hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Verein für Socialpolitik
The Verein für Socialpolitik (German: [fɐˈʔaɪn fyːɐ̯ zoˈtsi̯al.poliˌtiːk]; literally: Association for Social Policy), or the German Economic Association, is a society of economists in the German-speaking area.

Werner Sombart
Werner Sombart (/ˈvɜːrnər ˈzɒmbɑːrt/; German: [ˈzɔmbaʁt]; 19 January 1863 – 18 May 1941) was a German economist, historian and sociologist. Head of the "Youngest Historical School," he was one of the leading Continental European social scientists during the first quarter of the 20th century. The term "late capitalism" is accredited to him. The concept of "creative destruction" associated with capitalism is also of his coinage.

His magnum opus was Der moderne Kapitalismus. It was published in three volumes from 1902 through 1927. In Kapitalismus he described four stages in the development of capitalism from its earliest iteration as it evolved out of feudalism, which he called proto-capitalism to early, high and, finally, late capitalism – Spätkapitalismus – in the post World War I period.
Soul of the Slums
Soul of the Slums is a 1931 American Pre-Code crime melodrama directed by Frank R. Strayer from an original screenplay by W. Scott Darling. The film stars William Collier Jr., Blanche Mehaffey, and Murray Smith, and was released by Action Pictures on November 15, 1931.

Frank R. Strayer
Frank Raymond Strayer (September 21, 1891 – February 3, 1964) was an actor, film writer, director and producer. He was active from the mid-1920s until the early 1950s. He directed a series of 14 Blondie! (1938) movies as well.
The Stream (1922 film)
The Stream (German: Der Strom) is a 1922 German silent film directed by Felix Basch and starring Hermann Thimig and Eduard von Winterstein.

The film's sets were designed by the art director Robert Neppach.

Felix Basch
Felix Basch (1885–1944) was an American-Austrian actor, screenwriter and film director.

He first acted in Vienna, and he was a producer and director for the German film production company U. F. A. Following the Nazi takeover of power in Germany in 1933, the Jewish Basch was forced out of films and went into exile, moving to the United States where he appeared in a large number of films acting in character roles. He was married to the actress and singer Grete Freund and was the father of Peter Basch. According to U.S. immigration entry records, he gained his American citizenship through his father.

Basch died May 18, 1944, at Cedars of Lebanon Hospital in Hollywood, California, after several major operations.
Jagdish Narain Sapru
Jagdish Narain Sapru (16 November 1933 – 8 May 2007) was an Indian businessman. He was the former chairman of ITC Limited, BOC India, DIC India (Formerly Coates of India), Nicco Park, and the Indian Chamber of Commerce.

He was also the president of the Tollygunge Club, a golf club in Kolkata. Sapru was voted as one of the 'CEOs who Rock' by Asia Africa Intelligence Wire in 2003 and was also an honorary fellow of the All India Management Association. He was the grandson of Indian lawyer, political, and social leader Sir Tej Bahadur Sapru.

Indian Chamber of Commerce
Indian Chamber of Commerce is a non-governmental trade association and advocacy group having its headquarter situated in Kolkata, India. It is one of the oldest trade association in the country and it was founded in year 1925.

ICC's current president is Abhyuday Jindal and Rajeev Singh is the current Director General.

ICC's main activities includes dispute resolution and policy advocacy.
Karkamış
Karkamış, formerly Carablus, is a municipality and district of Gaziantep Province, Turkey. Its area is 298 km2, and its population is 9,379 (2022). It is next to the site of ancient Carchemish.

It is a border checkpoint on the road to Jarabulus in Syria.

Syria–Turkey border
The border between the Syrian Arab Republic and the Republic of Turkey (Arabic: الحدود السورية التركية, romanized: alhudud alsuwriat alturkia; Turkish: Suriye–Türkiye sınırı) is  909 kilometres (565 mi) long, and runs from the Mediterranean Sea in the west to the tripoint with Iraq in the east. It runs across Upper Mesopotamia for some 400 kilometres (250 mi), crossing  the Euphrates and reaching as far as the Tigris. Much of the border follows the Southern Turkish stretch of the Baghdad Railway, roughly along the 37th parallel between the 37th and 42nd eastern meridians. In the west, it almost surrounds the Turkish Hatay Province, partly following the course of the Orontes River and reaching the Mediterranean coast at the foot of Jebel Aqra. Should Turkey, which is a candidate for EU membership, accede to the EU, Syria will be a border neighbor with the European Union.
Schönberg im Stubaital
Schönberg im Stubaital (German pronunciation: [ˈʃøːnˌbɛʁk ʔɪm ˈʃtuːbaɪˌtaːl], lit. 'Schönberg in the Stubai Valley') is a municipality in the district of Innsbruck-Land, Tyrol, Austria. It is 9 km (5.6 mi) south of Innsbruck at the entrance of the Stubaital. The village was mentioned as “Schönenberge” for the first time in 1180.

Innsbruck-Land District
The Bezirk Innsbruck-Land is an administrative district (Bezirk) in Tyrol, Austria. It encloses the Statutarstadt Innsbruck, and borders Bavaria (Germany) in the north, the district Schwaz in the east, South Tyrol in Italy to the south, and the district of Imst in the west.

Area of the district is 1,990.17 km2, with a population of 181,698 (January 1, 2021), and population density of 91 persons per km2. Administrative center of the district is Innsbruck, located outside of the district itself.
Canyondam, California
Canyondam (formerly, Canyon Dam) is a census-designated place (CDP) in Plumas County, United States. Canyondam is located near the dam that forms Lake Almanor, 6.25 miles (10.1 km) east-southeast of Almanor. The population was 30 at the 2020 census, down from 31 as of the 2010 census. On August 6, 2021, the community was destroyed in the Dixie Fire.

Lake Almanor
Lake Almanor is a large reservoir in northwestern Plumas County, northeastern California, United States. The reservoir has a capacity of 1,308,000 acre-feet (1.613×109 m3) and a maximum depth of about 90 feet (27 meters). The surface area is 43.75 square miles (11,331.2 hectares). It is formed by Canyon Dam on the North Fork of the Feather River, as well as Benner and Last Chance Creeks, Hamilton Branch, and various natural springs.
Operation New Market
After the handover of sovereignty, Operation New Market was a sweep of an area near Haditha in western Iraq conducted by one thousand coalition and Iraqi Security Forces to rid the Euphrates river bank of anti-coalition forces. It was launched on 24 May 2005 and followed Operation Squeeze Play. New Market was followed by Operation Lightning. The operation was named after the famous US Civil War battle at New Market, VA where cadets from the Virginia Military Institute  fought and some perished.

Haditha
Haditha (Arabic: حَدِيثَةٌ, al-Ḥadīthah) is a town in the Al Anbar Governorate, about 240 km (150 mi) northwest of Baghdad. It is a farming town situated on the Euphrates River. Its population of around 46,500 people, predominantly Sunni Muslim Arabs. The town lies near the Buhayrat al Qadisiyyah, an artificial lake which was created by the building of the Haditha Dam, the largest hydroelectric facility in Iraq.
Swim Wales
Swim Wales (Welsh: Nofio Cymru) (WASA) (founded 1897 as the Welsh Amateur Swimming Association) is the national governing body of diving, swimming (including open water and synchronised swimming) and water polo, in Wales. It is responsible for establishing the laws of the sport, for organising certification and education programmes for coaches, officials and teachers, and for recreational swimming, aiming to ensure that everybody in Wales has the opportunity to learn to swim.

Swim Wales is structured regionally—with over 90 member clubs and a combined membership of over 9,800 members in the South East Wales, West Wales and North Wales regions—supporting their affiliated swimming, diving, water polo, masters and disabled clubs. It manages the development of competitive swimming sports from starter to international level, and organises competitions, including closed, national and open championships.

Swim Wales is based at the Wales National Pool, Sketty, Swansea.

Wales National Pool
The Wales National Pool (Welsh: Pwll Cenedlaethol Cymru) is a 50-metre swimming pool in the Sketty area of Swansea, Wales.

The main pool is 50 metres (160 ft) long and 21 metres (69 ft) wide, which does not meet the World Aquatics definition of an Olympic size pool.
Kruševo Republic
The Kruševo Republic (Bulgarian and Macedonian: Крушевска Република, Kruševska Republika; Aromanian: Republica di Crushuva) was a short-lived political entity, proclaimed in 1903 by rebels from the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO) in Kruševo during the anti-Ottoman Ilinden Uprising. According to Bulgarian and Macedonian historical narratives, in the town, which was inhabited by different Christian populations, an ephemeral "republic" with a temporary revolutionary government was proclaimed. It is viewed as a historical predecessor in North Macedonia.

Pitu Guli
Pitu Guli (Cyrillic: Питу Гули; 1865–1903) was an Aromanian revolutionary in Ottoman Macedonia, a local leader of what is commonly referred to as the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO).
William de Forz (died 1195)
William de Forz (died 1195) was a French noble, believed to be from Fors in Poitou. He became by right of his wife Count of Aumale following his marriage to Hawise of Aumale, sole heiress of William le Gros, Count of Aumale, and their son was William de Forz.

After his death, the French king Philip Augustus took control of Aumale, thus depriving Hawise of her continental land-holdings, but she continued to call herself countess of Aumale and her son after her death used the title of count.

Hawise, Countess of Aumale
Hawise, Countess of Aumale (c. 1160 - 11 March 1214) was ruling Countess of Aumale, (suo jure) from 1179 until 1194, in co-regency with her husbands. She was an heiress of the highest social standing and the greatest financial holdings, and became Countess of Essex by her marriage to William de Mandeville, 3rd Earl of Essex.
Campsie, New South Wales
Campsie is a suburb in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Campsie is 13.4 kilometres  south-west of the Sydney central business district, on the southern bank of the Cooks River. Campsie is one of the administrative centres of the City of Canterbury-Bankstown.

Cooks River
The Cooks River, a semi-mature tide-dominated drowned valley estuary, is a tributary of Botany Bay, located in southern Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

The course of the 23-kilometre-long (14 mi) urban waterway has been altered to accommodate various developments along its shore. It serves as part of a stormwater system for the 100 square kilometres (39 sq mi) of its watershed, and many of the original streams running into it have been turned into concrete lined channels. The tidal sections support significant areas of mangrove ecosystems and are used for recreational activities.
Louis-Hippolyte Boileau
Louis-Hippolyte Boileau (French pronunciation: [lwi ipolit bwalo]; 1878–1948) was a French architect.

Grandson of Louis-Auguste Boileau (1812–1896) and son of Louis-Charles Boileau (1837–1914, architect of the Hôtel Lutetia), Louis-Hippolyte studied at the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts in Paris under Gaston Redon. He is best known for his Art Deco.

Louis-Charles Boileau
Louis-Charles Boileau (French pronunciation: [lwi ʃaʁl bwalo]; 1837 - 1914) was a French architect.

He was the son of French architect Louis-Auguste Boileau and the father of French architect Louis-Hippolyte Boileau.. Louis-Charles Boileau was a partner in the design of an extension of Le Bon Marché department store in Paris, France.
Kugayama
35°43′15.14″N 139°35′45.82″E﻿ / ﻿35.7208722°N 139.5960611°E﻿ / 35.7208722; 139.5960611

Kugayama (久我山) is a neighbourhood of Tokyo in Suginami ward, west of Shinjuku in Japan.

Kugayama is a residential community located along the Keiō Inokashira Line. It is served by local and express trains. The surrounding stations are Fujimigaoka and Mitakadai.

Suginami
Suginami (杉並区, Suginami-ku) is one of the 23 special ward in the Tokyo Metropolis in Japan. The ward refers to itself as Suginami City in English.

The total area is 34.06 km2.
As of June 1, 2022, Suginami has an estimated population of 588,354 and a population density of 17,274 persons per km2.

Suginami's mascot is a green little dinosaur called Namisuke.
Crisis Mountain
Crisis Mountain is a platform game written by David H. Schroeder for the Apple II and published by Synergistic Software in 1982. A port to Atari 8-bit computers was released in 1983. Creative Software published cartridge versions for the Commodore 64 and VIC-20. Ports for the FM-7 and PC-8800 series were from Comptiq.

In Crisis Mountain, the player must defuse bombs left in a lair below a volcano which was abandoned by terrorists. One of the first games with regenerating health, the player is not always killed by an individual mishap. Health—labeled as strength—is shown as a number from 0–3, and after taking damage it slowly increases over time.

Schroeder later developed Dino Eggs for the Apple II.

Synergistic Software
Synergistic Software was a video game developer based in Seattle. Founded in 1978, the company published some of the earliest available games and applications for the Apple II family of computers. They continued developing games for various platforms into the late 1990s.
Banak, Norway
Banak is a small peninsula in Porsanger Municipality in Finnmark county, Norway. It juts into the Vestbotn bay of the vast Porsangerfjorden. Located immediately north of the village of Lakselv, the peninsula has Brennelvfjorden to its east and the river Lakselva to the east. Banak is the site of Lakselv Airport, Banak and Banak Air Station.

A temperature of 32 °C (90 °F) was recorded in Banak on 30 July 2018, considered very unusual for a location in the Arctic Circle, as part of the 2018 European heat wave. On 29 June 2022, as part of the June 2022 European heat wave, a temperature of 32.5 °C (90.5 °F) was recorded, reported as the highest temperature ever recorded in the Arctic circle. However, both Verkhoyansk and Fort Yukon, Alaska have recorded higher temperatures of 38.0 °C (100.4 °F) and 37.8 °C (100.0 °F) respectively.

2018 European heatwave
The 2018 European drought and heat wave was  a period of unusually hot weather that led to record-breaking temperatures and wildfires in many parts of Europe during the spring and summer of 2018. It is part of a larger heat wave affecting the Northern Hemisphere, caused in part by the jet stream being weaker than usual, allowing hot high-pressure air to linger in the same place. According to the European Drought Observatory, most of the areas affected by drought are across northern and central Europe. According to the World Meteorological Organization, the severe heat waves across the Northern Hemisphere in the summer of 2018, are linked to climate change in Europe, as well as events of extreme precipitation.
Higher education in West Bengal
The Indian state of West Bengal is the site of India's first modern university. Thirty-three universities are listed in the state by the University Grants Commission.

In West Bengal the medium of instruction in colleges and universities is usually Bengali or English. Diploma, certificate courses, advanced diploma program, postgraduate courses and doctoral programs are offered. Research programs offered by the universities are conducted with the aid of specialised institutes.

Midnapore College
Midnapore College, established in 1873, is the oldest college in Midnapore, in the Paschim Medinipur district of West Bengal. It offers undergraduate and postgraduate courses in arts, sciences and vocational degree in Tourism & Aviation Management. It was earlier affiliated to Vidyasagar University. It has been given Autonomous status by University Grants Commission from 2014 to 2015 Session.
Layang Layang Aerospace
Layang Layang Aerospace is a regional-charter airline based in Sabah, Malaysia. It was formed to provide air services to a popular Malaysian dive site, Layang Layang Island,  which is approximately 300 kilometres (190 mi) northwest of Sabah, by offering flights between Kota Kinabalu International Airport and Layang-Layang Airport. It also provides cargo services and also Emergency Medical Services (EMS).

Layang-Layang Airport
Layang-Layang Airport (English: Swallow Reef Airport) is located on Swallow Reef (Pulau Layang-Layang) in the Spratly Islands of the South China Sea. It is about 300 kilometres (190 mi) north of Kota Kinabalu, Sabah. The airport serves a Royal Malaysian Navy naval station (Station Lima) and a 3-star diving resort as well as a marine research facility, MARSAL (Marine Research Station Pulau Layang-Layang).
Needhiyin Nizhal
Needhiyin Nizhal (transl. Shadow of justice) is a 1985 Indian Tamil-language film, directed by Bharathi-Vasu and produced by Santhi Narayanasamy. The film stars Sivaji Ganesan, Radha, Prabhu and M. N. Nambiar. It was released on 13 April 1985.

P. Vasu
Vasudevan Peethambaram (born 15 September 1954), known professionally as P. Vasu, is an Indian film director, screenwriter and actor who works predominantly in Tamil and Kannada films, apart from a few Telugu, Hindi, and Malayalam language films. In a career spanning three decades, Vasu has directed over 65 films to his credit.
2017 Qatar Total Open – Singles
Karolína Plíšková defeated Caroline Wozniacki in the final, 6–3 6–4 to win the singles tennis title at the 2017 WTA Qatar Open.

Carla Suárez Navarro was the reigning champion, but withdrew before the tournament due to a right shoulder injury.

Lauren Davis
Lauren Davis (born October 9, 1993) is an American former professional tennis player. Known for her aggressive backhand, speed, and clay-court strength, she has won two singles titles on the WTA Tour and reached a career-high singles ranking of world No. 26, in May 2017. She has also won eight singles titles on the ITF Women's Circuit.
Reward Unlimited
Reward Unlimited is a short film produced in 1944 by David O. Selznick's Vanguard Films, for the United States Public Health Service, dramatizing the need for volunteer military nurses for the U. S. Cadet Nurse Corps during World War II. Directed by Jacques Tourneur, the 10-minute film stars Dorothy McGuire in one of her first films. The story by Mary C. McCall, Jr.,  dramatizes the choice that young Peggy Adams makes to become a nurse, her training, and her volunteering for military nursing service. The cast includes Aline MacMahon, James Brown, Spring Byington and Tom Tully.

Reward Unlimited was released May 18, 1944. Distributed by the United States Office of War Information, the film was exhibited in 16,000 theaters and seen by an estimated 90 million people.: 456  It was also presented at Cadet Nurse Corps recruitment events nationwide in 1944 and 1945.

Jacques Tourneur
Jacques Tourneur (/ˈtʊrnər/; French: [tuʁnœʁ]; November 12, 1904 – December 19, 1977) was a French-American filmmaker, active during the Golden Age of Hollywood. He was known as an auteur of stylish and atmospheric genre films, many of them for RKO Pictures, including the supernatural horror films Cat People (1942), I Walked with a Zombie (1943) and The Leopard Man (1943), the war film Days of Glory (1944), which marked Gregory Peck's debut film role, and the film noir Out of the Past (1947). He is also known for directing the British horror film Night of the Demon (1957), which was released by Columbia Pictures as Curse of the Demon.
Todd Gitlin
Todd Alan Gitlin (January 6, 1943 – February 5, 2022) was an American sociologist, political activist and writer, novelist, and cultural commentator. He wrote about the mass media, politics, intellectual life, and the arts for both popular and scholarly publications.

Students for a Democratic Society
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) was a national student activist organization in the United States during the 1960s and was one of the principal representations of the New Left. Disdaining permanent leaders, hierarchical relationships and parliamentary procedure, the founders conceived of the organization as a broad exercise in "participatory democracy". From its launch in 1960, it grew rapidly in the course of the tumultuous decade, with over 300 campus chapters and 30,000 supporters recorded nationwide by its last national convention in 1969. The organization splintered at that convention amidst rivalry between factions seeking to impose national leadership and direction, and disputing "revolutionary" positions on, among other issues, the Vietnam War and Black Power.

A new national network for left-wing student organizing, also calling itself Students for a Democratic Society, was founded in 2006.
Crab Apple Jelly
Crab Apple Jelly is a 1944 short story collection by Frank O'Connor. It includes the following stories:

The Bridal Night

Old Fellows

The Grand Vizier's Daughters

Song Without Words

'The Star That Bids The Shepherd Fold' (alternative title: The Shepherds)

The Long Road to Ummera

The Miser

The House That Johnny Built

The New Teacher (alternate title: The Cheapjack)

The Luceys

Uprooted

The Mad Lomasneys

According to the critic Richard Ellmann, "crab apple jelly" was O'Connor's description of the "sweet and tart mixture" he aimed for in his work generally. Ellmann adds, "[O'Connor's] best stories stir those facial muscles which, we are told, are the same for both laughing and weeping."

Frank O'Connor
Frank O'Connor (born Michael Francis O'Donovan; 17 September 1903 – 10 March 1966) was an Irish author and translator. He wrote poetry (original and translations from Irish), dramatic works, memoirs, journalistic columns and features on aspects of Irish culture and history, criticism, long and short fiction (novels and short stories), biography, and travel books. He is most widely known for his more than 150 short stories and for his memoirs. The Frank O'Connor International Short Story Award was named in his honour, as is the Frank O'Connor International Short Story Fellowship.
Erik Jan Hanussen
Erik Jan Hanussen (born Hermann Steinschneider; 2 June 1889 – 25 March 1933), was an Austrian publicist and clairvoyant performer. Acclaimed in his lifetime as a hypnotist, mentalist, occultist and astrologer, Hanussen was active in Weimar Republic Germany and also at the beginning of Nazi Germany. He is said to have instructed Adolf Hitler in performance and the achievement of dramatic effect, and for treating Hitler during his depression. He was assassinated in 1933, likely by members of the Sturmabteilung in an internal power struggle.

Wolf-Heinrich Graf von Helldorff
Wolf-Heinrich Julius Otto Bernhard Fritz Hermann Ferdinand Graf von Helldorff (14 October 1896 – 15 August 1944) was an SA-Obergruppenführer, German police official and politician. He served as a member of the Landtag of Prussia during the Weimar Republic, as a member of the Reichstag for the Nazi Party from 1933, and as Ordnungspolizei Police President in Potsdam and in Berlin. From 1938 he became involved with the anti-Nazi resistance, and was executed in 1944 for his role in the 20th July plot to overthrow Adolf Hitler's regime.