hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Shale gas in the United Kingdom
Shale gas in the United Kingdom has attracted increasing attention since 2007, when unconventional onshore shale gas production was proposed. The first shale gas well in England was drilled in 1875. As of 2013 a number of wells had been drilled, and favourable tax treatment had been offered to shale gas producers.

In July 2013, UK Prime Minister David Cameron had claimed that, "fracking has real potential to drive energy bills down". However, in November 2013 representatives from industry and government, such as former BP Chief Executive and government advisor Lord Browne, Energy Secretary Ed Davey and economist Lord Stern said that fracking in the UK alone will not lower prices as the UK is part of a well connected European market.
As of April 2022, there had been no commercial production of shale gas in the UK, with no shale gas reserves booked in the UK. In February 2022 the Oil & Gas Authority (OGA) ordered the "plugging and abandonment" of Britain's shale wells.

Unconventional (oil and gas) reservoir
Unconventional (oil and gas) reservoirs, or unconventional resources (resource plays) are accumulations where oil and gas phases are tightly bound to the rock fabric by strong capillary forces, requiring specialized measures for evaluation and extraction.
Armin von Büren
Armin von Büren (20 April 1928 – 10 February 2018) was a Swiss cyclist. A professional from 1948 to 1962 and a specialist in six-day races, he competed in 58 and won 13. He also won the European Madison Championships in 1953 and 1954 and the European Omnium Championships in 1956. He also occasionally competed on the road and won the Tour du Lac Léman in 1951 and 1953.

His brothers Oskar and Émile were also professional cyclists.

UEC European Track Championships – Men's omnium
The Men's omnium at the European Track Championships was first competed in 2010. Prior to 2010, there were two elite omniums held annually: an endurance omnium and a sprint omnium.

The Omnium has varied over time in the number and type of events included. As of 2026, the event is essentially an endurance points race held over one day, with four events; a scratch race, a tempo race and an elimination race, each with a maximum of 40 points, with a final points race proper with sprint and lap points available to determine the medals.
Grete Eliassen
Grete Eliassen (born September 21, 1986) is an American-Norwegian freestyle skier. She won a bronze medal in Slopestyle at the 2011 Winter X Games XV in Aspen, Colorado, behind Kaya Turski and Keri Herman. She has won six medals at the Winter X Games in slopestyle and halfpipe events including back to back gold medals in 2005 and 2006. Eliassen has been serving as the 16th president of the Women's Sports Foundation, effective January 2017.

Freestyle skiing
Freestyle skiing is a  skiing discipline comprising aerials, moguls, cross, half-pipe, slopestyle and big air as part of the Winter Olympics. It can consist of a skier performing aerial flips and spins and can include skiers sliding rails and boxes on their skis. Known as "hot-dogging" in the early 1970s, it is also commonly referred to as freeskiing, jibbing, and many other names, around the world.
Susy Avery
Susy (Heintz) Avery (born October 30, 1947) is an American politician from the state of Michigan.  She was Chairman of the Michigan Republican Party from 1995 to 1996 and the Party's 1996 nominee to represent Michigan's 10th congressional district in the United States House of Representatives.

Michigan's 10th congressional district
Michigan's 10th congressional district is a United States congressional district in the Lower Peninsula of Michigan. It consists of southern Macomb County, Rochester and Rochester Hills in Oakland County.

District boundaries were redrawn in 1992, 2002, 2012, and 2022 due to reapportionment following the censuses of 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020.

The current district is considered quite competitive. Southern Macomb County tends to support Democratic candidates, while central Macomb County and Rochester/Rochester Hills tend to be more moderate to slightly Republican. From 2021 to 2022, Lisa McClain represented the 10th; after redistricting moved McClain to the neighboring 9th district, John E. James was elected to represent it since 2023.
Wuhan University School of Law
Wuhan University School of Law is the law school of Wuhan University in Wuhan, China.
The School of Law was oft-referred as one of the "Four Famous Law Schools" in China, and one of the "four departments and five colleges," representing the highest level of legal education in China. According to a 2009 evaluation conducted by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Wuhan Law was ranked the 3rd among the law schools in China, tied with Peking University. Both its undergraduate and graduate programs are ranked the 3rd in China by Wu Shulian.

Wuhan University
Wuhan University (WHU) is a leading national research university located in Wuhan, Hubei, China. Founded in 1893 as the Ziqiang Institute, Wuhan University is one of China’s oldest and most esteemed universities. It is affiliated with and funded by the Ministry of Education of China. The university is part of Project 985, Project 211, and Double First-Class Construction.
Matthew Boulton (epidemiologist)
Matthew L. Boulton is an American epidemiologist and physician. He currently serves as the Editor-in-Chief of the American Journal of Preventive Medicine, and is the former Chief Medical Executive, State Epidemiologist, and Director of the Bureau of Epidemiology for the State of Michigan. At the University of Michigan School of Public Health, Boulton is Senior Associate Dean for Global Public Health, the Pearl L. Kendrick Collegiate Professor of Global Health, and a Professor of Epidemiology, Professor of Preventive Medicine, and a Professor of Internal Medicine, Infectious Disease Division, at Michigan Medicine.

University of Michigan School of Public Health
The University of Michigan School of Public Health is the public health school of the University of Michigan, a public research university in Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States. The school is one of the oldest schools of public health in the country and is considered one of the top schools focusing on health in the United States. Founded in 1941, the School of Public Health grew out of the University of Michigan's degree programs in public health, some of which date back to the 19th century.
Hellish Crossfire
Hellish Crossfire is the debut album by German speed metal band Iron Angel, released in 1985 through SPV GmbH.

The music and lyrical content on Hellish Crossfire is considered to be Satanic. Incorporating elements of thrash metal, the sound has been compared to Helloween and early Slayer. Some publications consider the album to be an underrated release in the genre, though the album's cover artwork has been retroactively mocked.

Speed metal
Speed metal is a subgenre of heavy metal music that originated in the late 1970s from new wave of British heavy metal (NWOBHM) roots. It is described by AllMusic as "extremely fast, abrasive, and technically demanding" music.

It is usually considered less abrasive and more melodic than thrash metal. However, speed metal is usually faster and more aggressive than traditional heavy metal, also showing more inclination to virtuoso soloing and featuring short instrumental passages between couplets. Speed metal songs frequently make use of highly expressive vocals, but are usually less likely to employ "harsh" vocals than thrash metal songs.
Director of Military Intelligence and Security (Sweden)
The Director of Military Intelligence and Security (Swedish: Chefen för militära underrättelse- och säkerhetstjänsten, C MUST) is a three-star role within the Swedish Armed Forces, responsible the Swedish Military Intelligence and Security Service. The Director of Military Intelligence and Security is part of the Defence Board (Försvarsmaktsledningen, FML), a group of the Supreme Commander's top commanders. The currect director is Lieutenant General Thomas Nilsson.

Chief of Defence (Sweden)
The Chief of Defence (Swedish: överbefälhavaren; acronym: ÖB), formerly referred to in English as the Supreme Commander of the Swedish Armed Forces, is the highest ranked professional military officer in the Swedish Armed Forces. The chief of defence is the agency head of the Swedish Armed Forces and formally reports to the Government of Sweden, though normally through the minister for defence. The primary responsibilities and duties of the chief of defence (and the charter for the Armed Forces) are prescribed in an ordinance issued by the Government.

The present Chief of Defence, General Michael Claesson, took office on 1 October 2024. His appointment marked the adoption of the title "chief of defence" in English-language usage, in line with NATO terminology.
Hugo Sconochini
Hugo Ariel Sconochini (born 10 April 1971) is an Argentine retired professional basketball player. He played at the shooting guard and small forward positions. During his professional club career, Sconochini won the FIBA Intercontinental Cup championship in 1996, and two EuroLeague championships, in 1998 and 2001.

He was also a member of the senior Argentine national team that won the gold medal at the 2004 Athens Summer Olympic Games.

2001 Euroleague Finals
The 2001 Euroleague Finals was the final playoffs for the title of the 2000–01 Euroleague.

After five games, Kinder Bologna achieved its second title against TAU Cerámica. Argentine Manu Ginóbili was named MVP of the Finals.
Const (computer programming)
In some programming languages, const is a type qualifier (a keyword applied to a data type) that indicates that the data is read-only. While this can be used to declare constants, const in the C family of languages differs from similar constructs in other languages in that it is part of the type, and thus has complicated behavior when combined with pointers, references, composite data types, and type-checking. In other languages, the data is not in a single memory location, but copied at compile time for each use. Languages which use it include C, C++, D, JavaScript, Julia, and Rust.

Composite data type
In computer science, a composite data type or compound data type is a data type that consists of programming language scalar data types and other composite types that may be heterogeneous and hierarchical in nature. It is sometimes called a structure or a record or by a language-specific keyword used to define one such as struct. It falls into the aggregate type classification which includes homogenous collections such as the array and list.
HMS Linnet (1913)
HMS Linnet was a Laforey-class destroyer that served with the Royal Navy during the First World War. Launched on 16 August 1913 as HMS Havock, the ship was renamed on 30 September under an Admiralty order to become one of the first destroyers in a class named alphabetically. This convention subsequently became the norm. On commissioning, the vessel joined the Third Destroyer Flotilla and operated as part of the Harwich Force. The destroyer was first commanded by Commander Loftus Jones who named his daughter Linnette after the ship. During the War, the destroyer took part in the Battle of Heligoland Bight in 1914, and escorted minelayers on missions to lay mines. It was during one the latter missions that the ship was nearly hit by a gun hurled from the stricken minelayer Amphion. With the cessation of hostilities, the ship was placed in reserve and sold to be broken up on 4 November 1921.

Laforey-class destroyer (1913)
The Laforey class (redesignated in October 1913 as the L class) was a class of 22 torpedo boat destroyers of the Royal Navy, twenty of which were built under the Naval Programme of 1912–13 and a further two under the 2nd War Emergency Programme of 1914. As such they were the penultimate pre-war British destroyer design (the M class built under the Naval Programme of 1913–14 being the last design). All served during World War I during which three were lost; the survivors were all scrapped in 1921-23.
Cocos Fire
Cocos Fire, originally known as the Twin Oaks Fire, was a wildfire that ignited on May 14, 2014 in San Marcos, California, in the hills south of California State University, San Marcos. The Cocos Fire quickly spread into western Escondido. The fire destroyed more than 40 buildings, including a dozen single-family homes. The Harmony Grove Spiritualist Association, a 13-acre spiritualist retreat founded in 1896, was particularly hard hit; most of the buildings and residences on the property were destroyed, and the association's president said, "We're pretty much wiped out." Property damage from the fire is estimated at more than $5.7 million. Three minor injuries have been reported. The Cocos Fire was the last of the May 2014 wildfires in San Diego County to be extinguished, with full containment on May 22, 2014.

San Marcos, California
San Marcos (/ˌsæn ˈmɑːrkoʊs/ SAN MAR-kohs; Spanish for "St. Mark") is a city in the North County region of San Diego County, California, United States. As of the 2020 census, the city's population was 94,833. It is the site of California State University San Marcos and Palomar College. The city is bordered by Escondido to the east, Encinitas to the southwest, Carlsbad to the west, and Vista to the northwest. Lake San Marcos is an enclave, or county island, within the southwestern part of the city and its sphere of influence but is an unincorporated community.
Lleu Llaw Gyffes
Lleu Llaw Gyffes (Welsh pronunciation: [ˈɬɛɨ ˈɬau ˈɡəfɛs]), sometimes incorrectly spelled as Llew Llaw Gyffes, is a hero of Welsh mythology. He appears most prominently in the Fourth Branch of the Mabinogi, the tale of Math fab Mathonwy, which tells the tale of his birth, his marriage, his death, his resurrection and his accession to the throne of Gwynedd. He is a warrior and magician, invariably associated with his uncle Gwydion.

His name appears to be the Welsh equivalent of the Irish Lugh and the Gaulish Lugus. It has been suggested that Lleu, like Pryderi, is related to the divine son figure of Mabon ap Modron.

Pryderi
Pryderi fab Pwyll is a prominent figure in Welsh mythology, the son of Pwyll and Rhiannon, and king of Dyfed after his father's death. He is the only character to appear in all Four Branches of the Mabinogi, although the size of his role varies from tale to tale. He is often equated with the divine son figure of Mabon ap Modron, while Jeffrey Gantz compares him to Peredur fab Efrawg, who is himself associated with the continental figure of Sir Percival de Galles.

Ifor Williams speculated that he was once the focal character of the Mabinogi as a whole, although some subsequent scholars disagree with this theory.

Pryderi is described by Jeffrey Gantz as "bold and enterprising, but rash to the point of foolishness." He goes on to say that "his downfall, while pathetic, is not entirely undeserved."
Date of Death
"Date of Death" is the thirteenth episode of the second season, and the 19th episode overall of the post-apocalyptic horror television series Fear the Walking Dead, which aired on AMC on September 25, 2016.

Pillar of Salt (Fear the Walking Dead)
"Pillar of Salt" is the twelfth episode of the second season, and the 18th episode overall of the post-apocalyptic horror television series Fear the Walking Dead, which aired on AMC on September 18, 2016.

This episode marks the final appearance of Griselda Salazar (Patricia Reyes Spíndola), seen in a flashback sequence, who died at the end of the first season. Ofelia Salazar (Mercedes Mason) returns after briefly disappearing at the end of the ninth episode "Los Muertos".
The Eagle and Child
The Eagle and Child, nicknamed "the Bird and Baby", is a pub in St Giles', Oxford, England, owned by the Ellison Institute of Technology and previously operated by Mitchells & Butlers as a Nicholson's pub. The pub had been part of an endowment belonging to University College since the 17th century. It has associations with the Inklings writers' group, which included J. R. R. Tolkien and C. S. Lewis. In 2005, 25 other pubs in the United Kingdom had the same name.

University College, Oxford
University College, formally The Master and Fellows of the College of the Great Hall of the University commonly called University College in the University of Oxford and colloquially referred to as "Univ", is a constituent college of the University of Oxford in England. It has a claim to being the oldest college of the university, having been founded by William of Durham in 1249.

As of 2024, the college had an estimated financial endowment of £156.679 million, and their total net assets amounted to £255.431 million.

The college is associated with a number of influential people, including Clement Attlee, Harold Wilson, Bill Clinton, Festus Mogae, Stephen Hawking, C. S. Lewis, R.F. Kuang, William Beveridge, Bob Hawke, Robert Cecil, Tom Hooper, Percy Bysshe Shelley and Christian Cole, the first Black student to graduate from the university.
AC Boulogne-Billancourt (football)
AC Boulogne-Billancourt shortened ACBB is a French association football club based in Boulogne-Billancourt. Playing his matches in many grounds, including Stade Alphonse Le Gallo or Stade Marcel Bec. ACBB completes in Régional 2 of Ligue Paris-Ile-de-France, the seventh level of French football league system and is managed by Quentin Thoreau.

French football league system
The French football league system, also known as the French football pyramid, is a series of interconnected leagues for club football in France and Monaco, and includes one Spanish side. At the top two levels of the system is the Ligue de Football Professionnel, which consists of two professional national divisions, Ligue 1, Ligue 2. Below that are a number of leagues run by the Fédération Française de Football. At level 3 is the semi-professional Championnat National. Below that is the Championnat National 2 (level 4), which is divided into four parallel regional divisions, followed by the Championnat National 3 (level 5), which is divided into eleven parallel regional divisions. Underneath that are many more regional and departmental leagues and divisions. Clubs finishing the season at or near the top of their division may be eligible for promotion to a higher division. Similarly, clubs finishing at or near the bottom of their division may be relegated to a lower division.
St. Louis station (CTA Garfield Park branch)
St. Louis was a rapid transit station on the Chicago "L" between 1895 and 1953. It was constructed by the Metropolitan West Side Elevated Railroad and served its Garfield Park branch. The Chicago Aurora and Elgin Railroad (CA&E), an interurban serving Chicago's western suburbs, also used the Garfield Park branch's tracks in 1905. To accommodate the mixing of the fast interurban and slow "L" service on a two-track line, two crossovers were installed on either side of the St. Louis station to let CA&E trains pass "L" trains in 1911.

Railroad switch
A railroad switch (AE), turnout, or (set of) points (CE) is a mechanical installation enabling railway trains to be guided from one track to another, such as at a railway junction or where a spur or siding branches off.
Ascent Capital Group
Ascent Capital Group, Inc. was a publicly traded holding company whose primary subsidiary was Monitronics. Ascent Media was a wholly owned subsidiary of the Discovery Holding Company (DHC). DHC spun off Ascent Media as an independent, public company on September 17, 2008.

The company's main activity through its wholly owned subsidiary, Monitronics, was to provide security alarm monitoring services to more than 1 million residential and commercial customers in the United States, Canada and Puerto Rico through its nationwide network of independent dealers.

On May 24, 2019, Ascent Capital Group announced its intent to merge with Monitronics.

Corporate spin-off
A corporate spin-off, also known as a spin-out, starburst or hive-off, is a type of corporate action where a company "splits off" a section as a separate business or creates a second incarnation, even if the first is still active. It is distinct from a sell-off, where a company sells a section to another company or firm in exchange for cash or securities.
Deposit of faith
The deposit of faith (Latin: depositum fidei or fidei depositum) is the body of revealed truth in the scriptures and sacred tradition proposed by the Roman Catholic Church for the belief and salvation of its members. The phrase has a similar use in the U.S. Episcopal Church.

Revelation
Revelation, or divine revelation, is the disclosing of some form of truth or knowledge through communication with a deity (god) or other supernatural entity or entities in the view of religion and theology.
Avaya 1100-series IP phones
The 1100-series IP phones are 6 different desktop IP clients manufactured by Avaya for Unified communications which can operate on the SIP or UNIStim protocols.  The SIP Firmware supports presence selection and notification along with secure instant messaging.

UNIStim
UNIStim (or Unified Networks IP Stimulus) is a deprecated Telecommunications protocol developed by Nortel (now acquired by Avaya) for IP Phone (terminals and soft phones) and IP PBX communications.

Most manufacturers of IP PBX equipment (Aastra, Alcatel, Avaya...) have followed the same path, developing their own proprietary protocols. These protocols are being gradually replaced or complemented by standardized protocols, including H.323, especially SIP.
New York State Route 300
New York State Route 300 (NY 300) is a state highway located west of the city of Newburgh in the Hudson Valley of New York in the United States. The southern terminus of the route is at a five-way intersection with NY 32 and NY 94 in the hamlet of Vails Gate. From there, it runs generally northwesterly through the towns of New Windsor, Newburgh, and Shawangunk, to a junction with NY 208 near the hamlet of Wallkill. NY 300's two major changes of direction are marked by slightly unorthodox intersections with other state highways.

Shawangunk, New York
Shawangunk is a town in southwestern Ulster County, New York, United States. The population was 13,563 at the 2020 census. The town takes its name from its largest stream, the Shawangunk Kill. The name Shawangunk is from the language of the Lenape people. Kill is an abbreviation of the Dutch word for creek, Killitje. It is pronounced Shuh-Whan-Gung /ˈʃɑːwəŋɡʌŋk/
Gladiators (2008 British TV series)
Gladiators is a British television series which aired on Sky One from 11 May 2008 to 25 October 2009. It was a revival of the earlier series of the same name and based on the second American version of the show. The US, UK and Australian versions of the show were all revived in 2008.

For the first series, the show was hosted by Ian Wright and Kirsty Gallacher with original referee John Anderson returning. The second series saw Caroline Flack replace Gallacher as host and Anderson replaced by boxing referee John Coyle.

During its original airing on Sky One, it was sponsored by Wii.

The show was cancelled in May 2009 by then director of programmes Stuart Murphy. On 13 January 2024, a second revival started broadcasting on BBC One and BBC iPlayer, presented by Bradley Walsh alongside his son Barney.

American Gladiators (2008 TV series)
American Gladiators is an American competition television series that aired on NBC and Citytv in Canada. Hosted by Hulk Hogan and Laila Ali, the show matches amateur athletes against each other and the show's own "gladiators" in contests of strength, agility, and endurance. It is a remake of the original series of the same name which ran from 1989 to 1996, with elements of the British version of the 1990s. The show was refereed by Al Kaplon, a former American League umpire, who can also be seen as the referee in Dodgeball: A True Underdog Story. Play-by-play narration was handled by Van Earl Wright.

Two seasons were produced by Reveille Productions and MGM Television, both of which were aired in 2008. The first season was taped at Sony Pictures Studios in Culver City, California. The show moved to the Los Angeles Sports Arena for season two.