hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Seifert–Van Kampen theorem
In mathematics, the Seifert–Van Kampen theorem of algebraic topology (named after Herbert Seifert and Egbert van Kampen), sometimes just called Van Kampen's theorem,  expresses the structure of the fundamental group of a topological space  in terms of the fundamental groups of two open, path-connected subspaces that cover . It can therefore be used for computations of the fundamental group of spaces that are constructed out of simpler ones.

Connected space
In topology and related branches of mathematics, a connected space is a topological space that cannot be represented as the union of two or more disjoint non-empty open subsets. Connectedness is one of the principal topological properties that distinguish topological spaces.

A subset of a topological space  is a connected set if it is a connected space when viewed as a subspace of .

Some related but stronger conditions are path connected, simply connected, and -connected. Another related notion is locally connected, which neither implies nor follows from connectedness.
Chilean Americans
Chilean Americans (Spanish: chileno-americanos, chileno-estadounidenses, norteamericanos de origen chileno or estadounidenses de origen chileno) are Americans who have full or partial origin from Chile.

According to the 2010 U.S. census, the population of Chilean ancestry was 126,810. Chilean Americans are the fourth smallest Hispanic group from South America, and the fifth smallest overall. Most Chileans migrating to the United States settle in metropolitan areas. Chilean Americans live mainly in the New York, Miami, Los Angeles, San Francisco and the Washington, D.C. metropolitan areas. There are significant communities found in Queens in New York City; Northern New Jersey; Miami, Florida; and Nassau County, New York. After the 1960s, Chileans began to immigrate more for economic or academic rather than political reasons, and that continues into the modern day.

Washington metropolitan area
The Washington metropolitan area (also referred to as the National Capital Region, Greater Washington, or locally as the DMV, short for District of Columbia, Maryland, and Virginia) is the metropolitan area comprising Washington, D.C., the federal capital of the United States, and its surroundings. The metropolitan area includes all of Washington, D.C., and parts of Maryland, Virginia and even West Virginia.

The United States federal government defines the area as the Washington–DC, VA–MD–WV metropolitan statistical area. It anchors the southern end of the densely populated Northeast megalopolis and is part of the Washington–Baltimore combined statistical area, the country's third-largest. The area's estimated total population of 6,304,975 (as of 2023) makes it the country's seventh-most populous metropolitan area. It is one of the country's most educated and affluent metropolitan areas.
Tokitenkū Yoshiaki
Tokitenkū Yoshiaki (時天空 慶晃, Tokitenkū Yoshiaki; born as Altangadasyn Khüchitbaatar, Mongolian: Алтангадасын Хүчитбаатар; September 10, 1979 – January 31, 2017) was a sumo wrestler.

He made his professional debut in 2002, reaching the top makuuchi division just two years later. The highest rank he reached was komusubi, which he held on three separate occasions, but never retained for more than one tournament. He earned one special prize, for Technique. He wrestled for the Tokitsukaze stable and acquired Japanese citizenship in 2014.

Tokitenkū was diagnosed with malignant lymphoma in 2015 and retired from sumo in 2016 to become a coach; he was the first Mongolian-born wrestler to acquire the right to remain with the Sumo Association as a coach following retirement as an active wrestler. He died in January 2017.

Japanese nationality law
The primary law governing nationality of Japan is the 1950 Nationality Law, which came into force on July 1, 1950.

Children born to at least one Japanese parent are generally automatically nationals at birth. Birth in Japan does not by itself entitle a child to Japanese nationality, except when a child would otherwise be stateless. Foreign nationals may acquire citizenship by naturalization after living in the country for at least five years and renouncing any previous nationalities.
Cade Horton
Cade Michael Horton (born August 20, 2001) is an American professional baseball pitcher for the Chicago Cubs of Major League Baseball (MLB). Horton played college baseball for the Oklahoma Sooners and was selected by the Cubs in the first round with the seventh overall selection in the 2022 MLB draft. He made his MLB debut in 2025.

2022 Major League Baseball draft
The 2022 Major League Baseball draft took place on July 17–19, 2022, in Los Angeles. The draft assigned amateur baseball players to Major League Baseball (MLB) teams. The draft order was based on the reverse order of the 2021 MLB season standings. In addition, compensation picks were distributed for players who did not sign from the 2021 MLB draft.

Zach Neto made his MLB debut for the Los Angeles Angels on April 15, 2023, making him the first player from the 2022 draft to make his major league debut.
Government of Sharjah
The Government of Sharjah (Arabic: حكومة الشارقة) is the subnational authority that governs the Emirate of Sharjah, one of the seven constituent monarchies which make up the United Arab Emirates. The executive authority and head of the government is the Ruler of Sharjah, Sheikh Sultan bin Muhammad Al-Qasimi. The Ruler of Sharjah appoints the Sharjah Executive Council, which is led by the crown prince of Sharjah and is responsible for the day-to-day management of Sharjah Government agencies such as the Sharjah Municipality and numerous other governing entities

Al Qasimi
The Al Qasimi (Arabic: القاسمي, spelled sometimes as Al Qassimi or Al Qassemi; plural: Al Qawasem Arabic: القواسم and, archaically, Joasmee) is an Arab dynasty and tribe that rules Sharjah and Ras Al Khaimah, today forming two of the seven emirates of the United Arab Emirates. They are one of the longest reigning royal families in the Arabian peninsula. Historically, they also ruled over the town of Lengeh as sheikhs for a century until its annexation by Iran in 1887.

The Qawasem were a confederation of Sunni tribes in south eastern Gulf region surrounding the cities of Ras Al Khaimah and Sharjah; and faced strong rivalry with the Omani empire for naval domination along the Persian Gulf. Due to their allegiance to the Emirate of Dir'iyah, the British Empire branded them as "pirates" and fought two major military campaigns against them in 1809 and 1819.
Michael A. Rice
Michael Alan Rice (born March 4, 1955) is an American professor of fisheries and aquaculture at the University of Rhode Island and former state representative from South Kingstown, Rhode Island.  A Democrat, he served in the Rhode Island House of Representatives, representing the 35th district, encompassing the village of Kingston and West Kingston, and parts of the neighborhoods of Tuckertown, Wakefield and Peace Dale. Rice was first elected on November 4, 2008, and served from January 3, 2009, to January 3, 2011.

Kingston, Rhode Island
Kingston is a village and a census-designated place within the town of South Kingstown, Rhode Island, United States, and the site of the main campus of the University of Rhode Island. The population was 7,825 at the 2020 census. Much of the village center is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as Kingston Village Historic District. It was originally known as Little Rest.
Booting process of Android devices
The booting process of Android devices starts at the power-on of the SoC (system on a chip) and ends at the visibility of the home screen, or special modes like recovery, fastboot, or Odin mode for Samsung devices. The boot process of devices that run Android is influenced by the firmware design of the SoC manufacturers.

Fastboot
Fastboot is a communication protocol used primarily with Android devices. It is implemented in a command-line interface tool of the same name and as a mode of the bootloader of Android devices. The tool is included with the Android SDK package and used primarily to modify the flash filesystem via a USB connection from a host computer. It requires that the device be started in Fastboot mode. If the mode is enabled, it will accept a specific set of commands, sent through USB bulk transfers. Fastboot on some devices allows unlocking the bootloader, and subsequently, enables installing custom recovery image and custom ROM on the device. Fastboot does not require USB debugging to be enabled on the device. To use fastboot, a specific combination of keys must be held during boot.

Not all Android devices have fastboot enabled, and Android device manufacturers are allowed to choose if they want to implement fastboot or some other protocol.
Rochford Hundred RFC
Rochford Hundred Rugby Club is an English rugby union club based in Hawkwell near Rochford in Essex. The first XV team currently play in Regional 2 Anglia, having been relegated from the Regional 1 South East in season 2023–24. The club also operates other adult teams and a full academy set-up of junior teams for both boys and girls.

Hawkwell
Hawkwell is a village and civil parish in the Rochford district of Essex, England. The main part of the village is contiguous with Hockley to the west. On the eastern side of the parish it also includes part of the built up area of Rochford. At the 2021 census the parish had a population of 12,061.
Unisport FC de Bafang
Unisport Football Club de Bafang is a football club based in Bafang in Cameroon's West Province. They are a member of the Cameroonian Football Federation and play in the Cameroon Premiere Division. The club's colours are yellow and red.

Elite One
The Championnat du Cameroun de football (also known as MTN Elite One since 2007 for sponsorship reasons) is the highest division of professional association football league system in Cameroon, governed by the Cameroonian Football Federation since its establishment in 1961.
Ramayya Krishnan
Ramayya Krishnan is an American Management and Information technology scholar from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He is the dean of Heinz College, and is the W. W. Cooper and Ruth F. Cooper Professor of Management science and Information systems at Carnegie Mellon University. Krishnan is also a past president of the Institute for Operations Research and Management Science (INFORMS).

Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences
The Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS) is an international society for practitioners in the fields of operations research (O.R.), management science, and analytics. It was established in 1995 with the merger of the Operations Research Society of America (ORSA) and The Institute of Management Sciences (TIMS).

The INFORMS Roundtable includes institutional members from operations research departments at major organizations.

INFORMS administers the honor society Omega Rho.
Seoul Forest
Seoul Forest (Korean: 서울숲; RR: Seoul sup) is a large park in Seongdong District, Seoul, South Korea. It is open year-round, and admission is free. Seoul Forest opened in June 2005. The city government spent 235.2 billion won in development. It is the third largest park in Seoul. Seoul Forest is a massive park dotted with over 420,000 trees and 100 different animals. This nature park is located in Seongsu-dong and covers an area of 1,200 ha (3,000 acres).

Seongdong District
Seongdong District (Korean: 성동구; RR: Seongdong-gu) is one of the 25 districts which make up the city of Seoul, South Korea. It is situated on the north bank of the Han River. It is divided into 20 dong (neighbourhoods). The district is home to Hanyang University, one of the most prestigious universities in South Korea.
Minichromosome
A minichromosome is a small chromatin-like structure resembling a chromosome that contains centromeres, telomeres, and replication origins, but relatively little additional genetic material. They replicate autonomously in the cell during cellular division. Minichromosomes may be created by natural processes as chromosomal aberrations or by genetic engineering.

Telomere
A telomere (/ˈtɛləmɪər, ˈtiːlə-/;  from Ancient Greek  τέλος (télos) 'end' and  μέρος (méros) 'part') is a region of repetitive nucleotide sequences associated with specialized proteins at the ends of linear chromosomes (see Sequences). Telomeres are a widespread genetic feature most commonly found in eukaryotes. In most or even all species possessing them, they protect the terminal regions of chromosomal DNA from progressive degradation and ensure the integrity of linear chromosomes by preventing DNA repair systems from mistaking the very ends of the DNA strand for a double-strand break.
National Institute of Animal Welfare
The National Institute of Animal Welfare (NIAW) is a division of the Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying (Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying) in India. It is located in Ballabgarh, Haryana. Gram Panchyat land was acquired, District Khadi and Village Industries Officer at Faridabad Naresh Kadyan played key roles to establish NIAW in Faridabad District of Haryana State.
Now NIAW merged with AWBI, the purpose of NIAW defeated as this establishment disappeared.

Ballabhgarh
Ballabgarh, officially Balramgarh, is a large town, nearby Faridabad city and a tehsil (subdistrict) in Faridabad district of Haryana, India, and is part of the Delhi National Capital Region or Delhi NCR.

The town was founded by Raja Balram Singh, in 1739, who also built the Nahar Singh Mahal palace in the same year. Raja Nahar Singh (1823–1858) was the last king of the princely state. He was executed for taking part in the 1857 war of independence in 1858. The town of Ballabhgarh is only 17 miles (27 km) from Delhi, and today lies on the National Highway 19, a major portion of historical Grand Trunk Road. It is connected to Faridabad and south-east Delhi by the Delhi Metro. Ballabhgarh is the fourth city in Haryana to get metro connectivity after Gurgaon, Faridabad and Bahadurgarh.
Hugh Metel
Hugh Metel (Latin: Hugo Metellus; c. 1080 – c. 1150) was an Augustinian canon and scholar known for his surviving collection of 55 letters plus several poems, all in Latin. He was a native of the Duchy of Lorraine in the Holy Roman Empire, where he spent most of his life, although he was educated in France.

Although Hugh's letters have at times "great documentary value", they have been judged "ridiculous ... in their mixture ... of fulsome flattery, self-glorification and unasked advice, all expressed in the most bombastic language". This widely-shared judgement is based largely on Hugh's two letters to Heloise. In the view of Constant Mews, a fuller analysis of his writings reveals him to have been a "imaginative and innovative writer".

Canon regular
The Canons Regular are Catholic priests and religious brothers (canons) who live in community under a rule (Latin: regula and κανών, kanon, in Greek) and are generally organised into religious orders, differing from both secular canons and other forms of religious life, such as clerics regular, designated by a partly similar terminology. As religious communities, they have lay brothers as part of the community. Canons regular generally follow the Rule of Saint Augustine.

At times, the life of canons regular has been very popular. In 12th-century England, there were more houses of canons (often referred to as an abbey or canonry) than monasteries of monks.
Rivière Jacques-Cartier Sud
The Jacques-Cartier South River is a tributary of the rivière Jacques-Cartier Nord-Ouest, located in the unorganized territory of Lac-Jacques-Cartier, in the La Côte-de-Beaupré Regional County Municipality, in the administrative region of Capitale-Nationale, in Quebec, Canada. The course of the river passes in particular in the Jacques-Cartier National Park. The head water is Petit lac Jacques-Cartier.

Forestry is the main economic activity in the sector; recreational tourism, second.

The surface of the "rivière Jacques-Cartier Sud" (except the rapids zones) is generally frozen from the beginning of December to the end of March, but the safe circulation on the ice is generally made from the end of December to the beginning of March.

La Côte-de-Beaupré Regional County Municipality
La Côte-de-Beaupré (French pronunciation: [la kot də bopʁe]) is a regional county municipality in the Capitale-Nationale region of Quebec, Canada. The seat is Château-Richer. Its most populous community is the municipality of Boischatel.
Clavicular facet of scapula
Clavicular facet of scapula is small oval facet on the medial border of the acromion for articulation with the acromial facet on the lateral end of the clavicle. Also called Clavicular articular facet of acromion.

The coracoacromial ligament is attached near the clavicular facet.

Acromion
In human anatomy, the acromion (from Greek: akros, "highest", ōmos, "shoulder", pl.: acromia) or summit of the shoulder is a bony process on the scapula (shoulder blade). Together with the coracoid process, it extends laterally over the shoulder joint.  The acromion is a continuation of the scapular spine, and hooks over anteriorly.  It articulates with the clavicle (collar bone) to form the acromioclavicular joint.
Chris Dolman
Christiaan "Chris" Dolman (born 17 February 1945) is a Dutch retired judoka, sambo fighter and wrestler. He won a silver medal at the 1974 European Judo Championships and a gold at the 1985 World Sambo Championships, counting as the first non-Russian sambo world champion, and has over 40 national and 10 international championships. He is known for his career in Fighting Network Rings and for his role training several Dutch Mixed Martial Artists and Kickboxers, among them Bas Rutten, Alistair and Valentijn Overeem, Gilbert Yvel and Gegard Mousasi.

1974 European Judo Championships
The 1974 European Judo Championships were the 23rd edition of the European Judo Championships, and were held in London, United Kingdom from 2 to 5 May 1974. Championships were subdivided into six individual competitions, and a separate team competition.
Club of Four
The Club of Four was an alliance of four European truck manufacturers: Saviem, Volvo, DAF, and Magirus-Deutz.

Officially called the Société Européenne de Travaux et de Développement (ETD), the team was based in Paris. Founded to develop a shared range of light trucks, its main success was a shared cab design. Cabs can be one of the most expensive parts of a truck to design and build; the alliance allowed one cab design to be shared among four different truck manufacturers, allowing economies of scale. In 1978, Saviem was merged with Berliet to create Renault Véhicules Industriels (RVI), but the new company continued as a member of the Club. Magirus became later part of Iveco.

The cab was used on a wide range of different trucks. It was even used on Mack trucks in the USA. It remained in production for almost a quarter of a century. Although initially intended for medium trucks it was also used on light trucks, even the 6-tonne Magirus-Deutz 90M6FK.

Mack Trucks
Mack Trucks, Inc. is an American truck manufacturing company and a former manufacturer of buses and trolley buses. Founded in 1900 as the Mack Brothers Company, it manufactured its first truck in 1905 and adopted its present name in 1922. Since 2000, Mack Trucks has been a subsidiary of Volvo, which purchased Mack and its former parent company Renault Véhicules Industriels.

Founded originally in Brooklyn in 1900, the company moved its headquarters to Allentown, Pennsylvania, five years later, in 1905. The company remained in Allentown for over a century, from 1905 until 2009.

Mack products are produced in Lower Macungie, Pennsylvania, and Salem, Virginia. Its powertrain products are produced in its Hagerstown, Maryland, plant. Mack also maintains additional assembly plants in facilities in Pennsylvania, Australia, and Venezuela. The company also once maintained plants in Winnsboro, South Carolina, Hayward, California, and Oakville, Ontario, which are now closed.
Irene Worth
Irene Worth (June 23, 1916 – March 10, 2002), born Harriett Elizabeth Abrams, was an American stage and screen actress who became one of the leading stars of the British and American theatre.

Worth made her Broadway debut in 1943, joined the Old Vic company in 1951 and the Royal Shakespeare Company in 1962. She won the BAFTA Award for Best British Actress for the 1958 film Orders to Kill. Her other film appearances included Nicholas and Alexandra (1971) and Deathtrap (1982). A three-time Tony Award winner, she won the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play for Tiny Alice in 1965 and Sweet Bird of Youth in 1976, and won the 1991 Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play for Lost in Yonkers, a role she reprised in the 1993 film version. One of her later stage performances was opposite Paul Scofield in the 2001 production of I Take Your Hand in Mine at the Almeida Theatre in London.

BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role
Best Actress in a Leading Role is a British Academy Film Award presented annually by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) to recognize an actress who has delivered an outstanding leading performance in a film.

From 1952 to 1967, there were two Best Actress awards presented, Best British Actress and Best Foreign Actress.

From 1968 onwards, the two awards merged into one award, which from 1968 to 1984 was known as Best Actress.

From 1985 to present, the award has been known by its current name of Best Actress in a Leading Role.

In the following lists, the titles and names in bold with a gold background are the winners and recipients respectively; those not in bold are the nominees. The years given are those in which the films under consideration were released, not the year of the ceremony, which always takes place the following year.
Nataly Patiño
Nataly Yishell Patiño Amarís (born 1999 or 2000) is a Colombian vallenato accordionist. She won the accordionist competition of the Encuentro Vallenato Femenino in 2018, and was crowned vallenato queen for winning the acordeonera mayor competition of the Vallenato Legend Festival in 2021.

Vallenato
Vallenato (Latin American Spanish pronunciation: [baʝeˈnato]) is a popular folk music genre from Colombia. It primarily comes from its Caribbean region. Vallenato literally means "born in the valley".  The valley influencing this name is located between the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta and the Serranía de Perijá in north-east Colombia. The name also applies to the people from the city where this genre originated: Valledupar (from the place named Valle de Upar – "Valley of Upar"). In 2006, vallenato and cumbia were added as a category in the Latin Grammy Awards. Colombia's traditional vallenato music is Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding, according to UNESCO.