hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Grassy Hill Natural Area Preserve
Grassy Hill Natural Area Preserve is a 1,440-acre (5.8 km2) Natural Area Preserve located in Franklin County, Virginia, just to the west of the town of Rocky Mount.  The site is composed of rocky slopes with various hardwood species and patches of Virginia pine. Shallow basic soils, typified by heavy clay, are found among bedrock outcrops rich in magnesium. Rare woodland communities live upon these substrates, and numerous rare plants may be found within grassy forest clearings near the summit. Evidence at the preserve suggests that the majority of the site was once more open, and may have historically been maintained through a natural fire regime that has been suppressed during modern times.

The preserve is owned and maintained by the Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, and is open to the public. Public facilities at the preserve include 6.6 miles (10.6 km) of hiking trails, educational signs, parking, and a kiosk.

Virginia Natural Area Preserve System
The Virginia Natural Area Preserve System is a system of protected areas in the state of Virginia. It is managed by the Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation.

As of 2025, there are sixty-seven (67) dedicated preserves totaling 65,107 acres (263.48 km2). These preserves contain examples of some of the rarest natural communities in the state; in addition, many serve as a home for locally, nationally, and globally rare species.
Battle of Amalinde
The Battle of Amalinda was an armed confrontation between two Xhosa chiefs of the Rharhabe House, which took place in October 1818 just outside of what is today King Williams Town, in the Eastern Cape region of South Africa. On the eve of the fifth Xhosa War Chief Ngqika had close ties with the British, while his uncle, Chief Ndlambe, had no such agreements and painted Ngqika as someone selling out his people in return for personal gain. Chief Ndlambe was assisted in the battle by the senior, King Hintsa and his Gcaleka warriors. When chief Ngqika was defeated in the battle, he retreated and appealed to the British for protection. A British-led force commanded by Colonel Thomas Brereton then seized 23,000 head of cattle from Ndlambe's people in retaliation, leading to the battle of Grahamstown.

Battle of Grahamstown
The Battle of Grahamstown took place on 22 April 1819, during the Fifth Xhosa War (1818-1819), at the frontier settlement of Grahamstown in what is now the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. The confrontation involved the defence of the town by the British garrison, aided by a group of Khoekhoe marksmen, from an attack by a large force of attacking Xhosa warriors.
2020 New Zealand Women's Sevens
The 2020 New Zealand Women's Sevens was a tournament at the Waikato Stadium in Hamilton, New Zealand from 25-26 January 2020. It was the first edition of the New Zealand Women's Sevens for the World Rugby Women's Sevens Series and the fourth tournament of the 2019–20 World Rugby Women's Sevens Series.

2019–20 World Rugby Women's Sevens Series
The 2019–20 World Rugby Women's Sevens Series was the eighth edition of the global circuit for women's national rugby sevens teams, organised by World Rugby.

Only five of the originally scheduled eight tournaments were completed before the series was cut short due to the COVID-19 pandemic. New Zealand was awarded the series title at the end of June 2020, on account of it leading by 16 points over the second-placed Australia.

The events planned for Hong Kong, Langford and Paris were postponed, before eventually being cancelled.
Pen's parade
Pen's Parade or The Income Parade is a concept described in a 1971 book published by Dutch economist Jan Pen describing income distribution. The parade is defined as a succession of every person in the economy, with their height proportional to their income, and ordered from lowest to greatest. People with average income would be of average height, and so the spectator. The Pen's description of what the spectator would see is a parade of dwarves, and then some unbelievable giants at the very end.

The original context of the parade is the United Kingdom, and the duration is one hour. The parade is used by economists as a graphical representation of income inequality because it is a form of quantile function and it is considered useful when comparing two different areas or periods.

Income distribution
In economics, income distribution covers how a country's total GDP is distributed amongst its population. Economic theory and economic policy have long seen income and its distribution as a central concern. Unequal distribution of income causes economic inequality which is a concern in almost all countries around the world.
Monastery of Saint Theodosius
The Monastery of St. Theodosius, also known as Deir Dosi and Deir Ibn Ubeid in Arabic, is a monastery founded around 476 by Saint Theodosius the Cenobiarch and that since at least the 12th century contains his (today empty) tomb. It is located within the village of al-Ubeidiya, some 8 kilometres east of Bethlehem, on the road towards Mar Saba (St Sabbas) Monastery, in the West Bank, Palestine.

Mar Saba
The Holy Lavra of Saint Sabbas Greek: Ἱερὰ Λαύρα τοῦ Ὁσίου Σάββα τοῦ Ἡγιασμένου, romanized: Yerá Lávra tú Osíu Sávva tú Iyazménu, known in Arabic and Syriac as Mar Saba (Syriac: ܕܝܪܐ ܕܡܪܝ ܣܒܐ, romanized: Dayrā d-Mār Sabba; Levantine Arabic: دير مار سابا, romanized: Dēr Mār Sābā; ) and historically as the Great Laura of Saint Sabas, is a Greek Orthodox Christian monastery overlooking the Kidron Valley in the Bethlehem Governorate of Palestine in the West Bank, at a point halfway between Bethlehem and the Dead Sea. The monks of Mar Saba and those of subsidiary houses are known as Sabaites.

Mar Saba is considered one of the world's oldest (almost) continuously inhabited monasteries, and it maintains many of its ancient traditions. One in particular is the restriction on women entering the main compound. The only building women can enter is the Women's Tower, near the main entrance.
Victoria Memorial, London
The Victoria Memorial is a monument to Queen Victoria, located at the end of The Mall in London, by the sculptor Sir Thomas Brock. Designed in 1901, it was unveiled on 16 May 1911, though it was not completed until 1924. It was the centrepiece of an ambitious urban planning scheme, which included the creation of the Queen's Gardens to a design by Sir Aston Webb, and the refacing of Buckingham Palace (which stands behind the memorial) by the same architect.

Like the earlier Albert Memorial in Kensington Gardens, commemorating Victoria's consort, the Victoria Memorial has an elaborate scheme of iconographic sculpture. The central pylon of the memorial is of Pentelic marble, and individual statues are in Lasa marble and gilt bronze. The memorial weighs 2,300 tonnes (about 2535 short tons) and is 32 m (104 ft) in diameter. In 1970 it was listed at Grade I.

Albert Memorial
The Albert Memorial is a Gothic Revival ciborium in Kensington Gardens, London, designed and dedicated to the memory of Prince Albert of Great Britain. Located directly north of the Royal Albert Hall, it was commissioned by Queen Victoria in memory of her husband, who died in 1861. Designed by Sir George Gilbert Scott, it takes the form of an ornate canopy or pavilion 176 feet (54 m) tall over the high altar of a church, sheltering a statue of the prince facing south. It took over ten years to complete, the £120,000 cost (the equivalent of about £15,000,000 in 2025) met by public subscription.

The memorial was opened in July 1872 by Queen Victoria, with the statue of Albert ceremonially "seated" in 1876. It has been Grade I listed since 1970.
Skandals Kibao
Skandals Kibao (English: Full of Scandals) is a Kenyan soap opera that debuted on KTN in August 2015. It is directed by Mary Migui. The main cast includes; Lwanda Jawar, George Mo, Vincent Mbaya, Billiard Wanjau, Janet Sision and Avril.

Kona (TV series)
Kona is a Kenyan primetime telenovela that premiered on Africa Magic Channel on 26 August 2013 to  2014. Starring Nini Wacera, Lwanda Jawar, Abubakar Mwenda, Brenda Wairimu, Muthoni Gathecha and an ensemble cast.
M84 camouflage pattern
The M/84 camouflage pattern (Danish: M/84 Pletsløring, lit. 'M/84 spot camouflage'), is the former camouflage pattern of the Danish military. The M/84 is a derivative of the Flecktarn B pattern produced by the German firm Marquardt & Schulz. Using the same shapes and pattern, the number of colours was changed  from 5 to 3 – choosing olive green, light green and black to better match the colouration of the Danish woodland environment.

The use of spots creates a "dithering" effect, which eliminates hard boundaries between the different colors in much the same way the squares in the newest digital camouflage patterns do.  The pattern is designed for use in temperate woodland terrain.

It has been adapted with a desert camouflage variant by varying the colors. It has since mostely been replaced by M/11.

MultiCam
MultiCam is a camouflage pattern designed for use in a wide range of environments and conditions which was developed and is produced by American company Crye Precision. The pattern has found extensive adoption globally. Variants of it, some unlicensed, are in use with militaries worldwide, particularly with special forces/special operations forces units.

The pattern is also available for purchase for civilian usage. Derived from the original standard pattern, additional specified variants were developed and later introduced in late 2013, those are "Arid", "Tropic", "Alpine" and "Black".
Instituto de Banca y Comercio
Instituto de Banca y Comercio (IBC) was a private, for-profit college-level institution with multiple locations in Puerto Rico.  It offers short training programs and associate degrees. It is now known as NUC University IBC division.

National University College
Northbridge University, (formerly known as NUC University) is the largest for-profit private university in Puerto Rico with its main campus in Bayamón, Puerto Rico. The university was founded in 1982 as the National College, and offers undergraduate studies and graduate studies in health, business administration, education, information technology, and criminal justice.

Northbridge University is accredited by the Council of Higher Education of Puerto Rico and the Middle States Commission on Higher Education.
SM-68 Titan
The SM-68 Titan (individual variants later designated HGM-25 Titan I and LGM-25 Titan II) was the designation of two intercontinental ballistic missiles developed for the United States Air Force. The Titan I and Titan II missiles were operational between 1962 and 1987 during the Cold War. These missiles, particularly the Titan II, were the basis of the Titan family of space launch vehicles.

Titan was originally built as a backup to the SM-65 Atlas. The Titan I used RP-1 and liquid oxygen propellants and required around fifteen minutes to load the rocket and raise it to a launch position. The more powerful Titan II used nitrogen tetroxide and hydrazine, allowing it to be stored with propellant loaded, giving it a much shorter response time.

Titan (rocket family)
Titan was a family of American intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBM) and medium- and heavy-lift expendable launch vehicles used between 1959 and 2005. The Titan I and Titan II served as part of the United States Air Force's ICBM arsenal until 1987, while later variants were adapted for space launch purposes. Titan launch vehicles were used for 368 missions in total, including all Project Gemini crewed flights in the mid-1960s, as well as numerous U.S. military, civilian, and scientific payloads—ranging from reconnaissance satellites to space probes sent throughout the Solar System.
Sauroniops
Sauroniops is a controversial genus of carnivorous carcharodontosaurid theropod dinosaurs known from the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian stage) of Morocco. It is known from the Gara Sbaa Formation of the Kem Kem beds and contains a single species, S. pachytholus.

Carcharodontosauridae
Carcharodontosauridae (carcharodontosaurids; from the Greek καρχαροδοντόσαυρος, carcharodontósauros: "shark-toothed lizards") is a group of carnivorous theropod dinosaurs. In 1931, Ernst Stromer named Carcharodontosauridae as a family, which, in modern paleontology,  indicates a clade within Carnosauria. Carcharodontosaurids include some of the largest land predators ever known: Giganotosaurus, Mapusaurus, Carcharodontosaurus, and Tyrannotitan all rivaled Tyrannosaurus in size. Estimates give a maximum weight of 8–10 metric tons (8.8–11.0 short tons) for the largest carcharodontosaurids, while the smallest carcharodontosaurids were estimated to have weighed at least 500 kilograms (1,100 lb).
Humanitarian aid to Gaza
The population of the Gaza Strip has faced starvation and famine since the blockade started in 2007. As a result of this, official bodies have urged Israel to improve the facilitation of humanitarian aid supplies to Gaza. The blockade was intensified during the Gaza war which has further restricted Humanitarian aid during the war as Gaza experiences a humanitarian crisis. According to the Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories (COGAT), an Israeli military unit responsible for humanitarian aid, aid "is routed to Egypt and then forwarded to undergo Israeli security screening at either Nitzana or Kerem Shalom Crossings". There is also an aid delivery channel via Jordan.

Israel was criticized for limiting humanitarian aid to Gaza for the past few years. COGAT has claimed in 2024 that "there is no limit on the amount of aid" that can enter Gaza, but the United Nations has accused Israel of blocking land routes and airstriking.

Kerem Shalom border crossing
Kerem Shalom border crossing (Hebrew: מעבר כרם שלום, "Vineyard of Peace"; Arabic: معبر كرم أبو سالم, Karem Abu Salem) is a border crossing at the junction of two border sections: one between the Gaza Strip and Israel, and one between the Gaza Strip and Egypt. It is used by trucks carrying goods from Israel or Egypt to the Gaza Strip.
122 iron arsenide
The 122 iron arsenide unconventional superconductors are part of a new class of iron-based superconductors. They form in the tetragonal I4/mmm, ThCr2Si2 type, crystal structure. The shorthand name "122" comes from their stoichiometry; the 122s have the chemical formula AEFe2Pn2, where AE stands for alkaline earth metal (Ca, Ba Sr or Eu) and Pn is pnictide (As, P, etc.). These materials become superconducting under pressure and also upon doping. The maximum superconducting transition temperature found to date is 38 K in the Ba0.6K0.4Fe2As2. The microscopic description of superconductivity in the 122s is yet unclear.

Unconventional superconductor
Unconventional superconductors are materials that display superconductivity which is not explained by the usual BCS theory or its extension, the Eliashberg theory. The pairing in unconventional superconductors may originate from some other mechanism than the electron–phonon interaction. Alternatively, a superconductor is unconventional if the superconducting order parameter transforms according to a non-trivial irreducible representation of the point group or space group of the system. Per definition, superconductors that break additional symmetries to U (1) symmetry are known as unconventional superconductors.
Langelurillus ignorabilis
Langelurillus ignorabilis is a species of jumping spider in the genus Langelurillus that lives in Zimbabwe. The female was first described in 2008 by Wanda Wesołowska and Meg Cumming based on an example discovered with ten spiderlings. The male has not been identified. The spider is small with a dark brown carapace 2.7 mm (0.11 in) long and a brownish-grey abdomen 3.0 mm (0.12 in) long. It has short yellow legs. The species is similar to others in its genus and also member of the genus Langona, but differs in the design of the copulatory organs. For example, the seminal ducts are longer and have more loops than Langona bethae.

Langona
Langona is a genus of spiders in the family Salticidae (jumping spiders). Langona species are similar to those of the genus Aelurillus. In 2015, it was listed in the subtribe Aelurillina. The subtribe is allocated to the tribe Aelurillini in the clade Saltafresia. In 2017, it was grouped with nine other genera of jumping spiders under the name Aelurillines.
Loft (store)
Loft (株式会社ロフト, Kabushiki Gaisha Rofuto) is a Japanese chain store that sells everyday commodities. There are Loft franchise stores in Japan and Thailand. Formerly a subsidiary of the Saison Group (セゾングループ, Sezon Gurūpu), it was the subsidiary of Sogo & Seibu at August 31, 2023.

Due to the sale of Sogo & Seibu by Seven & i Holdings, it is currently the subsidiary of Seven & i Holdings in September 1, 2023.

Sogo & Seibu
Sogo & Seibu Co., Ltd. (株式会社そごう・西武, Kabushiki-gaisha Sogou & Seibu) is a Japanese retail company that operates two major department store brands: Sogo, and Seibu. As of 2025, the company operates four Seibu-branded department stores, two Seibu-branded shopping centers, and four Sogo-branded department stores across Japan. In addition to its presence in Japan, the company also has stores in Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Southeast Asia, although the trademark rights in these regions are licensed to local companies, and Sogo & Seibu does not manage the stores directly.
I Love Money
I Love Money is an American reality television series broadcast by VH1.

The series was produced by 51 Minds Entertainment, a subsidiary of Endemol, and was a spin-off of Flavor of Love, Charm School, I Love New York, Rock of Love with Bret Michaels, Real Chance of Love, For the Love of Ray J, Daisy of Love and Megan Wants a Millionaire. Contestants on these shows competed in physical and mental challenges, aiming for a $250,000 grand prize. Created by executive producers Cris Abrego and Mark Cronin.
The contestants of the first two seasons were located in Huatulco, Mexico for the duration of their time on the show, while the third and fourth season contestants were located in Manzanillo, Mexico.

Daisy of Love
Daisy of Love is an American reality television dating show which stars Daisy de la Hoya, the runner-up of the VH1 reality dating show Rock of Love 2. The show premiered on April 26, 2009, at 9:00 pm ET on VH1.
WAVA-FM
WAVA-FM (105.1 MHz) is a commercial radio station licensed to Arlington, Virginia, United States, and serving the Washington metro area. The station is owned and operated by the Salem Media Group, and airs a Christian talk and teaching radio format. The studios are on North Lynn Street in Arlington. Religious leaders pay WAVA-FM for their time on the air and may seek donations to support their ministries. Hosts include Chuck Swindoll, Jim Daly, John MacArthur, Michael Youssef, Greg Laurie, David Jeremiah, Alistair Begg, Charles Stanley and J. Vernon McGee.

WAVA-FM is a Class B station. It has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 33,000 watts. The transmitter is off 19th Road North, also in Arlington. WAVA-FM broadcasts in the HD Radio format. The HD2 and HD3 subchannels rebroadcast two co-owned AM stations, WAVA 780 AM and WWRC 570 AM. WAVA 780 also carries a Christian talk and teaching format, but with different shows. WWRC airs conservative talk.

WAVA (AM)
WAVA is a Christian talk radio formatted broadcast radio station licensed to Arlington, Virginia, serving the metro areas of Washington metropolitan area. WAVA is owned and operated by Salem Media Group. In its early history, the station sported pop, country and news/talk formats. As WARL, it was the first station to brand itself as playing "country western music".

WAVA is a daytime-only station because 780 AM is a clear-channel frequency, on which WBBM in Chicago is the dominant Class A station.
Zhang Junzhao
Zhang Junzhao (Chinese: 张军钊; October 1952 – 9 June 2018) was a Chinese film director and screenwriter who was mainly active in the 1980s. A graduate of the Beijing Film Academy and a contemporary of acclaimed directors Zhang Yimou, Chen Kaige, and Tian Zhuangzhuang, Zhang Junzhao was a prominent early member of China's Fifth Generation filmmakers. His 1984 film One and Eight is well known as the film that marked the advent of the Fifth Generation, while The Shining Arc (1988) was selected for competition for the Golden St. George award at the 1989 Moscow International Film Festival.

Chen Kaige
Chen Kaige (Chinese: 陈凯歌; born 12 August 1952) is a Chinese filmmaker. A leading figure of the fifth generation of Chinese directors, Chen is known for his visual flair and epic storytelling. For Farewell My Concubine (1993), Chen became the first Chinese director to win the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival.
Singapore Youth Flying Club
The Singapore Youth Flying Club (SYFC) is a flight school based in Seletar Airport, primarily funded by the Republic of Singapore Air Force (RSAF). Established in 1971, the club aims to introduce and promote aviation to students, by providing aeromodelling courses for secondary school students and flight training courses for pre-tertiary students, and encourage trained pilots to serve in the RSAF.

As of 2023, more than 7,500 students have been through the flight training programme, with over 1,200 students graduating with a private pilot licence (PPL), 80% of whom move on to become RSAF pilots.

Republic of Singapore Air Force
The Republic of Singapore Air Force (RSAF) is the aerial service branch of the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) responsible for controlling and defending the airspace of the country, and providing air support to the Army and Navy. It was established in 1968 as the Singapore Air Defence Command (SADC) before renaming to its current name in 1975.

As one of the larger and more technologically advanced air forces in Southeast Asia, the RSAF has undertaken a significant role in Singapore's military defence strategy since its formation. The RSAF is one of the more modern air forces in the region.

The RSAF currently has four domestic airbases – Paya Lebar, Changi, Sembawang and Tengah – as well as a training detachment at the civilian airport of Seletar. The RSAF also has overseas detachments in various countries, most notably in Australia, France, Thailand and the United States. As of 2023, the RSAF has a strength of 6,000 active personnel.
Elelenwo
Elelenwo is a town in the metropolitan area of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, a country in West Africa. It is home to several state-owned media establishments, including Rivers State Television (RSTV) and Radio Rivers.

Rivers State Television
Rivers State Television (abbreviated RSTV), UHF channel 22 is a state-owned television station in Port Harcourt city, Rivers State. It began its operation in 1985. Initially, the station's broadcasting power was 1 kW and signals were transmitted on UHF channel 55.

After an upgrade in 1991, RSTV moved to UHF Channel 22 and had its radiated power boosted to 30 kW.