hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Bernhard Nathanson
Bernhard Nathanson (22 April 1832 – 2 February 1916), born David Ber Nathanson or Dov Ber Nathanson (Hebrew: דֹּב-בֶּר בֵּן יְהוּדָה נָתָנְזוֹן, Yiddish: דב בער נאטאנזאהן), was a Jewish Russian Hebrew journalist and author. He was the biographer and publisher of the writings of Isaac Baer Levinsohn.

Isaac Baer Levinsohn
Isaac Baer Levinsohn (Yiddish: יצחק בער לעווינזאהן; October 13, 1788 – February 13, 1860), also known as the Ribal (ריב״ל), was a Jewish scholar of Hebrew, a satirist, a writer and Haskalah leader. He has been called "the  Mendelssohn of Russia." In his Bet Yehudah (1837), he formulated a philosophy and described Jewish contributions to civilization in an effort to improve Jewish-Christian relations.
Los Bastos Formation
Los Bastos Formation is a geologic formation of the Neuquén Basin in the northern Patagonian provinces of Mendoza and Neuquén. The formation dates to the Late Cretaceous, early to middle Coniacian, and belongs to the Río Neuquén Subgroup of the Neuquén Group. The formation overlies the Portezuelo Formation, in which it was formerly included and is overlain by the Sierra Barrosa Formation. Los Bastos Formation comprises mudstones and sandstones deposited in a fluvial environment. A meridiolestid mammal were recovered from the formation.

Portezuelo Formation
The Portezuelo Formation is a geologic formation of Late Cretaceous (Late Turonian to Early Coniacian) age, outcropping in the Mendoza, Río Negro and Neuquén provinces of Argentina. It is the fourth-oldest formation in the Neuquén Group and the older of the two formations in the Río Neuquén Subgroup. Formerly, that subgroup was treated as a formation, and the Portezuelo Formation was known as the Portezuelo Member.
Marquette (automobile)
Marquette was an American automobile manufacturer established by General Motors in 1909 after the purchase of the Rainier Motor Car Company. The Marquette Company did not last long and in 1912 GM announced the company would be closed.

The Marquette brand had been used before by the Berwick Auto Car Company in 1904, and then by the Buick division of GM for a car series released in 1929. The brand was then discontinued by GM and has not been used since.

Berwick (automobile)
The Berwick was an electric car manufactured in Grand Rapids, Michigan, by the Berwick Auto Car Company in 1904.  The Berwick was an electric two-seater runabout selling for $750. With a Willard battery the range was estimated to be "almost" 45 miles; with an Edison the range was about 60 miles. It had three speed positions, was tiller operated, and had a top speed of 15 mph (24 km/h). Weight was close to 800 pounds with a battery that was sold separate. The cars were painted black and had running gear that was red. Upholstery was available in either cloth or leather.

Not to be confused with Sizaire-Berwick.
Angle bisector theorem
In geometry, the angle bisector theorem is concerned with the relative lengths of the two segments that a triangle's side is divided into by a line that bisects the opposite angle. It equates their relative lengths to the relative lengths of the other two sides of the triangle.

Bisection
In geometry, bisection is the division of something into two equal or congruent parts (having the same shape and size). Usually it involves a bisecting line, also called a bisector. The most often considered types of bisectors are the segment bisector, a line that passes through the midpoint of a given segment, and the angle bisector, a line that passes through the apex of an angle (that divides it into two equal angles).
In three-dimensional space, bisection is usually done by a bisecting plane, also called the bisector.
Biggsville, Illinois
Biggsville is a village in Henderson County, Illinois, United States. The population was 300 at the 2020 census, down from 304 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Burlington, IA–IL Micropolitan Statistical Area.

Burlington, Iowa
Burlington is a city in and the county seat of Des Moines County, Iowa, United States. The population was 23,982 in the 2020 census, a decline from the 26,839 population in 2000. Burlington is the center of a micropolitan area, which includes West Burlington and Middletown, Iowa, and Gulfport, Illinois. Burlington is the home of Snake Alley, the crookedest street on earth.
Family of Shavkat Mirziyoyev
The family of Shavkat Mirziyoyev, 2nd President of Uzbekistan since 2016, includes members prominent in local politics and business. Becoming more and more relevant as the Mirziyoyev presidency continues, the family is alleged to have gained massive influence and wealth through nepotism and corruption.

Presidency of Shavkat Mirziyoyev
The Presidency of Shavkat Mirziyoyev refers to the tenure of Shavkat Mirziyoyev as the 2nd President of Uzbekistan. His term began on 14 December 2016, after serving as prime minister and acting president following the death of his predecessor, Islam Karimov. In accordance with the Constitution of Uzbekistan, his mandate will last until 2030, following his re-election in 2023.
Anuj Sharma (police officer)
Anuj Sharma (born 27 March 1968) is an officer of the Indian Police Service. He was the 40th Kolkata Police Commissioner, having served from 19 February to 5 April 2019 and from 26 May 2019 to 7 February 2021. On 26 May 2019, Anuj Sharma was reinstated again as the Kolkata Police Commissioner replacing Dr. Rajesh Kumar.

Rajesh Kumar (police officer)
Dr. Rajesh Kumar (born 26 January 1966) is an officer of the Indian Police Service (IPS) and a former Commissioner of Police, Kolkata. He is currently the Member-Secretary of the West Bengal Pollution Control Board (WBPCB).
Red Hook Summer
Red Hook Summer is a 2012 American drama film co-written and directed by Spike Lee. It is Lee's sixth film in his "Chronicles of Brooklyn" series following She's Gotta Have It, Do the Right Thing, Crooklyn, Clockers, and He Got Game.

He Got Game
He Got Game is a 1998 American sports drama film written, produced and directed by Spike Lee and starring Denzel Washington and Ray Allen. The film revolves around Jake Shuttlesworth (Denzel Washington), father of the top-ranked basketball prospect in the country, Jesus Shuttlesworth (Ray Allen). Jake, in prison for killing his wife, is released on parole for a week by the state's governor to persuade his son to play for the governor's alma mater in exchange for a reduced prison sentence.
Medway Council
Medway Council is the local authority of Medway, a local government district in the ceremonial county of Kent, England. The council is a unitary authority, being a district council which also performs the functions of a county council; it is independent from Kent County Council. The council was created on 1 April 1998 and replaced Rochester-upon-Medway City Council and Gillingham Borough Council.

The council has been under no overall control since by-elections in February 2025, being run by a minority Labour administration. It meets at the St George's Centre in the Chatham Maritime area of the borough and has its main offices at Gun Wharf in Chatham.

Kent County Council
Kent County Council (KCC) is a county council that governs the non-metropolitan county of Kent in England. The non-metropolitan county is smaller than the ceremonial county, which additionally includes the unitary authority of Medway. Kent County Council is the upper tier of elected local government, below which are 12 district councils, and around 300 town and parish councils. The county council has 81 elected councillors. It is one of the largest local authorities in England in terms of population served and the largest local authority of its type. The council is based at County Hall in Maidstone. It had been under Conservative majority control from 1997 to 2025 when Reform UK took control.
Sigma Tau Gamma
Sigma Tau Gamma (ΣΤΓ), commonly known as Sig Tau, is a United States college social fraternity founded on June 28, 1920, at the University of Central Missouri (then known as Central Missouri State Teachers College). The fraternity was founded as a result of friendships made while some of the founders fought in World War I in France.

The fraternity went on to create new chapters on the campuses surrounding teachers' colleges, at the time also called "normal schools". Since the fraternity's beginnings in 1920, it has chartered more than 193 chapters at campuses across the United States. The fraternity is a member of the North American Interfraternity Conference.

University of Central Missouri
The University of Central Missouri (UCM) is a public university in Warrensburg, Missouri, United States.

In 2024, enrollment was 13,734 students from 48 states and 52 countries on its 1,561-acre campus. UCM offers 150 programs of study, including 10 pre-professional programs, 27 areas of teacher certification, and 37 graduate programs.
Phonological change
In historical linguistics, phonological change is any sound change that alters the distribution of phonemes in a language. In other words, a language develops a new system of oppositions among its phonemes. Old contrasts may disappear, new ones may emerge, or they may simply be rearranged. Sound change may be an impetus for changes in the phonological structures of a language (and likewise, phonological change may sway the process of sound change). One process of phonological change is rephonemicization, in which the distribution of phonemes changes by either addition of new phonemes or a reorganization of existing phonemes. Mergers and splits are types of rephonemicization and are discussed further below.

Historical linguistics
Historical linguistics, also known as diachronic linguistics, is the scientific study of how languages change over time. It seeks to understand the nature and causes of linguistic change and to trace the evolution of languages. Historical linguistics involves several key areas of study, including the reconstruction of ancestral languages, the classification of languages into families, (comparative linguistics) and the analysis of the cultural and social influences on language development.

This field is grounded in the uniformitarian principle, which posits that the processes of language change observed today were also at work in the past, unless there is clear evidence to suggest otherwise. Historical linguists aim to describe and explain changes in individual languages, explore the history of speech communities, and study the origins and meanings of words (etymology).
Nürnberger-Spielkarten-Verlag
Nürnberger-Spielkarten-Verlag (NSV) is a German playing card manufacturer and board game publisher based in Nuremberg. It was founded in 1989 after outsourcing from the publishing house of F.X. Schmid and builds on the "Heinrich Schwarz Playing Card Factory, Nuremberg" (Spielkartenfabrik Heinrich Schwarz Nürnberg)  founded in 1948. The company produces playing cards and dice games and, especially in recent years, increasingly proprietary games from various game authors.

F.X. Schmid
For over a century until 1996, F.X. Schmid was an important German manufacturer of playing cards (traditional card games and quartets), board games and puzzles. It was considered one of the major European manufacturers. In 1995, its turnover was 67 million DM and there were around 250 employees.

The publishing house has been a wholly owned subsidiary of Ravensburger since 1996. The name F.X. Schmid is used today in the field of children's books and playing cards by Ravensburger.
C. Dass
C. Dass (7 June 1922 – 20 January 2001) was an Indian politician of the Indian National Congress. He was member of the 3rd Lok Sabha (1962–1967) and the 4th Lok Sabha (1967–1970), from Tirupati. Dass was also a member of the Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams from 1963 to 1966. He was predeceased by his wife, with whom he had three sons and two daughters. Dass died on 20 January 2001, at the age of 78.

4th Lok Sabha
The 4th Lok Sabha was in session from 4 March 1967 to 27 December 1970. Its members were elected in February and March 1967. 13 sitting members from the Rajya Sabha were elected to the 4th Lok Sabha in the general election.

Indira Gandhi was again the Prime Minister, as in the 3rd Lok Sabha. Her premiership would continue into the following Lok Sabha, the 5th, which was constituted after the 1971 Indian general election.
Politics of Rivers State
The Politics of Rivers State function within the framework of a presidential republic, with the Governor of Rivers State as both head of state and head of government. Rivers State is known for a politically engaged citizenry. The official seat of government is in Port Harcourt. Under the Constitution, Executive power is vested in the Governor. This does not change the fact that such authority may also be exercised through the Deputy Governor or Commissioners. Legislative power is vested in a 32-member unicameral House of Assembly. Judicial power is exercised solely by the judiciary of Rivers State.

Rivers State House of Assembly
Rivers State House of Assembly is the legislative branch of the Government of Rivers State inaugurated in 1979. It is a unicameral body with 32 members elected into 32 state constituencies. The Assembly's primary function is to enact laws for the peace, order, and good governance of Rivers State, as outlined in the Constitution of Nigeria. The current Speaker of the State Assembly is Martins Amaewhule.
Fanny Steers
Frances Steers (1797–1861) was an English watercolourist and landscapist, as well as an author and composer. She is known for small-scale landscapes such as The Reeks, Killarney, Ireland, and exhibited a number of works at the New Society of Painters in Water Colours, as one of its few female members. Both William Makepeace Thackeray and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow bought her paintings, and a poetic quote from her work appears in the first edition of Bartlett's Familiar Quotations. Two of her prints are in the collection of the British Museum.

Royal Institute of Painters in Water Colours
The Royal Institute of Painters in Water Colours (RI), initially called the New Society of Painters in Water Colours, is one of the societies in the Federation of British Artists, based in the Mall Galleries in London.
Jeff Hamilton (drummer)
Jeff Hamilton (born August 4, 1953) is an American jazz drummer and co-leader of the Clayton-Hamilton Jazz Orchestra. A former member of the L.A. Four, Hamilton has played with jazz pianist Monty Alexander, bandleader Woody Herman, and singer Rosemary Clooney, and has worked extensively with singer Diana Krall.

Woody Herman
Woodrow Charles Herman (May 16, 1913 – October 29, 1987) was an American jazz clarinetist, saxophonist, singer, and big band leader. Leading groups called "The Herd", Herman came to prominence in the late 1930s and was active until his death in 1987. His bands often played music that was cutting edge and experimental; their recordings received numerous Grammy nominations with three wins plus a lifetime achievement award for Herman.
FFV 890
The FFV 890 was a Swedish assault rifle manufactured and designed by Försvarets Fabriksverk. The FFV 890 was based on the IMI Galil through a manufacturing licence, which in turn was based on the Finnish Valmet RK 62 and ultimately the Soviet AK-47. The FFV 890 was designed between 1975 and 1980, and its final iteration, FFV 890C, competed in the Swedish Armed Forces trials for the new 5.56×45mm NATO assault rifle, where it ended up as a runner-up to the FN FNC, which was then chosen as the Ak 5. The FFV 890C was never widely adopted by any service, though some rifles were used by the Swedish police.

RK 62
The RK 62 (Finnish: Rynnäkkökivääri 62, lit. 'Assault rifle 62'), officially 7.62 RK 62 and commercially M62, is an assault rifle manufactured by Valmet and Sako. It is the standard issue infantry weapon of the Finnish Defence Forces.
2009 Women's EuroHockey Nations Challenge I
The 2009 Women's EuroHockey Nations Challenge I was the third edition of the Women's EuroHockey Nations Challenge I, the third level of the women's European field hockey championships organized by the European Hockey Federation. It was held in Olten, Switzerland from 9 to 15 August 2009.

The hosts Switzerland won its first EuroHockey Nations Challenge I title and were promoted to the 2011 EuroHockey Championship II.

Women's EuroHockey Championship III
The Women's EuroHockey Championship III, formerly known as the Women's EuroHockey Nations Challenge I,  is a competition for European women's national field hockey teams. It is the third level of European field hockey Championships for national women's teams.

The tournament has been won by eight different teams: Wales, Ukraine and Turkey have the most titles with two and the Czech Republic, France, Lithuania, Russia and Switzerland have all won the tournament once. The most recent edition was held in Alanya, Turkey and was won by Ukraine.\
British Motor Holdings
British Motor Holdings Limited (BMH) was a British vehicle manufacturing company known until 14 December 1966 as British Motor Corporation Limited (BMC). BMH was created as a holding company following BMC's takeover of both Jaguar Cars and the Pressed Steel Company in that year.

Thirteen months later, on 17 January 1968, under direct pressure from its national government, BMH merged with Leyland Motor Corporation (Standard-Triumph, Rover and Alvis cars, Leyland trucks and buses, Alvis fighting vehicles) to form British Leyland Motor Corporation (BLMC).

Standard Motor Company
The Standard Motor Company Limited was a motor vehicle manufacturer, founded in Coventry, England, in 1903 by Reginald Walter Maudslay. For many years, it manufactured Ferguson TE20 tractors powered by its Vanguard engine. All Standard's tractor assets were sold to Massey Ferguson in 1959. Standard purchased Triumph in 1945 and in 1959 officially changed its name to Standard-Triumph International and began to put the Triumph brand name on all its products. A new subsidiary took the name The Standard Motor Company Limited and took over the manufacture of the group's products.

The Standard name was last used in Britain in 1963, and in India in 1988.
Cardinals created by Urban II
Pope Urban II (r. 1088–1099) created 71 cardinals in ten consistories that he held throughout his pontificate. He elevated his two successors Gelasius II and Innocent II as cardinals in 1088 and Honorius II in 1099.

Pope Gelasius II
Pope Gelasius II (c. 1060/1064 – 29 January 1119), born Giovanni Caetani or Giovanni da Gaeta (also called Coniulo), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 24 January 1118 to his death in 1119. A monk of Monte Cassino and chancellor of Pope Paschal II, Caetani was unanimously elected to succeed him. In doing so, he also inherited the conflict with Emperor Henry V over investiture. Gelasius spent a good part of his brief papacy in exile.
David Leslie (Oregon politician)
David Leslie (1797 – March 1, 1869) was an American missionary and pioneer in what became the state of Oregon. A native of New Hampshire, he joined Jason Lee as a missionary at the Methodist Mission in the Oregon Country in 1836. In that region he participated in the early movement to start a government and his home was used for some of these meetings. With the closing of the mission he became a founder of the city of Salem, Oregon, and board member of the Oregon Institute, which later became Willamette University.

Oregon Institute
The Oregon Institute was an American school located in the Willamette Valley of the Oregon Country during the 19th century. Begun in 1842, it was the first school built for European Americans west of Missouri. Founded by members of the Methodist Mission, it was located in what is now Salem, Oregon. The school began as a pre-college institution, but by 1853 was developed as Willamette University. The school's three-story building was a prominent feature in the early days of Oregon; it served as a meeting place for the Oregon Territorial Legislature when it first moved to Salem.
Scottish Wildlife Trust
The Scottish Wildlife Trust (Scottish Gaelic: Urras Fiadh-bheatha na h-Alba) is a registered charity dedicated to conserving the wildlife and natural environment of Scotland.

The Trust's vision is for a network of healthy, resilient ecosystems on land and sea, supporting Scotland’s wildlife and people.

Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator
The Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator (OSCR; Scottish Gaelic: Oifis Riaghladair Carthannais na h-Alba) is a non-ministerial department of the Scottish Government with responsibility for the regulation of charities in Scotland.

OSCR is the independent regulator and registrar for more than 25,000 Scottish charities. OSCR is charged with developing a regulatory framework for Scottish charities, where each charity is clear about its rights and responsibilities. This framework should also foster public confidence in charities. OSCR is directly answerable to the Scottish Parliament. OSCR is based in Dundee.
Martin Dewey
Dr. Martin Dewey (1881–1933) was an American orthodontist and a past president of the American Association of Orthodontists and the American Dental Association. Dewey represented the "New School" of Edward Angle in the great Extraction Debate of 1911 held in New York City.

Edward Angle
Edward Hartley Angle (June 1, 1855 – August 11, 1930) was an American dentist, widely regarded as "the father of American orthodontics". He was trained as a dentist, but made orthodontics his speciality and  dedicated his life to standardizing the teaching and practice of orthodontics. He founded the Angle School of Orthodontia in 1899 in St. Louis and schools in other regions of the United States. As the originator of the profession, Angle founded three orthodontic schools between 1905 and 1928 in St. Louis, Missouri, New London, Connecticut and Pasadena, California. These exclusive institutions provided the opportunity for several pioneering American orthodontists to receive their training.
KNRS (AM)
KNRS (570 kHz) is an AM radio station licensed to Salt Lake City, Utah.  The station is owned by iHeartMedia, Inc.. KNRS and sister station 105.9 KNRS-FM simulcast a talk radio format.  The studios are located in West Valley City and the transmitter site is located off West 2300 North Street in Salt Lake City. KNRS operates with 5,000 watts around the clock, covering most of Northern Utah.  Other iHeart stations in the Salt Lake City metropolitan area include KAAZ-FM, KZHT, KJMY, and KODJ.

KODJ
KODJ (94.1 FM) is a commercial radio station in Salt Lake City, Utah.  The station airs a classic hits radio format and is owned by iHeartMedia, Inc.  The station's studios and offices are located in West Valley City.

KODJ has an effective radiated power of 21,500 watts.  The transmitter site is located in Erda, Utah, on Farnsworth Peak in the Oquirrh Mountains.  KODJ is also heard on about a dozen FM translator stations in small communities around Utah and Wyoming.