hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Modern South Arabian languages
The Modern South Arabian languages, also known as Eastern South Semitic languages, are a group of endangered languages spoken by small populations inhabiting the Arabian Peninsula, in Yemen (including Socotra) and Oman. Together with the Ethiosemitic and Sayhadic languages, the Western branch, they form the South Semitic sub-branch of the Afroasiatic language family's Semitic branch.

Mehri and Hobyot are spoken in both Yemen and Oman. Soqotri is only spoken in the Yemeni archipelago of Socotra, and the Harsusi, Bathari, and Shehri languages are only spoken in Oman.

Ḥarsusi language
Ḥarsūsī (Arabic: لغة حرسوسية), natively known as Ḥersīyet (pronunciation in Harsusi: [ħʌrsiːjət]), is a Semitic language of Oman, spoken by the Harasis people. It is classified as a moribund language, with an estimated 600-1000 speakers in Jiddat al-Harasis, a stony desert in south-central Oman. It is closely related to Mehri.
Herennius Modestinus
Herennius Modestinus, or simply Modestinus, was a civil servant and a celebrated Roman jurist, a student of Ulpian who flourished about 250 AD.

He appears to have been a native of one of the Greek-speaking provinces, or probably Dalmatia. 
Possibly from 223 to 225 AD he was secretary a libellis under Emperor Alexander Severus, and  about  228 he was praefectus vigilum.
In Valentinian's Law of Citations he is classed with Papinian, Paulus, Gaius and Ulpian, as one of the five jurists whose recorded views were considered decisive. He is considered to be the last great jurist of the classic age of Roman law.

He is mentioned in a rescript of Gordian III in the year 240 in connection with a responsum which he gave to the party to whom the rescript was addressed. No fewer than 345 passages in the Digest of the Corpus Juris Civilis are taken from his writings. He is the author of a collection of Responsa and Digesta written in 12 books.

Ulpian
Ulpian (/ˈʌlpiən/; Latin: Gnaeus Domitius Annius Ulpianus; c. 170 – 223 or 228) was a Roman jurist born in Tyre in Roman Syria (modern Lebanon). He moved to Rome and rose to become considered one of the great legal authorities of his time. He was one of the five jurists upon whom decisions were to be based according to the Law of Citations of Valentinian III, and supplied the Justinian Digest about a third of its contents.
Glossary of textile manufacturing
The manufacture of textiles is one of the oldest of human technologies. To make textiles, the first requirement is a source of fiber from which a yarn can be made, primarily by spinning. The yarn is processed by knitting or weaving, with color and patterns, which turns it into cloth. The machine used for weaving is the loom. For decoration, the process of coloring yarn or the finished material is dyeing. For more information of the various steps, see textile manufacturing.

Loom
A loom is a device used to weave cloth and tapestry. The basic purpose of any loom is to hold the warp threads under tension to facilitate the interweaving of the weft threads. The precise shape of the loom and its mechanics may vary, but the basic function is the same.
Omphacite
Omphacite is a member of the clinopyroxene group of silicate minerals with formula: (Ca, Na)(Mg, Fe2+, Al)Si2O6. It is a variably deep to pale green or nearly colorless variety of clinopyroxene. It normally appears in eclogite, which is the high-pressure metamorphic rock of basalt. Omphacite is the solid solution of Fe-bearing diopside and jadeite. It crystallizes in the monoclinic system with prismatic, typically twinned forms, though usually anhedral.  Its space group can be P2/n or C2/c depending on the thermal history.  It exhibits the typical near 90° pyroxene cleavage. It is brittle with specific gravity of 3.29 to 3.39 and a Mohs hardness of 5 to 6.

Diopside
Diopside is a monoclinic pyroxene mineral with composition MgCaSi2O6.  It forms complete solid solution series with hedenbergite (FeCaSi2O6) and augite, and partial solid solutions with orthopyroxene and pigeonite. It forms variably colored, but typically dull green crystals in the monoclinic prismatic class. It has two distinct prismatic cleavages at 87 and 93° typical of the pyroxene series. It has a Mohs hardness of six, a Vickers hardness of 7.7 GPa at a load of 0.98 N, and a specific gravity of 3.25 to 3.55. It is transparent to translucent with indices of refraction of nα=1.663–1.699, nβ=1.671–1.705, and nγ=1.693–1.728. The optic angle is 58° to 63°.
HM Prison Woodhill
HM Prison Woodhill is a category B men's high security prison located in Milton Keynes, England. The prison is operated by His Majesty's Prison Service. A section of the prison is designated as a Young Offenders Institution. A Secure Training Centre is located next to the prison.

One of its main roles is that of a local prison serving the Crown Court and magistrates' courts. The prison holds sentenced prisoners aged 18 and above. In addition, Woodhill is one of the eight national high-security prisons, holding Category B with some Category A prisoners, Close Supervision Centre.

Prisoner security categories in the United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, prisoners are divided into four categories of security. Each adult is assigned to a category according to their crime, sentence, the risk of escape, and violent tendencies. The categories are designated with the letters A to D, with A being the highest level of security, and D the lowest.

There are three different prison services in the United Kingdom, and separate services for the three Crown Dependencies, i.e., the Channel Islands jointly and the Isle of Man. His Majesty's Prison Service manages prisons in England and Wales, and also serves as the National Offender Management Service for England and Wales. Prisons in Scotland are managed by the Scottish Prison Service and prisons in Northern Ireland are managed by the Northern Ireland Prison Service.
Sayanogorsk
Sayanogorsk (Russian: Саяногорск; Khakas: Наа Сойан Тура, romanized: Nâ Soyan Tura) is a town in the Republic of Khakassia, Russia, located on the left bank of the Yenisei River, 80 kilometers (50 mi) south of Abakan, the capital of the republic. Population:  49,887 (2010 Census); 50,255 (2002 Census); 50,188 (1989 Soviet census).

Abakan
Abakan (Russian: Абака́н [ɐbɐˈkan] ⓘ; Khakas: Ағбан Ağban, Абахан Abaxan) is the capital city of Khakassia, Russia, located in the central part of the Minusinsk Depression, at the confluence of the Yenisei and Abakan Rivers. As of the 2010 Census, it had a population of 165,214—a slight increase over 165,197 recorded during the 2002 Census and a further increase from 154,092 recorded during the 1989 Census.
Aquila (bird)
Aquila is the genus of true eagles. The genus name is Latin for "eagle", possibly derived from aquilus, "dark in colour". It is often united with the sea eagles, buteos, and other more heavyset Accipitridae, but more recently they appear to be less distinct from the slenderer accipitrine hawks than previously believed. Eagles are not a natural group but denote essentially any bird of prey large enough to hunt sizeable (about 50 cm long or more overall) vertebrate prey.

Buteo
Buteo is a genus of medium to fairly large, wide-ranging raptors with a robust body and broad wings. In the Old World, members of this genus are called "buzzards", but "hawk" is used in the New World (Etymology: Buteo is the Latin name of the common buzzard).  As both terms are ambiguous, buteo is sometimes used instead, for example, by the Peregrine Fund.
Nǁng language
Nǁng ([ᵑǁŋ]) or Nǁŋǃke is a almost extinct Tuu language spoken in South Africa. It is commonly known by the ambiguous name of its only spoken dialect Nǀuu (Nǀhuki); the ǀʼAuni name for the Nǀuu, ǂKhomani, is used by the South African government. Nǁng had been thought extinct and was no longer spoken on a daily basis when rediscovered, as the two dozen elderly speakers lived in different villages and the younger generations had shifted to the Khoekhoe language. As of October 2025, only one speaker of the Nǀuu dialect remains, the rest of the population having shifted to Khoekhoe and Afrikaans.

Khoekhoe language
Khoekhoe or Khoikhoi (/ˈkɔɪ.kɔɪ/ KOY-koy; Khoekhoegowab, Khoekhoe pronunciation: [k͡xʰo̜͡ek͡xʰo̜͡egowab]), also known by the ethnic terms Nama (/ˈnɑː.mə/ NAH-mə; Namagowab), Damara (ǂNūkhoegowab), or Nama/Damara and formerly as Hottentot, is the most widespread of the non-Bantu languages of Southern Africa that make heavy use of click consonants and therefore were formerly classified as Khoisan, a grouping now recognized as obsolete. It belongs to the Khoe language family, and is spoken in Namibia, Botswana, and South Africa primarily by three ethnic groups: Namakhoen, ǂNūkhoen, and Haiǁomkhoen.
Cobalt(III) chloride
Cobalt(III) chloride or cobaltic chloride is an unstable and elusive compound of cobalt and chlorine with the formula CoCl3. In this compound, the cobalt atoms have a formal charge of +3.

The compound has been reported to exist in the gas phase at high temperatures, in equilibrium with cobalt(II) chloride and chlorine gas. It has also been found to be stable at very low temperatures, dispersed in a frozen argon matrix.

Some articles from the 1920s and 1930s claim the synthesis of bulk amounts of this compound in pure form; however, those results do not seem to have been reproduced, or have been attributed to other substances like the hexachlorocobaltate(III) anion CoCl3−6.  Those earlier reports claim that it gives green solutions in anhydrous solvents such as ethanol and diethyl ether, and that it is stable only at very low temperatures (below −60 °C).

Cobalt(II) chloride
Cobalt(II) chloride refers to inorganic compounds with the formula CoCl2·(H2O)n. These compounds include anhydrous CoCl2 as well as several hydrates. The anhydrous form is a blue solid; the dihydrate is purple and the hexahydrate is pink. The hexahydrate is commonly used in the laboratory.
Janaki Venkataraman
Janaki Venkataraman (1921 – 13 August 2010) was an Indian activist. She served as the First Lady of India from 1987 until 1992, as the wife of President R. Venkataraman. She also served as the former Second Lady of India, during her husband's tenure as Vice President.

First ladies and gentlemen of India
First Lady of India or First Gentleman of India is the title given to the host of the Rashtrapati Bhavan, usually the spouse of the president of India. There are no official roles or duties assigned to the spouse. The spouse generally attends official ceremonies and functions.

The position of a first spouse of India is currently vacant, as President Droupadi Murmu is widowed.
Coordinating Council on Jerusalem
The Coordinating Council on Jerusalem was a lobbying group launched on October 23, 2007, in order to unite American Jewish organizations on behalf of a secure and unified Jerusalem. The creation of political strategist Jeff Ballabon, it was founded to provide a united public front of Jewish American organizations towards the principle of keeping Jerusalem united.  Initial funding was provided by Rabbi Pesach Lerner, Executive Vice President of the National Council of Young Israel.  It has been endorsed by hundreds of Jewish leaders in the Diaspora and Israel.

National Council of Young Israel
The National Council of Young Israel (NCYI) or Young Israel (in Hebrew: ישראל הצעיר‎, Yisrael Hatza'ir), is a synagogue-based Orthodox Judaism organization in the United States with a network of affiliated "Young Israel" synagogues. Young Israel was founded in 1912, in its earliest form, by a group of 15 young Jews on the Lower East Side of Manhattan. Their goal was to make Orthodox Judaism more relevant to young Americanized Jews at a time when a significant Jewish education was rare, and most Orthodox institutions were Yiddish-speaking and oriented to an older, European Jewish demographic.

Today, Young Israel continues to promote Orthodox involvement of modern American Jews, while also advocating for the issues most relevant to its members, including support for Israel and Religious Zionism.
WLDN
WLDN is an FM radio station owned by Synergy Media and is licensed to Ludington, Michigan. WLDN broadcasts from studios in Ludington, Michigan along with sister stations WKLA, WKLA-FM, WKZC, WMLQ, and WWKR. It runs a news/talk/sports format and can be heard as far north as Copemish, Michigan, as far east as Reed City, Michigan, and as far south as Whitehall, Michigan. Under certain conditions, it can be heard in parts of northeastern Wisconsin and in Traverse City, Michigan. However, WLDN encounters heavy interference to the south from WFGR, which also broadcasts on 98.7 from Grand Rapids, Michigan.

Ludington, Michigan
Ludington (/ˈlʌdɪŋtən/ LUH-ding-tən) is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan. It is the county seat and the largest city in Mason County. The population was 7,655 at the 2020 census, making it the fourth largest city in the northern Michigan area.

The city is located at the mouth of the Pere Marquette River at Lake Michigan. Nearby are Ludington State Park (which includes the Big Sable Point Light), Nordhouse Dunes Wilderness, and Manistee National Forest, making the area a popular tourist destination in the summer. Ludington is the home port of the SS Badger, a vehicle and passenger ferry with daily service in the summer across Lake Michigan to Manitowoc, Wisconsin.
Allographa
Allographa is a genus of script lichens in the family Graphidaceae. It has more than 200 species. Formally circumscribed in 1824 by François Fulgis Chevallier, Allographa was formerly included in Graphis, but was upgraded to generic status in 2018 by lichenologists Klaus Kalb and Robert Lücking, who used molecular phylogenetics analysis to show this group of species to constitute a distinct lineage in the Graphidaceae.

Graphis (lichen)
Graphis is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. Historically, Graphis was used as a broad category for species with colourless, transversely septate ascospores within the Graphidaceae. However, with advances in genetic research, this classification has become more refined. As a result, species previously classified under Graphina have been re-assigned to Allographa or Graphis. The species complex around Graphis scripta has also been recognised, leading to the identification of several new species, many of which may have been previously overlooked.
Mangawhero River
The Mangawhero River is in the North Island of New Zealand. It drains the south-western slopes of Mount Ruapehu, passes through Ohakune before discharging into the Whangaehu River to the south-west of Mangamahu.

Mount Ruapehu
Mount Ruapehu (Māori: [ˈɾʉaˌpɛhʉ]; English /ˈruːəˌpeɪhuː/) is an active stratovolcano at the southern end of the Taupō Volcanic Zone and North Island volcanic plateau in New Zealand. It is 23 km (14 mi) northeast of Ohakune and 23 km (14 mi) southwest of the southern shore of Lake Taupō, within Tongariro National Park. The North Island's major ski resorts and only glaciers are on its slopes.

Ruapehu, the largest active volcano in New Zealand, has the highest point in the North Island and has three major peaks: Tahurangi (2,797 m), Te Heuheu (2,755 m) and Paretetaitonga (2,751 m). The deep, active crater is between the peaks and fills with water between major eruptions, being known as Crater Lake (Māori: Te Wai ā-moe). The name Ruapehu means "pit of noise" or "exploding pit" in Māori.
James Tuller
James Tuller Cintrón was the designated Puerto Rico Police Superintendent from December 2013 – April 2014, Tuller asked that his nomination as head of the PRPD be withdrawn so he could attend to personal matters.  Prior to joining the PRPD, Tuller was the Chief of the New York City Police Department Transportation Bureau. Tuller has been a policeman since 1973 and holds a bachelor's degree in political science from John Jay College of Criminal Justice  and a master's degree in public administration.

Superintendent of the Puerto Rico Police
The Superintendent of the Puerto Rico Police (Spanish: Superintendente de la Policía de Puerto Rico) is the highest-ranking officer, administrator, and director of the Puerto Rico Police, and an ex officio member of the Commission on Safety and Public Protection as well. The superintendent is appointed by the governor of Puerto Rico with advice and consent from the Senate. Superintendents have also typically being simultaneously appointed as Commissioners of Safety and Public Protection due to the nature of their job and experience.

The rank of Superintendent has existed since 1952; Before that, from 1899 to 1956, the rank was known as Chief of the Puerto Rico Police.
Deer Isle (island)
Deer Isle is an island in Hancock County, Maine, United States. There are two communities on the island, Deer Isle and Stonington.  
It is on the eastern side of Penobscot Bay, connected by road to the Maine mainland through Little Deer Isle. Its only vehicular connection to the mainland is State Route 15 over Deer Isle Bridge.

Little Deer Isle, Maine
Little Deer Isle is an island in Penobscot Bay, lying just north of Deer Isle, Maine, United States. Although Little Deer Isle and Deer Isle are part of the same town, which is also named Deer Isle, they are separate islands. Little Deer Isle is served by Maine State Route 15 via the Deer Isle Bridge. The northern end of the island is called Eggemoggin, and there is a small island with a lighthouse on it at the tip called Pumpkin Island. Little Deer is approximately four miles (6.4 km) long and connects to Deer Isle by way of a causeway. There are about 250 year-round residents in the Little Deer zip code, but there may be more summer residents. There is abundant wildlife on the island including deer, fox, squirrels, wild turkeys, ospreys, and bald eagles.
Germany National Renewable Energy Action Plan
The German National Renewable Energy Action Plan is the National Renewable Energy Action Plan (NREAP) for Germany. The plan was commissioned under EU Renewable Energy Directive 2009/28/EC which required member states of the European Union to notify the European Commission with a road map. The report describes how Germany plans to achieve its legally binding target of an 18% share of energy from renewable sources in gross final consumption of energy by 2020.

Renewable Energy Directive 2018
The Renewable Energy Directive 2018 (2018/2001) is a Directive in EU law that requires 42.5 percent of the energy consumed within the European Union to be renewable by 2030. This target is pooled among the member states.
Duncan's new multiple range test
In statistics, Duncan's new multiple range test (MRT) is a multiple comparison procedure developed by David B. Duncan in 1955. Duncan's MRT belongs to the general class of multiple comparison procedures that use the studentized range statistic qr to compare sets of means.

David B. Duncan developed this test as a modification of the Student–Newman–Keuls method that would have greater power. Duncan's MRT is especially protective against false negative (Type II) error at the expense of having a greater risk of making false positive (Type I) errors. Duncan's test is commonly used in agronomy and other agricultural research.

The result of the test is a set of subsets of means, where in each subset means have been found not to be significantly different from one another.

This test is often followed by the Compact Letter Display (CLD) methodology that renders the output of such test much more accessible to non-statistician audiences.

Newman–Keuls method
The Newman–Keuls or Student–Newman–Keuls (SNK) method is a stepwise multiple comparisons procedure used to identify sample means that are significantly different from each other. It was named after Student (1927), D. Newman, and M. Keuls. This procedure is often used as a post-hoc test whenever a significant difference between three or more sample means has been revealed by an analysis of variance (ANOVA). The Newman–Keuls method is similar to Tukey's range test as both procedures use studentized range statistics. Unlike Tukey's range test, the Newman–Keuls method uses different critical values for different pairs of mean comparisons. Thus, the procedure is more likely to reveal significant differences between group means and to commit type I errors by incorrectly rejecting a null hypothesis when it is true. In other words, the Neuman-Keuls procedure is more powerful but less conservative than Tukey's range test.
Pavle Solarić
Pavle Solarić (7 August 1779 – 18 January 1821) was a Serbian linguist, geographer, archaeologist, poet, bibliographer and man of letters. He was one of Dositej Obradović's early students and an ardent disciple.

Dositej Obradović
Dositej Obradović (Serbian Cyrillic: Доситеј Обрадовић, Serbian pronunciation: [dɔsǐtɛːj ɔbrǎːdɔʋitɕ]; 17 February 1739 – 7 April 1811) was a Serbian writer, philosopher, pedagogue, translator, educational reformer, linguist and the first minister of education of Serbia. An influential protagonist of the Serbian national and cultural renaissance, he advocated Enlightenment and rationalist ideas, while remaining a Serbian patriot and an adherent of the Serbian Orthodox Church.
Franz Oppenheim
Franz Oppenheim (born 13 July 1852 in Charlottenburg; died 13 February 1929 in Cairo) was a German chemist and industrialist who led the Agfa company (now Agfa-Gevaert) and later became a co-founder of I.G. Farben. His father was German jurist Otto Georg Oppenheim and his mother was Margarethe Mendelssohn (1823–1890). His sisters were Else (1844–1868) and Enole Oppenheim (1855–1939). He lived with his family in Berlin-Wannsee.

Agfa-Gevaert
Agfa-Gevaert N.V. (Agfa) is a Belgian-German multinational corporation that develops, manufactures, and distributes analogue and digital imaging products, software, and systems.

The company began as a dye manufacturer in 1867. In 1925, the company merged with several other German chemical companies to become chemicals giant IG Farben. AGFA was reconstituted (as a subsidiary of Bayer) from the remnants of IG Farben in 1952.

Agfa photographic film and cameras were once prominent consumer products. In 2004, the consumer imaging division was sold to a company founded via management buyout. AgfaPhoto GmbH, as the new company was called, filed for bankruptcy after a year, and its brands are now licensed to other companies by AgfaPhoto Holding GmbH, a holding firm. Today Agfa-Gevaert's commerce is 100% business-to-business.
Coolmore Stud Stakes
The Coolmore Stud Stakes, registered as the Ascot Vale Stakes, is a Victoria Racing Club Group 1 Thoroughbred horse race for three-year-olds, at set weights, run over 1200 metres at Flemington Racecourse, Melbourne, Australia, on Victoria Derby Day.  Total prize money is A$2,000,000.

Victoria Derby
The Victoria Derby, is a Victoria Racing Club Group 1 Thoroughbred horse race for three-year-olds held under Set Weights conditions over a distance of 2,500 metres at Flemington Racecourse, in Melbourne, Australia scheduled annually on the first day of the Melbourne Cup Carnival. Total prize money for the race is A$2,000,000.
Zoa Morani
Zoa Morani (born 29 March 1988) is an Indian model and actress who appears in Bollywood films. She has appeared in films and web series with her notable works being Always Kabhi Kabhi (2011), Bhaag Johnny (2015), Taish	(2020) and Tuesdays & Fridays (2021).

Morani is the daughter of film producer and co-owner of Cineyug, Karim Morani and the niece of film producers Aly Morani and Mohammed Morani. Her aunt Lucky Morani (wife of Mohammed) is a fashion designer and actress.

Aly Morani
Aly Morani is an Indian film producer who has produced films like Dum, Raja Hindustani, Damini, Arjun and Dushmani: A Violent Love Story. He, along with his brother Karim Morani, owns Cineyug which is a production and event company.