hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Katrina Shealy
Katrina Frye Shealy (born December 25, 1954) is an American politician, and a former member of the South Carolina State Senate. She is a Republican but was elected as a petition candidate from District 23 in Lexington County. At the time of her election in 2012, she was the only woman in the South Carolina Senate and in May of 2023, was one of six women serving in the South Carolina State Senate. She was defeated in a primary runoff in 2024.

She is an insurance executive and a former chairwoman of the Lexington County Republican Party. Shealy has been a past Chair of the S.C. Friends of Juvenile Justice and is active in Juvenile Justice reform.

South Carolina Republican Party
The South Carolina Republican Party (SCGOP) is the state affiliate of the national Republican Party in South Carolina. It is one of two major political parties in the state, along with the South Carolina Democratic Party, and is the dominant party. Incumbent governor Henry McMaster, as well as senators Tim Scott and Lindsey Graham, are members of the Republican party. Graham has served since January 3, 2003, having been elected in 2002 and re-elected in 2008, 2014, and 2020; Tim Scott was appointed in 2013 by then-governor Nikki Haley, who is also a Republican.

Since 2003, every governor of South Carolina has been a Republican. Additionally, Republicans hold a super-majority in both chambers of the South Carolina General Assembly. In 2020, District 1, which was represented by Democrat Joe Cunningham, was won by Republican Nancy Mace; the party now represents six out of seven of the state's congressional districts.
Masud Pathik
Masud Pathik (born 1 August 1979) is a Bangladeshi filmmaker, poet and lyricist. His feature films Nekabborer Mohaproyan (2014) won seven and Maya: The Lost Mother (2019) won eight Bangladesh National Film Awards. Individually, he won the Best Lyrics and Best Story awards. For his poetry, he won the 2013 HSBC Kali O Kalam award for his poem Ekaki Jomin. He won 2023 Bangla Academy Literary Award in the playwright category.

Bangladesh National Film Award for Best Story
The Bangladesh National Film Award for Best Story (Bengali: বাংলাদেশ জাতীয় চলচ্চিত্র পুরস্কার শ্রেষ্ঠ কাহিনীকার) is one of the most prestigious film awards given in Bangladesh. Since 1977, awards have been given in the category of best story.
Earthflow
An earthflow (earth flow) is a downslope viscous flow of fine-grained materials that have been saturated with water  and moves under the pull of gravity.  It is an intermediate type of mass wasting that is between downhill creep and mudflow. The types of materials that are susceptible to earthflows are clay, fine sand and silt, and fine-grained pyroclastic material.

When the ground materials become saturated with enough water, they will start flowing (soil liquefaction).  Its speed can range from being barely noticeable to rapid movement.  The velocity of the flow is dictated by water content: the higher the water content is, the higher the velocity will be. Because of the dependency on water content for the velocity of the flow, it can take minutes or years for the materials to move down the slope.

Mudflow
A mudflow, also known as mudslide or mud flow, is a form of mass wasting involving fast-moving flow of debris and dirt that has become liquified by the addition of water. Such flows can move at speeds ranging from three to five metres per second (9.8 to 16.4 ft/s). Mudflows contain a significant proportion of clay, which makes them more fluid than debris flows, allowing them to travel farther and across lower slope angles. Both types of flow are generally mixtures of particles with a wide range of sizes, which typically become sorted by size upon deposition.

Mudflows are often called mudslips, a term applied indiscriminately by the mass media to a variety of mass wasting events. Mudflows often start as slides, becoming flows as water is entrained along the flow path; such events are often called mud failures.

Other types of mudflows include lahars (involving fine-grained pyroclastic deposits on the flanks of volcanoes) and jökulhlaups (outbursts from under glaciers or icecaps).
Unai Expósito
Unai Expósito Medina (born 23 January 1980) is a Spanish former footballer who played as a right back.

He appeared in Segunda División 149 games during six seasons (five goals), representing Numancia in the competition (two spells), Hércules and Cartagena. In La Liga, he played for Athletic Bilbao and Osasuna.

Hércules CF
Hércules de Alicante Club de Fútbol, S.A.D. ([ˈeɾkules]) is a Spanish football team in Alicante, in the Valencian Community. Founded on 25 October 1922, it currently plays in Primera Federación and plays its home games at the 29,500-capacity Estadio José Rico Pérez.
Family of Kamala Harris
Kamala Harris is an American politician and attorney who was the 49th vice president of the United States from 2021 to 2025. Harris was formerly the junior United States senator from California, and prior to her election to the Senate, she served as the 32nd attorney general of California. Her family includes several members who are notable in politics and academia. They were the second family of the United States from 2021 to 2025 during Harris' vice presidency under Joe Biden. 
Harris's maternal ancestry comes from Tamil Nadu, India. Her paternal ancestry comes from Saint Ann, Jamaica. She is married to American entertainment attorney and law professor Douglas Emhoff.

Saint Ann Parish
Saint Ann (Jamaican Patois: Sint An) is the largest parish in Jamaica. It is situated on the north coast of the island, in the county of Middlesex, roughly halfway between the eastern and western ends of the island. It is often called "the Garden Parish of Jamaica" on account of its natural floral beauty. Its capital is Saint Ann's Bay. Saint Ann comprises New Seville, the first Spanish settlement in Jamaica.

Saint Ann is the birthplace of reggae singers Floyd Lloyd, Burning Spear, Busy Signal, Bryan Art, Romain Virgo, Rashawn Dally, Chezidek, Shabba Ranks, Justin Hinds, Perfect, and Bob Marley. Marcus Mosiah Garvey, one of the seven recipients of Jamaica's Order of National Hero, was also born there.
Fell
Fell (from Old Norse: fell, "mountain → landscape over the tree line"; cf.  Icelandic: fell, Norwegian: fjell, Swedish: fjäll) is a high and barren landscape feature, such as a mountain or moor-covered hill, often mountain landscape over the tree line, etc. The term is most often employed in Fennoscandia, Iceland, the Isle of Man, parts of northern England, and Scotland.

Tree line
The tree line is the edge of a habitat at which trees are capable of growing and beyond which they are not. It is found at high elevations and high latitudes. Beyond the tree line, trees cannot tolerate the environmental conditions (usually low temperatures, extreme snowpack, or associated lack of available moisture).: 51  The tree line is sometimes distinguished from a lower timberline, which is the line below which trees form a forest with a closed canopy.: 151 : 18

At the tree line, tree growth is often sparse, stunted, and deformed by wind and cold. This is sometimes known as krummholz (German for "crooked wood").: 58

The tree line often appears well-defined, but it can be a more gradual transition. Trees grow shorter and often at lower densities as they approach the tree line, above which they are unable to grow at all.: 55  Given a certain latitude, the tree line is approximately 300 to 1000 meters below the permanent snow line and roughly parallel to it.
Deshbandhu Gupta
Deshbandhu Gupta (14 June 1901 – 21 November 1951), also known as Lala Deshbandhu Gupta, was an Indian freedom fighter, politician, and journalist. He served as a member of the Punjab Provincial Assembly, having won the 1937 election representing the Indian National Congress. He was also a member of the Constituent Assembly of India.

He championed the cause of ensuring freedom of the press and actively advocated for the assembly status of the National Capital Territory of Delhi. Additionally, he actively supported the separation of Punjab and Haryana, and he was the first to initiate the independence movement of Haryana. The Government of India's postal department issued a commemorative stamp in his honor in 2010.

Commemorative stamp
A commemorative stamp is a postage stamp, often issued on a significant date such as an anniversary, to honor or commemorate a place, event, person, or object. The subject of the commemorative stamp is usually spelled out in print, unlike definitive stamps which normally depict the subject along with the denomination and country name only. Many postal services issue several commemorative stamps each year, sometimes holding first day of issue ceremonies at locations connected with the subjects. Commemorative stamps can be used alongside ordinary stamps. Unlike definitive stamps that are often reprinted and sold over a prolonged period of time for general usage, commemorative stamps are usually printed in limited quantities and sold for a much shorter period of time, usually, until supplies run out.
Language game
A language game (also called a cant, secret language, ludling, or argot) is a system of manipulating spoken words to render them incomprehensible to an untrained listener. Language games are used primarily by groups attempting to conceal their conversations from others. Some common examples are Pig Latin; the Gibberish family, prevalent in the United States and Sweden; and Verlan, spoken in France.

A common difficulty with language games is that they are usually passed down orally; while written translations can be made, they are often imperfect, thus spelling can vary widely.
Some factions argue that words in these spoken tongues should simply be written the way they are pronounced, while others insist that the purity of language demands that the transformation remain visible when the words are imparted to paper.

Cant (language)
A cant is the jargon or language of a group, often employed to exclude or mislead people outside the group. It may also be called a cryptolect, argot, pseudo-language, anti-language or secret language. Each term differs slightly in meaning; their uses are inconsistent.
Third derivative
In calculus, a branch of mathematics, the third derivative or third-order derivative is the rate at which the second derivative, or the rate of change of the rate of change, is changing. The third derivative of a function  can be denoted by

Other notations for differentiation can be used, but the above are the most common.

Second derivative
In calculus, the second derivative, or the second-order derivative, of a function f is the derivative of the derivative of f. Informally, the second derivative can be phrased as "the rate of change of the rate of change"; for example, the second derivative of the position of an object with respect to time is the instantaneous acceleration of the object, or the rate at which the velocity of the object is changing with respect to time. In Leibniz notation:

where a is acceleration, v is velocity, t is time, x is position, and d is the instantaneous "delta" or change. The last expression  is the second derivative of position (x) with respect to time.

On the graph of a function, the second derivative corresponds to the curvature or concavity of the graph. The graph of a function with a positive second derivative is upwardly concave, while the graph of a function with a negative second derivative curves in the opposite way.
Pilosocereus excelsus
Pilosocereus excelsus is a species of flowering plant in the cactus family Cactaceae, endemic to the east of the Dominican Republic. It was first described in 2021, when it was separated from Pilosocereus polygonus.

Pilosocereus polygonus
Pilosocereus polygonus is a species of cactus (family Cactaceae). Like all species in the genus Pilosocereus, it has a shrub- or tree-like growth habit. It has been treated very differently at times. In the narrow circumscription adopted here, it is endemic to Hispaniola, a position adopted by Britton and Rose in 1920 and endorsed in a 2019 review of the genus in the Caribbean and northern Andes. Treatments in the late 1990s and early 2000s used a much broader circumscription, which included species now recognized as separate, thus giving P. polygonus a much wider distribution. As of July 2025, Plants of the World Online accepted Pilosocereus royenii as a synonym;  however it has also been treated as a separate species. Broadly applied English names include dildo cactus, pipe organ cactus, and Royen's tree cactus.
Lomonosovsky District, Leningrad Oblast
Lomonosovsky District (Russian: Ломоно́совский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the seventeen in Leningrad Oblast, Russia. It is located in the west of the oblast and borders with Petrodvortsovy and Krasnoselsky Districts of the Federal city of Saint Petersburg in the east, Gatchinsky District in the southeast, Volosovsky District in the south, Kingiseppsky District in the southwest, and the city of oblast significance of Sosnovy Bor in the west. In the north, the district is bounded by the Gulf of Finland. The area of the district is 1,919 square kilometers (741 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Lomonosov (which is not a part of Leningrad Oblast and is located on the territory of the federal city of Saint Petersburg). Population: 70,245 (2010 Census); 65,297 (2002 Census); 66,104 (1989 Soviet census).

Lomonosov, Russia
Lomonosov (Russian: Ломоно́сов; before 1948: Oranienbaum, Ораниенба́ум) is a municipal town in Petrodvortsovy District of the federal city of Saint Petersburg, Russia, located on the southern coast of the Gulf of Finland, 40 kilometers (25 mi) west of Saint Petersburg proper. Population: 42,505 (2010 census); 37,776 (2002 census). Lomonosov is the site of the 18th-century royal Oranienbaum park and palace complex, notable as being the only palace in the vicinity of Saint Petersburg that was not captured by Nazi Germany during World War II.
Ersan Gülüm
Ersan Adem Gülüm (Turkish pronunciation: [æɾˈsan ˈaːdem ˈɟylym]; born 17 May 1987) is a former professional footballer who last played as a centre back for Preston Lions in the NPL Victoria 3 and current president of Hume City FC. Born in Australia, Gülüm played for Australia at under-23 level before electing to represent Turkey in senior competition.

Australia men's national under-23 soccer team
The Australia national under-23 soccer team represents Australia in international under-23 soccer and at the Olympic Games. The team is controlled by the governing body for soccer in Australia, Football Australia (FA), which is currently a member of the Asian Football Confederation (AFC) and the regional ASEAN Football Federation (AFF) since leaving the Oceania Football Confederation (OFC) in 2006. The team's official nickname is the Olyroos.

Australia's first two appearances in the Olympic Games saw the senior men's team participate, but in 1992 the eligibility was restricted to players under the age of 23, while in 1996, it was decided to allow teams to choose three over-age players in the final Olympic squads.

The team has represented Australia at the Olympic Games on six occasions, in 1992, 1996, 2000, 2004, 2008 and 2020 games. The team also represented Australia at the AFC U-23 Championship tournaments in 2013, 2016, 2018 & 2020.
Theseus1
Theseus1 (THE1) is a transmembrane receptor-like kinase (RLK) that is found in plant cells.  It was originally discovered in Arabidopsis thaliana as part of a family of 17 related proteins, commonly referred to as the Theseus1/Feronia family or the CrRLK family.  So far, THE1 and 5 other members in the same family of RLKs have been found to play key roles in cell elongation during vegetative growth through interacting mostly with the cell wall. Though the exact mechanism for this process is still unknown, it is thought to be very similar to, and even partially regulated by, the brassinosteroid pathway. In addition, Theseus1 has the ability to detect changes in cell wall integrity and could possibly even recognize pathogenic sequences. While the workings of THE1 and other members of the CrRLK family are understood on a general level, research of the specific interactions between them has yet to be published.

Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thaliana, the thale cress, mouse-ear cress or arabidopsis, is a small plant from the mustard family (Brassicaceae), native to Eurasia and Africa. Commonly found along the shoulders of roads and in disturbed land, it is generally considered a weed.

A winter annual with a relatively short lifecycle, A. thaliana is a popular model organism in plant biology and genetics. For a complex multicellular eukaryote, A. thaliana has a relatively small genome of around 135 megabase pairs. It was the first plant to have its genome sequenced, and is an important tool for understanding the molecular biology of many plant traits, including flower development and light sensing.
Ahmad Assaf
Ahmad Assaf (Arabic: أحمد عساف; born 21 July 1999) is a professional footballer who plays as a full-back for Jordanian Pro League club Al-Hussein. Born in Germany, he plays for the Jordan national team.

Jordan national football team
The Jordan national football team (Arabic: المنتخب الأردني لكرة القدم), nicknamed Al Nashama (lit. 'The Chivalrous Ones'), represents Jordan in men's international football. It is under the jurisdiction of the Jordan Football Association.

Jordan has played in five AFC Asian Cup tournaments, appearing in the final of a major tournament for the first time in the 2023 edition, finishing as runners-up. They also finished runners-up of the FIFA Arab Cup in 2025, and have won the Arab Games twice, in 1997 and 1999. The team reached the WAFF Championship final on three occasions but never won it. The country qualified for their first FIFA World Cup in 2026.
Blues Deluxe Vol. 2
Blues Deluxe Vol. 2 is the sixteenth solo studio album by American blues rock musician Joe Bonamassa, released through J&R Adventures in North America and Provogue in Europe on October 6, 2023. "I Want to Shout About It", "Twenty-Four Hour Blues", "Well, I Done Got Over It", "Lazy Poker Blues" and "Hope You Realize It (Goodbye Again)" were released as singles prior to the album. It serves as a successor to the original Blues Deluxe, released 20 years earlier.

Blues Deluxe
Blues Deluxe is the third studio album by American blues-rock musician Joe Bonamassa. Recorded at Unique Recording Studios in New York City.

It was produced by Bob Held and features nine cover versions of songs by classic blues artists and three original tracks (two co-written by Mike Himelstein, one by Will Jennings). The album was released on August 26, 2003, by Medalist Entertainment and reached number 8 on the US Billboard Top Blues Albums chart.

Named after the song of the same name by The Jeff Beck Group, a recording of which is featured on the album, Blues Deluxe was reportedly not originally intended to serve as Bonamassa's third album, but was ultimately deemed to be of high enough quality for release. The album received generally positive reviews from critics, with commentators praising Bonamassa's renditions of several blues standards, as well as the quality of his three original compositions on the album.
Thomas LeBoutillier
Thomas LeBoutillier II, sometimes spelled Le Boutillier (January 18, 1879 – September 18, 1929) was an American sports shooter and polo player. He competed in the 50 yard free pistol event at the 1908 Summer Olympics.

Shooting at the 1908 Summer Olympics – Men's 50 yard pistol
The men's individual revolver and pistol competition was one of 15 shooting sports events on the shooting at the 1908 Summer Olympics programme. The competition was held on Friday, 10 July 1908. Each nation could enter up to 12 shooters. Forty-three sport shooters from seven nations competed. Nations were limited to 12 shooters each. The event was won by Paul Van Asbroeck of Belgium, with his countryman Réginald Storms taking silver. They were the first medals for Belgian shooters in the free pistol. American James Gorman finished with the bronze medal after an unsuccessful protest, claiming he had put one bullet through a previous hole.
Veronica Kristiansen
Veronica Kristiansen Devecseri (born 10 July 1990) is a Norwegian professional handball player for Győri ETO KC and the Norwegian national team.

She made her team Norway debut in 2013.

Her achievements include winning the EHF Champions League three-times (with Győr), as well as three gold medals and one silver medal at the IHF World Women's Handball Championship, also has three victories in the European Women's Handball Championship, one Olympic gold medal and two Olympic bronze medals.

European Women's Handball Championship
The European Women's Handball Championship is the official competition for senior women's national handball teams of Europe, and takes place every two years. In addition to crowning the European champions, the tournament also serves as a qualifying tournament for the Olympic Games and World Championship. As of December 2024, the only teams that have ever won the championship are Norway (ten times), Denmark (three times), Hungary, Montenegro and France (each once).
Holden baronets of Oakworth House (1893)
The Holden Baronetcy, of Oakworth House in Keighley in the County of York, was created in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom in 1893 for the inventor, manufacturer and Liberal politician Isaac Holden. He had previously represented Knaresborough, Northern West Riding of Yorkshire and Keighley in Parliament.

His eldest son, the 2nd Baronet, represented Bradford East and Buckrose in the House of Commons. On 4 July 1908, he was raised to the peerage as Baron Holden, of Alston in the County of Cumberland. The barony became extinct on the death of his grandson, the 3rd Baron, on 6 July 1951; the baronetcy was passed on to his second cousin once removed, the 5th Baronet. He was the son of Edward Holden, a younger son of the 1st Baronet.

Isaac Holden
Sir Isaac Holden, 1st Baronet (7 May 1807 – 13 August 1897) was an inventor and manufacturer, who is known both for his work in developing the Square Motion wool-combing machine and as a Radical Liberal Member of Parliament.
Agnes Poni Lokudu
Agnes Poni Lokudu is a South Sudanese politician who served as Minister of Transport and Roads in the Government of South Sudan from independence in July 2011 until 2020. She was among the first women appointed to a senior cabinet position following independence.

Lokudu has also held leadership roles in party politics, serving as Chairperson of the National Congress Party (NCP) in South Sudan.

Politics of South Sudan
The politics of South Sudan concern the system of government in the Republic of South Sudan, a country in East Africa, and the people, organizations, and events involved in it.

As a region, the Republic of South Sudan gained autonomy in 2005 with former rebel leader Dr. John Garang becoming the President of New Sudan and the Vice President of Sudan. Garang's death in 2005 led Salva Kiir Mayardit taking over as President and Riek Machar as the Vice President. Full independence from the Republic of Sudan was gained, following a referendum in 2011.