hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
French Sign Language family
The French Sign Language (LSF, from langue des signes française), or Francosign, family is a language family of sign languages which includes French Sign Language and American Sign Language.

The LSF family descends from Old French Sign Language (VLSF), which developed among the deaf community in Paris. The earliest mention of Old French Sign Language is by the abbé Charles-Michel de l'Épée in the late 18th century, but it could have existed for centuries prior. Several European sign languages, such as Russian Sign Language, derive from it, as does American Sign Language, established when French educator Laurent Clerc taught his language at the American School for the Deaf. Others, such as Spanish Sign Language, are thought to be related to French Sign Language even if they are not directly descended from it.

French Sign Language
French Sign Language (French: langue des signes française, LSF) is the sign language of deaf and hard-of-hearing people in France and in French-speaking parts of Switzerland.  According to Ethnologue, it has 100,000 native signers.

French Sign Language is related and partially ancestral to Dutch Sign Language (NGT), Flemish Sign Language (VGT), Belgian-French Sign Language (LSFB), Irish Sign Language (ISL), American Sign Language (ASL), Quebec (also known as French Canadian) Sign Language (LSQ), Brazilian Sign Language (LSB or Libras) and Russian Sign Language (RSL).
2025 Nenets Autonomous Okrug gubernatorial election
The 2025 Nenets Autonomous Okrug gubernatorial election took place on 14 September 2025, on common election day, coinciding with 2025 Arkhangelsk Oblast gubernatorial election. Acting Governor of Nenets Autonomous Okrug Irina Gecht was elected for a full term in office. Governor of Nenets Autonomous Okrug is elected by the Assembly of Deputies of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug and this was the only indirect gubernatorial election in Russia in 2025.

Assembly of Deputies of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug
The Assembly of Deputies of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug (Russian: Собрание депутатов Ненецкого автономного округа; Nenets: Ненэцие” харто’ илмда мэта” (автономной) округ’ депутат” Собрания) is the regional parliament of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, a federal subject of Russia. It consists of 19 deputies who are elected for five-year terms.

Unlike other regional parliaments of Russia, the Assembly of Deputies claims succession from the Soviet-era Council of People's Deputies. As a result, the current 8th sitting of the Assembly is known as the 29th Assembly.
Frank Carson
Hugh Francis Carson KSG (6 November 1926 – 22 February 2012) was a comedian and actor from Belfast, Northern Ireland. He was best known for being a regular face on television for many years from the 1970s onwards, appearing in series such as The Comedians and Tiswas. His trademark line was "It's the way I tell them!". Carson was a member of the entertainment charity the Grand Order of Water Rats.

Order of St. Gregory the Great
The Pontifical Equestrian Order of St. Gregory the Great (Latin: Ordo Sancti Gregorii Magni; Italian: Ordine di San Gregorio Magno) was established on 1 September 1831, by Pope Gregory XVI, seven months after his election as Pope.

The order is one of the five orders of knighthood of the Holy See. The honor is bestowed upon Catholic men and women (and certain notable non-Catholics) in recognition of their personal service to the Holy See and to the Catholic Church, through their unusual labors, their support of the Holy See, and the examples they set in their communities and their countries.
Henry Duncan (Royal Navy officer, born 1786)
Captain Sir Henry Duncan KCH CB (1786 – 1 November 1835) was a prominent Royal Navy officer of the early nineteenth century. The second surviving son of the highly regarded Admiral Adam Duncan, 1st Viscount Duncan, who defeated the Dutch Navy at the Battle of Camperdown in 1797, Duncan achieved a successful career in his own right, operating with great success against French and Italian shipping and shore fortifications in the Mediterranean during the Napoleonic Wars. For his services he was knighted and given numerous honours before dying at the young age of 49 from a sudden apoplexy in 1835.

Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)
The Kingdom of Italy (Italian: Regno d'Italia; French: Royaume d'Italie) was a kingdom in Northern Italy (formerly the Italian Republic) that was a client state of Napoleon's French Empire. It was fully influenced by revolutionary France and ended with Napoleon's defeat and fall. Its government was assumed by Napoleon as King of Italy and the viceroyalty delegated to his stepson Eugène de Beauharnais. It covered some of Piedmont and the modern regions of Lombardy, Veneto, Emilia-Romagna, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Trentino, South Tyrol, and Marche. Napoleon I also ruled the rest of northern and central Italy in the form of Nice, Aosta, Piedmont, Liguria, Tuscany, Umbria, and Lazio, but directly as part of the French Empire (as departments), rather than as part of a vassal state.

At its peak, the kingdom covered 84,000 square kilometers and had a population of 6.5 million.
Avertano Furtado
Avertano Furtado is an Indian politician who is a former member of the Goa Legislative Assembly, representing the Navelim Assembly constituency from 2012 to 2017. Furtado successfully contested in the 2012 Goa Legislative Assembly election, by defeating incumbent legislator Churchill Alemao by a margin of 2,145 votes.

Churchill Alemao
Churchill Braz Alemao (born 16 May 1949) is an Indian politician who served as the second Chief Minister of Goa from March to April 1990. He is a former two-term Member of Parliament, representing South Goa from 1996 to 1998 and 2004 to 2007. He has also been a member of the Goa Legislative Assembly for four terms between 1989 and 2022, representing Benaulim and Navelim constituencies.
Paleolinguistics
Paleolinguistics is a term used by some linguists for the study of the distant human past by linguistic means. For most historical linguists there is no separate field of paleolinguistics. Those who use the term are generally advocates of hypotheses not generally accepted by mainstream historical linguists, a group colloquially referred to as "long-rangers".

Mass comparison
Mass comparison is a method developed by Joseph Greenberg to determine the level of genetic relatedness between languages. It is now usually called multilateral comparison. Mass comparison is rejected by most linguists, and its continued use is primarily restricted to fringe linguistics.

Some of the top-level relationships Greenberg named are now generally accepted thanks to analysis with other, more widely accepted linguistic techniques, though they had already been posited by others (e.g. Afro-Asiatic and Niger–Congo). Others are accepted by many though disputed by some prominent specialists (e.g. Nilo-Saharan), while others are almost universally rejected (e.g. Eurasiatic, Khoisan and Amerind).
Lance Anoaʻi
Lance Sterling Anoaʻi (born February 15, 1992) is an American professional wrestler. He previously wrestled in Major League Wrestling (MLW), where he is a former MLW World Tag Team Champion, and in Pro Wrestling Noah. He is a member of the Anoaʻi family.

Afa Anoaʻi Jr.
Afa Anoaʻi Jr. (born October 6, 1984) is an American professional wrestler. He is best known for his work with the professional wrestling promotion World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) in the late 2000s with the ring name Manu. He owns BattleField Pro Wrestling, a promotion based in Pennsylvania.
Stefanie McKeough
Stefanie McKeough (born January 27, 1991) is a Canadian retired ice hockey player, currently serving as assistant coach to the Boston Fleet in the Professional Women's Hockey League (PWHL)  and assistant coach to Canada's National Women's Under-18 Team. She previously served as both assistant and head coach to the Ottawa Gee-Gees women's ice hockey program in the Réseau du sport étudiant du Québec (RSEQ) of U Sports, and head coach of Göteborg HC in the Swedish Women's Hockey League (SDHL). During her playing career, she competed for the Canadian national team at several international tournaments and played with the Wisconsin Badgers in the NCAA.

Swedish Women's Hockey League
The Swedish Women's Hockey League (Swedish: Svenska damhockeyligan), abbreviated SDHL, is the elite league for women's ice hockey in Sweden. It was established in 2007 as the Riksserien by the Swedish Ice Hockey Association and was renamed prior to the 2016–17 season. The league has ten teams and employs a system of promotion and relegation with the Nationella Damhockeyligan (NDHL). The unexpected withdrawal of Göteborg HC after playing only thirteen games of the 2022–23 season caused the number of teams to decrease to nine for the remainder of that season.

Bodychecking was allowed for the 2022–23 season  and goal cameras were introduced for the 2024–2025 season.
Robert Wilson Shufeldt (naval officer)
Robert Wilson Shufeldt (February 21, 1822 – November 7, 1895) was a 19th-century officer in the United States Navy best known for his negotiation of the 1882 Shufeldt Treaty with Korea, the first treaty signed by that country with a Western nation. He was Consul-General of the United States to Cuba at the beginning of the American Civil War, commander of USS Wachusett and, as a commodore, flew his pennant on USS Ticonderoga.

USS Wachusett (1861)
USS Wachusett – the first United States Navy ship to be so named – was a large (1,032-ton), Mohican-class steam sloop-of-war that served the United States Navy during the American Civil War.  She was outfitted as a gunboat and used by the Navy as part of the Union blockade of the Confederate States of America.

When the war was over, Wachusett continued to serve the Navy, protecting American interests in both the Atlantic Ocean as well as the Pacific Ocean until she was finally decommissioned.
John Culkin (hurler)
John Culkin (born 23 August 1981) is an Irish former hurler who played for Galway Championship club Abbeyknockmoy and at inter-county level with the Galway senior hurling team. He usually lined out as a full-back or centre-back.

Galway county hurling team
The Galway county hurling team (/ˈɡɔːlweɪ/ GAWL-way) represents Galway in hurling and is governed by Galway GAA, the county board of the Gaelic Athletic Association. The team competes in the three major annual inter-county competitions; the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship, the Leinster Senior Hurling Championship and the National Hurling League. It formerly competed in the abolished Connacht Senior Hurling Championship, winning the last title in 1999.

Galway's home ground is Pearse Stadium, Salthill. The team's manager is Micheál Donoghue.

The team last won the Leinster Senior Championship in 2018, the All-Ireland Senior Championship in 2017 and the National League in 2021.
Damien Tudehope
Damien Francis Tudehope (born 1953) is an Australian politician. Tudehope served as the New South Wales Minister for Finance in the second Berejiklian and Perrottet ministries from April 2019 to March 2023. He was also the Minister for Employee Relations, the Vice-President of the Executive Council, and the Leader of the Government in the Legislative Council in the Perrottet ministry since December 2021. Tudehope has been a member of the New South Wales Legislative Council since the 2019 state election, representing the Liberal Party.

Tudehope was the New South Wales Legislative Assembly member for Epping from March 2015 until March 2019, representing the Liberal Party

Berejiklian ministry (2019–2021)
The Second Berejiklian ministry was the 97th ministry of the Government of New South Wales, and was led by Gladys Berejiklian, the state's 45th Premier. It was the second and subsequent of two occasions that Berejiklian served as Premier.

The Liberal–National coalition ministry was formed following the 2019 state election where the Berejikilian government was re-elected. The ministry was sworn in by the Governor David Hurley on 2 April 2019. On 1 October 2021, Berejiklian announced that she would be resigning from the post as well as from the Parliament. She was replaced by treasurer Dominic Perrottet as Premier on 5 October 2021.
Prüfer domain
In mathematics, a Prüfer domain is a type of commutative ring that generalizes Dedekind domains in a non-Noetherian context.  These rings possess the nice ideal- and module-theoretic properties of Dedekind domains, but usually only for finitely generated modules.  Prüfer domains are named after the German mathematician Heinz Prüfer.

Finitely generated module
In mathematics, a finitely generated module is a module that has a finite generating set. A finitely generated module over a ring R may also be called a finite R-module, finite over R, or a module of finite type.

Related concepts include finitely cogenerated modules, finitely presented modules, finitely related modules and coherent modules all of which are defined below.  Over a Noetherian ring the concepts of finitely generated, finitely presented and coherent modules coincide.

A finitely generated module over a field is simply a finite-dimensional vector space, and a finitely generated module over the integers is simply a finitely generated abelian group.
Forza Motorsport 7
Forza Motorsport 7 is a 2017 racing video game developed by Turn 10 Studios and published by Microsoft Studios, serving as the tenth installment in the Forza series. It was released on Windows 10 and the Xbox One family of consoles on October 3, 2017, with early access to players who pre-ordered the game's Ultimate and Deluxe editions. It was succeeded by Forza Motorsport, the eighth in the Motorsport series, on October 10, 2023.

Turn 10 Studios
Turn 10 Studios is an American video game developer based in Redmond, Washington. The company was established in 2001 under Microsoft Game Studios (now known as Xbox Game Studios) to develop the Forza Motorsport series for Xbox platforms. The most recent game developed solely by Turn 10 is the eighth Forza Motorsport, released in 2023.
Anthony Durante
Anthony Durante (July 26, 1967 – September 25, 2003) was an American professional wrestler best known under the ring name "Pitbull #2" as one half of the tag team The Pitbulls, with "Pitbull #1" Gary Wolfe. The team is best known for their time in Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW), where the team was the promotion's World Tag Team Championship once. Apart from tag team competition, Durante also achieved success briefly as a singles competitor, challenging for the ECW World Heavyweight Championship on a few occasions while holding the ECW World Television Championship once.

ECW World Television Championship
The ECW World Television Championship was a professional wrestling television championship in Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW). It was introduced in 1992 as part of National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) affiliate and ECW precursor, Eastern Championship Wrestling, but was established under ECW in 1994. It served as the secondary championship in the ECW.
Robert Arbuthnot (British Army officer)
Lieutenant-General Sir Robert Arbuthnot, KCB (19 November 1773 – 6 May 1853) was a British military commander during the Napoleonic Wars. He was a general in the army, a colonel in the 76th Regiment. He was a brigadier general in the Portuguese Service and was appointed a Knight of the Tower and Sword of Portugal (KTS).

He was awarded the Army Gold Cross, with three clasps, for the battles of Busaco, Albuera, Badajoz, Nivelle, Nive, Orthez, and Toulouse, and the Military General Service Medal, with two clasps, for Corunna and Ciudad Rodrigo.

Battle of the Nive
The Battles of the Nive (9–13 December 1813) were fought towards the end of the Peninsular War. Arthur Wellesley, Marquess of Wellington's Anglo-Portuguese and Spanish army defeated Marshal Nicolas Soult's French army on French soil in a series of battles near the city of Bayonne.

Unusually, for most of the battle, Wellington remained with the Reserve delegating command to his senior Lieutenant-Generals Rowland Hill and John Hope.
Scandals Futsal Club
Scandals Futsal Club, originally known as Scandals Bar, is a Maltese futsal club established in 1999. The team has participated in the Maltese Futsal League and is best known for winning the national title in 2008.

Maltese Futsal League
The Maltese Futsal League, (Maltese: il-Lig tal-Futsal Malti), formerly the Gatorade League but now known as the Enemed Futsal League for sponsorship reasons, is the official futsal league in Malta and was founded in 2011. The Maltese futsal championship currently consists of 14 teams. It is organised by the Futsal Malta Association and the Malta Football Association. Prior to a decrease in teams, the league used to be known as the Maltese Futsal Premier Division, which was the highest tier, with a promotion and relegation system tied to the Maltese Futsal First Division.

The league is played entirely in National Sport School in Pembroke, formerly at the Corradino Sports Pavilion.
Jirō Tsuji
Jiro Tsuji (May 11, 1927 – April 1, 2022) was a Japanese chemist, notable for his discovery of organometallic reactions, including the Tsuji–Trost reaction, the Tsuji–Wilkinson decarbonylation reaction, and the Tsuji–Wacker reaction.

Wacker process
The Wacker process or the Hoechst-Wacker process (named after the chemical companies of the same name) is an industrial chemical reaction: the aerobic oxidation of ethylene to acetaldehyde in the presence of catalytic, aqueous palladium(II) chloride and copper(II) chloride.

Net reaction in the Wacker process

The Tsuji-Wacker oxidation refers to a family of reactions inspired by the Wacker process.  In Tsuji-Wacker reactions, palladium(II) catalyzes transformation of α-olefins into carbonyl compounds in various solvents.

The development of the Wacker process popularized modern organopalladium chemistry, and Tsuji-Wacker oxidations remain in use today.
Mellor baronets
The Mellor Baronetcy, of Culmhead in the County of Somerset, was a title in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 24 January 1924 for Sir John Mellor, Director of Prudential Assurance Company. The second Baronet was the Conservative member of parliament for Tamworth from 1935 to 1945 and for Sutton Coldfield from 1945 to 1955. The baronetcy became extinct on the death of the third Baronet in 1990.

Sir John Mellor, 1st Baronet
Sir John Paget Mellor, 1st Baronet, KCB (13 March 1862 – 4 February 1929) was an English lawyer and  U.K. Treasury Solicitor. He was a talented amateur artist who contributed caricatures to Vanity Fair as Quiz.
Tom Michalski
Thomas Michalski (born June 27, 1951) is an American information technology professional and Republican politician from Waukesha County, Wisconsin.  He served one term as a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly, representing Wisconsin's 13th Assembly district in the 2023–2024 term. He also previously served as a member of the Waukesha County board of supervisors.

Waukesha County, Wisconsin
Waukesha County (/ˈwɔːkɪʃɔː/ ⓘ) is a county in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. As of the 2020 United States Census, the population was 406,978, making it the third-most populous county in Wisconsin. Its median income of $88,985 placed it as the only county in Wisconsin on the list of the 100 highest-income counties in the U.S. by median income as of 2020. Its county seat and largest city is Waukesha.

Waukesha County is included in the Milwaukee metropolitan area, and is one of the three WOW counties.
Friedrich von Oppeln-Bronikowski
Friedrich von Oppeln-Bronikowski (7 April 1873 – 9 October 1936) was a German writer, translator, publisher and cultural historian. His grave is located in the Stahnsdorf South-Western Cemetery near Berlin.

Cultural history
Cultural history records and interprets past events involving human beings through the social, cultural, and political milieu of or relating to the arts and manners that a group favors. Jacob Burckhardt (1818–1897) helped found cultural history as a discipline. Cultural history studies and interprets the record of human societies by denoting the various distinctive ways of living built up by a group of people under consideration. Cultural history involves the aggregate of past cultural activity, such as ceremony, class in practices, and the interaction with locales. It combines the approaches of anthropology and history to examine popular cultural traditions and cultural interpretations of historical experience.
392d Combat Training Squadron
The United States Space Force's 392d Combat Training Squadron was an intercontinental ballistic missile training unit at Vandenberg Air Force Base, California. Its first predecessor was the 592d Bombardment Squadron, which trained aircrews on Boeing B-17 Flying Fortresses during World War II. Its second predecessor was the 392d Missile Training Squadron, which conducted training, primarily for Royal Air Force launch crews, on the PGM-17 Thor missile at Vandenberg from 1958 to 1963. The two squadrons were consolidated in 1985 and activated again in 1993 to train missile crews at Vandenberg. The squadron was inactivated in 2010.

Vandenberg Space Force Base
Vandenberg Space Force Base (IATA: VBG, ICAO: KVBG, FAA LID: VBG), previously Vandenberg Air Force Base, is a United States Space Force Base in Santa Barbara County, California. Established in 1941, Vandenberg Space Force Base is a space launch base, launching spacecraft from the Western Range, and also performs missile testing. The United States Space Force's Space Launch Delta 30 serves as the host delta for the base, equivalent to an Air Force air base wing. In addition to its military space launch mission, Vandenberg Space Force Base also hosts space launches for civil and commercial space entities, such as NASA and SpaceX.
HMS Ettrick (1903)
HMS Ettrick was a River-class destroyer ordered by the Royal Navy under the 1901 – 1902 Naval Estimates.  Named after Ettrick Water in the Scottish Borders area south of Edinburgh, she was the first ship to carry this name in the Royal Navy. She was launched in 1903 and served during World War I. She was torpedoed by UC-61 in 1917.

SM UC-61
SM UC-61 was a German Type UC II minelaying submarine or U-boat in the German Imperial Navy (German: Kaiserliche Marine) during World War I. The U-boat was ordered on 12 January 1916, laid down on 3 April 1916, and was launched on 11 November 1916. She was commissioned into the German Imperial Navy on 13 December 1916 as SM UC-61. In five patrols UC-61 was credited with sinking or damaging 12 ships, either by torpedo or by mines laid. UC-61 was stranded at Wissant, south of Calais on 26 July 1917 on her way to mine Newhaven. The U-boat's crew flooded and scuttled their ship before surrendering to French authorities. The wreckage silted up but in some years becomes visible at low tide offshore in Wissant. As of 24 January 2019, the submarine had been partially visible since December 2018, and some locals were hopeful that due to shifting winds and tides, the submarine would be visible more often.