hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
1938 Combined Scottish Universities by-election
The 1938 Combined Scottish Universities by-election was a by-election held from 21 to 25 February 1938 for the Combined Scottish Universities, a university constituency of the British House of Commons.

Combined Scottish Universities
The Combined Scottish Universities was a three-member university constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1918 until 1950. It was created by merging the single-member constituencies of Glasgow and Aberdeen Universities and Edinburgh and St Andrews Universities.
Mongol Aspiration School
47°54′16.7″N 106°58′54.2″E﻿ / ﻿47.904639°N 106.981722°E﻿ / 47.904639; 106.981722

Mongol Aspiration (MAIS; Mongolian: Монгол тэмүүлэл сургууль) is a state-funded international school, offering Cambridge International Education in Bayanzürkh, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Founded in 2011, it is one of the three International Laboratory Schools owned by the Ministry of Education.

Bayanzürkh
Bayanzürkh (Mongolian: Баянзүрх [páɪnt͡surx]; lit. 'Rich Heart') is one of nine districts of the Mongolian capital of Ulaanbaatar. It is subdivided into 20 subdistricts.

It is the largest district in the capital and lies in the southeast of the city. It was established in 1965. In 2023 it had an approximate population of 420,793 people in 131,902 households. A total of 23 state kindergartens and 19 secondary schools are located in the district area.

Bayanzürkh is located in the east, at the foot of one of the four mountains of Ulaanbaatar, the Bayanzürkh Uul.
New Jersey's 28th legislative district
New Jersey's 28th legislative district is one of 40 in the New Jersey Legislature. The district includes the Essex County municipalities of Maplewood, Irvington and South Orange, along with portions of Newark (which is also part of the 29th district); and the Union County municipality of Hillside.

New Jersey's 29th legislative district
New Jersey's 29th legislative district is one of 40 districts that make up the map for the New Jersey Legislature. It covers a portion of Essex County, specifically most of the city of Newark; and the Hudson County municipalities of East Newark and Harrison.
Simple Simon over
The simple Simon over bend is a knot belonging to the category bend. The simple Simon under holds well even with slippery synthetic ropes, but is less secure than the similar simple Simon under.

The difference is just whether the green working end goes over the green standing (loaded) end (Simple Simon over) or under the green standing (loaded) end (simple Simon under).

Bend (knot)
A bend is a type of knot used to unite two lengths of rope, or two parts of the same rope. Bends are used in a variety of situations, including climbing, sailing, and securing loads. They are classified based on their ability to be tightened or released, their resistance to slipping, and their strength. Some common types include the sheet bend, the double fisherman's knot, and the double figure-eight bend. Bends allow the combined ropes to support weight or transmit force.
Bisdemethoxycurcumin
Bisdemethoxycurcumin is a curcuminoid found (along with the curcuminoids curcumin and demethoxycurcumin) in turmeric (Curcuma longa), but absent in Javanese turmeric (Curcuma xanthorrhiza). Bisdemethoxycurcumin is used as a pigment and nutraceutical with antimutagenic properties. All three of the curcuminoids found in Curcuma longa have been shown to have antioxidant properties, but bisdemethoxycurcumin is more resistant than the others to alkaline degradation. It was found to be effective in sensitizing PC cells resistance against gemcitabine.

Curcumin
Curcumin is a bright yellow chemical produced by plants of the Curcuma longa species. It is the principal curcuminoid of turmeric (Curcuma longa), a member of the ginger family, Zingiberaceae. It is sold as an herbal supplement, cosmetics ingredient, food flavoring, and food coloring.

Chemically, curcumin is a polyphenol, more particularly a diarylheptanoid, belonging to the group of curcuminoids, which are phenolic pigments responsible for the yellow color of turmeric.

Extensive studies have consistently failed to show any medical value for curcumin. It is difficult to study because it is both unstable and poorly bioavailable. It is unlikely to produce useful leads for drug development as a lead compound.
Battle of the Punchbowl
The Battle of the Punchbowl (Korean: 펀치볼 전투), was one of the last battles of the movement phase of the Korean War. Following the breakdown of armistice negotiations in August 1951, the United Nations Command (UN) decided to launch a limited offensive in the late summer/early autumn to shorten and straighten sections of their lines, acquire better defensive terrain, and deny the enemy key vantage points from which they could observe and target UN positions. The Battle of Bloody Ridge took place west of the Haean Basin, known to the UN Forces as the Punchbowl, from August–September 1951 and this was followed by the Battle of Heartbreak Ridge northwest of the Punchbowl from September–October 1951. At the end of the UN offensive in October 1951, UN forces controlled the line of hills north of the Punchbowl.

Battle of Heartbreak Ridge
The Battle of Heartbreak Ridge (Korean: 단장의 능선 전투; Hanja: 斷腸의 稜線 戰鬪; French: Bataille de Crèvecœur), also known as the Battle of Wendengli (Chinese: 文登里战斗; pinyin: Wéndēnglǐ Zhàndòu), was a month-long battle in the Korean War which took place between 13 September and 15 October 1951. After withdrawing from Bloody Ridge, the Korean People's Army (KPA) set up new positions just 1,500 yards (1,400 m) away on a 7-mile (11 km) long hill mass. If anything, these defenses were even more formidable than on Bloody Ridge.

The Battle of Heartbreak Ridge was one of several major engagements in the hills of North Korea a few miles north of the 38th Parallel, the pre-war boundary between North and South Korea, near Chorwon. For the Chinese, this battle is often confused with the Battle of Triangle Hill, which occurred a year later.
Galaga '91
Galaga '91 is a 1991 fixed shooter video game developed and published by Namco for the Game Gear. It was published by Sega in Europe and renamed Galaga 2. The first portable installment in the Galaxian series, players control a lone starfighter in its mission to eradicate the hostile Galaga forces before they take over Earth. Gameplay revolves around shooting down formations of enemies and avoiding their projectiles.

Namco was assisted by Now Production, an external studio, during the game's development. It is loosely based on the 1987 arcade game Galaga '88 and its 1989 TurboGrafx-16 home port, incorporating similar mechanics featured in both games. Galaga '91 was well-received, and was a popular title for the Game Gear in Japan. Reviewers praised its colorful visuals and gameplay, and for being well-designed around the console's hardware. Some believed the limited screen resolution made it difficult to play.

Galaga '88
Galaga '88 is a 1987 fixed shooter video game developed and published by Namco for Japanese arcades; it was distributed by Atari Games in North America and Europe. It is the fourth entry in the Galaxian series, following 1984's Gaplus. It features significantly improved graphics over previous games in the series, including detailed backgrounds, larger enemies, and greater ship details.

Galaga '88 was a commercial success in Japan, but was not as successful as its predecessors outside of Japan. The game was praised by critics for its gameplay, graphics, and music, as well as for its new enhancements that changed and innovated the core gameplay. It was ported to the TurboGrafx-16, X68000, and Japanese mobile phones, and is included in several Namco compilations. It was followed by Galaxian3: Project Dragoon in 1990.
Saṃsāra (Buddhism)
Saṃsāra (in Sanskrit (संसार) and Pali) in Buddhism is the beginningless cycle of repeated birth, mundane existence and dying again. Samsara is considered to be suffering (Skt. duḥkha; P. dukkha), or generally unsatisfactory and painful. It is perpetuated by desire and ignorance (Skt. avidyā; P. avijjā), and the resulting karma and sensuousness.

Rebirths occur in six realms of existence, namely three good realms (heavenly, demi-god, human) and three evil realms (animal, ghosts, hell). Saṃsāra ends when a being attains nirvāṇa, which is the extinction of desire and acquisition of true insight into the nature of reality as impermanent and non-self.

Duḥkha
Duḥkha (/ˈduːkə/; Sanskrit: दुःख, Pali: dukkha) "suffering", "pain", "unease", or "unsatisfactoriness", is an important concept in Buddhism, Jainism and Hinduism. Its meaning is context-dependent: it may refer more specifically to the "unsatisfactoriness" or "unease" of craving for and grasping after transient 'things' (i.e. sensory objects, including thoughts), or expecting pleasure from them while ignorant of this transientness. In Buddhism, dukkha is part of the first of the Four Noble Truths and one of the three marks of existence. The term also appears in scriptures of Hinduism, such as the Upanishads, in discussions of moksha (spiritual liberation).

While the term dukkha has often been derived from the prefix du- ("bad" or "difficult") and the root kha ("empty", "hole"), meaning a badly fitting axle-hole of a cart or chariot giving "a very bumpy ride", it may actually be derived from duḥ-stha, a "dis-/ bad- + stand-", that is, "standing badly, unsteady", "unstable".
2024 AFC U-20 Women's Asian Cup qualification
The 2024 AFC U-20 Women's Asian Cup qualification is a women's under-20 football competition that will determine the participating teams in the 2024 AFC U-20 Women's Asian Cup final tournament. Players born on or after 1 January 2004 are eligible to participate.

A total of eight teams will qualify to play in the final tournament. The host country and the top three teams of the previous tournament in 2019 will qualify automatically, while the other four teams will be decided by qualification. There will be two rounds of qualification matches, with the first round scheduled to be played between 4 and 12 March 2023, and the second round scheduled to be played between 3 and 11 June 2023.

2024 AFC U-20 Women's Asian Cup
The 2024 AFC U-20 Women's Asian Cup was the 11th edition of the AFC U-20 Women's Asian Cup (including previous editions of the AFC U-20 Women's Championship and AFC U-19 Women's Championship), the biennial international youth football championship organised by the Asian Football Confederation (AFC) for the women's under-20 national teams of Asia.

It was held in Uzbekistan between 3–16 March 2024. A total of eight teams competed in the tournament, with he top four teams of the tournament qualifying for the 2024 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup in Colombia as the AFC representatives.

Japan were the defending champions. They were beaten 1–2 in the final by North Korea.
1924 United States Senate elections in Michigan
Two 1924 United States Senate elections in Michigan were held on November 4, 1924. Incumbent Republican U.S. Senator James J. Couzens, who was appointed following the resignation of Truman Newberry, was elected to a full term in a landslide. He also won the concurrent special election to serve out the remainder of Newberry's term (for the remainder of the 68th Congress), defeating the same candidates by roughly the same margin.

1924 United States Senate elections
The 1924 United States Senate elections were elections for the United States Senate which coincided with the election of Republican President Calvin Coolidge to a full term. The 32 seats of Class 2 were contested in regular elections, and special elections were held to fill vacancies. The strong economy and Coolidge's popularity helped Republican candidates increase their majority by three. Republicans would gain another seat through mid-term vacancies, bringing their seat share to 56–39–1.
Miguel Ángel Pinto
Miguel Ángel Pinto Hernández (born November 14, 1961) is a Colombian politician, lawyer and specialist in administrative law, member of the Liberal party.

Pinto has served as a Colombian Congressman, having served as a member of the Chamber of Representatives between 2011 and 2018, representing the department of Santander, in 2016 he was elected as president of the Chamber of Representatives, a position he served until July 20, 2017, in 2018 he became elected Senator, during the 2018 Parliamentary election, later he would be re-elected again, during the 2022 Parliamentary election on July 20, 2022, he would be elected as vice president of the Senate, a position that he shared with Senator Honorio Henríquez, Later on May 4, 2023, he would act as acting president of the Senate, after the removal of his predecessor Roy Barreras when he was found in double militancy, a position in which he would serve until June 6, when Alexander López Maya was elected as his successor.

Alexander López Maya
Alexander López Maya (born 26 June 1967) is a Colombian lawyer and politician who has served as General Director of National Planning since March 5, 2024. López Maya has previously served as Member of the Chamber of Representatives from 2011 to 2018, Senator of Colombia from 2018 to 2014 and President of the Senate from June 6 to July 20, 2023.

Since 4 May 2023, he has served as acting president of the Senate after the previous president, Roy Barreras, was declared double militant, for which he was forced to leave the position of president of the Senate.
Deputy Speaker of the Dewan Rakyat
The Deputy Speaker of the Dewan Rakyat (Malay: Timbalan Yang di-Pertua Dewan Rakyat) is the second highest-ranking presiding officer of the Dewan Rakyat, the lower house of the Parliament of Malaysia. They are responsible for convening sessions of the Dewan Rakyat, organising debates, and examining the admissibility of petitions, bills, and amendments. One of their deputies will take their place when in the absence of the Speaker.

The current deputy speaker is Ramli Mohd Nor alongside Alice Lau Kiong Yieng. They were elected on 19 December 2022 for the 15th Malaysian Parliament.

Parliament of Malaysia
The Parliament of Malaysia (Malay: Parlimen Malaysia; Jawi: ‏ڤرليمن مليسيا‎) is the national legislature of Malaysia, based on the Westminster system. The bicameral parliament consists of the Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives, lit. "People's Assembly") and the Dewan Negara (Senate, lit. "State Assembly"). The Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King), as the head of state, is the third component of Parliament.

The Parliament assembles in the Malaysian Houses of Parliament, located in the national capital city of Kuala Lumpur.

The term "Member of Parliament (MP)" usually refers to a member of the Dewan Rakyat, the lower house of the Parliament. The term "Senator" usually refers to a member of the Dewan Negara, the upper house of the Parliament.
Joel Bach
Joel Bach (born 1970) is an American journalist, film and television producer, known for his work on 60 Minutes with CBS News and for co-founding the environmental project, Years of Living Dangerously with David Gelber. He won two Emmy Awards for his work on 60 Minutes, and shared with David Gelber both a Primetime Emmy Award and an Environmental Media Award for Years of Living Dangerously.

Bach worked at 60 Minutes with correspondents including Ed Bradley, Lesley Stahl, Steve Kroft, and Scott Pelley. He successfully recruited film director James Cameron as an executive producer of Years of Living Dangerously, and enlisted actors to the project including Harrison Ford, Jessica Alba, Matt Damon, and Arnold Schwarzenegger.

Scott Pelley
Scott Cameron Pelley (born July 28, 1957) is an American author and reporter for CBS News for more than 31 years. Pelley is the author of the 2019 book, Truth Worth Telling, and a correspondent for the CBS News magazine 60 Minutes. Pelley served as anchor and managing editor of the CBS Evening News from 2011 to 2017, a period in which the broadcast added more than a million and a half viewers, achieving its highest ratings in more than a decade. Pelley served as CBS News's chief White House correspondent from 1997 to 1999.
Mount Spec Road and Little Crystal Creek Bridge
Mount Spec Road and Little Crystal Creek Bridge is a heritage-listed road from Mutarnee to Paluma with a bridge over Little Crystal Creek at Crystal Creek, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. The bridge is 61 kilometres (38 mi) north of Townsville and provides access to the Paluma Range National Park. The road and the bridge were constructed between 1930 and 1936 under the Unemployment Relief Scheme during the Great Depression. They were added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 30 October 2008.

City of Townsville
The City of Townsville is a local government area (LGA) located in North Queensland, Australia. It encompasses the city of Townsville, together with the surrounding rural areas. To the south are the communities of Alligator Creek, Woodstock and Reid River, and to the north are Northern Beaches and Paluma. Also included is Magnetic Island. In June 2018 the area had a population of 194,072, and is the 28th-largest LGA in Australia. Townsville is considered to be the unofficial capital of North Queensland.

In the 2021 census, the City of Townsville had a population of 192,768 people.
Wenkchemna Peak
Wenkchemna Peak is located on the SE ridge coming off of Mount Hungabee on the border of Alberta and British Columbia. It was named in 1894 by Samuel E. S. Allen for the Stoney Indian word for ten.

Wenkchemna is the 10th peak in The Valley of the Ten Peaks, as they are normally numbered (left to right as seen from Moraine Lake).  It is an extension into the valley of the ridge formed by Mount Hungabee and Ringrose Peaks.

Mount Hungabee
Mount Hungabee, officially Hungabee Mountain, is a mountain located on the boundaries of Banff National Park and Yoho National Park on the Continental Divide at the head of Paradise Valley, in Canada. The peak was named in 1894 by Samuel Allen after the Stoney Indian (also known as Nakoda) word for "chieftain" as the mountain is higher than its neighbouring peaks. The mountain can be seen from the Icefields Parkway (#93) in the upper Bow Valley.
2018 Tournament of Champions
The Men's J. P. Morgan Tournament of Champions 2018 is the men's edition of the 2018 Tournament of Champions, which is a PSA World Series event (Prize money : 165 000 $). The event took place at the Grand Central Terminal in New York City in the United States from 18 January to 25 January. Simon Rösner won his first Tournament of Champions trophy, beating Tarek Momen in the final.

Tournament of Champions (squash)
The Tournament of Champions is an annual international squash championship held in New York City. In recent years, the event has been held at Grand Central Terminal, in a specially-constructed four-walled glass court in the Vanderbilt Hall.

The tournament was first held in 1930. It was previously known as the US Professional Championships. The women's competition began in 2001. In 2022, the men's tournament has involved a main draw of 24 players, and the women's tournament has had a main draw of 24. The men's event is now part of the PSA World Series.
Minimum railway curve radius
The minimum railway curve radius is the shortest allowable design radius for the centerline of railway tracks under a particular set of conditions. It has an important bearing on construction costs and operating costs and, in combination with superelevation (difference in elevation of the two rails) in the case of train tracks, determines the maximum safe speed of a curve. The minimum radius of a curve is one parameter in the design of railway vehicles as well as trams; monorails and automated guideways are also subject to a minimum radius.

Cant (road and rail)
The cant of a railway track or camber of a road (also referred to as superelevation, cross slope, cross fall, or difference in crosslevel) is the difference in elevation (height) between the two rails or edges of the road. This is normally greater where the railway or road is curved; raising the outer rail or the outer edge of the road creates a banked turn, thus allowing vehicles to travel round the curve at greater speeds than would be possible if the surface were level.
Separation of the elements
Separation of the elements is an aesthetic principle formulated by the German modernist theatre practitioner Bertolt Brecht. The principle bears primarily on the theatrical register, though it has implications for the dramatic and performative as well. The principle of the "separation of the elements" stands in diametric opposition to that of the "integrated work of art" proposed by Wagner, which refers to a work of art that enables the use of various other visual forms. Brecht utilises the "separation of elements" in conjunction with his other "Epic Theatre" techniques to educate his audience of the social and political context of 20th century Germany.

Epic theatre
Epic theatre (German: episches Theater) is a theatrical movement that arose in the early to mid-20th century from the theories and practice of a number of theatre practitioners who responded to the political climate of the time through the creation of new political dramas. Epic theatre is not meant to refer to the scale or the scope of the work, but rather to the form that it takes.  Epic theatre emphasizes the audience's perspective and reaction to the piece through a variety of techniques that deliberately cause them to individually engage in a different way. The purpose of epic theatre is not to encourage an audience to suspend their disbelief, but rather to force them to see their world as it is.
Harry Kalas
Harold Norbert Kalas (March 26, 1936 – April 13, 2009) was an American sportscaster, best known for his Ford C. Frick Award-winning role as lead play-by-play announcer for the Philadelphia Phillies of Major League Baseball (MLB), a position he held from 1971 until his death in 2009.

Kalas was also closely identified with the National Football League (NFL), serving as a voice-over narrator for NFL Films productions (a regular feature on Inside the NFL) and calling football games nationally for Westwood One radio.

Ford C. Frick Award
The Ford C. Frick Award is presented annually by the Baseball Hall of Fame in the United States to a broadcaster for "major contributions to baseball". It is named for Ford C. Frick, former commissioner of baseball. Prior to his career as an executive, Frick was a baseball writer and occasional broadcaster; he gained fame as a ghostwriter for Babe Ruth in the 1920s. The award was created in 1978, and named in tribute to Frick following his death that year.

Recipients of the award are not members of the Hall of Fame—they are not "inducted" or "enshrined", they are not "Hall of Fame broadcasters", and there is no "broadcasters' wing" of the Hall of Fame—they are officially "honorees." The award is given at a separate ceremony from the induction ceremony on Hall of Fame weekend. As with recipients of the BBWAA Career Excellence Award for baseball writing, the honorees are permanently recognized in a "Scribes & Mikemen" exhibit in the Hall's library.
William O'Dwyer
William O'Dwyer (July 11, 1890 – November 24, 1964) was an Irish American attorney and Democratic Party politician who served as the 101st Mayor of New York City from 1946 to 1950, when he resigned under the cloud of multiple investigations into corruption in the New York City Police Department. He also served as Brooklyn District Attorney from 1940 to 1945 and United States Ambassador to Mexico from 1950 to 1952.

Brooklyn District Attorney
The Kings County District Attorney's Office, also known as the Brooklyn District Attorney's Office, is the district attorney's office for Kings County, coterminous with the Borough of Brooklyn, in New York City. The office is responsible for the prosecution of violations of the laws of New York. (Violations of federal law are prosecuted by the United States Attorney for the Eastern District of New York.) The current district attorney is Eric Gonzalez.