hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
William A. Tiller
William A. Tiller (Toronto, Canada, September 18, 1929 – Scottsdale, Arizona, February 7, 2022) was a professor of materials science and engineering at Stanford University.
He wrote Science and Human Transformation, a book about concepts such as subtle energies beyond the four fundamental forces, which he believes act in concert with human consciousness. Tiller appeared in the 2004 film What the Bleep Do We Know!?.

Energy (esotericism)
Proponents and practitioners of various esoteric forms of spirituality and alternative medicine refer to a variety of claimed experiences and phenomena as being due to an energy or force that defies measurement or experimentation, and thus are distinct from uses of the term energy in science.

Claims related to energy therapies are most often anecdotal, rather than being based on repeatable empirical evidence, thus not following the scientific method.

There is no scientific evidence for the existence of such energy, and physics educators criticize the use of the term energy to describe ideas in esotericism and spirituality as unavoidably confusing.
Singular submodule
In the branches of abstract algebra known as ring theory and module theory, each right (resp. left) R-module M has a singular submodule consisting of elements whose annihilators are essential right (resp. left) ideals in R.  In set notation it is usually denoted as .  For general rings,  is a good generalization of the torsion submodule tors(M) which is most often defined for domains.  In the case that R is a commutative domain, .

If R is any ring,  is defined considering R as a right module, and in this case  is a two-sided ideal of R called the right singular ideal of R. The left handed analogue  is defined similarly.  It is possible for .

Domain (ring theory)
In algebra, a domain is a nonzero ring in which ab = 0 implies a = 0 or b = 0. (Sometimes such a ring is said to "have the zero-product property".) Equivalently, a domain is a ring in which 0 is the only left zero divisor (or equivalently, the only right zero divisor).   A commutative domain is called an integral domain.  Mathematical literature contains multiple variants of the definition of "domain".
Catrine, Sorn and North Auchinleck (ward)
Catrine, Sorn and North Auchinleck was one of 30 electoral wards of East Ayrshire Council. Originally created in 1984, the ward was initially within Cumnock and Doon Valley District Council before the local government reforms in the 1990s. The ward elected one councillor using the first-past-the-post voting electoral system.

The ward was a Labour stronghold as the party successfully held the seat at every election.

In 1999, the ward was abolished with the area represented by the ward placed into the new Catrine, Sorn and Mauchline East ward and the re-established Auchinleck ward.

Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994
The Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994 (c. 39) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that created the current local government structure of 32 unitary authorities covering the whole of Scotland.

It abolished the two-tier structure of regions and districts created by the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973 which had previously covered Scotland except for the islands council areas.

The Act came into effect on 1 April 1996, beginning with the 1995 Scottish local elections.

The Act authorised the Secretary of State to cap councils' budgets, but this was not acted on for the first set of budgets in 1995-1996.
Spellbreak
Spellbreak was a free-to-play, class-based third-person shooter video game developed by Proletariat for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, Xbox One and Nintendo Switch, released on September 3, 2020. The game's official servers were shut down on January 10, 2023, however community-run servers have continued to run the game.

Self-hosting (network)
Self-hosting is the practice of running and maintaining a website or service, as well as own servers for e-mail, IM, NTP and so on, using a private server, instead of using a service outside of the administrator's own control. Self-hosting allows users to have more control over their data, privacy, and computing infrastructure, as well as potentially saving costs and improving skills.
Attack of 7 August 1932 in Rennes
The bomb attack of 7 August 1932 in Rennes was aimed at a work by the sculptor Jean Boucher, symbolizing the union of Brittany and France, and placed in a niche in Rennes City Hall. Since its inauguration in 1911, the statue, representing Anne of Brittany, had been considered degrading by the Breton movement, due to its kneeling position before the King of France.

Its symbolic setting was the festivities marking the 400th anniversary of Brittany's union with France, which took place in Vannes on the same day. The first attack committed by the Breton movement, it was also the first action of the armed group Gwenn ha Du. It was carried out by Célestin Lainé, who supplied the bomb, and André Geffroy, who planted it.

Although the event had few concrete political consequences and did not represent a key date in the history of the Breton movement, it immediately acquired a strong symbolic charge among its militants.

Jean Boucher (artist)
Jean Boucher (20 November 1870 – 17 June 1939) was a French sculptor based in Brittany. He is best known for his public memorial sculptures which communicated his liberal politics and patriotic dedication to France and Brittany.
Neil Hartigan
Cornelius Francis Hartigan (born May 4, 1938) is an American politician, lawyer, and judge who served as the 38th Attorney General of Illinois and the 40th Lieutenant Governor of Illinois. He is a member of the Democratic Party.

Born into a politically active Chicago family, Hartigan began his political career under Mayor Richard J. Daley. He was elected Lieutenant Governor of Illinois in 1972 alongside Dan Walker. Although he won renomination for a second term, Hartigan and Michael Howlett lost the 1976 election.

Hartigan went on to be elected attorney general in 1982 and was reelected in 1986. He was the Democratic nominee for Governor of Illinois in 1990, but he narrowly lost the race to Republican Jim Edgar. In 2002, Hartigan was elected to the Illinois Appellate Court and retired in 2004. He was later appointed to the Illinois Court of Claims and served from 2013 until 2019.

Illinois Attorney General
The Illinois attorney general is the highest legal officer of the state of Illinois in the United States.  Originally an appointed office, it is now an office filled by statewide election.  Based in Chicago and Springfield, the attorney general is responsible for providing legal counsel for the various state agencies, including the governor of Illinois and Illinois General Assembly, as well as conducting all legal affairs pertaining to the state.

The office of Illinois Attorney General was established on December 3, 1818, based on guidelines adopted by a state constitutional convention. The attorney general is second (behind the lieutenant governor) in the line of succession to the office of Governor of Illinois. The first person to fulfill the duties of the office was Daniel Pope Cook who only served eleven days, and was later elected to the United States Congress. Cook County was named in his honor.

The current holder of the office is Kwame Raoul.
Aleixinho de Candolim
João Baptista Aleixinho Fernandes (9 July 1913 – 16 July 1963), known professionally as Aleixinho de Candolim, was an Indian playwright, theatre director, singer, and composer who worked on the Konkani stage.

Tiatr
Tiatr (English: Theatre; Portuguese: Teatro) is a type of musical theatre that is popular in the state of Goa on the west coast of India, as well as in Mumbai and among the Goan expatriate communities in the Middle East, United Kingdom, and other cities with a significant presence of Konkani speakers. The plays are primarily performed in the Romi Konkani dialects and incorporate elements such as music, dance, and singing. Individuals who perform in tiatr are referred to as tiatrists.
Garry Robison
Major General Garry Stuart Robison, CB (born 10 June 1958) is a retired Royal Marines officer who served as Commandant-General Royal Marines and Commander United Kingdom Amphibious Forces from 2006 to 2009.

Commandant General Royal Marines
Commandant General Royal Marines is the professional head of the Royal Marines. The title has existed since 1943. The role is held by a General who is assisted by a Deputy Commandant General, with the rank of brigadier. This position is not to be confused with Captain General Royal Marines, the ceremonial head. The Commandant General Royal Marines is the counterpart to the Commandant of the United States Marine Corps.
Beaver Creek Massacre Site
Beaver Creek Massacre Site, located about 16 miles (26 km) Dolores, Colorado, occurred on June 19, 1885 between Ute Mountain Utes and white cattlemen over land use and Native American policies established for Native Americans. The last conflict of its kind in Colorado, it followed the Meeker Massacre (September 29, 1879) and Sand Creek Massacre (November 29, 1864). Six or eleven Ute Mountain Ute Tribe people were killed. Two or three days later, a white man and his family were attacked in Montezuma County. Mr. Genthner was killed and his wife was wounded. The Beaver Creek Massacre site is located along a dirt forest road in the Dolores Ranger District of the San Juan National Forest. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 2, 1986.

Ute Mountain Ute Tribe
The Ute Mountain Ute Tribe /ˈjuːt/ (Ute dialect: Wʉgama Núuchi) is one of three federally recognized tribes of the Ute Nation, and are mostly descendants of the historic Weeminuche Band who moved to the Southern Ute reservation in 1897. Their reservation is headquartered at Towaoc, Colorado, on the Ute Mountain Ute Indian Reservation in southwestern Colorado, northwestern New Mexico and small sections of Utah.
Women's Boat Race 2013
The 68th Women's Boat Race took place on 24 March 2013.  The race, between crews representing Oxford University Women's Boat Club and Cambridge University Women's Boat Club, was conducted as part of the Henley Boat Races.  It took place on a 2 km (1.2 mi) stretch of water on 2012 Olympic venue Dorney Lake.  Cambridge were the heavier of the crews and consisted of an all-British crew, while Oxford's boat included a Hungarian rower and an American cox.  Oxford won the race by one and three-quarter lengths in a time of 7 minutes 11 seconds, their first win since the 2011 race.  The victory took the overall record in the event to 41–27 in Cambridge's favour.

Women's Boat Race 2011
The 66th Women's Boat Race took place on 27 March 2011.  The race was conducted as part of the Henley Boat Races and took place at Henley-on-Thames.  Oxford won by one length in a time of 6 minutes 24 seconds, their fourth consecutive win.  The victory took the overall record in the event to 40–26 in Cambridge's favour.
Ljubljana Center (National Assembly constituency)
Ljubljana Center, officially known as the 3rd constituency (Slovene: 3. volilna enota), is one of the eight multi-member constituencies (electoral units) of the National Assembly, the national legislature of Slovenia. The constituency was established in 1992 following Slovenia's independence from Yugoslavia. It consists of the municipalities of Bloke, Borovnica, Brezovica, Cerknica, Dobrova–Polhov Gradec, Horjul, Ig, Log-Dragomer, Logatec, Loška Dolina, Medvode, Škofljica, Velike Lašče, Vodice and Vrhnika, and parts of the municipality of Ljubljana. The constituency currently elects 11 of the 90 members of the National Assembly using the open party-list proportional representation electoral system. At the 2022 parliamentary election the constituency had 219,487 registered electors.

Municipality of Loška Dolina
The Municipality of Loška Dolina (pronounced [ˈloːʃka dɔˈliːna]; Slovene: Občina Loška dolina) is a municipality in Slovenia. It is part of the Inner Carniola traditional region. Snežnik Castle and Cross Cave are located in the municipality. Its municipal seat is the town of Stari Trg pri Ložu. It borders Croatia.
Susan J. Ellis
Susan J. Ellis (March 18, 1948 – February 24, 2019) was an American trainer, presenter, researcher and consultant regarding volunteerism. She founded the largest publisher of volunteer-related books, Energize, Inc., which has published more than 25 books and provided consultancy and training services for organizations worldwide that involve volunteers, including the Everyone Ready Online Volunteer Management Training Program. She wrote or co-wrote 14 books, wrote more than 100 articles for various publications and is cited in more than 150 articles and books re: volunteerism. She was frequently called on by national media outlets for commentary regarding volunteerism and was quoted in stories in The New York Times, Fortune Magazine, the Chronicle of Philanthropy and many others. She is considered a pioneer regarding the promotion of the management of volunteers as a profession.  She was based in Philadelphia.

The Chronicle of Philanthropy
The Chronicle of Philanthropy is a magazine and digital platform that covers the nonprofit world of philanthropy. Based in Washington, D.C., it is aimed at charity leaders, foundation executives, fund raisers, and other people involved in philanthropy. The Chronicle of Philanthropy publishes 12 print issues a year as well as daily Web coverage and multiple e-newsletters, including Philanthropy Today.

The Chronicle of Philanthropy was founded in 1988 by editor Phil Semas and then managing editor Stacy Palmer. It was initially owned by The Chronicle of Higher Education Inc., which also publishes The Chronicle of Higher Education, a weekly newspaper covering colleges and universities. On May 4, 2022, The Chronicle of Philanthropy announced plans to spin off and become an independent, nonprofit organization, As of February 2023, with approval from the Internal Revenue Service, that transition took effect.
Doug Hood
Douglas Henry Hood ONZM (19 October 1953 – 10 September 2024) was a New Zealand music producer and engineer. One of the leading figures behind the Flying Nun Records label, he was recording engineer on many of the label's hits.

Flying Nun Records
Flying Nun Records is a New Zealand independent record label formed in Christchurch in 1981 by music store manager Roger Shepherd. Described by The Guardian as "one of the world's great independent labels", Flying Nun is notable for bringing global attention to the Dunedin sound, a cultural and musical movement in early 1980s Dunedin.
Rocky & Bullwinkle (2014 film)
Rocky and Bullwinkle (also known as Another Fine Moose You've Gotten Me Into or The Man In The Iron Moose) is a 2014 American animated short film based on the 1960s animated television series The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, produced by DreamWorks Animation and distributed by 20th Century Fox. The short was directed by Gary Trousdale, (who is best known for co-directing Disney's  Beauty and the Beast) while Robert Ben Garant and Thomas Lennon were the writers (They also provided the voices of Fearless Leader and the narrator for this short). June Foray reprises her role as Rocky in her final voice role before her death on July 26, 2017, while Tom Kenny voices Bullwinkle. Originally planned as a theatrical short to accompany with Mr. Peabody & Sherman (which is also based on characters from The Rocky & Bullwinkle Show), it was released on October 14, 2014, on the Blu-ray 3D of the film.

Rocky the Flying Squirrel
Rocket "Rocky" J. Squirrel, also known as Rocky the Flying Squirrel, is one of the two protagonists of the 1959–1964 animated series Rocky and His Friends and The Bullwinkle Show (both shows often referred to collectively as The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show), produced by Jay Ward. Rocky is the best friend and ally of the western moose, Bullwinkle. Both Rocky and Bullwinkle were given the middle initial "J" as a reference to Ward.
Lords of Westerlo
The Lords of Westerlo were the feudal lords of the fiefdom (called 'Heerlijkheid' in Dutch or 'Seigneurie' in French) of Westerlo until the abolition of feudalism in 1795. The first known Lord of Westerlo was the Frankish nobleman Ansfried of Utrecht who gave this domain as allodial title to the chapters of Saint-Martin and Saint-Salvator in Utrecht after he became Bishop of Utrecht in 995. Since the late 15th century the Lords of Westerlo have been members of the House of Merode. In 1626 Westerlo was elevated to the rank of marquessate by King Philip IV of Spain in favor of Philippe I de Merode who became the first Marquess of Westerlo. The chief of the House of Merode still bears the title of Marquess of Westerlo although the feudal rights attached to this title have been abolished since 1795. In the nineteenth and first half of the twentieth century the 10th, 11th and 12th Marquess have been elected Burgomaster of Westerlo.

Marquess
A marquess (UK: /ˈmɑːrkwɪs/; French: marquis [maʁki]) is a nobleman of high hereditary rank in various European peerages and in those of some of their former colonies. The German-language equivalent is Markgraf (margrave) and the Italian-language equivalent Marchese. A woman with the rank of a marquess or the wife (or widow) of a marquess is a marchioness (/ˈmɑːrʃənɛs/) or marquise (French: [maʁkiz] ⓘ). These titles are also used to translate equivalent Asian styles, as in Imperial China and Imperial Japan.
Edward W. Packel
Edward Wesler Packel (born July 23, 1941) is an American mathematician, game theorist, theoretical computer scientist, and expert on the use of Wolfram Mathematica in teaching mathematics. His 1981 book The Mathematics of Games and Gambling won the 1986 Beckenbach Book Prize.

Wolfram Mathematica
Wolfram Mathematica (also known as Mathematica) is a software system with built-in libraries for several areas of technical computing that allows machine learning, statistics, symbolic computation, data manipulation, network analysis, time series analysis, NLP, optimization, plotting functions and various types of data, implementation of algorithms, creation of user interfaces, and interfacing with programs written in other programming languages. It was conceived by Stephen Wolfram, and is developed by Wolfram Research of Champaign, Illinois. The Wolfram Language is the programming language used in Mathematica. Mathematica 1.0 was released on June 23, 1988 in Champaign, Illinois and Santa Clara, California. Mathematica's Wolfram Language is fundamentally based on Lisp; for example, the Mathematica command Most is identically equal to the Lisp command butlast.
Thomas H. Heaton
Thomas H. (Tom) Heaton is an American seismologist, known for his influential contributions in earthquake source physics and earthquake early warning. Currently he is the professor of geophysics and civil engineering at California Institute of Technology (Caltech) and one of the world's leading experts on seismology.

Seismology
Seismology (/saɪzˈmɒlədʒi, saɪs-/; from Ancient Greek σεισμός (seismós), meaning 'earthquake', and -λογία (-logía), meaning 'study of') is the scientific study of earthquakes (or generally, quakes) and the generation and propagation of elastic waves through planetary bodies. It also includes studies of the environmental effects of earthquakes such as tsunamis; other seismic sources such as volcanoes, plate tectonics, glaciers, rivers, oceanic microseisms, and the atmosphere; and artificial processes such as explosions.

Paleoseismology is a related field that uses geology to infer information regarding past earthquakes. A recording of Earth's motion as a function of time, created by a seismograph is called a seismogram. A seismologist is a scientist who works in basic or applied seismology.
German Army cryptographic systems of World War II
German Army cryptographic systems of World War II were based on the use of three types of cryptographic machines that were used to encrypt communications between units at the division level. These were the Enigma machine, the teleprinter cipher attachment (Lorenz cipher), and the cipher teleprinter the Siemens and Halske T52, (Siemens T-43). All were considered insecure.

Cipher Department of the High Command of the Wehrmacht
The Cipher Department of the High Command of the Wehrmacht (German: Amtsgruppe Wehrmachtnachrichtenverbindungen, Abteilung Chiffrierwesen) (also Oberkommando der Wehrmacht Chiffrierabteilung or Chiffrierabteilung of the High Command of the Wehrmacht or Chiffrierabteilung of the OKW or OKW/Chi or Chi) was the Signal Intelligence Agency of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces of the German Armed Forces before and during World War II. OKW/Chi, within the formal order of battle hierarchy OKW/WFsT/Ag WNV/Chi, dealt with the cryptanalysis and deciphering of enemy and neutral states' message traffic and security control of its own key processes and machinery, such as the rotor cipher ENIGMA machine. It was the successor to the former Chi bureau (German: Chiffrierstelle) of the Reichswehr Ministry.
Khalil Paden
Khalil Alexander Paden (born October 5, 1989) is an American college football coach and former wide receiver. He is the wide receivers coach for Dickinson State University, a position he has held since 2025. He played college football at San Jose State and Northern Arizona. He has also been a member of the Sacramento Mountain Lions, Calgary Stampeders, Orlando Predators, Ottawa Redblacks, and Toronto Argonauts.

Dickinson State University
Dickinson State University (DSU) is a public university in Dickinson, North Dakota, United States. It is part of the North Dakota University System.  It was founded in 1918 as Dickinson State Normal School and granted full university status in 1987.
Diplom-Is
Diplom-Is AS is a Norwegian manufacturer of ice cream owned by the dairy group Tine. In 2005, the company produced 51,100,000 litres (11,200,000 imp gal; 13,500,000 US gal) of ice cream, and held a market share of 53% domestically.

Among the most notable own brands are Royal, Dream, Krone-Is, Pin-Up, Lollipop, Sandwich, Pia, Gullpinne, Gigant and Klin Kokos. It also produces the franchise Mövenpick, Mars and Nestlé in Scandinavia.

Mövenpick Ice Cream
Mövenpick Ice Cream (German pronunciation: [ˈmøːvənˌpɪk]) is a brand of ice cream of Swiss origin produced initially by Nestlé. Since 2016, Froneri - a joint venture between Nestlé and R&R Ice Cream - manufactures it.
Fumarate reductase (quinol)
Fumarate reductase (quinol) (EC 1.3.5.1, QFR, FRD, menaquinol-fumarate oxidoreductase, quinol:fumarate reductase) is an enzyme with systematic name succinate:quinone oxidoreductase. This enzyme catalyzes the following chemical reaction:

fumarate + quinol  succinate + quinone

Fumarate reductase (QFR) is a key enzyme induced by anaerobic growth of bacteria. By partaking in fumarate respiration, fumarate reductase performs the last step in the microbial anaerobic respiration. It is a membrane bound protein capable of oxidizing a quinone and passing the released electrons to an awaiting fumarate to be reduced. It is activated and synthesized under low oxygen conditions, when aerobic respiration cannot be performed and the cell must perform anaerobic respiration to grow. This reaction is opposite to the reaction that is catalyzed by the related complex II of the respiratory chain (succinate dehydrogenase (SQR)).

Succinate dehydrogenase
Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) or succinate-coenzyme Q reductase (SQR) or respiratory complex II is an enzyme complex, found in many bacterial cells and in the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes. It is the only enzyme that participates in both the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. Histochemical analysis showing high succinate dehydrogenase in muscle demonstrates high mitochondrial content and high oxidative potential.

In step 6 of the citric acid cycle, SQR catalyzes the oxidation of succinate to fumarate with the reduction of ubiquinone to ubiquinol. This occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane by coupling the two reactions together.