hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Riemann problem
A Riemann problem, named after Bernhard Riemann, is a specific initial value problem composed of a  conservation equation together with piecewise constant initial data which has a single discontinuity in the domain of interest. The Riemann problem is very useful for the understanding of equations like Euler conservation equations because all properties, such as shocks and rarefaction waves, appear as characteristics in the solution. It also gives an exact solution to some complex nonlinear equations, such as the Euler equations.

In numerical analysis, Riemann problems appear in a natural way in finite volume methods for the solution of conservation law equations due to the discreteness of the grid. For that it is widely used in computational fluid dynamics and in computational magnetohydrodynamics simulations. In these fields, Riemann problems are calculated using Riemann solvers.

Computational magnetohydrodynamics
Computational magnetohydrodynamics (CMHD) is a rapidly developing branch of magnetohydrodynamics that uses numerical methods and algorithms to solve and analyze problems that involve electrically conducting fluids. Most of the methods used in CMHD are borrowed from the well established techniques employed in Computational fluid dynamics. The complexity mainly arises due to the presence of a magnetic field and its coupling with the fluid. One of the important issues is to numerically maintain the  (conservation of magnetic flux) condition, from Maxwell's equations, to avoid the presence of unrealistic effects, namely magnetic monopoles, in the solutions.
Hold Out (Matthew Saunoa song)
"Hold Out" is a single released by New Zealand Idol Season three winner Matthew Saunoa as the winner's single. This single was written by The Feelers front man, James Reid.

It reached number one on the New Zealand charts for one week 1 in 2006.

New Zealand Idol
New Zealand Idol, also known as NZ Idol, is the New Zealand version of the Idol series which originated in the United Kingdom as Pop Idol. New Zealand first saw the Idol format when TV2 aired American Idol 2, which garnered impressive ratings. After Australian Idol also received good ratings in New Zealand, TVNZ decided to order the first season of NZ Idol, which was broadcast on TV2. After the third season in 2006, TVNZ made a decision not to fund or broadcast a fourth season.

NZ Idol was produced by South Pacific Pictures in association with Grundy Television and developed by Fremantle Media.
Ridge (biology)
Ridges (regions of increased gene expression) are domains of the genome with a high gene expression; the opposite of ridges are antiridges. The term was first used by Caron et al. in 2001. Characteristics of ridges are:

Gene dense

Contain many C and G nucleobases

Genes have short introns

High SINE repeat density

Low LINE repeat density

Retrotransposon
Retrotransposons (also called Class I transposable elements) are mobile elements which move in the host genome by converting their transcribed RNA into DNA through reverse transcription. Thus, they differ from Class II transposable elements, or DNA transposons, in utilizing an RNA intermediate for the transposition and leaving the transposition donor site unchanged.

Through reverse transcription, retrotransposons amplify themselves quickly to become abundant in eukaryotic genomes such as maize (49–78%) and humans (42%). They are only present in eukaryotes but share features with retroviruses such as HIV, for example, discontinuous reverse transcriptase-mediated extrachromosomal recombination.

There are two main types of retrotransposons, long terminal repeats (LTRs) and non-long terminal repeats (non-LTRs). Retrotransposons are classified based on sequence and method of transposition. Most retrotransposons in the maize genome are LTR, whereas in humans they are mostly non-LTR.
Australian Aboriginal fibre sculpture
The production of sculptural fibre objects has a long history within Aboriginal Australian culture. Historically, such objects had practical or ceremonial purposes, and some appeared in both contexts. The terms “art” and “craft” are difficult to apply in historical contexts, as they are not originally Aboriginal conceptual divisions. However, in a contemporary context, these objects are now generally regarded as contemporary art whenever they are presented as such. This categorisation is often applied to objects with historically practical or ceremonial applications, as well as a growing category of new fibre forms which have been innovated in the past decades and produced for a fine art market.  The border between Aboriginal fibre sculpture and fibre craft is not clearly delineated, and some works may be regarded as either depending on the context of their display and use.

Australian Aboriginal culture
Australian Aboriginal culture includes a number of practices and 
ceremonies centred on a belief in the Dreamtime and other mythology. Reverence and respect for the land and oral traditions are emphasised. The words "law" and "lore", the latter relating to the customs and stories passed down through the generations,  are commonly used interchangeably.  Learned from childhood, lore dictates the rules on how to interact with the land, kinship and community.

Over 300 languages and other groupings have developed a wide range of individual cultures.  Aboriginal art has existed for thousands of years and ranges from ancient rock art to modern watercolour landscapes. Traditional Aboriginal music developed a number of unique instruments, and contemporary Aboriginal music spans many genres. Aboriginal peoples did not develop a system of writing before colonisation, but there was a huge variety of languages, including sign languages.
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride is a white crystalline compound of cadmium and chloride, with the formula CdCl2. This salt is a hygroscopic solid that is highly soluble in water and slightly soluble in alcohol. The crystal structure of cadmium chloride (described below), is a reference for describing other crystal structures. Also known are CdCl2•H2O and the hemipentahydrate CdCl2•2.5H2O.

Chloride
The term chloride refers to a compound or molecule that contains either a chlorine anion (Cl−), which is a negatively charged chlorine atom, or a non-charged chlorine atom covalently bonded to the rest of the molecule by a single bond (−Cl). The pronunciation of the word "chloride" is /ˈklɔːraɪd/.

Chloride salts such as sodium chloride are often soluble in water. It is an essential electrolyte located in all body fluids responsible for maintaining acid/base balance, transmitting nerve impulses and regulating liquid flow in and out of cells. Other examples of ionic chlorides include potassium chloride (KCl), calcium chloride (CaCl2), and ammonium chloride (NH4Cl). Examples of covalent chlorides include methyl chloride (CH3Cl), carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), sulfuryl chloride (SO2Cl2), and monochloramine (NH2Cl).
Organic hydroponics
Organic hydroponics is a hydroponics culture system based on organic agriculture concepts that does not use synthetic inputs such as fertilizers or pesticides.
In organic hydroponics, nutrient solutions are derived from plant and animal material or naturally mined substances. Most studies on the topic have focused on the use of organic fertilizer.

Organic fertilizer
Organic fertilizers are fertilizers that are naturally produced.  Fertilizers are materials that can be added to soil or plants, in order to provide nutrients and sustain growth. Typical organic fertilizers include all animal waste including meat processing waste, manure, slurry, and guano; plus plant based fertilizers such as compost; and biosolids. Inorganic "organic fertilizers" include minerals and ash. Organic refers to the Principles of Organic Agriculture, which determines whether a fertilizer can be used for commercial organic agriculture, not whether the fertilizer consists of organic compounds. Difference countries have difference criteria on how things receive Organic Certification.
The Blind Owl
The Blind Owl (Persian: بوف کور, Būf-e Kūr listenⓘ) is a Persian novella by Sadegh Hedayat that is about an isolated, unnamed narrator who recounts his obsessive love for an enigmatic woman and his gradual descent into psychological fragmentation, conveyed through a dark, hallucinatory narrative in which reality, memory, and nightmare become indistinguishable. It was published in 1315 SH (1936 or 1937) and is considered to be Hedayat's magnum opus.

Masterpiece
A masterpiece, magnum opus (Latin for 'great work'), or chef-d'œuvre (French for 'master of work'; pl. chefs-d'œuvre; French: [ʃɛ.d‿œvʁ]) is a creation that has been given much critical praise, especially one that is considered the greatest work of a person's career or a work of outstanding creativity, skill, profundity, or workmanship.

Historically, a "masterpiece" was a work of a very high standard produced by an apprentice to obtain full membership, as a "master", of a craft guild or academy in various areas of the visual arts and crafts.
Ashburton Clock Tower
The Ashburton Clock Tower is a well-known landmark in the centre of Ashburton, a town in the South Island of New Zealand. The clock tower was built in 1976.  The clock installed in the tower was originally purchased in 1902 for installation in a clock tower in the Ashburton Post Office. It was a feature of the town until the  clock tower on the Post Office building was demolished in 1946 because of earthquake strength concerns. The clock and bells remained in storage until they were refurbished and re-installed in a new clock tower built in 1976 to commemorate the centenary of the formation of the Ashburton County.

Ashburton County
Ashburton County was one of the counties of New Zealand in the South Island. The council first met on 4 January 1877 in the Ashburton Road Board office. It became part of Ashburton District Council in 1989, together with Ashburton Borough Council.
María Hernández (golfer)
María Hernández Muñoz (born 24 March 1986) is a Spanish professional golfer on the U.S.-based LPGA Tour and Ladies European Tour. She won the 2010 Ladies Slovak Open and while at Purdue, she was the NCAA Individual Champion and won the Honda Sports Award.

Honda Sports Award
The Honda Sports Award is an annual award in the United States, given to the best collegiate female athlete in each of twelve sports. There are four nominees for each sport, and the twelve winners of the Honda Sports Award are automatically in the running for the Honda-Broderick Cup award, as the Collegiate Woman Athlete of the Year. Three other athletes are honored as the Division II Athlete of the Year, Division III Athlete of the Year, and Inspiration Award winner.
Germany in the Eurovision Song Contest 1979
Germany was represented at the Eurovision Song Contest 1979 with the song "Dschinghis Khan", composed by Ralph Siegel, with lyrics by Bernd Meinunger, and performed by the group Dschinghis Khan. The German participating broadcaster on behalf of ARD, Bayerischer Rundfunk (BR), selected their entry through a national final.

Ralph Siegel
Ralph Siegel (born 30 September 1945) is a German record producer and songwriter. Siegel is one of the most notable figures at the Eurovision Song Contest, in which he has participated with 24 songs so far, among them the 1982 winner song Ein bisschen Frieden.
Rozan Yunos
Mohd Rozan bin Haji Mohd Yunos (born 10 July 1963), pen name Rozan Yunos, is a retired civil servant who worked for the Brunei government from 1987 until 2017. In addition to serving as permanent secretary in the Prime Minister's Office, the Ministry of Culture, Youth, and Sports, and the Ministry of Development, he has held a number of other positions. As of 2023, he is an adjunct professor at the Universiti Brunei Darussalam's Centre for Lifelong Learning.

Ministry of Culture, Youth and Sports (Brunei)
Ministry of Culture, Youth and Sports, Brunei Darussalam (MCYS; Malay: Kementerian Kebudayaan, Belia dan Sukan; KKBS) is a ministry in the Government of Brunei Darussalam responsible for the policies and development of the country's national culture, youth, and sports.  It was established immediately upon Brunei's independence on 1 January 1984.  It is led by a minister, and the incumbent is Nazmi Mohamad who has held office since 7 June 2022.  The ministry is headquartered in Bandar Seri Begawan, in the Brunei-Muara District of the sultanate of Brunei Darussalam.
Sermon on Mani's Teaching of Salvation
Sermon on Mani's Teaching of Salvation (Chinese: 冥王聖幀; lit. 'Sacred Scroll of the King of the Underworld') is a Yuan dynasty silk hanging scroll, measuring 142 × 59 centimetres and dating from the 13th century, with didactic themes: a multi-scenic narrative that depicts Mani's Teachings about the Salvation combines a sermon subscene with the depictions of soteriological teaching in the rest of the painting.

The painting was regarded as a depiction of the six realms of saṃsāra by Japanese Buddhists, therefore it was called "Painting of the Six Paths of Rebirth" (Japanese: 六道図). After being studied by scholars like Takeo Izumi, Yutaka Yoshida, Zsuzsanna Gulácsi and Jorinde Ebert, they concluded that the painting is a Manichaean work of art. It was probably produced by a 13th-century painter from Ningbo, a city  in southern China, and is kept today in the Museum of Japanese Art Yamato Bunkakan in Nara, Nara.

Soteriology
Soteriology (/soʊˌtɪriˈɒlədʒi/; Ancient Greek: σωτηρία sōtēría "salvation" from σωτήρ sōtḗr "savior, preserver" and λόγος lógos "study" or "word") is the study of religious doctrines of salvation. Salvation theory occupies a place of special significance in many religions. In the academic field of religious studies, soteriology is understood by scholars as representing a key theme in a number of different religions and is often studied in a comparative context; that is, comparing various ideas about what salvation is and how it is obtained.
Loping Airfield
Loping Airfield is a former World War II United States Army Air Forces airfield in the People’s Republic of China, located approximately 3 miles south of the community of Luoping in Luoping County (Yunnan Province).

Luoping County
Luoping County (Chinese: 罗平县; pinyin: Luópíng Xiàn) is located in Qujing City, in eastern Yunnan province, China. It borders Xingyi, Guizhou to the east, Xilin County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region to the southeast, Shizong County to the southwest, and Luliang County, Qilin District and Fuyuan County, Yunnan to the northwest.

The county of Luoping in eastern Yunnan is noted for its springtime scenery, when its fields of canola (also known as rapeseed) plants are in full bloom,  surrounding the area's mountains with a blanket of golden flowers.

Located near where Yunnan meets Guizhou and Guangxi, Luoping is about 240 kilometers east of Kunming. Not unlike the terraced fields of Yuanyang in southern Yunnan, Luoping's canola fields attract many photographers.

The canola flowering lasts until late June. During this high travel season for the county regular buses leave from Kunming's bus stations on an almost hourly basis.
Waldenbuch pillar
The Waldenbuch pillar is a four-sided sandstone monument of the early to middle La Tène culture. The pillar, which probably originally extended to an anthropomorphic bust akin to the Holzgerlingen figure, only survives in a fragmentary form. It is presently at the Landesmuseum Württemberg.

Landesmuseum Württemberg
The Landesmuseum Württemberg (Württemberg State Museum) is the main historical museum of the Württemberg part of the German state of Baden-Württemberg. It emerged from the 16th-century “Kunstkammer” (Cabinet of art and curiosities) of the dukes, later kings, of Württemberg who resided in Stuttgart. As a museum it was founded in 1862 by King William I.
Francis Maude
Francis Anthony Aylmer Maude, Baron Maude of Horsham, PC (born 4 July 1953) is a British Conservative Party politician who served as Minister for the Cabinet Office and Paymaster General from 2010 to 2015. He also served in several posts while the Conservatives were in opposition, notably as Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer, Shadow Foreign Secretary and Chairman of the Conservative Party. Maude was Member of Parliament (MP) for North Warwickshire from 1983 to 1992 and then for Horsham from 1997 to 2015.

After the 2015 general election, he was appointed a life peer and served as Minister of State for Trade and Investment until the following year. In recent years, he has held a number of business roles along with co-founding Francis Maude Associates (FMA).

Chairman of the Conservative Party
The chairman of the Conservative Party in the United Kingdom is responsible for party administration and overseeing the Conservative Campaign Headquarters, formerly Conservative Central Office.

When the Conservatives are in government, the officeholder is usually a member of the Cabinet holding a sinecure position such as Minister without Portfolio. Deputy or Vice Chairmen of the Conservative Party may also be appointed, with responsibility for specific aspects of the party.

The current Deputy Chairman is Matt Vickers.

The role was created in 1911 in response to the Conservative Party's defeat in the second 1910 general election. The position is not subject to election, as it is given by the party leader.
Italian cruiser Monzambano
Monzambano was a torpedo cruiser of the Goito class built for the Italian Regia Marina (Royal Navy) in the 1880s. The ship was built at the Arsenale di La Spezia, beginning with her keel laying in August 1885 and ending with her completion in August 1889. She was armed with a variety of light guns and five 14-inch (356 mm) torpedo tubes, and was capable of a top speed of 18 knots (33 km/h; 21 mph). The ship spent her career in the main Italian fleet conducting training exercises, and did not see action. She spent 1898 patrolling the eastern Mediterranean Sea with the Levant Squadron. Monzambano was withdrawn from service in 1901 and broken up for scrap that year.

Torpedo cruiser
A torpedo cruiser is a type of warship that is armed primarily with torpedoes. The major navies began building torpedo cruisers shortly after the invention of the locomotive Whitehead torpedo in the 1860s. The development of the torpedo gave rise to the Jeune École doctrine, which held that small warships armed with torpedoes could effectively and cheaply defeat much larger battleships. Torpedo cruisers fell out of favor in most of the great power navies in the 1890s, though many other navies continued to acquire them into the early 1900s.

The Imperial Japanese Navy rebuilt two Kuma-class light cruisers into torpedo cruisers during World War II. Unlike the earlier vessels, these ships were intended to launch their Type 93 torpedo oxygen torpedoes at extreme range at night to surprise enemy warships. They never saw action in their intended role, however, and were quickly converted into troop transports as well as a Kaiten (suicide torpedo) carrier.
Reversible error
In United States law, a reversible error is an error of sufficient gravity to warrant reversal of a judgment on appeal.  It is an error by the trier of law (judge), or the trier of fact (the jury, or the judge if it is a bench trial), or malfeasance by one of the trying attorneys, which results in an unfair trial.  It is to be distinguished from harmless errors which do not rise to a level which brings the validity of the judgment into question and thus do not lead to a reversal upon appeal.

Trial
In law, a trial is a coming together of parties to a dispute, to present information (in the form of evidence) in a tribunal, a formal setting with the authority to adjudicate claims or disputes. One form of tribunal is a court. The tribunal, which may occur before a judge, jury, or other designated trier of fact, aims to achieve a resolution to their dispute.
C. Michael Roland
Charles Michael Roland (22 April 1952 - 2 October 2021) was Head of the Polymer Physics Section at the Naval Research Lab in Washington DC from 1989 to 2015. His research was concerned primarily with the dynamics of condensed matter, including polymers and liquid crystals, with applications to military armor and infrastructure protection. He is noted for his development of elastomeric coatings for blast protection, and for diverse accomplishments in the field of elastomer science.  From 1991-1999, he served as the 8th editor of the scientific journal Rubber Chemistry and Technology, and a Fellow of the American Physical Society and the Institute of Materials, Minerals, and Mining (UK).

United States Naval Research Laboratory
The United States Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) is the corporate research laboratory for the United States Navy and the United States Marine Corps. Located in Washington, DC, it was founded in 1923 and conducts basic scientific research, applied research, technological development and prototyping. The laboratory's specialties include plasma physics, space physics, materials science, and tactical electronic warfare. NRL is one of the first US government scientific R&D laboratories, having opened in 1923 at the instigation of Thomas Edison, and is currently under the Office of Naval Research.

As of 2016, NRL was a Navy Working Capital Fund activity, which means it is not a line-item in the US Federal Budget. Instead of direct funding from Congress, all costs, including overhead, were recovered through sponsor-funded research projects. NRL's research expenditures were approximately $1 billion per year.
New Hampshire Route 18
New Hampshire Route 18 is a 20.116-mile-long (32.374 km) state highway in northwestern New Hampshire.  It is a local road serving Franconia, Bethlehem, and Littleton, New Hampshire, which I-93 bypasses.  Its northern extension, Vermont Route 18, continues northward from the Connecticut River to St. Johnsbury, Vermont.  NH 18 closely parallels I-93 for its entire length and has several interchanges with the Interstate highway.

Littleton, New Hampshire
Littleton is a town in Grafton County, New Hampshire, United States. The population was 6,005 at the 2020 census. Situated at the northern edge of the White Mountains, Littleton is bounded on the northwest by the Connecticut River.

The main village in town, where 4,467 people lived at the 2020 census, is defined as the Littleton census-designated place (CDP) and is centered on the intersection of U.S. Route 302 with New Hampshire Route 116, along the Ammonoosuc River.
CSC Crișul Sântandrei
Club Sportiv Comunal Crișul Sântandrei, commonly known as Crișul Sântandrei, or simply as Sântandrei, is a Romanian football club based in Sântandrei, Bihor County, currently playing in the Liga III.

Crișul Sântandrei was founded on in 2009 to continue the tradition of the old local football club, Recolta Sântandrei. Crișul played for most of its existence at the amateur level, in the Liga IV, after its promotion from Liga V, in 2011. The team was known at local level for its notable results, but also for its bad luck, "the white and blues" finishing five times in the 2nd place.

Its location, in the Oradea metropolitan area, ensured in the last decade a fast grow for the commune of Sântandrei, demographic and financial. Finally, Crișul won Liga IV Bihor at the end of the 2022–23 season, breaking the 2nd place curse. This county title was the first for Crișul, but also for the commune of Sântandrei, even its predecessor, Recolta, did not achieve this performance.

2022–23 Liga IV
The 2022–23 Liga IV was the 81st season of Liga IV and the 55th since the 1968 administrative and territorial reorganization of the country, representing the fourth tier of the Romanian football league system. The champions of each county association played against one from a neighbouring county in a play-off for promotion to Liga III.

The counties were divided into seven regions, each consisting of six counties and the draw was made on 2 February 2023.