hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Boardman River Nature Center
The Boardman River Nature Center is a nature center in Traverse City, Michigan.  It is operated by the Grand Traverse Conservation District, a regional parkland authority.  The nature center is dedicated to educating residents of Grand Traverse County about the animals and plants of the area, especially those native to the Boardman River valley.

Boardman River
The Boardman River (/bɔːrdmən/ BORD-mən), also known as the Ottaway River (/ɒtəweɪ/ AH-tə-way) or the Boardman–Ottaway River, is a 28.2-mile-long (45.4 km) river in the northwestern Lower Peninsula of Michigan. It rises in western Kalkaska County, and flows west and north through Grand Traverse County to end in downtown Traverse City at the Grand Traverse Bay, a bay of Lake Michigan. The river's watershed drains an area of 295 square miles (760 km2) through a combined 130 miles (210 km) of river and tributaries. Additionally, the Boardman River is considered one of the top ten trout streams in Michigan.
Tami Bond
Tami Bond is an American environmental engineer and atmospheric scientist. She holds the Walter Scott, Jr. Presidential Chair in Energy, Environment and Health at Colorado State University since 2019. For many years she was a professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Illinois, and an affiliate professor of Atmospheric Science.  Bond has focused research on the effective study of black carbon or soot in the atmosphere. She is a Fellow of the American Geophysical Union. A MacArthur Fellowship was awarded to her in 2014.

American Geophysical Union
The American Geophysical Union (AGU) is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization of Earth, atmospheric, ocean, hydrologic, space, and planetary scientists and enthusiasts that according to their website includes 130,000 people (not members). AGU's activities are focused on the organization and dissemination of scientific information in the interdisciplinary and international fields within the Earth and space sciences. The geophysical sciences involve four fundamental areas: atmospheric and ocean sciences; solid-Earth sciences; hydrologic sciences; and space sciences. The organization's headquarters is located on Florida Avenue in Washington, D.C.
The Specialist
The Specialist is a 1994 American action thriller film directed by Luis Llosa and starring Sylvester Stallone, Sharon Stone, James Woods, Eric Roberts, and Rod Steiger. It is loosely based on The Specialist series of novels by John Shirley. The film was met with negative critical response, but became a box office success, and Gloria Estefan's version of "Turn the Beat Around" became a dance sensation, becoming #1 on Billboard’s Dance Club Songs chart.

John Shirley
John Shirley (born February 10, 1953) is an American writer, primarily of horror, fantasy, science fiction, noir fiction, westerns, and songwriting. He has also written one historical novel, a western about Wyatt Earp, Wyatt in Wichita, and one non-fiction book, Gurdjieff: An Introduction to His Life and Ideas. Shirley has written novels, short stories, TV scripts and screenplays—including The Crow—and has published over 84 books including 10 short story collections. As a musician, Shirley has fronted his own bands and written lyrics for Blue Öyster Cult and others. Shirley won the Bram Stoker Award for his story collection Black Butterflies: A Flock on the Dark Side. His newest novels are Stormland, Suborbital 7, Axle Bust Creek, the Spur Award winning novel Gunmetal Mountain,Blood in Sweet River and The Silver Revolver. He has published non-fiction pieces in Wired Magazine, The Utne Reader, Boing Boing, and other publications.
National Astronomical Observatories of China
The National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences (NAOC, Chinese: 中国科学院国家天文台; pinyin: Zhōngguó Kēxuéyuàn Guójiā Tiānwéntái) is an astronomical research institute operated by the Chinese Academy of Sciences, along with Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Purple Mountain Observatory and National Time Service Center.

National Time Service Center
The National Time Service Center (NTSC; Chinese: 国家授时中心) is a public institute under the Chinese Academy of Sciences, responsible for generating, maintaining, and broadcasting standard time in China. It is located in Xi'an, Shaanxi, China. Its predecessor was the Shaanxi Astronomy Observatory of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, which was established in 1966 and renamed the National Time Service Center in March 2001. The center is China's only statutory agency for issuing national standard time and frequency.

NTSC includes short-wave (BPM) and long-wave (BPL) standard time and frequency radio stations. And in 2007, low-frequency (BPC) time signal station began trial broadcasting from Shangqiu.

In October 2025, China's national security authorities released the technical investigation report on the series of major cyber attacks carried out by the National Security Agency of the United States against the National Time Service Center from March 2022 to July 2024.
Olivia Chance
Olivia Juliet Bridget Chance (born 5 October 1993) is a New Zealand footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder or a left winger for Kolbotn IL the New Zealand at international level. She formerly played for Breiðablik of the Icelandic Úrvalsdeild, Everton and Bristol City of the English FA WSL, Sheffield United of the English FA Women's Championship, and Brisbane Roar of the Australian W-League.

New Zealand women's national football team
The New Zealand women's national football team represents New Zealand in international football competitions, and is governed by New Zealand Football (NZF). They are nicknamed the Football Ferns.

The New Zealand national team has taken part in the FIFA Women's World Cup six times, making their debut in 1991. New Zealand co-hosted the 2023 World Cup alongside Australia. They have failed to go past the group stage in all occasions.
Richard McKinney (executive)
Richard Lewis McKinney is an American information technology executive and public servant who served as the Chief Information Officer (CIO) of the United States Department of Transportation (DOT) from 2013 to 2017 under President Barack Obama. He is known for his leadership in public-sector IT modernization at the federal, state, and municipal levels.

Chief information officer
A chief information officer (CIO), chief digital information officer (CDIO), or information technology (IT) director is a job title commonly given to the most senior executive in an enterprise who works with information technology and computer systems, in order to support enterprise goals.

Normally, the CIO reports directly to the Managing Director. In military organizations, the CIO reports to the commanding officer. The role of chief information officer was first defined in 1981 by  William R. Synnott, former senior vice president of the Bank of Boston, and William H. Gruber, a former professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Sloan School of Management. A CIO will sometimes serve as a member of the board of directors.
Fergus Butler-Gallie
Fergus Butler-Gallie (born 1992) is an English writer and Anglican priest. He is vicar of Charlbury (St Mary and All Saints). Butler-Gallie rose to prominence with the publication of his book A Field Guide to the English Clergy in 2018, and has since written several more books, newspaper columns, and opinion pieces, as well as regular radio and podcast appearances. He was ordained in 2018 in the Anglican Diocese of Liverpool at the age of 26.

Anglican Diocese of Liverpool
The diocese of Liverpool is a diocese of the Church of England in North West England. The diocese covers Merseyside north of the River Mersey, south-west Lancashire, western Greater Manchester, and part of northern Cheshire. Liverpool Cathedral is the seat of the bishop of Liverpool, currently John Perumbalath, and the diocesan offices are also located in Liverpool. The bishop is assisted by one suffragan bishop, the bishop of Warrington.

What is now the diocese of Liverpool was historically part of the diocese of Coventry and Lichfield, and became part of the newly created diocese of Chester in 1541. The diocese of Liverpool was established on 9 April 1880.
James R. Biard
James Robert Biard (May 20, 1931 – September 23, 2022) was an American electrical engineer and inventor who held 73 U.S. patents. Some of his more significant patents include the first infrared light-emitting diode (LED), the optical isolator, Schottky clamped logic circuits, silicon metal–oxide–semiconductor read-only memory (MOS ROM), a low bulk leakage current avalanche photodetector, and fiber-optic data links. In 1980, Biard became a member of the staff of Texas A&M University as an adjunct professor of electrical engineering. In 1991, he was elected as a member into the National Academy of Engineering for contributions to semiconductor light-emitting diodes and lasers, Schottky-clamped logic, and read-only memories.

Opto-isolator
An opto-isolator (also called an optocoupler, photocoupler, or optical isolator) is an electronic component that transfers electrical signals between two isolated circuits by using light. Opto-isolators prevent high voltages from affecting the system receiving the signal. Commercially available opto-isolators withstand input-to-output voltages up to 10 kV and voltage transients with speeds up to 25 kV/μs.

A common type of opto-isolator consists of an LED and a phototransistor in the same opaque package. Other types of source-sensor combinations include LED-photodiode, LED-LASCR, and lamp-photoresistor pairs. Usually opto-isolators transfer digital (on-off) signals and can act as an electronic switch, but some techniques allow them to be used with analog signals.
2014 Men's European Individual Closed Championships
The 2014 Men's European Individual Closed Championships is the men's edition of the 2014 European Squash Individual Championships, which serves as the individual European championship for squash players. The event took place in Valenciennes in France from 4 to 7 June 2014. Grégory Gaultier won his eighth European Individual Championships title, defeating Mathieu Castagnet in the final.

European Squash Individual Championships
The European Individual Closed Championships (EICC) are the event which serves as the individual European championship for squash players organised by the European Squash Federation. The European Individual Championships was first held in 1990.
Jimmy Bartel
James Ross Bartel (born 4 December 1983) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for the Geelong Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). A utility, 1.87 m (6 ft 1+1⁄2 in) tall and weighing 89 kilograms (196 lb), Bartel contributed as a midfielder, forward, and defender.

Bartel made his AFL debut in 2002 and has garnered a long list of accolades and achievements. He is a triple premiership player, a Brownlow Medalist, Norm Smith Medalist, and a two-time All-Australian. Bartel is one of only three AFL players, along with Simon Black and Dustin Martin to have won a Brownlow Medal, a Norm Smith Medal and played over 300 AFL games.

Brownlow Medal
The Charles Brownlow Trophy, better known as the Brownlow Medal (and informally as Charlie), is awarded to the best and fairest player in the Australian Football League (AFL) during the home-and-away season, as determined by votes cast by the four officiating field umpires after each game. It is the most prestigious award for individual players in the AFL.

The medal was first awarded by the Victorian Football League (VFL). It was created and named in honour of Charles Brownlow, a former Geelong Football Club footballer (1880–1891) and club secretary (1885–1923), and VFL president (1918–19), who had died in January 1924 after an extended illness.
San Ferdinando
San Ferdinando (Calabrian: San Ferdinandu) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Reggio Calabria in the Italian region Calabria, located about 80 kilometres (50 mi) southwest of Catanzaro and about 45 kilometres (28 mi) northeast of Reggio Calabria. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 4,487 and an area of 14.0 square kilometres (5.4 mi2).

The municipality of San Ferdinando contains the frazioni (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets) Eranova and Villaggio Praia.

San Ferdinando borders the following municipalities: Nicotera, Gioia Tauro, and Rosarno.

Rosarno
Rosarno is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Reggio Calabria in the Italian region of Calabria. It is about 70 kilometres (43 mi) southwest of Catanzaro and about 50 kilometres (31 mi) northeast of Reggio Calabria. Rosarno stands on a natural terrace cloaked in olive plantations and vineyards on the left bank of the river Mesima, overlooking the Gioia Tauro plain. The town is an important agricultural and commercial centre known for the production of citrus fruits, olive oil, and wines.
Tommy Fleming (soccer)
Thomas "Tommy" or "Whitey" Fleming (January 15, 1890 in Beith, Scotland – March 19, 1965 in Quincy, Massachusetts) was a Scottish American soccer outside forward who began his career in Scotland and finished it in the United States. During his Hall of Fame career, Fleming won five American Cups, four National Challenge Cups and at least eight league titles.

American Cup
The American Football Association Challenge Cup (also known as the American Association Cup or simply American Cup) was the first major U.S. soccer competition open to teams beyond a single league.  It was first held in 1884, and organised by the American Football Association (AFA).

In the 1910s, it gradually declined in importance with the establishment of the National Challenge Cup. The competition was last held in 1924.
Cecilia Smith (rugby union)
Cecilia Smith (born 13 March 1994) is an Australian rugby union player. She captains the Queensland Reds in the Super Rugby Women's competition and for Australia internationally. She was part of Australia's 2021 Rugby World Cup squad.

Australia women's national rugby union team
The Australia women's national rugby union team, commonly called the Wallaroos, represent Australia in women's rugby union. They compete annually in the Pacific Four Series, the Laurie O'Reilly Cup against New Zealand, and have competed at Women's Rugby World Cups since 1998.

Australian women have been playing rugby since the late 1930s, in regional areas of New South Wales. In 1992 the first National Women's Tournament was held in Newcastle, NSW. The following year the Australian Women's Rugby Union was established, and it was declared that the national women's team would be called the Wallaroos. It was chosen because it was the name of one of Australia's oldest clubs, the Wallaroo Football Club, which was formed in 1870.
Igor Yudin
Igor Yudin (born 17 June 1987) is an Australian volleyball player with Russian origins, a member of Australia men's national volleyball team in 2004–2012, a participant of the 2012 Olympic Games, 2007 Asian Champion.

2007 Asian Men's Volleyball Championship
The  Asian Men's Volleyball Championship was the fourteenth staging of the Asian Men's Volleyball Championship, a biennial international volleyball tournament organised by the Asian Volleyball Confederation (AVC) with Indonesian Volleyball Federation (PBVSI). The tournament was held in Jakarta, Indonesia from 31 August to 9 September 2007.
Joyous entry
A joyous entry (Dutch: blijde intrede; French: joyeuse entrée) is a ceremonial event marking the entry into a city by a monarch, prince, duke, or governor in parts of modern-day Belgium. Originating in the Middle Ages, it generally coincided with the affirmation or extension of the city's civic rights and privileges.

Joyous entries are primarily associated with the historic Duchy of Brabant and County of Flanders and continue in modern-day Belgium where the most recent joyous entries took place in 2013. The term is also occasionally used in relation to royal entries in Medieval France, Luxembourg, Hungary, Scotland, and elsewhere.

Duchy of Brabant
The Duchy of Brabant, a state of the Holy Roman Empire, was established in 1183. It developed from the Landgraviate of Brabant of 1085–1183, and formed the heart of the historic Low Countries. The Duchy comprised part of the Burgundian Netherlands from 1430 and of the Habsburg Netherlands from 1482, until it was partitioned after the Dutch revolt of 1566–1648.

The 1648 Peace of Westphalia ceded present-day North Brabant (Dutch: Noord-Brabant) to the Generality Lands of the Dutch Republic, while the reduced duchy remained part of the Habsburg Netherlands until French Revolutionary forces conquered it in 1794 — a change recognized by the Treaty of Campo Formio in 1797.

Today all the duchy's former territories, apart from exclaves, are divided between Belgium and the Dutch province of North Brabant.
Fourmies massacre
The Fourmies massacre was an event which happened on 1 May 1891 in Fourmies, in the French Nord department. Government troops fired on a peaceful demonstration of workers demanding an eight-hour workday. The troops' action against the workers, claiming "C'est les huit heures qu'il nous faut !" (it's the eight-hour day we need), killed nine people, including two children, and injured 35 people. With the Clichy affair, happening the same day, it was one of the events of this period where the social tensions reached their peak in France.

Nord (French department)
Nord (French pronunciation: [nɔʁ] ⓘ; officially French: département du Nord; Picard: départémint dech Nord; Dutch: Noorderdepartement, lit. 'northern department') is a department in Hauts-de-France region, France, bordering Belgium. It was created from the western halves of the historical counties of Flanders and Hainaut, and the Bishopric of Cambrai. The modern coat of arms was inherited from the County of Flanders.

Nord is the country's most populous département. It had a population of 2,608,346 in 2019. It also contains the metropolitan region of Lille (the main city and the prefecture of the département), the fourth-largest urban area in France after Paris, Lyon and Marseille. The department is the part of France where the French Flemish dialect of Dutch has historically been spoken as a native language. Similarly, the distinct French Picard dialect Ch'ti is spoken there.
Sharif Fajardo
Sharif Karim Fajardo Blanding (born June 9, 1976) is a Puerto Rican former professional basketball player.  Fajardo has played in the CBA, NCAA, and the National Superior Basketball League of Puerto Rico (BSN) with Santurce Crabbers, Quebradillas Pirates and the San Germán Athletics.  Fajardo has played internationally in France, Italy, and Greece.  Fajardo participated in the 2005 Pre-Season Training Camp of the Toronto Raptors of the NBA.  Fajardo was a member of the Puerto Rican National Basketball Team, most notably the 2004 Puerto Rican National Basketball Team that defeated the United States at the 2004 Olympic Games in Greece.

Baloncesto Superior Nacional
The Baloncesto Superior Nacional, abbreviated as BSN, is the first tier-level professional men's basketball league in Puerto Rico. It was founded in 1929 and is organized by the Puerto Rican Basketball Federation.

The Baloncesto Superior Nacional, which is played under FIBA rules, currently consists of 12
teams, of which the most successful has been the Vaqueros de Bayamón with 17 titles as of 2025.

The league has produced players that have distinguished themselves in the NBA, EuroLeague, Spain's ACB, and other tournaments throughout the world. Among them, Georgie Torres was the first Puerto Rican to sign an NBA contract & Butch Lee was the first BSN player to win an NBA title. Later on players including José Ortiz, Ramón Rivas, Daniel Santiago, Carlos Arroyo and J. J. Barea, started their careers playing for BSN teams and later played in the NBA.
203rd Training Aviation Brigade (Ukraine)
The 203rd Training Aviation Brigade "Vladyslav Rykov" is  brigade of the Ukrainian Air Force, tasked with training of the Air Force pilots. It operates various variants of the Su-27 and Aero L-39 Albatros, An-26s, Mi-2s and Mi-8s aircraft. The brigade traces its origin to the 810th Training Aviation Regiment of the Soviet Air Force which swore allegiance to Ukraine. Since 2004, the brigade is subordinated to the Ivan Kozhedub National University of the Air Force.

Mil Mi-8
The Mil Mi-8 (Russian: Ми-8, NATO reporting name: Hip) is a family of medium twin-turbine helicopters, originally designed by the Soviet Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute (TsAGI) in the 1960s and introduced into the Soviet Air Force in 1968. Russian production of the aircraft model still continues as of 2024. In addition to its most common role as a transport helicopter, the Mi-8 is also used as an airborne command post, armed gunship, and reconnaissance platform.

The Mi-8 is the world's most-produced helicopter, with over 17,000 units used by over 50 countries. As of 2015, when combined with the related Mil Mi-17, the two helicopters are the third most common operational military aircraft in the world.
Sopranist
A sopranist (also known as male soprano) is a male singer who is able to sing in vocal tessitura of a soprano, usually through falsetto or head voice technique. This voice type is a specific kind of countertenor.
In rare cases an adult man may be able to sing in the soprano range using his normal or modal voice (high chest voice) and not falsetto due to endocrinological reasons, like Radu Marian, or as a result of a larynx that has not completely developed, as is allegedly the case with Michael Maniaci.

Head voice
Head voice is a term used within vocal music. The use of this term varies widely within vocal pedagogical circles, and there is no single consistent opinion among vocal music professionals in regard to this term. Head voice can be used in relation to the following:

A particular part of the vocal range or type of vocal register

A vocal resonance area

A specific vocal timbre
Sulfonylurea receptor
In molecular biology, the sulfonylurea receptors (SUR) are membrane proteins which are the molecular targets of the sulfonylurea class of antidiabetic drugs whose mechanism of action is to promote insulin release from pancreatic beta cells.  More specifically, SUR proteins are subunits of the inward-rectifier potassium ion channels Kir6.x (6.1 and 6.2).  The association of four Kir6.x and four SUR subunits form an ion conducting channel commonly referred to as the KATP channel.

Three forms of the sulfonylurea receptor are known, SUR1 encoded by the ABCC8 gene, and SUR2A and SUR2B, which are splice variants arising from a single ABCC9 gene.

KCNJ8
Potassium inwardly-rectifying channel, subfamily J, member 8, also known as KCNJ8, is a human gene encoding the Kir6.1 protein. A mutation in KCNJ8 has been associated with cardiac arrest in the early repolarization syndrome.

Potassium channels are present in most mammalian cells, where they participate in a wide range of physiologic responses. Kir6.1 is an integral membrane protein and inward-rectifier type potassium channel. Kir6.1, which has a greater tendency to allow potassium to flow into a cell rather than out of a cell, is controlled by G-proteins.