hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Raising of school leaving age in England and Wales
The raising of school leaving age is the term used by the United Kingdom government for changes of the age at which a person is allowed to leave its compulsory education phase in England and Wales as specified under an Education Act.

In England and Wales, this age has been raised on several occasions since the introduction of universal compulsory education in 1880. Many of the increases in the 19th, 20th and 21st centuries were intended to generate more skilled labour by giving more time for pupils to gain skills and qualifications. Education was initially made compulsory for 5- to 10-year-olds in 1880. The leaving age was increased to 11 in 1893, 12 in 1899, 14 in 1918, 15 in 1947 and 16 in 1972.

In England (but not in Wales), provisions were added in 2015 which require those above the school leaving age (16) to either be in full-time (or part-time) work, or enrolled in further education, such as college or university (between the ages of 16 and 18).

School-leaving age
The school leaving age is the minimum age a person is legally allowed to cease attendance at an institute of compulsory secondary education. Most countries have their school leaving age set the same as their minimum full-time employment age, thus allowing smooth transition from education into employment, whilst a few have it set just below the age at which a person is allowed to be employed.

In contrast, there are numerous countries that have several years between their school leaving age and their legal minimum employment age, thus in some cases preventing any such transition for several years. Countries which have their employment age set below the school leaving age (mostly developing countries) risk giving children the opportunity to leave their education early to earn money for themselves or their families.
Rock cavy
The rock cavy or mocó (Kerodon rupestris) is a species of cavy that is endemic to eastern Brazil. It has also been introduced to the Atlantic island of Fernando de Noronha.: 30

The rock cavy is called mocó in Brazilian Portuguese, and koriko pexerumen in the Xukuru language of Pernambuco, Brazil.

Caviidae
Caviidae, the cavy family, is composed of rodents native to South America and includes the domestic guinea pig, wild cavies, and the largest living rodent, the capybara. They are found across South America in open areas from moist savanna to thorn forests or scrub desert. This family of rodents has fewer members than most other rodent families, with 19 species in seven genera in three subfamilies.
Tuenti
Tuenti Technologies, S.L.U is a mobile virtual network operator (MVNO) that operates with the Tuenti brand owned by Telefónica. It is a Spain-based tech company that focuses on providing a cloud-based services through its own application and its website to their customers.

Originally, Tuenti was created in 2006 as a social networking service, becoming the most popular social network among young people in Spain between 2009 and 2012. With over 15 million registered users, Tuenti was referred to as the "Spanish Facebook".

In Spain, Tuenti offered mobile telephone service. The mobile phone service in Spain was terminated on 1 June 2022. Contract customers were moved to O2 while prepaid customers were moved to Movistar.

In Latin America, Tuenti ships its brand through Telefónica branches in those countries. Tuenti offers free VoIP calls and instant messaging through its own messaging app.

Telefónica
Telefónica, S.A. (Spanish pronunciation: [teleˈfonika]) is a Spanish multinational telecommunications company. It has headquarters as well as a registered office in Madrid, Spain. It is one of the largest telephone operators and mobile network providers in the world. It provides fixed and mobile telephony, broadband, and subscription television, operating in Europe and the Americas.

Along with its Telefónica brand, it also trades as Movistar, O2, and Vivo. The company is a component of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index. On 15 April 2012, Telefónica shut down TVA and Ajacto, which unified the brand into Vivo.
Citrullinemia type I
Citrullinemia type I (CTLN1), also known as arginosuccinate synthetase deficiency, is a rare disease caused by a deficiency in argininosuccinate synthetase, an enzyme involved in excreting excess nitrogen from the body. There are mild and severe forms of the disease, which is one of the urea cycle disorders.

Urea cycle
The urea cycle (also known as the ornithine cycle) is a cycle of biochemical reactions that produces urea (NH2)2CO from ammonia (NH3). Animals that use this cycle, mainly amphibians and mammals, are called ureotelic.

The urea cycle converts highly toxic ammonia to urea for excretion. This cycle was the first metabolic cycle to be discovered by Hans Krebs and Kurt Henseleit in 1932, five years before the discovery of the TCA cycle. The urea cycle was described in more detail later on by Ratner and Cohen. The urea cycle takes place primarily in the liver and, to a lesser extent, in the kidneys.
Vincent Mroz
Vincent Peter Mroz (March 11, 1922 – July 22, 2008) was a United States Secret Service agent and a United States Marine Corps veteran who served during World War II. In 1948, he was assigned to the presidential protection detail during the Harry S. Truman administration. In November 1950, Mroz shot one of two Puerto Rican nationalists who intended to assassinate President Truman. The man was later tried and imprisoned. The event was described as "the biggest gunfight in Secret Service history." The other nationalist was killed by White House Police Officer Leslie Coffelt.

Mroz also served the presidential detail in the Dwight D. Eisenhower administration. He served with the Secret Service for 26 years, retiring in 1974 as the Deputy Assistant Director of the uniformed division.

Mroz had earlier played college football for the University of Michigan and Michigan State College.

Leslie Coffelt
Leslie William Coffelt (August 15, 1910 – November 1, 1950) was an officer of the White House Police, a branch of the Secret Service, who was killed while successfully defending U.S. President Harry S. Truman against an attempted assassination on November 1, 1950, at Blair House, where the president was living during renovations at the White House.

Coffelt was wounded during the assassination attempt, which two Puerto Rican nationalists carried out. Though mortally wounded by three bullets, Coffelt returned fire moments later and killed one of the attackers with a single shot to the head. The other was convicted by a federal jury and sentenced to death; Truman commuted the sentence to life imprisonment and Jimmy Carter released the man from jail in 1979.

Acknowledging the importance of the question of Puerto Rico's status, Truman authorized a referendum in Puerto Rico in 1952 to determine its relationship to the U.S.
Stephen II, Duke of Bavaria
Stephen II (1319 – 13 May 1375, Landshut; German: Stephan) was Duke of Bavaria from 1347 until his death. He was the second son of Emperor Louis IV the Bavarian and his first wife Beatrice of Silesia and a member of the Wittelsbach dynasty.

House of Wittelsbach
The House of Wittelsbach (German: Haus Wittelsbach) is a former Bavarian dynasty, with branches that have ruled over territories including the Electorate of Bavaria, the Electoral Palatinate, the Electorate of Cologne, Holland, Zeeland, Sweden (with Swedish-ruled Finland), Denmark, Norway, Hungary, Bohemia, and Greece. Their ancestral lands of Bavaria and the Palatinate were prince-electorates, and the family had three of its members elected emperors and kings of the Holy Roman Empire. They ruled over the Kingdom of Bavaria which was created in 1805 and continued to exist until 1918.

The House of Windsor, the reigning royal house of the British monarchy, are descendants of Sophia of Hanover (1630–1714), a Wittelsbach Princess of the Palatinate by birth and Electress of Hanover by marriage, who had inherited the succession rights of the House of Stuart and passed them on to the House of Hanover.
St Pancras, London
St Pancras (/ˈpæŋkrəs/) is a district in North London. It was originally a medieval ancient parish and subsequently became a metropolitan borough. The metropolitan borough then merged with neighbouring boroughs and the area now forms around half of the modern London Borough of Camden.

The area of the parish and borough extends nearly four miles in a north-south axis, between Islington in the east and Marylebone and Hampstead in the west. It takes in the sub-districts of Camden Town, Kentish Town, Gospel Oak, Somers Town, King's Cross, Chalk Farm, Dartmouth Park, the core area of Fitzrovia and a part of Highgate.

Camden Town
Camden Town (/ˈkæmdən/ ⓘ) is an area in the London Borough of Camden, around 2.5 miles (4 km) north-northwest of Charing Cross. Historically in Middlesex, it is identified in the  London Plan as one of 34 major centres in Greater London.

Laid out as a residential district from 1791 and originally part of the manor of Kentish Town, Camden Town became an important location during the early development of the railways, which reinforced its position on the London canal network. The area's industrial economic base has been replaced by service industries such as retail, tourism and entertainment. The area now hosts street markets and music venues associated with alternative culture.
Borwin, Duke of Mecklenburg
Borwin, Duke of Mecklenburg (German: Borwin Herzog zu Mecklenburg; given names: Georg Borwin Friedrich Franz Karl Stephan Konrad Hubertus Maria; born 10 June 1956), has been the head of the House of Mecklenburg-Strelitz since 1996 and of the entire House of Mecklenburg since 2001. The death of Friedrich Franz, Hereditary Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin – his godfather – the last male member of the House of Mecklenburg-Schwerin on 31 July 2001 made Strelitz the only remaining line of the House of Mecklenburg, which ruled in Mecklenburg until 1918.

Borwin, his sons Alexander and Michael, and his grandson Leopold, are the only known surviving legitimate male-line descendants of the medieval princely dynasty descended from Niklot of the Obotrites, which has included Albert, King of Sweden.

Albert, King of Sweden
Albert (German: Albrecht, c. 1338 – 1 April 1412), also known as Albert of Mecklenburg (Swedish: Albrekt av Mecklenburg),  was King of Sweden from 1364 to 1389 and Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin from 1384 to 1412.
Hunrodeiche
The Hunrodeiche or, more rarely, the Hunrodseiche, in the Harz Mountains of central Germany is an oak tree over 1,000 years old near Hainfeld in the county of Mansfeld-Südharz in the state of Saxony-Anhalt.

Harz
The Harz (German: [haːɐ̯ts] ⓘ), also called the Harz Mountains, is a highland area in northern Germany. It has the highest elevations for that region, and its rugged terrain extends across parts of Lower Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, and Thuringia. The name Harz derives from the Middle High German word Hardt or Hart (hill forest). The name Hercynia derives from a Celtic name and could refer to other mountain forests, but has also been applied to the geology of the Harz. The Brocken is the highest summit in the Harz with an elevation of 1,141.1 metres (3,744 ft) above sea level. The Wurmberg (971 metres (3,186 ft)) is the highest peak located entirely within the state of Lower Saxony.
La Moncada
La Moncada is a small town in the Tarimoro Municipality of Guanajuato, Mexico. The town has a population of 5,100 and sits on the road from Tarimoro City to Federal Highway 51 (Celaya-Salvatierra segment), it was founded in 1877 as La Moncada San José.

Tarimoro, Guanajuato
Tarimoro is the municipal seat of the municipality of Tarimoro in the Mexican state of Guanajuato.

Tarimoro is known for its peanuts and bricks. Every September, they celebrate the saint of the city, a custom in Mexico, San Miguel. They have giant floats and schools from the municipal come and march in honor of the Saint. They also tall costumes where they use to dance around the plaza.
16th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party
The 16th Secretariat, formally the Secretariat of the 16th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, was nominated by the 16th Politburo Standing Committee and approved by the 1st Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee on 15 November 2002, in the aftermath of the 16th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). This electoral term was preceded by the 15th Secretariat and succeeded by the 17th in 2007.

16th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
The 16th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, formally the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the 16th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, was elected by the 1st plenary session of the 16th Central Committee in 2002, in the aftermath of the 16th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). It was preceded by the CCP's 15th Politburo Standing Committee and was succeeded by the 17th in 2007.
Be Aitbaar
Be Aitbaar (Urdu: بے اعتبار; lit:Discredit) was a Pakistani drama series that began airing on 11 July 2016 on Hum TV and ended on 7 December 2016. It is written by Malik Khuda Baksh and directed by Shah Hussain. It stars Saba Faisal, Javed Sheikh, Kanwar Arsalan and Behroze Sabzwari.

Hum TV
Hum TV HD is a 24-hour Urdu general entertainment TV channel based in Karachi, Pakistan. It was founded by Sultana Siddiqui and Duraid Qureshi in 2005.

It is owned by Hum Network Limited and traded on the Pakistan Stock Exchange as (HUMNL).

Hum Network Limited was known as Eye Television Network Limited prior to 21 January 2011. Hum TV began its transmission on 17 January 2005. In March 2013, Hum Network held its first Hum Awards ceremony. As of 1 May 2018, Hum TV shut down its SD feed and shifted to HD resolution in Pakistan.

Hum TV is one of Pakistan's biggest entertainment networks and regularly is in the  top ranks and maintains a loyal fanbase on social media in Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, and streaming platforms, as well as on television.
Bur Oak Secondary School
Bur Oak Secondary School (BOSS) is a public secondary school in Markham, Ontario, Canada established in 2007, and is part of the York Region District School Board. The school was named after the road which it is built on, which in turn is named for the city of Markham's official tree, the Bur oak.  As of 2018, the school has a student population of approximately 1900.

York Region District School Board
The York Region District School Board (YRDSB), briefly the English-language Public District School Board No. 16 in 1999, is the English-language public school board for the Regional Municipality of York in Ontario, Canada. The York Region District School Board is the province's third-largest school board after Toronto's TDSB and Peel's PDSB, with an enrolment of over 122,000 students. It is in the fastest-growing census division in Ontario and the third-fastest growing in Canada.

The public francophone (Conseil scolaire Viamonde), English Catholic (York Catholic District School Board), and French Catholic (Conseil scolaire catholique MonAvenir) communities of York Region also have their own publicly funded school boards and schools that operate in the same area.
Where the Hood At?
"Where the Hood At?" is a song by American rapper DMX, released as the lead single from his 2003 studio album Grand Champ. AllMusic stated "The anthemic lead single, 'Where the Hood At,' is precisely modeled after previous DMX rallying calls like 'Ruff Ryders' Anthem', 'What's My Name?', and 'Who We Be.'"

"Where the Hood At?" peaked at #68 on the Billboard Hot 100, and would become the last DMX song to chart on it with DMX as the lead artist, before his death in April 2021.

There's also a remix featuring Drag-On, The Lox and Eve.

Ruff Ryders' Anthem
"Ruff Ryders' Anthem" is a song by American rapper DMX, released on 	May 5, 1998, as the third single from his debut studio album It's Dark and Hell Is Hot (1998). In 2008, the song was ranked at number 79 on VH1's 100 Greatest Songs of Hip Hop. In the US, upon the song's initial release it had originally peaked at number 93 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, before reaching a new peak of number 16 following DMX's death in April 2021.
Louisiana Highway 131
Louisiana Highway 131 (LA 131) is a state highway located in Concordia Parish, Louisiana.  It runs 6.80 miles (10.94 km) in a southwest to northeast direction from LA 15 in St. Genevieve to U.S. Highway 84 (US 84) and U.S. Highway 425 (US 425) in Vidalia.

The route parallels the west bank of the Mississippi River, which forms the border between Louisiana and Mississippi.  It connects Vidalia, the parish seat, with LA 15 southwest of town.  Vidalia lies directly opposite the river from Natchez, Mississippi, the two being connected via the Natchez–Vidalia Bridge on US 84/US 425.

Originally a longer route that followed an overall north–south direction, LA 131 was truncated in favor of an extension of LA 15.  Though it now runs in a more diagonal fashion and carries no directional banners, the route still performs a north–south travel function and is treated in the state highway system as such.

Natchez–Vidalia Bridge
The Natchez–Vidalia Bridge are twin cantilever bridges carrying U.S. Route 84, and 425 across the Mississippi River between Vidalia, Louisiana and Natchez, Mississippi.  It is the tallest bridge in Mississippi (although the demolished Benjamin G. Humphreys Bridge connecting Mississippi with Arkansas was taller by 5 feet, its main spans were located entirely within Arkansas).

The original bridge, built by the Works Progress Administration and completed in September 1940, has only two 8-foot lanes and lacks shoulders. It was originally bidirectional, but now carries all westbound traffic. The newer, eastbound bridge completed in 1988, has 11-foot lanes with inside and outside shoulders. Eastbound traffic  goes into Natchez and connects with US Highway 61, where travelers can continue north to Vicksburg and south to Baton Rouge.
Uchigatana
An uchigatana (打刀) is a type of Japanese sword worn by the samurai class of feudal Japan. The uchigatana was the descendant of the tachi. The official term for katana in Japan is uchigatana and the term katana often refers to single-edged swords from around the world.

Tachi
A tachi (太刀) is a type of sabre-like traditionally made Japanese sword (nihonto) worn by the samurai class of feudal Japan. Tachi and uchigatana ("katana") generally differ in length, degree of curvature, and how they were worn when sheathed, the latter depending on the location of the mei (銘), or signature, on the tang. The tachi style of swords preceded the development of the katana, which was not mentioned by name until near the end of the twelfth century. Tachi were the mainstream Japanese swords of the Kotō period between 900 and 1596. Even after the Muromachi period (1336–1573), when katana became the mainstream, tachi were often worn by high-ranking samurai.
Egg paleopathology
Egg paleopathology is the study of evidence for illness, injury, and deformity in fossilized eggs. A variety of pathological conditions afflicting eggs have been documented in the fossil record. Examples include eggshell of abnormal thickness and fossil eggs with multiple layers of eggshell. The identification of egg paleopathologies is complicated by the fact that even healthy eggs can be modified during or after fossilization. Paleontologists can use techniques like cathodoluminescence or thin sectioning to identify true paleopathologies in fossil eggs. Despite the diversity of paleopathologies known from fossil eggs, the vast majority of conditions known to afflict modern eggs have not yet been seen among fossils.

Egg fossil
Egg fossils or oofossils are the fossilized remains of eggs laid by ancient animals. As evidence of the physiological processes of an animal, egg fossils are considered a type of trace fossil. Under rare circumstances a fossil egg may preserve the remains of the once-developing embryo inside, in which case it also contains body fossils. A wide variety of different animal groups laid eggs that are now preserved in the fossil record beginning in the Paleozoic. Examples include invertebrates like ammonoids as well as vertebrates like fishes, possible amphibians, and reptiles. The latter group includes the many dinosaur eggs that have been recovered from Mesozoic strata. Since the organism responsible for laying any given egg fossil is frequently unknown, scientists classify eggs using a parallel system of taxonomy separate from but modeled after the Linnaean system. This "parataxonomy" is called veterovata.
Sarah Otto
Sarah Perin Otto FRS FRSC (born October 23, 1967) is a theoretical biologist, Canada Research Chair in Theoretical and Experimental Evolution, and is currently a Killam Professor at the University of British Columbia. From 2008-2016, she was the director of the Biodiversity Research Centre at the University of British Columbia. Otto was named a 2011 MacArthur Fellow.  In 2015 the American Society of Naturalists gave her the Sewall Wright Award for fundamental contributions to the unification of biology. In 2021, she was awarded the Darwin–Wallace Medal for contributing major advances to the mathematical theory of evolution.

Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada
Fellowship of the Royal Society of Canada (FRSC) is an award granted to individuals that the Royal Society of Canada judges to have "made remarkable contributions in the arts, the humanities and the sciences, as well as in Canadian public life". As of 2020, there are more than 2,000 living Canadian fellows, including scholars, artists, and scientists such as Margaret Atwood, Philip J. Currie, David Suzuki, Brenda Milner, and Demetri Terzopoulos. There are four types of fellowship:

Honorary fellows (a title of honour)

Regularly elected fellows

Specially elected fellows

Foreign fellows (neither residents nor citizens of Canada)
Syrian Collegiate Programming Contest
ACM Syrian Collegiate Programming Contest (abbreviated as ACM-SCPC or SCPC) is an annual multi-tiered competitive programming competition among the universities of Syria and it's a qualifying round to the ACM Arabian Collegiate Programming Contest (ACPC). Winners of the SCPC qualify to the ACPC Finals. It is usually held in July of each year. Headquartered at SCS Syrian Computer Society. The SCPC operates in autonomous cities in Syria under the auspices of the ICPC Foundation in accordance with the ACPC Policies and Procedures.

Competitive programming
Competitive programming or sport programming is a mind sport involving participants trying to program according to provided specifications. The contests are usually held over the Internet or a local network. Competitive programming is recognized and supported by several multinational software and Internet companies, such as Google and Meta.

A programming competition generally involves the host presenting a set of logical or mathematical problems, also known as puzzles or challenges, to the contestants (who can vary in number from tens or even hundreds to several thousand). Contestants are required to write computer programs capable of solving these problems. Judging is based mostly upon number of problems solved and time spent on writing successful solutions, but may also include other factors (quality of output produced, execution time, memory usage, program size, etc.).
Jodhpur–Sabarmati Intercity Express
The 20485 / 20486 Jodhpur–Sabarmati Intercity Express is an Intercity Express train belonging to Western Railway zone that runs between Sabarmati Junction and Jodhpur in India. It is currently being operated with 14819/14820 train numbers on a daily basis.

Jodhpur railway station
Jodhpur railway station (station code:- JU) is a major railway station located in Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India. The railway station is under the administrative control of North Western Railway of Indian Railways.