hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Brian MacWhinney
Brian James MacWhinney (born August 22, 1945) is a Professor of Psychology and Modern Languages at Carnegie Mellon University. He specializes in first and second language acquisition, psycholinguistics, and the neurological bases of language, and he has written and edited several books and over 100 peer-reviewed articles and book chapters on these subjects.  MacWhinney is best known for his competition model of language acquisition and for creating the CHILDES (Child Language Data Exchange System) and TalkBank corpora.

MacWhinney has also helped to develop a stream of pioneering software programs for creating and running psychological experiments, including PsyScope, an experimental control system for the Macintosh; E-Prime, an experimental control system for the Microsoft Windows platform; and System for Teaching Experimental Psychology (STEP), a database of scripts for facilitating and improving psychological and linguistic research.

Second-language acquisition
Second-language acquisition (SLA), second-language learning or L2 (language 2) acquisition, is the process of learning a language other than one's native language (L1). SLA research examines how learners develop their knowledge of second language.

SLA research spans cognitive, social, and linguistic perspectives:

Cognitive approaches investigate memory and attention processes.

Sociocultural theories emphasize the role of social interaction and immersion

Linguistic studies examine the innate and learned aspects of language.

Individual factors like age, motivation, and personality also influence SLA, as seen in discussions on the critical period hypothesis and learning strategies. In addition to acquisition, SLA explores language loss, or second-language attrition, and the impact of formal instruction on learning outcomes.
Timeline of the National Football League
This timeline of the National Football League (NFL) tracks the history of each of the league's 32 current franchises from the early days of the league, through its merger with the American Football League (AFL). The history of franchises that began as independent teams, or as members of the Ohio League, New York Pro Football League, and other defunct leagues are shown as well.

AFL–NFL merger
The AFL–NFL merger was the merger of the two major professional American football leagues in the United States at the time: the National Football League (NFL) and the American Football League (AFL). It paved the way for the combined league, which retained the "National Football League" name and logo, to become the most popular sports league in the United States. The merger was announced on the evening of June 8, 1966.

Under the merger agreement, the leagues maintained separate regular-season schedules for the next four seasons—from 1966 through 1969 with a final championship game which would become known as the Super Bowl—and then officially merged before the 1970 season to form one league with two conferences.
Banksia rufa subsp. pumila
Banksia rufa subsp. pumila is a subspecies of Banksia rufa. It was known as Dryandra ferruginea subsp. pumila until 2007, when Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele sunk all Dryandra into Banksia. Since the name Banksia ferruginea had already been used, Mast and Thiele had to choose a new specific epithet for D. ferruginea and hence for this subspecies of it. As with other members of Banksia ser. Dryandra, it is endemic to the South West Botanical Province of Western Australia.

Banksia ser. Dryandra
Banksia ser. Dryandra is a series of 94 species of shrub to small tree in the plant genus Banksia. It was considered a separate genus named Dryandra until early 2007, when it was merged into Banksia on the basis of extensive molecular and morphological evidence that Banksia was paraphyletic with respect to Dryandra.
Chinese interference in the 2024 United States elections
The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and government of China interfered in the 2024 United States elections through propaganda and disinformation campaigns, primarily linked to its Spamouflage influence operation. Cyberespionage and wire-tapping operations were launched against U.S. politicians by Salt Typhoon, an advanced persistent threat group linked to the Ministry of State Security. The efforts came amidst other foreign interference in the 2024 United States elections.

Salt Typhoon
Salt Typhoon is an advanced persistent threat actor believed to be operated by China's Ministry of State Security (MSS) which has conducted high-profile cyber espionage campaigns, particularly against the United States. The group's operations place an emphasis on counterintelligence targets in the United States and data theft of key corporate intellectual property. The group has infiltrated over 200 targets in over 80 countries. Former NSA analyst Terry Dunlap has described the group as a "component of China's 100 year strategy."
Carlos, Erasmo...
Carlos, Erasmo is the seventh studio album by Brazilian musician Erasmo Carlos. Released in 1971, it was the singer's first album under the Philips label. It is considered one of the most important albums of his career and a classic of Brazilian rock.

Philips Records
Philips Records was a record label founded by Dutch electronics company Philips and in 1999 was absorbed into Dutch-American music corporation Universal Music Group. It was founded as Philips Phonographische Industrie in 1950. In 1946, Philips acquired the company which pressed records for British Decca's Dutch outlet in Amsterdam.
2011 Turkish Cup final
The 2011 Turkish Cup final was the 49th final match of the Turkish Cup. The match took place on 11 May 2011, at Kadir Has Stadium in Kayseri. The match was played between 8 time winners Beşiktaş and first time finalists İstanbul B.B. The referee of the match was Yunus Yıldırım.

Because of its current situation in the 2010–11 Süper Lig, Beşiktaş entered the final looking to secure a berth to 2011–12 UEFA Europa League next year as well as winning its 9th cup in team history. İstanbul B.B., which showed superiority towards Beşiktaş in the Süper Lig, played in the Turkish Cup final for the first time in their history.

After normal time and extra time ended on a 2–2 draw, Beşiktaş won the penalty shootout 4–3 and won its 9th Turkish Cup.
By winning, Beşiktaş secured a berth in the play-off round of the UEFA Europa League.

On 10 June 2013 UEFA officially opened up disciplinary proceedings against Beşiktaş in regard to match-fixing in the 2011 Turkish Cup final.

2010–11 Süper Lig
The 2010–11 Süper Lig (known as the Spor Toto Süper Lig for sponsorship reasons) was the 53rd season since its establishment. The season began on 14 August 2010 and concluded on 22 May 2011.

Fenerbahçe claimed their 18th title, but the season was marred by the 2011 Turkish football match-fixing scandal which involved 17 Süper Lig teams and dozens of people, including club bosses and Turkish internationals.
Stanislav Lyudkevych
Stanislav Pylypovych Lyudkevych (Ukrainian: Станіслав Пилипович Людкевич, Polish: Stanislaw Ludkiewicz, Russian: Станислав Филиппович Людкевич, romanized: Stanislav Filippovich Lyudkevich; 24 January 1879 – 10 September 1979) was a Soviet Ukrainian composer, theorist, teacher and musical activist. He was a People's Artist of the USSR (1969) and Hero of Socialist Labour (1979).

Hero of Socialist Labour
The Hero of Socialist Labour (Russian: Герой Социалистического Труда, romanized: Geroy Sotsialisticheskogo Truda) was an honorific title in the Soviet Union and other Warsaw Pact countries from 1938 to 1991. It represented the highest degree of distinction in the USSR and was awarded for exceptional achievements in Soviet industry and culture. It provided a similar status to the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, which was awarded for heroic deeds, but differed in that it was not awarded to foreign citizens.
1987 Australian 2.0 Litre Touring Car Championship
The 1987 Australian 2.0 Litre Touring Car Championship was a CAMS sanctioned Australian motor racing title open to Group A Touring Cars of under 2.0 litre engine capacity. The title was contested over a four-round series and was won by Mark Skaife driving a Nissan Gazelle.

This was the second Australian 2.0 Litre Touring Car Championship to be awarded by the Confederation of Australian Motor Sport. The title would be revived in 1993 for that year only.

Motorsport Australia
Motorsport Australia, formerly the Confederation of Australian Motor Sport (CAMS), is the nationally recognised governing and sanctioning body for four-wheeled motorsport in Australia. It is affiliated with the Federation Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA).
Luc Steels
Luc Steels (born in 1952) is a Belgian scientist and artist. Steels works with artificial intelligence in Europe who has made contributions to expert systems, behavior-based robotics, artificial life and evolutionary computational linguistics. He was a fellow of the Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies ICREA associated as a research professor with the Institute for Evolutionary Biology (UPF/CSIC) in Barcelona. He was formerly founding Director of the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel and founding director of the Sony Computer Science Laboratory in Paris. Steels has collaborated with visual artists and theater makers and composed music for opera.

Behavior-based robotics
Behavior-based robotics (BBR) or behavioral robotics is an approach in robotics that focuses on robots that are able to exhibit complex-appearing behaviors despite little internal variable state to model its immediate environment, mostly gradually correcting its actions via sensory-motor links.
Deportes Valdivia
Deportes Valdivia is a Chilean football club in the town of Valdivia, Chile. It currently plays in Segunda División, the third level of Chilean football.

The club was founded on June 5, 1983, and re-founded on December 19, 2003.

Segunda División Profesional de Chile
Segunda División Profesional del Fútbol Profesional Chileno (English: Second Professional Division of Chilean Professional Football) is the third level of Chilean football league system, since the season 2012, is organized by the Asociación Nacional de Fútbol Profesional.

The Chilean Segunda División Profesional was established in 2012.
Arooj Aftab
Arooj Aftab PP (Urdu: عروج آفتاب) is a Pakistani singer, composer, and producer. She has worked in various musical styles and idioms, including jazz and minimalism.

Aftab was nominated for the Best New Artist award and won the Best Global Music Performance award for her song "Mohabbat" at the 64th Annual Grammy Awards in April 2022. She became the first-ever Pakistani artist to win a Grammy Award.

On the 75th independence day of Pakistan, President Arif Alvi awarded Aftab the Pride of Performance Award, Pakistan's most prestigious award for excellence in the field of art and music.

Pride of Performance
The Pride of Performance (Urdu: تمغہِ حسنِ کارکردگی, romanized: tamġā-e husn-e kārkardgī), officially known as the Presidential Pride of Performance, is an award bestowed by the Islamic Republic of Pakistan to recognize people with "notable achievements in the field of art, science, literature, sports, and nursing". It is considered one of the country's most prestigious awards in these fields conferred upon citizens and, in some cases, foreign nationals.
Jaime Salamanca
Jaime Raúl Salamanca Torres (born 15 December 1979) is a Colombian politician who has been President of the Chamber of Representatives of Colombia since 2024, and in the chamber as a member of the Green Alliance since 2022. Prior to his tenure in the chamber he was a member of the Boyacá Assembly.

President of the Chamber of Representatives of Colombia
The president of the Chamber of Representatives of Colombia commonly known as the president of the Chamber is the highest authority of the Chamber of Representatives of Colombia. The office was established in 1811 by the First National Congress of Colombia.

It is third on the presidential line of succession after the vice president and the president of the senate.

The office is currently held by Julián David López of the Union Party for the People. He was elected on 20 July 2025.
Coronavirus 3′ UTR
Coronavirus genomes are positive-sense single-stranded RNA molecules with an untranslated region (UTR) at the 3′ end which is called the 3′ UTR. The 3′ UTR is responsible for important biological functions, such as viral replication. The 3′ UTR has a conserved RNA secondary structure but different Coronavirus genera (Alpha-, Beta-, Gamma-, and Deltacoronaviruses) have different structural features described below.

Gammacoronavirus
Gammacoronavirus (Gamma-CoV) is one of the four genera (Alpha-, Beta-, Gamma-, and Delta-) of coronaviruses. It is in the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae of the family Coronaviridae. They are enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses of zoonotic origin. Coronaviruses infect both animals and humans.

While the alpha and beta genera are derived from the bat gene pool, the gamma and delta genera are derived from the avian and pig gene pools. Gamma-CoV also known as coronavirus group 3 are the avian coronaviruses.
Marina Prior
Marina Prior AM (born 18 October 1963) is an Australian soprano and actress with a career mainly in musical theatre. From 1990 to 1993, she starred as the original Christine Daaé in the Australian premiere of The Phantom of the Opera, opposite Anthony Warlow and later Rob Guest.

Anthony Warlow
Anthony Warlow AM (born 18 November 1961) is an Australian  musical theatre performer, noted for his character acting and considerable vocal range. He is a classically trained lyric baritone and made his debut with the Australian Opera in 1980.

Warlow has performed on Broadway, the West End, Carnegie Hall and across Australia with all of the symphony orchestras. His studio recordings have spanned three decades and include solo albums, cast recordings and live performances in concert and with Opera Australia.

He has been honoured as an Australian National Treasure
 and his achievements have been acknowledged with his investiture as a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) for his services to the performing arts.
Firhill Stadium
Firhill Stadium, also known as Wyre Stadium at Firhill for sponsorship reasons, is a football and former rugby union, rugby league and greyhound racing stadium located in the Maryhill area of Glasgow, Scotland which has been the home of Partick Thistle since 1909.

Past ground-sharing agreements have seen Firhill act as a temporary home for three other football clubs: Clyde, Hamilton Academical and Queen's Park.  It was also a venue for the 2000 Rugby League World Cup and the Glasgow Warriors rugby union team between 2007 and 2012. As of 2014, the all-seated capacity of Firhill is 10,102.

2000 Rugby League World Cup
The 2000 Rugby League World Cup was the twelfth World Cup for men’s national rugby league teams, held between 28 October and 25 November and hosted between the United Kingdom, Ireland and France. Australia won their ninth title by beating New Zealand 40-12 in the final at Old Trafford.

Following the success of the previous tournament, the World Cup was expanded to 16 teams and for the first time featured qualification rounds before the finals.

Alongside the men's tournament, it was also the same year when the inaugural Women's Rugby League World Cup was first played.
Multiplex locomotive
A multiplex locomotive is a steam locomotive that divides the driving force on its wheels by using multiple pairs of cylinders to drive multiple driving wheel set groups. Such a locomotive will necessarily articulate if it has more than two sets of driving wheels. There were locomotive projects with  three, four, five or six sets of drive wheels. However, these locomotives were never built, except for four triplex locomotives in the United States and one quadruplex locomotive in Belgium.

The names of the subgroups of multiplex locomotives is derived from the number of drive wheel sets and is composed of the numeral prefix and the word locomotive. However, locomotive is often omitted if it can be inferred from the context.

Driving wheel
On a steam locomotive, a driving wheel is a powered wheel which is driven by the locomotive's pistons (or turbine, in the case of a steam turbine locomotive). On a conventional, non-articulated locomotive, the driving wheels are all coupled together with side rods (also known as coupling rods); normally one pair is directly driven by the main rod, or connecting rod, which is connected to the end of the piston rod; power is transmitted to the others through the side rods.

On diesel and electric locomotives, the driving wheels may be directly driven by the traction motors. Coupling rods are not usually used, and it is quite common for each axle to have its own motor.  Jackshaft drive and coupling rods were used in the past (e.g. in the Swiss Crocodile locomotive) but their use is now confined to shunter locomotives.

On an articulated locomotive or a duplex locomotive, driving wheels are grouped into sets with wheels within each set linked together.
Gilbert Szlumper
Major General Gilbert Savil Szlumper, CBE, TD (18 April 1884 – 19 July 1969) was a British railwayman, and the penultimate general manager of the Southern Railway. He served as secretary of the Railway Executive Committee in World War I and left the Southern Railway for war service again in 1939, serving in a number of senior transport positions in various government departments.

Territorial Decoration
The Territorial Decoration (TD) was a military medal of the United Kingdom awarded for long service in the Territorial Force and its successor, the Territorial Army.

This award superseded the Volunteer Officer's Decoration when the Territorial Force was formed on 1 April 1908, following the enactment of the Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907, (7 Edw.7, c.9) which was a large reorganisation of the old Volunteer Army and the remaining units of militia and Yeomanry.  However, the Militia were transferred to the Special Reserve rather than becoming part of the Territorial Force. Recipients of this award are entitled to use the letters "TD" after their name (post-nominal).
S.V. Excelsior
SV Excelsior is an amateur football club from the Commewijne District town of Meerzorg, Suriname. The club was founded in 1918 and spent most of its tenure in the top flight of Surinamese football. Recently, the club had been in a dry spell, and spend time in the second tier of Surinamese football, only recently to be promoted back into the Hoofdklasse.

SVB Eerste Divisie
The SVB Eerste Divisie is the second highest football championship for clubs run by the Surinaamse Voetbal Bond. The league currently comprises twelve teams and operates a system of promotion and relegation. Seasons run from November to June, with each team playing 30 games in the regular season. The league was previously known as the Hoofdklasse but was rebranded as the Topklasse for the 2016–17 season, before being renamed the Eerste Divisie starting in the 2017–18 season. In 2024, the SVB introduced a new professional competition, the Suriname Major League, with the Eerste Divisie now serving as the nation's top amateur competition.

The league has a long history, its first completed season was in 1923‍–‍24 when Suriname was still a Dutch colony.
Peter Walsh (Australian politician)
Peter Alexander Walsh AO (11 March 1935 – 10 April 2015) was an Australian politician. He was a Senator for Western Australia from 1974 to 1993, representing the Australian Labor Party (ALP). He held senior ministerial office in the Hawke government, serving as Minister for Resources and Energy (1983–1984) and Minister for Finance (1984–1990).

Minister for Finance (Australia)
The Minister for Finance is a member of the Cabinet of Australia who is responsible for monitoring government expenditure and financial management. The current minister is Senator Katy Gallagher who has held the position since May 2022.

In the Government of Australia, the minister supplements the role of the Treasurer, being responsible for areas such as government expenditure, financial management, and the operations of government. The minister administers the portfolio through the Department of Finance.

The Finance Minister is in effect the deputy Treasurer (not to be confused with the Assistant Treasurer), as the Finance Minister acts as the Treasurer in the Treasurer's absence. Unlike the Treasurer, who by convention has been a member of the House of Representatives, the Finance Minister may come from either House of Parliament.
Elena Letuchaya
Elena Alexandrovna Letuchaya (Russian: Елена Александровна Летучая; born 5 December 1978) is a Russian journalist, television presenter, producer and director. Host of Revizorro on the channel Friday!. She is the author of documentaries for TV channels TV3, STS and Friday!. She is the author and presenter of ART Life and Territory of men on the channel, Global Star TV. She graduated from School of broadcasting "MITRO", where she currently heads the "Workshop of Elena Letuchaya".

In 2015, she was among the sexiest women of Russia according to the magazine "Maxim", taking 91st place.

Friday!
Pyatnitsa! (Russian: Пятница!, literally Friday!) is an all-Russian entertainment TV channel. Its broadcast network is based on original entertainment programs of its own production, as well as those produced by Ukrainian TV channels. Friday! began broadcasting on 31 May 2013 on MTV Russia.
Joe Dickinson
Joe Dickinson (born July 17, 1956) is an American football coach and former player. Most notably, he served as the offensive coordinator at the University of Northern Illinois from 1991 to 1995, and the University of Oklahoma in 1998. Dickinson also was an assistant coach at the University of Tulsa, Marshall University, Tulane University and the University of Central Oklahoma.  Dickinson was previously an NFL quarterback consultant for the Buffalo Bills  and served as the director of coaching and lead quarterback instructor for DeBartolo Sports University for fourteen years, conducting both private and group training events across the United States. DeBartolo Sports University was owned by former San Francisco 49ers owner, Edward J. DeBartolo Jr. Dickinson is currently coaching private sessions for his Elite QBClub.

Northern Illinois University
Northern Illinois University (NIU) is a public research university in DeKalb, Illinois, United States. It was founded as "Northern Illinois State Normal School" in 1895 by Illinois Governor John P. Altgeld, initially to provide the state with college-educated teachers. In addition to the main campus in DeKalb, it has satellite centers in Chicago, Naperville, Rockford, and Oregon, Illinois.

The university is composed of seven degree-granting colleges and has a student body of approximately 16,000. NIU is one of seven public universities in Illinois that compete in NCAA Division I. The athletic teams are known as the Huskies and compete in the Mid-American Conference (MAC).
Jorge Simão
António Jorge Rocha Simão  (born 12 August 1976) is a Portuguese former footballer who played as a midfielder, currently a manager.

Having played only as an amateur, he began work as an assistant manager at 26, before his first outright position at Atlético in 2014. He led six Primeira Liga clubs, starting with Belenenses.

Atlético Clube de Portugal
Atlético Clube de Portugal is a Portuguese sports club based in the parish of Alcântara, in the west side of Lisbon. The club was established on 18 September 1942 through the merger of two local clubs from Alcântara: Carcavelinhos Football Club and União Foot-Ball Lisboa. In addition to football, the club has sections for futsal and basketball. Historically, it also had sections for field hockey, swimming, sport fishing, cycling, table tennis, rugby, volleyball, gymnastics, triathlon, and handball.