hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Robinvale railway line
The Robinvale railway line is a freight only country railway line in north-western Victoria, Australia. The line branches from the Mildura line at Dunolly, and at Inglewood the Eaglehawk – Inglewood line connects with the Piangil line outside Bendigo. The parallel Kulwin line junctions from the Robinvale line at Korong Vale then continues northward.

Mildura railway line
The Mildura railway line is a heavy rail line in northwestern Victoria, Australia. The line runs from Yelta station to Ballarat station via the settlements of Mildura, Ouyen and Maryborough in an approximate south-southeasterly direction. Initial sections of the line opened from Ballarat in 1874 and the line reached Mildura in 1903.

The line is primarily utilised by freight services. V/Line passenger services also operate on the line between Maryborough and Ballarat.
Keyesville massacre
The Keyesville massacre was a mass killing which occurred on April 19, 1863, in Tulare County, California during the Owens Valley Indian War. A mixed force consisting of American settlers and a detachment of the United States Army's 2nd California Cavalry Regiment under Captain Moses A. McLaughlin killed 35 Indigenous Californians from the Tübatulabal and Mono peoples "about ten miles from Keysville, upon the right bank of Kern River".

Mono people
The Mono (/ˈmoʊnoʊ/ MOH-noh) are a Native American people who traditionally live in the central Sierra Nevada, the Eastern Sierra (generally south of Bridgeport), the Mono Basin, and adjacent areas of the Great Basin. They are often grouped under the historical label "Northern Paiute" together with the Northern Paiute and Southern Paiute – but these three groups, although related within the Numic group of Uto-Aztecan languages and speak mono/Bannock, do not form a single, unique, unified group of Great Basin tribes.

Today, many of the tribal citizens and descendants of the Mono tribe inhabit the town of North Fork (thus the label "Northfork Mono") in Madera County. People of the Mono tribe are also spread across California in: the Owens River Valley; the San Joaquin Valley and foothills areas, especially Fresno County; and in the San Francisco Bay Area.
Verdemont, San Bernardino
Verdemont, also known as Verdemont Heights, is a foothill and suburban neighborhood located in the northern portion of the city of San Bernardino, California. The neighborhood contains the Western Region Little League headquarters. Verdemont is one of the city's most desirable neighborhoods, holding the city's high income families, along with Arrowhead Springs, and the University District. Verdemont is home to most of the city's million dollar homes.

University District, San Bernardino
The University District, often referred to as University or University Hills, is a foothill community and college town located approximately 5–8 miles north of downtown San Bernardino, California. The District is named after the California State University, San Bernardino. It is one of the most desirable neighborhoods in San Bernardino along with the Hospitality Lane District. As California State University, San Bernardino grew so did the region around it; it used to be nothing but mid-desert farmland, but has been developing quickly to become a neighborhood important to not only San Bernardino but also the entire region.
Bile Beans
Bile Beans was a laxative herbal tonic first marketed in the 1890s. The product supposedly contained substances extracted from an extremely rare vegetable by a fictitious chemist known as Charles Forde. In the early years, Bile Beans were marketed as "Charles Forde's Bile Beans for Biliousness", and sales relied heavily on newspaper advertisements. Among other cure-all claims, Bile Beans promised to "disperse unwanted fat" and "purify and enrich the blood".

Although the manufacturer claimed that the formula for Bile Beans was based on a rare vegetable known only to Aboriginal Australians, the actual active ingredients, which included cascara, rhubarb, liquorice and menthol, were commonly used by doctors of the period. A court case initiated in Scotland in 1905 found that the Bile Bean Manufacturing Company's business was based on a fraud and conducted fraudulently, but Bile Beans nevertheless continued to be sold until the 1980s.

Laxative
Laxatives, purgatives, or aperients are substances that loosen stools and increase bowel movements. They are used to treat and prevent constipation.

Laxatives vary as to how they work and the side effects they may have. Certain stimulant, lubricant, and saline laxatives are used to evacuate the colon for rectal and bowel examinations, and may be supplemented by enemas under certain circumstances. Sufficiently high doses of laxatives may cause diarrhea. Some laxatives combine more than one active ingredient, and may be administered orally or rectally.
Joel Casamayor vs. Juan Manuel Márquez
Joel Casamayor vs. Juan Manuel Márquez, billed as The Challenge, was a boxing lightweight  world championship fight for Casamayor's lineal world and The Ring lightweight title. It was held on September 13, 2008 at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Las Vegas, Nevada, U.S.

The Ring (magazine)
The Ring (often called The Ring magazine or Ring magazine) is a boxing magazine, that was first published in 1922 as a boxing and wrestling magazine. As the sporting legitimacy of professional wrestling came more into question, The Ring shifted to becoming exclusively a boxing-oriented publication.

Ring began publishing annual ratings of boxers in 1924. With its November/December 2022 issue, the magazine stopped publication of its regular monthly print issues and will remain a digital publication, offering occasional special interest print issues.
Multi-factor authentication
Multi-factor authentication (MFA), also known as two-factor authentication (2FA), is an electronic authentication method in which a user is granted access to a website or application only after successfully presenting two or more distinct types of evidence (or factors) to an authentication mechanism. MFA protects personal data—which may include personal identification or financial assets—from being accessed by an unauthorized third party that may have been able to discover, for example, a single password.

Usage of MFA has increased in recent years. Security issues which can cause the bypass of MFA are fatigue attacks, phishing and SIM swapping.

Accounts with MFA enabled are significantly less likely to be compromised.

Authentication
Authentication (from Greek: αὐθεντικός authentikos, "real, genuine", from αὐθέντης authentes, "author") is the act of proving an assertion, such as the identity of a computer system user. In contrast with identification, the act of indicating a person or thing's identity, authentication is the process of verifying that identity.

Authentication is relevant to multiple fields. In art, antiques, and anthropology, a common problem is verifying that a given artifact was produced by a certain person, or in a certain place (i.e. to assert that it is not counterfeit), or in a given period of history (e.g. by determining the age via carbon dating). In computer science, verifying a user's identity is often required to allow access to confidential data or systems. It might involve validating personal identity documents.
Neopetractis
Neopetractis is a small genus of rock-dwelling, crustose lichens in the family Gyalectaceae. It was established in 2021 to accommodate two species formerly assigned to Petractis, on the basis of molecular data and photobiont differences.

Petractis
Petractis is a small genus of lichen-forming fungi of uncertain familial and ordinal placement in the Lecanoromycetes. These inconspicuous lichens grow as thin crusts embedded within rock surfaces, partnering with cyanobacteria to form barely visible films that are primarily detected by their small, star-shaped fruiting bodies. The genus contains two species that typically inhabit calcareous rocks, where their fruiting structures create distinctive pits in the stone surface after they decay.
2022 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)
The 16th FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) took place from 13 to 18 December 2022 in Melbourne, Australia at the Melbourne Sports and Aquatic Centre. Swimming events in the championships were conducted in a 25-metre outdoor (short course) pool.

For the first time at a FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m), the 800 metre freestyle was contested for men and the 1500 metre freestyle for women, with qualification for competition determined based on times assessed per the FINA points system.

The Championships were originally scheduled for 17 to 22 December 2022 at the Palace of Water Sports in Kazan, Russia, and were relocated in response to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. All athletes and officials from Russia and Belarus were banned from the Championships by FINA.

World Aquatics Swimming Championships (25m)
The World Aquatics Swimming Championships (25m), formerly known as the FINA World Swimming Championships (25m), also referred to as 'short course worlds', are an international swimming competition staged by the internationally recognized governing body of the sport, World Aquatics (formerly FINA). The championships are staged in a 25m pool, referred to as short course format, and traditionally have been held biennially in alternate years to the World Aquatics Championships. Unlike the World Aquatics Championships, only swimming events are staged at these championships (being one of the six disciplines that form part of the World Aquatics Championships).
Alert Standard Format
Alert Standard Format (ASF) (also sometimes referred to as Alert Standard Forum, Alerting Specifications Forum, Alert Specification Function, etc.) is a DMTF standard for remote monitoring, management and control of computer systems in both OS-present and OS-absent environments. These technologies are primarily focused on minimizing on-site I/T maintenance, maximizing system availability and performance to the local user.

ASF, unlike other DMTF standards, defines both external-facing network protocols (for use with Remote Management Consoles and Alert Sending Devices) and system-internal protocols and data models (for use in System Firmware, Remote Control Devices, Alert Sending Devices, and Sensors).

ASF v1.0 (DSP0114) was published by the DMTF Pre-OS Working Group in June 2001.

ASF v2.0 (DSP0136), adding secure remote authentication and data integrity, was published by the DMTF Pre-OS Working Group in April 2003.

Distributed Management Task Force
Distributed Management Task Force (DMTF) is a 501(c)(6) nonprofit industry standards organization that creates open manageability standards spanning diverse emerging and traditional IT infrastructures including cloud, virtualization, network, servers and storage. Member companies and alliance partners collaborate on standards to improve interoperable management of information technologies.

Based in Portland, Oregon, the DMTF is led by a board of directors representing technology companies including: Broadcom Inc., Cisco, Dell Technologies, Hewlett Packard Enterprise, Intel Corporation, Lenovo, Positivo Tecnologia S.A., and Verizon.
UnrealIRCd
UnrealIRCd is an open-source IRC daemon, originally based on DreamForge, and is available for Unix-like operating systems and Windows. Since the beginning of development on UnrealIRCd c. May 1999, many new features have been added and modified, including advanced security features and bug fixes, and it has become a popular server. The latest stable version is 6.2.1, released in 2025, with ongoing development in the 6.2.x series.

IRC
IRC (Internet Relay Chat) is a text-based chat system for instant messaging. IRC is designed for group communication in discussion forums, called channels, but also allows one-on-one communication via private messages as well as chat and data transfer, including file sharing.

Internet Relay Chat is implemented as an application layer protocol to facilitate communication in the form of text. The chat process works on a client–server networking model. Users connect, using a client—which may be a web app, a standalone desktop program, or embedded into part of a larger program—to an IRC server, which may be part of a larger IRC network. Examples of ways used to connect include the programs Mibbit, KiwiIRC, and mIRC.

IRC usage has been declining steadily since 2003, losing 60 percent of its users by 2012. In April 2011, the top 100 IRC networks served more than 200,000 users at a time.
Car coat
A car coat is an outer garment originally made to be worn by automobile drivers and passengers. First designed to provide maximum warmth and coverage, over time it became a much shorter garment. Today it describes a coat that typically ends at mid thigh. It is worn by both men and women.

While fur, leather and heavy wool were preferred in the early days, today the coat may be made in a wide variety of materials. In the period after World War II, it took on design elements of the jeep coat worn by servicemen and this is when the shorter length became common. As car ownership grew so did the popularity of the coat; by the 1960s it was described as "ubiquitous". The car coat remains popular today, both as a functional and a fashion garment.

Mackinaw cloth
Mackinaw cloth is a heavy and dense water-repellent woolen cloth, similar to Melton cloth but using a tartan pattern, often "buffalo plaid". It was used to make a short coat of the same name, sometimes with a doubled shoulder. These jackets have their origins on the Canadian frontier and were later made famous by Canadian and American loggers in the upper Midwest as workwear during the mid-19th century logging boom.

Mackinaw blankets are referenced by Josiah A. Gregg in his 1844 book Commerce of the Prairies about trade on the Santa Fe Trail. He notes that these were contraband, subject to confiscation by Mexican customs officers, but that they could be concealed between the double layers of Osnaburg sheet fabrics which formed the roof of covered cargo wagons.
Hassanudin
Hassanudin (born September 7, 1965) is an Indonesian Army retired-major general and bureaucrat who serves as Acting Governor of North Sumatra since September 5, 2023, where he succeeded Edy Rahmayadi. He previously served as Deputy Inspector General of the Indonesian Army from February 25, 2022, to August 24, 2023.

Edy Rahmayadi
Edy Rahmayadi (born 10 March 1961) is an Indonesian politician and former general who served as the governor of North Sumatra between 2018 and 2023. He is a former lieutenant general in the Indonesian Army, commanding Kostrad between 2015 and 2018. Additionally, he was also chairman of PSSI between 2016 and 2019.

A 1985 graduate of the Indonesian Military Academy, he spent 25 years serving in Kodam I/Bukit Barisan and several more years outside before becoming the military region's commander and later Kostrad commander. After resigning from his military posts, he defeated Djarot Saiful Hidayat in the 2018 election to become governor.
Bern–Thun railway line
The Bern–Thun railway line is a double-tracked, electrified railway line that runs through the Aare valley in the Swiss canton of Bern. It is part of the Lötschberg-Simplon axis between Germany and Italy. It was opened in 1859 by the Swiss Central Railway (Schweizerische Centralbahn).

Lötschberg railway
The Lötschberg line is a railway in Switzerland, connecting Spiez in the canton of Bern with Brig in the canton of Valais. It crosses the Bernese Alps, from the Bernese Oberland to Upper Valais, through the Lötschberg Tunnel in the middle of the line. Together with the Simplon Tunnel south of Brig, it constitutes one of the major railways through the Alps and an important north-south axis in Europe. The Lötschberg axis is backed by the lower and longer Lötschberg Base Tunnel, part of the New Railway Links through the Alps project.

The line is famous for its double loop of spiral tunnels in the Kander Valley on its northern approach to the Lötschberg Tunnel and the climb out of the Rhone Valley along a steep mountainside through numerous tunnels and viaducts on the southern approach. Its culminating point is 1,240 metres (4,070 ft) above sea level, making it the highest adhesion and standard gauge railway in Switzerland.
Den of Shadows
Den of Shadows is a set of fantasy novels written by American author Amelia Atwater-Rhodes. The novels follow an interconnected group of supernatural creatures, such as vampires, ghosts, and shapeshifters. It is the predecessor of Atwater-Rhodes' five volume The Kiesha'ra Series.

The novels included in Den of Shadows are In the Forests of the Night, Demon in My View, Shattered Mirror, Midnight Predator, Persistence of Memory, Token of Darkness, All Just Glass, Poison Tree, Promises to Keep; and the books from the Maeve’ra Trilogy, Bloodwitch, Bloodkin, and Bloodtraitor.

The Den of Shadows is also the name of Atwater-Rhodes' official site. The site was originally called "Nyeusigrube", which translated to "den of shadows" in the books' constructed language.

Shattered Mirror
Shattered Mirror is a vampire novel written by Amelia Atwater-Rhodes, published in 2001 when the author was 17.  W. B. Yeats’ poem "The Two Trees", which references broken glass, appears in the beginning of the book, and is the inspiration for the title. The main theme of the book is that the perceived heroes can sometimes be evil in their actions and the villains can sometime have good sides. It is a comment that things are not just one thing or the other, but mixed with qualities of all aspects of life.

The novel was an ALA Quick Pick and called “an action-packed thriller” by Booklist, who also wrote that Atwater-Rhodes "owns a readable prose style and a vivid imagination."  School Library Journal said that “readers will be swept away by the seductive world of good and evil and find themselves lusting for a few more chapters.”
Cutaneous leiomyoma
Cutaneous leiomyoma, also known as leiomyoma cutis, or cutaneous leiomyomata, is a benign skin tumor made of smooth muscle cells. There are three different types of cutaneous leiomyomas, genital leiomyomas, angioleiomyomas, and piloleiomyomas. Cutaneous leiomyomas can occur sporadically or as a part of a genetic condition. Cutaneous leiomyomas are diagnosed by histopathology and treated by surgical excision.

Angioleiomyoma
Angioleiomyoma (vascular leiomyoma, angiomyoma) of the skin is thought to arise from vascular smooth muscle, and is generally acquired. Angioleiomyomas appear as small (<2 cm), firm, movable, slow growing subcutaneous nodules. Pain is a common symptom. They are most commonly seen on the extremities. The cause of angioleiomyoma is unknown.
Twin Turbo (horse)
Twin Turbo (Japanese: ツインターボ; April 13, 1988 – January 15, 1998) was a Japanese thoroughbred racehorse and stud horse. His main victories were at the 1993 Tanabata Sho and Sankei Sho All Comers. Despite few high placements in races, he was widely popular with fans throughout his career for his extreme front-running style, which led to him burning out and losing miserably more often than not. He has become just as well-known as Silence Suzuka among Japanese front-runners.

Silence Suzuka
Silence Suzuka (Japanese: サイレンススズカ; May 1, 1994 – November 1, 1998) was a Japanese Thoroughbred racehorse. He is known for winning the 1998 Takarazuka Kinen.

After debuting in 1997, Silence Suzuka's performance stabilized following a tactical shift in late 1997. In 1998, he won five consecutive graded stakes and secured a Grade I victory in the Takarazuka Kinen.

During the 1998 Tenno Sho (Autumn), he suffered a terminal leg fracture and was subsequently euthanized.
Arcus (satellite)
Arcus is a proposed X-ray space observatory proposed to NASA's Explorer program, Medium Explorer (MIDEX) class.

The Arcus mission would study galaxies and galaxy clusters using high-resolution X-ray spectroscopy to characterize the interactions between these objects and the diffuse hot gas that permeates them. The Principal investigator is Randall Smith at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory in Cambridge, Massachusetts; the project has significant contributions from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, cosine Measurement Systems (Sassenheim, Netherlands), Penn State, and the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics.

Explorers Program
The Explorers Program is a NASA exploration program that provides flight opportunities for physics, geophysics, heliophysics, and astrophysics investigations from space. Launched in 1958, Explorer 1 was the first spacecraft of the United States to achieve orbit. Over 90 space missions have been launched since. Starting with Explorer 6, it has been operated by NASA, with regular collaboration with a variety of other institutions, including many international partners.

Launchers for the Explorers Program have included Juno I, Juno II, various Thor, Scout, Delta and Pegasus launch vehicles, and Falcon 9.

The program has three classes: Medium-Class Explorers (MIDEX), Small Explorers (SMEX), and University-Class Explorers (UNEX), with select Missions of Opportunity operated with other agencies.
Responsible entity
A responsible entity is a peculiarly Australian invention designed to replace the manager/trustee in managed investment schemes. It was created by the Managed Investments Act 1998, which made significant amendments to the prescribed interest provisions contained in the Australian Corporations Act.

Corporations Act 2001
The Corporations Act 2001 is an Act of the Parliament of Australia, which sets out the laws dealing with business entities in Australia. The company is the Act's primary focus, but other entities, such as partnerships and managed investment schemes, are also regulated. The Act is the foundational basis of Australian corporate law, with every Australian state having adopted the Act as required by the Australian Constitution.

The Act is the principal legislation regulating companies in Australia. It regulates matters such as the formation and operation of companies (in conjunction with a constitution that may be adopted by a company), duties of officers, takeovers and fundraising.
Closure phase
The closure phase is an observable quantity in imaging astronomical interferometry, which allowed the use of interferometry with very long baselines. It forms the basis of the self-calibration approach to interferometric imaging. The observable which is usually used in most "closure phase" observations is actually the complex quantity called the triple product (or bispectrum). The closure phase is the phase (argument) of this complex quantity.

Aperture synthesis
Aperture synthesis or synthesis imaging is a type of interferometry that mixes signals from a collection of telescopes to produce images having the same angular resolution as an instrument the size of the entire collection. At each separation and orientation, the lobe-pattern of the interferometer produces an output which is one component of the Fourier transform of the spatial distribution of the brightness of the observed object. The image (or "map") of the source is produced from these measurements. Astronomical interferometers are commonly used for high-resolution optical, infrared, submillimetre and radio astronomy observations. For example, the Event Horizon Telescope project derived the first image of a black hole using aperture synthesis.