hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Differing perceptions of the Line of Actual Control
Differing perceptions or areas of differing perceptions was a theory to explain why border conflicts have arisen between China and India, since the Border Peace and Tranquility Agreement, 1993 has been signed. It maintains that the two sides have different perception of where the Line of Actual Control (LAC) between the territories of the two countries lies. Further, the Chinese have their own understanding of where the Indians perceive their LAC to be, and vice versa. For many decades India and China carried forward the differing perceptions theory.

India has called this as one of the causes for the loss of Indian territory to China's salami slicing. The existence of areas of differing perceptions resulted in "overlapping areas of influence, extending from a few hundred meters to tens of kilometers" and was "one of the reasons for Chinese to enhance their transgressions in Ladakh".

Border Peace and Tranquility Agreement, 1993
The Border Peace and Tranquility Agreement (BPTA or MPTA; formally the Agreement on the Maintenance of Peace and Tranquility along the Line of Actual Control in the India–China Border Areas) is an agreement signed by China and India in September 1993, agreeing to maintain the status quo on their mutual border pending an eventual boundary settlement. It was followed by the Agreement on Military Confidence Building Measures in 1996.
Swift v. Tyson
Swift v. Tyson, 41 U.S. (16 Pet.) 1 (1842), was a case brought in diversity in the Circuit Court for the Southern District of New York on a bill of exchange accepted in New York in which the Supreme Court of the United States determined that United States federal courts that heard cases brought under their diversity jurisdiction under the Judiciary Act of 1789 must apply statutory state laws when the state legislatures in question had spoken on the issue, but did not have to apply the state's common law if the state legislatures had not spoken on the issue.

The ruling meant that the federal courts that decided matters not specifically addressed by the state legislature had the authority to develop a federal general common law.

In 1938, this decision was overruled by Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins, which dispensed with the concept of federal general common law in the United States.

Negotiable instrument
A negotiable instrument is a document guaranteeing the payment of a specific amount of money, either on demand, or at a set time, whose payer is usually named on the document. More specifically, it is a document contemplated by or consisting of a contract, which promises the payment of money without condition, which may be paid either on demand or at a future date. The term has different meanings, depending on its use in the application of different laws and depending on countries and contexts. The word "negotiable" refers to transferability, and "instrument" refers to a document giving legal effect by the virtue of the law.
Europatitan
Europatitan is an extinct genus of somphospondylan sauropod from the Early Cretaceous Castrillo de la Reina Formation of Iberia, known from a relatively complete specimen discovered in the early 2000s. It contains a single species: the type species, Europatitan eastwoodi.

Somphospondyli
Somphospondyli is an extinct clade of titanosauriform sauropods that lived from the Late Jurassic until the end of the Late Cretaceous, comprising all titanosauriforms more closely related to Titanosauria proper than Brachiosauridae. The remains of somphospondylans have been discovered on all continents.
Chaloem Phan 53 Bridge
Chaloem Phan 53 Bridge (Thai: สะพานเฉลิมพันธุ์ 53, RTGS: Saphan Chaloem Phan Sam Sip Sam, pronounced [sà.pʰaːn t͡ɕʰa.lɤ̌ːm pʰān sâːm sìp sǎːm]) is a bridge in Bangkok's Yan Nawa sub-district, Sathon district and Si Lom sub-district, Bang Rak District.

Bang Rak district
Bang Rak (Thai: บางรัก, pronounced [bāːŋ rák]) is one of the fifty districts (khet) of Bangkok, Thailand. It lies on the eastern bank of the Chao Phraya River, beyond Khlong Phadung Krung Kasem, which marked the old city boundary. Originating from riverside settlements dating from before the city's foundation, Bang Rak grew inland as new roads and canals were constructed through the area during the second half of the nineteenth century and the early twentieth, attracting communities of expatriates and developing into a major commercial district.

Bangkok's rapid economic growth in the late twentieth century saw the areas along Si Lom and Sathon roads transformed into one of the city's main business districts, teeming with skyscrapers. The district, officially recognised at least since 1908, covers an area of 5.54 square kilometres (2.14 sq mi), and has a registered population of 48,227 (as of 2019).
Trident (software)
Trident (also known as MSHTML) is a proprietary browser engine for the Microsoft Windows version of Internet Explorer, developed by Microsoft.

MSHTML debuted with the release of Internet Explorer 4 in 1997. For versions 7 and 8 of Internet Explorer, Microsoft made significant changes to MSHTML's layout capabilities to improve compliance with Web standards and add support for new technologies.

MSHTML will continue to receive security updates for the IE mode of Microsoft Edge until at least 2029. However, support for new Web standards will not be added.

Internet Explorer 8
Internet Explorer 8 or IE8 (officially Windows Internet Explorer 8) is a major version of the Internet Explorer web browser for Windows released by Microsoft on March 19, 2009 and is the successor to Internet Explorer 7. It was the default browser on Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2.

It is the first version of Internet Explorer to pass the Acid2 test, the last of the major browsers to do so. (In the later Acid3 Test, it only scores 24/100.) It is the last version of Internet Explorer to support Windows XP across all editions, Windows Vista RTM–SP1, and Windows Server 2008 RTM, as well as Itanium-based processors. Additionally, it introduced a Compatibility View mode to optionally emulate older versions' rendering behavior, and color-coded tab groups where links opened in new tabs share the color of the website they originated from. According to Microsoft, security, ease of use, and improvements in RSS, CSS, and Ajax support were its priorities for IE8.
2015–16 Oakland Golden Grizzlies men's basketball team
The 2015–16 Oakland Golden Grizzlies men's basketball team represented Oakland University during the 2015–16 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Golden Grizzlies were led by 32nd year head coach Greg Kampe and played their home games at the Athletics Center O'rena. They finished the season 23–12, 13–5 in Horizon League play to finish in a tie for second place. They lost in the semifinals of the Horizon League tournament to Wright State. They were invited to the inaugural Vegas 16 where they defeated Towson and East Tennessee State to advance to the championship game where they lost to Old Dominion.

2016 Horizon League men's basketball tournament
The 2016 Horizon League men's basketball tournament (also known as Motor City Madness) was the conference tournament for the 2015–16 season of the Horizon League. It was played from March 5 through March 8, 2016 at Joe Louis Arena in Detroit. The winner of the tournament received the Horizon League's automatic berth into the 2016 NCAA men's basketball tournament. This was the first Horizon League Tournament since 2002 to be played at a predetermined neutral site.
Rosegreen
Rosegreen (Irish: Faiche Ró) is a village County Tipperary, Ireland. It is about 6.4 miles south of Cashel on the Cashel to Clonmel road. As of the 2016 census, the population was 171. The village is home to the Ballydoyle Stables, which is the horseracing training establishment of Vincent O'Brien. Rosegreen is in the barony of Middle Third.

Cashel, County Tipperary
Cashel (/ˈkæʃəl/; Irish: Caiseal, meaning 'stone ringfort') is a town in County Tipperary in Ireland. Its population was 4,805 in the 2022 census. The town gives its name to the ecclesiastical province of Cashel. Additionally, the cathedra of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cashel and Emly was originally in the town prior to the English Reformation. It is part of the parish of Cashel and Rosegreen in the same archdiocese. One of the six cathedrals of the Anglican Bishop of Cashel and Ossory, who currently resides in Kilkenny, is located in the town. It is in the civil parish of St. Patrick's Rock which is in the historical barony of Middle Third.
Hagenow Land–Schwerin railway
The Hagenow–Schwerin railway is a double track electrified mainline railway in the German state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. It is the second oldest railway in Mecklenburg after the Berlin-Hamburg railway and one of the oldest railways in Germany, opened in 1847 by the Mecklenburg Railway Company (German: Mecklenburgische Eisenbahngesellschaft).

Berlin–Hamburg railway
The Berlin–Hamburg railway is a roughly 286 km (178 mi) long railway line for passenger, long-distance and goods trains. It was the first high-speed line upgraded in Germany to be capable of handling train speeds of over 200 km/h (120 mph) (up to 230 km/h).

The line was built by the Berlin-Hamburg Railway Company, work starting on 6 May 1844, and was taken into service on 15 December 1846. It was then the longest trunk route in the German states, and ran from Berlin's Hamburg station (from October 1884 from Lehrte station), via Spandau, Neustadt (Dosse), Wittenberge, Ludwigslust, Büchen and along the already existing 15.6 kilometres (9.7 mi) route of the Hamburg-Bergedorf Railway to the Berlin station in Hamburg.
Alexandre Vallaury
Alexandre Vallaury (1850–1921) was a Franco-Ottoman architect who established architectural education in the Ottoman Empire at the School of Fine Arts in Constantinople. Nicknamed "architect of the city" (Ottoman Turkish: Mimar-ı Şehir) by Osman Hamdi Bey, Vallaury, alongside his collaborator and palace architect Raimondo D'Aronco, was a leading practitioner of Orientalist eclecticism.

Raimondo D'Aronco
Raimondo Tommaso D’Aronco (1857–1932) was an Italian architect renowned for his building designs in the style of Art Nouveau. He was the chief palace architect to the Ottoman Sultan Abdülhamid II in Istanbul for 16 years.
6th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment
The 6th Pennsylvania Cavalry was a Union Army cavalry regiment that served in the Army of the Potomac and the Army of the Shenandoah during the American Civil War. It was formed in 1861 as the Philadelphia Light Cavalry and the 70th Regiment of the Pennsylvania Volunteers by Richard H. Rush who also served as colonel from 1861 to 1862. At the request of Major General George B. McClellan, the regiment was equipped with lances which prompted the unit to be known as "Rush's Lancers." The lances proved ineffective in battle and the regiment was issued carbine rifles in 1863. The regiment served in many of the key battles in the Eastern theater of the American Civil War and were mustered out in August 1865.

Army of the Shenandoah (Union)
The Army of the Shenandoah was a field army of the Union Army active during the American Civil War. First organized as the Department of the Shenandoah in 1861 and then disbanded in early 1862, the army became most effective after its recreation on August 1, 1864 under the command of Philip Sheridan. The army's actions during the Valley campaigns of 1864 rendered the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia unable to produce foodstuffs for the Confederate States Army, a condition which would hasten the conclusion of the American Civil War.
Simon Golding
Christianity portal

Simon Jefferies Golding, CBE, QHC (born 30 March 1946) is a Church of England priest and former Royal Navy chaplain. He was Chaplain of the Fleet, Director General of the Naval Chaplaincy Service and Archdeacon for the Royal Navy from 2000 to 2002.

He was educated at HMS Conway Merchant Navy Cadet School and Lincoln Theological College. He was a Navigation officer in the Merchant Navy then a lieutenant in the Royal Naval Reserve. He was ordained deacon in 1974, and priest in 1976. After a curacy at St Cuthbert, Wilton he was a Naval Chaplain from 1977 to 2002. He was also an Honorary Chaplain to the Queen from 1997 to 2002.

Honorary Chaplain to the King
An Honorary Chaplain to the King is a member of the clergy within the United Kingdom who, through long and distinguished service, is appointed to minister to the monarch of the United Kingdom. When the reigning monarch is female, Honorary Chaplains are known as Honorary Chaplains to the Queen. As of 2008 there are 33 appointees.  They are also known as Honorary Chaplains to the Sovereign.

Honorary Chaplains wear a scarlet cassock and a special bronze badge consisting of the royal cypher and crown within an oval wreath. The badge is worn below medal ribbons or miniature medals during the conduct of religious services on the left side of the scarf by chaplains who wear the scarf and on academic or ordinary clerical dress by other chaplains.

Ten ministers of the Church of Scotland are appointed as Chaplains to the King in Scotland.

The monarch may also, as circumstances dictate, appoint extra chaplains.
2014 Bank of America 500
The 2014 Bank of America 500 was a NASCAR Sprint Cup Series stock car race that was held on October 11, 2014, at Charlotte Motor Speedway in Concord, North Carolina. Contested over 334 laps on the 1.5-mile (2.4 km) asphalt quad-oval, it was the 31st race of the 2014 Sprint Cup Series season, as well as the fifth race of ten in the Chase for the Sprint Cup. It was also ABC's final NASCAR telecast for the foreseeable future. Kevin Harvick scored his third win of the season and first since Darlington in April. Jeff Gordon finished second for the sixth time this season. Jamie McMurray, Joey Logano, and Kyle Busch rounded out the top five. The top rookies of the race were Kyle Larson (6th), Austin Dillon (13th), and Justin Allgaier (15th).

Bank of America 400
The Bank of America 400 is a NASCAR Cup Series race. The race is planned to return to the oval in October 2026. Historically, it was held annually in the fall from 1960 to 2017 at Charlotte Motor Speedway in Concord, North Carolina, United States. The speedway also hosts the Coca-Cola 600, held on Memorial Day weekend, a 600-mile (970 km) race. From 2018 to 2025, the race was replaced by a race on the "Roval" layout and was called the Bank of America Roval 400.
Medieval Albanian coinage
The first attested coinage minted and issued in Albanian lands dates to the 14th–15th centuries when several Albanian principalities began minting their own coins. Prior to this period foreign currencies were widely circulated in the Albanian territories, including Venetian, Byzantine, Neapolitan Angevin as well as Serbian coinage. In addition to the feudal rulers there were several cities of Venetian Albania, such as Shkodër (Scutari), Durrës (Dyrrhachium), Drisht (Drivastum), etc., that minted their own currency and possessed autonomy while still under Venetian rule. While they were not fully independent the cities still maintained local administrative institutions as evidenced by the Statutes of Scutari, Statutes of Durazzo, and Statutes of Drivasto. Coinage by Albanian principalities and cities ceased in the late 15th–16th centuries, following the Ottoman conquest of Albania, after which Ottoman coinage gradually replaced the local and Western currencies in Albania.

Coinage of the Republic of Venice
The Coinage of the Republic of Venice include the coins produced by the Republic of Venice from the late 12th century to 1866. After this date, coins were still produced in Venice.

From the 16th century, the coinage was made in the very prominently-located Zecca of Venice, close to the Doge's Palace.
Smart Telecom (Uganda)
Smart Telecom (Uganda) was a private telecommunications company in Uganda, operating from 2014 to August 31, 2021. Headquartered in Kampala, it offered low-cost mobile voice and 3G data services, primarily targeting price-sensitive urban customers. Owned by Industrial Promotion Services (IPS), a subsidiary of the Aga Khan Fund for Economic Development (AKFED), Smart Telecom struggled to compete with MTN Uganda and Airtel Uganda, exiting due to financial losses and increased challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Airtel Uganda
Airtel Uganda Limited is a mobile communications and information technology services provider in Uganda. The company also offers mobile funds transfer and banking services known as Airtel Payments Bank. Airtel Uganda Limited is a subsidiary of Airtel Africa PLC.
Alice Boughton
Alice Boughton (14 May 1866 – 21 June 1943) was an early 20th-century American photographer known for her photographs of many literary and theatrical figures of her time. She was a Fellow of Alfred Stieglitz's Photo-Secession, a circle of photographers whose artistic efforts succeeded in raising photography to a fine art form.

Alfred Stieglitz
Alfred Stieglitz HonFRPS (/ˈstiːɡlɪts/; January 1, 1864 – July 13, 1946) was an American photographer and modern art promoter who was instrumental over his 50-year career in making photography an accepted art form. In addition to his photography, Stieglitz was known for the New York art galleries that he ran in the early part of the 20th century, where he introduced many avant-garde European artists to the U.S. He was married to painter Georgia O'Keeffe.
Chaksu Assembly constituency
Chaksu Assembly constituency is one of the 200 Legislative Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan state in India. It is in Jaipur district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the Scheduled Castes. It is in the Dausa Lok Sabha constituency and was created by Delimitation Commission in 2008.

Chaksu Constituency covers all voters from Chaksu Tehsil (excluding 4 Patwar circles of ILRC Kotkhawada - Mahadeopura, Rupaheri Kalan, Narpatpura and Rupaheri Khurd) and part of Phagi Tehsil (3 ILRCs - Chittora, Madhorajpura and Renwal).

Jaipur district
Jaipur district is a district in the state of Rajasthan in Northern India.the city of Jaipur, which is Rajasthan's capital and the largest city, is the district headquarters. It is the tenth most populous district in India (out of 780).
Tete Montoliu
Vicenç Montoliu i Massana, better known as Tete Montoliu (28 March 1933 – 24 August 1997) was a Spanish jazz pianist from Catalonia, Spain. Born blind, he learnt braille music at age seven. His styles varied from hard bop, through Afro-Cuban, world fusion, to post bop. He recorded with Lionel Hampton in 1956 and played with saxophonist Roland Kirk in 1963. He also worked with leading American jazz musicians who toured in, or relocated to Europe including Kenny Dorham, Dexter Gordon, Ben Webster, Lucky Thompson, and Anthony Braxton. Tete Montoliu recorded two albums in the US, and recorded for Enja, SteepleChase Records, and Soul Note in Europe.

Rahsaan Roland Kirk
Rahsaan Roland Kirk (born Ronald Theodore Kirk; August 7, 1935 – December 5, 1977), known earlier in his career simply as Roland Kirk, was an American jazz multi-instrumentalist who played tenor saxophone, flute, and many other instruments. He was renowned for his onstage vitality; in his shows, virtuoso improvisation was accompanied by comic banter, political ranting, and the simultaneous playing of several instruments.
State Street (Manhattan)
State Street is a short street in the Financial District of Manhattan, New York City. It runs west from Whitehall Street as a continuation of Water Street, then turns north at Battery Park to become its eastern border. Passing Pearl and Bridge Streets, it terminates at the northeast corner of the park, at Bowling Green, where the roadway continues north as Broadway and west as Battery Place.

State Street approximates the original waterline of the island before landfill expanded it.

Pearl Street (Manhattan)
Pearl Street is a street in the Financial District in Lower Manhattan, running northeast from Battery Park to the Brooklyn Bridge with an interruption at Fulton Street, where Pearl Street's alignment west of Fulton Street shifts one block south of its alignment east of Fulton Street, then turning west and terminating at Centre Street.
Tashi Namgyal
Tashi Namgyal (Sikkimese: བཀྲ་ཤིས་རྣམ་རྒྱལ་; Wylie: Bkra-shis Rnam-rgyal) (26 October 1893 – 2 December 1963) was the ruling Chogyal (King) of Sikkim from 1914 to 1963. He was the son of Thutob Namgyal. He was the first independent king of Sikkim.

Chogyal
The Chogyal ("Dharma Kings", Tibetan: ཆོས་རྒྱལ, Wylie: chos rgyal) were the monarchs of the former Kingdom of Sikkim, which belonged to the Namgyal dynasty (Tibetan: རྣམ་རྒྱལ་རྒྱལ་རབས།, Wylie: Rnam Rgyal Rgyal Rabs). The Chogyal was the absolute monarch of Sikkim from 1642 to 1973, and the constitutional monarch from 1973 to 1975, when the monarchy was abolished and the Sikkimese people voted in a referendum to make Sikkim the 22nd state of India.
Chan Sek Keong
Chan Sek Keong SC SPMP DUT DUBC (born 5 November 1937) is a Malayan-born Singaporean jurist who served as chief justice of Singapore between 2006 and 2012 when he was appointed by President S. R. Nathan. He is the first Chief Justice to have previously served as the former & third attorney-general of Singapore between 1992 and 2006.

Darjah Utama Temasek
The Darjah Utama Temasek (English: Order of Temasek) is Singapore's highest civilian honour and the second most prestigious national honour overall. It was established in 1962 and is an Order conferred by the President of Singapore exclusively to Singaporeans, although it may exceptionally be awarded to foreigners in an honorary capacity.

As of 29 July 2019, the Order is divided into three grades:

the Order of Temasek (With High Distinction),

the Order of Temasek (With Distinction), and

the Order of Temasek.

According to the rules of award, no more than twelve individuals, excluding those admitted in an honorary capacity, may hold the Order of Temasek (With High Distinction, previously known as First Class) at any one time. As of October 2023, nine individuals hold the Order of Temasek (With High Distinction), while there is no cap on the number of recipients in the other two grades.
Ca de Conills
The Ca de Conills is a Spanish breed of warren hound indigenous to the island of Menorca, in the Balearic Islands of Spain.

It is the least-known of the six dog breeds listed by the government of the islands; the others are the Ca de Bestiar, the Ca de Bou, the Ca Eivissenc, the Ca Mè Mallorquí and the Ca Rater Mallorquí. It is of variable size, and – like some other warren hound breeds such as the Podenco Andaluz – is divided into three sub-breeds: small, medium and large.: 509

Podenco Andaluz
The Podenco Andaluz is a Spanish breed of warren hound indigenous to the autonomous community of Andalusia, in south-western Spain. It is one of four podenco breeds recognized by the Real Sociedad Canina de España. It is an agile dog generally used to hunt ducks, rabbits, boar and fowl.  There are three accepted sizes (small, medium and large) and three coat types (wire-haired, long-haired and smooth).
John Cunniff
John Paul Cunniff (July 9, 1944 – May 10, 2002) was an American ice hockey coach and former professional player who appeared in 65 World Hockey Association regular season games between 1972 and 1976. After his playing career he worked as a coach, including in the National Hockey League with the Hartford Whalers in 1983 and the New Jersey Devils from 1989 to 1991. Cunniff was inducted into the United States Hockey Hall of Fame in 2003.

United States Hockey Hall of Fame
The United States Hockey Hall of Fame was established in 1973 with the goal of preserving the history of ice hockey in the United States while recognizing the extraordinary contributions of select players, coaches, administrators, officials and teams. It is located in Eveleth, Minnesota, an iron mining town in northern Minnesota.