolese mother, he moved to Europe when he was 18. His 1996 short film Le Clandestin was featured at the 2010 Amakula International Film Festival in Uganda. He portrayed a cowboy alongside Danny Glover in Death in Timbuktu, a film within a film in the Council of Europe Film Award-winning film, Bamako. Laplaine is a member of France's "Guilde Africaine des Realisateurs et Producteurs".

Laplaine's first short film was Le Clandestin, which he wrote, directed and acted in (playing a policeman in charge of a container dock in Lisbon). A French production set in Portugal, Le Clandestin examines African emigration and questions the dream of Europe as a "Northern Paradise" for immigrants.

Bamako (film)
Bamako is a 2006 docudrama film written and directed by Abderrahmane Sissako. It depicts a fictional trial in a backyard, in the outskirts of Bamako, about the role of the World Bank and the IMF in Africa's poverty. It stars Aïssa Maïga, Tiécoura Traoré, Hélène Diarra, Habib Dembélé and Djénéba Koné.

The film had its world premiere out of competition of the 2006 Cannes Film Festival on 21 May, where it received positive reviews. It was theatrically released in France by Les Films du Losange on 18 October, and in the United States by New Yorker Films on 14 February 2007.
Illinois Route 267
Illinois Route 267 (IL 267) is a north–south highway in the U.S. state of Illinois.  It runs from U.S. Route 67 (US 67) and Illinois Route 111 in Godfrey north to Illinois Route 104 and Business Interstate 72 (abbreviated BL 72) in Jacksonville. This is a distance of 59 miles (95 km). However, the state of Illinois' 2006 data shows the length of Illinois 267 as 39.46 miles (63.50 km), which is the distance from the Illinois 111/267 wye north to BL 72 at Illinois 104.

Godfrey, Illinois
Godfrey is a village in Madison County, Illinois, United States. The population was 17,825 at the 2020 census. Godfrey is located within the River Bend portion of the Greater St. Louis metropolitan area.
Bessie Head
Bessie Amelia Emery Head (6 July 1937 – 17 April 1986) was a South African writer who, though born in South Africa, is usually considered Botswana's most influential writer. She wrote novels, short fiction and autobiographical works that are infused with spiritual questioning and reflection. Notable books by her include When Rain Clouds Gather (1968), Maru (1971) and A Question of Power (1973).

Pietermaritzburg
Pietermaritzburg (/ˌpiːtərˈmærɪtsbɜːrɡ/; Zulu: uMgungundlovu) is the capital and second-largest city in the province of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa after Durban. It was named in 1838 and is currently governed by the Msunduzi Local Municipality.

The town was named in Zulu, after King Dingane's royal homestead uMgungundlovu. Pietermaritzburg is popularly called Maritzburg and is often informally abbreviated to PMB. It is a regionally important industrial hub, producing aluminium, timber and dairy products, and is the main economic hub of uMgungundlovu District Municipality. The public sector is a major employer in the city due to local, district and provincial government offices located here.

The city has many schools and tertiary education institutions, including a campus of the University of KwaZulu-Natal.
Bautista Saavedra Province
Bautista Saavedra is one of the twenty provinces of the Bolivian La Paz Department  situated in the northwestern parts of the department. It was created on November 17, 1948 in honor of Bautista Saavedra Mallea (1870-1939) who was Bolivia's president from 1920 to 1925. The capital of the province is Charazani.

The region is famous for the Kallawaya culture with its traditional medicine practices which was declared a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Patrimony of the Humanity by the UNESCO on November 7, 2003.

Kallawaya
The Kallawaya are an indigenous group living in the Andes of Bolivia. They live in the Bautista Saavedra Province and Muñecas Province of the La Paz Department but are best known for being an itinerant group of traditional healers that travel on foot to reach their patients. According to the UNESCO Safeguarding Project, the Kallawaya can be traced to the pre-Inca period as direct descendants of the Tiwanaku and Mollo cultures, meaning their existence has lasted approximately 1,000 years. They are known to have performed complex procedures like brain surgery alongside their continuous use of medicinal plants as early as 700 AD.  Most famously, they are known to have helped to save thousands of lives during the construction of the Panama Canal, in which they used traditional plant remedies to treat the malaria epidemic. Some historical sources even cite the Kallawayas as the first to use quinine to prevent and control malaria. In 2012, there were 11,662 Kallawaya throughout Bolivia.
Ed Clancy
Edward Franklin Clancy (born 12 March 1985) is a British former professional track and road bicycle racer, who competed between 2004 and 2021.

During his career, Clancy won four medals (three gold, one bronze) at the Summer Olympic Games, twelve medals (six gold, five silver and one bronze) at the UCI Track Cycling World Championships, seven medals (five gold, two bronze) at the UEC European Track Championships, as well as a silver medal at the 2014 Commonwealth Games. He also was part of eight world record times in the team pursuit, and was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2009 New Year Honours, and an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2017 New Year Honours for services to cycling.

2017 New Year Honours
The 2017 New Year Honours are appointments by some of the 16 Commonwealth realms to various orders and honours to recognise and reward good works by citizens of those countries. The New Year Honours were awarded as part of the New Year celebrations at the start of January and were announced on 30 December 2016.

The honours list reflected the United Kingdom's success at the 2016 Summer Olympics and Paralympic Games in Rio de Janeiro, with sports stars dominating the list.

The recipients of honours are displayed as they were styled before their new honour and arranged by the country (in order of precedence) whose ministers advised The Queen on the appointments, then by honour with grades (i.e. Knight/Dame Grand Cross, Knight/Dame Commander, etc.), and then by divisions (i.e. Civil, Diplomatic, and Military, as appropriate).