hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Quasiconvexity (calculus of variations)
In the calculus of variations, a subfield of mathematics, quasiconvexity is a generalisation of the notion of convexity. It is used to characterise the integrand of a functional and related to the existence of minimisers. Under some natural conditions, quasiconvexity of the integrand is a necessary and sufficient condition for a functional

to be lower semi-continuous in the weak topology, for a sufficient regular domain . By compactness arguments (Banach–Alaoglu theorem) the existence of minimisers of weakly lower semicontinuous functionals may then follow from the direct method.
This concept was introduced by Morrey in 1952. This generalisation of convexity should not be confused with the polysemetic concept of a quasiconvex function.

Quasiconvex function
In mathematics, a quasiconvex function is a real-valued function defined on an interval or on a convex subset of a real vector space such that the inverse image of any set of the form  is a convex set. For a function of a single variable, along any stretch of the curve the highest point is one of the endpoints. The negative of a quasiconvex function is said to be quasiconcave.

Quasiconvexity is a more general property than convexity in that all convex functions are also quasiconvex, but not all quasiconvex functions are convex. Univariate unimodal functions are quasiconvex or quasiconcave, however this is not necessarily the case for functions with multiple arguments. For example, the 2-dimensional Rosenbrock function is unimodal but not quasiconvex and functions with star-convex sublevel sets can be unimodal without being quasiconvex.
Thierry Santa
Thierry Santa (born 29 August 1967) is a French politician who served as the 9th President of the Government of New Caledonia from 2019 to 2021. He served as the leader of The Rally political party from 2018 to 2024. He previously served as President of the Congress of New Caledonia from 2015 to 2018.

President of the Government of New Caledonia
The president of the Government of New Caledonia is the head of the executive branch of the Government of New Caledonia formed in 1999, after the Nouméa Accord was signed in 1998.

New Caledonia has a collegial government with 11 members elected by Congress of New Caledonia with proportional representation on party list voting, according to the rule of the highest average. Then, according to the Nouméa Accord, the 11 members elect President and Vice President among themselves.
Ōta Tenjinyama Kofun
Ōta Tenjinyama Kofun (太田天神山古墳) is a Kofun period burial mound located in the Uchigashimacho neighborhood of the city of Ōta, Gunma Prefecture in the northern Kantō region of Japan. It was designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 1941. It is the largest kofun in Gunma Prefecture and the 28th largest in the country. It is the only kofun with a length in excess of 200 meters in eastern Japan.. It is also sometimes referred to as the Dantaiyama Kofun (男体山古墳).

Kofun
Kofun (古墳; from Sino-Japanese "ancient burial mound") are megalithic tombs or tumuli in Northeast Asia. Kofun were mainly constructed in the Japanese archipelago between the middle of the 3rd century to the early 7th century AD.

The term is the origin of the name of the Kofun period, which indicates the middle 3rd century to early–middle 6th century. Many kofun have distinctive keyhole-shaped mounds (zempō-kōen fun (前方後円墳)). The Mozu-Furuichi kofungun or tumulus clusters were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2019, while Ishibutai Kofun is one of a number in Asuka-Fujiwara residing on the Tentative List.
Francis Marion Walker
Francis Marion Walker (November 12, 1827 – July 22, 1864) was a Confederate States Army officer during the American Civil War (Civil War). He was killed while commanding a brigade at the Battle of Atlanta of July 22, 1864, one day before his commission as a brigadier general in the Confederate Army was delivered.

General officers in the Confederate States Army
The general officers of the Confederate States Army (CSA) were the senior military leaders of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War of 1861–1865. They were often former officers from the United States Army (the regular army) before the Civil War, while others were given the rank based on merit or when necessity demanded. Most Confederate generals needed confirmation from the Confederate States Congress, much like prospective generals in the modern U.S. armed forces.

Like all of the Confederacy's military forces, these generals answered to their civilian leadership, in particular Jefferson Davis, the president of the Confederate States of America and therefore commander-in-chief of the military forces of the Confederate States.
Suddhasatwa Basu
Sudhhasatwa Basu (born 1963) is an Indian chemical engineer. He is a former director of Council of Scientific Industrial Research - Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology (CSIR-IMMT) in Bhubaneswar, India, and is professor of chemical engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, adjunct professor, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai and professor of AcSIR. His research interests include electrokinetic and electrochemical phenomena in fuel cells.

Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology
Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology (IMMT) (formerly, Regional Research Laboratory, Bhubaneswar) is an advanced research institute in the field of mineralogy to materials engineering, established in Bhubaneswar, Odisha. It was established in 1964 by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi. The main focus area of research of IMMT is mining and mineral/bio-mineral processing, metal extraction and materials characterization, process engineering, industrial waste management, pollution monitoring and control, marine and forest products development, utilization of medicinal and aromatic plants, colloids and Materials Chemistry and environmental sustainability. Dr. Ramanuj Narayan is the Director of this Institute at present where 140 scientists are working towards nation building programme.
Melinda Camber Porter
Melinda Camber Porter (18 September 1953 – 9 October 2008) was a British artist, author, poet, journalist and filmmaker, a modernist who worked in oils, watercolor and ink. She was known for combining the mediums of film, painting and writing.

Her works have been shown at The School of Visual Arts in New York, Oxford University, the Embassy of France, La Maison Francaise and Lincoln Center's Clark Theatre. Her paintings, poetry and films have been critically well received. As a journalist, Porter interviewed renowned writers, artists and filmmakers over several decades for The Times.

School of Visual Arts
The School of Visual Arts New York City (SVA NYC) is a private for-profit art school in New York City. It was founded in 1947 and is a member of the Association of Independent Colleges of Art and Design.
Jeannette Ng's Campbell Award acceptance speech
On August 18, 2019, Hong Kong author Jeannette Ng won the John W. Campbell Award for Best New Writer at that year's World Science Fiction Convention. Her acceptance speech, in which she called award namesake John W. Campbell a "fucking fascist" and harshly criticized his influence on the field of science fiction, led to significant debate within science fiction fandom regarding Campbell's legacy.

Worldcon
The World Science Fiction Convention, branded as Worldcon, is a science fiction convention and the annual convention of the World Science Fiction Society (WSFS). It has been held each year since 1939 (except for the years 1942 to 1945, during World War II). The members of each Worldcon are the members of WSFS, and vote both to select the site of the Worldcon two years later, and to select the winners of the annual Hugo Awards, which are presented at each convention.
Marshall Plumlee
Marshall Harrison Plumlee (born July 14, 1992) is an American former professional basketball player and an active-duty United States Army Ranger-Qualified officer. He played college basketball for the Duke University Blue Devils. He was one of the top-rated basketball recruits in the class of 2011, a McDonald's All-American, and is the younger brother and former high school and college teammate of both Mason and Miles Plumlee.

Ranger School
The Ranger School is a 62-day United States Army small unit tactics and leadership course that develops functional skills directly related to units whose mission is to engage the enemy in close combat and direct fire battles. Ranger training was established in September 1950 at Fort Benning, Georgia. The Ranger course has changed little since its inception. Since 1995, it was an eight-week course divided into three phases. The 62 day course of instruction is divided into three phases: Darby Phase, Mountain Phase, and Swamp Phase.
Agila Subic Shipyard
Agila Subic Multi-Use Facilities (also known as Agila Subic Shipyard; formerly the Hanjin Subic Shipyard) are a shipyard in Subic, Zambales, Philippines. It is located along the coastline of the Redondo Peninsula in Sitio Agusuhin.

It was formerly owned and operated by shipbuilding firm Hanjin Heavy Industries and Construction Philippines. In 2022, Cerberus Capital Management purchased the Subic port.

Hanjin Heavy Industries and Construction Philippines
Hanjin Heavy Industries and Construction Philippines, also known as HHIC Phil, was a Philippines-based shipbuilding company established in February 2006 by Hanjin Heavy Industries and Construction of South Korea. In the same month, its first shipbuilding contract was signed for four container ships. In May 2006, the construction of a shipyard began on Redondo Peninsula, on the western edge of Subic Bay.

The first vessel "Argolikos" was delivered in July 2008 for the Greek ship owner Dioryx. As of April 2011, the shipyard had delivered 20 ships. In 2013, the shipyard made its first oil tanker, and in 2016, it delivered its first gas carrier. The shipyard has also built parts of CALM buoys used for the Malampaya gas field offshore project. The shipyard also has two large dry docks.

In January 2019, the company filed for the largest bankruptcy in Philippine history with unpaid loan obligations amounting to US$412 million.
Dhupchanchia Upazila
Dhupchanchia Upazila (Bengali: দুপচাঁচিয়া উপজেলা) is an upazila of Bogra District in the Division of Rajshahi, Bangladesh. Dhupchanchia Thana was established in 1880 and was converted into an upazila in 1983. It is named after its administrative center, the town of Dhupchanchia.

Upazila
An upazila, formerly called thana, is an administrative division in Bangladesh, functioning as a sub-unit of a district. It can be seen as an analogous to a county or a borough of Western countries. Rural upazilas are further administratively divided into union council areas (union parishads).

Bangladesh has 495 upazilas. The upazilas are the second lowest tier of regional administration in Bangladesh. The administrative structure consists of divisions (8), districts (64), upazilas (495) and union parishads (UPs). This system of devolution was introduced by the former military ruler and president of Bangladesh, Lt-Gen Hossain Muhammad Ershad, in an attempt to strengthen local government.

Below UPs, villages (gram) and para exist, but these have no administrative power and elected members. The Local Government Ordinance of 1982 was amended a year later, redesignating and upgrading the existing thanas as upazilas.
TyeA protein domain
In molecular biology, the protein domain TyeA is short for Translocation of Yops into eukaryotic cells A. It controls the  release of Yersinia outer proteins (Yops) which help Yersinia evade the immune system.  More specifically, it interacts with the bacterial protein YopN via hydrophobic residues located on the helices.

Alpha helix
An alpha helix (or α-helix) is a sequence of amino acids in a protein that are twisted into a coil (a helix).

The alpha helix is the most common structural arrangement in the secondary structure of proteins. It is also the most extreme type of local structure, and it is the local structure that is most easily predicted from a sequence of amino acids.

The alpha helix has a right-handed helix conformation in which every backbone N−H group hydrogen bonds to the backbone C=O group of the amino acid that is four residues earlier in the protein sequence.
Thanh Le
Thanh James Le (born August 28, 1985) is an American mixed martial artist. A professional since 2012, Le has competed in the Featherweight division for the ONE Championship, he is the former interim and lineal ONE Featherweight World Champion and Legacy Fighting Alliance. He also appeared on reality television series The Ultimate Fighter: Team McGregor vs. Team Faber.

ONE Championship
ONE Championship, formerly ONE Fighting Championship (ONE FC) until January 2015, is a multinational combat sports promotion founded on 14 July 2011 by Chatri Sityodtong and Victor Cui. Originally focused on mixed martial arts (MMA), ONE events have since incorporated muay thai, kickboxing, and submission grappling bouts. The promotion held its first event on 3 September 2011 at the Singapore Indoor Stadium, and has since held over 200 events across Asia. In 2022, parent company One Group Holdings, changed its legal operations from Singapore to the Cayman Islands.
Detroit Diesel Series 92
The Detroit Diesel Series 92 is a two-stroke cycle, V-block diesel engine, produced with versions ranging from six to 16 cylinders. Among these, the most popular were the 6V92 and 8V92, which were V6 and V8 configurations of the same engine respectively. The series was introduced in 1974 as a rebored version of its then-popular sister series, the Series 71. Both the Series 71 and Series 92 engines were popularly used in on-highway vehicle applications.

Detroit Diesel Series 60
The Detroit Diesel Series 60 is an inline-six 4 stroke diesel engine produced from 1987 to 2011. At that time, it differed from most on-highway engines by using an overhead camshaft and "drive by wire" electronic control. In 1993, it was popular on many USA buses in the 11.1 L (677 cu in) displacement.
Giza writing board
The Giza writing board (also named Giza king list) is an ancient Egyptian artefact created during the late Fifth Dynasty (c. 2494 – c. 2345 BCE) or early Sixth Dynasty (c. 2345 – c. 2181 BCE). It was found in the burial place of a high official, Mesdjerw, and his wife, Hetep-neferet. The Giza writing board is also known today under the name Giza king list, because it presents a short list of six pharaohs from different dynasties. Mesdjerw held the titles of Confidant of the king, Inspector of the auditioners of the treasure house and Overseer of the gold storages.

Fifth Dynasty of Egypt
The Fifth Dynasty of ancient Egypt (notated Dynasty V) is often combined with Dynasties III, IV and VI under the group title the Old Kingdom. The Fifth Dynasty pharaohs reigned for around 150 years, from the early 25th century BC until the mid 24th century BC.
St George's Church, Isle of Man
St George's Church is an Anglican church in Douglas, Isle of Man and falls within the Diocese of Sodor and Man. It was formerly one of two worship centres in association with All Saints Church, Douglas.

Douglas, Isle of Man
Douglas (Manx: Doolish, pronounced [ˈdðuːlʲəʃ]) is the capital city and largest settlement of the Isle of Man, with a population of 26,677 (2021) and an area of 4.1 square miles (10.5 km2). It is located at the mouth of the River Douglas, and on a sweeping bay of two miles (three kilometres). The River Douglas forms part of the city's harbour and main commercial port.

Douglas was a small settlement until it grew rapidly as a result of links with the English port of Liverpool in the 18th century. Further population growth came in the following century, resulting during the 1860s in a staged transfer of the High Courts, the Lieutenant Governor's residence (actually located in nearby Onchan), and finally the seat of the legislature, Tynwald, to Douglas from the ancient capital, Castletown.

The city is the island's main hub for business, finance, legal services, shipping, transport, shopping, and entertainment. The annual Isle of Man TT motorcycle races start and finish in Douglas.
Evrenos
Evrenos or Evrenuz (died 1417, Yenice-i Vardar) was an Ottoman military commander and frontier lord 
active during the expansion of Ottoman power into the Balkans in the second half of the 14th century.

He served as a general under Süleyman Pasha, Murad I, Bayezid I, 
Süleyman Çelebi and Mehmed I, and played a central role in the Ottoman conquest and consolidation of 
large parts of Macedonia, Thrace, and central Greece.

Süleyman Pasha (son of Orhan)
Süleyman Pasha (1306 – 1357) was an Ottoman prince and the son of Sultan Orhan.

He played a major role in early Ottoman expansion into Thrace in the 1350s. He was Orhan's eldest son and his favorite and, until his death due to a hunting accident, his heir presumptive.
Natasha Anasi
Natasha Moraa Anasi-Erlingsson (born 2 October 1991) is a professional footballer who plays as a defender for Grindavík/Njarðvík of the  Besta deild kvenna.

Born and raised in the United States, Anasi played college football for the Duke Blue Devils before moving to Iceland in 2014, where she joined Úrvalsdeild kvenna club ÍBV. She moved to fellow Icelandic club Keflavík ÍF in 2017. After receiving Icelandic citizenship in December 2019, Anasi made her international debut for the Iceland national team in March 2020.

Iceland women's national football team
The Iceland women's national football team (Icelandic: Íslenska kvennalandsliðið í knattspyrnu) represents Iceland in international women's football. They are currently ranked as the 14th best women's national team in the world by FIFA as of June 2025.
Allan Macartney
William John Allan Macartney (17 February 1941 – 25 August 1998) was a Scottish politician who served as a Scottish National Party MEP for the North East Scotland constituency between the 1994 European Parliament election and his sudden death from a heart attack in 1998.

North East Scotland (European Parliament constituency)
Prior to its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European elections in England, Scotland and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each.

The constituency of North East Scotland was one of them.
Susie Rodgers
Susannah Elizabeth Joy Rodgers, MBE (born 9 August 1983) is a British Paralympic swimmer. She competes in S7 classification events and won three bronze medals at the 2012 Summer Paralympics and a gold at the 2016 Summer Paralympics.

S7 (classification)
S7, SB6, SM7 are para-swimming classifications used for categorizing swimmers based on their level of disability. Swimmers in this class have use of their arms and trunk.  They have limited leg function or are missing a leg or parts of both legs. This class includes a number of different disabilities including people with amputations and cerebral palsy.  The classification is governed by the International Paralympic Committee, and competes at the Paralympic Games.
Southern Tablelands United FC
Southern Tablelands United FC is an Australian amateur association football club based in the NSW city of Goulburn. Founded in 2017, as a joint venture between the Goulburn Strikers and Goulbourn Stags, United is affiliated with Capital Football in the ACT. Southern Tablelands currently competes in the NPL2 for men's and NPLW for women's.

National Premier Leagues Capital Football
The National Premier Leagues Capital Football (also known as NPL ACT 1 or simply NPL1) is a soccer competition contested by clubs affiliated to Capital Football. The league is the highest level (level 1) competition in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) region. It is a subdivision of the National Premier Leagues and sits in Level 2 in the overall Australian league system.
Milk fever
Milk fever, postparturient hypocalcemia, or parturient paresis is a disease, primarily in dairy cattle but also seen in beef cattle and non-bovine domesticated animals, characterized by reduced blood calcium levels (hypocalcemia). It occurs following parturition (birth), at onset of lactation, when demand for calcium for colostrum and milk production exceeds the body's ability to mobilize calcium. "Fever" is a misnomer, as the disease generally does not cause elevated body temperature. Milk fever is more commonly seen in older animals (which have reduced ability to mobilize calcium from bone) and in certain breeds (such as Channel Island breeds).

Birth
Birth is the act or process of bearing or bringing forth offspring, also referred to in technical contexts as parturition. In mammals, the process is initiated by hormones which cause the muscular walls of the uterus to contract, expelling the fetus at a developmental stage when it is ready to feed and breathe.

In some species, the offspring is precocial and can move around almost immediately after birth but in others, it is altricial and completely dependent on parenting.

In marsupials, the fetus is born at a very immature stage after a short gestation and develops further in its mother's womb  pouch.

It is not only mammals that give birth. Some reptiles, amphibians, fish and invertebrates carry their developing young inside them. Some of these are ovoviviparous, with the eggs being hatched inside the mother's body, and others are viviparous, with the embryo developing inside their body, as in the case of mammals.
RMS Mooltan
RMS Mooltan was an ocean liner and Royal Mail Ship of the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company (P&O). She was ordered in 1918 and completed in 1923. She served in the Second World War first as the armed merchant cruiser HMS Mooltan (F75) and then as a troop ship. She was retired from P&O service in 1953 and scrapped in 1954.

Mooltan was unusual in combining both quadruple-expansion steam engines and turbo-electric transmission. When completed in 1923 she had only her quadruple-expansion engines, but in 1929 turbo generators and electric propulsion motors were added alongside them to increase her speed.

Turbine–electric powertrain
A turbine–electric transmission, or turbine–electric powertrain, system includes a turboshaft gas turbine connected to an electrical generator, creating electricity that powers electric traction motors. No clutch is required.

Turbine–electric transmissions are used to drive both gas turbine locomotives (rarely) and warships.
Jay Jaxon
Eugene Jackson (August 30, 1941 – July 19, 2006), known professionally as Jay Jaxon, was an American fashion designer, costumer, and couturier.

He was the first American and the first Black person to work as a couturier for a fashion atelier in Paris. He worked for the fashion houses Yves Saint Laurent, Christian Dior, and Jean-Louis Scherrer. Jaxon became creative director of the house of Jean-Louis Scherrer at the age of 24 and released his first haute couture collection as head designer in 1970.

After returning to the United States he designed clothing for film, television, and various performers.

Haute couture
Haute couture is the creation of exclusive custom-fitted high-end fashion design. The term haute couture generally refers to a specific type of upper garment common in Europe during the 16th to the 18th century, or to the upper portion of a modern dress to distinguish it from the skirt and sleeves. Beginning in the mid-nineteenth century, Paris became the centre of a growing industry that focused on making outfits from high-quality, expensive, often unusual fabric and sewn with extreme attention to detail and finished by the most experienced and capable of sewers—often using time-consuming, hand-executed techniques. Couture is also commonly used on its own as an abbreviation of haute couture, referring to the same concept in spirit.