hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
History of coal mining in the United States
The history of coal mining in the United States starts with the first commercial use in 1701, within the Manakin-Sabot area of Richmond, Virginia. Coal was the dominant power source in the late 19th century and the early 20th century, and although in rapid decline it remains a significant source of energy in 2025.

Coal became the largest source of energy in the 1880s, when it overtook wood, and remained the largest source until the early 1950s, when coal was exceeded by petroleum. Coal provided more than half of the nation's energy from the 1880s to the 1940s, and from 1906 to 1920 provided more than three-quarters of US energy.

Anthracite coal strike of 1902
The Coal strike of 1902 (also known as the anthracite coal strike) was a strike by the United Mine Workers of America in the anthracite coalfields of eastern Pennsylvania. Miners struck for higher wages, shorter workdays, and the recognition of their union. The strike threatened to shut down the winter fuel supply to major American cities. At that time, residences were typically heated with anthracite or "hard" coal, which produces higher heat value and less smoke than "soft" or bituminous coal.

The strike never resumed, as the miners received a 10 percent wage increase and reduced workdays from ten to nine hours; the owners got a higher price for coal and did not recognize the trade union as a bargaining agent. It was the first labor dispute in which the U.S. federal government and President Theodore Roosevelt intervened as a neutral arbitrator.
Sigrid Undset
Sigrid Undset (Norwegian pronunciation: [ˈsɪ̂ɡːɾiː ˈʉ̂nːseːt]; 20 May 1882 – 10 June 1949) was a Danish-born Norwegian novelist. She was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1928.

Born in Denmark and raised in Norway, Undset had her first books of historical fiction published in 1907. She fled Norway for the United States in 1940 because of her opposition to Nazi Germany and the German invasion and occupation of Norway, but returned after the end of World War II in Europe in 1945.

Her best-known work is Kristin Lavransdatter, a trilogy about life in Norway in the Middle Ages, portrayed through the experiences of a woman from birth until death. Its three volumes were published between 1920 and 1922.

1928 Nobel Prize in Literature
The 1928 Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to the Danish-born Norwegian novelist Sigrid Undset (1882–1949) "principally for her powerful descriptions of Northern life during the Middle Ages." She is the third female recipient of the literature prize.
NMS Rechinul
NMS Rechinul (the shark) was a submarine of the Romanian Navy, one of the few warships built in Romania during World War II and used during the war. She was made at the Galați shipyard in 1938, launched in 1941, and completed in 1942. Rechinul took part in the evacuation of the Crimea and later performed the longest mission in Romanian submarine history, starting on 15 June 1944 and lasting 45 days.

Galați shipyard
The Galați shipyard (Romanian: Șantierul Naval Galați (SNG)), formally Damen Shipyards Galați, is a shipyard located on the maritime sector of the Danube in Galați, a city located in the Moldavia region of Romania. It was founded in 1893 as the G. Fernic et Co Mechanical constructions and iron and bronze foundry (Uzinele de construcții mecanice și turnătorie de fier și bronz G. Fernic et Co). In 1897, it was renamed as the G. Fernic et Co Shipyard (Șantierul naval G. Fernic et Co).
Troyan
Troyan (Bulgarian: Троян pronounced [troˈjan]) is a town remembering the name of Roman Emperor Trajan, in Lovech Province in central Bulgaria . It is the administrative centre of the homonymous Troyan Municipality. The town is about 162 kilometres (101 miles) from the national capital Sofia. The Beli Osam river passes through the heart of the town.
The 2021 Census indicates that the population of Troyan was 18,449 inhabitants. The ethnic distribution of the inhabitants (as of 2009) is ethnic Bulgarians (87.29%), with minorities being Roma (1.23%) and Turks (1.03%). 
Donka Mihaylova of Bulgarian Socialist Party has been the town's mayor since 2011.

Slivovitz
Slivovitz is a fruit spirit (or fruit brandy) made from damson plums, often referred to as plum spirit (or plum brandy). Slivovitz is produced in Central and Southeastern Europe, both commercially and privately. Primary producers include Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Greece, Hungary, North Macedonia, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Ukraine. In the Balkans, slivovitz is considered a kind of rakia. In Hungary it is considered a kind of pálinka, but in Romania and Moldova it is considered pălincă, similar to țuică. In the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Galicia, and Carpathian-Ruthenia it is considered pálenka. UNESCO put it in a UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists in 2022 on request of the country of geographic origin Serbia.
Robbed-bit signaling
In communications systems, robbed-bit signaling (RBS) is a scheme to provide maintenance and line signaling services on many T1 digital carrier circuits using channel-associated signaling (CAS). The T1 carrier circuit is a type of dedicated circuit currently employed in North America and Japan.

Digital Signal 1
Digital Signal 1 (DS1, sometimes DS-1) is a T-carrier signaling scheme devised by Bell Labs. DS1 is the primary digital telephone standard used in the United States, Canada and Japan and is able to transmit up to 24 multiplexed voice and data calls over telephone lines. E-carrier is used in place of T-carrier outside the United States, Canada, Japan, and South Korea. DS1 is the logical bit pattern used over a physical T1 line; in practice, the terms DS1 and T1 are often used interchangeably.
Old Low Light
Old Low Light is Kathryn Williams' third album, released on EastWest Records on 30 September 2002. The Guardian newspaper regarded it as a disappointing follow-up to the Mercury-nominated Little Black Numbers with The Independent suggesting Williams "applies a subtle measured approach to songs whose ambiguities linger long after they have finished". The track "Old Low Light #2" does not appear on this album but is on her fifth album release, 'Over Fly Over'.

Kathryn Williams
Kathryn Williams (born 15 February 1974, Liverpool, England) is an English singer-songwriter who to date has released 14 studio albums, written and arranged for a multitude of artists, and was nominated for the 2000 Mercury Music Prize.

Williams released her first album, Dog Leap Stairs, on her own Caw Records label in 1999 with a budget of £80. The follow-up, Little Black Numbers, garnered a Mercury Prize nomination in 2000, bringing her to the attention of a wider public.

Williams has collaborated and recorded with artists including Chris Difford, Ted Barnes, Thea Gilmore, John Martyn, Joel Salakula, Tobias Froberg, Ed Harcourt, James Yorkston, Marry Waterson, Boo Hewerdine, and Paul Smith.

In March 2021 Kathryn published her debut novel The Ormering Tide via Wrecking Ball Press

'Before The Light Goes Out', Kathryn's bed-themed podcast interview series, launched in May 2022 with guests from the world of music and literature.
This Is Happening
This Is Happening is the third studio album by American rock band LCD Soundsystem. It was released first on May 17, 2010, jointly through DFA and Virgin Records in the United States and Parlophone elsewhere. It was recorded over the course of 2009 and early 2010 in the Mansion recording studio in Los Angeles. The first single, "Pow Pow," was released in April 2010, with a music video directed by David Ayer. 
The album is dedicated to Jerry Fuchs (1974–2009), who performed drums live with the band on occasion, in addition to being closely associated with other DFA acts.

Jerry Fuchs
Gerhardt "Jerry" Fuchs (December 31, 1974 – November 8, 2009) was an American indie rock drummer. He was a member of the bands Turing Machine, The Juan MacLean, !!! and Maserati and performed drums live with the groups MSTRKRFT and LCD Soundsystem.
Alan McHugh
Alan McHugh is a Scottish actor, comedian and writer.  He is best known for his roles in television shows such as Taggart (as Assistant Chief Constable Strathairn), Take the High Road, Limmy's Show, and Rab C. Nesbitt. He co-wrote the jukebox stage musical I Dreamed a Dream about the rise of Scottish singer Susan Boyle alongside fellow comedian Elaine C. Smith.

Elaine C. Smith
Elaine Constance Smith (born 2 August 1958) is a Scottish actress and comedian. She is known for her roles in the BBC Scotland sitcoms City Lights (1984–1991),  Rab C. Nesbitt (1988–2014), and Two Doors Down (2013–present), winning a BAFTA Scotland award for the latter. In 2012, Smith co-wrote and starred in I Dreamed a Dream, a stage production about the life and career of Scottish singer Susan Boyle. She has campaigned for Scottish independence and continues to be a supporter.

Over the course of her career, Smith has become a staple of Scottish television, and was appointed to the Scottish Broadcasting Commission by the Scottish Government in recognition to her extensive experience and knowledge of broadcasting in Scotland. In 2025, she received the Outstanding Achievement Award at The Pantomime Awards for her work in pantomime performance, and was awarded the Freedom of Glasgow by Glasgow City Council in March 2025.
Carolyn Rossi Copeland
Carolyn Rossi Copeland is a theater producer and founder of The Lamb's Theatre located in the Times Square New York City area. She served as Vice President of Creative Affairs for Radio City Entertainment and Madison Square Garden Productions, where she oversaw the historic remount of The Scarlet Pimpernel on Broadway and new projects for The Radio City Rockettes. She served as Creative Consultant for The Gaylord Group. She is the executive producer of Strouse IP, managing the music and show catalogue of the Tony Award winner Charles Strouse.

She received her B.A. in Political Science from Newcomb College in New Orleans, Louisiana, in 1976.

Lamb's Theatre
Lamb's Theatre was an Off-Broadway theater located at 130 West 44th Street, Manhattan, New York City inside the Manhattan Church of the Nazarene, near Times Square in New York City. It seated approximately 350 and specialized in musical productions. The building was built in 1904–1905 and was designed by Stanford White as the headquarters of the theater club The Lambs.

In 2007, the venue was closed to make way for the Chatwal New York hotel.
Elmedia Player
Elmedia Player is a freemium media player developed by Electronic Team, Inc. Founded in 2000 as an alternative to QuickTime, it is offered for the macOS operation system. According to the company, the software has 1 million users as of August 2017.

Its developer, formerly known as Eltima Software, was founded in 2000 and based in US.

On October 19, 2017, the free version of the media player was reported to have contained a malware trojan due to a security breach. Vice reported that nearly 1,000 users downloaded compromised files. Within a short time, the developers stopped the spread of this malware successfully.

Versatile Video Coding
Versatile Video Coding (VVC), also known as H.266, ISO/IEC 23090-3, and MPEG-I Part 3, is a video compression standard finalized on 6 July 2020, by the Joint Video Experts Team (JVET) of the VCEG working group of ITU-T Study Group 16 and the MPEG working group of ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29. It is the successor to High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC, also known as ITU-T H.265 and MPEG-H Part 2). It was developed with two primary goals – improved compression performance and support for a very broad range of applications.
Transportation + Communication = Love
Transportation + Communication = Love is the debut album by American electronic band Figurine, released in 1999 then re-released in 2002 under the BlackBean & Placenta Tape Club record label. It includes twenty tracks.

Figurine (band)
Figurine is an American electronic music group. The band members, friends since high school, use the pseudonyms David Figurine (Forster David Rudolph), James Figurine (James Tamborello) and Meredith Figurine (Meredith Landman).

While the band seems to be inactive as of 2006, all three members are also involved in other bands or have released solo work under their respective Figurine monikers. Mainly a long distance collaboration, the band was a precursor to James Figurine/Tamborello's later, more commercially successful project The Postal Service. Tamborello has also used the Figurine pseudonym for an official remix of Bright Eyes' Easy/Lucky/Free in 2005 and a solo album in 2006. Meredith is also a vocalist for Boothby.

Figurine lyrics commonly tell whimsical love stories involving technology, such as space stations, instant messaging or internet cafes. Their song "New Mate" was featured on the soundtrack of the 2004 cult film Napoleon Dynamite.
Austin Highsmith Garces
Austin Highsmith Garces, also credited as Austin Highsmith (born March 3, 1981), is an American actress.

Garces played Phoebe in Dolphin Tale as well as the sequel,   Dolphin Tale 2 and Garces later co-wrote a Lifetime film based on the series. She later wrote and co-starred in Harvest of the Heart.

In January 2023, she originated the role of Annie in Warren Leight's Home Front at Burbank's Victory Theater Center.

Garces is from Winston-Salem, North Carolina and was a 1999 graduate of Richard J. Reynolds High School.

Dolphin Tale
Dolphin Tale is a 2011 American family drama film directed by Charles Martin Smith and written by Karen Janszen and Noam Dromi. It stars Harry Connick Jr., Ashley Judd, Nathan Gamble, Kris Kristofferson, Cozi Zuehlsdorff in her film debut, and Morgan Freeman. The book and film are inspired by the true story of Winter, a bottlenose dolphin that was rescued in December 2005 off the Florida coast and taken in by the Clearwater Marine Aquarium. In the film, Winter loses her tail after becoming entangled with a rope attached to a crab trap, and must be fitted with a prosthetic one in order to swim naturally again.

The film was released on September 23, 2011, by Warner Bros. Pictures; Dolphin Tale received positive reviews from critics and earned $95.9 million on a $37 million budget. A sequel, Dolphin Tale 2, was released on September 12, 2014.
Screwtop Thompson
Screwtop Thompson, Booker Prize-shortlisted author Magnus Mills' third collection of short stories, brings together ten short tales that "trundle gently between the ordinary, absurd and the outright surreal." Mills writes short stories described as "solid, crafted from deceptively simple sentences and concerning simple characters trying to achieve simple goals, which makes their sudden flights of fancy all the more unexpected."

Magnus Mills
Magnus Mills (born in 1954 in Birmingham) is an English fiction writer and former bus driver. He is best known for his first novel, The Restraint of Beasts, which was shortlisted for the Booker Prize and praised by Thomas Pynchon.
Blestemul pământului, blestemul iubirii
Blestemul pământului, blestemul iubirii (The curse of the land, the curse of love) is a 1981 Romanian drama film directed by Mircea Mureșan. The film is an adaptation of Liviu Rebreanu's 1920 social novel Ion, starring Șerban Ionescu as the titular character, a poor Transylvanian peasant.

The movie was mostly shot in the village of Fântânele, near Sibiu, from 5 April 1978 to 9 February 1979. The release was delayed due to concerns raised by the communist censors. The premiere took place on 14 April 1980, at the Patria Cinema in Bucharest; the film was watched by 3,469,709 spectators in Romanian cinemas.

Săliște
Săliște (German: Großendorf or Selischte; Hungarian: Szelistye) is a town in Sibiu County, in the centre of Romania, 21 km (13 mi) west of the county capital, Sibiu. Declared a town in 2003, it is the main locality in the Mărginimea Sibiului area.
Triglochin
Triglochin is a plant genus in the family Juncaginaceae described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. It includes 25 known species. It is very nearly cosmopolitan in distribution, with species on every continent except Antarctica. North America has four accepted species, two of which can also be found in Europe: Triglochin palustris (marsh arrowgrass) and Triglochin maritima (sea arrowgrass). Australia has many more.

The most widely used common name for the genus is arrowgrass, although these plants are not really grasses. Many of the common names for species make use of the term "arrowgrass", although there are exceptions: T. procera, for example, is commonly known as water ribbons.

Arrowgrasses are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the grey chi moth.

Grey chi
The grey chi (/kaɪ/; Antitype chi) is a moth of the family Noctuidae. The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae. It is distributed throughout Europe, although it is not present in southern Spain and Greece, as well as northern Fennoscandia. It is also found across the Palearctic including Central Asia, to the Russian Far East but not in Japan.

This species has grey forewings speckled with black markings which vary in intensity (with the female generally more heavily marked than the male). There is usually a bold cross-shaped black mark in the centre of the wing which has been likened to the Greek letter chi (Χ) and gives the species its common name. The hindwings are white in the male, dirty grey in the female.
Al Urouba (Ajelat)
Al Urouba Ajelat (Arabic: العروبة) is a Libyan football club based in Ajaylat, Libya. They play their homes games at Ajaylat Stadium. The club's best ever finish was in the 2004-05 season, when they finished runners-up to Al Ittihad. However, just a season later, they were relegated to the Libyan Second Division, where they spent one season before returning to the top flight. However, they did not fare as well this time, and were relegated in 14th place, just 4 points from safety.

2004–05 Libyan Premier League
The 2004–05 Libyan Premier League was the 38th edition of the Libyan Premier League, the top tier of Libyan football organised by the Libyan Football Federation. The season started on September 10, 2004, culminating on July 12, 2005. Al Ittihad secured their 11th league title, with newly promoted Urouba finishing as runners-up and champions Al Olomby only managing to finish 3rd.
Bad Biology
Bad Biology is a 2008 American black comedy horror film directed by Frank Henenlotter. Produced by rapper R.A. the Rugged Man, it stars Charlee Danielson and Anthony Sneed as sexually unfulfilled people who are drawn together because of their mutated genitalia. The film received generally positive reviews, and was released on DVD in the United Kingdom in 2009, and in the United States in 2010.

Frank Henenlotter
Frank Henenlotter (born August 29, 1950) is an American film director, screenwriter and film historian. He is known primarily for directing horror comedies, especially Basket Case (1982), Brain Damage (1988), and Frankenhooker (1990).

Despite being known as a horror filmmaker, Henenlotter has expressed a preference for being classified as an "exploitation" filmmaker, stating in 2010: "I never felt that I made 'horror films'. I always felt that I made exploitation films. Exploitation films have an attitude more than anything – an attitude that you don't find with mainstream Hollywood productions. They're a little ruder, a little raunchier, they deal with material people don't usually touch on, whether it's sex or drugs or rock and roll."
Nawarzyce
Nawarzyce [navaˈʐɨt͡sɛ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wodzisław, within Jędrzejów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 6 km (4 mi) east of Wodzisław, 14 km (9 mi) south of Jędrzejów, and 48 km (30 mi) south-west of the regional capital Kielce.

Gmina Wodzisław
Gmina Wodzisław is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Jędrzejów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. Its seat is the village of Wodzisław, which lies approximately 15 kilometres (9 mi) south-west of Jędrzejów and 51 km (32 mi) south-west of the regional capital Kielce.

The gmina covers an area of 176.66 square kilometres (68.2 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 7,585.
Keeping Company (TV series)
Keeping Company is an Australian television series which aired on Melbourne station GTV-9 weekly on Wednesdays from 27 August 1958 to 14 January 1959. Per TV listings in The Age, the series provided "hints for the hostess", and was hosted by Norma Ferris. Episodes were 15 minutes in duration, aired at 4:00 PM, and were followed, at 4:15 PM, by British series The Buccaneers. Information is not available on the archival status of the series.

GTV (Australian TV station)
GTV is a commercial television station in Melbourne, Australia, owned by the Nine Network. The station is currently based at studios at 717 Bourke Street, Docklands. GTV-9 is the home of the Australian Open tennis coverage.
Bicol Region
The Bicol Region, designated as Region V, is an administrative region of the Philippines. It comprises six provinces, four on the Bicol Peninsula (the southeastern end of Luzon): Albay, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, and Sorsogon, and two off the shore: Catanduanes and Masbate.

The regional center is Legazpi, the most populous city in the region and has one independent component city, the pilgrim city of Naga. The region is bounded by Lamon Bay to the north, the Philippine Sea to the east, and the Sibuyan Sea and Ragay Gulf to the west. The northernmost provinces, Camarines Norte and Camarines Sur, are bordered to the west by the province of Quezon in the Calabarzon region.

Sibuyan Sea
The Sibuyan Sea is a small sea in the Philippines separating Luzon and the Visayas.

It is bounded by the island of Panay to the south, Mindoro to the west, Masbate to the east, and to the north Marinduque and the Bicol Peninsula of Luzon.

The Sibuyan Sea is connected to the Sulu Sea via the Tablas Strait in the west, the South China Sea via the Isla Verde Passage in the northwest, and the Visayan Sea via the Jintotolo Channel in the south-east. The Romblon Islands lie within the Sibuyan Sea.
Robert Adair, 1st Baron Waveney
Robert Alexander Shafto Adair, 1st Baron Waveney (25 August 1811 – 15 February 1886) was a British Liberal Party politician who served as a Member of Parliament (MP) for Cambridge for 8 of the years from 1847 to 1857.

Ballymena
Ballymena (/ˌbæliˈmiːnə/ BAL-ee-MEE-nə; from Irish: an Baile Meánach [ənˠ ˌbˠalʲə ˈmʲaːn̪ˠəx]ⓘ, meaning 'the middle townland') is a town in County Antrim, Northern Ireland. It had a population of 31,205 people at the 2021 United Kingdom census, making it the seventh largest town in Northern Ireland by population. It is part of the Borough of Mid and East Antrim.

The town was built on the Braid River, on land given to the Adair family by King Charles I in 1626, with a right to hold two annual fairs and a Saturday market in perpetuity. Surrounding villages are Cullybackey, Ahoghill, Broughshane, and Kells-Connor.
Andy Leslie
Andrew Roy Leslie ONZM JP (born 10 November 1944) is a former New Zealand rugby union player. A number eight, he represented Wellington domestically and captained the All Black at international level. He was captain during the controversial 1976 New Zealand rugby union tour of South Africa. On 26 April 2007 he was elected as the president of the New Zealand Rugby Football Union.

In the 2001 Queen's Birthday Honours, Leslie was appointed a Member of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to rugby. He was promoted to Officer of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to sport and the community, in the 2023 King's Birthday and Coronation Honours.

2023 Birthday and Coronation Honours (New Zealand)
The 2023 King's Birthday and Coronation Honours in New Zealand, celebrating the official birthday and the coronation of King Charles III, were appointments made by the King in his right as King of New Zealand, on the advice of the New Zealand government, to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by New Zealanders. They were announced on 5 June 2023.