hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Frederick Smith (British Army officer, born 1790)
Major-General Sir John Mark Frederick Smith KH FRS (11 January 1790 – 20 November 1874) was a British general and colonel-commandant of the Royal Engineers. He was also the Conservative Member of Parliament for Chatham from 1852 to 1853 and 1857 to 1865. He was a Gentleman Usher and Fellow of the Royal Society.

Royal Guelphic Order
The Royal Guelphic Order (German: Königlicher Guelphen-Orden), sometimes referred to as the Hanoverian Guelphic Order, is a Hanoverian order of chivalry instituted on 28 April 1815 by the Prince Regent (later King George IV). It takes its name from the House of Guelph, of which the House of Hanover was a branch. Since Hanover and the United Kingdom shared a monarch until 1837, the order was frequently bestowed upon British subjects.
Karin Enström
Karin Märta Elisabeth Enström (born Landerholm 23 March 1966) is a Swedish politician of the  Moderate Party. She has served as Secretary-General of the Moderate Party since October 2022 and has been a Member of the Riksdag since the 1998 general election, representing Stockholm County. She served as Minister for Defence in the cabinet of Fredrik Reinfeldt from 2012 to 2014. She is an Amphibious Corps officer by profession.

Swedish Amphibious Corps
The Amphibious Corps (Swedish: Amfibiekåren, Amf) is the marine infantry arm of the Swedish Navy, with an emphasis on coastal defence. It has its roots in the coastal artillery (Swedish: Kustartilleriet, KA) but after the end of the Cold War it was seen as too expensive and not needed anymore, and most of it was disbanded with only KA 1 and 4 being reorganised into Amf 1 and 4. Its amphibious special operations arm, Kustjägarna, has grown in significance while its coastal batteries have been decommissioned.
Hassan Yonis Habane
Hassan Yonis Habane (Somali: Xasan Yoonis Habane)  was a chief of staff of the Somaliland Armed Forces. As one of the commanders of the SNM, the predecessor of Somaliland, he won many battles and was one of the initiators of Somaliland's independence.

Somali National Movement
The Somali National Movement (SNM; Somali: Dhaqdhaqaaqa Wadaniga Soomaaliyeed; Arabic: الحركة الوطنية الصومالية) was one of the first and most important organized guerrilla groups and mujahideen groups that opposed the Siad Barre regime in the 1980s to the 1990s, as well as being the main anti-government faction during the Somaliland War of Independence. The organisation was founded in London, England, on April 6, 1981 by Hassan Isse Jama, Hassan Adan Wadadid, and Ahmed Mohamed Gulaid and other former Somali diplomats, who stated that initially the group's purpose was to overthrow the Siad Barre regime.

In May 1991, the organisation declared an independent Republic of Somaliland in the region that had constituted British Somaliland before independence and unification with the former colony of Italian Somaliland in 1960 after the Somaliland War of Independence.
Gravitoelectromagnetism
Gravitoelectromagnetism, abbreviated GEM, is a set of formal analogies between the equations for electromagnetism and relativistic gravitation. More specifically, it is an analogy between Maxwell's field equations and an approximation, valid under certain conditions, to the Einstein field equations for general relativity. Gravitomagnetism is the kinetic effects of gravity, in analogy to the magnetic effects of moving electric charge. The most common version of GEM is valid only far from isolated sources, and for slowly moving test particles.

The analogy and equations differing only by some small factors were first published in 1893, before general relativity, by Oliver Heaviside as a separate theory expanding Newton's law of universal gravitation.

Test particle
In physical theories, a test particle, or test charge, is an idealized model of an object whose physical properties (usually mass, charge, or size) are assumed to be negligible except for the property being studied, which is considered to be insufficient to alter the behaviour of the rest of the system. The concept of a test particle often simplifies  problems, and can provide a good approximation for physical phenomena. In addition to its uses in the simplification of the dynamics of a system in particular limits, it is also used as a diagnostic in computer simulations of physical processes.
OneBC (political party)
OneBC is a provincial political party in British Columbia, Canada. It was registered with Elections BC on June 9, 2025. Independent MLAs Dallas Brodie and Tara Armstrong launched the new party, with Brodie serving as interim leader and Armstrong as house leader. OneBC lost its official party status within the BC legislature in December 2025, following a dispute between Brodie and the rest of the party's board of directors.

Legislative Assembly of British Columbia
The Legislative Assembly of British Columbia (French: Assemblée législative de la Colombie-Britannique) is the deliberative assembly of the Legislature of British Columbia, in the province of British Columbia, Canada. The legislature also includes the lieutenant governor of British Columbia. The assembly has 93 elected members and meets in Victoria. Members are elected from provincial ridings and are referred to as members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs). Bills passed by the assembly are given royal assent by the lieutenant governor in the name of the King of Canada.

The current legislature is the 43rd Parliament. The most recent general election was held on October 19, 2024. Proceedings of the Legislative Assembly are broadcast by Hansard Broadcasting Services.
Adrian Kent
Adrian Kent is a British theoretical physicist. He is a professor at the University of Cambridge, member of the Centre for Quantum Information and Foundations, and Distinguished Visiting Research Chair at the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics. His research focuses on quantum foundations, quantum information science, and quantum cryptography. In 1999 he published the first information-theoretically secure protocols for bit commitment and coin flipping, which were also the first relativistic cryptographic protocols. He is a co-inventor of quantum tagging, or quantum position authentication, providing the first schemes for position-based quantum cryptography. In 2005 he published with Lucien Hardy and Jonathan Barrett the first security proof of quantum key distribution based on the no-signalling principle.

Lucien Hardy
Lucien Hardy (born 1966) is a British-Canadian theoretical physicist currently based at the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics in Waterloo, Canada.

Hardy is best known for his work on the foundation of quantum physics, including the Hardy's paradox thought experiment, and his influential work in quantum field theory, which seeks to reconcile quantum mechanics to general relativity.
Indigenous land rights in Australia
In Australia, Indigenous land rights or Aboriginal land rights are the rights and interests in land of Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islander people; the term may also include the struggle for those rights. Connection to the land and waters is vital in Australian Aboriginal culture and to that of Torres Strait Islander people, and there has been a long battle to gain legal and moral recognition of ownership of the lands and waters occupied by the many peoples prior to colonisation of Australia starting in 1788, and the annexation of the Torres Strait Islands by the colony of Queensland in the 1870s.

As of 2020, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples’ rights and interests in land are formally recognised over around 40 per cent of Australia’s land mass, and sea rights have also been asserted in various native title cases.

Australian Aboriginal culture
Australian Aboriginal culture includes a number of practices and 
ceremonies centred on a belief in the Dreamtime and other mythology. Reverence and respect for the land and oral traditions are emphasised. The words "law" and "lore", the latter relating to the customs and stories passed down through the generations,  are commonly used interchangeably.  Learned from childhood, lore dictates the rules on how to interact with the land, kinship and community.

Over 300 languages and other groupings have developed a wide range of individual cultures.  Aboriginal art has existed for thousands of years and ranges from ancient rock art to modern watercolour landscapes. Traditional Aboriginal music developed a number of unique instruments, and contemporary Aboriginal music spans many genres. Aboriginal peoples did not develop a system of writing before colonisation, but there was a huge variety of languages, including sign languages.
Roshan Parasram
Roshan Akash Parasram (born May 8, 1978) is a Trinidadian physician and public health consultant, who is the current Chief Medical Officer (CMO) for Trinidad and Tobago since 2013/14. Prior to his appointment as Chief Medical Officer, Parasram was a Primary Care Physician II (PCP II); a District Medical Officer (DMO); a County Medical Officer of Health (CMOH) at the Ministry of Health and the former Specialist Medical Officer (SMO), Insect Vector Control Division.

Parasram has been taking a leading role in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Trinidad and Tobago, alongside Health Minister Terrence Deyalsingh and Communications Minister Donna Cox.

Terrence Deyalsingh
Terrence Deyalsingh is a Trinbagonian politician from the People's National Movement. He was MP for St. Joseph in the House of Representatives from 2013 until 2025. He was minister of health under Prime Ministers Keith Rowley and Stuart Young. Deyalsingh served as a senator between 2010 and 2013.
Jim Morehouse
James Irving "Jigger" Morehouse (6 April 1864 – 2 November 1914) was an Australian rules footballer who played with VFA clubs Prahran, St Kilda, Richmond and Carlton. He then moved to Western Australia and played with the Fremantle club from 1894-97. Upon his return to Victoria he joined St Kilda in the newly established Victorian Football League (VFL). Morehouse was commonly known by the nickname 'Jigger'.

Prahran Football Club
The Prahran Football Club (IPA: /prəˈræn/), nicknamed the Two Blues, is an Australian rules football club based in the Melbourne suburb of Armadale. It has played at Toorak Park since 1899.

As of 2025, the club competes Premier C division of the Victorian Amateur Football Association (VAFA).
Authenticated encryption
Authenticated encryption (AE) is any encryption scheme which simultaneously assures the data confidentiality (also known as privacy: the encrypted message is impossible to understand without the knowledge of a secret key) and authenticity (in other words, it is unforgeable: the encrypted message includes an authentication tag that the sender can calculate only while possessing the secret key). Examples of encryption modes that provide AE are GCM, CCM.

Many (but not all) AE schemes allow the message to contain "associated data" (AD) which is not made confidential, but is integrity protected (i.e., readable, but tamperevident). A typical example is the header of a network packet that contains its destination address. To properly route the packet, all intermediate nodes in the message path need to know the destination, but for security reasons they cannot possess the secret key. Schemes that allow associated data provide authenticated encryption with associated data, or AEAD.

Network packet
In telecommunications and computer networking, a network packet is a formatted unit of data carried by a packet-switched network. A packet consists of control information and user data; the latter is also known as the payload. Control information provides data for delivering the payload (e.g., source and destination network addresses, error detection codes, or sequencing information). Typically, control information is found in packet headers and trailers.

In packet switching, the bandwidth of the transmission medium is shared between multiple communication sessions, in contrast to circuit switching, in which circuits are preallocated for the duration of one session and data is typically transmitted as a continuous bit stream.
China Railway DDJ1
The DDJ1 is a first generation high-speed electric multiple unit built for China Railway, built by Zhuzhou Electric Locomotives, Changchun Railway Vehicles, Sifang Railway Vehicles, Tangshan Passenger vehicle factory, Nanjing Puzhen and developed by Zhuzhou Electric Locomotive Research Centre. It was built in 1999, and was an experimental vehicle, with only one set built, as it did not enter mass production. The design was well received as part of national science in the 9th five year plan. The DDJ1 is in a push–pull configuration, with only one locomotive in the set and the other end being a trailer with a driver's cabin.

Push–pull train
Push–pull is a configuration for locomotive-hauled trains, usually having a locomotive on one end and a control car on another, connected via some form of remote control, such as multiple-unit train control.

This formation meant that the locomotive would not have to run-around at the end of a journey before returning.

The trains were also historically knows as "motor trains" or "railmotors", but the term "railmotor" is now used to refer to trains where the locomotive was integrated into a coach. In the UK and some other parts of Europe, the control car is referred to as a driving trailer (or driving van trailer/DVT where there is no passenger accommodation); in the US and Canada, they are called cab cars and in Australia, they are called driving trailers.
Ashvini
Ashvini (अश्विनी, IAST: aśvinī) is the first nakshatra (lunar mansion) in Indian astronomy, having a spread from 0°-0'-0" to 13°-20'. It corresponds to the head of Aries, including the stars β and γ Arietis, and possibly also α Arietis in the oldest versions of the asterism. Ashvini literally means "twin horse-man"; it is depicted as a horse's head and represents twin physician gods, the Ashvins. The name aśvinī is used by Varāhamihira (6th century). The older name of the asterism, found in the Atharvaveda (AVS 19.7; in the dual) and in Pāṇini (4.3.36), was aśvayúja, "harnessing horses". This nakshatra belongs to Mesha Rasi.

Ashvins
The Ashvins (Sanskrit: अश्विन्, lit. 'horse possessors', IAST: Aśvin), also known as the Ashvini Kumaras and Asvinau, are Hindu twin gods associated with medicine, health, healing, sciences, and the twilight. In the Rigveda, they are described as youthful divine twin horsemen, travelling in a chariot drawn by horses that are never weary, and portrayed as guardian deities that safeguard and rescue people by aiding them in various situations.

There are varying accounts, but Ashvins are generally mentioned as the sons of the sun god Surya and his wife Sanjna. In the epic Mahabharata, the Pandava twins Nakula and Sahadeva were the children of the Ashvins.
Transport in Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh is well connected with various destinations in India, as well as other countries. It has road, rail, airways. With a long coast of Bay of Bengal and many sea ports, it flourishes in sea trade as well. The state has one of the largest railway junctions at Vijayawada and Visakhapatnam Port being one of the largest cargo handling seaport.

Visakhapatnam Port
Visakhapatnam Port is one of twelve major ports in India and the only major port in Andhra Pradesh, located in Visakhapatnam.

The port is India's third largest by volume of cargo handled and largest on the Eastern Coast.
Dakos
Dakos or ntakos (Greek: ντάκος), also known as koukouvagia or koukouvayia (κουκουβάγια) or kouloukopsomo, is a Cretan horiatiki consisting of a slice of soaked paximadi that is topped with tomatoes and cheeses such as feta or mizithra. The salad is then flavored with herbs such as dried oregano. Ingredients such as olives, capers, and caper berries are also often added to the dish.

The salad itself has been likened to other dishes such as panzanella and pa amb tomàquet. It was ranked as the best salad in the world by TasteAtlas.

Panzanella
Panzanella (Italian: [pantsaˈnɛlla]) or panmolle (Italian: [pamˈmɔlle]) is a Tuscan and Umbrian chopped salad of soaked stale bread, onions and tomatoes that is popular in the summer. It often includes cucumbers, sometimes basil and is dressed with olive oil and vinegar.

It is also popular in other parts of central Italy.
2015 Kontinental Hockey League All-Star Game
The 2015 Kontinental Hockey League All-Star Game was the All-Star game for the 2014–15 season of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). It took place on 25 January 2015 at the Bolshoy Ice Dome in Sochi, Russia, and resulted in Team East, captained by Danis Zaripov, winning 18–16 over Team West, captained by Ilya Kovalchuk.

2014–15 KHL season
The 2014–15 KHL season was the seventh season of the Kontinental Hockey League. The season started on 3 September with the Opening Cup between defending champions Metallurg Magnitogorsk and Dynamo Moscow, replacing Lev Praha, last year's runner up who did not participate this season.
Canadian Lacrosse League (2011)
Founded by Paul St. John in 2011, the Canadian Lacrosse League (CLax) was a men's semi-professional indoor lacrosse league based exclusively in Ontario, Canada. CLax ceased operation on August 31, 2016 after the league's single-entity ownership group, Charlesway Corporation Limited and Rodney 'Demon' Hill, deemed the league's business model to be no longer viable.

Similar to the National Lacrosse League, and unlike other Canadian box lacrosse leagues that play in the summer, CLax played its regular season games in the winter with its playoff games and championship culminating in the early spring. CLax opened its inaugural season with six teams in three cities: Brampton Inferno and Peel Avengers in Brampton, Ontario; the Iroquois Ironmen and Ohsweken Demons in Hagersville, Ontario; and the Durham TurfDogs and Oshawa Machine in Oshawa, Ontario.

National Lacrosse League
The National Lacrosse League (NLL) is a professional box lacrosse league in North America. The league comprises 14 teams – 7 in the United States and 7 in Canada. The NLL is headquartered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

The NLL ranks third in average attendance for pro indoor sports worldwide, behind only the National Hockey League (NHL) and National Basketball Association (NBA). Unlike other box lacrosse leagues, which play in the summer, the NLL plays its games in the winter and spring, from December to June. Each year, the playoff teams battle for the National Lacrosse League Cup. The NLL has averaged between 8,900 and 10,700 spectators per game each year since 2004.
Delhi Public School, Riyadh
Daratassalam International Delhi Public School, Riyadh (Arabic: مدرسة دارة السلام العالمية الرياض), better known as DPS Riyadh, is a K–12 gender-isolated English-medium community-based international school in Umm al-Hammam, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Primarily serving the Indian diaspora, it was founded in 2004 and comes under the aegis of Delhi Public School Society. It offers Indian curriculum prescribed by the Central Board of Secondary Education besides being a registered Cambridge International School. It is a member of the CBSE Gulf Sahodaya and is approved by the Ministry of Education, Government of Saudi Arabia.

Central Board of Secondary Education
The Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) is a national-level board of education in India for public and private schools, controlled and managed by the Government of India. Established in 1929 by a government resolution, the Board was an experiment in inter-state integration and cooperation in the sphere of secondary education. There are more than 27,000 schools in India and 240 schools in 28 foreign countries affiliated with the CBSE. All schools affiliated with CBSE follow the NCERT curriculum, especially those in classes 9 to 12. The current Chairperson of CBSE is Rahul Singh, IAS.

The constitution of the Board was amended in 1952 to give its present name, the Central Board of Secondary Education. The Board was reconstituted on 1 July 1962 to make its services available to students and various educational institutions across the country.
Polyethylene glycol
Polyethylene glycol (PEG; /ˌpɒliˈɛθəlˌiːn ˈɡlaɪˌkɒl, -ˈɛθɪl-, -ˌkɔːl/) is a polyether compound derived from petroleum with many applications, from industrial manufacturing to medicine. PEG is also known as polyethylene oxide (PEO) or polyoxyethylene (POE), depending on its molecular weight. The structure of PEG is commonly expressed as H−(O−CH2−CH2)n−OH.

PEG is commonly incorporated into hydrogels which present a functional form for further use.

Ether
In organic chemistry, ethers are a class of compounds that contain an ether group, a single oxygen atom bonded to two separate carbon atoms, each part of an organyl group (e.g., alkyl or aryl). They have the general formula R−O−R′, where R and R′ represent the organyl groups. Ethers can again be classified into two varieties: if the organyl groups are the same on both sides of the oxygen atom, then it is a simple or symmetrical ether, whereas if they are different, the ethers are called mixed or unsymmetrical ethers. A typical example of the first group is the solvent and anaesthetic diethyl ether, commonly referred to simply as "ether" (CH3−CH2−O−CH2−CH3). Ethers are common in organic chemistry and even more prevalent in biochemistry, as they are common linkages in carbohydrates and lignin.
Junior Colson
Junior Colson (born December 6, 2002) is a Haitian-American professional football linebacker for the Los Angeles Chargers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Michigan Wolverines, winning three consecutive Big Ten Conference titles and a national championship in 2023. He also won the Lott Trophy and was a two-time All-Big Ten selection. Colson was selected by the Chargers in the third round of the 2024 NFL draft.

Lott Trophy
The Lott IMPACT Trophy is presented annually to a defensive college football player of the year for their personal character and athletic abilities. IMPACT is an acronym for: Integrity, Maturity, Performance, Academics, Community, and Tenacity. The award selection is voted on by members of the national media, previous finalists, the board of directors of the Pacific Club IMPACT Foundation. The award is named in honor of Ronnie Lott.
ActUp/RI
ActUp/RI, the Rhode Island chapter of ACT UP, the AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power, was formed in the spring of 1987, largely through the energies of Stephen Gendin, and continued as an active organization until 1993. Frequent targets of the group's demonstrations included the RI Department of Health, RI Project AIDS, and The Providence Journal.

ACT UP RI was re-formed in November 2011 and now meets monthly. It represented itself as a group of activists at ACT UP/NY’s 25th anniversary.

The Providence Journal
The Providence Journal, colloquially known as the ProJo, is a daily newspaper serving the metropolitan area of Providence, and is the largest newspaper in Rhode Island, US. The newspaper was first published in 1829. The newspaper had won four Pulitzer Prizes as of 2023.

The Journal bills itself as "America's oldest daily newspaper in continuous publication", as the Hartford Courant, started in 1764, did not become a daily until 1837, and the New York Post, which began daily publication in 1801, suspended publication during strikes in 1958 and 1978.