hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Edinburgh City Artillery
The Edinburgh City Artillery was a part-time unit of Britain's Volunteer Force raised around Edinburgh in 1859. It was the parent unit for a number of batteries in the later Territorial Force, including heavy batteries of the Royal Garrison Artillery that fought on the Western Front during World War I. It later formed a heavy regiment that served in the Battle of France and the campaign in North West Europe during World War II, while a spin-off medium regiment fought in Sicily and Italy. Its successor units continued in the postwar Territorial Army until the 1960s.

Volunteer Force
The Volunteer Force was a citizen army of part-time rifle, artillery and engineer corps, created as a popular movement throughout the British Empire in 1859. Originally highly autonomous, the units of volunteers became increasingly integrated with the British Army after the Childers Reforms in 1881, before forming part of the Territorial Force in 1908. Most of the regiments of the present Army Reserves  Infantry, Artillery, Engineers and Signals units are directly descended from Volunteer Force units.
Spain in the Eurovision Song Contest 2022
Spain was represented at the Eurovision Song Contest 2022 with the song "SloMo", written by Leroy Sanchez, Keith Harris, Ibere Fortes, Maggie Szabo, and Arjen Thonen, and performed by Chanel. The Spanish participating broadcaster, Radiotelevisión Española (RTVE), together with the Generalitat Valenciana, organised Benidorm Fest 2022 in order to select its entry for the 2022 contest. Benidorm Fest consisted of two semi-finals on 26 and 27 January and the final on 29 January 2022. A total of thirteen artists and songs competed, and the winner was determined by a combination of votes from an expert jury, a demoscopic panel and a televote.

As part of the "Big Five", Spain directly qualified to compete in the final of the Eurovision Song Contest. Performing during the show in position 10, "SloMo" eventually finished in third place with 459 points. Chanel became the highest scoring Spanish Eurovision entrant and scored Spain its best result since 1995.

Spain in the Eurovision Song Contest 1995
Spain was represented at the Eurovision Song Contest 1995 with the song "Vuelve conmigo", written by José María Purón, and performed by Anabel Conde. The Spanish participating broadcaster, Televisión Española (TVE), internally selected its entry for the contest. The song, performed in position 9, placed second out of twenty-three competing entries with 119 points.
Retterath
Retterath is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Vulkaneifel district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the Verbandsgemeinde of Kelberg, whose seat is in the like-named municipality.

Kelberg
Kelberg is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Vulkaneifel district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the like-named Verbandsgemeinde, and is home to its seat. Kelberg is a state-recognized climatic spa.
Ledbetter, Kentucky
Ledbetter is a census-designated place (CDP) in Livingston County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 1,683 at the 2010 census, down slightly from 1,700 in 2000, thus making it the largest and most populous community in Livingston County. It is part of the Paducah, KY-IL Metropolitan Statistical Area, laying directly across the Tennessee River from Paducah. It is the largest community in Livingston County, but the village of Salem is less than two times the population of Ledbetter.

Paducah, Kentucky
Paducah (/pəˈduːkə/ ⓘ pə-DOO-kə) is a home rule-class city in the Upland South, and the county seat of McCracken County, Kentucky, United States. The most populous city in the Jackson Purchase region, it is located in the Southeastern United States at the confluence of the Tennessee and the Ohio rivers, halfway between St. Louis, Missouri, to the northwest and Nashville, Tennessee, to the southeast. As of the 2020 census, the population was 27,137, up from 25,024 in 2010. Twenty blocks of the city's downtown have been designated as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Paducah is the principal city of the Paducah metropolitan area, which includes McCracken, Ballard, Carlisle and Livingston counties in Kentucky and Massac County in Illinois.  The total population of the metro area was 103,481 in 2020.  The Paducah–Mayfield combined statistical area had a total population of 140,138.
Excellent Long-Established University Consortium of Taiwan
The Excellent Long-Established University Consortium of Taiwan (ELECT or U12 Consortium, Chinese: 優久聯盟; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Iu-kú Liân-bêng), formerly named as U9 Consortium, a university alliance in Taiwan. Its members are nine private universities located in New Taipei City and Taipei City and extended with three universities in Central Taiwan, with 12 universities in total, by cooperation including offering joint academic courses.  Students of Member Universities can cross-register up to  two classes per academic session.

The member schools are equipped with specific strength and academic specialization networking, and viewed as some of historical partner universities or runner-up universities in lieu of comparing academic specialization to top universities in Taiwan, and evaluated among the best private universities in Taiwan.

University alliances in Taiwan
There are several major university alliances in Taiwan, mostly organized in 2002, intentionally modelled after other university systems. The key steps in such integration may include pooling of resources such as libraries and some co-ordinated budgeting.
Alemañol
Alemañol (a portmanteau formed of Spanish words alemán and español) is a mixed language, spoken by Spanish-speakers in German regions, which formed with German and Spanish. It appeared in the 1960s and it is used today by Spaniards, South Americans, and other Latin Americans in German regions. In the same way, it is also spoken by descendants of German settlers in South America, mostly in the Southern Cone. Alemañol is also spoken by South American residents of German descent in native German-speaking countries.

Alemañol is considered a hybrid language by linguists. Many actually refer to Alemañol as "Spanish-German code-switching," but some influence of borrowing and lexical and grammatical shifts occur as well.

Mixed language
A mixed language, also referred to as a hybrid language or fusion language, is a type of contact language that arises among a bilingual group combining aspects of two or more languages but not clearly deriving primarily from any single language. It differs from a creole or pidgin language in that, whereas creoles/pidgins arise where speakers of many languages acquire a common language, a mixed language typically arises in a population that is fluent in both of the source languages.

Because all languages show some degree of mixing by virtue of containing loanwords, it is a matter of controversy whether the concept of a mixed language can meaningfully be distinguished from the type of contact and borrowing seen in all languages. Scholars debate to what extent language mixture can be distinguished from other mechanisms such as code-switching, substrata, or lexical borrowing.
Princess Chŏngsun
Princess Chŏngsun (Korean: 정순공주; Hanja: 貞順公主; 1385 – 25 August 1460) was a royal princess during Joseon era. She was the eldest legitimate daughter of Taejong of Joseon and his consort, Queen Wŏn'gyŏng.

Queen Wŏn'gyŏng
Queen Wŏn'gyŏng (Korean: 원경왕후 민씨; 6 August 1365 – 27 August 1420) of the Yeoheung Min clan, was the primary wife of King Taejong of Joseon, and the mother of Sejong the Great.

She was queen consort of Joseon from 1400, and was honored as Consort Chŏng (정비) until her husband became king emeritus in 1418 after which she was honoured as Queen Dowager Hudŏk (후덕왕대비).
West African Pidgin English
West African Pidgin English, also known as Guinea Coast Creole English, is a West African pidgin language lexified by English and local African languages. It originated as a language of commerce between British and African slave traders during the period of the transatlantic slave trade. As of 2017, about 75 million people in Nigeria, Cameroon, Ghana and Equatorial Guinea used the language.

Because it is primarily a spoken language, there is no standardized written form, and many local varieties exist. These include Sierra Leone Krio, Nigerian Pidgin, Ghanaian Pidgin English, Cameroonian Pidgin English, Liberian Kolokwa English, the Aku dialect of Krio, and Pichinglis.

Pichinglis
Pichinglis, commonly referred to by its speakers as Pichi and formally known as Fernando Po Creole English (Fernandino), is an  Atlantic English-lexicon creole language spoken on the island of Bioko, Equatorial Guinea. It is an offshoot of the Krio language of Sierra Leone, and was brought to Bioko by Krios who immigrated to the island during the colonial era in the 19th century.

Pichi is the most widely spoken language of the capital Malabo, next to Spanish, and it serves as a primary language to probably the majority of the capital's inhabitants. Pichi is also used as a primary language in a number of villages and towns along the Coast of Bioko – amongst them Sampaca, Fiston, Basupú, Barrio las Palmas and Luba, and is spoken as a lingua franca throughout Bioko. It is also spoken by a sizable community of people originating from Bioko in Bata, the largest town on the continental part of the country.
Robin King
Robin Andrew King, (born 7 July 1966) is a Northern Irish loyalist paramilitary leader who served as the commander of the Ulster Protestant Loyalist Volunteer Force (LVF). A close friend of the organisation's founder Billy Wright, King took over as leader following the death of Mark "Swinger" Fulton, who had succeeded Wright when he was assassinated by the Irish National Liberation Army (INLA) in December 1997.

Mark Fulton (loyalist)
Mark Fulton (c. 1961 – 10 June 2002) was a Northern Irish loyalist. He was the leader of the Loyalist Volunteer Force (LVF), having taken over its command following the assassination of Billy Wright in the Maze Prison in 1997 by members of the Irish National Liberation Army (INLA).

Fulton was alleged by journalist Susan McKay to have carried out a dozen sectarian killings in the 1990s. He also allegedly organized the murder of a Catholic lawyer, Rosemary Nelson, in 1999 while he was out of prison on compassionate leave. In 2002, he was found hanged in his cell at Maghaberry Prison, an apparent suicide. He was awaiting trial having been charged with conspiracy to murder a man from a rival loyalist paramilitary organisation. At the time of his death, Fulton was married with two children.
Matt Brazier
Matthew Ronald Brazier (2 July 1976 – 4 February 2019) was an English professional footballer who played as a midfielder. He began his career with Queens Park Rangers before joining fellow London based side Fulham in 1998. After a brief loan spell at Cardiff City, Brazier joined the Bluebirds on a permanent deal for a fee of £100,000. He helped the club win promotion during the 2000–01 season but fell out of favour under manager Alan Cork and was allowed to join Leyton Orient six months later.

Alan Cork
Alan Graham Cork (born 4 March 1959) is an English former professional footballer. He played as a striker for several clubs, most notably Wimbledon (where he spent 14 years, played in all four divisions of the Football League and gained an FA Cup-winner's medal in 1988) and has held a number of managerial and coaching posts since his retirement from playing.

He holds the record for first-team appearances and first-team goals at Wimbledon and is also the only player to have scored in all four divisions of the pre-1992 Football League and also the Premier League.
Something Precious
"Something Precious" is a song composed by Lorene Mann that was originally recorded by American country artist, Skeeter Davis. It was originally released as the B-side to her 1962 single, "Where I Ought to Be". The song itself reached the top 30 of the American country songs chart in 1962, a stand-along chart position from the A-side.

Where I Ought to Be
"Where I Ought to Be" is a song written by Harlan Howard. In 1961, Skeeter Davis recorded and released the song as a single for RCA Victor in 1962.

"Where I Ought to Be" was recorded on November 1, 1961, at the RCA Victor Studio in Nashville, Tennessee, United States. The song was released as a single in January 1962, and it peaked at number nine on the Billboard Magazine Hot C&W Sides chart later that year. The single became Davis' fifth top-ten hit on the country chart at that point. The song was not originally issued onto an official album.
Joseph Lara (politician)
Joseph "Jojo Pulsar" Lasam Lara (born 1966) is a Filipino politician who served in the House of Representatives of the Philippines for three terms. Born in Tuguegarao, he ran for mayor in his birthplace in the 2010 elections but failed to secure a win. He subsequently ran in the 2019 elections under Partido Demokratiko Pilipino for Cagayan's 3rd congressional district and won. He produced numerous infrastructure projects in Cagayan. He was re-elected in the 2022 elections under the same party and succeeded. Shortly after, he conducted an investigation against Cagayan Governor Manuel Mamba. He also filed a House resolution pertaining to Chinese students in Filipino schools. He ran for re-election in the 2025 elections under Lakas–CMD and prevailed. He is currently the chairperson of the House Committee of Disaster Resilience.

Manuel Mamba
Manuel Noveno Mamba Sr. (born August 19, 1958) is a Filipino physician and politician who is serving as provincial vice governor of Cagayan since 2025 and previously served as governor of Cagayan from 2016 to 2025. He was elected to the House of Representatives of the Philippines, representing the 3rd District of Cagayan. First elected in 1995, he was re-elected in 2001, 2004, and 2007. He was also a municipal mayor of Tuao, Cagayan, from 1988 to 1995. He also served as the Presidential Legislative Liaison Officer under Benigno Aquino III.
Cascais Marina
The Cascais Marina, in Cascais, Portugal, is the largest marina on the Portuguese Riviera and the third largest marina in the country.

Located on the Bay of Cascais along the shore of the Citadel of Cascais, the marina plays host to numerous high profile sailing events, such as the America's Cup World Series, the World Match Racing Tour, and the Audi MedCup. In 2018, the city announced the marina will be redeveloped, featuring a €60 million green roofs scheme, that when complete would be a mixed-use luxury and environmentally conscious destination.

Citadel of Cascais
The Citadel of Cascais is a set of fortifications built between the 15th and 17th centuries to defend the Cascais coastline and River Tagus estuary and to protect against attacks on the capital of Portugal, Lisbon. The citadel incorporates three separate developments, the tower of  Santo António de Cascais, the Fortress of Our Lady of Light (Nossa Senhora da Luz de Cascais), and the former Royal Palace area. It serves as an official summer residence for the President of Portugal.
Cha Chi Ming
Cha Chi-ming GBM, JP (1914 – 28 March 2007), was a Hong Kong industrialist, entrepreneur and philanthropist. He was the Chairman of CDW International Limited, Mingly Corporation Limited, and Hong Kong Resort International Limited and also a member of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Preparatory Committee, a member of the Hong Kong Basic Law Drafting Committee, and a Hong Kong Affairs Adviser.

Grand Bauhinia Medal
The Grand Bauhinia Medal (Chinese: 大紫荊勳章) is the highest award under the Hong Kong honours and awards system;  it is to recognise the selected person's lifelong and highly significant contribution to the well-being of Hong Kong. The awardee is entitled to the postnominal letters GBM and the style The Honourable.  The award was created in 1997 to replace the British honours system, following the transfer of sovereignty to the People's Republic of China and the establishment of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. The list was empty from 2003 to 2004. Bauhinia, Bauhinia blakeana, is the floral emblem of Hong Kong.
TwinBee
TwinBee is a 1985 vertically scrolling shooter video game developed and published by Konami for arcades. Along with Sega's Fantasy Zone (1986), it is credited as an early archetype of the "cute 'em up" subgenre. It was the first game to run on Konami's Bubble System hardware. TwinBee was ported to the Family Computer and MSX in 1986, and has been included in numerous compilations released in later years. The original arcade game was released outside Japan for the first time as part of the Nintendo DS compilation Konami Classics Series: Arcade Hits. A mobile phone version with edited graphics was released for Japanese i-mode mobile phones in 2003.

Various TwinBee sequels were released for the arcade and home console markets following the original game, some of which spawned audio drama and anime adaptations in Japan.

Konami Classics Series: Arcade Hits
Konami Classics Series: Arcade Hits, released as Konami Arcade Collection in Japan and Konami Arcade Classics in Europe and Oceania, is a collection of 15 classic arcade games by Konami for the Nintendo DS.
Darren Thiboutot Jr.
Darren "Lightnin'" Thiboutot Jr. (born September 5, 1997) is an American guitarist, known for his work with Memphis Lightning.  He has also shared the stage and or recorded with Eddie Kirkland, Jimmie Vaughan, Samantha Fish, Albert Castiglia, Paul Nelson, Brent Mason, Robin Trower, Buddy Guy and many more.

Jimmie Vaughan
Jimmie Lawrence Vaughan Jr. (born March 20, 1951) is an American blues rock guitarist and singer based in Austin, Texas. A founding member of The Fabulous Thunderbirds, he is the older brother of the deceased Texas blues guitarist Stevie Ray Vaughan.

Several notable blues guitarists have had a significant influence on Vaughan's playing style, including the "Three Kings" (Albert, Freddie, and B.B. King) and Johnny "Guitar" Watson.
Friedrichs's inequality
In mathematics, Friedrichs's inequality is a theorem of functional analysis, due to Kurt Friedrichs. It places a bound on the Lp norm of a function using Lp bounds on the weak derivatives of the function and the geometry of the domain, and can be used to show that certain norms on Sobolev spaces are equivalent. Friedrichs's inequality generalizes the Poincaré–Wirtinger inequality, which deals with the case k = 1.

Sobolev space
In mathematics, a Sobolev space is a vector space of functions equipped with a norm that is a combination of Lp-norms of the function together with its derivatives up to a given order. The derivatives are understood in a suitable weak sense to make the space complete, i.e. a Banach space. Intuitively, a Sobolev space is a space of functions possessing sufficiently many derivatives for some application domain, such as partial differential equations, and equipped with a norm that measures both the size and regularity of a function.

Sobolev spaces are named after the Russian mathematician Sergei Sobolev. Their importance comes from the fact that weak solutions of some important partial differential equations exist in appropriate Sobolev spaces, even when there are no strong solutions in spaces of continuous functions with the derivatives understood in the classical sense.
Chai AI
CHAI AI (also known as CHAI Research) is an American artificial intelligence (AI) company operating a chatbot platform. Founded in 2021 by William Beauchamp, CHAI's chatbots use large language models (LLMs). The company is headquartered in Palo Alto, California.

Chatbot
A chatbot (originally chatterbot) is a software application or web interface that simulates conversation through text or speech. Modern chatbots are typically online and use generative artificial intelligence systems that are capable of maintaining a conversation with a user in natural language and simulating the way a human would behave as a conversational partner. Such chatbots often use deep learning and natural language processing. Simpler chatbots have existed for decades.

Chatbots have gained popularity with the release of ChatGPT in 2022, followed by competitors such as Gemini, Claude, and Grok, in what is labelled an AI boom. AI chatbots typically use fine-tuned large language models to generate text.

A major area where chatbots have long been used is customer service and support, with various sorts of virtual assistants.
Tournoi international de l'Exposition Universelle de Paris
The Tournoi international de l'Exposition Universelle de Paris (the international tournament of the Paris exhibition) was an international club football tournament which took place from May to June 1937. It was arranged to coincide with the international exhibition being held in France that year. Eight clubs from around Europe were invited to participate. The tournament was won by Italian champions Bologna, who beat English side Chelsea 4–1 in the final. Bologna's victory marked the first time that an Italian team won an international tournament against an English team.

Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne
The Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne (International Exposition of Art and Technology in Modern Life) was held from 25 May to 25 November 1937 in Paris, France. Both the Palais de Chaillot, housing the Musée de l'Homme, and the Palais de Tokyo, which houses the Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris, were created for this exhibition that was officially sanctioned by the Bureau International des Expositions. A third building, Palais d'Iéna, housing the permanent Museum of Public Works, which was originally to be among the new museums created on the hill of Chaillot on the occasion of the Exhibition, was not built until January 1937 and inaugurated in March 1939.
Helen Culver
Helen Culver (March 3, 1832 – August 19, 1925) was an American teacher, real estate developer and philanthropist. Her philanthropy established Hull House, a settlement house in Chicago, as well as supporting many scholarly causes.

Settlement movement
The settlement movement was a reformist social movement that began in the 1880s and peaked around the 1920s in the United Kingdom and the United States. Its main object was the establishment of settlement houses in poor urban areas, in which volunteer middle-class "settlement workers" would live, hoping to share knowledge and culture with, and alleviate the poverty of, their low-income neighbors. The settlement houses provided services such as daycare, English classes, and healthcare to improve the lives of the poor in these areas. The settlement movement also spawned educational/reform movements. Both in the United Kingdom and the United States, settlement workers worked to develop a unique activist form of sociology known as Settlement Sociology. This science of the social movement is neglected in the history of sociology in favor of a teaching-, theory- and research university–based model.
South Dakota Highway 271
South Dakota Highway 271 (SD 271) is a 25.010-mile-long (40.250 km) state highway in the north-central part of the U.S. state of South Dakota. It connects portions of northeast Walworth County with the northeastern part of Campbell County.

It consists of two disconnected segments. The southern segment extends from U.S. Route 12 (US 12) south of Java to a rural intersection at the Walworth–Campbell county line, northeast of Selby. The northern segment begins at an intersection with SD 10 west of Eureka and ends at an intersection with 102nd Street at the North Dakota state line. Here, the roadway continues as 26th Avenue SE.

The northern segment was previously SD 105 prior to the mid-1970s.

U.S. Route 12 in South Dakota
U.S. Highway 12 (US 12) is a part of the United States Numbered Highway System that travels from Aberdeen, Washington, to Detroit, Michigan. In the state of South Dakota, US 12 extends from the North Dakota border east to the Minnesota border.