hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Pierson Parker
Pierson Parker (May 27, 1905 – December 13, 1995) was an American New Testament scholar. He was professor of New Testament at the General Theological Seminary during the 1960s. He was best known for his work on the origins and priority of the Gospels.

After Morton Smith had published his two books on the Secret Gospel of Mark, Pierson published a somewhat critical review in The New York Times, wondering whether the document was “an early Christian cover-up” and saying that the passages “read not like Mark’s work but like a late and not wholly successful imitation” made before the time of Clement of Alexandria.

Pierson was also involved in the Today's English Version 1976.

Morton Smith
Robert Morton Smith (May 28, 1915 – July 11, 1991) was an American professor of ancient history at Columbia University. He is best known for his reported discovery of the Mar Saba letter, a letter attributed to Clement of Alexandria containing excerpts from a Secret Gospel of Mark, during a visit to the monastery at Mar Saba in 1958. This letter fragment has had many names, from The Secret Gospel through The Mar Saba Fragment and the Theodoros.
Margaret Hayman
Margaret Hayman FIMA (1923 – 26 July 1994, born Margaret Riley Crann) was a British mathematics educator who co-founded the British Mathematical Olympiad, wrote mathematics textbooks, and became president of the Mathematical Association.

Institute of Mathematics and its Applications
The Institute of Mathematics and its Applications (IMA) is the UK's chartered professional body for mathematicians and one of the UK's learned societies for mathematics (another being the London Mathematical Society).

The IMA aims to advance mathematics and its applications, promote and foster research and other enquiries directed the advancement, teaching and application of mathematics, to seek to establish and maintain high standards of professional conduct for members and to seek to promote, encourage and guide the development of education and training in mathematics.
Swedish Squash Open 2014
The Case Swedish Open 2014 is the 2014's Swedish Open, which is a tournament of the PSA World Tour event International (prize money: $70,000). The event took place in Linköping in Sweden from 6 February to 9 February. Nick Matthew won his fourth Swedish Open trophy, beating Ramy Ashour in the final.

2014 PSA World Tour
The PSA World Tour 2014 is the international squash tour organised circuit organized by the Professional Squash Association (PSA) for the 2014 squash season. The most important tournament in the series is the World Championship held in Doha in Qatar. The tour features three categories of regular events, World Series, which feature the highest prize money and the best fields, International and Challenger.
Fitovinany
Fitovinany is a region located in southeast Madagascar. Its capital is Manakara. It is inhabited by the Antemoro people. The region border is based on the historical region of Matatana or Matitana.

It formerly belonged to the region Vatovavy-Fitovinany that was split on 16 June 2021 to become the regions Vatovavy and Fitovinany.

The region extends along the southern part of the east coast of Madagascar. It is bordered by Vatovavy (North), Haute Matsiatra (West) and Atsimo-Atsinanana (South).

Vatovavy
Vatovavy is a region of Madagascar. Its capital is Mananjary. It was created by dividing the former region of Vatovavy-Fitovinany on 16 June 2021.

Cyclone Batsirai made landfall at Mananjary in 2022, leaving 90 percent of the city destroyed.
Iwamura Domain
Iwamura Domain (岩村藩, Iwamura-han) was a feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan, located in Mino Province in what is now the town of Iwamura, Gifu. It was centered around Iwamura Castle, and controlled parts of Mino and Suruga Provinces.  Iwamura Domain was controlled by a number of fudai daimyō clans in the course of its history.

Mino Province
Mino Province (美濃国, Mino no Kuni, Japanese pronunciation: [mʲiꜜ.no (no kɯ.ɲi), mʲi.noꜜ-]) was a province of Japan in the area of Japan that is today southern Gifu Prefecture. Mino was bordered by  Ōmi to the west, Echizen and Hida to the north, Shinano to the east, and Ise, Mikawa, and Owari to the south. Its abbreviated form name was Nōshū or Jōshū (濃州). Under the Engishiki classification system, Mino was ranked as one of the 13 "great countries" (大国) in terms of importance, and one of the "near countries" (近国) in terms of distance from the capital. The provincial capital and ichinomiya were located in what is now the town of Tarui.
Whauphill railway station
Whauphill (NX 40462 49887) was a railway station on the Wigtownshire Railway branch line, from Newton Stewart to Whithorn, of the Portpatrick and Wigtownshire Joint Railway. It served a rural area in Wigtownshire. Whauphill is a small rural village with Wigtown situated some 5 miles east of the village.

Newton Stewart railway station
Newton Stewart railway station served the town of Newton Stewart, in the historic county of Wigtownshire in the administrative area of Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland from 1861 to 1965 on the Portpatrick and Wigtownshire Joint Railway.
Short N.2B
The Short N.2B was a  prototype British patrol seaplane of the First World War, designed and built by Short Brothers.  A single-engined biplane intended to replace Short's successful Type 184, only two were built, the Fairey III being preferred.

Fairey III
The Fairey Aviation Company Fairey III was a family of British reconnaissance biplanes that enjoyed a very long production and service history in both landplane and seaplane variants. First flying on 14 September 1917, examples were still in use during the Second World War.
Iwami Kokubun-ji
The Iwami Kokubun-ji (石見国分寺) was a Buddhist temple located in what is now the Kokubu neighborhood of the city of Hamada, Shimane, in the San'in region of Japan. It was one of the provincial temples per the system established by Emperor Shōmu during the Nara period (710 – 794) for the purpose of promoting Buddhism as the national religion of Japan and standardising imperial rule over the provinces. The temple no longer exists, and the site overlaps with that of existing and the more recent Jōdo Shinshū temple of Konzō-ji (金蔵寺), but a portion of the Nara-period temple grounds were designated as a National Historic Site in 1974.

Provincial temple
The Kokubun-ji (国分寺; Japanese pronunciation: [ko.kɯ.bɯɲ.dʑi(ꜜ)]) are Buddhist temples established in each of the provinces of Japan by Emperor Shōmu during the Nara period (710 – 794). The official name for each temple was Konkomyo Shitenno Gokoku-ji (Konkōmyō Shitennō Gokoku-ji )
Damarudhar Pujari
Damarudhar Pujari is an Indian farmer, social worker, and politician. He is a member of the 5th Legislative Assembly of Chhattisgarh, representing the Bindrawagarh Assembly constituency of Chhattisgarh. He is associated with the Bharatiya Janata Party.

5th Chhattisgarh Assembly
The Fifth Legislative Assembly of Chhattisgarh was constituted after the 2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly elections which were concluded in November 2018, with the results being declared on 11 December 2018. The tenure of the fifth Chhattisgarh Assembly ended on 5 January 2024.
Fort Saginaw Mall
Fort Saginaw Mall was an enclosed shopping mall located in Buena Vista Township, just outside the city of Saginaw, Michigan, United States. Opened in 1966, the mall served as Saginaw's only enclosed mall until Fashion Square Mall opened on the other end of town in 1972. Fort Saginaw Mall had become a dead mall by the 1980s, as many of its stores had closed. By the end of the 1990s, the entire mall was closed off, except for an attached Kmart which remained open until May 2004.

The vacant mall was owned by Cafaro Company of Youngstown, Ohio long after its closure. Although the community had made plans to demolish it, Cafaro initially refused to sell to the charter township. However, in April 2008, the township has claimed title to the abandoned building, and announced plans to redevelop it.

Fashion Square Mall
Fashion Square Mall is an enclosed shopping mall in Saginaw Charter Township, Michigan, United States. It is located on Bay Road (M-84) north of the city of Saginaw, Michigan. The property was constructed in 1972 by the Richard E. Jacobs Group. It opened with Sears and JCPenney as its original anchor stores, along with branches of local department stores Heavenrich's and William C. Weichmann Company. Hudson's was added to the mall in 1976, becoming Marshall Field's and then Macy's. The mall has undergone a number of renovations in its history, including the addition of a food court in the 1990s. Following the closure of Sears, both JCPenney and Macy's remain the mall's anchor stores. Fashion Square Mall is owned and managed by Summit Properties USA.
Hydraulic compressor
A hydraulic compressor is a means of compressing air using hydraulic energy. There are two very different types of machines referred to as hydraulic compressors.

One type is a mechanical air compressor that is driven by a hydraulic motor. It is a method of converting hydraulic power to pneumatic power. This type of hydraulic compressor is used in various applications where hydraulic power is already available and a relatively small amount of compressed air is needed, as it is not very efficient compared to an electrically driven compressor.

The other type of hydraulic compressor uses the potential and kinetic energy of a stream of water to entrain air and carry it to a separating chamber at a higher pressure where the air accumulates above the water, and the water is allowed to drain. The system has few, if any, moving parts, and is also inefficient, so it is used where the kinetic or potential energy of water is cheaply available.

Compressor
A compressor is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of a gas by reducing its volume. An air compressor is a specific type of gas compressor.

Many compressors can be staged, that is, the gas is compressed several times in steps or stages, to increase discharge pressure. Often, the second stage is physically smaller than the primary stage, to accommodate the already compressed gas without reducing its pressure. Each stage further compresses the gas and increases its pressure and also temperature (if inter cooling between stages is not used).
Architecture of the Ming dynasty
The architecture of the Ming dynasty includes the development of Chinese architecture from the fall of the Mongol Yuan dynasty in 1368 to the fall of the Ming dynasty in 1644. The Ming dynasty erected a wide variety of structures in China, including towering Buddhist pagodas, temple halls, academies, palaces, city walls and fortifications such as the Ming Great Wall, bridges, canals, pavilions, gardens, and royal tombs.

Chinese pavilion
A Chinese pavilion (Chinese 亭, pinyin tíng) is a garden pavilion in traditional Chinese architecture. While often found within temples, pavilions are not exclusively religious structures. Many Chinese parks and gardens feature pavilions to provide shade and a place to rest.
DRG Class E 91
Three different types of German electric goods train locomotive belonged to the Deutsche Reichsbahn's DRG Class E 91. In addition to the standard locomotives (Einheitslokomotive) described below there was also a Prussian class that was given the designation E 913 in 1927.

Deutsche Reichsbahn
The Deutsche Reichsbahn (German pronunciation: [ˈdɔʏtʃə ˈʁaɪçsˌbaːn]), also known as the German National Railway, the German State Railway, German Reich Railway, and the German Imperial Railway, was the German national railway system created after the end of World War I from the regional railways of the individual states of the German Empire. The Deutsche Reichsbahn has been described as "the largest enterprise in the capitalist world in the years between 1920 and 1932"; nevertheless, its importance "arises primarily from the fact that the Reichsbahn was at the center of events in a period of great turmoil in German history".
Abraham Iyambo
Abraham Iyambo (2 February 1961 – 2 February 2013) was a Namibian politician. Iyambo was a member of the National Assembly of Namibia since 1995, serving as Minister of Fisheries from 1997 to 2010 and  Minister of Education from 2010 until his death. Iyambo was a member of both the central committee and political bureau of the SWAPO Party and the chairperson of its think tank.

Ministry of Education (Namibia)
The Ministry of Education (MOE) is a department of the Namibian government. Established at Namibian independence in 1990, the first Namibian education minister was Nahas Angula. The current education minister is Sanet Steenkamp.
Earthquake Early Warning (Japan)
In Japan, the Earthquake Early Warning (EEW) (緊急地震速報, Kinkyū Jishin Sokuhō) is an alert that is issued when an earthquake is detected by multiple seismometers. These warnings are primarily issued by the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), with guidance on how to react to them.

Earthquake early warning system
An earthquake early warning (EEW) system is a system of accelerometers, seismometers, communication, computers, and alarms that is devised for rapidly notifying adjoining regions of a substantial earthquake once one begins. This is not the same as earthquake prediction, which is currently not capable of producing decisive event warnings.
Steve Sample Sr.
Steve Sample Sr. (1929/30 – 22 August 2020) was a bandleader, arranger, composer and jazz educator. For more than 30 years, Sample was a professor in the Music Department of the University of Alabama, where he directed the Jazz Ensembles and taught music theory, arranging and jazz related courses.  Sample trained many notable jazz musicians during his long tenure at Alabama, including Gary Wheat, Birch Johnson, Kelley O'Neal, Chris Gordon, Mervyn Warren, Cedric Dent, Beth Gottlieb, Mart Avant, Dick Aven and Ray Reach. On September 26, 2008, Sample was inducted into the Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame for his contributions to jazz education.

Ray Reach
Raymond Everett Reach Jr. (August 3, 1948 – February 17, 2026) was an American pianist, vocalist, guitarist, composer, arranger, music producer and educator, who was convicted in the State of Alabama on child pornography charges. Reach has performed and recorded in various genres, including pop, R&B, Motown/soul, gospel, rock, classic rock, country (contemporary and traditional), contemporary Christian, classical, and jazz music, but is perhaps best known for his work in jazz, combining jazz piano stylings with Sinatra-style vocals. He resided in Birmingham, Alabama.
Education in ancient Greece
Education for Greek people was vastly "democratized" in the 5th century B.C., influenced by the Sophists, Plato, and Isocrates. Later, in the Hellenistic period of Ancient Greece, education in a gymn school was considered essential for participation in Greek culture. The value of physical education to the ancient Greeks and  Romans has been historically unique. There were two forms of education in ancient Greece: formal and informal. Formal education was attained through attendance to a public school or was provided by a hired tutor.  Informal education was provided by an unpaid teacher and occurred in a non-public setting.  Education was an essential component of a person's identity.

Formal Greek education was primarily for males and non-slaves. In some poleis, laws were passed to prohibit the education of slaves. The Spartans also taught music and dance, but with the purpose of enhancing their maneuverability as soldiers.

Gymnasium (ancient Greece)
The gymnasium (Ancient Greek: γυμνάσιον, romanized: gymnásion) in Ancient Greece functioned as a training facility for competitors in public games. It was also a place for socializing and engaging in intellectual pursuits. The name comes from the Ancient Greek term gymnós, meaning "naked" or "nude". Only adult male citizens were allowed to use the gymnasia.

Athletes competed nude, a practice which was said to encourage aesthetic appreciation of the male body, and to be a tribute to the gods. Gymnasia and palaestrae (wrestling schools) were under the protection and patronage of Heracles, Hermes and, in Athens, Theseus.
FIBA–EuroLeague dispute
The FIBA–EuroLeague Basketball controversy is a historical dispute between FIBA Europe and EuroLeague Basketball over control of the European-wide club basketball competitions. It initially started as a dispute between FIBA Europe and ULEB.

Euroleague Basketball
Euroleague Basketball, run by Euroleague Commercial Assets (ECA), is a private company that runs and operates men's professional basketball club competitions in Europe, the first-tier EuroLeague, and the second-tier EuroCup. It has been organizing the EuroLeague competition since the 2000–01 season backed by ULEB. Euroleague also oversees the 
European national basketball league rankings since 2008, and the Euroleague Basketball Next Generation Tournament. It is headquartered in Barcelona.
Jamuna River (West Bengal)
The Jamuna River is a tributary of the Ichamati River. It originates from the Hoogly River at Char Jadubati, opposite Tribeni, and flows through the Nadia and North 24 Parganas districts of West Bengal, where it merges with the Ichamati River.

Hooghly River
The Hooghly River (/ˈhuːɡli/; Bengali: Hugli [ˈɦuɡli]) is the westernmost distributary of the Ganges, situated in West Bengal, India. It is known in its upper reaches as the Bhagirathi. The Bhagirathi splits off from the main branch of the Ganges at Giria. A short distance west, it meets the man-made Farakka Feeder Canal, which massively increases its flow. The river then flows south to join the Jalangi at Nabadwip, where it becomes the Hooghly proper. The Hooghly continues southwards, passing through the metropolis of Kolkata. Thereafter, it empties into the Bay of Bengal. Its tributaries include the Ajay, Damodar, Rupnarayan, and Haldi.

The Hooghly has religious significance as Hindus consider the river sacred. It also plays a major role in the agriculture, industry, and climate of the state.
A Retrospective (KRS-One album)
A Retrospective is a compilation album by American rapper and record producer KRS-One. It was released on August 22, 2000, via Jive Records, and composed of previously released songs from the rapper's previous studio albums as part of Boogie Down Productions (3 songs from Criminal Minded, 3 tracks from By All Means Necessary, 3 tracks from Ghetto Music: The Blueprint of Hip Hop, 1 song from Edutainment, and 1 song from the b-side of single "Duck Down" from Sex and Violence), as well as his solo studio albums (3 songs from Return of the Boom Bap, 1 song from KRS-One and 1 song from I Got Next). The track "Essays on BDP-Ism" was the last track ever featured DJ Scott La Rock.

The album peaked at number 200 on the Billboard 200 and number 62 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart in the United States.

KRS-One (album)
KRS One is the second solo studio album by American rapper KRS-One. It was released on October 10, 1995, via Jive Records. The album was produced by DJ Premier, Diamond D, Big French Productions, Norty Cotto, Showbiz, and KRS-One. It features guest appearances from Busta Rhymes, Channel Live, Das EFX, Dexter Thibou, Fat Joe, and Mad Lion.

The album made it to number 19 on the Billboard 200 and number 2 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums in the United States. It also debuted at number 95 on the UK Albums Chart and number 13 on the UK R&B Albums Chart. Its lead single, "MC's Act Like They Don't Know", peaked at No. 57 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and No. 84 on the UK Singles Chart. The second single, "Rappaz R. N. Dainja", peaked at No. 47 in the UK.
Annihilator (ring theory)
In mathematics, the annihilator of a subset S of a module over a ring is the ideal formed by the elements of the ring that always give zero when multiplied by each element of S.  For example, if  is a commutative ring and  is an ideal of , we can consider the quotient ring  to be an -module. Then, the annihilator of  is the ideal , since all of the  act via the zero map on .

Over an integral domain, a module that has a nonzero annihilator is a torsion module, and a finitely generated torsion module has a nonzero annihilator.

The above definition applies also in the case of noncommutative rings, a subset of a left module has a left annihilator, which is a left ideal, and a subset of a right module has a right annihilator, which is a right ideal. If  is a module, then the annihilator is always a two-sided ideal, regardless of whether the module is a left module or a right module.

Finitely generated module
In mathematics, a finitely generated module is a module that has a finite generating set. A finitely generated module over a ring R may also be called a finite R-module, finite over R, or a module of finite type.

Related concepts include finitely cogenerated modules, finitely presented modules, finitely related modules and coherent modules all of which are defined below.  Over a Noetherian ring the concepts of finitely generated, finitely presented and coherent modules coincide.

A finitely generated module over a field is simply a finite-dimensional vector space, and a finitely generated module over the integers is simply a finitely generated abelian group.
Shawneehaw Creek
The Shawneehaw Creek is a stream in the North Carolina High Country and is named after a Cherokee word for a tree that blooms early in the Spring, the current name for the tree is Serviceberry, or sarvisberry, and is located in the town of Banner Elk.  The headwaters begin from the Southeastern slopes of Beech Mountain in Watauga County, North Carolina and end at the Elk River in Avery County, North Carolina.The tree extend from North Carolina to Louisiana and Florida, and to 6000 feet.

Elk River (North Carolina–Tennessee)
The Elk River is a large stream in the North Carolina High Country and East Tennessee.  The headwaters begin from the Northwestern slopes of Peak Mountain in Avery County, North Carolina and end at the Watauga River in Carter County, Tennessee.
Indosmodicinus
Indosmodicinus is a monotypic genus of Asian crab spiders containing the single species, Indosmodicinus bengalensis. It was first described by S. Sen, S. Saha & D. Raychaudhuri in 2010, and is found in China and India.

Thomisidae
The Thomisidae are a family of spiders, including about 170 genera and over 2,100 species. The common name crab spider is often linked to species in this family, but may also be used for spiders from other families. Many members of this family are also known as flower spiders or flower crab spiders.
2019 Japanese House of Councillors election
House of Councillors elections were held in Japan on 21 July 2019 to elect 124 of the 245 members of the upper house of the National Diet for a term of six years.

74 members were elected by single non-transferable vote (SNTV)/First-past-the-post (FPTP) voting in 45 multi- and single-member prefectural electoral districts. The nationwide district elected 50 members by D'Hondt proportional representation with optionally open lists, the previous most open list system was modified in 2018 to give parties the option to prioritize certain candidates over the voters' preferences in the proportional election.

The election saw Prime Minister Shinzo Abe's ruling coalition lose the two-thirds majority needed to enact constitutional reform. The Liberal Democratic Party also lost its majority in the House of Councillors, but the LDP maintained control of the House of Councillors with its junior coalition partner Komeito.

Japanese House of Councillors national proportional representation block
The Japanese National Proportional Representation Block, known in Japan as the House of Councillors proportional district (参議院比例区, Sangiin hirei-ku) is an electoral district for the House of Councillors, the upper house of the National Diet of Japan. It consists of the whole nation and elects 50 members per election, 100 in total (fully effective after the 2022 regular election), by D'Hondt method proportional representation (PR).