hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Coffman Memorial Union
Coffman Memorial Union (abbreviated CMU, and commonly known as Coffman Union or simply Coffman) is a student union on the East Bank campus of the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis. Situated near the Mississippi River, Coffman anchors the south end of Northrop Mall, a grassy area at the center of campus that is bordered by the University's physics, mathematics, chemistry, and administration buildings, plus Walter Library and Northrop Auditorium. Coffman sits at the south end of the mall, across Washington Avenue, and opposite Northrop.

Northrop Mall Historic District
The Northrop Mall Historic District is a historic district located at the University of Minnesota's east bank campus in Minneapolis, Minnesota. It covers buildings along Northrop Mall and in the surrounding area. The district was found eligible to be listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006, and was officially added in January 2018. Most of the buildings are connected by the Gopher Way; a tunnel and skyway network providing easy and direct enclosed pedestrian access. The district is roughly bounded by Pillsbury Drive SE to the north, East River Parkway to the west, Union Street SE to the east, and Delaware Street SE to the south. It is located directly south of the university's Old Campus Historic District.

The Mall was originally envisaged by architect Cass Gilbert in a 1908 plan. Funding for campus expansions that enabled construction of the Mall was largely credited to Minnesota Senator James Elwell.
Sandplace railway station
Sandplace railway station (Cornish: Tewesva) is an intermediate station on the scenic Looe Valley Line in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. The station serves the hamlet of Sandplace and is 6.5 miles (10 km) south of Liskeard.

The single platform is on the left of trains arriving from Liskeard.

Liskeard railway station
Liskeard railway station (Cornish: Lyskerrys) serves the town of Liskeard in Cornwall, England. The station is approximately 18 miles (29 km) west of Plymouth on the Cornish Main Line and 264 miles 71 chains (426.3 km) from London Paddington via Box and Plymouth Millbay. It is the junction for the Looe Valley Line. The railway station is situated approximately 1⁄2 mile (0.80 km) south-west of Liskeard town centre.
Funnelsort
Funnelsort is a comparison-based sorting algorithm. It is similar to mergesort, but it is a cache-oblivious algorithm, designed for a setting where the number of elements to sort is too large to fit in a cache where operations are done. It was introduced by Matteo Frigo, Charles Leiserson, Harald Prokop, and Sridhar Ramachandran in 1999 in the context of the cache oblivious model.

Merge sort
In computer science, merge sort (also commonly spelled as mergesort or merge-sort) is an efficient and general purpose comparison-based sorting algorithm. Most implementations of merge sort are stable, which means that the relative order of equal elements is the same between the input and output. Merge sort is a divide-and-conquer algorithm that was invented by John von Neumann in 1945. A detailed description and analysis of bottom-up merge sort appeared in a report by Goldstine and von Neumann as early as 1948.
2017 Rojava local elections
The first local elections in the Democratic Federation of Northern Syria were held on 22 September 2017. Representatives of 3,700 communes in the regions of the Northern Syria Federation were selected in the election, involving 12,421 candidates. The communal elections on 22 September were followed by elections of local councils in December and a federal parliamentary election of the People's Democratic Council, the region's highest governing body, in 2018. Some areas controlled by the Syrian Democratic Forces were not included in the election, including the city of Manbij.

Syrian Democratic Council
The Syrian Democratic Council (SDC) is the political wing of the Syrian Democratic Forces in the Democratic Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (DAANES). The SDC's stated mission is working towards the implementation of a "Pluralistic, democratic and decentralized system for all of Syria".

In 2024, DAANES delayed local elections in northeast Syria, amid military threats from Turkish sponsored rebels and a pushback from some local political parties which accused the proposed elections of not being fair.
Robin Givhan
Robin Givhan (born September 11, 1964) is an American fashion editor and Pulitzer Prize winning writer.

Givhan was a fashion editor for The Washington Post. She joined the Post in 1995, and left in 2010 to become the fashion critic and fashion correspondent for The Daily Beast and  Newsweek. She returned to the Post in 2014.

Givhan won the Pulitzer Prize for Criticism in 2006, the first time the award was given to a fashion writer. The Pulitzer Committee cited Givhan's "witty, closely observed essays that transform fashion criticism into cultural criticism."

Pulitzer Prize for Criticism
The Pulitzer Prize for Criticism has been presented since 1970 to a newspaper writer in the United States who has demonstrated 'distinguished criticism'.  Recipients of the award are chosen by an independent board and officially administered by Columbia University. The Pulitzer Committee issues an official citation explaining the reasons for the award.
2011–12 I-League
The 2011–12 I-League was the fifth season of the I-League. The season began in October 2011 and ended in May 2012. Salgaocar are the defending champions, having won their maiden title in the previous season.

The current edition has a total of 14 teams contesting for the honors. These include the top twelve teams from the 2010–11 season along with the two promoted sides, Shillong Lajong and Sporting Clube de Goa, who had been the winner and the runner-up in the 2011 I-League 2nd Division respectively.

2010–11 I-League
The 2010–11 I-League was the fourth season of the I-League, which was the highest football league competition in India during the time. It ran from 3 December 2010 to May 2011. Dempo are the defending champions. On 30 May 2011 Salgaocar won the title by beating JCT 2–0 in the final match of the season.
German submarine U-2337
German submarine U-2337 was a Type XXIII U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II. She was ordered on 20 September 1943, and was laid down on 2 August 1944 at Deutsche Werft, Hamburg, as yard number 491. She was launched on 15 September 1944 and commissioned under the command of Oberleutnant zur See Günter Behnisch on 4 October 1944.

Type XXIII submarine
German Type XXIII submarines were the first so-called elektroboote ("electric boats") to become operational. They were small coastal submarines designed to operate in the shallow waters of the North Sea, Black Sea and Mediterranean Sea, where larger Type XXI electric boats were at risk in World War II. They were so small they could carry only two torpedoes, which had to be loaded externally. As with their far larger sisters—the Type XXI—they were able to remain submerged almost all of the time and were faster than conventional U-boats, due to the improved streamlining of their shape, batteries with larger capacity and the snorkel, which allowed the diesel engines to be used while submerged. The Type XXI and XXIII U-boats revolutionized post-war submarine design. Nearly a thousand Type XXIII boats were projected towards the close of World War II, but most of these were either cancelled, scrapped incomplete, or only projected.
William H. Spaulding
William H. Spaulding (May 4, 1880 – October 12, 1966) was an American football player and coach of football, basketball, and baseball. Spaulding coached at UCLA from 1925 to 1938. He had a successful tenure, compiling a 72–51–8 (.580) record. He also served as the head football coach at the University of Minnesota from 1922 to 1924. His record there was 11–7–4 (.591). He succeeded the legendary football coach Henry L. Williams. Prior to coaching at Minnesota he coached Western State Normal School (now known as Western Michigan University) from 1907 to 1921. Spaulding was the head football, basketball and baseball at Western State Normal. Spaulding attended Wabash College, where he played college football. In 1984, he was inducted into the Wabash College Athletic Hall of Fame.

Henry L. Williams
Henry Lane Williams (July 26, 1869 – June 14, 1931) was an American football player and coach. He served as the head football coach at the United States Military Academy in 1891 and the University of Minnesota from 1900 to 1921, compiling a career college football record of 141–34–12. Williams's Minnesota Golden Gophers teams won eight Western Conference—now known as the Big Ten Conference—titles and his 136 wins are the most of any coach in team history. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach in 1951.
Muaythai at the 2025 World Games – Qualification
This article details the qualifying phase for Muaythai at the 2025 World Games. The muaythai competition of the 2025 World Games will comprise a total of 48 muaythai practitioners coming from their respective NOCs; each can enter a maximum of three muaythai practitioners, with one in each bodyweight category. However, as the host nation, China has the privilege of entering up to six muaythai practitioners.

The remainder of the total quota will be attributed to the muaythai practitioners through a new universal ranking system. Seven quota places will be awarded to the top-ranked muaythai practitioners in each of the six weight classes (three per gender) through the International Federation of Muaythai Associations (IFMA) Global Rankings.

Muaythai at the 2025 World Games
The muaythai tournaments at the 2025 World Games in Chengdu, China were held from 8 to 10 August 2025 at the Sichuan Provincial Gymnasium. It was the third time of muaythai including in the World Games.

A total of 48 muaythai practitioners from 29 National Olympic Committees (NOCs) competed across six weight categories, with three divisions per gender.
Citibank (Hong Kong)
Citibank (Hong Kong) Limited (Chinese: 花旗銀行) is the division of Citigroup that operates in Hong Kong Island, Kowloon and New Territories. It has 15 branches for operating retail banking. Citibank (Hong Kong)'s address of the principal place of business is Citi Tower, One Bay East, No. 83 Hoi Bun Road, Kwun Tong, Kowloon. However, Citibank, N.A. Hong Kong branch office is located on the 50th floor of Champion Tower, 3 Garden Road, Central, Hong Kong which doesn't operate retail banking.

Citibank
Citibank, N.A. ("N. A." stands for "National Association"; stylized as citibank) is the primary U.S. banking subsidiary of Citigroup, a financial services multinational corporation. Citibank was founded in 1812 as City Bank of New York, and later became First National City Bank of New York. The bank has branches in 19 countries. The U.S. branches are concentrated in six metropolitan areas: New York City, Chicago, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Washington, D.C., and Miami.

As of 2023, Citibank is the third-largest bank in the United States in terms of assets.
Psenuc dependens
Psenuc dependens or the Common Psenuc Jumping Spider is a species of jumping spider in the genus Psenuc that is endemic to South Africa. Originally called Pseudicius dependens, the spider was first described in 2011 by Wanda Wesołowska and Charles Haddad. It has been found living close to humans, in farms and orchards. It is a small spider, the male being between 4.1 and 4.3 mm (0.16 and 0.17 in) long, the female being slightly smaller. It has a flattened slender body with a brown carapace, the hard upper part of the front section of its body, that has a black eye field. Behind its carapace is an ovoid abdomen that is either greyish-brown or brownish-grey but marked with a distinctive pattern that differs between the sexes. The female has a design of patches and chevrons, the male has patches and dots. The male has a cymbium, part of its copulatory organs, that has a distinctive shape with a bulge at the end of its curved tip. The female has large, spherical accessory glands.

Jumping spider
Jumping spiders are spiders in the family Salticidae, with almost 700 genera and around 7,000 described species, making it the largest family of spiders – comprising 13% of spider species. Jumping spiders have some of the best vision among arthropods — being capable of stereoptic color vision — and use sight in courtship, hunting, and navigation.

Although they normally move unobtrusively and fairly slowly, most species are capable of very agile jumps, notably when hunting, but sometimes in response to sudden threats or crossing long gaps. Both their book lungs and tracheal system are well-developed, and they use both systems (bimodal breathing). Jumping spiders are generally recognized by their eye pattern. All jumping spiders have four pairs of eyes, with the anterior median pair (the two front middle eyes) being particularly large.
Project G.e.e.K.e.R.
Project G.e.e.K.e.R. is an animated television series that premiered on CBS on September 14, 1996. It was created by Douglas TenNapel, creator of Earthworm Jim, and Doug Langdale, the developer of Earthworm Jim the animated series, and was a production of Columbia TriStar Television under Adelaide Productions, with original music by Shawn Patterson and the main title theme composed by Terry Scott Taylor. TenNapel and Taylor also collaborated on the video games The Neverhood, Boombots and Skullmonkeys, and in 2005, re-united for the Nickelodeon cartoon Catscratch.

The show was cancelled after only one season, as CBS cancelled all of their Saturday morning schedule in 1997 to stop their downward-spiraling ratings.

The Federal Communications Commission also rejected CBS's attempt to classify the show as educational and informational under that fall's strengthened requirements for children's programming.

Earthworm Jim (TV series)
Earthworm Jim is an American-British animated television series based on the video game series of the same name and created by series creator Doug TenNapel that aired on The WB's Kids' WB block for two seasons from September 9, 1995, to December 13, 1996. A co-production between Universal Cartoon Studios and Flextech Plc, the series follows the adventures of the titular character who battles the forces of evil through the use of a robotic suit.
Volleyball Federation of the Republic of Kazakhstan
The Kazakhstan Volleyball Federation (KVF; Kazakh: Қазақстанның волейбол федерациясы) is the governing body for volleyball in Kazakhstan. It was founded in 1992, and has been a member of FIVB. It is also a member of the Asian Volleyball Confederation. The VFRK is responsible for organizing the men's and women's national volleyball team.

Kazakhstan women's national volleyball team
The Kazakhstan women's national volleyball team represents Kazakhstan in international volleyball competitions. The team qualified for the 2008 Summer Olympics by ending up in fifth place at the Olympic Qualifier in Japan.
Villiers baronets
The Villiers Baronetcy, of Brooksby, in the County of Leicester was created in the baronetage of England on 19 July 1619 for William Villiers of Brokesby, Leicestershire. A member of the prominent Villiers family, he was the son of George Villiers (of Brokesby), brother of Sir Edward Villiers, (grandfather of Edward Villiers, 1st Earl of Jersey), and the half-brother of George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, Christopher Villiers, 1st Earl of Anglesey, and John Villiers, Viscount Purbeck. He was high sheriff of Leicestershire in 1609. The third baronet sat as member of parliament for Leicester from 1698 to 1701. On his death in 1712 the title became extinct.

John Villiers, Viscount Purbeck
John Villiers (c. 1591 – 18 February 1658) was an English courtier from the Villiers family. The eldest son of Sir George Villiers and Mary Beaumont, later Countess of Buckingham, he was the brother of King James I's favourite, George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham.
Suessula
Suessula was an ancient city of Campania, southern Italy, situated in the interior of the peninsula, near the frontier with Samnium, between Capua and Nola, and about 7 km northeast of Acerrae, Suessula is now a vanished city and the archeological site belongs to the city of Acerra, and not to San Felice a Cancello as reported in some sources.

Nola
Nola is a town and a municipality in the Metropolitan City of Naples, Campania, southern Italy. It lies on the plain between Mount Vesuvius and the Apennines. It is traditionally credited as the diocese that introduced bells to Christian worship.
Dying Light (series)
Dying Light is a series of survival horror games developed by Techland. The franchise started in 2015 with Dying Light. A sequel, Dying Light 2 Stay Human was released in 2022. A standalone game, titled Dying Light: The Beast, was released in 2025. The franchise has sold more than 30 million copies since its first release.

Dying Light: The Beast
Dying Light: The Beast is a 2025 survival horror video game developed and published by Techland. Originally envisioned as a downloadable content pack to Dying Light 2: Stay Human, The Beast was released as a standalone game for Windows, PlayStation 5, and Xbox Series X/S on September 18, 2025, ports for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One are in development.
Suzuki Ciaz
The Suzuki Ciaz is a subcompact sedan produced by Suzuki since 2014. It is developed to replace the Suzuki SX4 sedan in several Asian, African and Latin American markets. It went on sale for the first time in India, the largest market for Suzuki in September 2014. As of 2022, it is the larger model of two sedans produced by Suzuki, the other being the Dzire.

The Ciaz has been rebadged and marketed by Toyota as the Toyota Belta since 2021 for certain African markets.

The "Ciaz" name stands for "Comfort, Intelligence, Attitude and Zeal", or "City from A to Z".

Suzuki Dzire
The Suzuki Dzire (stylized DZire) is a subcompact notchback sedan manufactured and marketed by Suzuki since 2008, primarily for India — as a sedan variant of the Swift hatchback over three generations.

Marketed currently as the Suzuki Swift Sedan in Colombia and Guatemala, the Dzire's overall size was reduced to qualify for India's sub-4 meter tax class.
History of the Berkeley Software Distribution
The history of the Berkeley Software Distribution began in the 1970s when University of California, Berkeley received a copy of Unix. Professors and students at the university began adding software to the operating system and released it as BSD to select universities. Since it contained proprietary Unix code, it originally had to be distributed subject to AT&T licenses. The bundled software from AT&T was then rewritten and released as free software under the BSD license. However, this resulted in a lawsuit with Unix System Laboratories, the AT&T subsidiary responsible for Unix. Eventually, in the 1990s, the final versions of BSD were publicly released without any proprietary licenses, which led to many descendants of the operating system that are still maintained today.

BSD licenses
BSD licenses are a family of permissive free software licenses, imposing minimal restrictions on the use and distribution of covered software. This is in contrast to copyleft licenses, which have share-alike requirements. The original BSD license was used for its namesake, the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD), a Unix-like operating system. The original version has since been revised, and its descendants are referred to as modified BSD licenses.

BSD is both a license and a class of license (generally referred to as BSD-like). The modified BSD license (in wide use today) is very similar to the license originally used for the BSD version of Unix. The BSD license is a simple license that merely requires that all code retain the BSD license notice if redistributed in source code format, or reproduce the notice if redistributed in binary format. The BSD license (unlike some other licenses e.g. GPL) does not require that source code be distributed at all.
Vineet Joshi
Vineet Joshi (born 2 November 1968) is an Indian politician who serves as Secretary in the Department of Higher Education (India) under the Ministry of Education from 26 December 2024 onwards. He is also given additional charge as the chairman of the University Grants Commission, on 11 April 2025. Previously, he served as Chief Secretary of Manipur, Director-General of National Testing Agency (NTA), which is responsible for conducting entrance examinations in India. He also served as the resident commissioner of Government of Manipur.
IAS Vineet Joshi was re-appointed as the Chairman of Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) on February 14, 2022, after which he was succeeded by IAS Nidhi Chhibber.

Chief secretary (India)
The Chief Secretary is the highest-ranking executive official and civil servant of the government of an Indian state. The Chief Secretary is the ex-officio head of the state Civil Services Board, the State Secretariat, the state cadre Indian Administrative Service and all civil services under the rules of business of the state government. The Chief Secretary acts as the principal advisor to the chief minister on all matters of state administration.

The Chief Secretary is an officer of the Indian Administrative Service. The Chief Secretary is the senior-most cadre post in the state administration, ranking 23rd on the Indian order of precedence. The Chief Secretary acts as an ex-officio secretary to the state cabinet, therefore called "Secretary to the Cabinet". The status of this post is equal to that of a Secretary to the Government of India.
Gagaja
Gagaja [ŋaŋatʃa] is a Rotuman word denoting the position of "Chief" or "Lord". This could be a formal chiefly position in one of the seven districts (gagaj 'es itu'u) or a village chief (fa 'es ho'aga) as well as to anyone else, such as the Chairman of the Rotuma Island Council (Gagaj Jeaman ta) to whom respect and deference is owed based on their own skills and attributes. Unlike in many other Pacific cultures, the official chiefly positions are not allocated according to any strict primogeniture, but rather are elected from all eligible males within certain kạinaga (family or clan groups) to whom the chiefly title belongs.

Rotuman language
Rotuman, also referred to as Rotunan, Rutuman or Fäeag Rotuạm (citation form: Faega Rotuma), is an Austronesian language spoken by the Indigenous Rotuman people in the South Pacific. Linguistically, as well as culturally, Rotuma has had a Polynesian influence in its culture and was incorporated as a dependency into the Colony of Fiji in 1881. Contemporary Rotuman is a result of significant Polynesian borrowing, following Samoan and Tongan migrations into Rotuma.

The Rotuman language has sparked much interest with linguists because the language uses metathesis to invert the ultimate vowel in a word with the immediately preceding consonant, resulting in a vowel system characterized by umlaut, vowel shortening or extending and diphthongization.

Unlike its Pacific neighbors, Rotuman is typically considered an AVO (agent–verb–object) language.