hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Affine action
Let  be the Weyl group of a semisimple Lie algebra  (associate to fixed choice of a Cartan subalgebra ).  Assume that a set of simple roots in  is chosen.

The affine action (also called the dot action) of the Weyl group on the space  is

where  is the sum of all fundamental weights, or, equivalently, the half of the sum of all positive roots.

Root system
In mathematics, a root system is a configuration of vectors in a Euclidean space satisfying certain geometrical properties. The concept is fundamental in the theory of Lie groups and Lie algebras, especially the classification and representation theory of semisimple Lie algebras. Since Lie groups (and some analogues such as algebraic groups) and Lie algebras have become important in many parts of mathematics during the twentieth century, the apparently special nature of root systems belies the number of areas in which they are applied.  Further, the classification scheme for root systems, by Dynkin diagrams, occurs in parts of mathematics with no overt connection to Lie theory (such as singularity theory).  Finally, root systems are important for their own sake, as in spectral graph theory.
Sanjay Surkar
Sanjay Surkar (19 August 1959 – 27 September 2012) was a Marathi film director. He won three National Film Awards for the films Rao Saheb (1996), Tu Tithe Mee (1998) and Gharabaher (1999) in Best Feature Film in Marathi category. Along with films, Surkar had also worked in television and theatre.

National Film Awards
The National Film Awards are awards for artistic and technical merit given for excellence within the Indian film industry. Established in 1954, it has been administered, along with the International Film Festival of India and the Indian Panorama, by the Indian government's Directorate of Film Festivals from 1973 until 2020, and by the NFDC since 2021.

Every year, a national panel appointed by the government selects the winning entry, and the award ceremony is held in New Delhi, where the President of India presents the awards. This is followed by the inauguration of the National Film Festival, where award-winning films are screened for the public. Declared for films produced in the previous year across the country, they hold the distinction of awarding merit to the best of Indian cinema overall, as well as presenting awards for the best films in each region and language of the country.
Ralph Peters
Ralph Peters (born April 19, 1952) is a retired United States Army lieutenant colonel and author.

In addition to his non-fiction books, he has published eight novels under the pen name Owen Parry, including Honor's Kingdom, which was awarded the Hammett Prize.  Three of his novels published as Ralph Peters received the W. Y. Boyd Literary Award for Excellence in Military Fiction.

W. Y. Boyd Literary Award for Excellence in Military Fiction
The W. Y. Boyd Literary Award for Excellence in Military Fiction is awarded annually by the American Library Association for "the best fiction set in a period when the United States was at war." The award intends to recognize "the service of American veterans and military personnel."

The Award was funded by William Young Boyd II (1926-2015), author, and World War II veteran.
 Boyd was Chairman of the Board of the Boyd Steamship Corporation.
Charles's law
Charles's law (also known as the law of volumes) is an experimental gas law that describes how gases tend to expand when heated. A modern statement of Charles's law is:

When the pressure on a sample of a dry gas is held constant, the Kelvin temperature and the volume will be in direct proportion.

This relationship of direct proportion can be written as:

So this means:

where:

V is the volume of the gas,

T is the temperature of the gas (measured in kelvins), and

k is a constant for a particular pressure and amount of gas.

This law describes how a gas expands as the temperature increases; conversely, a decrease in temperature will lead to a decrease in volume. For comparing the same substance under two different sets of conditions, the law can be written as:

The equation shows that, as absolute temperature increases, the volume of the gas also increases in proportion.

Gas
Gas is a state of matter with neither fixed volume nor fixed shape. It is a compressible form of fluid, in contrast to a liquid. A pure gas consists of individual atoms (e.g. a noble gas like neon), or molecules (e.g. oxygen (O2) or carbon dioxide). Pure gases can also be mixed together such as in the air. What distinguishes gases from liquids and solids is the vast separation of the individual gas particles. This separation can make some gases invisible to the human observer.

The gaseous state of matter occurs between the liquid and plasma states, the latter of which provides the upper-temperature boundary for gases. Bounding the lower end of the temperature scale lie degenerative quantum gases which are gaining increasing attention.
High-density atomic gases super-cooled to very low temperatures are classified by their statistical behavior as either Bose gases or Fermi gases. For a comprehensive listing of these exotic states of matter, see list of states of matter.
Babar Iftikhar
Babar Iftikhar (Urdu: بابر افتخار) HI(M) is a three-star general in the Pakistan Army who is currently serving as the President of the National Defence University since January 2025. He was the former 21st director general of the Inter-Services Public Relations (ISPR) from 16 January 2020 to 6 December 2022. He was commissioned in the Pakistan Army in 1990. He is also former General Officer Commanding 1st Armoured Division in Multan. He is also the former commander of V Corps of the Pakistan Army which has its headquarters in Karachi.

Inter-Services Public Relations
The Inter-Services Public Relations (Urdu: پاک فوج کا شعبۂ تعلقاتِ عامہ) is the media and public relations wing of the Pakistan Armed Forces. It broadcasts and coordinates military news and information to the country's civilian media and the civic society.

The ISPR directorate serves the purpose of aiming to strengthen public relations with the civic society and civil society through interacting with the media. The directorate also works as the principal voice of the Pakistan's military, with its director-general serving as the official spokesperson of the armed forces.
Charlie Monk (speedway rider)
Warren Edric Monk (born 5 February 1940) is an Australian former international motorcycle speedway rider. He earned 26 international caps for the Australia national speedway team and 15 caps for the Great Britain national speedway team.

Great Britain national speedway team
The Great Britain national speedway team (formerly the England speedway team) is one of the major teams in international motorcycle speedway. The team is managed by former Great Britain riders Oliver Allen and Simon Stead, and captained by the Tai Woffinden.

The team raced as England from 1928 to 1961 and again from 1974 to 2000. They have raced as Great Britain from 1962 to 1973 and since 2001.
Nordvik, Vestland
Nordvik is a village area in Bergen Municipality in Vestland county, Norway. The village lies in the borough of Fana, just north of the municipal border with Bjørnafjorden Municipality.

In 2008, the population of the 0.42-square-kilometre (100-acre) Nordvik urban area was 429. At that time the urban area had a population density of 1,021 inhabitants per square kilometre (2,640/sq mi). The village of Søvik lies just south of the municipal border in Bjørnafjorden Municipality. Over time, the two have grown together through conurbation. Since 2012, the village of Nordvik has been considered part of the "urban area" of Søvik in Bjørnafjorden, so separate statistics for the village of Nordvik are no longer tracked by Statistics Norway.

Bjørnafjorden Municipality
Bjørnafjorden is a municipality in Vestland county, Norway. It is located in the Midhordland region of the county. The administrative centre of Bjørnafjorden is the village of Osøyro. Other villages in the municipality include Eikelandsosen, Fusa, Hagavik, Haljem, Holdhus, Holmefjord, Strandvik, Sundvor, Syfteland, Søre Øyane, Søvik, and Vinnes.

The 517.4-square-kilometre (199.8 sq mi) municipality is the 204th largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Bjørnafjorden Municipality is the 46th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 26,342. The municipality's population density is 50.9 inhabitants per square kilometre (132/sq mi) and its population has increased by 15.9% over the previous 10-year period.
Ferdinando De Matthaeis
Ferdinando De Matthaeis (born May 29, 1961) is a retired professional Italian footballer who played for the New York Cosmos. He currently serves as head coach of Miami United FC in the National Premier Soccer League.

National Premier Soccer League
The National Premier Soccer League (NPSL) is an American men's soccer league. The league is officially affiliated to the United States Adult Soccer Association (USASA) and has automatic qualification for the U.S. Open Cup. It is the successor of the Men's Premier Soccer League, a regional league originally based in the Western United States, which has now expanded nationwide to encompass teams from 29 states. The league's motto is "A National League with a Regional Focus".
Tee Martin
Tamaurice Nigel "Tee" Martin (born July 25, 1978) is an American football coach and former quarterback who was most recently, the quarterbacks coach for the Baltimore Ravens of the National Football League (NFL). He previously served as an assistant coach at the University of Tennessee, University of Southern California, University of Kentucky, University of New Mexico, North Atlanta HS, North Cobb HS, and Morehouse College.

Martin played college football for the Tennessee Volunteers, leading their 1998 team to a national championship, and he was selected by the Pittsburgh Steelers in the fifth round of the 2000 NFL draft. During his six seasons of playing in the NFL and the Canadian Football League (CFL), Martin played for the Pittsburgh Steelers, Rhein Fire, Philadelphia Eagles, Oakland Raiders, and Winnipeg Blue Bombers.

Kentucky Wildcats football
The Kentucky Wildcats football program represents the University of Kentucky in the sport of American football. The Wildcats compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and the Southeastern Conference (SEC). The Wildcats play their home games at Kroger Field in Lexington, Kentucky and are led by first-year head coach Will Stein.
Chipping, Lancashire
Chipping is a village and civil parish in the borough of Ribble Valley, Lancashire, England, within the Forest of Bowland Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. Its grid reference is SD6243, and the nearest substantial settlement is Longridge, nearly 4 mi (6.4 km) to the south. In the 2001 census, the parish had a population of 1,046, falling slightly to 1,043 at the 2011 census. The village has won several best-kept village competitions over the years. The village also won the village section of the Royal Horticultural Society Britain in Bloom competition in 2009, picking up RHS Tourism and Gold achievement awards in the process.

Clitheroe
Clitheroe (/ˈklɪðəroʊ/) is a town and civil parish in the Borough of Ribble Valley, Lancashire, England; it is located 34 miles (55 km) north-west of Manchester. It is near the Forest of Bowland and is often used as a base for tourists visiting the area. In 2018, the Clitheroe built-up area had an estimated population of 16,279.

The town was listed in the 2017 The Sunday Times report on the best places to live in Northern England, while the wider Ribble Valley, of which Clitheroe is the most populous settlement, was listed in the 2018 and 2024 Sunday Times report on the best places to live. Clitheroe and the wider Ribble Valley have also been listed as healthiest and happiest place to live in the United Kingdom.

The town's most notable building is Clitheroe Castle, which is one of the smallest Norman keeps in Great Britain. Several manufacturing companies have sites here, including Dugdale Nutrition, Hanson Cement, Johnson Matthey and Tarmac.
Graphics32
Graphics32 is an Open source 2D graphics library for Delphi and Free Pascal optimized for 32-bit pixel formats.

Graphics32 provides fast operations for pixels and graphic primitives and is almost a hundred times faster at per-pixel access and about 50–100 times faster at drawing lines than GDI and GDI+. Additionally, it provides alpha blending, anti-aliasing, and 2D vector graphics as well as filters for resampling and transforming bitmaps.

The library makes heavy use of hand-optimized SIMD assembler code in performance hotspots and utilizes CPU dispatching to automatically chose between several different code paths based on the features supported by the host processor. On processors where no supported assembly implementations are available the library falls back to pure Pascal code.

Image scaling
In computer graphics and digital imaging, image scaling is the resizing of a digital image. In video technology, the magnification of digital material is known as upscaling or resolution enhancement.

When scaling a vector graphic image, the graphic primitives that make up the image can be rendered using geometric transformations at any resolution with no loss of image quality. When scaling a raster graphics image, a new image with a higher or lower number of pixels must be generated. In the case of decreasing the pixel number (scaling down), this usually results in a visible quality loss. From the standpoint of digital signal processing, the scaling of raster graphics is a two-dimensional example of sample-rate conversion, the conversion of a discrete signal from a sampling rate (in this case, the local sampling rate) to another.
Operation Animals
Operation Animals was a World War II mission by the British Special Operations Executive (SOE), in cooperation with the Greek Resistance groups ELAS, Zeus, EDES, PAO and the United States Army Air Force. The operation took place between 21 June and 11 July 1943 and included an organized campaign of sabotage in Greece, to deceive the Axis Powers into believing that Greece was the target of an Allied amphibious landing, instead of Sicily. Despite the mission's success, the Greek civilian population suffered from mass reprisals and British intervention into the internal affairs of the Greek resistance exacerbated the tensions between its various components.

EDES
The National Republican Greek League (Greek: Εθνικός Δημοκρατικός Ελληνικός Σύνδεσμος (ΕΔΕΣ), Ethnikós Dimokratikós Ellinikós Sýndesmos (EDES)) was an anti-Nazi resistance group formed during the Axis occupation of Greece during World War II.

The largest of the non-communist resistance groups, its military wing, the National Groups of Greek Guerrillas (Εθνικές Ομάδες Ελλήνων Ανταρτών, Ethnikés Omádes Ellínon Antartón (ΕΟΕΑ)) concentrated its military activities in Epirus. From 1943 onwards, EDES came into confrontation with the communist-led National Liberation Front, beginning a series of civil conflicts that would lead to the Greek Civil War.
Henry Heusken
Hendrick Conrad Joannes Heusken (January 20, 1832 – January 16, 1861) was a Dutch-American interpreter for the first American consulate in Japan, established at Gyokusen-ji in Shimoda, Shizuoka in the late Bakumatsu period. He played an important role in the negotiations for the "Harris Treaty", which opened commercial relations between Japan and the United States, and his assassination caused a minor diplomatic crisis between Japan and the various Western powers.

Treaty of Amity and Commerce (United States–Japan)
The Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Japan and the United States (日米修好通商条約, Nichibei Shūkō Tsūshō Jōyaku), also called the Harris Treaty was a treaty signed between the United States and Tokugawa Shogunate, which opened the ports of Kanagawa and four other Japanese cities to trade and granted extraterritoriality to foreigners, among a number of trading stipulations. It was signed on the deck of the USS Powhatan in Edo (now Tokyo) Bay on July 29, 1858.
1991 PBA Third Conference finals
The 1991 PBA Third Conference finals was the best-of-5 basketball championship series of the 1991 PBA Third Conference, and the conclusion of the conference's playoffs. The Alaska Milkmen and Ginebra San Miguel played for the 50th championship contested by the league.

Alaska Milk won their first PBA title after five years, winning their finals series against Ginebra San Miguel, 3 games to 1.

Alaska Aces (PBA)
The Alaska Aces were a professional basketball team in the Philippine Basketball Association since 1986 under the ownership of Alaska Milk Corporation (AMC) and the owner of 14 PBA championships, tied with the Magnolia Hotshots for the third-most titles overall. They were one of the most popular teams in the league and the Philippines.

The Aces won nine PBA championships in the 1990s, including a rare grand slam (winning three championships in one season) during the 1996 season, joining the Crispa Redmanizers (1976, 1983), San Miguel Beermen (1989), and the San Mig Super Coffee Mixers (2013–14) as one of only four franchises to achieve the feat.

The Aces last tournament was the 2021 PBA Governors' Cup where they were eliminated by the NLEX Road Warriors in the quarterfinal round in March 2022. The franchise was bought by Converge ICT on March 23, 2022, to become the Converge FiberXers.

The team, like the company which owns it, has no connection to the US state of Alaska.
Stoa of Attalos
The Stoa of Attalos (also spelled Attalus; Greek: Στοά του Αττάλου) was a  stoa (covered walkway or portico) in the Agora of Athens, Greece. It was built by and named after King Attalos II of Pergamon, who ruled between 159 and 138 BC. The building was reconstructed from 1952 to 1956 by the American School of Classical Studies at Athens and currently houses the Museum of the Ancient Agora.

The museum's exhibits are mostly connected with the Athenian democracy. The collection of the museum includes clay, bronze and glass objects, sculptures, coins and inscriptions from the 7th to the 5th century BC, as well as pottery of the Byzantine period and the Turkish conquest.

Attalus II Philadelphus
Attalus II Philadelphus (Greek: Ἄτταλος ὁ Φιλάδελφος, Attalos II Philadelphos, which means "Attalus the brother-loving"; 220–138 BC) was a ruler of the Attalid kingdom of Pergamon and the founder of the city of Attalia.
Santo Antão North Super Cup
The Santo Antão North Super Cup . (Portuguese:  Super Taça de Santo Antão Norte, ALUPEK: Super Taça di Santu Anton du Norti) is a regional super cup competition played during the season in the north of Santo Antão Island, Cape Verde consisting of the municipalities of Paul and Ribeira Grande. Sometimes known as the Ribeira Grande Super Cup, that name is no longer commonly used today. The super cup competition is organized by the Santo Antão North Regional Football Association (Associação Regional de Futebol de Santo Antão Norte, ARFSAN). Since 2015, the winner has competed in the Santo Antão Super Cup right after.  Its current winner is Rosariense Clube who won their only super cup title.

Santo Antão Island competitions
Football or soccer competitions had and have taken part in the island of Santo Antão.  The island championship existed for nine years.  The single island cup and super cup competitions were introduced in late 2015.  The cup and super cup are held along with two other regional versions.  The opening tournament is a single island competition.
Marcus Tavernier
Marcus Joseph Tavernier (born 22 March 1999) is an English professional footballer who plays as a midfielder or winger for Premier League club Bournemouth. He has also represented England at U19 and U20 level.

England national under-20 football team
England national under-20 football team, also known as England Under-20s or England U20(s), represents England in association football at an under-20 age level and is controlled by the Football Association, the governing body for football in England.

England were champions of the FIFA U-20 World Cup, after defeating Venezuela in the final of the 2017 tournament.

From October 2023, the squad was rebranded as the England Men's Elite League Squad to reflect their participation in the Under 20 Elite League. This reverted back to England U20s in August 2025.
Wenling
Wenling (Wenling dialect: Ueng-ling Zy [ʔuəŋ ʔliŋ zɿ]; simplified Chinese: 温岭市; traditional Chinese: 溫嶺市; pinyin: Wēnlǐng Shì) is a coastal county-level city in the municipal region of Taizhou, in southeastern Zhejiang province, China. It borders Luqiao and Huangyan to the north, Yuhuan to the south, Yueqing to the west, looks out to the East China Sea to the east. Wenling locates on 28°22'N, 121°21'E, approximately 300 km (190 mi) south of Shanghai.

Jiangxia Tidal Power Station is located there as well as a number of e-waste recycling centers which have contributed to soil contamination in the region.

Because of its geographical location, Wenling has long suffered from typhoons. On 12 August 2004, Typhoon Rananim, the sixth strongest typhoon in PRC history, landed in Shitang Town, Wenling. On 10 August 2019, Typhoon Lekima, the third strongest in PRC history, came ashore at Chengnan Town, Wenling.

Taizhou, Zhejiang
Taizhou is a city located at the middle of the East China Sea coast of Zhejiang province. It is located 300 km (190 mi) south of Shanghai and 230 km (140 mi) southeast of Hangzhou, the provincial capital. It is bordered by Ningbo to the north, Wenzhou to the south, and Shaoxing, Jinhua, and Lishui to west. In addition to the municipality itself, the prefecture-level city of Taizhou includes 3 districts, 3 county-level cities, and 3 counties.
As of the 2020 census, its total population was 6,662,888 inhabitants whom 3,578,660 lived in the built-up (or metro) area made of the three urban Districts and Wenling City now being largely conurbated.
German-Soviet Alay-Pamir Expedition
The German-Soviet Alay-Pamir Expedition (also known as the German-Russian Alay-Pamir Expedition) was undertaken in 1928 by the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and the Emergency Association of German Science. Along with the scientists, four mountaineers from the German and Austrian Alpine Club also participated. The five-month-long expedition to the Alay Valley and the Trans-Alay Range in Pamir was under the direction of Nikolai Petrovich Gorbunov and the organizational leadership of Willi Rickmer Rickmers. The deputy expedition leader was the geodesist and cartographer Richard Finsterwalder.

Nikolai Gorbunov
Nikolai Petrovich Gorbunov (Russian: Николай Петрович Горбунов; 21 June 1892 – 7 September 1938) was a Soviet politician, chemist, engineer, academic and mountaineer. At one time he served as personal secretary to Soviet leader Vladimir Lenin. Gorbunov was executed during the Great Purge.
Alive 90.5
Alive 90.5 (call sign 2CCR) is a community radio station based in Baulkham Hills in Sydney. The station broadcasts to the Hills District and parts of Greater Western Sydney. This includes the City of Parramatta, Cumberland City Council and The Hills Shire. The traditional custodians of this land are the Bidjigal people, a clan of the Darug nation.

The Hills Shire
The Hills Shire (known until 2008 as Baulkham Hills Shire) is a local government area in the Greater Sydney region of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The area is north-west of the Sydney central business district, and encompasses 401 square kilometres (155 sq mi) stretching from the M2 Hills Motorway in the south to Wisemans Ferry on the Hawkesbury River in the north. The Hills Shire had a population of 191,876 as of the 2021 census.

The current mayor of The Hills Shire is Dr Michelle Byrne (Liberal), who was elected on 14 September 2024.

The Hills Shire is a member council of the Hawkesbury River County Council.