hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Peter Bruce
Sir Peter George Bruce, FRS, FRSE, FRSC is a British chemist, and Wolfson Professor of Materials in the Department of Materials at the University of Oxford. Between 2018 and 2023, he served as Physical Secretary and Vice President of the Royal Society. Bruce is a founder and Chief Scientist of the Faraday Institution.

Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry
Fellowship of the Royal Society of Chemistry (FRSC) is one of the most prestigious awards conferred by the Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) in the United Kingdom. Existing Fellows include award winning scientists and Nobel prize winners.
Operation Lot
Operation Lot (Hebrew: מִבְצָע לוֹט) was an Israeli military operation during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. It was carried out on November 23–25, 1948, in the eastern Negev desert and the Arava.

The objective of Operation Lot was to create a ground corridor to the isolated Israeli Dead Sea enclave and assert Israeli sovereignty in the area. This became possible after the conquest of Beersheba by the Israel Defense Forces one month earlier, on October 21. The mission was accomplished without battle or firing a single shot.

The operation was carried in difficult terrain, including the Scorpions Pass. It took three days for the main force of the Negev Brigade to reach Mount Sodom, where residents of villages in the Dead Sea region had been evacuated at the beginning of the war. Additional actions were reconnaissance missions in the Arava which helped make the subsequent Operation Uvda possible, and crossing the international border into Transjordan.

Operation Uvda
Operation Uvda (Hebrew: מבצע עובדה, Mivtza Uvda) was an operation conducted by the Israel Defense Forces during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, from 5 March to 10 March 1949. It was the last campaign undertaken by the IDF during the war and its objective was to capture the southern Negev desert, which was claimed by the Kingdom of Jordan to be under Jordanian control in the armistice talks of 1949.

The southern Negev was designated to be part of the Jewish State in the 1947 UN Partition Plan. The name uvda (עובדה) is Hebrew for "fact", referring to the operation's objective to establish de facto Israeli sovereignty over the territory in question, rather than actually conquer it. As such, the Israeli forces did not meet significant resistance on their way. The region claimed during this operation is now referred to as Uvda.

The Negev, Golani and Alexandroni brigades participated in the operation, as well as a number of smaller units.
Jonathan Howe
Jonathan Trumbull Howe (born August 24, 1935) is a retired four-star United States Navy admiral. He was the Special Representative for Somalia to United Nations Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali from March 9, 1993, succeeding Ismat Kittani from Iraq, until his resignation in February 1994. During his time in Somalia he oversaw UNOSOM II operations including the 'Bloody Monday' raid which killed dozens and was a decisive turning point in the UNSOM II mission.

Howe was also the former Deputy National Security Advisor in the first Bush Administration. He was also President of The Arthur Vining Davis Foundations.

Deputy National Security Advisor
The United States Deputy National Security Advisor is a member of the Executive Office of the President of the United States and the United States National Security Council, serving under the President's National Security Advisor.

Among other responsibilities, the Deputy National Security Advisor often serves as Executive Secretary to the National Security Council Principals Committee, and as chairman of the National Security Council Deputies Committee. The role changes according to the organizational philosophy and staffing of each White House and there are often multiple deputies to the National Security Advisor charged with various areas of focus.

As of May 2025, Andy Baker and Robert Gabriel Jr. are serving as deputy national security advisors.
2023 Golden Gala
The 2023 Golden Gala was the 43nd edition of the annual outdoor track and field meeting in Italy. Held on 2 June at the Stadio Luigi Ridolfi in Florence, it was the third leg of the 2023 Diamond League – the highest level international track and field circuit.

The highlight of the meeting was Faith Kipyegon running 3:49.11 to break the world record in the 1500 m, beating Genzebe Dibaba's mark from 2015. She ran the race in a negative split, covering her first 800 metres in 2:04.1 but her last 800 m in 2:00.6. Kipyegon also became the only woman in history to run under 3:50.

2023 Diamond League
The 2023 Diamond League was the 14th season of the annual series of outdoor track and field meetings, organised by World Athletics. The number of Diamond Discipline events is 32, and the series ended with a single final at the Prefontaine Classic, the first time the Diamond League finals were hosted in the United States. Each meeting hosted a number of Diamond Discipline events according to allocation, most of which were broadcast in a two-hour TV window.
Causeland railway station
Causeland railway station (Cornish: Tir an Bughes) is an intermediate station 5 miles (8.0 km) south of Liskeard on the scenic Looe Valley Line in Cornwall, United Kingdom, which serves the hamlet of Causeland.

Liskeard railway station
Liskeard railway station (Cornish: Lyskerrys) serves the town of Liskeard in Cornwall, England. The station is approximately 18 miles (29 km) west of Plymouth on the Cornish Main Line and 264 miles 71 chains (426.3 km) from London Paddington via Box and Plymouth Millbay. It is the junction for the Looe Valley Line. The railway station is situated approximately 1⁄2 mile (0.80 km) south-west of Liskeard town centre.
Oles Sanin
Oles Hennadiyovych Sanin (Ukrainian: Олесь Геннадійович Санін; born July 30, 1972, in Kamin-Kashyrskyi) is a Ukrainian film director, actor, cinematographer, producer, musician and sculptor. An Honored Artist of Ukraine (2014); he was also awarded the Alexander Dovzhenko Ukrainian State Award.

Alexander Dovzhenko
Alexander Petrovich Dovzhenko, also Oleksandr Petrovych Dovzhenko (Russian: Александр Петрович Довженко, Ukrainian: Олександр Петрович Довженко; September 10 [O.S. August 29] 1894 – November 25, 1956), was a Soviet film director and screenwriter of Ukrainian origin. He is often cited as one of the most important early Soviet filmmakers, alongside Sergei Eisenstein, Dziga Vertov, and Vsevolod Pudovkin, as well as being a pioneer of Soviet montage theory.
Hot Springs High School (Arkansas)
Hot Springs World Class High School (HSWCHS) is a public magnet secondary school located in Hot Springs, Arkansas, United States. HSWCHS is one of seven public high schools in Garland County and the sole high school of the Hot Springs School District. The school's 1914 facility is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and its academic programs include Advanced Placement (AP) coursework and International Baccalaureate (IB) Diploma Programme. It was a segregated school and Hot Springs refused to integrate for more than a decade after Brown v. Board of Education and when it finally did it made Langston High School refuse to provide busing to Hot Springs High School from African American neighborhoods, and largely excluded African American faculty from Langston and limited the activities of African American students.

Langston High School (Arkansas)
Langston High School was an American segregated high school for African American students, active from 1913 until 1970 and located in Hot Springs, Arkansas. It was one of the leading schools in Arkansas for African Americans, and was accredited by the North Central Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools.

It was established in 1913, the first high school for African Americans in Hot Springs. The Hot Springs School District struggled with racial integration for some 14 years, before this school was shut down in 1970 for failure to integrate. The building was eventually torn down.
Asa Robinson
Asa Robinson MM (1883 – 8 December 1924) was an English professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1900s, 1910s and 1920s. He played at representative level for Great Britain, England and Yorkshire, and at club level for Halifax, as a forward.

Military Medal
The Military Medal (MM) was a military decoration awarded to personnel of the British Army and other arms of the armed forces, and to personnel of other Commonwealth countries, below commissioned rank, for bravery in battle on land. The award was established in 1916, with retrospective application to 1914, and was awarded to other ranks for "acts of gallantry and devotion to duty under fire". The award was discontinued in 1993, when it was replaced by the Military Cross, which was extended to all ranks, while other Commonwealth nations instituted their own award systems in the post war period.
Dick Cepek
Richard Cepek (November 28, 1930 – March 1, 1983) was an American off-road motorsports hall of fame member. He is known for starting a 4x4 offroad tire and parts supplier in 1963. Dick Cepek Tires was one of the first off-road enterprises.

Off-Road Motorsports Hall of Fame
The Off-Road Motorsports Hall of Fame is a hall of fame dedicated to notable competitors and contributors of off-road racing in North America. ORMHOF has an extensive digital collection of off-road related materials and maintains a collection of off-road vehicles that are on display at major automotive museums around the United States.
IJlst
IJlst (Dutch pronunciation: [ɛilst]; West Frisian: Drylts pronounced [drilts]) is a city in Friesland, Netherlands. It is located about 3 km southwest of Sneek. It lies within the municipality of Súdwest-Fryslân and had a population of approximately 3,140 in January 2017.

Sneek
Sneek (Dutch pronunciation: [sneːk] ⓘ; West Frisian: Snits [snɪts]) is a city southwest of Leeuwarden and the seat of the former municipality of Sneek in the province of Friesland, Netherlands. As of 2011 it is the seat of the municipality of Súdwest-Fryslân (Southwest Friesland). The city had approximately 34,850 inhabitants in January 2024.

Sneek is situated in Southwest Friesland, close to the Sneekermeer, and is well known for its canals, the Waterpoort (Watergate, the symbol of the city), and watersports (hosting the annual Sneekweek, the largest sailing event on inland European waterways). Sneek is one of the Friese elf steden ("Eleven cities of Friesland"). The city is very important in the southwestern part of Friesland (called the Zuidwesthoek, or Southwest Corner).
Bijay Kumar Gachhadar
Bijay Kumar Gachhadar (Nepali: बिजयकुमार गच्छदार; born 1 February 1954) is a Nepalese politician and leader of the Nepali Congress. He has served five terms as deputy prime minister of Nepal under the government of Madhav Kumar Nepal, Baburam Bhattarai, KP Sharma Oli, Pushpa Kamal Dahal and Sher Bahadur Deuba. He was the second vice-president of Nepali Congress having been nominated after merger of Nepal Loktantrik Forum into Nepali Congress.

Deputy Prime Minister of Nepal
The deputy prime minister of Nepal (Nepali: नेपालको उप-प्रधानमन्त्री) is the deputy head of government of Nepal. The deputy prime minister is second in seniority in the Council of Ministers of Nepal. The deputy prime minister is the senior-most member of cabinet after prime minister in the Government of Nepal. The deputy prime minister presides and chairs the cabinet in the absence of prime minister.
Connie Whelchel
Connie Whelchel is an American politician and businesswoman currently serving as chair of the Oregon Republican Party since April 9, 2025, replacing Jerry Cummings after his resignation. She had previously served as vice-chair from February to April 2025, and as vice-chair of the Deschutes County Republican Party.

Jerry Cummings
Gerald Earl Cummings II is an American pastor and politician who served as Chair of the Oregon Republican Party from February to April 2025. He previously served as a member of the Southside School Board in Shelton, Washington and is currently a pastor at Haven Missionary Baptist Church in St. Helens.
The Week (Indian magazine)
The Week is an Indian news magazine founded in the year 1982 and published by The Malayala Manorama Co. Pvt. Ltd. The magazine is published from Kochi and is currently printed in Delhi, Mumbai, Bengaluru and Kottayam. According to the Audit Bureau of Circulations, it is the largest circulated English news magazine in India.

The magazine covers politics, entertainment, social issues, trends, technology and lifestyle.

Malayala Manorama
Malayala Manorama is a morning newspaper in Malayalam published from Kottayam, Kerala, India by the Malayala Manorama Company Limited. Currently headed by Mammen Mathew, it was first published as a weekly on 14 March 1888, and currently has a readership of over 8 million (with a circulation base of over 1.9 million copies). It is also the second-oldest Malayalam newspaper in Kerala in circulation, after Deepika, which is also published from Kottayam. Manorama also publishes an online edition.

According to World Association of Newspapers, as of 2016, it was the fourteenth most circulated newspaper in the world. According to the Audit Bureau of Circulations 2022 figures, it is the 2nd largest circulating newspaper in India (behind Dainik Jagran) and the largest circulating newspaper in Kerala.
Battle of Hanover Court House
The Battle of Hanover Court House, also known as the Battle of Slash Church, took place on May 27, 1862, in Hanover County, Virginia, as part of the Peninsula Campaign of the American Civil War.

On May 27, 1862, elements of Union Brig. Gen. Fitz John Porter's V Corps extended north to protect the right flank of Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan's Army of the Potomac. Porter's objective was to deal with a Confederate force near Hanover Court House, which threatened the avenue of approach for Union reinforcements that were marching south from Fredericksburg. The smaller Confederate force, under Colonel Lawrence O'Bryan Branch, was defeated at Peake's Crossing after a disorganized fight.

However, the Union victory was moot since the Union reinforcements were recalled to Fredericksburg upon word of Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks's rout in the Shenandoah Valley at the First Battle of Winchester.

First Battle of Winchester
The First Battle of Winchester, fought on May 25, 1862, in and around Frederick County, Virginia, and Winchester, Virginia, was a major victory in Confederate Army Maj. Gen. Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson's Campaign through the Shenandoah Valley during the American Civil War. Jackson enveloped the right flank of the Union Army under Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks and pursued it as it fled across the Potomac River into Maryland. Jackson's success in achieving force concentration early in the fighting allowed him to secure a more decisive victory which had escaped him in previous battles of the campaign.
Morwell Soccer Club
Morwell SC was a soccer club based in Morwell, Victoria, Australia. The earliest documented record of the club is from 1923 and they went on to compete in both the Central Gippsland Soccer Association from 1933 and the Latrobe Valley Soccer League from 1951.

The club is credited with starting football in Morwell and playing a key role in the formation of the Latrobe Valley Soccer League - which it won in 1954, 1955 and 1957 - before its dissolution at the end of the 1957 season.

Morwell
Morwell is a town in the Latrobe Valley area of Gippsland, in South-Eastern Victoria, Australia approximately 152 km (94 mi) east of Melbourne.

Morwell has a population of 14,389 people at the 2021 census.

It is both the capital and administrative centre for the City of Latrobe and the city’s second most populous town after the neighbouring Traralgon. Morwell is located in the centre of the Latrobe Valley urban area, which has a population of 77,168 at the 2021 Census and is home to many of the greater urban area's civic institutions, administrative functions and infrastructure.

The city is known for its role as a major energy production centre for Victoria as the centre of a major coal mining and fossil-fuel power generation industry.

Morwell's centenary rose garden located in the central business district, won an award in 2009 for being a 'garden of excellence'. Since 2018, the town has hosted the International Rose Garden Festival Morwell (IRGFM).
Mint stamp
In philately, a mint stamp is one which is unused, has never been mounted and has the original gum, (if issued with gum). The term applies equally to postage stamps and revenue stamps.

In practice, the term is used within philately to refer to any stamp that appears to be unused with gum. It also includes those without gum but only when they have been issued without gum.

To avoid confusion the various states of mint can be distinguished in the abbreviations stated under "Variations".

Postage stamp gum
In philately, gum is the substance applied to the back of a stamp to enable it to adhere to a letter or other mailed item. The term is generic, and applies both to traditional types such as gum arabic and to synthetic modern formulations. Gum is a matter of high importance in philately.
Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium
Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA), also known as nitrate/nitrite ammonification, is the result of anaerobic respiration by chemoorganoheterotrophic microbes using nitrate (NO3−) as an electron acceptor for respiration. In anaerobic conditions microbes which undertake DNRA oxidise organic matter and use nitrate (rather than oxygen) as an electron acceptor, reducing it to nitrite, and then to ammonium (NO3− → NO2− → NH4+).

Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium is more common in prokaryotes but may also occur in eukaryotic microorganisms. DNRA is a component of the terrestrial and oceanic nitrogen cycle. Unlike denitrification, it acts to conserve bioavailable nitrogen in the system, producing soluble ammonium rather than unreactive nitrogen gas (N2).

Anaerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration is respiration using electron acceptors other than molecular oxygen (O2) in its electron transport chain.

In aerobic organisms, electrons are shuttled to an electron transport chain, and the final electron acceptor is oxygen. Molecular oxygen is an excellent electron acceptor. Anaerobes instead use less-oxidizing (in either thermodynamic or kinetics sense) substances such as nitrate (NO−3), fumarate (C4H2O2−4), sulfate (SO2−4), or elemental sulfur (S). These terminal electron acceptors have smaller reduction potentials than O2. Less energy per oxidized molecule is released. Therefore, anaerobic respiration is less efficient than aerobic.
Sfiha
Sfiha, esfiha, esfirra, sfija, sfihah,  sfeeha or fatay (Arabic: صفيحة, romanized: ṣafīḥa) is a Levantine dish consisting of flatbread cooked with a minced meat topping, often a mix of sheep and veal, and flavored with onions, tomatoes, pine nuts, and spices. It is traditionally found in the countries of the Levant, and is closely related to manakish and lahmacun. Sfiha is particularly associated with Baalbek, a city located in the Beqaa Valley of Lebanon.

Sfiha has become popular in parts of South America, where it is known as esfiha or esfirra in Brazil or as empanada árabe ("Arab empanada"), fatay or sfija in Argentina, after being introduced by Arab Brazilians and Arab Argentines from the Levant and Armenia.

Flatbread
A flatbread is bread made usually with flour; water, milk, yogurt, or other liquid; and salt, and then thoroughly rolled into flattened dough. Many flatbreads are unleavened, although some are leavened, such as pita.

Flatbreads range from below one millimeter to a few centimeters thick so that they can be easily eaten without being sliced. They can be baked in an oven, fried in hot oil, grilled over hot coals, cooked on a hot pan, tava, comal, or metal griddle, and eaten fresh or packaged and frozen for later use.
Withanolide
Withanolides are a group of at least 300 naturally occurring steroids built on an ergostane skeleton. They occur as secondary metabolites primarily in genera of the Nightshade family, for example in the tomatillo.

Structurally, withanolides consist of a steroid backbone bound to a lactone or one of its derivatives; they are produced via oxidation of steroids. It remains unknown to what end withanolides are produced; they may act as a deterrent for feeding insect larvae and other herbivores.

Genera within the nightshade family that produce withanolides include: Datura, Iochroma, Lycium, Nicandra, Physalis, Salpichroa, Solanum, Mandragora, Withania, and Jaborosa. No withanolide has been discovered in Nicotiana to date.

Steroid
A steroid is an organic compound with four fused rings (designated A, B, C, and D) arranged in a specific molecular configuration.

Steroids have two principal biological functions: as important components of cell membranes that alter membrane fluidity; and as signaling molecules. Examples include the lipid cholesterol, sex hormones estradiol and testosterone,: 10–19  anabolic steroids, and the anti-inflammatory corticosteroid drug dexamethasone. Hundreds of steroids are found in fungi, plants, and animals. All steroids are manufactured in cells from a sterol: cholesterol (animals), lanosterol (opisthokonts), or cycloartenol (plants). All three of these molecules are produced via cyclization of the triterpene squalene.
Cinemax (Asian TV channel)
Cinemax Asia is a pan-Asian pay television channel. Part of the HBO Asia network, it features action, science-fiction, thriller, and adult comedy films. Cinemax Asia is headquartered in Warner Bros. Discovery Asia office in Singapore.

HBO Asia
HBO Asia is the Asian division of HBO, headquartered in Singapore. Originally launched on 1 May 1992 as MovieVision, it was rebranded on 1 June 1995 to its current name upon Home Box Office, Inc. purchase. The Singaporean-based broadcast network offers advertisement-free channels and services – including HBO, HBO Signature, HBO Family, HBO Hits and Cinemax – as well as HBO Go and HBO on Demand. They also became the exclusive distributor of BabyFirst in Asia.
Yashlatz
Yashlatz (Hebrew: ישל"צ, acronym for ישיבת ירושלים לצעירים‎ Yeshivat Yerushalayim L’Tzeirim, "Jerusalem Yeshiva for Youth") is a religious Zionist yeshiva high school in Jerusalem. It was founded in 1964 by a student of the Orthodox rabbi Tzvi Yehuda HaCohen Kook to teach teenage boys in the Mercaz Harav community.

Mercaz HaRav
Mercaz HaRav (officially, Hebrew: מרכז הרב - הישיבה המרכזית העולמית, "The Center of the Rav [Kook] - the Central Universal Yeshiva") is a national-religious (Hardal) yeshiva in Jerusalem, founded in 1924 by Ashkenazi Chief Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook. Located in the city's Kiryat Moshe neighborhood, it has become the most prominent religious-Zionist yeshiva in the world and synonymous with Rabbi Kook's teachings. Many Religious Zionist educators and leaders have studied at Mercaz HaRav.