hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Satish Dua
Lieutenant General Satish Dua, PVSM, UYSM, SM, VSM is a retired General Officer of Indian Army. He served as Chief of Integrated Defence Staff to the Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee (CISC) of the Indian Armed Forces and the Former 15 Corps (XV Corps) in Kashmir. The General Officer was the Kashmir Corps Commander during the 'surgical strike' in September 2016. He was the Colonel of Jammu and Kashmir Light Infantry Regiment.

Vishisht Seva Medal
The Vishisht Seva Medal (VSM, lit. 'Distinguished Service Medal') is a decoration of the Indian Armed Forces. It is awarded to recognize "distinguished service of a high order" to all ranks of the Indian Armed Forces.

From 1980, the Yudh Seva Medal was introduced to recognize exceptional services in an operational environment. Since then the VSM has been restricted to non-operational service.
David Fraser-Hidalgo
David V. Fraser-Hidalgo (born 1969) is an Ecuadorian-born American politician and a member of the Maryland House of Delegates representing District 15 in Montgomery County, Maryland. He was appointed to complete the term of Delegate Brian J. Feldman following Feldman's appointment to a Senate seat and has since been elected to his own full term.

Brian Feldman (politician)
Brian Jeffrey Feldman (born February 4, 1961) is an American politician and a member of the Maryland Senate representing District 15. He previously served in the Maryland House of Delegates representing District 15.
Underwater photography (sport)
Underwater photography is a scuba-based underwater sport governed by Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS) where teams of competitors using digital underwater camera systems all dive at the same saltwater ocean sites at the same time over a two-day period.  The submitted digital images are then assessed and ranked by a jury using a maximum of five photographic categories as well as an overall score.  The sport was developed prior to 1985 as a photographic film-based event and is currently mainly practised in non-English speaking countries.

Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques
Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS; known in English as the World Underwater Federation) is an international federation that represents underwater activities in underwater sport and underwater sciences, and oversees an international system of recreational snorkel and scuba diver training and recognition.  Its foundation in Monaco during January 1959 makes it one of the world's oldest underwater diving organisations.
Muller–Schupp theorem
In mathematics, the Muller–Schupp theorem states that a finitely generated group G has context-free word problem if and only if G is virtually free. The theorem was proved by David Muller and Paul Schupp in 1983.

Context-free language
In formal language theory, a  context-free language (CFL), also called a Chomsky type-2 language, is a language generated by a context-free grammar (CFG).

Context-free languages have many applications in programming languages, in particular, most arithmetic expressions are generated by context-free grammars.
Arkansas Highway 117
Arkansas Highway 117 (AR 117, Hwy. 117) is a north–south state highway in Lawrence County, Arkansas. The route of 16.54 miles (26.62 km) runs from a junction of Highway 25 and Highway 230 in Strawberry north across US Route 63/US 412 (US 63/US 412) to 3rd Street in Black Rock.

Arkansas Highway 230
Highway 230 (AR 230, Ark. 230, and Hwy. 230) is a designation for four state highways in Arkansas. One route of 8.15 miles (13.12 km) begins at Highway 14/Highway 25 at Locust Grove and runs east to US Highway 167 (US 167) in Southside. A second route of 13.80 miles (22.21 km) begins at US 167 in Cave City and runs east to Highway 25 in Strawberry. A third route of 16.25 miles (26.15 km) begins at Highway 367 in Alicia and runs east to US 63 Business (US 63B) in Bono. A fourth route of 7.04 miles (11.33 km) begins at US 49B and runs east to Highway 135 at Dixie. All routes are maintained by the Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department (AHTD).
Booting process of Android devices
The booting process of Android devices starts at the power-on of the SoC (system on a chip) and ends at the visibility of the home screen, or special modes like recovery, fastboot, or Odin mode for Samsung devices. The boot process of devices that run Android is influenced by the firmware design of the SoC manufacturers.

Android recovery mode
Android recovery mode is a mode of Android used for installing updates and wiping data. It consists of a Linux kernel with ramdisk on a separate partition from the main Android system.

Recovery mode can be useful when a phone is stuck in a bootloop or when it has been infected with malware.

In 2026, Samsung removed a significant number of features from their recovery mode menu.
Penuell Maduna
Penuell Mpapa Maduna (born 29 December 1952) is a South African politician and businessman. An anti-apartheid activist in his youth, Maduna was appointed to President Nelson Mandela's government in 1994. Thereafter he served as Minister of Mineral and Energy Affairs and, between 1999 and 2004, as Minister of Justice and Constitutional Development. Holding a doctorate of law from Unisa, he was also a long-time legal adviser to his party, the African National Congress, which he represented during the negotiations to end apartheid.

His term as Justice Minister, under President Thabo Mbeki, was blighted by controversy arising from prosecutorial investigations into Deputy President Jacob Zuma on corruption charges. Maduna resigned from politics in 2004 and is now a businessman.

Minister of Electricity and Energy
The minister of electricity and energy is the energy minister in the Cabinet of South Africa. The office in its current form was established in June 2024 in a merger between the minister in the presidency for electricity and the energy functions of the minister of mineral resources and energy. The energy portfolio was formerly the provenance of the minister of energy between 2009 and 2019.

During other periods, the energy portfolio was conjoined with other portfolios, including under the minister of minerals and energy, until 1994, and under the minister of mineral resources and energy from 2019 to 2024. The minister in the presidency responsible for electricity was appointed for the first time in March 2023 and had a mandate to oversee the government's response to the ongoing electricity crisis.

The incumbent minister of electricity and energy is Kgosientso Ramokgopa of the African National Congress, who was also the first and only minister in the presidency for electricity.
Glenbrook, New South Wales
Glenbrook is a township of the Lower Blue Mountains of New South Wales, Australia. It is located 63 kilometres (39 mi) west of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the City of Blue Mountains. As of the 2021 Australian census Glenbrook had a population of 5,078 people.

Glenbrook lies between Lapstone and Blaxland at an elevation of 163 metres (535 feet) and is approximately a 50-minute drive from Sydney. It is home to many cafes and boutiques, while offering various tourist attractions, including weekend markets, recreational opportunities and native flora and fauna.

The town takes its name from Glenbrook Creek, which is on the southern side of the village and must be crossed to enter parts of the Blue Mountains National Park. Glenbrook retains many historical homes and buildings throughout the village, although most of these are occupied and not open to the public.

Lapstone, New South Wales
Lapstone is an Australian township on the eastern escarpment of the Blue Mountains in New South Wales at an elevation of 160 metres (520 ft). Lapstone is located 62 kilometres (39 mi) west of the Sydney CBD in the local government area of the City of Blue Mountains and is part of the federal electorate of Macquarie. Lapstone consists mostly of stand-alone housing and has a few public facilities. At the 2021 census, Lapstone had a population of 948 people. Lapstone was originally bought and developed by Arthur J. Hand, an alderman of the Blue Mountains City Council.

Lapstone is the first town in the easternmost escarpment of the Blue Mountains. Its name comes from the many water-worn stones in the area that resemble those used by cobblers to work the leather when making shoes.
Stenaelurillus senegalensis
Stenaelurillus senegalensis is  a species of jumping spider in the genus Stenaelurillus that lives in Senegal. Named after the country where it was first found, it was first described in 2018 by Dmitri Logunov and Galina Azarkina. The spider is small, with a carapace between 1.7 and 2.5 mm (0.067 and 0.098 in) long and abdomen between 1.6 and 3.45 mm (0.063 and 0.136 in) long, although the female is larger than the male. The carapace is hairy, brown and has two white stripes. The abdomen differs between the male and female. The male has a pattern of yellow spots and a brown stripe. The female has a cross of yellow stripe and two brown stripes. The male has a bulging palpal bulb while the female has a flat epigyne with widely separated and backward-facing copulatory openings. It is similar to Stenaelurillus nigricaudus, also found in the country, but can be distinguished by the design of its long straight embolus and the lack of pockets in the epigyne.

Jumping spider
Jumping spiders are spiders in the family Salticidae, with almost 700 genera and around 7,000 described species, making it the largest family of spiders – comprising 13% of spider species. Jumping spiders have some of the best vision among arthropods — being capable of stereoptic color vision — and use sight in courtship, hunting, and navigation.

Although they normally move unobtrusively and fairly slowly, most species are capable of very agile jumps, notably when hunting, but sometimes in response to sudden threats or crossing long gaps. Both their book lungs and tracheal system are well-developed, and they use both systems (bimodal breathing). Jumping spiders are generally recognized by their eye pattern. All jumping spiders have four pairs of eyes, with the anterior median pair (the two front middle eyes) being particularly large.
Algeria at the 2023 Arab Games
Algeria participated in the 13th Arab Games, which were held in Algeria in 5 cities (Algiers, Oran, Constantine, Annaba and Tipaza) from 5 to 15 July 2023. It competed with 454 athletes in 22 sports.

Algeria has previously participated in 8 editions (1965, 1985, 1992, 1997, 1999, 2004, 2007, 2011), and is fourth in the overall standings before the start of this edition.

2004 Arab Games
The 10th Arab Games was an international multi-sport event which took place in Algiers, Algeria, from 24 September to 10 October 2004. It witnessed the participation of all Arab League members for the first time – 22 countries participated in 26 sports.

The event was originally scheduled for 2003, but was postponed for a year due to the damage caused by the 2003 Boumerdès earthquake.
Ali Treki
Ali Abdussalam Treki (Arabic: علي عبد السلام التريكي‎; 10 October 1937 – 19 October 2015) was a Libyan diplomat in Muammar Gaddafi's regime. Treki served as one of Libya's top diplomats from the 1970s till the 2011 Libyan Civil War. He was Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1976 to 1982 and again from 1984 to 1986, and was later the permanent representative to the United Nations on several occasions. He was the president of the United Nations General Assembly from September 2009 to September 2010.

President of the United Nations General Assembly
The president of the United Nations General Assembly is a position voted by representatives in the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) on a yearly basis. The president is the chair and presiding officer of the General Assembly.
Corridos tumbados
Corridos tumbados (Spanish pronunciation: [koˈriðos tumˈbaðos]), also known as trap corridos, is a subgenre of regional Mexican music, specifically of a corrido, with musical elements of a narcocorrido and rap music. Its style originated in the late 2010s; starting in 2020, it was popularized by Mexican musician Natanael Cano. The subgenre later received international recognition through songs released by Mexican musician Peso Pluma, as well as other artists such as Junior H and musical groups such as Fuerza Regida.

Corrido
A corrido (Spanish pronunciation: [koˈriðo]) is a narrative metrical tale and poetry that forms a ballad. The songs often feature topics such as oppression, history, daily life for criminals, the vaquero lifestyle, and other socially relevant themes. Corridos were widely popular during the Mexican Revolution and in the Southwestern American frontier as it was also a part of the development of Tejano and New Mexico music, which later influenced Western music.

The genre derives mainly from the romance and, in its most known form, consists of a salutation from the singer, a prologue to the story, the story itself, and a moral and farewell from the singer. In Mexico, it is still a popular genre today.

Outside Mexico, corridos are popular in Chilean national celebrations of Fiestas Patrias.
Cost auditing
A cost audit represents the verification of cost accounts and checking on the adherence to cost accounting plan. Cost audit ascertains the accuracy of cost accounting records to ensure that they are in conformity with cost accounting principles, plans, procedures and objectives. A cost audit comprises the following;

Verification of the cost accounting records such as the accuracy of the cost accounts, cost reports, cost statements, cost data and costing technique

Examination of these records to ensure that they adhere to the cost accounting principles, plans, procedures and objective

To report to the government on optimum utilisation of national resources

Cost accounting
Cost accounting is defined by the Institute of Management Accountants as

a systematic set of procedures for recording and reporting measurements of the cost of manufacturing goods and performing services in the aggregate and in detail. It includes methods for recognizing, allocating, aggregating and reporting such costs and comparing them with standard costs.

Often considered a subset or quantitative tool of managerial accounting, its end goal is to advise the management on how to optimize business practices and processes based on cost efficiency and capability. Cost accounting provides the detailed cost information that management needs to control current operations and plan for the future.

Cost accounting information is also commonly used in financial accounting, but its primary function is for use by managers to facilitate their decision-making.
History of Le Moyne Dolphins men's basketball (1963–1966)
The history of Le Moyne Dolphins men's basketball from 1963 to 1966 includes the Dolphins' three consecutive appearances in the NCAA College Division tournament. Led by sophomore Gary DeYulia and senior Tom Cooney, Le Moyne reached the Sweet 16 of the 1964 tournament. Tom Mullen and Dan Frawley provided a strong inside game to complement DeYulia's scoring, and the Dolphins repeated as conference champions but lost in the first round of the 1965 tournament. Head coach Tommy Niland was named conference coach of the year in both 1964 and 1965. As a senior, DeYulia was conference player of the year and teamed with Mullen to lead the Dolphins to a berth in the 1966 tournament, with regional games hosted by Le Moyne for the second straight year. Le Moyne finished third in Section B of the Northeast Region. The Dolphins were 52–17 between the 1963–64 and 1965–66 seasons, including a 7–2 record against University Division opponents.

1964 NCAA College Division basketball tournament
The 1964 NCAA College Division basketball tournament involved 32 schools playing in a single-elimination tournament to determine the national champion of men's NCAA College Division college basketball as a culmination of the 1963–64 NCAA College Division men's basketball season. It was won by the University of Evansville, with Evansville's Jerry Sloan named the Most Outstanding Player.
Magic: The Gathering Pro Tour season 2007
The 2007 Pro Tour season was the twelfth season of the Magic: The Gathering Pro Tour. On 9 February 2007 the season began with Pro Tour Geneva. It ended on 9 December 2007 with the conclusion of the 2007 World Championship in New York. The season consisted of 16 Grand Prixs and 5 Pro Tours, held in Geneva, Yokohama, San Diego, Valencia, and New York. At the end of the season Tomoharu Saitou from Japan was proclaimed Pro Player of the year. At the Worlds in New York the third class of the Hall of Fame was inducted. The inductees were Kai Budde, Zvi Mowshowitz, Tsuyoshi Fujita, Nicolai Herzog, and Randy Buehler.

Magic: The Gathering Players Tour
The Players Tour (PT) is a competitive international league for the Magic: The Gathering collectible card game, culminating in the World Championship. It consists of a series of tournaments held throughout the world, each requiring an invitation to participate. The Players Tour permanently replaced the Pro Tour in the 2020 season. Every PT awards a total of $250,000 in cash prizes, with $50,000 going to the winner. The Players Tour is split into three regions: Americas, Europe, and Asia-Pacific. Each region hosts three events, resulting in nine Players Tour events per season.
GNP Sports F.C.
GNP Sports is a football club based in Coventry, West Midlands, England. They are currently members of the Coventry Alliance League Division One and play at Sphinx Drive, groundsharing with Coventry Sphinx.

Coventry Alliance Football League
The Coventry Alliance Football League, formerly known as the Coventry Works League, is an association football competition in England that is composed of four divisions, currently containing a total of 40 teams. Originally the league consisted of six divisions but in the 2016-17 season the Alliance 5 was dropped leaving five divisions, then in the 2022-23 season Alliance 4 was dropped bringing the league to four divisions.
Liberty Times
The Liberty Times is a national newspaper published in Taiwan. Founded by Lin Rong-San, it is published by the Liberty Times Group. The newspaper was first published on 17 April 1980, as Liberty Daily, before adopting its current name in 1987.  In 1999, the owners launched a separate English language newspaper, the Taipei Times.

It is one of the four most influential newspapers in Taiwan, the other three being the Apple Daily, the China Times, and the United Daily News. While the United Daily News is regarded as taking an editorial line that supports a Pan-Blue political stance, the Liberty Times is considered to take a Pan-Green pro-independence political stance.

China Times
The China Times (Chinese: 中國時報; pinyin: Zhōngguó Shíbào; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tiong-kok Sî-pò, abbr. 中時; Zhōng Shí; Tiong-sî) is a daily Chinese-language newspaper published in Taiwan and one of the most widely circulated newspapers in Taiwan. Founded in 1950, the China Times Group was acquired by food and media conglomerate Want Want, which also owns TV stations CTV and CTiTV.
Sivannarayana Naripeddi
Sivannarayana Naripeddi is an Indian actor who works in Telugu films and television. He is best known for his role as 'Appaji' in the popular Telugu TV sitcom Amrutham (2001–2007). He won the Nandi Award for Best Comedian for Ammamma.com TV show. He acted in more than 150 films including Grahanam (2004), Darling (2010), Amrutham Chandamamalo (2014).

Nandi Awards
The Nandi Awards were annual awards presented by the Government of Andhra Pradesh to recognise excellence in Telugu cinema, theatre, and television, as well as lifetime achievements in Indian cinema. The awards were named after the monolithic sculpture of the sacred bull in Hinduism, Nandi, at Lepakshi, a cultural and historical symbol of the Telugu people.

The Nandi Awards were categorised into four levels: Swarnam (Gold), Rajatam (Silver), Kamsyam (Bronze), and Raagi (Copper). In addition to film and television awards, the government also presented the Nandi Natakotsavam Awards to honour outstanding contributions in social, mythological, and poetic dramas in Telugu theatre.
Wollaston (Quincy, Massachusetts)
42°16′00″N 71°00′52″W﻿ / ﻿42.26667°N 71.01444°W﻿ / 42.26667; -71.01444

Wollaston, Massachusetts, is a neighborhood in the city of Quincy, Massachusetts. Divided by Hancock Street or Route 3A, the Wollaston Beach side is known as Wollaston Park, while the Wollaston Hill side is known as Wollaston Heights.

It is bordered by North Quincy to the north, Quincy Bay to the east, Merrymount and Quincy Center to the southeast and south, and Milton, Massachusetts, to the west. Wollaston is served by the Wollaston Station on the B branch of the MBTA Red Line, which runs north-south from Cambridge, Massachusetts (Alewife), to Braintree, Massachusetts (Train Station).

Mount Wollaston, a similar-sounding 17th-century designation for Quincy, is now associated with a cemetery in the current neighborhood of Merrymount in Quincy.

Merrymount (Quincy, Massachusetts)
Merrymount is a primarily residential neighborhood of Quincy, Massachusetts, USA, located between the neighborhoods of Quincy Center and Adams Shore. Although it was the site of Quincy's initial European settlement, Merrymount was not substantially developed for residential use until the first half of the 20th century, and most of the neighborhood's houses date from that period.
XYZ particle
In particle physics, XYZ particles (also referred to as XYZ states) are recently discovered heavy mesons whose properties do not appear to fit the standard picture of charmonium and bottomonium states. They are therefore types of exotic mesons. The term arises from the names given to some of the first such particles discovered: X(3872), Y(4260) and Zc(3900), although the symbols X and Y have since been deprecated by the Particle Data Group.

Quarkonium
In particle physics, quarkonium (from quark and -onium, pl. quarkonia) is a flavorless meson whose constituents are a heavy quark and its own antiquark, making it both a neutral particle and its own antiparticle. The name "quarkonium" is analogous to positronium, the bound state of electron and anti-electron. The particles are short-lived due to matter–antimatter annihilation.
Grand Erg Occidental
The Grand Erg Occidental, (also known as the Western Sand Sea), Arabic العرق الغربي الßبير (al-ʿIrq al-Ḡarbī al-Kabīr), is an erg in the northern center of the Algerian Sahara. It is the third largest erg in Algeria after the Erg Chech and the Grand Erg Oriental.

Erg Chech
The Erg Chech (Arabic: عرق شاش), is a large erg in the southwestern Algerian Sahara that extends across the border into northern Mali and eastern Mauritania. The Algerian part is located in the provinces of Adrar and Bordj Badji Mokhtar. It covers an area of 206,000 km², making it the third largest sand sea in the Sahara.