hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Pasha
Pasha (Ottoman Turkish: پاشا; Turkish: paşa; Arabic: باشا, romanized: basha) was a high rank, aristocratic title in the Ottoman political and military system, typically granted to governors, generals, dignitaries, and others  issued by the Sultan carrying the tughra (imperial seal). Pasha, in one of its various ranks, is equivalent to the British title of Lord. Pasha was also one of the highest titles in the 20th-century Kingdom of Egypt and it was also used in Morocco in the 20th century, where it denoted a regional official or governor of a district.

Tughra
A tughra (Ottoman Turkish: طغرا, romanized: ṭuġrā; Turkish: tuğra) is a calligraphic monogram, seal or signature of a sultan that was affixed to all official documents and correspondence. Inspired by the tamgha, it was also carved on his seal and stamped on the coins minted during his reign. Very elaborate decorated versions were created for important documents that were also works of art in the tradition of Ottoman illumination, such as the example of Suleiman the Magnificent in the gallery below.

The tughra was designed at the beginning of the sultan's reign and drawn by the court calligrapher or nişancı on written documents. The first tughra examples are from the 14th century.

Tughras served a purpose similar to the cartouche in ancient Egypt or the Royal Cypher of British monarchs. Every Ottoman sultan had his own individual tughra.
Prewriting
Prewriting is the first stage of the writing process, typically followed by drafting, revision, editing and publishing. Prewriting can consist of a combination of outlining, diagramming, storyboarding, and clustering (for a technique similar to clustering, see mindmapping).

Note-taking
Note-taking (sometimes written as notetaking or note taking) is the practice of recording information from different sources and platforms. By taking notes, the writer records the essence of the information, freeing their mind from having to recall everything. Notes are commonly drawn from a transient source, such as an oral discussion at a meeting, or a lecture (notes of a meeting are usually called minutes), in which case the notes may be the only record of the event. Since the advent of writing and literacy, notes traditionally were almost always handwritten (often in notebooks), but the introduction of notetaking software and websites has made digital notetaking possible and widespread. Note-taking is a foundational skill in personal knowledge management.
Geological Survey and Mineral Exploration of Iran
The Geological Survey and Mineral Exploration of Iran or in brief GSI is a government agency responsible for conducting geological and mineral surveys throughout the country, collecting the results of activities carried out in this field, establishing coordination, preparing and publishing geological maps of Iran. It is a subdivision of the Ministry of Industry, Mine and Trade, which was established in 1962 in cooperation with United Nations.

Mining engineering
Mining engineering is the extraction of minerals from the ground. It is associated with many other disciplines, such as mineral processing, exploration, excavation, geology, metallurgy, geotechnical engineering and surveying. A mining engineer may manage any phase of mining operations, from exploration and discovery of the mineral resources, through feasibility study, mine design, development of plans, production and operations to mine closure.
Queensrÿche (album)
Queensrÿche is the thirteenth studio album by American progressive metal band Queensrÿche, and the first to feature new singer Todd La Torre. It was released during a time when there were two different versions of the band, the other led by former singer Geoff Tate, who would give up his rights to the name in an amicable settlement in 2014.

The album was released through Century Media in digital format and on CD (standard and deluxe edition) and LP on June 24 in Europe; on June 25, 2013, in the U.S. and Canada, and on August 21 in Japan through Avalon Records. The album was produced by James Barton (also known as "Jimbo" Barton), who had previously mixed and engineered Queensrÿche's hit albums Operation: Mindcrime and Empire and co-produced Promised Land.

Empire (Queensrÿche album)
Empire is the fourth studio album by American progressive metal band Queensrÿche, released on September 4, 1990. The album is Queensrÿche's most commercially successful release, reaching triple-platinum status. The primary single, the power ballad "Silent Lucidity", reached number 1 on the Mainstream Rock Tracks and number 9 on the Billboard Hot 100. "Silent Lucidity" was also nominated in 1992 for the Grammy Awards for Best Rock Song and Best Rock Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group. The album won a 1991 Northwest Area Music Award for Best Metal Recording.
Carrie MacEwen
Dame Caroline Jan MacEwen DBE FRCS FRCPE FRCGP, known as Carrie MacEwen, is a British ophthalmology consultant who has served as the chair of the General Medical Council (GMC) since May 2022. She was previously acting chair of the GMC between August 2021 and May 2022, the chair of the Academy of Medical Royal Colleges between 2017 and 2020 and the president of the Royal College of Ophthalmologists (RCOphth) between 2014 and 2017.

Royal College of General Practitioners
The Royal College of General Practitioners (RCGP) is the professional body for general (medical) practitioners (GPs/Family Physicians/Primary Care Physicians) in the United Kingdom. The RCGP represents and supports GPs on key issues including licensing, education, training, research and clinical standards. It is the largest of the medical royal colleges, with more than 54,000 members. The RCGP was founded in 1952 in London, England and is a registered charity. Its motto is Cum Scientia Caritas – "Compassion [empowered] with Knowledge."
ICAM-1
ICAM-1 (Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1) also known as CD54 (Cluster of Differentiation 54) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ICAM1 gene. This gene encodes a cell surface glycoprotein which is typically expressed on endothelial cells and cells of the immune system. It binds to integrins of type CD11a / CD18, or CD11b / CD18 and is also exploited by rhinovirus as a receptor for entry into respiratory epithelium.

Respiratory epithelium
Respiratory epithelium, or airway epithelium, is ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium a type of columnar epithelium found lining most of the respiratory tract as respiratory mucosa, where it serves to moisten and protect the airways. It is not present in the vocal cords of the larynx, or the oropharynx and laryngopharynx, where instead the epithelium is stratified squamous. It also functions as a barrier to potential pathogens and foreign particles, preventing infection and tissue injury by the secretion of mucus and the action of mucociliary clearance.
Henry Cockburn Macandrew
Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Henry Cockburn Macandrew VD JP FSAScot (8 May 1832 – 26 September 1898) was a Scottish solicitor and Inverness functionary. Macandrew worked throughout his life as a solicitor in Inverness, also serving in the British Army as part of the Volunteer Force, reaching the rank of lieutenant-colonel after twenty-five years of service. From 1883 to 1889 Macandrew was the provost of Inverness, for which service he was knighted by Queen Victoria in 1887. His children included Major-General Sir Henry Macandrew.

Society of Antiquaries of Scotland
The Society of Antiquaries of Scotland is the senior antiquarian body of Scotland, with its headquarters in the National Museum of Scotland, Chambers Street, Edinburgh. The Society's aim is to promote the cultural heritage of Scotland.

The usual style of post-nominal letters for fellows is FSAScot.
Bundeli language
Bundeli (Devanagari: बुन्देली/बुंदेली)  or Bundelkhandi is an Indo-Aryan language  spoken in the Bundelkhand region of central India. It belongs to the Central Indo-Aryan languages and is part of the Western Hindi subgroup.

Bundelkhand
Bundelkhand (/ˈbʊndeɪlˌkhʌnd/, Hindi: [bʊn.d̪eːl.kʰəɳɖ]) is a geographical and cultural region and a proposed state and also a mountain range in central and North India. It corresponds to the Post-Vedic Chedi kingdom. The hilly region is now divided between the states of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh, with the larger portion lying in the latter state.
K275CH
K275CH (102.9 MHz) is an American commercial FM radio station translator licensed to Gresham, Oregon, and broadcasting to the Portland metropolitan area. The station, billed as "102.9 KUFO", is owned and operated by Connoisseur Media, which owns six full-strength radio stations in the Portland market.

K275CH's studios and offices are in the Connoisseur Media studios located in the PacWest Center on Southwest Fifth Avenue in Portland. The transmitter is located off Southwest Fairmount Boulevard, amid other Portland-area FM and TV towers. K275CH broadcasts at only 99 watts while many Portland-area FM stations operate at 100,000 watts. Because the tower is 198 meters (650 feet) height above average terrain, a bit less than the Empire State Building, the station's signal is limited over Portland and its nearby suburbs in Oregon and Washington.

Connoisseur Media
Connoisseur Media LLC is an American media company. It is based in Westport, Connecticut and led by Jeff Warshaw. As of September 2025, Connoisseur operates 207 radio stations and digital assets in 24 states.
Federation CJA
Federation CJA is a Montreal based Jewish community organization. Their mission is to "preserve and strengthen the quality of Jewish life and engagement in Montreal, Israel, and the world". Federation CJA is a part of the Jewish Federations of North America.

Jewish Federations of North America
The Jewish Federations of North America (JFNA), formerly the United Jewish Communities (UJC), is an American Jewish umbrella organization for the Jewish Federations system, representing over 350 independent Jewish communities across North America that raise and distribute over $2 billion annually, including through planned giving and endowment programs, to support social welfare, social services and educational needs. Jewish Federations also provides fundraising, organization assistance, training, and overall leadership to the Jewish Federations and communities throughout the United States and Canada. The Federation movement protects and enhances the well-being of Jews worldwide through the values of tikkun olam, tzedakah and Torah.

JFNA was formed from the merger of the United Jewish Appeal (UJA), Council of Jewish Federations, and the United Israel Appeal. The organization hosts an annual General Assembly event for the broad North American Jewish community.
Alappad
Alappad is a coastal village in the Kollam district of the Indian state Kerala. It is situated on a narrow strip of land sandwiched between the Arabian Sea and the TS Canal – the village is approximately 16 km long and its narrowest point is as thin as 33 meters. Connect to the mainland is by bridge as well as by country boat ferries, operated by the Panchayat and private parties. Until recently there was only one bridge at the southern point of the land strip, but after the 2004 tsunami, two other bridges have been constructed. The protests are taking place in the village against Unscientific sand mining by IREL.

IREL (India)
IREL (India) Limited, formerly Indian Rare Earths Ltd, is an Indian Public Sector Undertaking based in Mumbai, Maharashtra. It specializes in mining and refining rare earth metals.

It has installed capacity to process about 10,000 MT of rare earth bearing mineral. As regards production, capacity and capabilities in terms of mining, processing, extraction, refining and production of high pure RE oxides is adequately available in India. The company primarily exports it's rare earth compounds to USA, UK, France, Germany, Norway, and Japan.
Blind Spot (2018 film)
Blind Spot (Norwegian: Blindsone) is a 2018 Norwegian drama film directed and written by Tuva Novotny. It was one of three films shortlisted to be the Norwegian entry for the Best International Feature Film at the 91st Academy Awards.

Filmed in one shot, Blind Spot tells the story of a mother who struggles to come to terms with her daughter's mental illness, revealed to be far worse than she had realised.

One-shot film
A one-shot film (also known as a one-take film, single-take film, or continuous shot feature film) is a full-length movie filmed in one long take by a single camera, or manufactured to give the impression it was.
Fashion of Catherine, Princess of Wales
The fashion of Catherine, Princess of Wales, has had a substantial impact on the clothing industry since the public announcement of her relationship with Prince William in 2002. Often praised for her elegant and accessible style, she has become a prominent fashion icon, frequently featured in best-dressed lists of magazines such as Vanity Fair and Tatler. Her wardrobe combines pieces from designers like Alexander McQueen and Jenny Packham with high-street brands such as Zara and Hobbs.

The "Kate Middleton effect" describes the phenomenon of garments selling out shortly after Catherine is seen wearing them. She is also known for her support of sustainable fashion, frequently re-wearing outfits at public events. In 2016 Catherine appeared on the cover of British Vogue's centenary issue. Her fashion choices continue to attract global media attention and public admiration.

Zara (retailer)
Zara (/ˈzɑːrə/; Spanish: [ˈθaɾa]) is a Spanish fast fashion retail subsidiary of the Spanish multinational fashion design, manufacturing, and retailing group Inditex. Zara sells clothing, accessories, beauty products and perfumes. The head office is located at Arteixo in the province of A Coruña, Spain. In 2020 alone, it launched over twenty new product lines.
Alki Oroklini
Alki Oroklini was a Cypriot professional football club based in Oroklini. The team was founded as Omonia Oroklinis in 1979. Omonia had one participation in the Fourth Division. In 2014 the team changed their name to Alki Oroklini, when business man Andy Loppas, who became the president of the team, renamed it to Alki as his favorite team was Alki Larnaca FC which was dissolved that year, due to financial problems. Alki managed the outstanding 3 promotions in 3 years from the fourth division to Cypriot first division, the highest tier in Cyprus. They withdrew from the Cypriot Second Division during the 2022–23 season.

Cypriot Fourth Division
The Cypriot Fourth Division (Greek: Τέταρτη Κατηγορία) was the fourth tier football league competition in Cyprus, ran by the Cyprus Football Association. Each year, the top finishing teams of the league were promoted to the Cypriot Third Division, and the lowest finishing teams were relegated to the amateur leagues.
Postage stamps and postal history of Vanuatu
This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Vanuatu, formerly known as the New Hebrides, an island group in the South Pacific. Between 1906 and 1980, the islands were an Anglo-French Condominium.

One of the outcomes of this arrangement was that both countries issued their own postage stamps for the islands, although towards the end of the Condominium, there were joint issues with the initials EIIR (Elizabeth II Regina) for the UK, and RF (République Française) for France.

Joint issue
A joint issue is the release of stamps or postal stationery by two or more countries to commemorate the same topic, event or person. Joint issues typically have the same first day of issue and their design is often similar or identical, except for the identification of country and value.
Kelvin J. Cochran
Kelvin J. Cochran (born January 23, 1960) is an author, public speaker, former administrator of the United States Fire Administration, and former Fire Chief of Atlanta Fire Department. He was fired from the Atlanta fire department after he wrote a book for members of his church expressing conservative views on sexuality, adultery, and homosexuality.

United States Fire Administration
The United States Fire Administration (USFA) is a division of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) located in Frederick County, Maryland, near Emmitsburg. Per the official website, "the mission of the U.S. Fire Administration is to support and strengthen fire and emergency medical services (EMS) and stakeholders to prepare for, prevent, mitigate and respond to all hazards".
Revival Process
The Revival Process (Bulgarian: Възродителен процес, romanized: Vazroditelen protses) was a forced assimilation campaign in communist Bulgaria that targeted Bulgarian Turks and included mass forced name changes. Most forced name changes occurred in late 1984 and early 1985, but the government kept restrictions in place until December 1989. Officials presented the campaign as a "restoration" of Bulgarian origins.

The state banned public use of the Turkish language and restricted religious and cultural practices. Authorities imposed fines, detention, and internal exile on resisters. Estimates of the death toll differ. In 1989, the state shifted toward the forced migration of the Turkish minority, and over 300,000 left the country. After party leaders removed Todor Zhivkov from power, the new government restored the right to hold Turkish names and eased religious and cultural restrictions.

Petar Mladenov
Petar Toshev Mladenov (Bulgarian: Петър Тошев Младенов; 22 August 1936 – 31 May 2000) was a Bulgarian communist diplomat and politician. He was the last leader of the Bulgarian People's Republic from 1989 to 1990, and briefly the first President of the Bulgarian Republic in 1990.
Mark 2
Mark 2 is the second chapter of the Gospel of Mark in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. In this chapter, the first arguments between Jesus and other Jewish religious teachers appear. Jesus heals a paralyzed man and forgives his sins, meets with the disreputable Levi and his friends, and argues over the need to fast, and whether or not one can harvest food on Sabbath.

Matthew the Apostle
Matthew the Apostle was one of the twelve apostles of Jesus. According to Christian traditions, he was also one of the four Evangelists as author of the Gospel of Matthew, and thus is also known as Matthew the Evangelist.

The New Testament records that as an Apostle, he followed Jesus. Church Fathers, such as Irenaeus and Clement of Alexandria, relate that Matthew preached the gospel in Judea before going to other countries.
Sheryl Allen
Sheryl L. Allen (born June 30, 1943) is a Republican politician and educator from Bountiful, Utah. She represented the 19th District of the Utah House of Representatives from 1994 to 2011. Before entering politics, Allen was a teacher and the president of the Davis County Board of Education.

In May 2010, Salt Lake County mayor Peter Corroon, the Democratic candidate for Governor of Utah, selected Allen as his running mate for the office of lieutenant governor, making them the first major bipartisan ticket in Utah state history. However, they were defeated by the all-Republican ticket of Gary Herbert and Greg Bell in the 2010 gubernatorial election.

Davis School District
Davis School District is a school district serving Davis County, Utah, United States. Headquartered in the county seat of Farmington, it is the 61st largest school district in the United States and the 2nd largest school district in Utah with 72,987 students attending Davis schools as of 2019.: 72  It is located almost entirely within Davis County. Students attend elementary school from kindergarten to 6th grade, junior high from 7th grade-9th grade, and high school from 10th grade-12th grade.
Larkyn Austman
Larkyn Austman (born February 22, 1998) is a former competitive Canadian figure skater. She is the 2017 International Challenge Cup bronze medalist and the 2018 Canadian national bronze medalist.

On the junior level, she is the 2013 Canadian junior national champion and the 2012 Canadian junior national silver medalist.

She placed 25th at the 2018 Winter Olympics.

2018 Canadian Figure Skating Championships
The 2018 Canadian Figure Skating Championships took place from January 8–14, 2018, at the Doug Mitchell Thunderbird Sports Centre in Vancouver, British Columbia. Medals were awarded in men's singles, women's singles, pair skating, and ice dance on the senior, junior, and novice levels. The results of this competition were part of the Canadian selection criteria for the 2018 Winter Olympics, the 2018 World Championships, the 2018 Four Continents Championships, and the 2018 World Junior Championships.

Vancouver was named as the host in January 2017. Competitors qualified at the Skate Canada Challenge held in Pierrefonds, Quebec, in December 2017.
University of Glasgow Memorial Gates
The Memorial Gates at the University of Glasgow were erected in 1952 as a celebration of the university's quincentenary, or five hundredth anniversary. They form a portal through the University Avenue side of the perimeter fence around the university's current site on Gilmorehill. They stand before the Hunter memorial and Hunterian Museum, on the other side of the John McIntyre Building from the Main Gate. The large gates in the centre are generally locked, although the small pedestrian gates to the left and right are opened during the day. The gates bear the names of thirty distinguished figures associated with the university. The gates are protected as a category B listed building.

The university was originally situated on High Street, near the current site of the University of Strathclyde.  The move to the Gilmorehill campus began in the late 19th century.

Hunterian Museum and Art Gallery
The Hunterian is a complex of museums located in and operated by the University of Glasgow in Glasgow, Scotland. It is the oldest museum in Scotland. It covers the Hunterian Museum, the Hunterian Art Gallery, the Mackintosh House, the Zoology Museum and the Anatomy Museum, which are all located in various buildings on the main campus of the university in the west end of Glasgow.
Cuche Formation
The Cuche Formation (Spanish: Formación Cuche, Cc) is a geological formation of the Floresta Massif, Altiplano Cundiboyacense in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The sequence of siltstones, shales, and sandstone beds dates to the Late Devonian and Early Carboniferous periods, and has a maximum thickness of 900 metres (3,000 ft).

The formation was deposited in a tidal-dominated deltaic environment at high southern paleolatitudes at the edge of the Paleozoic Paleo-Tethys Ocean. The Cuche Formation is highly fossiliferous; many Placoderm fish fossils, flora, bivalves, arthropods, crustaceans and ostracods have been discovered in the youngest Paleozoic strate of the Floresta Massif, while the underlying Floresta Formation is richer in trilobite biodiversity.

Frasnian
The Frasnian is one of two faunal stages in the Late Devonian Period. It lasted from 382.31 million years ago to 372.15  million years ago. It was preceded by the Givetian Stage and followed by the Famennian Stage.

Major reef-building was under way during the Frasnian Stage, particularly in western Canada and Australia.  On land, the first forests were taking shape. In North America, the Antler orogeny peaked, which were contemporary with the Bretonic phase of the Variscan orogeny in Europe.

The Frasnian coincides with the second half of the "charcoal gap" in the fossil record, a time when atmospheric oxygen levels were below 13 percent, the minimum necessary to sustain wildfires.

North American subdivisions of the Frasnian include

West Falls Group

Sonyea Group

Genesee Group