hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
F. R. Nethersole
Lieutenant-Colonel Frederick Ralph Nethersole CIE (17 August 1865 – 6 July 1933) was an Indian Army officer and administrator in Burma.

Nethersole was educated at Sutton Valence School and Emmanuel College, Cambridge and was commissioned into the Royal Irish Regiment in 1889. In 1890 he transferred to the 17th Bengal Infantry. From 1892 to 1897 he served with the Burma Military Police. He served with the Burma Commission from 1898 onwards, his final posting being as Deputy Commissioner of Tharrawaddy in the Pegu Division until his retirement in 1921.

He was appointed Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire (CIE) in the 1920 New Year Honours.

Order of the Indian Empire
The Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire is an order of chivalry founded by Queen Victoria on 1 January 1878. The Order includes members of three classes:

Knight Grand Commander (GCIE)

Knight Commander (KCIE)

Companion (CIE)

Appointments terminated after 1947, the year that British India became the independent Union of India and Dominion of Pakistan. With the death of the last surviving knight, the Maharaja Meghrajji III of Dhrangadhra, the order became dormant in 2010.
The motto of the Order is Imperatricis auspiciis, (Latin for "Under the auspices of the Empress"), a reference to Queen Victoria, the first Empress of India. The Order is the junior British order of chivalry associated with the British Indian Empire; the senior one is The Most Exalted Order of the Star of India.
Connected Mathematics
Connected Mathematics is a comprehensive mathematics program intended for U.S. students in grades 6–8. The curriculum design, text materials for students, and supporting resources for teachers were created and have been progressively refined by the Connected Mathematics Project (CMP) at Michigan State University with advice and contributions from many mathematics teachers, curriculum developers, mathematicians, and mathematics education researchers.

The current third edition of Connected Mathematics is a major revision of the program to reflect new expectations of the Common Core State Standards for Mathematics and what the authors have learned from over twenty years of field experience by thousands of teachers working with millions of middle grades students.  This CMP3 program is now published in paper and electronic form by Pearson Education.

National Council of Teachers of Mathematics
Founded in 1920, The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) is a professional organization for schoolteachers of mathematics in the United States. One of its goals is to improve the standards of mathematics in education. NCTM holds annual national and regional conferences for teachers and publishes five journals.
Sophie Rabinoff
Sophie Rabinoff (1899–1957) was a Jewish pediatrician, public health educator, and researcher. She was known for her contributions to the field of preventative medicine.

Sophie served as a health official in various hospitals and centers in New York including New York Department of Health and New York Medical College. She was the first female physician on house staff at Mount Sinai Beth Israel and the only female physician in the American Zionist Medical Unit in Israel during World War I.

New York State Department of Health
The New York State Department of Health is the department of the New York state government responsible for public health. It promotes the prevention and control of disease, environmental health, healthy lifestyles, and emergency preparedness and response; supervises local health boards; oversees reporting and vital records; conducts surveillance of hospitals; does research at the Wadsworth Center; and administers several other health insurance programs and institutions. Its regulations are compiled in title 10 of the New York Codes, Rules and Regulations.
Kieran Monlouis
Kieran Dion Monlouis (born 15 April 1996) is a footballer who last played as a midfielder for Dover Athletic.

Born in England, Monlouis represents the Saint Lucia national football team. After playing youth football for Crystal Palace, Stoke City and Charlton Athletic, Monlouis has played senior football for Maldon & Tiptree, AFC Sudbury, St Albans City, Hamilton Academical, Hemel Hempstead Town, Dulwich Hamlet, Margate and Horsham.

Saint Lucia national football team
The Saint Lucia national football team, recognized as St Lucia by FIFA, represents Saint Lucia in men's international football and is administered by the Saint Lucia Football Association, the governing body for football in Saint Lucia. They have been a member of FIFA since 1988 and a member of CONCACAF since 1986. The team has never qualified for the FIFA World Cup or the CONCACAF Gold Cup.
Paris School of Business
The Paris School of Business (PSB), formerly ESG Management School, is a business school and a grande école located in Paris and Rennes in France. It offers BBA, MBA, MSc, MIM, DBA, and executive education courses in English and French.

PSB is a member of the Conférence des Grandes Écoles. It is accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) and the Association of MBAs, and it has programme accreditation from the European Foundation for Management Development for its Master in Management course.

Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business
The Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) is an American professional and accreditation organization. It was founded as the American Assembly of Collegiate Schools of Business in 1916 to provide accreditation to business schools.: 2  AACSB is one of three business program accreditors.

Not all members of the association are accredited;: 92  the association also does not accredit for-profit schools. In 2019, the association received ISO 9001 certification. The association was once known as the American Association of Collegiate Schools of Business and as the International Association for Management Education.
Growth function
The growth function, also called the shatter coefficient or the shattering number, measures the richness of a set family or class of functions. It is especially used in the context of statistical learning theory, where it is used to study properties of statistical learning methods.
The term 'growth function' was coined by Vapnik and Chervonenkis in their 1968 paper, where they also proved many of its properties.
It is a basic concept in machine learning.

Family of sets
In set theory and related branches of mathematics, family or collection is used to mean set, indexed set, multiset, tuple, or class. It is usually used in phrases like "family of sets" because if one instead uses "set of sets" then the subsequent use of "set" can be confusing as to whether it is the containing set or one of the member sets. A common use is "family of subsets of some set S". A family of sets is also called a set family or a set system. A finite family of subsets of a finite set  is also called a hypergraph. The subject of extremal set theory concerns the largest and smallest examples of families of sets satisfying certain restrictions.
Halle Mackiewicz
Halle Elizabeth Mackiewicz (born September 24, 2001) is an American professional soccer player who plays as a goalkeeper for Chicago Stars FC of the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL). She played college soccer for the Clemson Tigers and was named the ACC Goalkeeper of the Year in 2023.

Atlantic Coast Conference women's soccer awards
The Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) presents several annual honors for the best women's soccer players of the season. The conference currently presents individual awards for Offensive Player of the Year, Defensive Player of the Year, Midfielder of the Year, Goalkeeper of the Year, and Freshman of the Year. It also presents an award for Coach of the Year.
Carl Peterson
Carl D. Peterson (born May 26, 1943) is a former American collegiate and professional football coach and executive in the National Football League (NFL). He began his coaching career at Sonoma State University and later became the assistant general manager for the Philadelphia Eagles. He was hired as the president and general manager of the Kansas City Chiefs in 1988, a position he held until 2008.

Peterson was active in American football for more than 50 years. He started at the high school level, then moved on to professional football, working with the Philadelphia Eagles (NFL), Philadelphia Stars (USFL), and the Kansas City Chiefs (NFL).

Since leaving the Chiefs, Peterson has worked in a number of football-related organizations, including USA Football, the Pro Football Hall of Fame, and FanVision. He was named a semifinalist for induction into the Pro Football Hall of Fame Class of 2023.

Sonoma State University
Sonoma State University (SSU, Sonoma State, or Sonoma) is a public university in Rohnert Park, Sonoma County, California, United States. It is part of the California State University system and has three academic colleges: the College of Education, Counseling and Ethnic Studies; the College of Humanities, Social Sciences and the Arts; and the College of Science, Technology and Business. The school offers 62 bachelor's degree programs, 13 master's degree programs, and 24 teaching credentials.

Sonoma State's enrollment in fall 2025 was 5,000, including 4,390 undergraduate students and 610 post baccalaureate/graduate students. The university is accredited by the WASC Senior College and University Commission and is a federally designated Hispanic-serving institution.
Steve Mantis
Stephen Arthur "Steve" Mantis (born January 18, 1950) is a Canadian advocate for injured workers and people with disabilities. Best known for years of volunteer efforts to build a "fair and comprehensive" system for workers injured on the job, Mantis organized injured worker self-help groups locally in Thunder Bay, then regionally in Northwestern Ontario by co-founding the Ontario Network of Injured Workers Groups and nationally by co-founding the Canadian Injured Workers Alliance. Mantis was appointed to the Board of Directors of the Ontario Workers Compensation Board from 1991 to 1994.

Mantis was nominated as a candidate in the provincial electoral district of Thunder Bay-Superior North in the 2011 Ontario general election. He is a member of the Ontario New Democratic Party.

Workplace Safety and Insurance Board
The Workplace Safety and Insurance Board (WSIB) is the workplace compensation board for provincially regulated workplaces in Ontario, Canada. As an agency of the Ontario government, the WSIB operates "at arm's length" from the Ministry of Labour, Training and Skills Development and is solely funded by employer premiums, administration fees, and investment revenue. The WSIB is one of the largest compensation boards in North America and is primarily responsible for administering and enforcing the Ontario Workplace Safety and Insurance Act (WSIA).

Over 100 years old, WSIB covers over five million people in more than 300,000 workplaces across Ontario and works to promote health and safety in the workplace with a goal of one day having zero work-related injuries or illnesses.
Alexander Stewart (archbishop of St Andrews)
Alexander Stewart (c. 1491– 9 September 1513) was an illegitimate son of King James IV of Scotland by his mistress Marion Boyd. He was the King's eldest illegitimate child. He was an elder brother of Catherine Stewart, his only full sibling, and was an older half-brother of the future James V. He was installed as Archbishop of St Andrews at the age of eleven and was killed beside his father the King at the Battle of Flodden aged twenty.

Archbishop of St Andrews
The Bishop of St. Andrews (Scottish Gaelic: Easbaig Chill Rìmhinn, Scots: Beeshop o Saunt Andras) was the ecclesiastical head of the Diocese of St Andrews in the Catholic Church and then, from 14 August 1472, as Archbishop of St Andrews (Scottish Gaelic: Àrd-easbaig Chill Rìmhinn), the Archdiocese of St Andrews.

The name St Andrews is not the town or church's original name. Originally it was Cellrígmonaid ("church of the king's mounth" hence Cill Rìmhinn) located at Cennrígmonaid ("head of the king's mounth"); hence the town became Kilrymont (i.e. Cellrígmonaid) in the non-Gaelic orthography of the High Middle Ages. Today St Andrews has replaced both Kilrymont (and variants) as well as the older English term Anderston as the name of the town and bishopric.

The bishopric itself appears to originate in the period 700–900. By the 11th century, it is clear that it was the most important bishopric in Scotland.
Dick DeVos
Richard Marvin DeVos Jr. (/dəˈvɒs/ də-VOSS; born October 21, 1955) is an American businessman, author, and former politician. The son of Amway co-founder Richard DeVos, he was CEO of the multi-level marketing company from 1993 to 2002.  In 2006, DeVos ran for Governor of Michigan but lost to the then-incumbent Democrat Jennifer Granholm. In 2012, Forbes magazine listed his father as the No. 351 richest person in the world, with a net worth of approximately US$5.4 billion. DeVos is the husband of Betsy DeVos, the former United States Secretary of Education in the first Trump administration.

United States Secretary of Education
The United States secretary of education is the head of the United States Department of Education. The secretary serves as the principal advisor to the president of the United States, and the federal government, on policies, programs, and activities related to all education in the United States. As a member of the Cabinet of the United States, the secretary is sixteenth in the line of succession to the presidency. Prior to its creation as an Executive Department, there was a non-Cabinet level position called the United States commissioner of education who led the United States Office of Education.

The current secretary of education is Linda McMahon, serving in this role under President Donald Trump.
Cadherin-2
Cadherin-2 also known as Neural cadherin (N-cadherin), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CDH2 gene. CDH2 has also been designated as CD325 (cluster of differentiation 325).
Cadherin-2 is a transmembrane protein expressed in multiple tissues and functions to mediate cell–cell adhesion. In cardiac muscle, Cadherin-2 is an integral component in adherens junctions residing at intercalated discs, which function to mechanically and electrically couple adjacent cardiomyocytes. Alterations in expression and integrity of Cadherin-2  has been observed in various forms of disease, including human dilated cardiomyopathy. Variants in CDH2 have also been identified to cause a syndromic neurodevelopmental disorder.

Transmembrane domain
A transmembrane domain (TMD, TM domain) is a membrane-spanning protein domain.  TMDs may consist of one or several alpha-helices or a transmembrane beta barrel. Because the interior of the lipid bilayer is hydrophobic, the amino acid residues in TMDs are often hydrophobic, although proteins such as membrane pumps and ion channels can contain polar residues. TMDs vary greatly in size and hydrophobicity; they may adopt organelle-specific properties.
Ben Bathurst
Lieutenant-General Sir Benjamin John Bathurst, KCVO, CBE (born 15 April 1964) is a retired senior British Army officer. He is currently serving as Governor of Gibraltar, having replaced Sir David Steel in June 2024.

Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)
Lieutenant general (Lt Gen), formerly more commonly lieutenant-general, is a senior rank in the British Army and the Royal Marines. It is the equivalent of a multinational three-star rank; some British lieutenant generals sometimes wear three-star insignia, in addition to their standard insignia, when on multinational operations.

Lieutenant general is a superior rank to major general, but subordinate to a (full) general. The rank has a NATO rank code of OF-8, equivalent to a vice-admiral in the Royal Navy and an air marshal in the Royal Air Force (RAF) and the air forces of many Commonwealth countries.

The rank insignia for both the Army and the Royal Marines is a crown over a crossed sabre and baton. During the reign of Elizabeth II, the St Edward's Crown, commonly known as the Queen's Crown, was depicted. Before 1953, and again since the accession of Charles III in 2022, the Tudor Crown has been used.
Joanne Vella Cuschieri
Joanne Vella Cuschieri (born in 1976 in Mellieha) is a Maltese judge.

Vella Cuschieri graduated in Law in 2001, after which she practiced as a lawyer, including by serving as a legal consultant to Malta's General Workers' Union and the Union of Technical and Clerical within the planning authority since 2005.

She contested the 2013 Maltese general election for Joseph Muscat's Labour, without being elected.

In 2014 she was appointed as a Magistrate by Justice Minister Owen Bonnici, whom Daphne Caruana Galizia reported was her "close friend".
Vella Cuschieri's promotion was challenged in court by the NGO Repubblika, who claimed the procedure did not follow the recommendations of the Council of Europe's Venice Commission aimed at removing the discretion of the Prime Minister in the appointment of members of Malta's judiciary.

Judiciary of Malta
The judiciary of Malta (Maltese: Il-Qudikatura ta’ Malta) is the branch of the Republic of Malta responsible for the administration of justice. It is established by the Constitution of Malta and operates independently of the executive (the Cabinet) and  legislative (the Parliament) branches of government.

The judiciary of Malta is composed of the Chief Justice, judges and magistrates.

The judiciary interprets and applies impartially the laws of Malta in civil, criminal, constitutional, and administrative matters, and ensures the protection of fundamental rights and freedoms.
Shakhriyar Mamedyarov
Shahriyar Hamid oglu Mammadyarov (Azerbaijani: Şəhriyar Həmid oğlu Məmmədyarov; born 12 April 1985), known internationally as Shakhriyar Mamedyarov, is an Azerbaijani chess grandmaster. As of July 2025, he is Azerbaijan's highest rated chess player. His personal best  rating of 2820 makes him the sixth-highest-rated player in chess history.

Mamedyarov has competed in the Candidates Tournament in 2011 (eliminated in quarterfinals), in 2014 (placing fourth) and in 2018 (placing second). He is a two-time World Junior Champion (2003 and 2005) and was World Rapid Champion in 2013.

A gold medalist at the 2012 Chess Olympiad on the third board, he is a three-time European Team Champion (2009, 2013, 2017) with Azerbaijan. He is also a two-time winner at Tal Memorial (2010 joint and 2014 Blitz) and Shamkir Chess (2016 and 2017), as well as the winner of 2018 Biel Chess Festival where he beat reigning World Champion Magnus Carlsen.

World Chess Championship 2014
The World Chess Championship 2014 was a match between the world champion Magnus Carlsen and challenger Viswanathan Anand, to determine the World Chess Champion. It was held from 7 to 25 November 2014, under the auspices of the World Chess Federation (FIDE) in Sochi, Russia.

The match was decided after eleven of twelve scheduled games. On 23 November 2014 Carlsen retained his title, winning three games, losing one and drawing seven.
Rail freight transportation in New York City and Long Island
From the early history of rail transportation in the United States through the first half of the 20th century, New York City and Long Island were major areas for rail freight transportation. However, their relative isolation from the mainland United States has always posed problems for rail traffic. Numerous factors over the late 20th century have caused further declines in freight rail traffic. Efforts to reverse this trend are ongoing, but have been met with limited success.

The New York and Atlantic Railway currently operates all rail freight on the Long Island Rail Road (LIRR)'s rights-of-way on Long Island. CSX Transportation also operates within New York City, as do several shortline railroads including a car float across the harbor.

Shortline railroad
A shortline railroad is a small or mid-sized railroad company that operates over a relatively short distance relative to larger, national railroad networks. The term is used primarily in the United States and Canada. In the former, railroads are categorized by operating revenue, and most shortline railroads fall into the Class III or Class II categorization defined by the Surface Transportation Board.
Marching Through Georgia (novel)
Marching Through Georgia is an alternate history novel by American writer  S. M. Stirling, the first of four books in the series The Domination. The novel was released in the United States on May 1, 1988.

The novel also attempts to educate the reader on the background of the Domination. Government, military, social structures, and the historical development of the Draka are all outlined here.

The paperback edition contains the full version of Stirling's story. A hardcover version containing all three books of the trilogy was released, however it is abridged.

S. M. Stirling
Stephen Michael Stirling (born September 30, 1953) is a Canadian-American science fiction and fantasy author who was born in France. Stirling is the  author of the Draka series of alternate history novels, the  later time travel/alternate history Nantucket series and the Emberverse series.
Nazko Cone
Nazko Cone /ˈnæzkoʊ/ is a small potentially active basaltic cinder cone in central British Columbia, Canada, located 75 km west of Quesnel and 150 kilometers southwest of Prince George. It is considered the easternmost volcano in the Anahim Volcanic Belt. The small tree-covered cone rises 120 m above the Chilcotin-Nechako Plateau and rests on glacial till. It was formed in three episodes of activity, the first of which took place during the Pleistocene interglacial stage about 340,000 years ago. The second stage produced a large hyaloclastite scoria mound erupted beneath the Cordilleran Ice Sheet during the Pleistocene. Its last eruption produced two small lava flows that traveled 1 km to the west, along with a blanket of volcanic ash that extends several km to the north and east of the cone.

Cinder cone
A cinder cone or scoria cone is a steep, conical landform of loose pyroclastic fragments, such as volcanic ash, clinkers, or scoria that has been built around a volcanic vent. The pyroclastic fragments are formed by explosive eruptions or tall lava fountains from a single, typically cylindrical, vent.

As the gas-charged lava is blown violently into the air, it breaks into small fragments that solidify and fall as either scoria which is also referred to cinder and clinker around the vent to form a cone that is often symmetrical, with slopes between 30° and 40° and a nearly circular base. Most cinder cones have a bowl-shaped crater at the summit.