hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Rankings of universities in China
As of 2025, China had the world's highest number of top universities in several international rankings including the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU), the US News and World Report Best Global University Ranking, the Center for World University Rankings (CWUR), the University Ranking by Academic Performance, the CWTS Leiden Ranking, and the SCImago Institutions Rankings.

Universities and colleges being part of the Double First-Class Construction (147 public universities nationwide) are considered to be the most elite institutions of Chinese tertiary education, representing the top 5% of overall universities and colleges in Mainland China (approximately 3,000 higher education institutions). Regardless of universities in China being involved in a variety of university rankings, the Ministry of Education of China does not advocate or recognize any ranking published by other institutions.

College and university rankings
College and university rankings order higher education institutions based on various criteria, with factors differing depending on the specific ranking system. These rankings can be conducted at the national or international level, assessing institutions within a single country, within a specific geographical region, or worldwide. Rankings are typically conducted by magazines, newspapers, websites, governments, or academics.

In addition to ranking entire institutions, specific programs, departments, and schools can be ranked. Some rankings consider measures of wealth, excellence in research, selective admissions, and alumni success. Rankings may also consider various combinations of measures of specialization expertise, student options, award numbers, internationalization, graduate employment, industrial linkage, historical reputation and other criteria.
Fabio Baggio
Fabio Baggio CS (born 15 January 1965) is an Italian Catholic cardinal. Since 2017, he has served as one of the Holy See's officials in charge of migrants and refugees. He has spent his career as a missionary, including eight years in Latin America and eight years in the Philippines. He supports improved legal entrance for migrants and refugees.

Pope Francis made him a cardinal on 7 December 2024.

Scalabrinians
The Congregation of the Missionaries of Saint Charles Borromeo (Latin: Congregatio Missionariorum a S. Carolo), commonly called the Scalabrinian Missionaries, is a Catholic religious institute of brothers and priests founded by Giovanni Battista Scalabrini, Bishop of Piacenza in Italy, in 1887.  The members of the congregation add the nominal letters CS after their names to indicate their membership in the Congregation. Its mission is to "maintain Catholic faith and practice among Italian emigrants in the New World." Today, they and their sister organizations, the Missionary Sisters of St. Charles Borromeo (founded by Scalabrini on 25 October 1895) and the Secular Institute of the Scalabrinian Missionary Women (founded 25 July 1961) minister to migrants, refugees and displaced persons.
George Mackay (Australian politician)
George Hugh Alexander Mackay (20 March 1872 – 5 November 1961) was an Australian politician at state and federal level. He served in the Queensland Legislative Assembly as a Liberal from 1912 to 1915, before winning the Division of Lilley as a Nationalist at the 1917 federal election. Mackay joined the new United Australia Party (UAP) in 1931 and served as Speaker of the House of Representatives from 1932 until his retirement in 1934.

Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives
The speaker of the Australian House of Representatives is the presiding officer of the Australian House of Representatives, the lower house of the Parliament of Australia. The counterpart in the upper house is the president of the Senate. The office of the speakership was established in 1901 by section 35 of the Constitution of Australia. The primary responsibilities of the office is to oversee house debates, determine which members may speak, maintain order and the parliamentary and ministerial codes of conduct during sessions and uphold all rules and standing orders. The current speaker of the House of Representatives is Milton Dick, who was elected on 26 July 2022.
Dara McAnulty
Dara Seamus McAnulty BEM (born 31 March 2004) is a naturalist, writer and environmental campaigner from Northern Ireland. He is the youngest ever winner of the RSPB Medal and received the Wainwright Prize for UK nature writing in 2020. He has written about his experience of autism and his love of the natural world.

British Empire Medal
The British Empire Medal (BEM; formerly British Empire Medal for Meritorious Service) is a British and Commonwealth award for meritorious civil or military service worthy of recognition by the Crown. The current honour was created in 1922 to replace the original medal, which had been established in 1917 as part of the Order of the British Empire.
Emotional neglect
Emotional neglect is a form of neglect in which a person responsible for another's care (often a parent or caregiver) fails to provide adequate emotional support, responsiveness, affection, or validation. In child protection and public health frameworks, it is commonly treated as a form of child neglect and/or child maltreatment.

Child abuse
Child abuse (also called child endangerment or child maltreatment) is physical, sexual, emotional and/or psychological maltreatment or neglect of a child, especially by a parent or a caregiver. Child abuse may include any act or failure to act by a parent or a caregiver that results in actual or potential wrongful harm to a child and can occur in a child's home, or in organizations, schools, or communities the child interacts with.

Different jurisdictions have different requirements for mandatory reporting and have developed different definitions of what constitutes child abuse, and therefore have different criteria to remove children from their families or to prosecute a criminal charge.
Signal Corps Laboratories
The Signal Corps Laboratories (SCL) was a research installation under the command of the U.S. Army Signal Corps. Headquartered at Fort Monmouth, New Jersey, SCL directed research on electronics, radar, and communication systems for the U.S. Army. Throughout its history, SCL operated under many names as the organizational structure of the Signal Corps and the U.S. Army changed over time.

Fort Monmouth
Fort Monmouth is a former installation of the Department of the Army in Monmouth County, New Jersey, United States, and the site of a major upcoming Netflix film production campus, alongside a variety of other redevelopment. The site is surrounded by the communities of Eatontown, Tinton Falls and Oceanport, New Jersey. It is about five miles (8.0 km) from the Atlantic Ocean and about a 52 mi (84 km) drive south of Manhattan.
Vincent Long Van Nguyen
Vincent Long Văn Nguyễn OFM Conv (born 3 December 1961) is an Australian prelate of the Catholic Church. He was appointed the fourth Bishop of Bishop of Parramatta by Pope Francis on 5 May 2016. He has been a bishop since 2011 after serving for several years in the leadership of the Conventual Franciscans, first in Australia and later in Rome. He is Australia's first Asian-born bishop and the first Vietnamese-born bishop to head a diocese outside of Vietnam.

Order of Friars Minor Conventual
The Order of Friars Minor Conventual (O.F.M. Conv.) is a male religious fraternity in the Catholic Church and a branch of the Franciscan Order.  Conventual Franciscan Friars are identified by the affix O.F.M. Conv. after their names. They are also known as Conventual Franciscans or Minorites.

The Conventual Franciscan Friars have worldwide provinces that date to the 13th century. They dress in black or grey habits with white cords. Many friars engage in such ministries as teaching, parish ministry and service to the poor.
Articulatory approach for teaching pronunciation
The Articulatory approach to teaching pronunciation considers learning how to pronounce a second language to be a motor skill which most students are not in a position to develop based on self-evaluation of their production. The role of the teacher is therefore to provide feedback on students' performance as part of coaching them in the movements of the vocal tract articulators (tongue, jaw, lips, etc.) which create speech sounds.

The Articulatory approach is an alternative to the imitative-intuitive and analytic-linguistic approaches, both of which involve the teacher providing a model for her students to imitate. The model might be her own voice or a recording. In the articulatory approach, the students are not asked to match a model but instead to experiment with making sounds, with the teacher acting as a source of ideas, encouragement and feedback on how close the students are getting to the target.

Second language
A second language (L2) is a language spoken in addition to one's first language (L1). A second language may be a neighbouring language, another language of the speaker's home country, or a foreign language.

A speaker's dominant language, which is the language a speaker uses most or is most comfortable with, is not necessarily the speaker's first language. For example, the Canadian census defines first language for its purposes as "What is the language that this person first learned at home in childhood and still understands?", recognizing that for some, the earliest language may be lost, a process known as language attrition. This can happen when young children start school or move to a new language environment.
Eduardo Vega Luna
Eduardo Ernesto Vega Luna (Lima, February 16, 1966) is a Peruvian lawyer, jurist and politician. He was minister of justice during the government of Francisco Sagasti, from November 18, 2020, to July 28, 2021. He was also ombudsman in the period 2011–2016.

Peruvian ombudsman
The Ombudsman's Office of Peru is an autonomous constitutional organization created during the presidency of Alberto Fujimori that was added to the 1993 Constitution of Peru. It is based in the city of Lima, capital of Peru, and has representation throughout the Peruvian territory.
Show Banga
Show Banga is an American rapper and songwriter and record producer from San Francisco, California. Currently signed to Cam Publishing, he was releasing singles as early as 2011 on HomeTeam Entertainment, and in 2013 he released the deluxe edition of his album Don't Stop Votin'. Show Banga's single "Milli," which was produced by Dave-O of The A-Team, was released in 2014.  According to Rehab Online Magazine, "Show Banga arguably has one of the most rare [rap] flows in the Bay Area, with 'I Been That' being a contender for the rapper’s breakout cut. However, the bass-packed track 'Milli' is pretty damn hard." In April 2015, he released Mayor 4 Life on EMPIRE Recordings, with guest artists such as E-40, Kool John, Sage The Gemini, and P-Lo. Show Banga has performed at festivals such as SXSW, and was on to tour with Iamsu! in spring 2015. On August 12, 2016, he released his technical sophomore album, Showtime 2.

Iamsu!
Sudan Ameer Williams (born November 16, 1989), better known by his stage name Iamsu! (stylized as IamSu! or IAMSU!), is an American rapper and record producer from Richmond, California. He is the co-founder and lead member of the hip-hop group HBK Gang, which was formed in 2008 and joined by fellow Bay Area artists including Kehlani and Sage the Gemini. He is best known for his guest appearances on Sage the Gemini's 2013 single "Gas Pedal" and LoveRance's 2011 single "Up!," both of which peaked within the top 50 of the Billboard Hot 100. He signed with Alternative Distribution Alliance to release his debut studio album Sincerely Yours (2014), which moderately entered the Billboard 200 and received mixed reviews.
Mosman Rowing Club
Mosman Rowing Club is an all-level competitive and recreational rowing club on the North Shore of Sydney. Since 2007 the club's facilities have been wholly located at The Spit in Sydney's Middle Harbour, the northern arm of Port Jackson.

The Spit, New South Wales
The Spit is an urban locality in the suburb of  Mosman in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The Spit is located in the local government area of the Municipality of Mosman and is part of the Lower North Shore.
Forever Neverland
Forever Neverland is the second studio album by Danish singer and songwriter MØ. It was released on 19 October 2018 via Chess Club Records, RCA Victor, and Columbia Records. Her first studio album in 4 years since her debut studio album No Mythologies to Follow (2014), the album was preceded by four singles: "Sun in Our Eyes" with Diplo, "Way Down", "Imaginary Friend" and "Blur". It also features collaborations with Charli XCX, What So Not, Two Feet and Empress Of.

Forever Neverland received generally favorable reviews from critics, who praised its bold pop production, introspective themes, and MØ's effort to define her artistic identity beyond her previous collaborations. Some reviewers found the production occasionally oversaturated, though others highlighted its consistency and personal tone. The album debuted at number one on the Danish Albums Chart and appeared on several year-end best album lists.

No Mythologies to Follow
No Mythologies to Follow is the debut studio album by Danish singer and songwriter MØ. It was released on 7 March 2014 by Sony Music by Chess Club Records and RCA Victor.

The album received positive reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 76, based on 19 reviews, which indicates "generally favorable reviews". No Mythologies to Follow debuted at number 58 on the UK Albums Chart, selling 1,438 copies in its first week. A Tenth Anniversary edition was released on 15 March 2024. This edition includes three unreleased tracks from the original album sessions. The first of those tracks "Fake Chanel" was released as a single on 26 January 2024.
Lord Chamberlain's plays
The Lord Chamberlain's plays are a collection of manuscripts held by the British Library comprising scripts of all new plays in Britain that needed to be approved for performance by the Lord Chamberlain, a senior official of the British royal household, between 1824 and 1968. This was a requirement of both the Licensing Act 1737 and the Theatres Act 1843, though his office was not legally entitled to retain the texts until 1912.

The collection represents an extensive and unusual research resource curated through censorship of the theatrical medium and also includes letters and administrative documents that provide an insight to the censorship process.

Theatres Act 1843
The Theatres Act 1843 (6 & 7 Vict. c. 68) (also known as the Theatre Regulation Act 1843) was an act in the United Kingdom.  It amended the regime established under the Licensing Act 1737 (10 Geo. 2. c. 28) for the licensing of the theatre in Great Britain, implementing the proposals made by a select committee of the House of Commons in 1832.

The act restricted the powers of the Lord Chamberlain, so that he could only prohibit the performance of plays where he was of the opinion that "it is fitting for the preservation of good manners, decorum or of the public peace so to do".  It also gave additional powers to local authorities to license theatres, breaking the monopoly of the patent theatres and encouraging the development of popular theatrical entertainments, such as saloon theatres attached to public houses and music halls.
IWRG Legado Final
The Legado Final (Spanish for "Final Legacy") is a series of major wrestling shows produced and scripted by the Mexican lucha libre professional wrestling promotion International Wrestling Revolution Group (IWRG; sometimes referred to as Grupo Internacional Revolución in Mexico). The first Legado Final show was held on June 2, 2011 at IWRG's main venue Arena Naucalpan, with a second held in 2012 and a third show held in 2015. The event celebrates, or pays tribute to, the fact that lucha libre is a family tradition with a main event tournament where fathers and sons team up for a tag team elimination match.

Previous winners include El Brazo and El Hijo del Brazo in 2011, Pirata Morgan and El Hijo de Pirata Morgan in 2012 and finally El Hijo del Diablo and Dragón Celestial in 2015. After the 2015 match Dragón Celestial took the name "El Diablo Jr. I" and began teaming with his father on a regular basis.

Legado Final (2011)
Legado Final (2011) (Spanish for "Final Legacy") was an annual professional wrestling major event produced by the Mexican professional wrestling promotion International Wrestling Revolution Group (IWRG), which took place on June 2, 2011 in Arena Naucalpan, Naucalpan, State of Mexico, Mexico. The main event of the show was the Torneo de Legado Final ("The Final Legacy Tournament"), a 12-man., six-team Torneo cibernetico. Of the six teams in the tournament five were father/son teams and the sixth was scheduled to be but El Hijo del Solar had to be replaced for unknown reasons by Fresero, Jr. who teamed up with El Solar. The remaining teams were El Brazo and El Hijo del Brazo, Pirata Morgan and El Hijo de Pirata Morgan, Pantera and El Hijo del Pantera, Negro Navarro and Trauma I and finally Máscara Año 2000 and Máscara Año 2000, Jr.
Frans van der Hoff
Frans van der Hoff (16 July 1939 – 13 February 2024), or Francisco VanderHoff Boersma as he is called in Latin America, was a Dutch missionary who, in collaboration with Nico Roozen and ecumenical development agency Solidaridad, launched Max Havelaar, the first Fairtrade label in 1988. Van der Hoff's contacts with Mexican coffee producers were important in securing the supply and ensuring the success of the very first Fairtrade certification initiative.

Fair trade certification
A fair trade certification is a product certification within the market-based movement of fair trade. The most widely used fair trade certification is FLO International's, the International Fairtrade Certification Mark, used in Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia and New Zealand. Fair Trade Certified Mark is the North American equivalent of the International Fairtrade Certification Mark. As of January 2011, there were more than 1,000 companies certified by FLO International's certification and a further 1,000 or so certified by other ethical and fairtrade certification schemes around the world.

The Fairtrade International certification system covers a wide range of products, including banana, coffee, cocoa, cotton, cane sugar, flowers and plants, honey, dried fruit, fruit juices, herbs, spices, tea, nuts and vegetables.
Young Marshall Moody
Young Marshall Moody (June 23, 1822 – September 18, 1866) was a Confederate States Army officer who was promoted to brigadier general near the end of the American Civil War. He was a teacher, merchant, and circuit court clerk in Marengo County, Alabama, before the war. He died from yellow fever during a business trip to New Orleans, Louisiana, on September 18, 1866.

General officers in the Confederate States Army
The general officers of the Confederate States Army (CSA) were the senior military leaders of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War of 1861–1865. They were often former officers from the United States Army (the regular army) before the Civil War, while others were given the rank based on merit or when necessity demanded. Most Confederate generals needed confirmation from the Confederate States Congress, much like prospective generals in the modern U.S. armed forces.

Like all of the Confederacy's military forces, these generals answered to their civilian leadership, in particular Jefferson Davis, the president of the Confederate States of America and therefore commander-in-chief of the military forces of the Confederate States.
School-based assessment
The Hong Kong Examinations and Assessment Authority (HKEAA) has moved from norm-referenced to standards-referenced assessment, including the incorporation of a substantial school-based summative oral assessment component(SBA) into the compulsory English language subject in the Hong Kong Certificate of Education Examination (HKCEE), a high-stakes examination for all Form 4–5 students (Davison, 2007).

Hong Kong Examinations and Assessment Authority
The Hong Kong Examinations and Assessment Authority (HKEAA), previously known as the Hong Kong Examinations Authority (HKEA) before 2002, is a statutory body of the Hong Kong Government responsible for the administration of public examinations and related assessments. The authority is Hong Kong's only public examination board.

Currently HKEAA administers the Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education Examination (HKDSE) since 2012; in the past, it was responsible for the Hong Kong Certificate of Education Examination (HKCEE) (discontinued since 2012) and the Hong Kong Advanced Level Examination (HKALE) (discontinued since 2014).
Pallas (freedman)
Marcus Antonius Pallas (Greek: Πάλλας; died AD 62) was a prominent Greek freedman and Secretary of the Treasury during the reigns of the Roman Emperors Claudius and Nero. He served the household of Antonia Minor. His younger brother was Marcus Antonius Felix, a procurator of Judaea Province.

Antonia Minor
Antonia Minor (31 January 36 BC – 1 May 37 AD)  was the younger of two surviving daughters of Mark Antony and Octavia Minor. She was a niece of the Emperor Augustus, sister-in-law of the Emperor Tiberius, paternal grandmother of the Emperor Caligula and Empress Agrippina the Younger, mother of the Emperor Claudius, and maternal great-grandmother and paternal grandaunt of the Emperor Nero. She outlived her husband Nero Claudius Drusus, her oldest son, her daughter, and several of her grandchildren.
Soviet rocketry
Soviet rocketry commenced in 1921 with development of Solid-fuel rockets, which resulted in the development of the Katyusha rocket launcher. Rocket scientists and engineers, particularly Valentin Glushko and Sergei Korolev, contributed to the development of Liquid-fuel rockets, which were first used for fighter aircraft. Developments continued in the late 1940s and 1950s with a variety of ballistic missiles and ICBMs, and later for space exploration which resulted in the launch of Sputnik 1 in 1957, the first artificial Earth satellite ever launched.

Liquid-propellant rocket
Liquid rocket fuel.

Oxidizer.

Pumps carry the fuel and oxidizer.

The combustion chamber mixes and burns the two liquids.

Combustion product gasses enter the nozzle through a throat.

Exhaust exits the rocket.

A liquid-propellant rocket or liquid rocket uses a rocket engine burning liquid propellants. (Alternate approaches use gaseous or solid propellants.) Liquids are desirable propellants because they have reasonably high density and their combustion products have high specific impulse (Isp). This allows the volume of the propellant tanks to be relatively low.
2015 Copa América Group B
Group B of the 2015 Copa América was one of the three groups of competing nations in the 2015 Copa América. It consisted of Argentina, Uruguay (title holders), Paraguay, and guests Jamaica of CONCACAF. Group play began on 13 June 2015 and ended on 20 June 2015.

Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay advanced to the quarter-finals.

2015 Copa América
The 2015 Copa América was the 44th edition of the Copa América, the main international football tournament for national teams in South America, and took place in Chile between 11 June and 4 July 2015. The competition was organized by CONMEBOL, South America's football governing body.

Twelve teams competed: the ten members of CONMEBOL and two guests from CONCACAF – Mexico and Jamaica, the latter of which competed in the Copa América for the first time.

Uruguay were the defending champions, but were eliminated by the host nation Chile in the quarter-finals. Chile won their first title, defeating Argentina in the final on penalties after a goalless draw. As winners, they qualified for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup in Russia.