hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Bahawalpur Regiment
The Bahawalpur Regiment was a regiment of Pakistan Army. The regiment was formed in 1952 from the infantry battalions of the erstwhile Princely State of Bahawalpur, which had acceded to Pakistan in 1947. In 1956, the Bahawalpur Regiment was merged with the Pakistan Army ( 4 battalions of infantry merged with Baloch Regiment, elements of artillery with 14 Field Regiment  while Armour elements with 19 lancers)

Bahawalpur (princely state)
State of Bahawalpur was a state in the Punjab region of South Asia that existed as a sovereign polity from 1748 to 1833 and as a princely state, under subsidiary alliance with British India and later Dominion of Pakistan, from 1833 to 1955. It was a part of the Punjab States Agency; and covered an area of 45,911 km2 (17,726 sq mi) with a population of 1,341,209 in 1941. The capital of the state was the town of Bahawalpur.

The state was founded in 1748 by Nawab Bahawal Khan Abbasi. On 22 February 1833, Abbasi III entered into a subsidiary alliance with the British, by which Bahawalpur was admitted as a princely state. When British rule ended in 1947 and British Raj was partitioned into India and Pakistan, Bahawalpur joined the Dominion of Pakistan. Bahawalpur remained an autonomous entity until 14 October 1955, when it was merged with the province of West Pakistan.
Hortensia gens
The gens Hortensia was an ancient plebeian family in Rome.  Members of this gens are first mentioned in the fifth century BC, but from that time somewhat infrequently until the final century of the Republic.  The most illustrious of the gens was the orator Quintus Hortensius, a man of great learning, and a contemporary of Cicero.  Under the Empire they seem to have sunk back into obscurity.

Quintus Hortensius
Quintus Hortensius Hortalus (114–50 BC) was a Roman lawyer, an orator and a statesman. Politically he belonged to the Optimates. He was consul in 69 BC alongside Quintus Caecilius Metellus Creticus. His nickname was Dionysia, after a famous actress. After his retirement Hortensius took up fish-breeding as a hobby. Cicero spoke of him as a Piscinarius – 'fish fancier'.
Jirat railway station
Jirat railway station is a railway station on Bandel–Katwa line connecting from Bandel to Katwa, and under the jurisdiction of Howrah railway division of Eastern Railway zone. It is situated at Kaliagarh, Jirat, Hooghly in the Indian state of West Bengal. Number of EMU local and passenger trains stop at Jirat railway station.

Katwa Junction railway station
Katwa  is a  Kolkata Suburban Railway Junction Station on the Howrah–Bandel–Katwa line, Barharwa–Azimganj–Katwa and the Howrah–New Jalpaiguri line. It is located in Purba Bardhaman district in the Indian state of West Bengal. It serves Katwa and the surrounding areas.
California State Route 213
State Route 213 (SR 213) is a state highway in the U.S. state of California, in Los Angeles County. The approximately 9.98-mile (16.06 km) route runs along Western Avenue between 25th Street in San Pedro in the south and Interstate 405 (San Diego Freeway) in Torrance in the north.

Interstate 405 (California)
Interstate 405 (I-405, locally referred to as the 405) is a major north–south auxiliary Interstate Highway in Southern California. The entire route is known as the northern segment of the San Diego Freeway. I-405 is a bypass auxiliary route of I-5, running along the southern and western parts of the Greater Los Angeles urban area from Irvine in the south to Sylmar in the north.

I-405, heavily traveled by both commuters and freight haulers along its entire length, is the busiest and most congested freeway in the United States. The freeway's annual average daily traffic between exits 21 and 22 in Seal Beach reached 374,000 in 2008, making it the highest count in the nation. It has played a crucial role in the development of dozens of cities and suburbs along its route through Los Angeles and Orange counties. It also serves Los Angeles International Airport, Long Beach Airport, and Orange County's John Wayne Airport.
Eucalyptus denticulata
Eucalyptus denticulata, commonly known as the Errinundra shining gum or shining gum, is a species of tree endemic to south-eastern Australia. It has mostly smooth, white bark, lance-shaped to curved adult leaves with toothed edges, flower buds in groups of seven, white flowers and cup-shaped, barrel-shaped or cylindrical fruits. It is similar to E. nitens and was previously included in that species.

Eucalyptus nitens
Eucalyptus nitens, commonly known as shining gum or silvertop, is a species of tall tree native to Victoria and eastern New South Wales. It has smooth greyish bark, sometimes with thin, rough bark near the base, lance-shaped adult leaves, flower buds in groups of seven or nine, white flowers and cup-shaped, barrel-shaped or cylindrical fruit. It grows in wet forests and rainforest margins on fertile soils in cool, high-rainfall areas.
John Sanderson
Lieutenant General John Murray Sanderson, AC (born 4 November 1940) is a retired senior Australian Army officer and vice-regal representative. He served as Force Commander of the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia from 1992 to 1993, Chief of Army from 1995 to 1998, and was the 29th Governor of Western Australia from 2000 to 2005.

Chief of Army (Australia)
The Chief of Army is the most senior appointment in the Australian Army, responsible to both the Chief of the Defence Force (CDF) and the Secretary, Department of Defence (SECDEF). The rank associated with the position is lieutenant general (3-star).

Lieutenant General Simon Stuart, the incumbent Chief of Army, has held the post since 2 July 2022.
Henry Bedingfeld
Sir Henry Bedingfeld (1505–1583), also spelled Bedingfield, of Oxburgh Hall, King's Lynn, Norfolk, was a Privy Councillor to King Edward VI and Queen Mary I, Lieutenant of the Tower of London, and (in 1557) Vice-Chamberlain of the Household and Captain of the guards. With Henry Jerningham he was among the principals who rallied to Mary's cause following the death of Edward VI in 1553 and helped to set her upon the throne. He was a senior figure in the kinship group of Catholic recusant landowning knights of Suffolk. Given responsibility for the custody of Mary I's half-sister Elizabeth when in the Tower of London and at Woodstock, his reputation has suffered from the repetition of claims of his severity towards her: however Queen Elizabeth was respectful towards him and continued to find service for him. Among the foremost Englishmen of his time, he occupied prominent and honourable positions and was of unquestioned loyalty.

Lieutenant of the Tower of London
The Lieutenant of the Tower of London serves directly under the Constable of the Tower. The office has been appointed at least since the 13th century. There were formerly many privileges, immunities and perquisites attached to the office. Like the Constable, the Lieutenant was usually appointed by letters patent, either for life or during the King's pleasure.

The Lieutenants had custody of many eminent prisoners of state, including Anne Boleyn, Sir Thomas More, Lady Jane Grey, Princess Elizabeth (later Queen Elizabeth I) and Sir Walter Raleigh. At least five of the Lieutenants, Sir Edward Warner, Sir Gervase Helwys, Isaac Penington, Colonel Robert Tichborne, and Sir Edward Hales, themselves later became prisoners in the Tower.
DogeQuest
DogeQuest (stylized as DOGEQUEST) is a website established in early 2025, publishing personal information of Tesla vehicle owners throughout the United States and doxing them, amid the Tesla Takedown protests. The site gained notoriety in March 2025 for its interactive map feature that displayed the names, addresses, email addresses, and other private information of Tesla customers, alongside locations of Tesla facilities and charging stations. This led to it being characterized as potentially inciting property damage, violence, and harassment.

Doxing
Doxing or doxxing is the act of publicly providing personally identifiable information about an individual or organization, usually via the Internet and without their consent. Historically, the term has been used to refer to both the aggregation of this information from public databases and social media websites (like Facebook), and the publication of previously private information obtained through criminal or otherwise fraudulent means (such as hacking and social engineering).

The aggregation and provision of previously published material is generally legal, though it may be subject to laws concerning stalking and intimidation. Doxing may be carried out for reasons such as online shaming, extortion, and vigilante aid to law enforcement.
Gabriel Toby
Gabriel Tamunobiebere George Toby is a Nigerian politician of the People's Democratic Party, an economist and a former civil servant who served as Deputy Governor of Rivers State under Governor Peter Odili from 1999 to 2007.

Peter Odili
Peter Otunuya OdiliListenⓘ (born 15 August 1948) is a Nigerian politician who was the third elected Governor of Rivers State in Nigeria from 29 May 1999 to 29 May 2007. Odili is a member of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP).
Welsh Folk-Songs
Welsh Folk-Songs is the first album by Welsh folk music singer and collector Meredydd Evans, consisting of a cappella renditions of traditional Welsh-language folk songs.   The album was recorded in  New Hope, Pennsylvania after Moses Asch, founder of Folkways Records, contacted Evans, who was then studying at Princeton University. Upon release in 1954, Welsh Folk-Songs was acclaimed by The New York Times, who named it among the year's best records.

Welsh folk music
Welsh folk music (Welsh: Cerddoriaeth werin Gymreig) is traditional music sung or played in Wales, by Welsh people or originating from Wales.

Folk artists include; traditional bands Calan and Ar log; harpists Sian James, Catrin Finch and Nansi Richards and folk singer Dafydd Iwan.
Red Uno La Paz
Red Uno La Paz is the Red Uno owned-and-operated station for the city of La Paz, capital of Bolivia. The station operates on VHF channel 11 (digital channel 42, PSIP 11.1) and is an affiliate of Red Uno de Bolivia.

Red Uno de Bolivia
Red UNO de Bolivia (literally "Network One", commonly referred to as Red UNO and occasionally also called simply UNO, UNO being the initials of Unión Nacional de Organizaciones Televisivas, "National Union of Television Organizations") is a national Bolivian television network owned by conservative businessman Ivo Kuljis, a businessman of Croatian origin, who also owns other interests outside of media. It started operations in April 1984 in Santa Cruz and in 1985 in La Paz. Its most notable programming is Notivisión (news) and "El Mañanero (morning magazine)". It also maintains affiliation deals with three channels in Potosí, Sucre and Tarija.
Eleshnitsa river
Eleshnitsa (Bulgarian: Елешница) is a river located in western Bulgaria, in Kyustendil Province. It passes through Kyustendil Municipality and Nevestino. It is a right tributary of the river Struma. Eleshnitsa is 59 km long, which makes her the 66th in length among the rivers in Bulgaria.

It serves as a natural drain to the eastern and southern parts of Osogovska planina. It is the fourth largest tributary of the Struma, along with the Strumeshnitsa, Angitis and Dragovishtitsa.

Osogovo
42°9′30″N 22°31′0″E﻿ / ﻿42.15833°N 22.51667°E﻿ / 42.15833; 22.51667

Osogovo (Bulgarian/Macedonian: Осоговоⓘ), or Osogovska Planina or Osogovski Planini (Осоговска Планина or Осоговски Планини), is a mountain range and ski resort between the south-western part of Bulgaria (Kyustendil Province) and the north-eastern part of North Macedonia (Kočani and Kriva Palanka municipalities). Osogovo Monastery is situated on the mountain.
Durham Wasps
The Durham Wasps were an ice hockey team located in Durham and was one of England's best-known names in ice hockey. The team was bought by Sir John Hall and moved to the neighbouring city of Newcastle Upon Tyne in August 1996. The Newcastle team, after several changes became known as the Newcastle Jesters.

Newcastle Jesters
The Newcastle Jesters were an ice hockey franchise based in Newcastle Upon Tyne, England. The team were members of the Ice Hockey Superleague and played their home games at the Telewest Arena (now the Utilita Arena).
Habibur Rahman Usmani
Habibur Rahman Usmani (1860–1929), also known as Habibur Rahman Deobandi and Maulāna Habib al-Rahmān, was an Indian Islamic scholar, Arabic writer and poet, and Islamic jurist. He served as Deputy Vice-Chancellor and later as Vice-Chancellor of Darul Uloom Deoband for nearly twenty-three years. He succeeded Hafiz Muhammad Ahmad as the Grand Mufti of Hyderabad State, holding the position for about one year.

His students included Shabbir Ahmad Usmani, Manazir Ahsan Gilani, Muhammad Shafi, Habibur Rahman Azami, Muhammad Idris Kandhlawi, Atiqur Rahman Usmani, Qari Muhammad Tayyib, Badre Alam Merathi, Hifzur Rahman Seoharwi, Saeed Ahmad Akbarabadi, Manzoor Nomani, and Yusuf Banuri.

Saeed Ahmad Akbarabadi
Saeed Ahmad Akbarabadi (1908 – 24 May 1985) was an Indian Islamic scholar and an Urdu-language author who co-founded the Nadwatul Musannifeen. He served as the dean of the Faculty of Theology in Aligarh Muslim University.

Akbarabadi was an alumnus of Jamia Qasmia Madrasa Shahi, Darul Uloom Deoband, St. Stephen's College, Delhi and the Oriental College, Lahore. He taught at Jamia Islamia Talimuddin, Madrassa-e-Aalia, Fatehpuri, Aligarh Muslim University, University of Calicut and the McGill University. He authored books including Fehm-e-Quran, Ghulaman-e-Islam, Siddiq-e-Akbar and Musalmano Ka Urooj-o-Zawal. His students include Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq and Mushir-ul-Haq.
Attorney General of Botswana v. Unity Dow
Attorney General of Botswana v. Unity Dow (sometimes abbreviated Attorney General v. Dow, Civil Appeal No. 4/91, and known locally as the Citizenship Case or Dow Case) was a landmark decision of Botswana's Court of Appeal. The case upheld the decision brought to the High Court of Botswana, by the lawyer, Unity Dow, who would go on to become a judge on the High Court and a government minister. It declared provisions of the 1984 Citizenship Act, which barred children from receiving nationality from their mothers, to be unconstitutional. It resulted in the passage of the 1995 Citizenship Act of Botswana, which eliminated gender disparities in the law. The case sparked women to press for changes to nationality laws across Africa.

Batswana nationality law
Batswana nationality law is regulated by the 1966 Constitution of Botswana, as amended; the Citizenship Act 1998, and its revisions; and international agreements entered into by the government of Botswana. These laws determine who is, or is eligible to be, a national of Botswana. The legal means to acquire nationality, formal legal membership in a nation, differ from the domestic relationship of rights and obligations between a national and the nation, known as citizenship. The Botswana nationality is typically obtained on the principle of jus sanguinis, i.e. by birth to parents with Botswana nationality. It can be granted to persons who have lived in the country for a specific period of time, who have performed distinguished service to the nation or who have an affiliation to the country through naturalisation.
Aung Shwe
Brigadier General Aung Shwe (Burmese: အောင်ရွှေ; 19 May 1919 – 13 August 2017) was a Burmese politician and a member of General Ne Win's  Burma Rifles rising to Brigadier General. He was one of the founders and former President of the National League for Democracy who took charge of the party when Aung San Suu Kyi and Tin Oo were under house arrest in the early 1990s and 2000s.

Tin Oo
Tin Oo (Burmese: တင်ဦး, IPA: [tɪ̀ɰ̃ ʔú]; 11 March 1927 – 1 June 2024), often referred to as U Tin Oo, was a Burmese politician, activist, and general in the Armed Forces who was one of the founders of the National League for Democracy (NLD) in Myanmar, the country's largest pro-democracy political party.
Gamuda Berhad
Gamuda Berhad (MYX: 5398) is a leading and renowned Malaysian corporation with worldwide recognition, widely regarded as a powerhouse in engineering, infrastructure, and property development.  Regarded as one of the country’s largest and most prominent entities in civil engineering and development, Gamuda has delivered numerous large-scale projects both domestically and abroad, including the Klang Valley MRT lines, expressways, airport runways, railways, tunnels, water treatment plants, dams, concessions, and township developments. The company is listed on the Main Market of Bursa Malaysia, and is recognised for maintaining one of the largest construction order books among Malaysian engineering firms. Beyond Malaysia, Gamuda has established a strong international footprint, with regional operations in Australia, Taiwan, Vietnam, Singapore, India, and Qatar, underscoring its position as one of the region’s most reputable engineering firms.

Bursa Malaysia
Bursa Malaysia (MYX or MSX; lit. 'Malaysian Bourse'  or 'Malaysia Exchange') is the stock exchange in Malaysia. It is one of the largest bourses in ASEAN. It is based in Kuala Lumpur and was previously known as the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange (KLSE). It provides full integration of transactions, offering a wide range of currency exchange and related services, including trading, settlement, clearing and savings services.

Along with the Securities Commission of Malaysia, the stock exchange regulates the capital market in Malaysia and, through its facilities, upholds the duty to manage and maintain order in the trading of stocks, bonds and derivatives.
Regular singular point
In mathematics, in the theory of ordinary differential equations in the complex plane , the points of  are classified into ordinary points, at which the equation's coefficients are analytic functions, and singular points, at which some coefficient has a singularity. Then amongst singular points, an important distinction is made between a regular singular point, where the growth of solutions is bounded (in any small sector) by an algebraic function, and an irregular singular point, where the full solution set requires functions with higher growth rates. This distinction occurs, for example, between the hypergeometric equation, with three regular singular points, and the Bessel equation which is in a sense a limiting case, but where the analytic properties are substantially different.

Ordinary differential equation
In mathematics, an ordinary differential equation (ODE) is a differential equation (DE) dependent on only a single independent variable. As with any other DE, its unknown(s) consists of one (or more) function(s) and involves the derivatives of those functions. The term "ordinary" is used in contrast with partial differential equations (PDEs) which may be with respect to more than one independent variable, and, less commonly, in contrast with stochastic differential equations (SDEs) where the progression is random.
Microsoft SharePoint Designer
Microsoft SharePoint Designer (SPD), formerly known as Microsoft Office SharePoint Designer, is a discontinued freeware tool for creating or modifying Microsoft SharePoint sites, workflows and web pages. The original 2007 version was released as a member of the Microsoft Office 2007 family, and could be used as a generic HTML editor. The 2010 release became part of the Microsoft SharePoint family, and could no longer operate in the absence of a SharePoint site. SharePoint Designer 2013 is the last version.

SharePoint
SharePoint is a web-based collaborative platform primarily used for building corporate intranets, document and content management, and file sharing. Developed by Microsoft, It is primarily used as part of the hosted service Microsoft 365, but it can also be hosted by an IT department or service provider, using an on premises version called "Server Edition". Launched in 2001, it was initially bundled with Windows Server as Windows SharePoint Server, then renamed Microsoft Office SharePoint Server, and then finally renamed SharePoint.

According to Microsoft, as of December 2020, SharePoint had over 200 million users.
Mount Carmel Catholic College
Mount Carmel Catholic College (abbreviated as MCCC) is a systemic Catholic co-educational secondary school of the Marist tradition located in Varroville, a suburb 46 kilometres south-west of Sydney. It is situated within the city of Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia. The current principal is Stephen Lo Cascio.

Mount Carmel is a member of the Macarthur Independent Schools Association (MISA) and the Association of Marist Schools of Australia.

Association of Marist Schools of Australia
The Association of Marist Schools of Australia (MSA) is an organisation that seeks to unite the various  schools across Australia which have at any stage in their history been connected to the Australian provinces of the Marist Brothers, Marist Sisters or Marist Fathers, and by that union assist them in the provision of quality Marist education according to the traditions and charism passed down by the founders of the orders, Saint Marcellin Champagnat, Sister Jeanne-Marie Chavoin and Jean-Claude Colin.

The Association organises sporting competitions which attract competitors from many of the nation's Marist schools, in basketball, cricket, netball and oratory. It also coordinates a biennial conference of Marist educators, to strengthen their sense of Marist identity and spirituality, and affirm their mission of evangelization.
Maria Hadden
Maria Elaine Hadden is an American politician and community activist from Chicago. She is a member of the Chicago City Council, serving as alderperson for the city's 49th ward. She won election to that office after defeating 28-year incumbent Joe Moore in the 2019 election, and was reelected in 2023. The 49th ward includes most of Rogers Park and portions of West Ridge. She is a member of the Progressive Caucus, Black Caucus, and LGBT Caucus in the City Council.

Chicago City Council LGBT Caucus
The LGBT Caucus of the Chicago City Council is a bloc of aldermen in the Chicago City Council that was formed in 2015, to focus on issues affecting the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender communities. As of 2025, the caucus consists of 7 members, out of the council's 50 aldermen.
Lesley Johnson
Lesley Ruth Johnson AM FAHA (born 1949) is an Australian cultural historian, whose research has focused on gender studies and the sociology of education. She is professor emeritus at Griffith University.

Australian Academy of the Humanities
The Australian Academy of the Humanities was established by Royal Charter in 1969 to advance scholarship and public interest in the humanities in Australia. It operates as an independent not-for-profit organisation partly funded by the Australian Government.
Harold Irving Ewen
Harold Irving "Doc" Ewen (March 5, 1922 – October 8, 2015) was an American physicist, radio astronomer, and business executive. He served in the United States Navy in World War II as a second lieutenant. As a graduate student under Edward M. Purcell, he was the first to detect the galactic 21-cm hydrogen line.

Edward Mills Purcell
Edward Mills Purcell (August 30, 1912 – March 7, 1997) was an American physicist who shared  the 1952 Nobel Prize for Physics for his independent discovery (published 1946) of nuclear magnetic resonance in liquids and in solids. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has become widely used to study the molecular structure of pure materials and the composition of mixtures. Friends and colleagues knew him as Ed Purcell.