hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Henry Morton Stanley's first trans-Africa expedition
Between 1874 and 1877 Henry Morton Stanley traveled Central Africa east to west, exploring Lake Victoria, Lake Tanganyika and the Lualaba and Congo rivers. He covered 7,000 miles (11,000 km) from Zanzibar in the east to Boma at the mouth of the Congo in the west. The expedition resolved several open questions concerning the geography of Central Africa, including identifying the source of the Nile, which he proved was not the Lualaba and is in fact the source of the Congo River.

Lake Tanganyika
Lake Tanganyika (/ˌtæŋɡənˈjiːkə, -ɡæn-/ TANG-gən-YEE-kə, -⁠gan-; Kirundi: Ikiyaga ca Tanganyika) is an African Great Lake. It is the world's second-largest freshwater lake by volume and the second deepest, in both cases after Lake Baikal in Siberia. It is the world's longest freshwater lake. It is also the 6th largest lake by area. The lake is shared among four countries—Tanzania, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (the DRC), Burundi, and Zambia—with Tanzania (46%) and the DRC (40%) possessing the majority of the lake. It drains via the Lukuga River into the Congo River system, which ultimately discharges at Banana, Democratic Republic of the Congo into the Atlantic Ocean.
TeamCity
TeamCity is a build management and continuous integration/continuous delivery (CI/CD) server developed by JetBrains. First released on October 2, 2006, TeamCity is designed to help development teams automate the build, test, and deployment processes for software projects across multiple platforms and technologies.
TeamCity operates under a freemium licensing model, offering a free tier with up to 100 build configurations and three Build Agent licenses, while open-source projects can request completely free licenses. Enterprise features require paid licensing.

Azure DevOps Server
Azure DevOps Server, formerly known as Team Foundation Server (TFS) and Visual Studio Team System (VSTS), is a Microsoft product that provides version control (either with Team Foundation Version Control (TFVC) or Git), reporting, requirements management, project management (for both agile software development and waterfall teams), automated builds, testing and release management capabilities. It covers the entire application lifecycle and enables DevOps capabilities. Azure DevOps can be used as a back-end to numerous integrated development environments (IDEs) but is tailored for Microsoft Visual Studio and Eclipse on all platforms.
M. A. Hampiholi
Vice Admiral Makarand Aravind Hampiholi, PVSM, AVSM, NM is a former flag officer in the Indian Navy. He last served as the Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Southern Naval Command. Previously, he served as the Commandant of Indian Naval Academy and served as the Director General Naval Operations (DGNO) at Naval headquarters.

Director General Naval Operations
The Director General Naval Operations (DGNO) is a senior appointment in the Indian Navy. The DGNO is responsible for planning, executing, and overseeing all operational aspects of the Indian Navy. The office is held by a Three star officer in the rank of Vice Admiral. The current DGNO is Vice Admiral A. N. Pramod who took over on 15 January 2024.
Stormbro
Stormbro (English: Storm Bridge) is a small arch bridge in Copenhagen, Denmark, marking the transition between Slotsholmen Canal and Frederiksholm Canal, two sections of the canal which separates from the rest of the city centre. It links Stormgade (towards City Hall) with Vindebrogade on Slotsholmen (towards Kongens Nytorv).

Arch bridge
An arch bridge is a bridge with abutments at each end shaped as a curved arch. Arch bridges work by transferring the weight of the bridge and its loads partially into a horizontal thrust restrained by the abutments at either side, and partially into a vertical load on the arch supports. A viaduct (a long bridge) may be made from a series of arches, although other more economical structures are typically used today.
Los Angeles Metro
The Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority, branded as Metro, is the agency that plans, operates, and coordinates funding for most of the transportation system in Los Angeles County, California, the most populated county in the United States.

Metro directly operates a large public transit system that includes bus, bus rapid transit, light rail, and rapid transit (subway) services. The agency also provides funding for transit it does not operate, including Metrolink commuter rail, municipal bus operators and paratransit services. The agency also provides funding and directs planning for the Los Angeles freeway system and railroad projects within the county.

In 2025, the Metro system had a total ridership of 305,706,300, and had a ridership of 928,600 per weekday as of the fourth quarter of 2025. It is the largest transit agency by ridership in the state of California, and the second-largest in the United States after the New York City Transit Authority.

Southern California freeways
A vast network of interconnected freeways in the megaregion of Southern California serves a population of over 23 million people. The Master Plan of Metropolitan Los Angeles Freeways was adopted by the Regional Planning Commission in 1947 and construction began in the early 1950s. The plan hit opposition and funding limitations in the 1970s, and by 2004, only some 61% of the original planned network had been completed.
Emma Thomsen (painter)
Emma Augusta Thomsen (7 August 1820 — 6 November 1897) was a Danish flower painter. Her work featured bouquets, flower baskets, and other traditional flower arrangements, in addition to wild plants.

Thomson was largely self-taught, though she briefly was instructed by Johan Laurentz Jensen. She exhibited 130 works over the course of her career. Some of her pieces were purchased by the National Gallery of Denmark, Christian VIII, and Adam Wilhelm Moltke, among others. She was awarded several prizes and scholarships, including the Neuhausen Prize.

National Gallery of Denmark
The National Gallery of Denmark (Danish: Statens Museum for Kunst, also known as "SMK", literally State Museum for Art) is the Danish national gallery, located in the centre of Copenhagen.

The museum collects, registers, maintains, researches and handles Danish and foreign art dating from the 14th century to the present day.
Buried Alive (Avenged Sevenfold song)
"Buried Alive" is a song by American heavy metal band Avenged Sevenfold, off the band's fifth studio album Nightmare. The song was released as the albums fourth and final single on September 20, 2011. The music of the song was mostly written by the band's late drummer, Jimmy "The Rev" Sullivan, who died on December 28, 2009. Singer M. Shadows has stated he is extremely proud of the song.

Loudwire described the song starting out as a power ballad, moving to arena rock, then shifting to fast heavy metal reminiscent of Metallica, with guitar riffs similar to Iron Maiden.

The Rev
James Owen Sullivan (February 9, 1981 – December 28, 2009), also known by his stage name The Rev (shortened from his prior stage name The Reverend Tholomew Plague), was an American musician and songwriter. He was the drummer, pianist, backing vocalist, and occasional co-lead vocalist of the heavy metal band Avenged Sevenfold, which he co-founded in 1999. He was previously the lead vocalist and pianist of the avant-garde metal band Pinkly Smooth and drummer for the ska punk band Suburban Legends from 1998 to 1999.
Chiang Yi-ning
Chiang Yi-ning (Chinese: 江翊寧) is a Taiwanese film editor. She won Best Editing in the 14th Taipei Film Awards for Cha Cha for Twins (2012), and worked on the Netflix crime series The Victims' Game (2020–2024) and the PTS horror series Detention (2020), which earned her nominations for Best Editing for a Drama Series in the 55th and 56th Golden Bell Awards.

55th Golden Bell Awards
The 55th Golden Bell Awards (Chinese: 第55屆金鐘獎) was held on September 26, 2020 at the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall in Taipei, Taiwan. The ceremony was televised by Sanlih E-Television and Public Television Service; it was jointly hosted by Sabrina Pai, Gino Tsai, Vicky Tseng, Chen Guan-lin, Lulu Huang Lu Zi Yin, Crowd Lu, Sam Tseng and Aaron Yan.
Dichlorofluoromethane
Dichlorofluoromethane or Freon 21 or R 21 is a halomethane or hydrochlorofluorocarbon with the formula CHCl2F. It is a colorless and odorless gas.  It is produced by fluorination of chloroform using a catalyst such as antimony trifluoride:

CHCl3 + HF → CHCl2F + HCl

Chloroform
Chloroform, or trichloromethane (often abbreviated as TCM), is an organochloride with the formula CHCl3 and a common solvent. It is a volatile, colorless, sweet-smelling, dense liquid produced on a large scale as a precursor to refrigerants and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). Chloroform was once used as an inhalational anesthetic between the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century. It is miscible with many solvents but it is only very slightly soluble in water (only 8 g/L at 20°C).
Rich Homie Quan
Dequantes Devontay Lamar (October 4, 1989 – September 5, 2024), known professionally as Rich Homie Quan, was an American rapper. Beginning his career in 2011, Lamar first saw mainstream success with his 2013 single "Type of Way", which peaked at number 50 on the Billboard Hot 100. His 2015 single, "Flex (Ooh, Ooh, Ooh)", saw further success at number 26 on the chart. Alongside fellow Atlanta rapper Young Thug, Lamar was a member of Cash Money Records' spin-off project Rich Gang, who found success with their 2014 single "Lifestyle".

Lamar's debut studio album, Rich as in Spirit (2018), entered the Billboard 200 at number 33. The rapper died from an accidental drug overdose after taking multiple drugs, including fentanyl, alprazolam, codeine, and promethazine in 2024.

Drug overdose
A drug overdose (overdose or OD) is the ingestion or application of a drug or other substance in quantities much greater than are recommended. Typically the term is applied for cases when a risk to health is a potential result. An overdose may result in a toxic state or death.
Cuddesdon
Cuddesdon is a village in the civil parish of Cuddesdon and Denton, in the South Oxfordshire district of Oxfordshire, England. The village lies 5.5 miles (9 km) ESE of Oxford. Ripon College Cuddesdon is a large Church of England clergy training centre in the village.

South Oxfordshire
South Oxfordshire is a local government district in the ceremonial county of Oxfordshire, England. Its council is temporarily based outside the district at Abingdon-on-Thames pending a planned move to Didcot, the district's largest town. The areas located south of the River Thames are within the historic county of Berkshire.
Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia
The Yuan dynasty (1271–1368) ruled over large territories in Inner Asia in the 13th and the 14th centuries. The Borjigin rulers of the Yuan came from the Mongolian steppe, and the Mongols under Kublai Khan established the Yuan dynasty based in Khanbaliq (modern-day Beijing). The Yuan was an imperial dynasty of China that incorporated many aspects of Mongol and Han political and military institutions.

The Yuan directly ruled over most of modern-day China, Korea, Mongolia, and parts of Siberia (Russia). Specifically, Yuan rule extended to Manchuria (modern-day Northeast China and Outer Manchuria), Mongolia, southern Siberia, the Tibetan Plateau and parts of Xinjiang. People from these 'Inner Asian' regions either belonged to the 'Mongol' class, 'Northern Han' class, or 'Semu' class.

In addition, the Yuan emperors held nominal suzerainty over the three western Mongol khanates (the Golden Horde, the Chagatai Khanate and the Ilkhanate).

Khagan
Khagan or Qaghan (Kazakh: Қаған/Qağan, Middle Mongol:ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ; Khaan or Khagan; Old Turkic: 𐰴𐰍𐰣 Qaɣan) is a title of imperial rank in Turkic, Mongolic, and some other languages, equal to the status of emperor and someone who rules a khaganate (empire). The female equivalent is Khatun.

It may also be translated as "Khan of Khans", equivalent to King of Kings. In modern Turkic, the title became Khaan with the g sound becoming almost silent or non-existent; the ğ in modern Turkish Kağan is also silent. After the division of the Mongol Empire, monarchs of the Yuan dynasty and the Northern Yuan held the title of Khagan. Kağan, Hakan and Kaan, Turkish equivalents of the title are common Turkish names in Turkey.

The common western rendering as Great Khan (or Grand Khan), notably in the case of the Mongol Empire, is a translation of Yekhe Khagan (Great Emperor or Их Хаан).
Taiwo Ogunjobi
Taiwo Joseph OgunjobiListenⓘ (17 August 1953 – 11 February 2019) was a Nigerian football player and administrator. He played as a centre-back for Shooting Stars and represented Nigeria internationally. He later held posts as an administrator at club and state levels, and with the Nigeria Football Federation (NFF) and its predecessor the Nigeria Football Association, serving as secretary-general between 2002 and 2005.

Nigeria national football team
The Nigeria national football team represents Nigeria in international men's football. Governed by the Nigeria Football Federation (NFF), they are three-time Africa Cup of Nations (AFCON) winners, with their most recent title in 2013. In February 2024, the Nigerian national football team was ranked 28th in the FIFA rankings. The team has qualified for six of the last nine FIFA World Cups, missing only the 2006, 2022 and 2026 tournaments. They have reached the round of 16 on three occasions. Their first World Cup appearance was in the 1994 edition. The team is a member of FIFA and Confederation of African Football (CAF).
Edcel Greco Lagman
Edcel Greco Alexandre "Grex" Burce Lagman (born July 24, 1972), is a Filipino lawyer and politician from the province of Albay.

On December 1, 2022, he became Governor of Albay following the Commission on Elections (COMELEC) disqualification of former Governor Noel Rosal. Lagman previously served as Vice-Governor of Albay starting in 2019.

He was also elected in the House of Representatives of the Philippines as Congressman of the First District of Albay in 2013 and was elected as the Assistant Majority Floor Leader of the House of Representatives of the Philippines' 16th Congress from 2013 to 2016. Prior to this, Lagman served as a councilor of Quezon City representing its Fourth District from 2004 to 2013.

Commission on Elections (Philippines)
The Commission on Elections (Filipino: Komisyon sa Halalan), abbreviated as COMELEC, is one of the three constitutional commissions of the Philippines. Its principal role is to enforce all laws and regulations relative to the conduct of elections in the Philippines.

The other two Constitutional Commissions are the Commission on Audit and Civil Service Commission.
Lapthe Flora
Lapthe Chau Flora (born Vietnamese: Châu Lập Thể) is a retired major general in the United States Army who last served as a special assistant to the director of the Army National Guard. He previously served as commander of Combined Joint Task Force – Horn of Africa. Flora is the former commander of the Bowling Green-based 91st Troop Command, Virginia National Guard. He also served as the Assistant Adjutant General of the Virginia National Guard in Sandston, Virginia. Concurrently, he served as a deputy commander of United States Army Africa, as well as Army Reserve Component Integration Advisor, United States Army Africa.

Sandston, Virginia
Sandston is a census-designated place (CDP) in Henrico County, Virginia, United States, just outside the state capital of Richmond. The population as of the 2010 Census was 7,571. It was designated a Historic District by Henrico County in 2021.
Hyde Park Obelisk
The Hyde Park Obelisk is a heritage-listed obelisk that served as a sewer vent and is now a monument located in Hyde Park at the intersection of Elizabeth Street and Bathurst Street, in the Sydney central business district, New South Wales, Australia. It was designed and built by the NSW Department of Public Works. It is also known as The Obelisk and Obelisk Sewer Vent. It is also jokingly referred to as Thornton's Scent Bottle after mayor George Thornton. The obelisk is owned by Sydney Water, an agency of the Government of New South Wales. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 15 November 2002.

Completed in the Victorian Egyptian style, it was modelled on Cleopatra's Needle on the banks of London's River Thames. The overall structure is 22 metres (72 ft) high, including the square sandstone base which is 6.5 metres (21 ft) high. The vent at the top is a filigreed bronze pyramidion.

Australian non-residential architectural styles
Australian non-residential architectural styles are a set of Australian architectural styles that apply to buildings used for purposes other than residence and have been around only since the first colonial government buildings of early European settlement of Australia in 1788.

Their distribution follows closely the establishment and growth of the different colonies of Australia, in that the earliest colonial buildings can be found in New South Wales and Tasmania.

The classifications set out below are derived from a leading Australian text.
Jacob Palis
Jacob Palis Jr. (15 March 1940 – 7 May 2025) was a Brazilian mathematician and academic. Palis's research interests were mainly dynamical systems and differential equations. Some themes are global stability and hyperbolicity, bifurcations, attractors and chaotic systems. He proposed the Palis' conjectures (which form the Palis' program), which influenced the development of the theory of dynamical systems, and also of its applications to other sciences. He was a world leader in chaos theory research. Palis was an influential figure in the development of mathematics in Brazil.

Stephen Smale
Stephen Smale (born July 15, 1930) is an American mathematician, known for his research in topology, dynamical systems and mathematical economics. He was awarded the Fields Medal in 1966 and spent more than three decades on the mathematics faculty of the University of California, Berkeley (1960–1961 and 1964–1995), where he currently is Professor Emeritus, with research interests in algorithms, numerical analysis and global analysis.
Airborne aircraft carrier
An airborne aircraft carrier is a type of mother ship aircraft which can carry, launch, retrieve and support other smaller parasite aircraft. The only dedicated examples to have been built were airships, although existing heavier-than-air aircraft have been modified for use in similar roles.

Parasite aircraft
A parasite aircraft is a component of a composite aircraft which is carried aloft and air launched by a larger carrier aircraft or mother ship to support the primary mission of the carrier. The carrier craft may or may not be able to later recover the parasite during flight.

The first parasite aircraft flew in 1916, when the British launched a Bristol Scout from a Felixstowe Porte Baby flying boat. The idea eventually developed into jet bombers carrying fully capable parasite fighters. With the advent of long-range fighters equipped with air-to-air missiles, and aerial refueling, parasite fighters fell out of use.
Alex Meret
Alex Meret Cavaliere OMRI (Italian pronunciation: [ˈaːleks meˈrɛt]; born 22 March 1997) is an Italian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Serie A club Napoli and the Italy national team.

Born in Udine, Meret began his career at an early age with amateur club Donatello Calcio before making a switch to the famous Udinese youth system in 2012. After rising through the academy system at the club, he made his senior debut in 2015. He later had spells on loan with SPAL, whom he helped win the Serie B title in 2017, and achieve promotion to Serie A. He joined Napoli in 2018, winning a league title in 2023 and 2025.

At international level, Meret has represented Italy at U16, U17, U18, U19 and U21 levels, and made his senior debut for Italy in 2019, also representing the nation at their victorious UEFA Euro 2020 campaign.

2022–23 Serie A
The 2022–23 Serie A (known as the Serie A TIM for sponsorship reasons) was the 121st season of top-tier Italian football, the 91st in a round-robin tournament, and the 13th since its organization under an own league committee, the Lega Serie A. Napoli won the title with five matches remaining after a 1–1 draw against Udinese at the Dacia Arena on 4 May 2023.

Napoli's title was their third league title in club history and their first since Diego Maradona led them to victory in 1990 — bringing an end to their 33-year Scudetto drought. AC Milan, the defending champions, finished in fourth place. It was the first time since Roma in 2001 that a club other than AC Milan, Inter Milan or Juventus had won the Serie A title.
Ronald Hassett
Major General Ronald Douglas Patrick Hassett, CB, CBE (27 May 1923 – 13 August 2004) was a senior officer in the New Zealand Army in the postwar period.

Born in Wellington, Hassett joined the New Zealand Military Forces in 1942 and served in the Second World War with an artillery unit of the 2nd New Zealand Division. After the war he held a series of staff and training positions in the military. During the Korean War he was second-in-command of the 16th Field Regiment. Afterwards, he continued to fulfill a series on increasingly important roles in the New Zealand Army. His professional career culminated with a term as Chief of the General Staff from 1976 to 1978. In this capacity, he was instrumental in the establishment of the Queen Elizabeth II Army Memorial Museum at Waiouru. In his retirement he continued to play a role in the leadership of the museum. He died in Auckland in August 2004, aged 81.

Royal Regiment of New Zealand Artillery
The Royal Regiment of New Zealand Artillery is the artillery regiment of the New Zealand Army. It is effectively a military administrative corps, and can comprise multiple component regiments. This nomenclature stems from its heritage as an offshoot of the British Army's Royal Artillery. In its current form it was founded in 1947 with the amalgamation of the regular and volunteer corps of artillery in New Zealand. In 1958 in recognition of services rendered it was given the title the Royal Regiment of New Zealand Artillery.
Oecomys sydandersoni
Oecomys sydandersoni is an arboreal species of rodent in the genus Oecomys. It lives in forest patches in a small area in eastern Bolivia. It is a medium-sized species, weighing about 45 g (1.6 oz), with mostly grayish and brownish fur and short and broad hindfeet with well-developed pads.

First collected in 1964, it was formally described in 2009. The species may be most closely related to O. concolor and O. mamorae, which are distributed further north and south in South America. Among other characters, the three share a particular arrangement of the arteries of the head. Virtually nothing is known of its biology.

Oecomys concolor
Oecomys concolor, also known as the unicolored oecomys, unicolored rice rat, or unicolored arboreal rice rat, is a species of rodent in the genus Oecomys of family Cricetidae. It is found in tropical rainforest in the Amazon biome, but its range is poorly documented; it has been recorded in northwestern Brazil, southeastern Colombia, and southern Venezuela.
Knowlton Circles
50°53′31″N 1°58′03″W﻿ / ﻿50.891972°N 1.967389°W﻿ / 50.891972; -1.967389

Knowlton Circles (also known as Knowlton Henges or Knowlton Rings) are a complex of henges and earthworks in Knowlton, Dorset, England. The henge enclosing Knowlton Church is the best known and best preserved, but there are at least two other henges in the vicinity as well as numerous round barrows.

Round barrow
A round barrow is a type of tumulus and is one of the most common types of archaeological monuments. Although concentrated in Europe, they are found in many parts of the world, probably because of their simple construction and universal purpose.

In Britain, most of them were built between 2200BC and 1100BC.  This was the Late Neolithic period to the Late Bronze Age.  Later Iron Age barrows were mostly different, and sometimes square.