hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Menger sponge
In mathematics, the Menger sponge (also known as the Menger cube, Menger universal curve, Sierpiński cube, or Sierpiński sponge) is a fractal curve. It is a three-dimensional generalization of the two-dimensional Sierpinski carpet. It was first described by Karl Menger in 1926, in his studies of the concept of topological dimension.

It has similar properties as the Cantor set and the Cantor dust, because the construction requires in both cases the removal of the inner third.

Sierpiński triangle
The Sierpiński triangle, also called the Sierpiński gasket or Sierpiński sieve,  is a fractal with the overall shape of an equilateral triangle, subdivided recursively into smaller equilateral triangles. Originally constructed as a Sierpiński curve, this is one of the basic examples of self-similar sets—that is, it is a mathematically generated pattern reproducible at any magnification or reduction. It is named after the Polish mathematician Wacław Sierpiński but appeared as a decorative pattern many centuries before the work of Sierpiński.
Elaine Feinstein
Elaine Feinstein FRSL (born Elaine Cooklin; 24 October 1930 – 23 September 2019) was an English poet, novelist, short-story writer, playwright, biographer and translator. She joined the Council of the Royal Society of Literature in 2007.

Royal Society of Literature
The Royal Society of Literature (RSL) is a learned society founded in 1820 by King George IV to "reward literary merit and excite literary talent". A charity that represents the voice of literature in the UK, the RSL has about 800 Fellows, elected from among the best writers in any genre currently at work. Additionally, Honorary Fellows are chosen from those who have made a significant contribution to the advancement of literature, including publishers, agents, librarians, booksellers or producers. The society is a cultural tenant at London's Somerset House. The RSL is an independent charity and relies on the support of its Members, Patrons, Fellows and friends to continue its work.
Mir Muhammed Rebellion
The Mir Muhammed Rebellion was a Kurdish uprising led by Mir Muhammed of Rawanduz between 1830 and 1838 against the Ottoman Empire. Mir Muhammed, seeking autonomy and inspired by Muhammad Ali of Egypt, launched a campaign to unify Kurdish tribes and expand his influence in Upper Mesopotamia. The rebellion coincided with the weakening of Ottoman central authority, allowing him to challenge imperial rule until the Ottomans suppressed the uprising in 1835–1838. Following his surrender, the Soran Emirate was dissolved, and Kurdish regions were reincorporated into the Ottoman administrative structure.

Kurdish tribes
Kurdish tribes are tribes of Kurdish people, an Iranian ethnic group from the geo-cultural region of Kurdistan in Western Asia.

The tribes are socio-political and generally also a territorial unit based on descent and kinship, real or putative, with a characteristic internal structure. They are naturally divided into a number of sub-tribes, and each of these sub-tribes again are divided into smaller units: clans, lineages and households.
T. M. Sabaratnam
Thambaiyah Mudaliyar Sabaratnam (Tamil: தம்பையா முதலியார் சபாரத்தினம், romanized: Tampaiyā Mutaliyār Capārattiṉam; died 1968) was a Ceylon Tamil lawyer, politician and member of the Legislative Council of Ceylon.

Legislative Council of Ceylon
The Legislative Council of Ceylon was the legislative body of Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) established in 1833, along with the Executive Council of Ceylon, on the recommendations of the Colebrooke-Cameron Commission. It was the first form of representative government in the island. The 1931 Donoughmore Constitution replaced the Legislative Council with the State Council of Ceylon.

Members of the Legislative Council, used the post-nominal letters, MLC.
Cuban Revolution of 1933
The Cuban Revolution of 1933 (Spanish: Revolución cubana de 1933), also called the Sergeants' Revolt, was a coup d'etat that occurred in Cuba in September 1933. It began as a revolt of sergeants and enlisted men in the military, who soon allied with student activists in the Directorio Estudiantil Universitario. The coup deposed Carlos Manuel de Céspedes y Quesada as president, installing a new government led by a five-man coalition, known as the Pentarchy of 1933.

After only five days, the Pentarchy gave way to the presidency of Ramón Grau, whose term is known as the One Hundred Days Government. The leader of the coup, Sergeant Fulgencio Batista, became the head of the armed forces and began a long period of influence on Cuban politics.

Directorio Estudiantil Universitario
The Directorio Estudiantil Universitario (DEU; English: University Student Directory) was founded in 1927 by University of Havana students against the backdrop of a power grab by President Gerardo Machado consisting of constitutional reforms designed to prolong his presidential term by two years, and to promote his reelection to an additional term of six years. In the period between pushing for these reforms and their adoption by the corrupt Constitutional Assembly, a strong opposition composed chiefly of university students formed against this "Machadato" (Machado + mandato, mandate).

The DEU held various protests against Machado's regime and was at the political forefront of the One Hundred Days Government led by Ramón Grau. The group dissolved itself on November 6, 1933.
Patrinia olive
Patrinia olive (Olea europaea var. microphylla) is a Greek variety of olive tree grown primarily in Aigialeia, Greece. It is also a native variety in the region of Chalandritsa and nearby villages. The olive fruit is used exclusively for oil production and it has a high oil concentration of around 25%. The number of the cultivated Patrinia trees is no more than 6 million and it makes up 4% of the Greek olive trees (140 million).

Aigialeia
Aigialeia (Greek: Αιγιάλεια, pronounced [eˈʝalia]) is a municipality and a former province (επαρχία) in the eastern part of the Achaea regional unit, Greece. The seat of the municipality is the town Aigio. The municipality has an area of 723.063 km2. The main towns are Aigio, Akrata and Diakopto. The municipality Aigialeia stretches from the south coast of the Gulf of Corinth to the mountainous interior of the Peloponnese peninsula. The main rivers of the municipality are the Selinountas and the Vouraikos.
Spielfeld-Straß–Trieste railway
The Spielfeld–Trieste railway is a double-track, electrified main line in parts of Austria, Slovenia and Italy. It was built as a section of the Austrian Southern Railway (österreichische Südbahn Vienna–Trieste) by the state-owned k.k. Südliche Staatsbahn (Southern Railway) and from 1858 onward operated for decades by the Austrian Southern Railway Company (Südbahngesellschaft), a large private railway company in the Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary. It runs from Spielfeld-Straß over the Austrian-Slovenian border at the Municipality of Šentilj, continuing via Maribor, Ljubljana and the Slovenian karst to the Adriatic port of Trieste, today in Italy. It continues from Spielfeld-Straß to Vienna as the Southern Railway nowadays.

Municipality of Šentilj
The Municipality of Šentilj (pronounced [ʃɛnˈtiːl] or [ʃənˈtiːl]; Slovene: Občina Šentilj) is a municipality in Slovenia. The seat of the municipality is the town of Šentilj v Slovenskih Goricah. Šentilj became a municipality in 1994. It borders Austria.
Đuro Gašparović
Bishop Đuro Gašparović (Serbian Cyrillic: Ђуро Гашпаровић; born 20 June 1951) is a Roman Catholic prelate,  Diocesan Bishop emeritus of the newly reestablished Diocese of Srijem in Serbia since 18 June 2008 until 14 February 2024. Previously he was a Titular Bishop of Mattiana and an Auxiliary Bishop of Djakovo or Bosna and Srijem in Croatia from 5 July 1996 until 18 June 2008.

Archdiocese of Đakovo–Osijek
The Archdiocese of Đakovo–Osijek (Croatian: Đakovačko-osječka nadbiskupija; Latin: Archidioecesis Diacovensis–Osijekensis) is a Latin archdiocese of the Catholic Church in Croatia.

The archdiocese is centred on the city of Đakovo, in Croatia.

Đuro Hranić was appointed Archbishop on 18 April 2013 by Pope Francis following the resignation of Marin Srakić.

The Archdiocese currently has two suffragans: the Diocese of Požega, and the Diocese of Srijem.
Estadio Juan Ramón Brevé Vargas
Estadio Juan Ramón Brevé Vargas is a soccer venue in Juticalpa, Olancho, Honduras. It is the headquarters of Juticalpa F.C. and Olancho FC, both of the Honduran Liga Nacional. It was inaugurated in July 2015.

Liga Nacional de Fútbol de Honduras
Liga Nacional de Fútbol Profesional de Honduras, known as Liga Hondubet for sponsorship reasons (Honduran National Professional Football League) is the highest division of domestic football in Honduras. The league season is divided into Opening (autumn) and Closing (spring). One team is relegated to the Liga de Ascenso (the team with fewest points in Opening and Closing) and one team is promoted from Liga de Ascenso. The top four clubs participate in play-offs to decide the champion.
Peter K. Machamer
Peter K. Machamer (October 20, 1942 – May 31, 2023) was an American philosopher and historian of science. Machamer was Professor of  History and Philosophy of Science at the University of Pittsburgh. His work has been influential in philosophy of science in developing an account of mechanistic explanation which rejects standard deductive models of explanation, such as the deductive-nomological model by understanding scientific practice as the search for mechanisms. His research has also focused on 17th-century history of philosophy and science, on Galileo Galilei and René Descartes in particular, and on values and science. He was also a wine columnist for the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette for fifteen years, and he has reflected on wine and beer in philosophical writing. Machamer was also the "Philosopher in Residence" for the Pittsburgh dance company Attack Theatre.

Carl F. Craver
Carl F. Craver is an American philosopher and Professor of Philosophy and Philosophy-Neuroscience-Psychology at Washington University in St. Louis. He is known for his works on philosophy of science and philosophy of mind.
Joseph Prestwich
Sir Joseph Prestwich FRS FGS (12 March 1812 – 23 June 1896) was a British geologist and businessman, known as an expert on the Tertiary Period and for having confirmed the findings of Boucher de Perthes of ancient flint tools in the Somme valley gravel beds.

Tertiary period
The Tertiary (/ˈtɜːrʃəri/ TUR-shər-ee, US also /ˈtɜːrʃi.ɛri/ TUR-shee-err-ee) is an obsolete geologic period spanning 66 million to 2.6 or 1.8 million years ago. The period began with the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs in the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, at the start of the Cenozoic Era, and extended to the beginning of the Quaternary glaciation at the end of the Pliocene Epoch. The Tertiary has not been recognised by the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) since the late 1980s, with the timespan of the Tertiary now being split into the earlier Paleogene and the more recent Neogene periods, though the Tertiary continues to be used in some scientific publications.
Prince of Wales Hotel
The Prince of Wales Hotel is a historic hotel located in Waterton Park, Alberta, Canada. It is within Waterton Lakes National Park, overlooking Upper Waterton Lakes. It was designed by and built for the Great Northern Railway company. It is currently managed by the Pursuit Collection.

The Rustic-styled building was opened in July 1927. It is 37 metres (121 ft) tall with seven floors. The building is considered one of Canada's grand railway hotels, and is the only grand railway hotel built by a company based in the United States. It was named a national historic site of Canada in November 1992.

Grand railway hotels of Canada
Canada's grand railway hotels are a series of railway hotels across the country, each a local and national landmark, and most of which are icons of Canadian history and architecture; some are considered to be the grand hotels of the British Empire. Each hotel was originally built by the Canadian railway companies, or the railways acted as a catalyst for the hotel's construction. The hotels were designed to serve the passengers of the country's then expanding rail network, and they celebrated rail travel in style.
Frank Winterstein
Frank Winterstein (born 17 December 1986) is a Samoa international rugby league footballer who plays as a second-row forward for Toulouse Olympique in the Championship.

Winterstein previously played for the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs, Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles and the Penrith Panthers in the National Rugby League (NRL), and for the Wakefield Trinity Wildcats, Crusaders Rugby League and the Widnes Vikings in the Super League.

He played rugby union for the Kintetsu Liners in the Top League and the Australian rugby sevens team.

Australia national rugby sevens team
The Australia national rugby sevens team represent Australia in men's rugby sevens. The team participates in the annual World Rugby Sevens Series competition and the quadrennial Rugby World Cup Sevens. Australia, being a member of the Commonwealth, also compete in the quadrennial rugby sevens event at the Commonwealth Games, as well as the Summer Olympics. Australia's best performance at the Commonwealth Games was silver at Delhi 2010, while at the Summer Olympics it is fourth at Paris 2024.
2005–06 Omani League
The 2005–06 Omani League was the 30th edition of the top football league in Oman. It began on 9 November 2005 and finished on 19 May 2006. Dhofar S.C.S.C. were the defending champions, having won the 2004–05 Omani League season. Muscat Club won 4-3 at home in their final league match against Dhofar S.C.S.C. and emerged as the champions of the 2005–06 Omani League with a total of 45 points.

2004–05 Omani League
The 2004–05 Omani League was the 29th edition of the top football league in Oman. It began on 23 September 2004 and finished on 19 May 2005. Al-Nasr S.C.S.C. were the defending champions, having won the 2003–04 Omani League season. Dhofar S.C.S.C. played out a 1–1 draw away in their final league match against Al-Nasr S.C.S.C. and emerged as the champions of the 2004–05 Omani League with a total of 46 points.
Elias Pettersson (ice hockey, born 2004)
Elias Nils Pettersson (born February 16, 2004) is a Swedish professional ice hockey player who is a defenceman for the  Vancouver Canucks of the National Hockey League (NHL). Pettersson was selected in the third round, 80th overall, in the 2022 NHL entry draft by the Canucks.

Elias Pettersson
Fredrik Elias Pettersson (born 12 November 1998) is a Swedish professional ice hockey player who is a forward and alternate captain for the Vancouver Canucks of the National Hockey League (NHL). Pettersson was selected fifth overall by the Canucks in the 2017 NHL entry draft. He was born in Sundsvall, Sweden, but grew up in Ånge. After one of the greatest under-20 seasons in Swedish Hockey League (SHL) history in 2017–18, and winning the Le Mat Trophy with the Växjö Lakers, Pettersson made the Canucks' opening night roster for the 2018–19 season. He won the Calder Memorial Trophy as the league's best rookie in 2019, becoming the second Canuck to do so after Pavel Bure in 1992.
Sean Whelan (scientist)
Sean Whelan is a British-American virologist. He is known for identifying the cellular protein used as a receptor by Ebola virus,  for defining the entry pathway that rabies virus uses to enter neurons, and for identifying the ribosome as a possible target for antiviral drugs. In July 2019, he was announced as the new Chair of the Department of Molecular Microbiology at Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, Missouri. In February 2020, Whelan was recognized as the LGBTQ+ Scientist of the Year 2020 by the National Organization of Gay and Lesbian Scientists and Technical Professionals.

Out to Innovate
Out to Innovate, previously known as the National Organization of Gay and Lesbian Scientists and Technical Professionals (NOGLSTP), is a professional society for professionals in science, technology, mathematics, and engineering. Each year, Out to Innovate gives the Walt Westman Award to members who helped make significant contributions to the association's mission.
Saarland Hurricanes
The Saarland Hurricanes are an American football team from Saarbrücken, Germany. Saarbrücken is the capital of the federal German state of Saarland, which the club is named after. The club was formed in 1996 in a merger of the two local sides Saarbrücken Wölfe and Dillingen Steelhawks.

As its greatest success, the team has won promotion to the German Football League twice, in 2000 and 2010. In this league, it qualified for the play-offs once, in 2005. On junior level the club earned its greatest success in 2013 when it won the German Junior Bowl for the first time.

German Junior Bowl
The German Junior Bowl, usually only referred to as Junior Bowl, is the annual national championship game for junior teams in the sport of American football in Germany. It is contested by the two best teams of the GFL Juniors.

It is the second-oldest still existing bowl game in Germany, after the German Bowl, dating back to 1982. Record winners are the Düsseldorf Panther, who celebrated their 18th success and their 23nd Junior Bowl appearance in 2024.
Languages of Eritrea
The main languages spoken in Eritrea are Tigrinya, Tigre, Kunama, Bilen, Nara, Saho, Afar, and Beja. The country's working languages are Tigrinya, Arabic, English, and formerly Italian.

Tigrinya is the most widely spoken language in the country and had 2,540,000 native speakers out of the total population of 5,254,000 in 2006. The remaining residents primarily speak other languages from the Afroasiatic family, Nilo-Saharan languages or Indo-European languages.

Afar language
Afar, also known as ’Afar af, Qafar af,  or عَفَر أَف, is an Afroasiatic language belonging to the Cushitic branch, primarily spoken by the Afar people, native to parts of Djibouti, Eritrea and Ethiopia. It is an official language in Ethiopia; and a national language in Djibouti and Eritrea. Afar is officially written in the Latin script and has over 2.6 million speakers.
Jack Brand
Jack Brand (born 4 April 1953) is a Canadian retired professional soccer goalkeeper. He holds the record for most shutouts in a season in the North American Soccer League with 15 in 1980. He was born in Braunschweig, West Germany. In 2008, Jack was inducted into the Canadian Soccer Hall of Fame

Canada Soccer Hall of Fame
The Canada Soccer Hall of Fame honours people and institutions for their contributions to Canadian soccer. It was founded in 1997 by the Ontario Soccer Association and was originally located in Vaughan, Ontario. As of 2024, the Canada Soccer Hall of Fame has inducted 144 players, 13 managers/coaches, 10 officials, and 45 builders as honoured members. Additionally, the Canada Soccer Hall of Fame has recognized 18 teams of distinction and 21 organizations of distinction.

After the Canadian Soccer Association Alumni Association was founded in 1987, the Soccer Hall of Fame was founded by the Ontario Soccer Association in 1997 in Vaughan. The new Canada Soccer Hall of Fame was launched in May 2017 under the direction of the Canadian Soccer Association in Ottawa, Ontario. All previously-inducted members of The Soccer Hall of Fame as well as a catch-up class of 17 legends were named to the new Canada Soccer Hall of Fame.
Grupo Cifra
Grupo Cifra or Grupo Aurrerá-Cifra was a Mexican company, owned by Jerónimo Arango and his brother Manuel Arango, founded in 1986, whose main component businesses were supermarket chains Aurrerá and Superama, restaurant chains  VIPS (Mexican restaurant) and El Portón, department storesSuburbia and others such as El Gran Bazar, BONS, Fratti and Bon Savor. The Group ceased to exist in 2000 as it became part of Walmart.

Walmart de México y Centroamérica
Walmart de México y Centroamérica, commonly known as Walmex, is the Mexican and Central American division of the American retailer Walmart. It is the largest division of Walmart outside the United States and the largest retailer in Latin America. As of June 2025, the company operated 4,124 stores across the region. In Central America, it maintains operations in Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. The company is listed on the Mexican Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the S&P/BMV IPC index.

Beyond traditional retail, Walmex has diversified into telecommunications and financial services. Its mobile network operator, Bait, is the third-largest internet access provider in Mexico.
Russian conquest of the Caucasus
The Russian conquest of the Caucasus mainly occurred between 1800 and 1864. The Russian Empire sought to control the region between the Black Sea and Caspian Sea. South of the mountains was the territory that is modern Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and parts of Iran and Turkey. North of the mountains was the North Caucasus region of modern Russia. The difficult conquest of the intervening mountains is known as the Caucasian War. Multiple wars were fought against the local rulers of the regions, as well as the dominant powers, the Ottoman Empire and Qajar Iran, for control. By 1864 the last regions were brought under Russian control.

Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)
The Russo-Persian War of 1804–1813 was one of the many wars between the Persian Empire and Imperial Russia, and, like many of their other conflicts, began as a territorial dispute. The new Persian king, Fath Ali Shah Qajar, wanted to consolidate the northernmost reaches of his kingdom—modern-day Georgia—which had been annexed by Tsar Paul I several years after the Russo-Persian War of 1796. Like his Persian counterpart, the Tsar Alexander I was also new to the throne and equally determined to control the disputed territories.

The war ended in 1813 with the Treaty of Gulistan which ceded the previously disputed territory of Georgia to Imperial Russia, and also the undisputed Iranian territories of Dagestan, most of what is modern Azerbaijan, and minor parts of Armenia.
Atlético Bucaramanga
Club Atlético Bucaramanga S.A., better known as Atlético Bucaramanga, is a Colombian professional football team based in Bucaramanga. The club plays its home games at the Américo Montanini stadium.

The club was founded on 11 May 1949 by Rafael Chaberman, a Barranquilla businessman. Ever since, it has been a regular participant in the top flight of the Colombian professional league. The team's most recent stint in the top division began in 2016.

They have won one Categoría Primera A title, in the 2024 Apertura tournament. Prior to that championship, they had reached the finals of the Colombian football league in 1997, losing to América de Cali. That performance qualified them for the ensuing Copa Libertadores, in which they reached the second round.

Liga DIMAYOR
The Liga DIMAYOR, commonly referred to as Liga BetPlay Dimayor due to sponsorship by online betting company BetPlay, is a professional association football league in Colombia and the highest level of the Colombian football league system.

A total of twenty clubs compete in the league's regular season. División Mayor del Fútbol Profesional Colombiano, better known as DIMAYOR, organizes the competition and operates the league system of promotion and relegation for both Liga DIMAYOR and Torneo DIMAYOR leagues. Since its foundation in 1948, sixteen teams have been crowned as Colombian football champions. The most successful club is Atlético Nacional with 18 titles. The league was ranked as the 11th strongest national league in the world at the end of 2023 by the International Federation of Football History & Statistics.