hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Explosive lens
An explosive lens—as used, for example, in nuclear weapons—is a highly specialized  shaped charge. In general, it is a device composed of several explosive charges. These charges are arranged and formed with the intent to control the shape of the detonation wave passing through them. The explosive lens is conceptually similar to an optical lens, which focuses light waves.  The charges that make up the explosive lens are chosen to have different rates of detonation. In order to convert a spherically expanding wavefront into a spherically converging one using only a single boundary between the constituent explosives, the boundary shape must be a paraboloid; similarly, to convert a spherically diverging front into a flat one, the boundary shape must be a hyperboloid, and so on. Several boundaries can be used to reduce aberrations (deviations from intended shape) of the final wavefront.

Sphere
A sphere (from Ancient Greek σφαῖρα, sphaîra) is a surface analogous to the circle, a curve. In solid geometry, a sphere is the set of points that are all at the same distance r from a given point in three-dimensional space. That given point is the center of the sphere, and the distance r is the sphere's radius. The earliest known mentions of spheres appear in the work of the ancient Greek mathematicians.

The sphere is a fundamental surface in many fields of mathematics. Spheres and nearly-spherical shapes also appear in nature and industry. Bubbles such as soap bubbles take a spherical shape in equilibrium. The Earth is often approximated as a sphere in geography, and the celestial sphere is an important concept in astronomy. Manufactured items including pressure vessels and most curved mirrors and lenses are based on spheres. Spheres roll smoothly in any direction, so most balls used in sports and toys are spherical, as are ball bearings.
Joseph Martin (explorer)
Joseph-Napoléon Martin (Russian: Жозеф Наполеон Мартен; 15 August 1848 in Vienne, Isère – 23 May 1892 in Novy Margelan, now Fergana, Turkestan Krai, Russian Empire, present-day Uzbekistan) was a French explorer, topographer and geologist. He is known for his pioneering exploration and research in the Russian Far East.

Russian Turkestan
Russian Turkestan was the vast region of Central Asia governed by the Russian Empire, often described by historians as a colonial possession. It was formally organized as the Turkestan Governorate-General in 1867, and was also known as the Turkestan Krai from 1886 onward. For administrative and military purposes, its territory was managed as the Turkestan Military District.

It comprised the oasis regions south of the Kazakh Steppe but excluded the Russian protectorates of the Emirate of Bukhara and the Khanate of Khiva. While these states retained internal autonomy, their independence was largely nominal, as Russia controlled their foreign relations and military affairs. The population consisted primarily of speakers of Uzbek, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, and Tajik, with a significant Russian settler minority.
Kyle Adnam
Kyle Reginaid Adnam (born 18 November 1993) is an Australian professional basketball player for the Cairns Taipans of the National Basketball League (NBL). He has played consistently in the NBL since 2013 with the Adelaide 36ers, Illawarra Hawks, Melbourne United, Sydney Kings and South East Melbourne Phoenix.

Illawarra Hawks
The Illawarra Hawks (formerly the Wollongong Hawks and The Hawks) are an Australian professional basketball team based in Wollongong, New South Wales. The Illawarra Hawks compete in the National Basketball League (NBL) and play their home games at WIN Entertainment Centre, known colloquially as "The Sandpit". The Illawarra Hawks are the only remaining NBL team to have competed in every season since the league's inception in 1979. The team won their first NBL Championship in 2001, their second in 2025, and have finished as runners-up in 2005, 2010 and 2017.
UE Lleida
Unió Esportiva Lleida was a Spanish football team based in Lleida, in the autonomous community of Catalonia. It was founded as Lérida Balompié-AEM on 30 October 1939, and became Unión Deportiva Lérida in 1947, after a merger with CD Leridano. It held home matches at Camp d´Esports, with a 13,500-seat capacity. It was dissolved in 2011 due to debts of €28 million, then acquired by a local entrepreneur and renamed Lleida Esportiu.

Lleida adopted the Catalan version of its name in 1978. The club spent most of its history in the lower divisions, but in the early 1950s and early 1990s, the club won promotion to La Liga.

During the 1990s the club was managed by Mané, Juande Ramos and Víctor Muñoz, all of whom subsequently became successful managers with other clubs. From 1987 the club organised its own summer trophy, the Ciutat de Lleida Trophy.

Camp d'Esports
Camp d'Esports is a multi-use stadium in Lleida, Catalonia.  It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of Lleida Esportiu.  The stadium holds 13,500 seats, and the dimensions for the football field are 102x68 meters. The architect responsible for the project was Adrian Florensa.

The construction of the stadium begun in 1918 and finished in 1919. On January 1, 1919 the sports complex named "Camp d'Esports" was officially opened. It underwent extensive renovations in 1993 and 1994.
Megathrust earthquake
Megathrust earthquakes occur at convergent plate boundaries, where one tectonic plate is forced underneath another. The earthquakes are caused by slip along the thrust fault that forms the contact between the two plates. These interplate earthquakes are the planet's most powerful, with moment magnitudes (Mw) that can exceed 9.0. Since 1900, all earthquakes of magnitude 9.0 or greater have been megathrust earthquakes.

The thrust faults responsible for megathrust earthquakes often lie at the bottom of oceanic trenches; in such cases, the earthquakes can abruptly displace the sea floor over a large area. As a result, megathrust earthquakes often generate tsunamis that are considerably more destructive than the earthquakes themselves. Teletsunamis can cross ocean basins to devastate areas far from the original earthquake.

Lists of earthquakes
Earthquakes are caused by movements within the Earth's crust and uppermost mantle. They range from weak events detectable only by seismometers, to sudden and violent events lasting many minutes which have caused some of the biggest disasters in human history. Below, there are earthquakes listed by period, region or country, year, magnitude, cost, fatalities, and number of scientific studies.
Netcode
Netcode is a blanket term most commonly used by gamers relating to networking in online games, often referring to synchronization issues between clients and servers.

Players often blame "bad netcode" when they experience lag or reverse state transitions when synchronization between players is lost. Although these events are sometimes caused by bugs, other networking-related causes include high latency between server and client, packet loss, or network congestion. Depending on the game implementation, these issues can also be caused by non-network factors such as frame rendering time or inconsistent frame rate. Netcode is often designed to mask networking irregularities and create a synchronous and smooth gamestate across multiple users.

Frame rate
Frame rate, commonly expressed in frame/s, frames per second, or FPS, is typically the frequency (rate) at which consecutive images (frames) are captured or displayed. This definition applies to film and video cameras, computer animation, and motion capture systems. In these contexts, frame rate may be used interchangeably with frame frequency and refresh rate, which are expressed in hertz (Hz). Additionally, in the context of computer graphics performance, FPS is the rate at which a system, particularly a GPU, is able to generate frames, and refresh rate is the frequency at which a display shows completed frames. In electronic camera specifications frame rate refers to the maximum possible rate frames could be captured, but in practice, other settings (such as exposure time) may reduce the actual frequency to a lower number than the frame rate.
Veronica Freeman
Veronica Freeman (born December 17, 1977), also known by her stage name "The V", is an American singer and the lead vocalist of the heavy metal band Benedictum. Her most recent album with Benedictum is Obey, released through Frontiers Records in 2013. In 2015, she released her first solo album, Now or Never, which includes two songs written and produced by Stryper frontman, Michael Sweet.

Michael Sweet
Michael Harrison Sweet (born July 4, 1963) is an American musician; he is the co-founder, songwriter, guitarist and lead singer of the metal band Stryper. He has also had a successful solo career and served as singer and guitarist for Boston from 2007 to 2011.

Sweet sings in a tenor voice. He incorporates techniques such as vibrato. His vocal style was characterized as sounding like "Dennis DeYoung fronting a Christian glam metal >band" by Ultimate Classic Rock. He is considered by some journalists to be among the greatest glam metal singers of all time.
Maithil Karna Kayastha
Maithil Karna Kayastha, Maithili Kayastha or Karna Kayastha is a Maithil Hindu caste that originated from the Mithila, and is one of the twelve subgroups of Kayastha. They are predominantly found in the Indian subcontinent, which includes modern-day India and Nepal. The majority population resides in North Bihar in India, Terai (Madhesh and Koshi) in Nepal.

The Maithil Karna Kayastha have historically been involved in administration, governance, and record-keeping. They have been granted Forward caste status in the state of Bihar, along with Maithil Brahmin, Rajput, and Bhumihar. In Nepal, they are classified as Madheshi upper class caste, and counted under Minority groups. The main language spoken by Maithil Kayastha is Maithili.

Maithil Brahmin
Maithil Brahmins are the Indo-Aryan Hindu Brahmin community originating from the Mithila region of the Indian subcontinent that comprises Tirhut, Darbhanga, Kosi, Purnia, Munger, Bhagalpur and Santhal Pargana divisions  of India and parts of Nepalese Terai.
They are one of the five Pancha-Gauda Brahmin communities.
The main language spoken by Maithil Brahmins is Maithili.
Branko Ilić
Branko Ilić (born 6 February 1983) is a Slovenian former professional footballer. Usually a right-back, he also played as a central defender.

In his country, he appeared for Olimpija Ljubljana (two spells), Grosuplje, and Domžale (two stints). He also competed professionally in Spain, Russia, Cyprus, Israel, Serbia, Kazakhstan, Japan and Denmark.

A Slovenian international between 2004 and 2015, Ilić was part of the squad at the 2010 FIFA World Cup.

NK Domžale
Nogometni klub Domžale (English: Domžale Football Club), commonly referred to as NK Domžale or simply Domžale, was a Slovenian professional football club from the town of Domžale. Founded in 1920, Domžale spent 28 seasons in the Slovenian PrvaLiga, the top tier of Slovenian football, until the club was dissolved in early 2026 due to financial problems. They played their home matches at the Domžale Sports Park.

Domžale's golden era was in the 2000s, when the club was promoted back to the top flight and subsequently won two consecutive top division titles under manager Slaviša Stojanović, in 2007 and 2008. In addition, they also won two Slovenian Cups (2011 and 2017) and two Slovenian Supercups (2007 and 2011).
Galderma
Galderma S.A. is an  American-Swiss pharmaceutical company based in Zug that specializes in dermatological treatments and skin care products. Formerly a subsidiary of L'Oréal and Nestlé, it was acquired by a consortium of private institutional investors in 2019 and remained under their ownership until its initial public offering in 2024.

Galderma was formed in 1981 as a joint venture between Nestlé and L'Oréal, and later became a wholly owned subsidiary of Nestlé. Since 2019, it has belonged to an investment consortium. The company, headed by president and CEO Flemming Ørnskov (ex-Shire), has 33 sites in 100 countries with a worldwide network of distributors and employs more than 4,600 people.

L'Oréal
L'Oréal S.A. (French: [lɔʁe.al]) is a French multinational personal care corporation registered in Paris and headquartered in Clichy, Hauts-de-Seine. As of 2024, it is the world's largest cosmetics company. As of the early 2020s, L'Oréal owned 36 brands and 497 patents.
Marion Stirling Pugh
Marion Stirling Pugh (née Illig, May 12, 1911 – April 24, 2001) was an American archaeologist. She is known for her archaeological expeditions to Tres Zapotes and other sites in Southern Mexico in the 1940s, conducted alongside her husband Matthew Stirling, which according to National Geographic "essentially rewrote Mesoamerican history". Her discovery of a date in the Long Count calendar, corresponding to 32 BCE, on a stela from Tres Zapotes, helped establish the antiquity of the Olmec civilization for the first time. She also served as the president of the Washington Textile Museum, and the Society of Woman Geographers twice (1960–1963 and 1969–1972).

George Washington University Museum and Textile Museum
The George Washington University Museum and Textile Museum is a museum in Washington, D.C., dedicated to the history of George Washington University and textile arts, located in the Foggy Bottom neighborhood. The museum was founded by collector George Hewitt Myers in 1925 and was originally housed in two historic buildings in D.C.'s Kalorama neighborhood: the Myers family home, designed by John Russell Pope, and an adjacent building designed by Waddy Wood. It reopened in March 2015 as part of George Washington University.

The museum's mission is to expand public knowledge and appreciation – locally, nationally and internationally – of the artistic merits and cultural importance of the world's textiles.
Second Battle of Ream's Station
The Second Battle of Ream's Station (also Reams or Reams's) was fought during the siege of Petersburg in the American Civil War on August 25, 1864, in Dinwiddie County, Virginia. A Union force under Maj. Gen. Winfield S. Hancock began destroying part of the Petersburg Railroad, which was a vital supply line for Gen. Robert E. Lee's Confederate army in Petersburg, Virginia. Lee sent a force under Lt. Gen. A. P. Hill to challenge Hancock and the Confederates were able to rout the Union troops from their fortifications at Reams Station. However, they lost a key portion of the railroad, causing further logistical difficulties for the remainder of the Richmond-Petersburg Campaign.

General officers in the Confederate States Army
The general officers of the Confederate States Army (CSA) were the senior military leaders of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War of 1861–1865. They were often former officers from the United States Army (the regular army) before the Civil War, while others were given the rank based on merit or when necessity demanded. Most Confederate generals needed confirmation from the Confederate States Congress, much like prospective generals in the modern U.S. armed forces.

Like all of the Confederacy's military forces, these generals answered to their civilian leadership, in particular Jefferson Davis, the president of the Confederate States of America and therefore commander-in-chief of the military forces of the Confederate States.
Hayashi clan (Owari)
The Hayashi clan (林氏, Hayashi-shi) was a Japanese samurai clan which served as retainers to the Oda clan based in Owari.

The Hayashi were descendants of the Inaba clan, and it is said that they changed their family name to 'Hayashi' in the generation of Inaba Michimura.  The Inaba are descending from Kōno Michitaka (died 1374), who descend from Emperor Kanmu (736–805).

One famous figure, Hayashi Hidesada, was a senior retainer of Oda Nobunaga. The family originated in the village of Oki Village in the Kasugai District of Owari Province. In the Edo period, the family became retainers of the Owari Domain.

Owari Province
Owari Province (尾張国, Owari no Kuni, Japanese pronunciation: [oꜜ.wa.ɾʲi (no kɯ.ɲi), o.wa.ɾʲiꜜ-])  was a province of Japan in the area that today forms the western half of Aichi Prefecture, including the modern city of Nagoya.  The province was created in 646. Owari bordered on Mikawa, Mino, and Ise Provinces. Owari and Mino provinces were separated by the Sakai River, which means "border river." The province's abbreviated name was Bishū (尾州).

Owari is classified as one of the provinces of the Tōkaidō. Under the Engishiki classification system, Owari was ranked as a "superior country" (上国) and a "near country" (近国), in relation to its distance from the capital.
Edna Kiplagat
Edna Ngeringwony Kiplagat (born 15 November 1979) is a Kenyan professional long-distance runner. She was the 2011 and 2013 World Champion in the marathon. She established herself as an elite marathon runner with wins at the Los Angeles and New York City Marathons in 2010. Her personal best for the distance is 2:19:50 hours, set at the London Marathon in 2012. At age 37, Kiplagat won the 2017 Boston Marathon in a time of 2:21:52 hours, and won the marathon silver medal at the IAAF World Championships in London. At age 39, she was second at the 2019 Boston Marathon and fourth in the event at the following World Championships. At age 41, she won the 2021 Boston Marathon, becoming the oldest-ever winner of a World Marathon Major (male or female).

Los Angeles Marathon
The Los Angeles Marathon (formerly known as the City of Los Angeles Marathon) is an annual running event typically held each spring in Los Angeles, California, since 1986. The marathon was inspired by the success of the 1984 Summer Olympic Games hosted in Los Angeles. It is one of the five largest marathons in the country, with 26,000 participants.

Since 2020, the event has been sponsored by Asics and is officially titled the Los Angeles Marathon presented by ASICS.
Balec
Balec (Albanian: Baleci) was a medieval fortified town near Shkodër in Albania. The settlement originated in Roman times. During Byzantine rule over the area, it was part of the Dyrrhachium theme. Later it was a seat of a župa of the Kingdom of Duklja, and later still of the Lordship of Zeta. Balec suffered much damage during the Second Scutari War between the Serbian Despotate and the Republic of Venice. After the Republic of Venice gained control over it at the beginning of the 15th century, its size was reduced to a small pronoia with only 25 houses, and the fortress was abandoned and fell to ruin. Skanderbeg's forces rebuilt the fortress during his war with Venice in 1448 and established a strong garrison in it, but the Venetian forces soon drove them away and demolished the fortress. Ottoman plans to rebuild Balec and populate it with Turkish settlers were never implemented and Balec remained in ruins, which can still be seen today.

Dyrrhachium (theme)
The Theme of Dyrrhachium (Medieval Greek: θέμα Δυρραχίου; Albanian: Thema e Durrësit), also referred to at the time as provintia Dirrachii et Arbani, was a Byzantine military-civilian province (theme). It encompassed the Adriatic coastal regions of what is now Albania, among other areas.

Established in the 9th century and named after its capital, Dyrrhachium (modern-day Durrës),  the theme was dissolved in 1205 following the fall of Constantinople to the Fourth Crusade. The former capital would subsequently come under Venetian control, leading to the establishment of the short-lived Duchy of Durazzo.
Tebogo Mamorobela
Tebogo Portia Mamorobela is a South African politician who has been the Deputy Speaker of the Limpopo Provincial Legislature since June 2024. She represented the African National Congress (ANC) in the provincial legislature since October 2022. Before that, she served a brief stint in the National Council of Provinces from February to October 2022. She was formerly a local councillor in Makhado.

Makhado Local Municipality
Makhado Municipality (Venda: Masipalawapo wa Makhado; Tsonga: Masipala wa Makhado) is a local municipality within the Vhembe District Municipality, in the Limpopo province of South Africa. The seat is Louis Trichardt. It is named in honour of 19th-century King (Thovhele) in the Singo (or Vhasenzi) dynasty of the Vendas, Makhado (1839-1895).
New York State Route 312
New York State Route 312 (NY 312) is a short state highway connecting U.S. Route 6 (US 6) and NY 22 within the town of Southeast in Putnam County, New York.  It allows indirect access to the village of Brewster from Interstate 84 (I-84), and is often heavily used by local residents  at rush hour in preference to the more complicated nearby access to I-684. The western terminus of the route is at US 6 roughly 2 miles (3.2 km) northwest of Brewster, and the eastern is in the hamlet of Sears Corners.

The designation NY 312 was originally assigned to what is now NY 164 as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York before being shifted south to its current location in 1937.

1930 state highway renumbering (New York)
In January 1930, the U.S. state of New York implemented a major renumbering of its state highways. Many previously existing numbered routes were renumbered or realigned. At the same time, many state highways that were previously unnumbered received designations. Most of the highways with numbers in the 100s to 300s were assigned at this time.  Route numbers were assigned in clusters based on their general location.  Because some of these route numbers are no longer in use, the pattern of clusters is not fully apparent today.

Before 1930, the route numbering system in place had its origins in the 1920s. At the time, New York only assigned numbers to a small subset of its state highways.  Route numbers spanned from 1–80, with routes running primarily north–south having even numbers and routes generally running east–west having odd numbers. This scheme was abandoned with the advent of the U.S. Highway System in 1927. Some renumbering was done in 1927 to avoid overlapping route numbers.
Nicholas Peroff
Nicholas C. Peroff (born May 19, 1944) is an American political scientist, public administrator and professor in Native American studies and complexity theory at the Henry W. Bloch School of Management at the University of Missouri-Kansas City; he formerly held teaching positions in Taiwan, South Korea and South Africa.

The secretary of International Relations Council, he is the former president of the Western Social Science Association (2002-2003). A veteran of the Vietnam War, he was named Public Administrator of the Year, Kansas City, by the American Society for Public Administration in 2009.

International Relations Council
The International Relations Council (IRC) is a non-profit (501(c)(3)) non-partisan educational organization in Kansas City, Missouri, and a member of the World Affairs Councils of America. As an educational nonprofit, the IRC works in partnership with a range of businesses, universities, community organizations, K-12 schools, and other interested individuals to grow a global perspective and find international connections within the Greater Kansas City metropolitan area. The IRC works to foster interest in an understanding of international affairs among the citizens of Kansas City through the development of various programs and events. As a membership organization, the IRC welcomes individuals and families, businesses, universities, and other organizations to join as IRC members in order to help sustain global-affairs education in the Kansas City community and receive various benefits.