hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Pre-Lent
Pre-Lent begins the Christian time of preparation for Easter, in the three weeks before Lent. This period launches a campaign of catechesis, reflected in the liturgical readings. Its best-known feature is its concluding three-day festival, Carnival or Shrovetide.

Catechesis
Catechesis (/ˌkætəˈkiːsɪs/; from Greek: κατήχησις, 'instruction by word of mouth', generally 'instruction') is basic Christian religious education of children and adults, often from a catechism book. It started as education of converts to Christianity, but as the religion became institutionalized, catechesis was used for education of members who had been baptized as infants. As defined in the Catechism of the Catholic Church, paragraph 5 (quoting Pope John Paul II's Apostolic Exhortation Catechesi tradendae, §18):

Catechesis is an education in the faith of children, young people and adults which includes especially the teaching of Christian doctrine imparted, generally speaking, in an organic and systematic way, with a view to initiating the hearers into the fullness of Christian life.
Ellie Walbruch
Ellie Louise Walbruch (born May 25, 2004) is an American college soccer player who plays as a forward for the BYU Cougars. She previously played for the UCLA Bruins and was part of the team that won the 2022 national championship.

UCLA Bruins women's soccer
The UCLA Bruins women's soccer team is an intercollegiate varsity sports team of the University of California at Los Angeles. The team is a member of the Big Ten Conference of the National Collegiate Athletic Association.

The team won its first national championship on December 8, 2013, by defeating Florida State 1–0 in overtime. The Bruins won the program's second national title on December 5, 2022, beating North Carolina 3–2 in double overtime.
Nicholas Benavides
Nicholas Benavides Medeiros (Chinese: 尼高拉斯; born 5 November 2001) is a Hong Kong professional footballer who currently plays as a left back or a left winger for China League One club Foshan Nanshi and the Hong Kong national team.

Hong Kong national football team
The Hong Kong representation football team (Chinese: 香港足球代表隊; Cantonese Yale: Hēunggóng jūkkàuh doihbíu deuih; recognised as Hong Kong, China by FIFA) represents Hong Kong in international football and is controlled by the Football Association of Hong Kong, China, the governing body for football in Hong Kong.

Hong Kong hosted the first AFC Asian Cup in 1956 and won third place, also reaching the semifinals in 1964. Hong Kong did not qualify for another AFC tournament until 2023. They had never qualified for the FIFA World Cup but have qualified for the EAFF E-1 Football Championship five times, in 2003, 2010, 2019, 2022 and 2025.
Charles Mordaunt, 3rd Earl of Peterborough
Charles Mordaunt, 3rd Earl of Peterborough, KG, PC (1658 – 25 October 1735) was a British army officer and Whig politician. He was the son of John Mordaunt, 1st Viscount Mordaunt, and his wife Elizabeth, the daughter and sole heiress of Thomas Carey, the second son of Robert Carey, 1st Earl of Monmouth. Mordaunt's father, John Mordaunt, was created Viscount Mordaunt of Avalon and Baron Mordaunt of Reigate, Surrey, in 1659.

Robert Carey, 1st Earl of Monmouth
Robert Carey, 1st Earl of Monmouth (ca. 1560 – 12 April 1639) (or "Cary") was an English nobleman and courtier. He was the youngest son of Henry Carey, 1st Baron Hunsdon, chamberlain and first cousin of Queen Elizabeth I, and Anne Morgan, daughter of Sir Thomas Morgan and Anne Whitney.
Certificate of legal aid costs
A certificate of legal aid costs is a British "certificate of costs allowed following taxation by a judicial or taxing officer."  It actually has nothing to do with legal aid.

It is similar to a bill of costs used in Italy, and elsewhere.

Bill of costs
A bill of costs is an itemized list of expenses a prevailing party in a lawsuit or action needs to pay for services procured from a lawyer. It can have varying levels of detail and should describe the nature of the work done by the lawyer for the client, and any other expenses incurred. Recoverable costs vary by jurisdiction but often include copying fees, filing fees, travel expenses, court reporter fees, and electronic legal research costs.

In some cases, particularly those in which attorney's fees are part of the relief demanded by the plaintiff, a bill of costs may be submitted to the court, to determine how much of the prevailing party's costs the losing party must pay.
Legship
Legship is a small town in Gyalshing district of the Indian State of Sikkim. Legship is the gateway to Gyalshing City. It is located on the main road connecting Gyalshing with the rest of the state, on the banks of the river Rangit. The place is in fact a main crossing point of roads from Yuksam, Tashiding, Kewzing, Rabangla, Gangtok, Jorethang, Pelling, Gyalshing and other places.

Legship is also the spot for a large hydro-electric dam. The Rangit Dam lies up stream, a dam which the people of Legship were partly responsible for. The large lake formed by the Rangit Dam is also the spot where locals visit for day outing or picnic. The place is known as Rangit Water World and rafting facility is available here. A place of interest is the Kirateshwar Mahadev Temple which is believed to be one of the holiest and oldest Shiv temples in Sikkim. Another place of interest is Lho Khando Sang Pho is one of the four famous caves in Sikkim which is six kilometers away from Legship.

Pelling
Pelling (པད་གླིང་། ) is a hill station in ( རྒྱལ་ཤིང་རྫོང་།) Gyalshing district of Sikkim, India. Pelling is nestled at an altitude of 2,150 m (7,050 ft). The town is located at a distance of 10 km from Gyalshing city, the district headquarters and 131 km from Gangtok. A regular bus service connects the two towns. However, with the influx of tourists, the region is undergoing a metamorphosis, with the roads being repaired and hotels being set up.
Lebrun manifold
In mathematics, a LeBrun manifold is a connected sum of copies of the complex projective plane, equipped with an explicit self-dual metric. Here, self-dual means that the Weyl tensor  is its own Hodge star. The metric
is determined by the choice of a finite collection of points in hyperbolic 3-space. These metrics were discovered  by Claude LeBrun (1991), and named after LeBrun by Michael Atiyah and Edward Witten (2002).

Edward Witten
Edward Witten (born August 26, 1951) is an American theoretical physicist known for his contributions to string theory, topological quantum field theory, and various areas of mathematics. He is a professor emeritus in the school of natural sciences at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton. Witten is a researcher in string theory, quantum gravity, supersymmetric quantum field theories, and other areas of mathematical physics. Witten's work has also significantly impacted pure mathematics. In 1990, he became the first physicist to be awarded a Fields Medal by the International Mathematical Union, for his mathematical insights in physics, such as his 1981 proof of the positive energy theorem in general relativity, and his interpretation of the Jones invariants of knots as Feynman integrals. He is considered the practical founder of M-theory.
John Sheffield, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Normanby
John Sheffield, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Normanby (8 September 1647 – 24 February 1721) was a British military officer, writer and Tory politician who served as Lord Privy Seal and Lord President of the Council. He was also known by his original title, Lord Mulgrave.

Lord President of the Council
The Lord President of the Council is the presiding officer of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom and the fourth of the Great Officers of State, ranking below the Lord High Treasurer but above the Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal. The Lord President usually attends and is responsible for chairing the meetings of the Privy Council, presenting business for the approval of the Sovereign.
Momijidani Park
Momijidani Park (紅葉谷公園, Momijidani-Kōen) is one of the most famous maple leaves valley parks in Japan. The park is located at the foot of Mt. Misen, along Momijidani River, behind Itsukushima Shrine in Miyajima, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima. There are more than 200 maples, including 110 Acer palmatum thunberg, 60 Palmatum var. matsumurae, 10 Acer rufinerve, Acer buergerianum, Acer sieboldianum miquel and Acer amoenum carriere var. amoenum.

Itsukushima Shrine
Itsukushima Shrine (厳島神社, Itsukushima-jinja) is a Shinto shrine on the island of Itsukushima (popularly known as Miyajima), best known for its "floating" torii.  It is in the city of Hatsukaichi, in Hiroshima Prefecture in Japan, accessible from the mainland by ferry at Miyajimaguchi Station. The shrine complex is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and the Japanese government has designated several buildings and possessions as National Treasures.

The Itsukushima shrine is one of Japan's most popular tourist attractions. It is most famous for its dramatic gate, or torii, on the outskirts of the shrine, the sacred peaks of Mount Misen, extensive forests, and its ocean view. The shrine complex itself consists of two main buildings: the Honsha shrine and the Sessha Marodo-jinja, as well as 17 other different buildings and structures that help to distinguish it.
National Parks of Quebec
The national parks of Quebec are provincial parks created by the government of Quebec to protect territories representative of natural regions of the province or sites of exceptional character, while making them accessible to the public for education and/or recreation. As of 2023, there are 28 such parks in Quebec, which protect an area of 42,765.57 kilometres (26,573.29 mi), or about 2.8% of the territory of the province. All but four parks are administered by the Société des établissements de plein air du Québec (Sépaq). Those four are administered by Nunavik Parks. In addition, Sépaq jointly administers a National Marine Conservation Area with Parks Canada as part of the country's national park system.

Despite the name "national park", the parks on this list are provincial parks, and are not part of Canada's national park system.

Kativik Regional Government
The Kativik Regional Government (French: Administration régionale Kativik, ARK) is the representative regional authority for most of the Nunavik region of Quebec. Nunavik is the northern half of the Nord-du-Québec administrative region and includes all the territory north of the 55th parallel. The administrative capital is Kuujjuaq, on the Koksoak River, about 50 kilometres inland from the southern end of the Ungava Bay.

In accordance with the 1975 James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement, the KRG was established by the 1978 Act respecting Northern Villages and the Kativik Regional Government (Kativik Act).
KSR Bengaluru–Jolarpettai Express
The Jolarpettai–Bangalore City Express is an Express train belonging to South Western Railway zone that runs between Jolarpettai Junction and Bangalore City in India. It is currently being operated with 16519/16520 train numbers on a weekly basis.

Bengaluru City railway station
Bengaluru City Railway Station, officially Krantivira Sangolli Rayanna Bengaluru Station pronunciationⓘ, also known as Bangalore City Railway Station, KSR Bengaluru Station, or Majestic Railway station (station code: SBC), is the main railway station of Bengaluru, serving the city of Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. It is the busiest railway station in the South Western Railway zone of Indian Railways, and is the only NSG1 category railway station in the South Western zone.

It is located across the Kempegowda Bus Station. The station has 10 platforms and three entrances.
Elimination theory
In commutative algebra and algebraic geometry, elimination theory is the classical name for algorithmic approaches to eliminating some variables between polynomials of several variables, in order to solve systems of polynomial equations.

Classical elimination theory culminated with the work of Francis Macaulay on multivariate resultants, as described in the chapter on Elimination theory in the first editions (1930) of Bartel van der Waerden's Moderne Algebra. After that, elimination theory was ignored by most algebraic geometers for almost thirty years, until the introduction of new methods for solving polynomial equations, such as Gröbner bases, which were needed for computer algebra.

Francis Sowerby Macaulay
Francis Sowerby Macaulay FRS (11 February 1862, Witney – 9 February 1937, Cambridge) was an English mathematician who made significant contributions to algebraic geometry. He is known for his 1916 book The Algebraic Theory of Modular Systems (an old term for ideals), which greatly influenced the later course of commutative algebra. Cohen–Macaulay rings, Macaulay duality, the Macaulay resultant and the Macaulay and Macaulay2 computer algebra systems are named for Macaulay.

Macaulay was educated at Kingswood School and graduated with distinction from St John's College, Cambridge. He taught the top mathematics class in St Paul's School in London from 1885 to 1911.  His students included J. E. Littlewood and G. N. Watson.

In 1928 Macaulay was elected Fellow of the Royal Society.
COVID-19 pandemic in Denmark
On 31 December 2019, China announced the discovery of a cluster of pneumonia cases in Wuhan. The first Danish case was reported on 27 February, and prime minister Mette Frederiksen announced lockdown measures on 11 March effective from 13 March. Following a period of consistent increases in hospitalisations, the number of people in hospital with COVID-19 fell from March onwards, with the number of cases in need of intensive care and ventilator units, also peaking in late March. Starting on 15 April, a very slow and gradual reopening was initiated.

In an attempt to reduce the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Frederiksen Cabinet introduced large economic packages with the support of all parties in the Folketing. The Danish GDP fell by 2.7% in 2020, less than in many other countries.

Frederiksen I Cabinet
The Frederiksen I Cabinet took office on 27 June 2019 and succeeded the Lars Løkke Rasmussen III Cabinet following the 2019 Danish general election. Headed by Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen, it was a minority government consisting of the Social Democrats. It relied on parliamentary support from the Red–Green Alliance, the Socialist People's Party, and the Social Liberal Party.

On 5 October 2022, Frederiksen announced a new election to the Folketing on 1 November 2022.

On 2 November 2022, Frederiksen informed the queen that the cabinet would resign that day, continuing in an acting capacity until a new government could be formed. On 13 December 2022, it was announced that a new majority government would be formed consisting of the Social Democrats, Venstre, and the Moderates, led by Frederiksen. The government was formed on 15 December 2022.
Kennedy Fuller
Kennedy Linh Fuller (born March 9, 2007) is an American professional soccer player who plays as an attacking midfielder for Angel City FC of the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL). She was named the Gatorade National Player of the Year in 2023 and signed with Angel City at age 16 in 2024. She won bronze with the United States at the 2024 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup.

United States women's national under-17 soccer team
The United States U-17 women's national soccer team is a youth soccer team operated under the auspices of U.S. Soccer. Its primary role is the development of players in preparation for the senior national team. The team's most recent major tournament was the 2024 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup, in which the United States team won bronze. The team competes in a variety of competitions, including the biennial FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup, which is the top competition for this age group.
Grammatical evolution
Grammatical evolution (GE) is a genetic programming (GP) technique (or approach) from evolutionary computation pioneered by Conor Ryan, JJ Collins and Michael O'Neill in 1998 at the BDS Group in the University of Limerick.

As in any other GP approach, the objective is to find an executable program, program fragment, or function, which will achieve a good fitness value for a given objective function. In most published work on GP, a LISP-style tree-structured expression is directly manipulated, whereas GE applies genetic operators to an integer string, subsequently mapped to a program (or similar) through the use of a grammar, which is typically expressed in Backus–Naur form. One of the benefits of GE is that this mapping simplifies the application of search to different programming languages and other structures.

Backus–Naur form
In computer science, Backus–Naur form (BNF, pronounced /ˌbækəs ˈnaʊər/), also known as Backus normal form, is a notation system for defining the syntax of programming languages and other formal languages, developed by John Backus and Peter Naur. It is a metasyntax for context-free grammars, providing a precise way to outline the rules of a language's structure.

It has been widely used in official specifications, manuals, and textbooks on programming language theory, as well as to describe document formats, instruction sets, and communication protocols. Over time, variations such as extended Backus–Naur form (EBNF) and augmented Backus–Naur form (ABNF) have emerged, building on the original framework with added features.
Early life of Winston Churchill
The  early life of Winston Churchill covers the period from his birth on 30 November 1874 to 31 May 1904 when he formally crossed the floor of the House of Commons, defecting from the Conservative Party to sit as a member of the Liberal Party.

Churchill had mixed English and American parentage. He was born at Blenheim Palace in Oxfordshire, England, as the elder son of Lord and Lady Randolph Churchill. He attended Harrow School and the Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst. After joining the British Army in 1895, he saw action in British India, the Anglo-Sudan War, and the Second Boer War, gaining fame as a war correspondent and by writing books about his campaigns.

Churchill began his political career as a member of the Conservative Party and was first elected as a Member of Parliament (MP), representing the Oldham constituency, on 24 October 1900. Dissatisfaction with Conservative government policy caused him to resign his party membership and join the Liberals in 1904.

Oldham (UK Parliament constituency)
Oldham was a parliamentary constituency centred on the town of Oldham, England. It returned two Members of Parliament (MPs) to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The constituency was created by the Reform Act 1832 and was abolished for the 1950 general election when it was split into the Oldham East and Oldham West constituencies.

The Oldham constituency was where Winston Churchill began his political career. Although taking two attempts to succeed, in the 1900 general election Churchill was elected as the member of Parliament for Oldham. He held the constituency for the Conservative Party until he defected from them in defence of free trade in 1904. He then represented the Liberal Party as MP for the seat until the 1906 general election.
History (command)
In computing, various shells maintain a record of the commands issued by the user during the current session. The history command works with the command history list. When the command is issued with no options, it prints the history list. Users can supply options and arguments to the command to manipulate the display of the history list and its entries. The operation of the history command can also be influenced by a shell's environment variables.  For example, an environment variable can be set to control the number of commands to retain in the list.

Shell (computing)
An operating system shell is a computer program that provides relatively broad and direct access to the system on which it runs. The term shell refers to how it is a relatively thin layer around an operating system.

Most shells are command-line interface (CLI) programs. Some graphical user interfaces (GUI) also include shells.
Ina Kaplan
Ina Kaplan (née Jentschura; born 14 May 1987) is a German professional pool player. She is an eleven-time German national champion and is the second female player (after Franziska Stark) to win three of four disciplines in one event at the championships.

In 2010, Kaplan reached the final of the European Pool Championships in ten-ball, finishing as runner-up behind Jasmin Ouschan. In the Women's Euro Tour, Kaplan won events in 2013, 2014, and 2017 and finished three times as a runner-up. Kaplan is third on the all-time list of winners in the tour, behind Ouschan and Kristina Tkach with a total of 12 medals from the events. Kaplan also promotes pool events, usually women's events. She is married to fellow German pool player Jörn Kaplan. They share a professional pool club, where she was the first woman to play in the highest tier of German club pool, the 1st Bundesliga.

Franziska Stark
Franziska Stark (born 4 July 1961) is a German pool player.

A winner of 24 Individual German Championships (7 in 8-Ball, 5 in 9-Ball and 12 in 14.1), she has also had considerable international success. Her career highlight so far has been winning the WPA 9-Ball Women's World Championship 1992 final against the American Vivian Villarreal. In 1998, she made it to the finals again, but was beaten by the Englishwoman Allison Fisher.

Franziska reached 23 European Championship finals between 1986 and 2000, winning 11 of them. She was a member of the losing Europe team at the first Mosconi Cup in 1994, when it was compulsory to have two women in each team.
Wassim Aouachria
Wassim Chouaib Aouachria (Arabic: وسيم شعيب عواشرية; born 12 May 2000) is a professional footballer who plays as a forward for Bulgarian Second League club Vihren Sandanski.

A youth product of Marseille, Aouachria moved to English club Charlton Athletic in 2019, making his senior debut in 2020. Aouachria was born in France to Algerian parents, and holds dual-citizenship; he represented Algeria internationally at youth level at the 2018 Mediterranean Games.

Algeria national under-20 football team
Algeria national under-20 football team (Arabic:منتخب الجزائر الوطني تحت 20 سنة), represents Algeria in association football at an under-20 age level and is controlled by the Algerian Football Federation, the governing body for football in Algeria. The current coach is Mohamed Lacete.
2024 Serang mayoral election
An election of the mayor and vice mayor of Serang, Banten, for a five-year term was held on 27 November 2024. This was part of nationwide local elections. The previous election was held in 2018. City legislator Budi Rustandi, backed by Gerindra and PKS, defeated previous mayor Syafrudin Syafe'i and Golkar candidate Ratu Ria Maryana.

Prosperous Justice Party
The Prosperous Justice Party (Indonesian: Partai Keadilan Sejahtera, sometimes called the Justice and Prosperity Party, Indonesian name literally translated "Party of Secure/Peaceful Justice"), frequently abbreviated to PKS, and formerly the Justice Party (Indonesian: Partai Keadilan, PK), is an Islamist political party in Indonesia.

PKS is a metamorphosis from the Justice Party (Indonesian: Partai Keadilan, PK) established in 1998. The party was originally influenced by the Muslim Brotherhood movement of Egypt, and considered an Islamist party for its calls for Islam to play a central role in public life, as well as providing political support to Indonesian and international Islamist movements such as the Islamic Defenders Front 212 Movement. Today, it is considered a nationalist Islamist party that conforms with Pancasila doctrine and no longer upholds sharia as a main goal.