hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Carla Bazzanella
Carla Bazzanella (6 August 1947 – 1 July 2022) was an Italian linguist.

Bazzanella was born in Turin. After graduating in classics from the University of Turin in 1971, Carla Bazzanella became a lecturer and researcher at the University of Pavia. She held this post from 1976 to 1983. After that she moved back to Turin, and taught glottology and philosophy of language until 1998. Since 2001, she had been an associate professor of linguistics at the University of Turin, where she taught both general linguistics and cognitive linguistics. She retired in 2012, but was active in the academic debate.

Bazzanella was a contributor to Journal of Pragmatics, Pragmatics and Cognition, and Language Sciences. She was also a member of the Società di Linguistica Italiana, the Associazione Italiana di Scienze Cognitive, and the International Pragmatics Association.

Historical linguistics
Historical linguistics, also known as diachronic linguistics, is the scientific study of how languages change over time. It seeks to understand the nature and causes of linguistic change and to trace the evolution of languages. Historical linguistics involves several key areas of study, including the reconstruction of ancestral languages, the classification of languages into families, (comparative linguistics) and the analysis of the cultural and social influences on language development.

This field is grounded in the uniformitarian principle, which posits that the processes of language change observed today were also at work in the past, unless there is clear evidence to suggest otherwise. Historical linguists aim to describe and explain changes in individual languages, explore the history of speech communities, and study the origins and meanings of words (etymology).
Thames Board Mills Sports Ground
Thames Board Mills Sports Ground was a cricket, football and rugby ground in Purfleet, Essex.  The first recorded match on the ground was in 1956, when the Essex Second XI played the Surrey Second XI in the Minor Counties Championship.

Essex played their first List-A match there against Kent in the 1969 Player's County League.  Essex played 4 List-A matches there between 1969 and 1972, playing their final List-A match there against Glamorgan in the 1972 John Player League.

Thames Board Mills rugby club started there and was based there for many years.

The ground is no longer used for cricket, but is used for football. East Thurrock United played at the ground from 1982 to 1984. The ground was previously owned by the London Fire Brigade, but is today owned by a private social club which retains its link to the Fire Brigade.  There has also been speculation about Grays Athletic F.C. building their new ground there.

Essex County Cricket Club
Essex County Cricket Club is one of eighteen first-class county clubs within the domestic cricket structure of England and Wales. It represents the historic county of Essex.

Founded in 1876, the club had minor county status until 1894 when it was promoted to first-class status pending its entry into the County Championship in 1895. Since then, the team has played in every top-level domestic cricket competition in England.

Essex currently play all their home games at the County Cricket Ground, Chelmsford. The club has formerly used other venues throughout the county including Lower Castle Park in Colchester, Valentines Park in Ilford, Leyton Cricket Ground, the Gidea Park Sports Ground in Romford, and Garon Park and Southchurch Park, both in Southend.

The limited overs team has previously been known as the Essex Eagles but now play simply as Essex.
Don C. Laubman
Lieutenant-General Donald Currie Laubman, DFC AOE CD (16 October 1921 – 20 June 2018) was a Second World War Canadian fighter pilot and flying ace. He remained in the Canadian armed services after the war rising to the rank of Lieutenant-General.

Canadian Forces' Decoration
The Canadian Forces' Decoration (post-nominal letters "CD") is a Canadian award bestowed upon members of the Canadian Armed Forces who have completed twelve years of military service, with certain conditions. By convention, it is also given to the governor general of Canada upon their appointment, which includes the title of Commander-in-Chief in and over Canada. The decoration is awarded to all ranks, who must have a good record of conduct during the final eight years of claimed service.

The first governor general to receive the CD was Viscount Alexander of Tunis in 1951. The medal was initially awarded to all members of the Royal Family who served in the Canadian Forces, even without completion of twelve years of service; this has, however, not been automatic since 1953.
Gedeon Barcza
Gedeon Barcza (August 21, 1911 – February 27, 1986) was a Hungarian chess grandmaster. He won the Hungarian Chess Championship eight times and represented his country in seven Olympiads. The Barcza System is named after him.

Chess Olympiad
The Chess Olympiad is a biennial chess tournament in which teams representing nations of the world compete. FIDE organises the tournament and selects the host nation. Amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, FIDE held an Online Chess Olympiad in 2020 and 2021, with a rapid time control that affected players' online ratings.
Neslihan Kavas
Neslihan Kavas (born 29 August 1987 in Eskişehir, Turkey) is a Turkish female para table tennis player of class 9 and Paralympian.

She represented Turkey at the 2008 Summer Paralympics, and won bronze by defeating Poland's Malgorzata Grzelak, three sets to nil (11–7, 11–4, 13–11).

Kavas took part at the 2012 Summer Paralympics and advanced to the final, at which she won the silver medal losing 2–3 to Chinese Lei Lina, champion of the 2008 Summer Paralympics. Furthermore, she was part of the Turkish team, which became silver medalist in the women's team class 6–10 event after losing to the team from China in the final.

She won the gold medal in the women's single class 9 division at the 2013 ITTF European Para-Table Tennis Championships held in Lignano, Italy.

Para table tennis
Para table tennis is a parasport that follows the rules set by the International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF).  The usual table tennis rules are in effect with slight modifications for wheelchair athletes. Athletes from disability groups can take part. Athletes receive classifications between 1 and 11. Classes 1–5 are for those in wheelchairs and classes 6–10 for those who have disabilities that allow them to play standing. Within those groups, the higher classification means the more function the athlete has. Class 11 is defined for players with an intellectual disability.
Sherpur Upazila
Sherpur Upazila (Bengali: শেরপুর উপজেলা) is an upazila (subdistrict) of Bogra District in Rajshahi Division, Bangladesh. Sherpur Thana was established in 1962 and was converted into an upazila in 1983. It is named after its administrative center, the town of Sherpur.

Upazila
An upazila, formerly called thana, is an administrative division in Bangladesh, functioning as a sub-unit of a district. It can be seen as an analogous to a county or a borough of Western countries. Rural upazilas are further administratively divided into union council areas (union parishads).

Bangladesh has 495 upazilas. The upazilas are the second lowest tier of regional administration in Bangladesh. The administrative structure consists of divisions (8), districts (64), upazilas (495) and union parishads (UPs). This system of devolution was introduced by the former military ruler and president of Bangladesh, Lt-Gen Hossain Muhammad Ershad, in an attempt to strengthen local government.

Below UPs, villages (gram) and para exist, but these have no administrative power and elected members. The Local Government Ordinance of 1982 was amended a year later, redesignating and upgrading the existing thanas as upazilas.
Gianna
Gianna is a female Italian given name, a diminutive form of Giovanna. In English, it is translated as "Jane", "Jean", "Joan", "Joanne" or "Joanna". These names mean "God is gracious".  See also John for the origin.

Giovanna
Giovanna is an Italian feminine first name. It is the feminine form of the masculine Giovanni, which is the Italian equivalent of John. As such, Giovanna corresponds to names like Joan, etc. In Brazil, the feminine name Giovanna has many variations, with Geovanna being the most common.
Peter and Gunvor Edwards
Peter Edwards (1934 – 2017) and Gunvor Edwards (1934 – 2014) were two Swedish-English impressionistic artists known for illustrating several of The Railway Series books by the Rev. W. Awdry from 1963 to 1972. Gunvor died at the age of 80 on 23 April 2014 from dementia, and Peter died at the age of 83 on 3 April 2017 from cancer.

Wilbert Awdry
Wilbert Vere Awdry OBE (15 June 1911 – 21 March 1997), often credited as Rev. W. Awdry, was an English Anglican priest, railway enthusiast, and children's author.  He was the creator of Thomas the Tank Engine and several other characters who appeared in his Railway Series.
Kate Ward
Katherine Ann Ward (born January 29, 1994) is an American soccer player and coach. She captains the United States women's deaf national team and is an assistant coach for the High Point University women's soccer team.

With the deaf national team, Ward is a three-time Deaflympics gold medalist (2009, 2013, and 2021) and three-time World Deaf Football Champion (2012, 2016, and 2023). She played college soccer at Appalachian State and previously was an assistant coach at Virginia Commonwealth University and the University of Texas at El Paso.

2016 World Deaf Football Championships
The 2016 World Deaf Football Championships were the third edition of the international competition of deaf football national men's and women's teams. They were organized by the International Committee of Sports for the Deaf (CISS), and were held in Agropoli, Capaccio and Salerno in Italy between 19 June and 2 July 2016. In the men's championship, Turkey won the title for the second time, defeating Germany in the final, Russia became bronze medalist before Argentina. In the women's championship, the United States won the title for the second time, defeating Russia in the final, Great Britain became bronze medalist before Poland.
LWS-3 Mewa
The LWS-3 Mewa ("Seagull") was a Polish observation and close reconnaissance aircraft, designed in the late-1930s by the LWS factory. It was ordered by the Polish Military Aviation, but did not manage to enter service before the outbreak of World War II.

Reconnaissance aircraft
A reconnaissance aircraft (colloquially, a spy plane) is a  military aircraft designed or adapted to perform aerial reconnaissance with roles including collection of imagery intelligence (including using photography), signals intelligence, as well as measurement and signature intelligence. Modern technology has also enabled some aircraft and UAVs to carry out real-time surveillance in addition to general intelligence gathering.

Before the development of devices such as radar, military forces relied on reconnaissance aircraft for visual observation and scouting of enemy movement.  An example is the PBY Catalina maritime patrol flying boat used by the Allies in World War II:  a flight of U.S. Navy Catalinas spotted part of the Japanese fleet approaching Midway Island, beginning the Battle of Midway.
Miyakawa Sae
Miyakawa Sae (宮川 紗江, Miyagawa Sae) is a Japanese retired artistic gymnast. She represented Japan at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics and won a bronze medal on the vault. She also competed at the 2015 World Championships where she finished fourth on the floor exercise and at the 2017 World Championships where she finished eighth on the vault. She was a member of the team that won a gold medal at the 2015 Asian Championships, and individually, she won the silver medal on the vault and the bronze medal on the floor exercise. She also represented Japan at the 2016 Summer Olympics.

2017 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships
The 2017 Artistic Gymnastics World Championships was the forty-seventh edition of the Artistic Gymnastics World Championships. The competition was held from October 2–8, 2017, at the Olympic Stadium in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

The event marked the first time since 2003 that the Championships had been held in North America. Montreal was also the host of the 1985 World Championships and the 1976 Summer Olympics. The event was part of Montreal's 375th anniversary and Canada's 150th anniversary celebrations, both of which were in fall of 2017.
Aislin Jones
Aislin Jones (/æʃˈlɪn/ ash-LIN; born 8 February 2000) is an Australian women's skeet shooter. She won the Australian National Championship in January 2016, becoming the youngest woman ever to hold that title.  She is the current Oceania Region Junior Women's Skeet Record holder.

Skeet shooting
Skeet shooting is a recreational and competitive activity whose participants use shotguns to attempt to break clay targets which two fixed stations mechanically fling into the air at high speed and at a variety of angles.

Skeet is one of the three major disciplines of competitive clay shooting—alongside trap shooting and sporting clays. There are several types of skeet, including one with  Olympic status (often called "Olympic skeet" or "international skeet"), and many with only national recognition.
Patera (planetary nomenclature)
Patera /ˈpætərə/ PAT-ər-ə (plural: paterae /ˈpætəri/ PAT-ə-ree) is an irregular crater, or a complex crater with scalloped edges on a celestial body. Paterae can have any origin (volcanic, impact or other), although the majority of them were created by volcanism. The term comes from Latin, where it refers to a shallow bowl used in antique cultures.

This term is used in planetary nomenclature: it is a part of the international names of such features. In such names, it is capitalized and stands after the proper given name (e.g., Pillan Patera). Besides that, it can be used as a description term and applied even to unnamed features.

Volcanic crater
A volcanic crater is an approximately circular depression in the ground caused by volcanic activity. It is typically a bowl-shaped feature containing one or more vents. During volcanic eruptions, molten magma and volcanic gases rise from an underground magma chamber, through a conduit, until they reach the crater's vent, from where the gases escape into the atmosphere and the magma is erupted as lava. A volcanic crater can be of large dimensions and sometimes of great depth. During certain types of explosive eruptions, a volcano's magma chamber may empty enough for an area above it to subside, forming a type of larger depression known as a caldera.
Charles S. Chestnut IV
Charles S. "Chuck" Chestnut IV (born July 27, 1962) is a Democratic politician who currently serves as an Alachua County Commissioner, representing the 5th District from 2012 to the present. Prior to being elected to the Alachua County Commission, Chestnut served as a member of the Florida House of Representatives from 2006 to 2012, representing the 96th District.

Alachua County, Florida
Alachua County (/əˈlætʃuə/ ⓘ ə-LATCH-oo-ə) is a county in the north central portion of the U.S. state of Florida. As of the 2020 census, the population was 278,468. The county seat is Gainesville, the home of the University of Florida.
Norma Hernández
Norma Eugenia González Hernández (née González, born May 19, 1934) is an American mathematics educator known for her work on the educational achievements of Mexican-American students and on the factors influencing those achievements. She was dean of education at the University of Texas at El Paso.

Mathematics education
In contemporary education, mathematics education (known in Europe as the didactics or pedagogy of mathematics) is the practice of teaching, learning, and carrying out scholarly research into the transfer of mathematical knowledge.

Although research into mathematics education is primarily concerned with the tools, methods, and approaches that facilitate practice or the study of practice, it also covers an extensive field of study encompassing a variety of different concepts, theories and methods. National and international organisations regularly hold conferences and publish literature in order to improve mathematics education.
Haoba Athouba
Haoba Athouba (ꯍꯥꯎꯕ ꯑꯊꯧꯕ) was a warrior of the Khuman clan in ancient Kangleipak (early Manipur). His story is notably mentioned in the classical Meitei literary work Chainarol (An Account of Combats). His story shows both personal bravery and the challenges faced by warriors who did not emerge victorious in ritual duels. His story is about the harsh realities of the warrior code that governed inter-clan conflicts in early Meitei civilisation.

Khuman
Khuman (Meitei: ꯈꯨꯃꯟ) is a group of people, which is recognized as one of the seven Yek Salai clans of the composite Meitei confederacy. Historically, they ruled parts of Kangleipak (present day Indian state of Manipur) prior to subjugation by the Ningthouja dynasty (Mangang) c. 13th century. The Khuman-Lon Puya records information about their rule. The Meitei language meaning of Khuman is a narrowed darkness.
War and Decision
War and Decision: Inside the Pentagon at the Dawn of the War on Terrorism is a memoir written by Douglas Feith, former Undersecretary of Defense for Policy, in which he presents a history of the beginning of the war on terrorism and the campaigns in Afghanistan and Iraq.  The book was released on April 8, 2008.  In addition to its narrative, which largely details the period from summer 2001 until June 2004, the book contains a 30-page appendix with facsimiles of United States government memos and other documents from the period.

CBS' 60 Minutes interviewed Feith about the book on April 6. Feith is "donating all his proceeds to a foundation he has created to benefit veterans and their families."

Under Secretary of Defense for Policy
The United States under secretary of defense for policy (USDP) is a high level civilian official in the United States Department of Defense. The under secretary of defense for policy is the principal staff assistant and adviser to both the secretary of defense and the deputy secretary of defense for all matters concerning the formation of national security and defense policy.

The under secretary is normally appointed from civilian life by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate.
Al-Sarraji Mosque
The Al-Sarraji Mosque (Arabic: جامع السراجي) is a former Sunni mosque, that was located in the Abi al-Khasib district in Basra, in the Basra Governorate of Iraq. The Al-Sarraji Mosque is characterized by its ancient heritage and archaeological architecture and is distinguished by its luxurious archaeological minaret built of ancient bricks. The mosque is registered with on the Iraqi list of heritage places.

On July 14, 2023, al-Sarraji Mosque was demolished in order to widen Abi al-Khasib Street in response to the demands of citizens and vehicle owners, due to the severe crowds being in the middle of the street. This move caused great controversy among Iraqis and activists criticized the government their failure to protect Iraq's heritage and culture. Although there have been proposals to reconstruct the mosque.

Basra Governorate
The Basra Governorate (Arabic: محافظة البصرة‎ Muḥāfaẓa al-Baṣra), also called Basra Province, is a governorate in southern Iraq bordering Kuwait to the south and Iran to the east. The capital is the city of Basra, located in the Basrah district. Other districts of Basra include Al-Qurna, Al-Zubair, Al-Midaina, Shatt Al-Arab, Abu Al-Khaseeb and Al-Faw located on the Persian Gulf. It is the only governorate with a coastline.
Tanzania meridionalis
Tanzania meridionalis is  a species of jumping spider in the genus Tanzania that lives in South Africa. First described in 2011 by Charles Haddad and Wanda Wesołowska, it is a small spider, with a carapace between 0.8 and 0.9 mm (0.03 and 0.04 in) long and an abdomen between 0.8 and 0.9 mm (0.03 and 0.04 in) long. The top of the spider is generally light brown with a black eye field and a pattern of stripes and streaks. The underside is lighter. It has a single thin long hair in the middle of its face, or clypeus. The male has distinctive copulatory organs with a very short colled embolus. The female has not been described.

Jumping spider
Jumping spiders are spiders in the family Salticidae, with almost 700 genera and around 7,000 described species, making it the largest family of spiders – comprising 13% of spider species. Jumping spiders have some of the best vision among arthropods — being capable of stereoptic color vision — and use sight in courtship, hunting, and navigation.

Although they normally move unobtrusively and fairly slowly, most species are capable of very agile jumps, notably when hunting, but sometimes in response to sudden threats or crossing long gaps. Both their book lungs and tracheal system are well-developed, and they use both systems (bimodal breathing). Jumping spiders are generally recognized by their eye pattern. All jumping spiders have four pairs of eyes, with the anterior median pair (the two front middle eyes) being particularly large.
Volodymyr Lytvyn
Volodymyr Mykhailovych Lytvyn (Ukrainian: Володи́мир Миха́йлович Литви́н, IPA: [woloˈdɪmɪr mɪˈxɑjlowɪtʃ lɪtˈwɪn]; born April 28, 1956) is a Ukrainian politician best known for being Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada, the Ukrainian parliament. Having previously served in that position from 2002 until 2006, he was re-elected in December 2008 after his party agreed to join the former coalition of Yulia Tymoshenko in an expanded capacity and stayed Chairman until December 2012. From 1994 to 1999, Lytvyn was an aide to President Leonid Kuchma and, later, the head of his office.

Office of the President of Ukraine
The Office of the President of Ukraine (Ukrainian: Офіс Президента України, romanized: Ofis Prezydenta Ukrainy, pronounced [ˈɔfis prezɪˈdɛntɐ ʊkrɐˈjinɪ]), formerly the Administration of the President of Ukraine, is a standing advisory body set up by the President of Ukraine pursuant to clause 28, Article 106 of the Constitution of Ukraine. The Office consists of its Head, Deputies of the Head, Chief of Staff, First Assistant to the President, Advisors, Authorized Advisors, Press Secretary, Representatives of the President, Cabinet of the President, Cabinet of the Head of the Office, Services, Directorates, and Departments.
Amandla (power)
Amandla in the Nguni languages Xhosa and Zulu means "power". The word was a popular rallying cry in the days of resistance against apartheid, used by the African National Congress and its allies. The leader of a group would call out "Amandla!" and the crowd would respond with "Awethu" or "Ngawethu!" (to us), completing the South African version of the rallying cry "power to the people!". The word is still associated with struggles against oppression.

Mandla, which is derived from amandla, is also a common first name in South Africa. The Alternative Information and Development Centre (AIDC) publishes a magazine by the same name.

Xhosa language
Xhosa (/ˈkoʊsə/ KOH-sə, Xhosa: [ᵏǁʰôːsa] ⓘ), formerly spelled Xosa and also known by its local name isiXhosa, is a Bantu language, indigenous to Southern Africa and one of the official languages of South Africa and Zimbabwe.

Xhosa is spoken as a first language by approximately 8 million people and as a second language in South Africa, particularly in Eastern Cape, Western Cape, Northern Cape and Gauteng, and also in parts of Zimbabwe and Lesotho. It has perhaps the heaviest functional load of click consonants in a Bantu language (approximately tied with Yeyi), with one count finding that 10% of basic vocabulary items contained a click.