hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Given-When-Then
Given-When-Then (GWT) is a semi-structured way to write down test cases. They can either be tested manually or automated as browser tests with tools like Selenium and Cucumber.

It derives its name from the three clauses used, which start with the words given, when and then. Given describes the preconditions and initial state before the start of a test and allows for any pre-test setup that may occur. When describes actions taken by a user during a test. Then describes the outcome resulting from actions taken in the when clause.

The Given-When-Then was proposed by Dan North in 2006, as part of behavior-driven development.

Cucumber (software)
Cucumber is a software tool that supports behavior-driven development (BDD). Central to the Cucumber BDD approach is its ordinary language parser called Gherkin. It allows expected software behaviors to be specified in a logical language that customers can understand. As such, Cucumber allows the execution of feature documentation written in business-facing text. It is often used for testing other software. It runs automated acceptance tests written in a behavior-driven development (BDD) style.

Cucumber was originally written in the Ruby programming language and was originally used exclusively for Ruby testing as a complement to the RSpec BDD framework. Cucumber now supports a variety of different programming languages through various implementations, including Java and JavaScript. There is a port of Cucumber to .NET called SpecFlow, now superseded by Reqnroll.
Depositphotos
Depositphotos is a company operating a royalty-free content website with headquarters in New York, USA. It was founded by Dmitry Sergeev in November 2009 in Kyiv, Ukraine. The Depositphotos library has over 200 million files, including royalty-free stock photos, vector images, video clips, and editorial files. In 2012, the Depositphotos library exceeded 10 million files in less than four years and was considered one of the fastest-growing photobanks in the world.

The Depositphotos library consists of 200 million files and includes a community of 100,000 contributors.

Royalty-free
Royalty-free (RF) material subject to copyright or other intellectual property rights may be used without the need to pay royalties or license fees for each use, per each copy or volume sold or some time period of use or sales.
Edwin Jackson Anafi Asomaning
Edwin Jackson Anafi Asomaning (21 September 1930 – 13 May 2001) was a Ghanaian plant pathologist who was Director of the Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana from 1965 to 1980. He was elected a fellow of the Ghana Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1970.

Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana
The Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana (CRIG) is a national agricultural research institute headquartered at Tafo in the Eastern Region of Ghana. It is responsible for scientific research into cocoa production, diseases, genetics, processing, and sustainability. The institute operates under the Ghana Cocoa Board and serves as the principal body for cocoa research in Ghana.

The institute is known for developing improved cocoa varieties, pest-control methods, soil management techniques, and technologies that support farmers and the cocoa industry.
John Allan (numismatist)
John Allan, CB, FSA, FSA Scot, FBA (8 August 1884 – 29 August 1955) was a British numismatist and scholar of Sanskrit. Allan was a noted numismatist and produced the first systematic study of the coins the Gupta Empire, which remains a standard reference today.

Society of Antiquaries of Scotland
The Society of Antiquaries of Scotland is the senior antiquarian body of Scotland, with its headquarters in the National Museum of Scotland, Chambers Street, Edinburgh. The Society's aim is to promote the cultural heritage of Scotland.

The usual style of post-nominal letters for fellows is FSAScot.
Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks
The Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR) is one of the independent scientific committees managed by the Directorate-General for Health and Consumer Protection of the European Commission, which provide scientific advice to the Commission on issues related to consumer products.

Directorate-General for Health and Food Safety
The Directorate-General for Health and Food Safety (DG SANTE), until 2014 known as the Directorate-General for Health and Consumers (DG SANCO), is a directorate-general of the European Commission. The DG is responsible for the monitoring and implementation of European Union policies and laws on health and food safety. It is headed by European Commissioner for Health and Animal Welfare Olivér Várhelyi and Director-General Sandra Gallina.
Savage Land Mutates
The Savage Land Mutates is a supervillain group appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Their creators were writer Roy Thomas and penciler Neal Adams. Within the comic books, the group is based in the Savage Land, a hidden Antarctic environment inhabited by dinosaurs and primitive humans.

Savage Land
The Savage Land is a fictional prehistoric land that features in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. It is a tropical preserve, hidden in Antarctica. It has appeared in many story arcs in Uncanny X-Men as well as other related books.

The Savage Land has appeared in various media outside comics, including animated series and video games. It also makes a brief appearance in the 2022 Marvel Cinematic Universe film Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness.
National Institute of Technology, Puducherry
National Institute of Technology Puducherry (NIT Puducherry or NITPY), is an autonomous public technical and research university located in the city of Karaikal in Union Territory of Puducherry, a place forming a coastal enclave in the Kaveri river delta, between the Mayiladuthurai, Tiruvarur and Nagapattinam districts of Tamil Nadu. Founded and Established in 2010, it is one among the 31 National institutes of Technology of India and is declared as an Institute of National Importance by the Government of India under National Institutes of Technology, Science Education and Research Act, 2007.

Institutes of National Importance
In India, an Institution of National Importance (INI) refers to a premier public higher education institution granted special status by the constitution or an act of the Parliament of India. Such institutions are recognized for their pivotal role in developing highly skilled personnel within a specified region of the country or state. Institutes of National Importance enjoy special recognition, greater autonomy, and direct funding from the Government of India.

At the inception of the Constitution of India, the Seventh Schedule declared Banaras Hindu University and Aligarh Muslim University as institutes of national importance. Subsequently 32nd Amendment in 1973 added University of Delhi to the schedule. Other institutions are accorded as INI by legislations or statutory orders.
AJ Ginnis
Alexandros Ioannis "AJ" Ginnis (Greek: Αλέξανδρος Ιωάννης Γκιννής; born 17 November 1994) is a retired Greek-American World Cup alpine ski racer. Ginnis specialized in the technical events, with a focus on slalom. The Greek native joined the US Ski Team in 2012 at age seventeen and moved to represent Greece in 2020. He became the most decorated winter athlete in Greek history, attaining the country's first podium at an FIS Ski World Cup event and first world championships medal in any Winter Olympic sport. His career was plagued by multiple knee injuries which ultimately forced him to end his racing career at age 31. Ginnis retired from racing after a ceremonial final run at the 2026 Winter Olympics.

Slalom skiing
Slalom is an alpine skiing and alpine snowboarding discipline, involving skiing between poles or gates. These are spaced more closely than those in giant slalom, super giant slalom and downhill, necessitating quicker and shorter turns.  Internationally, the sport is contested at the FIS Alpine World Ski Championships, and at the Olympic Winter Games.
Athbi Fahad Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah
Athbi Fahad Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah (born 1967) is a member of Kuwait’s ruling Al-Sabah family and former head of the State Security Service. He is the third son of Sheikh Fahad Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah and a retired officer in the special forces of the Kuwaiti Army. His career has been marked by controversies, including convictions for his role in a disinformation campaign aimed at inciting insurrection and for engaging in unlawful surveillance. On May 30, 2016, he was sentenced to five years in prison for his involvement in the  Fintas Group affair, an attempt at insurrection, although he evaded incarceration. He was later included in a royal pardon issued on January 17, 2023.

Fahad Al-Ahmed Al-Jaber Al-Sabah
Sheikh Fahad Al-Ahmed Al-Jaber Al-Sabah (Arabic: الشيخ  فهد الأحمد الجابر الصباح; 10 August 1945 – 2 August 1990) was a member of the Kuwaiti ruling family, a military officer, and sports administrator. He was the founder of the Asian Handball Federation and Kuwait Olympic Committee. Fahad was killed by the Iraqi military on the first day of the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait.
Patrick Gunkel
Patrick M. Gunkel (1947 – 2017) was an American futurist and independent scholar best known as the originator of ideonomy, a combinatorial "science of ideas". Although he never graduated high school or received a college degree, his career included positions at the Hudson Institute, MIT, and the University of Texas.

According to a 1990 Boston Globe article, Gunkel was "regarded as a genius" by "a coterie of academics." The article quotes Robert C. Clark, former Dean of Harvard Law School, as remarking that Gunkel was "the most intelligent person I ever met."

Hudson Institute
Hudson Institute is an American right-wing neoconservative think tank based in Washington, D.C. It was founded in 1961 in Croton-on-Hudson, New York, by futurist Herman Kahn and his colleagues Max Singer and Oscar M. Ruebhausen at the RAND Corporation.

Kahn was a physicist and military consultant known for envisioning nuclear war scenarios. The institute's research branched out from the military into various areas including economics, health, education, and gambling. Kahn died in 1983, and the institute moved to Indianapolis, Indiana, in 1984. The institute helped design Wisconsin's influential workfare program in the mid-1990s. Hudson relocated to Washington, D.C., in 2004. It has been noted for work with governments and industries, including defense and agribusiness.
Schatzki ring
A Schatzki ring or Schatzki–Gary ring is a narrowing of the lower esophagus that can cause difficulty swallowing (dysphagia).  The narrowing is caused by a ring of mucosal tissue (which lines the esophagus) or muscular tissue.  A Schatzki ring is a specific type of "esophageal ring", and Schatzki rings are further subdivided into those above the esophagus/stomach junction (A rings), and those found at the squamocolumnar junction in the lower esophagus (B rings).

Patients with Schatzki rings can develop intermittent difficulty swallowing or, more seriously, a completely blocked esophagus. The ring is named after the German-American physician Richard Schatzki.

Dysphagia
Dysphagia is difficulty in swallowing. Although classified under "symptoms and signs" in ICD-10, in some contexts it is classified as a condition in its own right.

It may be a sensation that suggests difficulty in the passage of solids or liquids from the mouth to the stomach, a lack of pharyngeal sensation or various other inadequacies of the swallowing mechanism. Dysphagia is distinguished from other symptoms including odynophagia, which is defined as painful swallowing, and globus, which is the sensation of a lump in the throat. A person can have dysphagia without odynophagia (dysfunction without pain), odynophagia without dysphagia (pain without dysfunction) or both together. A psychogenic dysphagia is known as phagophobia.
1979 Scottish devolution referendum
A post-legislative referendum was held in Scotland in 1979 to decide whether there was a sufficient support for a Scottish Assembly proposed in the Scotland Act 1978 among the Scottish electorate. This was an act to create a devolved deliberative assembly for Scotland. A majority (51.6%) of voters supported the proposal, but an amendment to the Act stipulated that it would be repealed if less than 40% of the total electorate voted in favour. As there was a turnout of 64% the "Yes" vote represented only 32.9% of the registered electorate, and the act was subsequently repealed.

A second referendum to create a devolved legislature in Scotland was held in 1997 under a newly elected Labour government, which led to the enactment of the Scotland Act 1998 and the creation of a devolved Scottish Parliament in 1999.

Scotland Act 1998
The Scotland Act 1998 (c. 46) is an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which legislated for the establishment of the devolved Scottish Parliament with tax varying powers and the Scottish Government (then Scottish Executive). It was one of the most significant constitutional pieces of legislation to be passed by the UK Parliament between the passing of the European Communities Act 1972 and the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018 and is the most significant piece of legislation to affect Scotland since the Acts of Union 1707 which ratified the Treaty of Union and led to the disbandment of the Parliament of Scotland.
Favard's theorem
In mathematics, Favard's theorem, also called the Shohat–Favard theorem,  states that a sequence of  polynomials satisfying a suitable three-term recurrence relation  is a sequence of orthogonal polynomials. The theorem was introduced in the theory of orthogonal polynomials  by Favard (1935) and Shohat (1938), though essentially the same theorem was used by Stieltjes in the theory of  continued fractions  many years before Favard's paper, and was rediscovered several times by other authors before Favard's work.

Jean Favard
Jean Favard (28 August 1902 – 21 January 1965) was a French mathematician who worked on analysis.

Favard was born in Peyrat-la-Nonière.  During World War II he was a prisoner of war in Germany.

He also was a President of the French Mathematical Society in 1946.  He died in La Tronche, aged 62.
Freestyle skiing at the 2026 Winter Olympics – Men's aerials
The men's aerials competition in freestyle skiing at the 2026 Winter Olympics was held on 20 February at the Livigno Aerials & Moguls Park in Valtellina. Wang Xindi of China won the event. Noé Roth of Switzerland won the silver medal, and Li Tianma of China won bronze. All of them were first-time Olympic medalists. There were four Chinese skiers in the top six, as the World Cup leader Sun Jiaxu finished fourth and defending champion Qi Guangpu finished sixth.

2025–26 FIS Freestyle Ski World Cup
The 2025–26 FIS Freestyle Ski World Cup, organized by the International Ski Federation (FIS), is a World Cup in freestyle skiing for men and women.

The season started on 20 November 2025 in Stubai, Austria and will conclude on 29 March 2026 in Idre Fjäll, Sweden.

This season included six disciplines: moguls, aerials, ski cross, halfpipe, slopestyle and big air.
Keuper Uplands
The Keuper Uplands (German: Keuperbergland or, more rarely Keuperwaldberge) are part of the South German Scarplands and cover an area of about 3,200 square kilometres.

The following regions belong to the Keuper Uplands (from southwest to northeast): the Kleiner Heuberg, Rammert, Schönbuch, Glemswald, Stromberg and Heuchelberg, Schurwald and Welzheim Forest, Swabian-Franconian Forest, Franconian Heights, Steigerwald and Hassberge. The southwesternmost Keuper escarpment in the area of the Baar does not have its own name because of its small size.

South German Scarplands
The South German Scarplands is a geological and geomorphological natural region or landscape in Switzerland and the south German states of Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg. The landscape is characterised by escarpments.
Pond's Theater
Pond's Theater is a 60-minute television anthology series sponsored by Pond's Creams that was produced by the J. Walter Thompson Agency on ABC-TV. Its original title was Kraft Television Theatre, but when Kraft decided to drop the Thursday night version on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) Pond's took over the sponsorship and retitled the series Pond's Theater. Twenty-five episodes aired on ABC from January 13, 1955 to July 7, 1955.

The series had its origin in the second simultaneous series of Kraft Television Theatre begun October 1953, on ABC to promote Kraft's new Cheez Whiz product. When the sponsorship came to an end in January 1955, then Pond's picked up the second Kraft Theatre franchise, while the first Kraft Theatre continued to run on NBC-TV. Both series followed the sponsorship format also used by Ford Theatre and Eastman Kodak's Screen Directors Playhouse. The series was produced by J. Walter Thompson at ABC. Directors included Fielder Cook and Roy Boulting.

J. Walter Thompson
J. Walter Thompson (JWT) was an advertisement holding company incorporated in 1896 by American advertising pioneer James Walter Thompson. The company was acquired in 1987 by multinational holding company WPP plc, and in November 2018, WPP merged J. Walter Thompson with fellow agency Wunderman to form Wunderman Thompson. In October 2023, WPP announced yet another merger in which Wunderman Thompson combined with another group agency VMLY&R, to create the new entity VML. This took effect on July 1, 2025 with a legacy website remaining at www.gdc-ww.com .
Randy Gazzola
Randal John Gazzola (born September 13, 1993) is an Italian-Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman. He is currently playing for the HC Asiago in the ICE Hockey League. He previously played amateur for the UNB Varsity Reds of the AUS and at the junior level with the Val-d'Or Foreurs of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL).

UNB Reds
The UNB REDS are the athletic teams that represent the University of New Brunswick in Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada.

The UNB REDS compete in a variety of sports, including men's and women's basketball, ice hockey, soccer, and volleyball. Additionally, the athletic program encompasses swimming, track and field, cross country running, and curling for both men and women.
Brett Johnson (Australian footballer)
Brett Johnson (born 28 October 1981) is a former Australian rules footballer who played in the Australian Football League (AFL) for Hawthorn and Carlton. He also captained Williamstown Football Club in the Victorian Football League (VFL). Raised in Western Australia where he captained the state Under 18 team, he moved to Victoria when he got drafted into the AFL.

Williamstown Football Club
The Williamstown Football Club, nicknamed the Seagulls, is an Australian rules football club based in the Melbourne suburb of Williamstown. The club currently competes in the Victorian Football League (VFL) and VFL Women's (VFLW) competitions.
Innovation, Universities, Science and Skills Select Committee
The Innovation, Universities, Science and Skills Select Committee was a select committee of the House of Commons in the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The remit of the Committee was to examine the expenditure, administration and policy of the Department for Innovation, Universities and Skills, any associated public bodies and the government office for science.

The committee was dissolved on 30 September 2009 and replaced by the Business, Innovation and Skills Select Committee following the merging of the Department for Innovation, Universities and Skills into the new Department for Business, Innovation and Skills. The committee was officially replaced by the Science and Technology Select Committee, which was re-established on 1 October 2009 and is made up of the same membership as the old Innovation, Universities, Science and Skills select committee.

Department for Innovation, Universities and Skills
The Department for Innovation, Universities and Skills (DIUS) was a UK government department created on 28 June 2007 to take over some of the functions of the Department of Education and Skills and of the Department of Trade and Industry. Its head office was based at Kingsgate House, 66-74 Victoria Street, London SW1, which has now been demolished. In June 2009 it was merged into the newly formed Department for Business, Innovation and Skills. It was responsible for adult learning, some parts of further education, higher education, skills, science and innovation, but only some of the department's functions were UK-wide. It oversaw the science budget, provided through the Research Councils, for the UK as a whole. On the other hand, education is a devolved matter and there were corresponding departments in the Northern Ireland Executive, Scottish Government and Welsh Assembly Government.
William C. Norris (general)
William Clark Norris (20 September 1926 – 4 November 2024) was a United States Air Force major general who served as a command pilot in the Korean War and the Vietnam War, completing 200 combat missions. He was awarded the Air Force Cross for extraordinary heroism during a strike against the Paul Doumer Bridge on 12 August 1967. Norris commanded the 20th Tactical Fighter Wing, Headquarters Command, U.S. Air Force, the 76th Airlift Division, and the Third Air Force.

Air Force District of Washington
The Air Force District of Washington (AFDW) is a Direct Reporting Unit of the United States Air Force. AFDW oversees Air Force operations in the Washington, D.C. region (also known as the "National Capital Region" or "NCR").

As a Direct Reporting Unit, AFDW is directly subordinate to the Chief of Staff, Headquarters, United States Air Force, and serves as the Air Force service component to the JFHQ-NCR. AFDW was originally headquartered on Bolling Air Force Base, but changed to Joint Base Andrews-Naval Air Facility Washington (JBA-NAFW).
Alec Hosie
Alexander Lindsay "Alec" Hosie (6 August 1890 – 11 June 1957) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket in both England and British India. In England, he was mostly associated with Hampshire, for whom he made 80 first-class appearances. In British India, he played for the Europeans cricket team in the Bombay Tournament, in addition to being Bengal's first captain in the Ranji Trophy. Hosie was the chairman of selectors for India's first home Test series against England in December 1933–March 1934. He later served as the president of the Calcutta Cricket and Football Club from 1945 to 1948.

English cricket team in India in 1933–34
A cricket team from England organised by the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) and captained by Douglas Jardine, toured India from 15 December 1933 to 4 March 1934. In the Test matches, the side was known as "England"; in other matches, it was known as "MCC". England won the Test series 2–0. The MCC team concluded its tour with four matches in Ceylon, two of them first-class.

It was England's first Test tour of India. Tours planned for 1930–31 and 1931–32 had been cancelled owing to civil unrest in India.

Overall, the team played 34 matches: three Tests, 15 other first-class matches, and 16 non-first-class matches.