hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Independent Battery F, Pennsylvania Light Artillery
Independent Battery F, Pennsylvania Light Artillery, also known as the "Pittsburg Battery", was an artillery battery that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Organized in December 1861, the unit first served in the Shenandoah Valley. Battery F fought at Hancock, Winchester, Sulphur Springs, Second Bull Run, Chantilly, and Antietam  in 1862. The following year the unit fought at Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, the Bristoe Campaign, and Mine Run. In 1864–1865, Battery F fought at Morton's Ford and served in the garrisons of Washington, D.C., and Harper's Ferry, West Virginia before being mustered out in June 1865. One enlisted man from the battery won the Medal of Honor for heroic action at Gettysburg.

First Battle of Rappahannock Station
The First Battle of Rappahannock Station, (also known as Waterloo Bridge, White Sulphur Springs, Lee Springs, and Freeman's Ford) as took place on August 23, 1862, at present-day Remington, Virginia, as part of the Northern Virginia Campaign of the American Civil War.
Simpson E. Stilwell
Simpson Everett Stilwell (August 18, 1850 – February 24, 1903) was a United States Army Scout, Deputy U.S. Marshal, police judge, and U.S. Commissioner in Oklahoma during the American Old West. He served in  Major George A. Forsyth's company of scouts when it was besieged during the Battle of Beecher Island by Indian Cheyenne Chief Roman Nose and was instrumental in bringing relief to the unit.: 266

United States Army Indian Scouts
Native Americans have made up an integral part of American military conflicts since the Colonial period. Colonists recruited Indian allies during conflicts such as the Pequot War, the French and Indian Wars, the Revolutionary War, as well as in War of 1812. Native Americans also fought on both sides during the American Civil War, as well as military missions abroad including the most notable, the Codetalkers who served in World War II. The Scouts were active in the American West in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Including those who accompanied General John J. Pershing in 1916 on his expedition to Mexico in pursuit of Pancho Villa. Indian Scouts were officially deactivated in 1947 when their last member retired from the Army at Fort Huachuca, Arizona. For many Indians it was an important form of interaction with European-American culture and their first major encounter with the Whites' way of thinking and doing things.
Ovidio Montalbani
Ovidio Montalbani (18 November 1601 – 20 September 1671), also known by his pseudonym Giovanni Antonio Bumaldi, was an Italian polymath. He was a professor of logic, mathematics, astronomy, and medicine at the University of Bologna.

Polymath
A polymath or polyhistor is an individual whose knowledge spans many different subjects, known to draw on complex bodies of knowledge to solve specific problems. Polymaths often prefer a specific context in which to explain their knowledge, but some are gifted at explaining abstractly and creatively.

Embodying a basic tenet of Renaissance humanism that humans are limitless in their capacity for development, the concept led to the notion that people should embrace all knowledge and develop their capacities as fully as possible. This is expressed in the term Renaissance man, often applied to the gifted people of that age who sought to develop their abilities in all areas of accomplishment: intellectually, artistically, socially, physically, and spiritually.
Thein Sein
Thein Sein (Burmese: သိန်းစိန်; IPA: [θéɪɰ̃ sèɪɰ̃]; born 20 April 1945) is a Burmese politician and retired army general who served as the eighth president of Myanmar from 2011 to 2016. He previously served as 11th prime minister from 2007 to 2010, and was considered by many in and outside Myanmar as a reformist leader in the post-junta government.

His government undertook a series of political reforms including some deregulation of the country's censored media, releasing many political prisoners and halting the country's controversial large Chinese-led hydro-power project. The developments that followed included Myanmar's appointment to chair ASEAN in 2014, improved relations with the United States, the release of Aung San Suu Kyi – his 2015 general election rival – from house arrest, and the reinstatement of major opposition party National League for Democracy (NLD) in the by-election held on 1 April 2012.

Prime Minister of Myanmar
The prime minister of Myanmar (Burmese: မြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော်ဝန်ကြီးချုပ်, MLCTS: mranmounghaṅ wan kri khuup.) is the transitional head of government of Myanmar. The incumbent prime minister is Nyo Saw, appointed by the National Defence and Security Council on 31 July 2025. There is no provision for the post in the 2008 Constitution of Myanmar, which names the president as the sole executive.
Orella Adobes
The Orella Adobes at Cañada del Corral on the Gaviota Coast about 20 miles (32 km) west of Santa Barbara are Santa Barbara County landmarks.  The adobes may trace back to the late 18th century, as a tile was found during a remodel in the 1930s imprinted with the year "1798".

Santa Barbara County, California
Santa Barbara County, officially the County of Santa Barbara (Spanish: Condado de Santa Bárbara), is a county located in Southern California. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 448,229. The county seat is Santa Barbara, and the largest city is Santa Maria.

Santa Barbara County comprises the Santa Maria-Santa Barbara, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area. Most of the county is part of the California Central Coast. Mainstays of the county's economy include engineering, resource extraction (particularly petroleum extraction and diatomaceous earth mining), winemaking, agriculture, and education. The software development and tourism industries are important employers in the southern part of the county.
Oscar Dansk
Lars Gustaf Oscar Dansk (born 28 February 1994) is a Swedish ice hockey goaltender. He is currently playing with the Rytíři Kladno of the Czech Extraliga.He most recently played for the San Diego Gulls of the American Hockey League (AHL) while under contract with the Anaheim Ducks of the National Hockey League (NHL). Dansk was drafted by the Columbus Blue Jackets of the NHL with the 31st overall pick, the first pick of the second round at the 2012 NHL entry draft. He has also played with the Vegas Golden Knights of the NHL, Rögle BK of the Swedish Hockey League and Spartak Moscow of the Kontinental Hockey League. He was the starting goaltender for the Swedish national junior team at the 2014 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships and was the tournament's best goaltender.

HC Spartak Moscow
HC Spartak Moscow (Russian: ХК Спартак Москва, English: Spartak Moskva) is a professional ice hockey club based in Moscow, Russia. It is a member of the Bobrov Division in the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). The club played in the Tarasov Division of the KHL during the 2013–14 season. However, the team did not participate in the KHL league in the 2014–15 season, because of financial issues, but rejoined the league prior for the 2015–16 season as a member of the Bobrov Division.
Gatumdug
Gatumdug (Sumerian: 𒀭𒂷𒉐𒄭; dĜa2-tum3-dug3; also romanized as Gatumdu) was a Mesopotamian goddess regarded as the tutelary deity of Lagash and closely associated with its kings. She was initially worshiped only in this city and in NINA, but during the reign of Gudea a temple was built for her in Girsu. She appears in a number of literary compositions, including the hymn inscribed on the Gudea cylinders and Lament for Sumer and Ur.

Tell Zurghul
Tell Zurghul, also spelled Tell Surghul, is an archaeological site in Dhi Qar Governorate (Iraq). It lies on an ancient canal leading from Lagash of which is lies 10 km to the south-east. Its ancient name was the cuneiform read as Niĝin (or Nina or Ninua). The city god was Nanshe (Nanše), who had temples there (E-sirara) and at nearby Girsu. She was the daughter of Enki and sister of Ningirsu and Nisaba. Niĝin, along with the cities of Girsu and Lagash, was part of the State of Lagash in the later part of the 3rd Millennium BC.
Long-arm jurisdiction
Long-arm jurisdiction is the ability of local courts to exercise jurisdiction over foreign ("foreign" meaning out of jurisdiction, whether a state, province, or nation) defendants, whether on a statutory basis or through a court's inherent jurisdiction (depending on the jurisdiction). This jurisdiction permits a court to hear a case against a defendant and enter a binding judgment against a defendant residing outside the jurisdiction concerned.

At heart, the constraints on long arm jurisdiction are concepts of international law, and the principle that one country ought not exercise state power over the territory of another unless some recognized exception applies. In municipal law, the authority of a court to exercise long-arm jurisdiction must be based upon some action of the defendant which subjects him or her to the jurisdiction of the court.

Defendant
In court proceedings, a defendant is a person or object who is the party either accused of committing a crime in criminal prosecution or against whom some type of civil relief is being sought in a civil case.

Terminology varies from one jurisdiction to another. In Scots law, the terms "accused" or "panel" are used instead in criminal proceedings and "defender" in civil proceedings. Another term in use is "respondent".
Primera División de México Apertura 2002
Primera División de México (Mexican First Division) Apertura 2002 is a Mexican football tournament - one of two short tournaments that take up the entire year to determine the champion(s) of Mexican football. It began on Saturday, August 3, 2002, and ran until November 24, when the regular season ended. San Luis, Chiapas and Querétaro were promoted to the Primera División de México thus, Léon and La Piedad were relegated to the Primera División A, allowing 20 teams to compete in the Mexican First Division. On December 21, Toluca defeated Morelia and became champions for the seventh time.

Querétaro F.C.
Querétaro Fútbol Club, simplified as  Querétaro FC, and also known as Gallos Blancos de Querétaro, is a Mexican professional football club based in Querétaro. It competes in Liga MX, the top division of Mexican football, and plays its home matches at the Estadio Corregidora. 
Founded in 1950 as a founding member of the Segunda División, the club participated under the name Gallos Blancos UAQ, from 1981 to 1989. Their colors are blue, black, and white.

Domestically, Querétaro FC has won one Copa MX by defeating Guadalajara and one Supercopa MX by defeating América.

Although the club has not had significant success in Mexico since it has not won any league title, the team has featured various professional football stars, including Ronaldinho and Antonio Valencia.
1875 Iowa Senate election
In the 1875 Iowa State Senate elections, Iowa voters elected state senators to serve in the sixteenth Iowa General Assembly. Elections were held in 30 of the state senate's 50 districts. State senators serve four-year terms in the Iowa State Senate.

The general election took place on October 12, 1875.

Following the previous election, Republicans had control of the Iowa Senate with 36 seats to Democrats' 10 seats and four members of the Anti-Monopoly Party.

To claim control of the chamber from Republicans, the Democrats needed to net 16 Senate seats.

Republicans maintained control of the Iowa State Senate following the 1875 general election with the balance of power shifting to Republicans holding 40 seats and Democrats having 10 seats (a net gain of 4 seats for Republicans).

Iowa Senate
41°35′28″N 93°36′14″W﻿ / ﻿41.591°N 93.604°W﻿ / 41.591; -93.604

The Iowa Senate is the upper house of the Iowa General Assembly. There are 50 seats in the Iowa Senate, representing 50 single-member districts across the state of Iowa with populations of approximately 63,807 per constituency, as of the 2020 United States census. Each Senate district is composed of two House districts. The Senate meets at the Iowa State Capitol in Des Moines.

Unlike the lower house, the Iowa House of Representatives, senators serve four-year terms, with no term limits. Terms are staggered so that half the Senate is up for reelection every two years.
Bernard Ribeiro, Baron Ribeiro
Bernard Francisco Ribeiro, Baron Ribeiro (born 20 January 1944), is a British surgeon who served as President of the Royal College of Surgeons of England (RCS England) from 2005 to 2008. He was created a life peer in 2010 and sat in the House of Lords on the Conservative benches until his retirement in 2023.

Royal College of Surgeons of England
The Royal College of Surgeons of England (RCS England) is an independent professional body and registered charity that promotes and advances standards of surgical care for patients, and regulates surgery and dentistry in England and Wales. The college is located at Lincoln's Inn Fields in London. It publishes multiple medical journals including the Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, the Faculty Dental Journal, and the Bulletin of the Royal College of Surgeons of England.
Robert Van Rensselaer
Robert Van Rensselaer (December 16, 1740 – September 11, 1802) was Brigadier General during the American Revolutionary War, a member of the New York Provincial Congress from 1775 to 1777 and later a member of the New York State Assembly in the 1st, 2nd and 4th New York State Legislatures.

2nd New York State Legislature
The 2nd New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from October 13, 1778, to March 17, 1779, during the second year of George Clinton's governorship, at Poughkeepsie.
Jimmy Lewis (musician)
James Eddie Lewis (November 19, 1937 – September 11, 2004) was an American soul singer, songwriter, arranger and producer.  He was a member of the Drifters in the 1960s, worked as a songwriter and producer with Ray Charles, and wrote songs for Z. Z. Hill among many others.

Z. Z. Hill
Arzell J. "Z. Z." Hill (September 30, 1935 – April 27, 1984) was an American blues singer best known for his recordings in the 1970s and early 1980s, including his 1982 album for Malaco Records, Down Home, which stayed on the Billboard soul album chart for nearly two years. The track "Down Home Blues" has been called the best-known blues song of the 1980s. According to the Texas State Historical Association, Hill "devised a combination of blues and contemporary soul styling and helped to restore the blues to modern black consciousness."
Kautz Family YMCA Archives
The Kautz Family YMCA Archives, located at the University of Minnesota Libraries in Minneapolis, United States, archives the historical records of the U.S. YMCA national association, YMCA of the USA, the records of the Minneapolis and Greater New York YMCAs, and those of the Y's Men International, a service club in partnership with the YMCA.

The Kautz Family YMCA Archives are a unit of the University of Minnesota Libraries Department of Archives and Special Collections, and housed in the Elmer L. Andersen Library on the University of Minnesota Minneapolis West Bank Campus.

Y's Men International
Y's Men International is an international group of volunteers in support of YMCA.  It was established in 1922 in Toledo, Ohio, U.S. and is now headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. It was originally founded as a service club to support the work of the World Alliance of YMCAs.  The first club outside North America was formed in Shanghai, China in 1924.
Siege of Silistra (1773)
The siege of Silistra was a military siege undertaken by Russia between 18 and 29 June 1773 against the Ottoman city of Silistria. The siege was an important phase of the Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774), and resulted in an Ottoman victory.

Silistra
Silistra (Bulgarian: Силистра [siˈlistrɐ]; Turkish: Silistre; Romanian: Silistra or Dârstor) is a town in Northeastern Bulgaria. The town lies on the southern bank of the lower Danube river, and is also the part of the Romanian border where it stops following the Danube. Silistra is the administrative center of the Silistra Province and one of the important towns of the historical region of Dobruja.

Silistra is a major cultural, industrial, transportation, and educational center of Northeastern Bulgaria. There are many historical landmarks including a richly-decorated Late Roman tomb, remains of the medieval fortress, an Ottoman fort, and an art gallery.
2011 Speedway Grand Prix Qualification
The 2011 Individual Speedway World Championship Grand Prix Qualification were a series of motorcycle speedway meetings used to determine the three riders who qualified for the 2011 Speedway Grand Prix. The top eight riders finishing the 2010 Grand Prix series automatically qualified for 2011. The final round of qualification – the Grand Prix Challenge – took place on 21 August 2010, in Vojens, Denmark.

Artem Laguta and Antonio Lindbäck finished in the top two positions, and thus automatically qualified for the 2011 Speedway Grand Prix season. The third spot was decided in a three-way run-off, with Fredrik Lindgren defeating Janusz Kołodziej and Magnus Zetterström.

2011 Speedway Grand Prix
The 2011 Speedway Grand Prix was the 66th edition of the official World Championship and the 17th season of the Speedway Grand Prix era, deciding the FIM Speedway World Championship. It was the eleventh series under the promotion of Benfield Sports International, an IMG company. The series began on 30 April in Leszno and finished on 8 October in  Gorzów.

Forty-one-year-old American Greg Hancock won his second Speedway World Championship, 14 years after his first gold medal in 1997. The Swedish rider Andreas Jonsson won his first World Championship medal after finishing first in three events. Polish Jarosław Hampel won the bronze medal and made it his second medal in the Speedway Grand Prix era.
SmartDraw
SmartDraw is a web-based tool for floor planning and other scaled drawings as well as traditional diagramming. SmartDraw can be used to create floor plans, evacuation plans, accident reconstruction diagrams, wiring diagrams, fire safety diagrams, crime scene diagrams, planograms and other layouts. It can also be used to create traditional diagrams like flowcharts, organization charts, mind maps, project charts and other diagrams.

Mind map
A mind map is a  diagram used to visually organize information into a hierarchy, showing relationships among pieces of the whole. It is often based on a single concept, drawn as an image in the center of a blank page, to which associated representations of ideas such as images, words and parts of words are added. Major ideas are connected directly to the central concept, and other ideas branch out from those major ideas.

Mind maps can also be drawn by hand, either as "notes" during a lecture, meeting or planning session, for example, or as higher quality pictures when more time is available. Mind maps are considered to be a type of spider diagram.
Heinrich Lanz AG
Heinrich Lanz AG is a former agricultural machinery manufacturer from Mannheim, Germany.  Its tractors were sold bearing the LANZ brand.  LANZ won numerous awards at the Strasbourg Agricultural Fair in 1866; namely four Gold, five Silver, and three Bronze.

The Heinrich Lanz AG company, and its LANZ brand name was ultimately acquired by way of a merger in 1956 by the American agricultural machinery manufacturer Deere & Company, and became the John Deere Works Mannheim (JDWM).

Tractor
A tractor is an engineering vehicle specifically designed to deliver a high tractive effort (or torque) at slow speeds, for the purposes of hauling a trailer or machinery such as that used in agriculture, mining or construction.  Most commonly, the term is used to describe a farm vehicle that provides the power and traction to mechanize agricultural tasks, especially (and originally) tillage, and now many more. Agricultural implements may be towed behind or mounted on the tractor, and the tractor may also provide a source of power if the implement is mechanised.
Malta in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2025
Malta was represented at the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2025 with the song "I Believe", written by Destiny Chukunyere, Elton Zarb and Matthew Mercieca, and performed by Eliza Borg. The Maltese participating broadcaster, Public Broadcasting Services (PBS), used the second season of The Voice Kids in order to select its entry for the contest.

Destiny (singer)
Destiny Chukunyere M.Q.R. (born 29 August 2002), known mononymously as Destiny, is a Maltese singer. She won the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2015, where she represented Malta with the song "Not My Soul".

In 2017, she participated in the eleventh series of Britain's Got Talent and finished 6th in the second semi-final and thus was eliminated. She won the second season of the Maltese version of The X Factor and was chosen to represent Malta in the Eurovision Song Contest 2020 in Rotterdam with the song "All of My Love" before the contest was canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Instead, Destiny represented Malta in the Eurovision Song Contest 2021, this time with the song "Je me casse", where she finished in 7th place with 255 points.
Kuşkonar and Koçağılı massacre
The Kuşkonar and Koçağılı massacre (Turkish: Kuşkonar Katliamı, Kurdish: Komkujiya Kuşkonare) is the name given to the 26 March 1994 massacre in which 38 Kurdish villagers were killed and the villages of Koçağılı and Kuşkonar near the province of Şırnak were destroyed as a result of the Turkish Armed Forces' heavy bombardment.

The families of victims who appealed to the Turkish court weren't convinced from the court decision that the PKK was responsible for the massacre. They appealed to the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) and the investigations revealed that in spite of Turkey's claims there were no clashes in the area. Turkey was condemned for killing Kurdish civilians and the ECHR ordered Turkey to pay 2.3 million euros to the families of victims.

Şırnak Province
Şırnak Province (Turkish: Şırnak ili, Kurdish: Parêzgeha Şirnex) is a province in Turkey in the Southeastern Anatolia Region. Şırnak Province was created in 1990, with areas that were formerly part of the Siirt, Hakkâri and Mardin Provinces. It borders both Kurdistan Region of Iraq and Syria. The current Governor of the province is Cevdet Atay.

The province had a population of 570,745 in 2023. Its area is 7,078 km2. It encompasses 19 municipalities, 240 villages and 192 hamlets.

Considered part of Turkish Kurdistan, the province has a Kurdish majority.
Pratt & Lambert
Pratt & Lambert is a brand of architectural and industrial paint founded in 1849. It has been owned by Sherwin-Williams since 1995.

The Pratt & Lambert company started in Buffalo, New York in 1849 as a maker of a drying agent for linseed oil paint. It was listed on the American Stock Exchange in 1905. In 1920, it started manufacturing exterior and interior house paints and varnishes. In 1950, the company began production of latex paints. It merged with United Coatings in August 1994.

The company was purchased by Sherwin-Williams in 1995.

Sherwin-Williams
Sherwin-Williams is an American paints and coatings company based in Cleveland, Ohio. It is primarily engaged in the manufacture, distribution, and sale of paints, coatings, floorcoverings, and related products with operations in over 120 countries. As of 2024, it is the largest coatings company in the world by revenue.