hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Quadratic unconstrained binary optimization
Quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO), also known as unconstrained binary quadratic programming (UBQP), is a combinatorial optimization problem with a wide range of applications from finance and economics to machine learning. QUBO is an NP hard problem, and for many classical problems from theoretical computer science, like maximum cut, graph coloring and the partition problem, embeddings into QUBO have been formulated.
Embeddings for machine learning models include support-vector machines, clustering and probabilistic graphical models.
Moreover, due to its close connection to Ising models, QUBO constitutes a central problem class for adiabatic quantum computation, where it is solved through a physical process called quantum annealing.

NP-hardness
In computational complexity theory, a computational problem H is called NP-hard if, for  every problem L which can be solved in non-deterministic polynomial-time, there is a polynomial-time reduction from L to H. That is, assuming a solution for H takes 1 unit time, H's solution can be used to solve L in polynomial time. As a consequence, finding a polynomial time algorithm to solve a single NP-hard problem would give polynomial time algorithms for all the problems in the complexity class NP. As it is suspected, but unproven, that P≠NP, it is unlikely that any polynomial-time algorithms for NP-hard problems exist.

A simple example of an NP-hard problem is the subset sum problem.

Informally, if H is NP-hard, then it is at least as difficult to solve as the problems in NP. However, the opposite direction is not true: some problems are undecidable, and therefore even more difficult to solve than all problems in NP, but they are provably not NP-hard (unless P=NP).
Moosebumps: An Exploration Into Modern Day Horripilation
Moosebumps: An Exploration Into Modern Day Horripilation is the fifteenth solo studio album by American recording artist Kool Keith, who released the album under the alias Dr. Octagon. It was released on April 6, 2018 via Bulk Recordings. The set was produced by Dan "The Automator" Nakamura and featured the work of turntablist DJ Qbert.

DJ Qbert
Richard Quitevis (born October 7, 1969) known by his stage name DJ Qbert or Qbert, is a turntablist and composer who has heavily influenced the History of DJing. He was awarded America's Best DJ in 2010, was DMC USA Champion 1991 (solo) and achieved titles as DMC World Champion in 1992 and 1993.
Mohamed Abdou (political scientist)
Mohamed Abdou, also known as Mohamed Jean Veneuse, is a Canadian-Egyptian academic, author, and activist whose research focuses on decolonial theory, Islamic studies, anarchism, and indigenous resistance. He has held teaching positions in Queens University and the Ontario Institute of Studies in Education in Canada, American University of Cairo in Egypt, and Cornell University and Columbia University in the United States. He engages around the issues of Palestine, settler colonialism, and academic freedom.

Decoloniality
Decoloniality (Spanish: decolonialidad) is a school of thought that aims to delink from Eurocentric knowledge hierarchies and ways of being in the world in order to enable other forms of existence on Earth. It critiques the perceived universality of Western knowledge and the superiority of Western culture, including the systems and institutions that reinforce such perceptions. Decolonial perspectives understand colonialism as the basis for the everyday function of capitalist modernity and of imperialism.: 168-174

Decoloniality emerged as part of a South America movement examining the role of the European colonization of the Americas in establishing Eurocentric modernity/coloniality — according to Aníbal Quijano (1928-2018), who defined the term and its reach.
Dan O'Brien
Daniel Dion O'Brien (born July 18, 1966) is an American former decathlete and Olympic gold medalist. He won the Olympic title in 1996, three consecutive world championships (1991, 1993, 1995), and set the world record in 1992.

1991 World Championships in Athletics – Men's decathlon
These are the official results of the Men's Decathlon competition at the 1991 World Championships in Tokyo, Japan. There were a total number of 27 participating athletes, excluding three non-starters, and the competition starting on Thursday August 29, 1991, and ending on Friday August 30, 1991.
Negeri Sembilan Malay
Negeri Sembilan Malay (Baso Nogoghi or Baso Nismilan; Malay: Bahasa Melayu Negeri Sembilan; Jawi: بهاس ملايو نڬري سمبيلن) is an Austronesian language spoken mainly in the Malaysian state of Negeri Sembilan, including parts of Hulu Langat District in southeastern Selangor, Alor Gajah and parts of Jasin District in northern Malacca, and parts of Segamat District in the northernmost part of Johor. The language is spoken by the descendants of Minangkabau settlers from Sumatra, who have migrated to Negeri Sembilan since as early as the 14th century. It is often considered a variant or dialect of the Minangkabau language; lexical and phonological studies, however, indicate that it is more closely related to Standard Malay than it is to Minangkabau.

Segamat District
The Segamat District (Malay: Daerah Segamat) or simply Segamat is a district in the Malaysian state of Johor. Segamat is also the name of the district's primary town. Segamat district is one of the three landlocked districts in Johor, the other being Kluang and Kulai.
Giarnni Regini-Moran
Giarnni Lorenzo Regini-Moran (born 2 August 1998) is a British artistic gymnast representing Great Britain and England internationally. He is the 2022 world champion on floor exercise (the second British world floor champion after Beth Tweddle and the first British male) and the fourth British world champion in the sport of artistic gymnastics (after Tweddle, Max Whitlock, and Joe Fraser).

A prodigious junior, Regini-Moran is the 2014 Youth Olympic all-around, floor and vault champion, the 2016 European Junior all-around and floor champion, and 2014 European Junior floor champion. As a senior, he won team gold at the 2022 European Championships and team bronze at the 2022 World Championships with Great Britain, and team gold at the 2022 Commonwealth Games with England.

2022 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships
The 2022 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships were held in Liverpool, United Kingdom at the Liverpool Arena, from 29 October to 6 November 2022. The United Kingdom previously hosted this event in 1993 (Birmingham), 2009 (London) and 2015 (Glasgow).

The championships is a qualification event for the 2024 Olympic Games in Paris. The top three teams in both the men's and women's team finals obtained five quota places for Paris as a team.
Tom Murry
Thomas Otis Murry (born May 8, 1977) is an American jurist, pharmacist and Army National Guard Judge Advocate General who serves as a member of the North Carolina Court of Appeals. Murry formerly served as a member of the North Carolina General Assembly representing the state's 41st House district in western Wake County between 2011 and 2015.

North Carolina House of Representatives
The North Carolina House of Representatives is one of the two houses of the North Carolina General Assembly. The House is a 120-member body led by a Speaker of the House, who holds powers similar to those of the President pro-tem in the North Carolina Senate. Representatives serve two-year terms.

The qualifications to be a member of the House are found in the state Constitution: "Each Representative, at the time of his election, shall be a qualified voter of the State, and shall have resided in the district for which he is chosen for one year immediately preceding his election." Elsewhere, the constitution specifies that qualified voters that are 21 are eligible for candidacy except if otherwise disqualified by the constitution, and that no elected officials may deny the existence of God, although the latter provision is no longer enforced.

Prior to the Constitution of 1868, the lower house of the North Carolina Legislature was known as the North Carolina House of Commons.
Washint
Washint (Amharic: ዋሽንት) is an end-blown wooden flute originally used in Ethiopia. Traditionally, Amharic musicians would pass on their oral history through song accompanied by the washint as well as the krar, which is a six stringed lyre, and the masenqo, a one string fiddle.

Masenqo
The masenqo (Amharic: ማሲንቆ; Tigrinya: ጭራ-ዋጣ (ዋጣ), also known as masinko or mesenko, is a single-stringed bowed lute commonly found in the musical traditions of Eritrea and Ethiopia. As with the krar, this instrument is used by Ethiopian minstrels called azmaris ("singer" in Amharic).  Although it functions in a purely accompaniment capacity in songs, the masenqo requires considerable virtuosity, as azmaris accompany themselves while singing.
University South Campus station
University South Campus station, often referred to as simply South Campus station, is a light rail station on the campus of the University of Utah in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States serviced by the Red Line of the Utah Transit Authority's (UTA) TRAX light rail system. The Red Line provides service from the University of Utah Medical Center to the Daybreak community of South Jordan.

Utah Transit Authority
The Utah Transit Authority (UTA) is a special service district responsible for providing public transportation throughout the Wasatch Front of Utah, in the United States, which includes the metropolitan areas of Ogden, Park City, Provo, Salt Lake City and Tooele. It operates fixed route buses, flex route buses, express buses, ski buses, three light rail lines in Salt Lake County (TRAX), a streetcar line in Salt Lake City (the S-Line), and a commuter rail train (FrontRunner) from Ogden through Salt Lake City to Provo. UTA is headquartered in Salt Lake City with operations and garages in locations throughout the Wasatch Front, including Ogden, Midvale and Orem. Light rail vehicles are stored and maintained at yards at locations in South Salt Lake and Midvale. UTA's commuter rail equipment is stored and serviced at a facility in Salt Lake City. In 2024, the system had a ridership of 40,473,200, or about 133,000 per weekday as of the third quarter of 2025.
Emblems of the Kalmar Union
The Kalmar Union was the personal union of the kingdoms of Denmark, Norway and Sweden during the 15th century. The first king of the Kalmar Union was Eric of Pomerania. His seal combined the coats of arms of Norway (center, as an inescutcheon upon a cross over all), Denmark (in dexter chief), Sweden (the Folkung lion, in dexter base) and Pomerania (a griffin, in sinister base), and in addition the Three Crowns symbol in sinister chief;  the latter heraldic design predates the Kalmar Union, and is now mostly associated with the coat of arms of Sweden, but which during the 15th century came to represent the three kingdoms of the union.

In two letters dated to 1430, Eric of Pomerania orders the priests of Vadstena and Kalmar to wear the "banner of the realms" on their robes. The banner is described as "a red cross in a yellow field".

Erik of Pomerania
Erik of Pomerania (c. 1381/1382 – 24 September 1459) ruled over the Kalmar Union from 1396 until 1439. He was initially co-ruler with his great-aunt Margaret I until her death in 1412. Erik is known as Erik III as King of Norway (1389–1442), Erik VII as King of Denmark (1396–1439) and has been called Erik XIII as King of Sweden (1396–1434, 1436–39). Erik was ultimately deposed from all three kingdoms of the union, but in 1449 he inherited one of the partitions of the Duchy of Pomerania and ruled it as duke until his death in 1459. His epithet of Pomerania was a pejorative intended to insinuate that he did not belong in Scandinavia.
Alpha Delta Sigma
Alpha Delta Sigma (ΑΔΣ) is an American honor society for advertising. It started in 1913 as a men's professional fraternity and absorbed Gamma Alpha Chi women's professional fraternity in 1971. It merged into the American Advertising Federation in 1973, becoming an honor society at the time.

American Advertising Federation
The American Advertising Federation (AAF) is the nation's oldest national advertising industry trade association. It is headquartered in Washington, D.C. AAF has 15 district operations, each located in and representing a different region of the nation.
Richard Bowring
Richard John Bowring (born 6 February 1947) is an English academic serving as Professor of Japanese Studies at the University of Cambridge and an Honorary Fellow of Downing College. He was Master of Selwyn College, Cambridge, from 2000 to 2012. In 2013, Bowring was awarded the Order of the Rising Sun 3rd Class, Gold Rays with Neck Ribbon for contributions to the development of Japanese studies, Japanese language education and the promotion of mutual understanding between Japan and the United Kingdom.

Downing College, Cambridge
Downing College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge and currently has around 950 students. Founded in 1800, it was the only college to be added to the university between 1596 and 1869, and is often described as the oldest of the new colleges and the newest of the old. Downing College was formed "for the encouragement of the study of Law and Medicine and of the cognate subjects of Moral and Natural Science", and has developed a reputation amongst Cambridge colleges for Law and Medicine.

In 2012, Downing was named one of the two most eco-friendly Cambridge colleges.
Neighborhoods of New Haven, Connecticut
The city of New Haven, Connecticut has many distinct neighborhoods. In addition to Downtown, centered on the central business district and the Green, are the following neighborhoods: the west central neighborhoods of Dixwell and Dwight; the southern neighborhoods of The Hill, historic water-front City Point (or Oyster Point), and the harborside district of Long Wharf; the western neighborhoods of Edgewood, West River, Westville, Amity, and West Rock; East Rock, Cedar Hill, Prospect Hill, and Newhallville in the northern side of town; the east central neighborhoods of Mill River and Wooster Square, an Italian-American neighborhood; Fair Haven, an immigrant community located between the Mill and Quinnipiac rivers; Quinnipiac Meadows and Fair Haven Heights across the Quinnipiac River; and facing the eastern side of the harbor, The Annex and East Shore (or Morris Cove).

Quinnipiac Meadows
Quinnipiac Meadows, also known as Bishop Woods, is a neighborhood in the northeast corner of the city of New Haven, Connecticut located east of the Quinnipiac River and north of Fair Haven and Fair Haven Heights. It contains a considerable wetlands area which is a nature preserve. The area is bordered on the north by the town of North Haven, on the east by the town of East Haven, on the south by Route 80, on the southwest by Interstate 91 (between Exits 7 and 8), and on the west by the Amtrak railroad tracks (along the banks of the Quinnipiac River). The portion of the area west of I-91 is also part of the community known as Cedar Hill.
Park test
In econometrics, the Park test is a test for heteroscedasticity. The test is based on the method proposed by Rolla Edward Park for estimating linear regression parameters in the presence of heteroscedastic error terms.

Errors and residuals
In statistics and optimization, errors and residuals are two closely related and easily confused measures of the deviation of an observed value of an element of a statistical sample from its "true value" (not necessarily observable). The error of an observation is the deviation of the observed value from the true value of a quantity of interest (for example, a population mean). The residual is the difference between the observed value and the estimated value of the quantity of interest (for example, a sample mean). The distinction is most important in regression analysis, where the concepts are sometimes called the regression errors and regression residuals and where they lead to the concept of studentized residuals.
In econometrics, "errors" are also called disturbances.
Miss Venezuela 1990
Miss Venezuela 1990 was the 37th Miss Venezuela pageant, was held in Caracas, Venezuela on February 1, 1990, after weeks of events. The winner of the pageant was Andreína Goetz, Miss Bolívar.

The pageant was broadcast live on Venevision from the Poliedro de Caracas in Caracas. At the conclusion of the final night of competition, outgoing titleholder Eva Lisa Ljung, crowned Andreína Goetz of Bolívar as the new Miss Venezuela. Bárbara Palacios and Rebecca de Alba joined the hosting team for that year's edition.

Bolívar (state)
Bolívar (Spanish: Estado Bolívar, IPA: [esˈtaðo βoˈliβaɾ]) is the largest of the 23 states of Venezuela in area. The state capital city is Ciudad Bolívar and the largest city is Ciudad Guayana. Bolívar State covers a total surface area of 242,801 km2 (93,746 sq mi) and as of the 2011 census, had a population of 1,410,964. The state contains Angel Falls.
Republic of the Rif
The Republic of the Rif (Arabic: جمهورية الريف Jumhūriyyatu r-Rīf) was a confederate republic in the Rif, Morocco, that existed between 1921 and 1926. It was created in September 1921, when a coalition of Riffians and Jebala led by Abd el-Krim revolted in the Rif War against the Spanish protectorate in Morocco. The French would intervene on the side of Spain in the later stages of the conflict. A protracted struggle for independence killed many Rifians and Spanish–French soldiers, and witnessed the use of chemical weapons by the Spanish army—their first widespread deployment since the end of the World War I. The eventual Spanish–French victory was owed to the technological and manpower advantages despite their lack of morale and coherence.  Following the war's end, the Republic was ultimately dissolved in 1926.

Riffians
Riffians or Rifians (Arabic: الريفيون; Tarifit: Irifiyen) are a Berber ethnic group originally from the Rif region of northeastern Morocco. Communities of Riffian immigrants are also found in southern Spain, Netherlands and Belgium as well as elsewhere in Western Europe. They are overwhelmingly Sunni Muslims and speak Tarifit and Moroccan Arabic.
Danielle Carter (footballer)
Danielle Carter-Loblack (born 18 May 1993) is an English former footballer who played as a forward.

Carter started her career with Arsenal, winning the 2015-16 FA Women's Cup and the 2017–18 FA WSL Cup during her eleven year spell with the club. She would later join Reading, Brighton & Hove Albion and London City Lionesses. On her England debut, she scored a hattrick against Estonia. Carter announced her retirement in January 2026.

2017–18 FA WSL Cup
The 2017–18 FA WSL Cup was the seventh edition of the FA WSL's league cup competition. It was sponsored by Continental AG, who sponsored the competition from its creation, and was officially known as the FA WSL Continental Tyres Cup. All 20 teams of the two divisions of the WSL took part in  the competition - the largest field in its history.

Manchester City were the defending champions; only they and Arsenal had won the cup in the previous six seasons it was contested in.
Igor Arrieta
Igor Arrieta Lizarraga (born 8 December 2002) is a Spanish cyclist, who currently rides for UCI WorldTeam UAE Team Emirates XRG.

He is the son of former professional cyclist José Luis Arrieta.

Arrieta turned professional in August 2021 with UCI ProTeam Equipo Kern Pharma after winning the national under-23 time trial championships earlier that year. In February 2022, he won the young rider classification and finished 7th overall at the O Gran Camiño.

He joined UCI WorldTeam UAE Team Emirates in 2024 on a three-year contract.

Spanish National Time Trial Championships
The Spanish National Time Trial Championship (Spanish: Campeonato de España de Ciclismo Contrarreloj) is a time trial race that takes place inside the Spanish National Cycling Championship, and decides the best cyclist in this type of race. The time trial championships in Spain have not been held for as long as the Spanish National Road Race Championships, which first took place in 1897. The first race winner of the time trial championship was Abraham Olano in 1994. Jonathan Castroviejo holds the record for the most wins in the men's championship with five titles, followed by Iván Gutiérrez and Luis León Sánchez, with both riders winning four titles. The women's record is held by Teodora Ruano with 7 wins. The current champions are Raúl García Pierna and Margarita Victoria García.
Sedition
Sedition is overt conduct, such as speech or organization, that tends toward rebellion against the established order. Sedition often includes subversion of a constitution and incitement of discontent toward, or insurrection against, established authority. Sedition may include any commotion, though not aimed at direct and open violence against the laws. Seditious words in writing are seditious libel. A seditionist is one who engages in or promotes the interest of sedition.

Because sedition is overt, it is typically not considered a subversive act, and the overt acts that may be prosecutable under sedition laws vary by jurisdiction.

Rebellion
Rebellion is an uprising that resists and is organized against one's government. A rebel is a person who engages in a rebellion. A rebel group is a consciously coordinated group that seeks to gain political control over an entire state or a portion of a state. A rebellion is often caused by political, religious, or social grievances that originate from a perceived inequality or marginalization. Rebellion comes from Latin re and bellum, and in Lockian philosophy refers to the responsibility of the people to overthrow unjust government.
Norman baronets
The Norman Baronetcy, of Honeyhanger in the Parish of Shottermill in the County of Surrey, is a title in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 22 June 1915 for the journalist and Liberal politician Henry Norman. The second Baronet, Sir Nigel Norman was an Air Commodore in the Auxiliary Air Force (Reserve) and was killed in action in 1943. The third Baronet was high sheriff of Oxfordshire from 1983 to 1984 and a Deputy Lieutenant of the county in 1985.

Priscilla Norman, second wife of the first Baronet, was a socialite and activist.

Sir Henry Norman, 1st Baronet
Sir Henry Norman, 1st Baronet PC JP (19 September 1858 – 4 June 1939) was an English journalist and Liberal Member of Parliament and government minister. Norman was educated privately in France and at Harvard University, where he obtained his B.A. For several years he worked on the editorial staff of the Pall Mall Gazette and later joined the editorial staff of the Daily Chronicle, being appointed Assistant Editor of the latter in 1895. He retired from journalism in 1899. During this time he travelled widely in Canada and the United States and in Russia, Japan, China, Siam, Malaya and Central Asia. Much of the material included in the two volumes mentioned in the description was amassed during these tours. He was knighted in 1906, and made a baronet in 1915.
Rathangan, County Kildare
Rathangan (/ræˈθæŋɡən/; Irish: Ráth Iomgháin, meaning 'Iomghan's Fort') is a town in the west of County Kildare, Ireland. As of 2022, the population was 3,263. It is located 65 km (40 mi) from the centre of Dublin, and 14 km (8.7 mi) from Kildare, at the intersection of the R401, R414, and R419 regional roads. The Slate River and the Grand Canal run through the town. The town is in a townland and civil parish of the same name.

Rathangan is situated beside the Bog of Allen, and is in close proximity to the lowlands of the Curragh.

Kildare
Kildare (Irish: Cill Dara, meaning 'church of oak') is a town in County Kildare, Ireland. As of 2022, its population was 10,302, making it the 7th largest town in County Kildare. It is home to Kildare Cathedral, historically the site of an important abbey said to have been founded by Saint Brigid of Kildare in the 5th century. The Curragh lies east of the town.

The town lies on the R445, some 50 kilometres (31 mi) west of Dublin – near enough for it to have become, despite being a regional centre in its own right, a commuter town for the capital. Although Kildare gives its name to the county, Naas is the county town.