hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Chris Lawson (NASCAR)
Christopher W. Lawson (born November 6, 1985) is an American professional stock car racing crew chief who works for Front Row Motorsports as the crew chief of their No. 34 Ford Mustang Dark Horse in the NASCAR Cup Series driven by Todd Gilliland. He previously worked with Gilliland in the NASCAR West Series for Bill McAnally Racing, where the duo won two consecutive championships in 2016 and 2017 and twelve races together, as well as in the Truck Series for FRM. He is the 2022 Truck Series championship-winning crew chief with driver Zane Smith at FRM. Prior to becoming a crew chief, Lawson was a driver for underfunded, start and park teams in NASCAR and ARCA until 2011.

Todd Gilliland
Todd Jeremey Gilliland (born May 15, 2000) is an American professional stock car racing driver. He competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series, driving the No. 34 Ford Mustang Dark Horse for Front Row Motorsports. He is the son of NASCAR driver and Tricon Garage owner David Gilliland.
Hy Brasil, Avalon Beach
Hy Brasil, also sometimes Hy-Brasil, is a heritage-listed house located at 62 Chisholm Road, Avalon Beach, New South Wales, a suburb of Sydney, Australia. It was designed by Alexander Stewart Jolly and built in 1936. It is also known as The Gem and Hi Brasil. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

Avalon Beach, New South Wales
Avalon Beach is a northern beachside suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is 28 kilometres north of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of Northern Beaches Council, in the Northern Beaches region.  The area was previously called Avalon, with the name Avalon Beach being assigned during a change in boundaries and names in the Pittwater region in 2012.
Tectonic subsidence
Tectonic subsidence is the sinking of the Earth's crust on a large scale, relative to crustal-scale features or the geoid. The movement of crustal plates and accommodation spaces produced by faulting brought about subsidence on a large scale in a variety of environments, including passive margins, aulacogens, fore-arc basins, foreland basins, intercontinental basins and pull-apart basins. Three mechanisms are common in the tectonic environments in which subsidence occurs: extension, cooling and loading.

Forearc
A forearc is a region in a subduction zone between an oceanic trench and the associated volcanic arc. Forearc regions are present along convergent margins and eponymously form 'in front of' the volcanic arcs that are characteristic of convergent plate margins. A back-arc region is the companion region behind the volcanic arc.

Many forearcs have an accretionary wedge which may form a topographic ridge known as an outer arc ridge that parallels the volcanic arc. A forearc basin between the accretionary wedge and the volcanic arc can accumulate thick deposits of sediment, sometimes referred to as an outer arc trough. Due to collisional stresses as one tectonic plate subducts under another, forearc regions are sources for powerful earthquakes.
Rita Marley
Alfarita Constantia Marley (née Anderson; born 25 July 1946) is a Jamaican reggae singer. She is the widow of reggae musician Bob Marley. Along with Marcia Griffiths and Judy Mowatt, Rita was a member of the reggae vocal group the I Threes, and the backing vocalists for Bob Marley and the Wailers.

Judy Mowatt
Judith Veronica Mowatt, OD (born 1952) is a Jamaican reggae artist. As well as being a solo artist, from 1974 she was also a member of the I Threes, the trio of backing vocalists for Bob Marley & The Wailers.
Mesodapedon
Mesodapedon is an extinct genus of hyperodapedontid rhynchosaur from middle Triassic (Anisian stage) deposits of India. It is known from the holotype ISIR-300 and from the paratype ISIR-301 from the Yerrapalli Formation. It was first named by Sankar Chatterjee in 1980 and the type species is Mesodapedon kuttyi. It is extremely closely related to the Tanzanian Stenaulorhynchus and even was considered to be its synonym.

Rhynchosauria
Rhynchosaurs are a group of extinct herbivorous Triassic archosauromorph reptiles, belonging to the order Rhynchosauria. Members of the group are distinguished by their triangular skulls and elongated, beak like premaxillary bones. Rhynchosaurs first appeared in the Early Triassic, reaching their broadest abundance and a global distribution during the Carnian stage of the Late Triassic.
Reiårsfossen
Reiårsfossen is a 230-metre (750 ft) tall waterfall in Setesdal, Norway. The waterfall is located along the Norwegian National Road 9, just south of the village of Ose in the municipality of Bygland in Agder county. The waterfall flows down into a short stream before emptying into the northern end of the Åraksfjorden. The area, which contains several of creeks and rivers, was protected by law in 1973.

Åraksfjorden
Åraksfjorden is a lake in the municipality of Bygland in Agder county, Norway.  The 11.96-square-kilometre (4.62 sq mi) lake is part of the Otra drainage basin.  The northern part of the lake is fed directly by the river Otra.  The southern part of the lake goes through a narrow channel which leads into the Byglandsfjorden.  The villages of Frøysnes and Skåmedal are located along the western side of the lake and on the eastern side are the villages of Sandnes and Åraksbø.  The Norwegian National Road 9 runs along the eastern side of the lake.

The name of the 32-kilometre (20 mi) long lake was given because it is located near the village of Åraksbø.  The central part of the lake is also called the Sandnesfjord and the southern part is also called the Blåfjord.
Mahmoud al-Mashhadani
Mahmoud Dawud al-Mashhadani (Arabic: محمود المشهداني; born 1948) is an Iraqi politician and previous Speaker of the Council of Representatives of Iraq from October 2024 to December 2025.

He was elected to the Council of Representatives as part of the Sunni Arab-led Iraqi Accord Front list in 2005. He is currently a member of the al-Sadara bloc.

Speaker of the Council of Representatives of Iraq
The speaker of the Council of Representatives of Iraq is the presiding officer of that legislature. The position was preceded by the Speaker of the National Assembly of Iraq, up to the Iraq War.

The role of the speaker is reserved for a Sunni Muslim as per ethno-sectarian quota to ensure diversity within Iraq's government. The role of first and second deputy speakers are respectively prearranged for a Shia and Kurdish politician as well.

Haibat al-Halbousi is the current incumbent speaker, being elected to the position in 29 December 2025.
Jayakarta War
The Jayakarta War (Indonesian: Perang Jayakarta; Dutch: Jayakarta-oorlog) was a military conflict which occurred in Jayakarta between Jayakartan forces and the East India Company against the Dutch East India Company from 1618 to 1619. The Anglo-Jayakartan forces inflicted significant losses on the Dutch during the war. Many Dutch lodges and forts were captured by the Anglo–Jayakartan forces with the help of Bantenese forces of Ranamanggala's orders, and suppression of the VOC(Dutch East India Company) following the war with the East India Company caused the Dutch to retreat from Banten. This eventually led to Dutch incidents on the island of Run. The Dutch began to prepare their second attempt at conquering Jayakarta in May 1619.

Banten Sultanate
The Banten Sultanate (Sundanese: ᮊᮞᮥᮜ᮪ᮒᮔᮔ᮪ ᮘᮔ᮪ᮒᮨᮔ᮪, كسلطانن بنتن, Kasultanan Banten ) was a Bantenese Islamic trading kingdom founded in the 16th century and centred in Banten, a port city on the northwest coast of Java; the contemporary English name of both was Bantam. It is said to have been founded by Sunan Gunungjati, who had previously founded Cirebon.

Once a great trading centre in Southeast Asia, especially of pepper, the kingdom reached its apogee in the late 16th and mid-17th centuries. By the late 17th century, it was overshadowed by Batavia and was finally annexed to the Dutch East Indies in 1813.

Its core territory now forms the Indonesian province of Banten. Today, in Old Banten, the Great Mosque of Banten is an important destination for tourists and for pilgrims from across Indonesia and from overseas.
Shunet El Zebib
Shunet El Zebib (Arabic:شونة الزبيب lit. "raisin barn" or "storage of the raisins"), alternatively named Shuneh and Middle Fort, is a large mudbrick structure located at Abydos in Upper Egypt. The edifice dates to the Second Dynasty, and was built by the ancient Egyptian king Khasekhemwy.

Second Dynasty of Egypt
The Second Dynasty of ancient Egypt (or Dynasty II, c. 2890 – c. 2686 BC) is the latter of the two dynasties of the Egyptian Archaic Period, when the seat of government was centred at Thinis. It is most known for its last ruler, Khasekhemwy, but is otherwise one of the most obscure periods in Egyptian history.

Though archaeological evidence of the time is very scant, contrasting data from the First and Third Dynasties indicates important institutional and economic developments during the Second Dynasty.
Giovanni Cataldo
Giovanni Cataldo QSM (18 November 1927 – 8 January 1989), commonly known as John Cataldo, was a New Zealand fisherman, and search and rescue organiser. He was born in Wellington, New Zealand, on 18 November 1927.

In the 1986 New Year Honours, Cataldo was awarded the Queen's Service Medal for public services.

King's Service Medal
The King's Service Medal (created as the Queen's Service Medal in 1975 and renamed in 2024) is a medal awarded by the government of New Zealand to recognise and reward volunteer service to the community and also public service in elected or appointed public office. It was established in 1975 and is related to the King's Service Order. The QSM replaced the Imperial Service Medal as an award of New Zealand.

On 3 May 2024, the Queen's Service Medal was renamed to the King's Service Medal by Royal Warrant. Recipients of the Queen's Service Medal from 1975 until May 2024 will continue to use the 'QSM' postnominal letters with recipients of the King's Service Medal from June 2024 using the postnominal letters 'KSM'.
German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war
During the German invasion of Poland, which started World War II, Nazi Germany carried out a number of atrocities involving Polish prisoners of war (POWs). During that period, the Wehrmacht is estimated to have mass-murdered at least 3,000 Polish POWs, with the largest atrocities being the Ciepielów massacre of 8 September 1939 (~300 victims) and the Zambrów massacre of 13–14 September (~200 victims). Most of those atrocities are classified as war crimes of the Wehrmacht. Jewish soldiers with the Polish Army were also more likely than others to be victims of various atrocities.

A number of other atrocities against Polish POWs occurred later in the war, particularly on the Eastern Front, with the largest atrocities in 1945 committed at Podgaje (~200 victims) and Horka (~300 victims).

Zambrów massacre
The Zambrów massacre was a war crime that took place on the night of 13–14 September 1939.  It was one of the major war crimes of the Wehrmacht during the invasion of Poland. During that night, the makeshift prisoner-of-war camp in Zambrów was disturbed by a number of panicked horses, and more than 200 Polish soldiers, trying to move out of their way, were gunned down by German sentries. Some witnesses later said the horses had been purposely released into the camp by the German sentries, who used the incident as a pretext to massacre the prisoners.
Gravy
Gravy is a sauce made from the juices of meats and vegetables that run naturally during cooking and often thickened with thickeners for added texture. The gravy may be further coloured and flavoured with gravy salt (a mix of salt and caramel food colouring) or gravy browning (gravy salt dissolved in water) or bouillon cubes. Powders can be used as a substitute for natural meat or vegetable extracts. Canned and instant gravies are also available. Gravy is commonly served with roasts, meatloaf, sandwiches, rice, noodles, fries (chips), mashed potatoes, or biscuits (North America; see biscuits and gravy).

Biscuit (bread)
In the United States and Canada, a biscuit is a variety of quick bread with a firm, dry exterior and a soft, crumbly interior. It is made with baking powder as a leavening agent rather than yeast, and at times is called a baking powder biscuit to differentiate it from other types. Biscuits are often served with butter or other condiments, flavored with other ingredients, or combined with other types of food to make sandwiches or other dishes.

Biscuits developed from hardtack, which was first made from only flour and water, to which lard and then baking powder were added later.
2009 internal displacement crisis in Pakistan
The 2009 refugee crisis in Pakistan was the massive displacement of civilians in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa of Pakistan that was caused by Operation Black Thunderstorm.

Since the beginning of Operation Black Thunderstorm against the Taliban, over 1.2 million people have been displaced in across Pakistan's Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, joined by a further 555,000 Pakistanis uprooted by fighting since August 2008. The refugees are known in Pakistan as Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs).

Most of the 1.2 million people who have escaped the violence were staying with relatives or friends, placing tremendous strain on the country, while over 300,000 others are seeking refuge in UNHCR-supported camps.

By 22, August 1.6 million of 2.2 million returned home, as per UN estimates.

Operation Black Thunderstorm
Operation Black Thunderstorm was a military operation that commenced on 26 April 2009, conducted by the Pakistan Army, with the aim of retaking Buner, Lower Dir, Swat and Shangla districts from the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan after the militants took control of them since the start of the year.
Moawhango
Moawhango is a rural community in the northern part of Rangitikei District of the Manawatū-Whanganui region of New Zealand's North Island. It is situated 19 kilometres (12 miles) north of Taihape and 91 km northeast of Marton. Nearby Moawhango are located Moawhango River and Lake Moawhango.

Taihape
Taihape is in the Rangitikei District of the North Island of New Zealand. It serves a large rural community. State Highway 1, which runs North to South through the centre of the North Island, passes through the town.
22nd Genie Awards
The 22nd Genie Awards were held in 2002 to honour films released in 2001. The ceremony was hosted by Brian Linehan.

In advance of the Genie Award ceremony on February 7, all of the Best Picture nominees were screened at the Bloor Cinema in the week of January 26 to 30. All except the three-hour Atanarjuat: The Fast Runner were preceded by one of the four Best Live Action Short Drama nominees.

Genie Awards
The Genie Awards were given out annually by the Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television to recognize the best of Canadian cinema from 1980–2012. They succeeded the Canadian Film Awards (1949–1978). In 2013, the Academy merged the Genie Awards with its sister presentation for television, the Gemini Awards, to form the Canadian Screen Awards.

Genie Award candidates were selected from submissions made by the owners of Canadian films or their representatives, based on the criteria laid out in the Genie Rules and Regulations booklet which were distributed to Academy members and industry members. Peer-group juries, assembled from volunteer members of the Academy, met to watch the submissions and select a group of nominees. Academy members then voted on these nominations.
Resuscitation of a Hanged Man
Resuscitation of a Hanged Man is a novel by Denis Johnson published in 1991 by Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

The story explores the struggles of a private investigator, Leonard English, to become a person of religious faith, and his isolated descent into madness.

Farrar, Straus and Giroux
Farrar, Straus and Giroux (FSG) is an American book publishing company, founded in 1946 by Roger Williams Straus Jr. and John C. Farrar. FSG is known for publishing literary books, and its authors have won numerous awards, including Pulitzer Prizes, National Book Awards, and Nobel Prizes. Since 1993, the publisher has been a division of Macmillan, whose parent company is the German publishing conglomerate Holtzbrinck Publishing Group.
Stoke Doyle
Stoke Doyle is a village and civil parish in North Northamptonshire in England, two miles south-west of Oundle. The population of the village at the 2011 Census was included in the civil parish of Wadenhoe.

The village's name means 'Outlying farm/settlement'. The village was held by John de Oyly in 1286.

Oundle
Oundle (/ˈaʊndəl/) is a market town and civil parish on the left bank of the River Nene in North Northamptonshire, England, which had a population of 6,254 at the time of the 2021 census. It is 69 miles (111 kilometres) north of London and 12 mi (19 km) south-west of Peterborough. The town is home to Oundle School.
Pennsylvania Route 528
Pennsylvania Route 528 (PA 528) is a 22+1⁄2-mile-long (36.2 km) state highway located in Butler County, Pennsylvania.  The southern terminus is at U.S. Route 19 (US 19) near Zelienople.  The northern terminus is at PA 8 near West Liberty.

U.S. Route 19 in Pennsylvania
U.S. Route 19 (US 19) in Pennsylvania is closely paralleled by Interstate 79 (I-79) for its entire length. US 19 enters Pennsylvania from the West Virginia state line in Greene County near Mount Morris. Its northern terminus is at US 20 in the city of Erie. Part of it is named for Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry, hero of the Battle of Lake Erie.
Seminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida
Seminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida, 517 U.S. 44 (1996), was a United States Supreme Court case which held that Article One of the U.S. Constitution did not give the United States Congress the power to abrogate the sovereign immunity of the states that is further protected under the Eleventh Amendment. Such abrogation is permitted where it is necessary to enforce the rights of citizens guaranteed under the Fourteenth Amendment as per Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer. The case also held that the doctrine of Ex parte Young, which allows state officials to be sued in their official capacity for prospective injunctive relief, was inapplicable under these circumstances, because any remedy was limited to the one that Congress had provided.

Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer
Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer, 427 U.S. 445 (1976), was a United States Supreme Court decision that determined that the U.S. Congress has the power to abrogate the Eleventh Amendment sovereign immunity of the states, if this is done pursuant to its Fourteenth Amendment power to enforce upon the states the guarantees of the Fourteenth Amendment.
Zauralie Kurgan
Zauralie Kurgan (Хоккейный клуб «Зауралье» Курган) is an ice hockey team in Kurgan, Kurgan Oblast, Russia. They play in the VHL, the second level of Russian ice hockey. They are affiliated to HC Sibir Novosibirsk of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL).

HC Sibir Novosibirsk
Hockey Club Sibir Novosibirsk Oblast (Russian: ХК Сибирь, English: Siberia HC), also known as HC Sibir or Sibir Novosibirsk, is a professional ice hockey club based in Novosibirsk, Russia. It is a member of the Chernyshev Division in the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL).
Washington Duke
Washington Duke (December 18, 1820 – May 8, 1905) was an American tobacco industrialist and philanthropist. During the American Civil War he enlisted in the Confederate States Navy. In 1865, Duke founded the W. Duke, Sons & Co., a tobacco manufacturer that would be merged with other companies to form conglomerate American Tobacco Company in 1890.

American Tobacco Company
The American Tobacco Company was a tobacco company founded in 1890 by J. B. Duke through a merger between a number of U.S. tobacco manufacturers including Allen and Ginter, Goodwin & Company, and Kinney Brothers. The company was one of the original 12 members of the Dow Jones Industrial Average in 1896. The American Tobacco Company dominated the industry by acquiring the Lucky Strike Company and over 200 other rival firms. Federal Antitrust action begun in 1907 broke the company into several major companies in 1911.

The American Tobacco Company restructured itself in 1969, forming a holding company called American Brands, Inc., which operated American Tobacco as a subsidiary. American Brands acquired a variety of non-tobacco businesses during the 1970s and 1980s and sold its tobacco operations to Brown & Williamson in 1994. American Brands subsequently renamed itself "Fortune Brands".
Balance (installation)
Balance is a 2013 glazed ceramic installation by Tim Ryan, which consists of two panels on adjacent walls, each of which features triangular tiles that surround a channel containing white-glazed "eggs," that is located within the Eskenazi Health Outpatient Care Center on the Sidney and Lois Eskenazi Hospital campus, near downtown Indianapolis, Indiana, and is part of the Eskenazi Health Art Collection.

Eskenazi Health Art Collection
The Eskenazi Health Art Collection consists of a wide variety of artworks composed of fragments from the 1914 City Hospital mural and artwork project, artworks added over time, and newer pieces which include works created for the new Sidney & Lois Eskenazi Hospital and campus in 2013. Other works have been added occasionally; there are also artworks at the clinics throughout Marion County.
Havens Wildlife Management Area
Havens Wildlife Management Area is a 7,190-acre (29.1 km2) Wildlife Management Area in Roanoke County, Virginia. Located in the Appalachian Highlands and occupying a part of Fort Lewis Mountain, it is steep and generally inaccessible; elevations in the area range from 1,500 to 3,200 feet (460 to 980 m) above sea level. Save for a few intermittent streams and watering holes created for wildlife, there is little water present; in addition, the area's soils are generally shallow and poor. The area was previously used for timber production, and today hosts a mixture of oaks, hickories, and pine.

Havens Wildlife Management Area is owned and maintained by the Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries. The area is open to the public for hunting, trapping, hiking, horseback riding, and primitive camping. Access for persons 17 years of age or older requires a valid hunting or fishing permit, or a WMA access permit.

Virginia Wildlife Management Areas
Virginia wildlife management areas (WMAs) are state-managed protected areas that exist primarily for the benefit of wildlife. Within the Commonwealth of Virginia, 46 tracts of land have been protected as WMAs, covering a total of over 216,000 acres (338 sq mi; 870 km2). They are managed and maintained by the Virginia Department of Wildlife Resources.
Nowhere dense set
In mathematics, a subset of a topological space is called nowhere dense or rare if its closure has empty interior.  In a very loose sense, it is a set whose elements are not tightly clustered (as defined by the topology on the space) anywhere.  For example, the integers are nowhere dense among the reals, whereas the interval (0, 1) is not nowhere dense.

A countable union of nowhere dense sets is called a meagre set. Meagre sets play an important role in the formulation of the Baire category theorem, which is used in the proof of several fundamental results of functional analysis.

Interior (topology)
In mathematics, specifically in topology,
the interior of a subset S of a topological space X is the union of all subsets of S that are open in X.
A point that is in the interior of S is an interior point of S.
The interior of S is the complement of the closure of the complement of S.
In this sense interior and closure are dual notions.

The exterior of a set S is the complement of the closure of S; it consists of the points that are in neither the set nor its boundary.
The interior, boundary, and exterior of a subset together partition the whole space into three blocks (or fewer when one or more of these is empty).