hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Jack Williams (VC)
Company Sergeant Major John Henry Williams, VC, DCM, MM & Bar (29 September 1886 – 7 March 1953) was a Welsh colliery worker, soldier, and a recipient of the Victoria Cross (VC) the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. Williams is the most decorated Welsh non-commissioned officer of all time.

Military Medal
The Military Medal (MM) was a military decoration awarded to personnel of the British Army and other arms of the armed forces, and to personnel of other Commonwealth countries, below commissioned rank, for bravery in battle on land. The award was established in 1916, with retrospective application to 1914, and was awarded to other ranks for "acts of gallantry and devotion to duty under fire". The award was discontinued in 1993, when it was replaced by the Military Cross, which was extended to all ranks, while other Commonwealth nations instituted their own award systems in the post war period.
1931 International Lawn Tennis Challenge America Zone
The America Zone was one of the two regional zones of the 1931 International Lawn Tennis Challenge.

Due to an increase in South American entries, the America Zone was split into the North & Central America Zone and the South America Zone. The winner of each sub-zone would play against each other to determine who moved to the Inter-Zonal Final to compete against the winner of the Europe Zone. 8 teams entered the America Zone: 3 teams competed in the North & Central America Zone, while 5 teams competed in the South America Zone.

The United States defeated Canada in the North & Central America Zone final, and Argentina defeated Chile in the South America Zone final. In the Americas Inter-Zonal Final, the United States defeated Argentina and went on to face Great Britain in the Inter-Zonal Final.

1931 International Lawn Tennis Challenge
The 1931 International Lawn Tennis Challenge was the 26th edition of what is now known as the Davis Cup.

Due to an increase in South American entries, the America Zone was split into the North & Central America Zone and the South America Zone, with the winner of each sub-zone playing to determine who moved to the Inter-Zonal round. 22 teams would enter the Europe Zone, while 8 would enter the America Zone. These included first-time entries from Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay, although Brazil withdrew without playing a tie, and Paraguay would not play in the Davis Cup again until 1982. This year also marked the first time that ties were played in South America.

The United States defeated Argentina in the America Inter-Zonal Final, but would then lose to Great Britain in the Inter-Zonal play-off. France defeated Great Britain in the Challenge Round, giving France their fifth straight title. The final was played at Stade Roland Garros in Paris, France on 24–26 July.
Earlwood
Earlwood is a suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Earlwood is located 10 kilometres south-west of the Sydney central business district, and is part of the Canterbury-Bankstown area. It is in the local government area of the City of Canterbury-Bankstown.

Earlwood stretches from the southern bank of the Cooks River to the northern bank of Wolli Creek. Wolli Creek (the suburb), Turrella and Bardwell Park lie to the south across Wolli Creek, while Canterbury, Hurlstone Park and Marrickville are located to the north and east across Cooks River. The locality of Undercliffe is part of the suburb. Clemton Park adjoins the suburb to the west. Earlwood is primarily residential with some commercial developments around the main road, Homer Street.

City of Canterbury Bankstown
The City of Canterbury Bankstown, legally named Canterbury-Bankstown, is a local government area (LGA) in metropolitan Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It is governed by Canterbury-Bankstown Council, branded as CBCity. The LGA was formed on 12 May 2016 from a merger of the City of Canterbury and the City of Bankstown, after a statewide review of local government by the NSW Government.

The City of Canterbury Bankstown comprises an area of 110.8 square kilometres (42.8 sq mi) and as per the 2021 census, had a population of 371,006 making it the second most populous local government area in New South Wales.

The current mayor is Bilal El-Hayek, a member of the Labor Party, who was elected on 11 May 2023.
Las aventuras del capitán Alatriste (TV series)
Las aventuras del capitán Alatriste is a Spanish adventure television series set in the early 17th century, consisting of an adaptation of the Captain Alatriste novel series by Arturo Pérez-Reverte, starring Aitor Luna in the lead role. It aired from January 2015 to April 2015 on Telecinco.

Captain Alatriste
Captain Alatriste (Spanish: El capitán Alatriste, fully titled Las aventuras del capitán Alatriste) is a series of novels by Spanish author Arturo Pérez-Reverte. It deals with the adventures of the title character, a Spanish soldier and man of fortune living in the 17th century.
History of modernisation theory
Modernisation refers to a model of a progressive transition from a "pre-modern" or "traditional" to a "modern" society. The theory particularly focuses on the internal factors of a country while assuming that, with assistance, traditional or pre-modern countries can be brought to development in the same manner which more developed countries have. Modernisation theory attempts to identify the social variables that contribute to social progress and development of societies, and seeks to explain the process of social evolution. Modernisation theory is subject to criticism originating among socialists and free-market ideologies, world-systems theorists, globalisation theorists and dependency theorists among others. Modernisation theory not only stresses the process of change, but also the responses to that change. It also looks at internal dynamics while referring to social and cultural structures and the adaptation of new technologies.

Progress
Progress is movement towards a perceived refined, improved, or otherwise desired state. It is central to the philosophy of progressivism, which interprets progress as the set of advancements in technology, science, and social organization – the latter being generally achieved through direct societal action, as in social enterprise or through activism, but being also attainable through natural sociocultural evolution – that progressivism holds all human societies should strive towards.

The concept of progress was introduced in the early-19th-century social theories, especially social evolution as described by Auguste Comte and Herbert Spencer. It was present in the Enlightenment's philosophies of history. As a goal, social progress has been advocated by varying realms of political ideologies with different theories on how it is to be achieved.
Thirty-Six Immortal Women Poets
The Thirty-Six Immortal Women Poets (女房三十六歌仙, Nyōbō Sanjūrokkasen) is a canon of Japanese poets who were anthologized in the middle Kamakura period. The compiler and exact date of the canon's construction is unknown, but its reference is subsequently noted in the Gunsho Ruijū, volume 13.

Five of the 36, Ono no Komachi, Lady Ise, Nakatsukasa, Saigū no Nyōgo and Kodai no Kimi also appeared in an earlier anthology with the similar title Thirty-Six Immortals of Poetry which dates from 1113 (late Heian Period). The poet Fujiwara no Kintō chose this original selection that preceded the Thirty-Six Immortal Women Poets.

These five women poets from the original publication were included in the Thirty-Six Immortal Women Poets and canonized along with others from the Heian and Kamakura eras.

Saigū no Nyōgo
Princess Kishi (929–985, 徽子女王, also Yoshiko Joō 承香殿女御 Jokyōden Joō or 斎宮女御 Saigū no Nyōgo) was a Japanese Waka poet of the middle Heian period.  She is one of only five women numbered as one of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals. As her name implies, she was a princess of the Imperial Family of Japan. She was one of Emperor Murakami's consorts, and gave birth to one daughter, Imperial Princess Kishi, and a son. Through her father, Imperial Prince Shigeakira, she was the granddaughter of Emperor Daigo. Prior to becoming a consort she served as Ise Priestess, chief priestess of the Ise Shrine.

Many of her poems are included in the third Japanese imperial poetry anthology, Shūi Wakashū, issued in 1006.
WQOS (AM)
WQOS (1080 AM) is a radio station licensed to Coral Gables, Florida, serving the South Florida Metropolitan Area, including Miami. The station is owned by Relevant Radio, Inc. and is an affiliate of Catholic talk network Relevant Radio. The transmitter is located in Everglades, Florida. Programming is also heard on low-powered FM translator W249DM (97.7 FM) in Miami.

Relevant Radio
Relevant Radio (corporate name Relevant Radio, Inc.) is a radio network in the United States, mainly broadcasting talk radio and religious programming involving the Catholic Church. Relevant Radio broadcasts "talk radio for Catholic life" over a network of 205 stations. Relevant Radio owns and operates 132 stations, and distributes programs to an additional 73 affiliates.

Relevant Radio is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization headquartered in Lincolnshire, Illinois, with additional studios in Green Bay, Wisconsin.

The network airs a variety of programming aimed at Catholics and others interested in the Catholic Church.
Tihamah Resistance
The Tihamah Resistance is an armed group formed by locals of Yemen's Tihamah Region, aiming to resist Houthi control of the west coast region of Yemen. The group was formed in 2014, when Houthis seized Al Hudaydah and the rest of North-Western Yemen. The group was active in 2015 at the start of the war, participating in the Battle of Taiz on the side of the pro-Hadi coalition. In December 2017, the group took part in the Al Hudaydah governorate offensive, alongside UAE, Saudi, Hadi loyalists and Southern Movement fighters. The group is closely aligned with Tareq Saleh's National Resistance, and the Giants Brigades.

Southern Movement
The Southern Movement (Arabic: الحراك الجنوبي, romanized: al-Ḥirāk al-Ganūbi), colloquially known as al-Hirak (lit. 'the movement'), is a political movement and paramilitary organization active in the south of Yemen since 2007, demanding secession from the Republic of Yemen and a return to the former independent state of South Yemen.
Dover MRT station
Dover MRT station is an elevated Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) station on the East–West Line (EWL) in Singapore. Located along Commonwealth Avenue West, the station is directly linked to Singapore Polytechnic and serves various residential developments in the area. The station is operated by SMRT Trains.

The station was first planned in 1988 before construction of the station was announced in 1997. The first infill station on the MRT network, contractors had to ensure safety without disrupting services on the EWL, which included building a temporary steel tunnel over the tracks. The station opened on 18 October 2001. Designed by RSP architects, the station has a distinctive arched roof supported by steel columns and floor-to-ceiling glass panels along the concourse.

Singapore Polytechnic
Singapore Polytechnic (SP) is a post-secondary education institution and statutory board under the purview of the Ministry of Education in Singapore.

Established in 1954, SP is the first and oldest polytechnic in Singapore, and is renowned for its engineering programmes. Its first site at Prince Edward Road was vacated by 1978; SP is now based at Dover, Singapore, and is currently the largest Polytechnic in Singapore.
Jewish culture
Jewish culture is the culture of the Jewish people, from its formation in ancient times until the current age. Judaism itself is not simply a faith-based religion, but an orthopraxy and ethnoreligion, pertaining to deed, practice, and identity. Jewish culture covers many aspects, including religion and worldviews, literature, media, and cinema, art and architecture, cuisine and traditional dress, attitudes to gender, marriage, family, social customs and lifestyles, music and dance. Some elements of Jewish culture come from within Judaism, others from the interaction of Jews with host populations, and others still from the inner social and cultural dynamics of the community. Before the 18th century, religion dominated virtually all aspects of Jewish life, and infused culture. Since the advent of secularization, wholly secular Jewish culture emerged likewise.

Jewish secularism
Jewish secularism (Hebrew: יהדות חילונית) refers to secularism in a Jewish context, denoting the definition of Jewish identity with little or no attention given to its religious aspects. The concept of Jewish secularism first arose in the late 19th century, with its influence peaking during the interwar period.

According to a 2001 survey by City University of New York, 49% of all American Jews identify as being secular while 22% of American Jews as of 2013 identify as having no religion.
Alfred Harding (bishop)
Alfred Harding (August 15, 1852 – May 2, 1923) was the second Episcopal Bishop of Washington. He was elected in 1909 to succeed Henry Yates Satterlee, the first bishop of the diocese (1896–1908). Harding was de facto dean of Washington National Cathedral from 1909 until 1916.

Episcopal Diocese of Washington
The Episcopal Diocese of Washington is a diocese of the Episcopal Church covering Washington, D.C., and nearby counties of Maryland in the United States. With a membership of over 38,000, the diocese is led by the bishop of Washington, Mariann Budde. It is home to Washington National Cathedral, which is the seat of both the diocesan bishop and the presiding bishop of the Episcopal Church.

In 2024, the diocese reported average Sunday attendance (ASA) of 8,738 persons. The most recent membership statistics (2023) showed 30,741 members.
1608 Muñoz
1608 Muñoz, provisional designation 1951 RZ, is a Flora asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 6.5 kilometers (4 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 1 September 1951, by Argentine astronomer Miguel Itzigsohn at the La Plata Astronomical Observatory, in La Plata, Argentina. The S-type asteroid has a rotation period of 5.3 hours. It was named after F. A. Muñoz, one of the assistant astronomers at the discovering observatory.

Flora family
The Flora family (adj. Florian; FIN: 402; also known as the Ariadne family) is a prominent family of stony asteroids located in the inner region of the asteroid belt. It is one of the largest families with more than 13,000 known members, or approximately 3.5% of all main-belt asteroids.

The origin and properties of this family are relatively poorly understood. It is a very broad family which gradually fades into the surrounding background population. While the largest members, 8 Flora and 43 Ariadne, are located near the edge, there are several distinct groupings within the family, possibly created by later, secondary collisions. Due to this complex internal structure and the poorly defined boundaries, the Flora family has also been described as an asteroid clan. Only a few interlopers have been identified. This family may be the source of the impactor that formed the Chicxulub crater, the likely culprit in the extinction of the dinosaurs.
Abdul Munim Riad
Abdul Munim Riad (Arabic: ;عبد المنعم رياض 22 October 1919 – 9 March 1969) was an Egyptian military officer and the Chief of Staff of the Egyptian Armed Forces from 1967 to 1969. He commanded the Jordanian Armed Forces during the 1967 Six-Day War and later led the Egyptian forces in the War of Attrition, where he and several of his aides were killed in action in 1969. His death on 9 March is observed as Egyptian Martyrs' Day (Arabic: يوم الشهيد).

Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces (Egypt)
The Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces (Egyptian Arabic: رئيس أركان حرب القوات المسلحة, romanized: Rayiys 'arkan harb alquaat almusalaha) is the second-in-command of the Egyptian Armed Forces, following the Minister of Defense and the President. The Chief of the General Staff typically holds the second-highest military rank in the Armed Forces. The commanders of the Navy, Air Force and Air Defense Forces report to the Chief of the General Staff, while the Army is under the direct command of the Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces.
Michael P. C. Carns
Michael Patrick Chamberlain Carns (June 23, 1937 – October 11, 2023) was a four-star general in the United States Air Force (USAF). He served as the Vice Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force from 1991 to 1994.

Vice Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force
The vice chief of staff of the Air Force (VCSAF) is the second-highest-ranking military officer in the United States Air Force. If the chief of staff of the Air Force (CSAF) is absent or is unable to perform his duties, then the VCSAF assumes the duties and responsibilities of the CSAF. The VCSAF may also perform other duties that the secretary of defense (SECDEF), the secretary of the Air Force (SECAF) or the CSAF assigns to him. The VCSAF is appointed by the president of the United States and must be confirmed via majority vote by the Senate. By statute, the VCSAF is appointed as a four-star general.

As of 21 February 2025, the acting vice chief of staff of the Air Force is Lieutenant General Scott L. Pleus.
Bob Purdie
Robert Purdie (18 February 1911 – 9 July 1982) was a New Zealand boxer. Born in Scotland, he moved to New Zealand where he won three national boxing titles in two different weight divisions. He won the Jamieson Belt for being the most scientific boxer at the 1930 national championships. At the 1932 Summer Olympics, Purdie competed in the men's lightweight division, losing to Mario Bianchini in the round of 16. He retired from the sport two years later.

Mario Bianchini
Mario Bianchini (14 May 1911 – 1 June 1957) was an Italian boxer who competed in the 1932 Summer Olympics.  He took the Italian Welterweight title on 26 January 1938 in Rome.

Bianchini was born in Rome, Italy on 13 May 1911. In 1932 he finished fourth in the lightweight class after losing the bronze medal bout to Nathan Bor.
V-statistic
V-statistics are a class of statistics named for Richard von Mises who developed their asymptotic distribution theory in a fundamental paper in 1947. V-statistics are closely related to U-statistics (U for "unbiased") introduced by Wassily Hoeffding in 1948.  A V-statistic is a statistical function (of a sample) defined by a particular statistical functional of a probability distribution.

Asymptotic theory (statistics)
In statistics, asymptotic theory, or large sample theory, is a framework for assessing properties of estimators and statistical tests. Within this framework, it is often assumed that the sample size n may grow indefinitely; the properties of estimators and tests are then evaluated under the limit of n → ∞. In practice, a limit evaluation is considered to be approximately valid for large finite sample sizes too.
Nemegtosauridae
Nemegtosauridae is a family of titanosaurian sauropod dinosaurs based on their diplodocid-like skulls. Only three species are known: Nemegtosaurus, Quaesitosaurus and possibly Tapuiasaurus, each from the Cretaceous.

Diplodocidae
Diplodocids, or members of the family Diplodocidae ("double beams"), are a group of sauropod dinosaurs. The family includes some of the longest creatures ever to walk the Earth, including Diplodocus and Supersaurus, some of which may have reached lengths of up to 42 metres (138 ft).
Serafina and the Splintered Heart
Serafina and the Splintered Heart is an American historical fiction, fantasy novel written by Robert Beatty and published in 2017. It is the third novel in the Serafina Series and follows Serafina and the Twisted Staff. Serafina, Chief Rat Catcher and protector of the Biltmore Estate, encounters a strange and unnatural force which threatens Biltmore with wicked storms and violent floods. While fiercely fighting a battle that seems impossible, Serafina also faces questions about the value of true friendship and the power of forgiveness.

Serafina and the Splintered Heart was published on July 4, 2017 by Disney Hyperion. The release of the third book put the Serafina Series on the New York Times Best Selling Children's Series list. Serafina and the Splintered Heart is preceded by Serafina and the Black Cloak and Serafina and the Twisted Staff. A fourth book in the series, titled Serafina and the Seven Stars was published in Summer 2019.

Serafina and the Twisted Staff
Serafina and the Twisted Staff is an American historical fiction and fantasy novel written by Robert Beatty and published in 2016. It is the second novel in the Serafina Series and the sequel to Serafina and the Black Cloak. This book continues the spooky adventures of twelve-year-old Serafina,  Chief Rat Catcher of the Biltmore Estate, as she works with best-friend Braeden Vanderbilt to save the people and animals of Biltmore and the surrounding forests from a series of sinister attacks. In order to defeat this evil entity before it destroys her home and those she cares about, she must search deep within to discover and embrace the destiny that awaits her.
Closed Game
A Closed Game (or Double Queen's Pawn Opening) is a chess opening that begins with the moves:

1. d4 d5

The move 1.d4 establishes center control and permits the development of the queen's bishop. Black's symmetrical response 1...d5 does the same. White's most common response is 2.c4, the Queen's Gambit, with the most frequent alternatives being 2.Nf3 and 2.Bf4.

Unlike with the king's pawn openings, where the pawn on e4 is undefended after the first move, the pawn on d4 is protected by White's queen.The slight difference has a tremendous effect on the opening. For instance, whereas the King's Gambit is rarely played today at the highest levels of chess, the Queen's Gambit remains very popular at all levels of play.

Compared with the king's pawn openings, transpositions between variations are more common in Closed Games. Play tends to be more positional compared to lines beginning 1.e4, but there are many sharp tactical lines as well.

Transposition (chess)
In chess, a transposition is a sequence of moves that results in a position that may also be reached by another, more common sequence of moves.  Transpositions are particularly common in the opening, where a given position may be reached by different sequences of moves. Players sometimes use transpositions deliberately, to avoid variations they dislike, lure opponents into unfamiliar or uncomfortable territory or simply to worry opponents. To transpose is to play a move that results in a transposition.

Transposition tables are an essential part of a computer chess program.

Transpositions exist in other abstract strategy games such as shogi, Go, tic-tac-toe and Hex.
Ranjan Mathai
Ranjan Mathai (born 1952) is an Indian civil servant of the IFS cadre  who was a former Indian Foreign Secretary and Indian High Commissioner to the UK. Prior to this, he served as Foreign Secretary of India from 1 August 2011 to 31 July 2013.

Foreign Secretary (India)
The foreign secretary (ISO: Vidēś Saciv) is the topmost non-elected official and the administrative head of the Ministry of External Affairs. This post is held by an Indian Foreign Service (IFS) officer of the rank of secretary to the government of India. Vikram Misri is the foreign secretary since July 2024, succeeding Vinay Mohan Kwatra.

As an officer of the rank of secretary to the government of India, the foreign secretary ranks 23rd on the Indian Order of Precedence. However, unlike other secretaries to the government of India, the foreign secretary is also the top diplomat of the country and heads the Foreign Service Board.

Before the post of Foreign Secretary was created, Secretary General of Ministry of External Affairs was the head of Ministry of External Affairs, which was held by Girija Bajpai and N. R. Pillai.