hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
High-water mark (computer security)
In the fields of physical security and information security, the high-water mark for access control was introduced by Clark Weissman in 1969. It pre-dates the Bell–LaPadula security model, whose first volume appeared in 1972.

Under high-water mark, any object less than the user's security level can be opened, but the object is relabeled to reflect the highest security level currently open, hence the name.

The practical effect of the high-water mark was a gradual movement of all objects towards the highest security level in the system.  If user A is writing a CONFIDENTIAL document, and checks the unclassified dictionary, the dictionary becomes CONFIDENTIAL.  Then, when user B is writing a SECRET report and checks the spelling of a word, the dictionary becomes SECRET. Finally, if user C is assigned to assemble the daily intelligence briefing at the TOP SECRET level, reference to the dictionary makes the dictionary TOP SECRET, too.

Bell–LaPadula model
The Bell–LaPadula model (BLP) is a state-machine model used for enforcing access control in government and military applications. It was developed by David Elliott Bell, and Leonard J. LaPadula, subsequent to strong guidance from Roger R. Schell, to formalize the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) multilevel security (MLS) policy. The model is a formal state transition model of computer security policy that describes a set of access control rules which use security labels on objects and clearances for subjects. Security labels range from the most sensitive (e.g., "Top Secret"), down to the least sensitive (e.g., "Unclassified" or "Public").
Members of the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly, 1998–2001
This is a list of members of the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly from 1998 to 2001:

1  Although Dave Rugendyke was elected on the Osborne Independent Group ticket, he took his place in the Assembly as an independent, separate from any party grouping.

2  Though Michael Moore was elected as an independent, he joined Kate Carnell's Liberal government as a minister on 28 April 1998. Despite this, he continued to sit in the Assembly as an independent.

3  Trevor Kaine resigned from the Liberal Party on 13 May 1998. On 28 May, he announced that he would stand as a representative of the "Canberra Liberals", but then, on 30 July, registered the United Canberra Party, which he represented for the remainder of his term.

4  Liberal member Kate Carnell resigned from the Assembly on 17 October 2000. The vacancy was filled by Liberal Jacqui Burke.

Trevor Kaine
Trevor Thomas Kaine (17 February 1928 – 3 June 2008) was an Australian politician who served as the first male Chief Minister of the Australian Capital Territory from 1989 to 1991. Kaine was elected into a multi-member electorate in the unicameral Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly, from 1989 to 2001, initially as a member of the Liberal Party and later as an independent.
Pat McGeer
Patrick Lucey McGeer OC OBC FRSC (June 29, 1927 – August 29, 2022) was a Canadian physician, professor and medical researcher. He was regarded as a leading authority on the causes and prevention of Alzheimer's disease and was the principal author of the inflammatory hypothesis of the disease, which holds that Alzheimer's is an inflammation of the cortex.

He was also a Canadian basketball player who competed in the 1948 Summer Olympics, a politician who represented the constituency of Vancouver-Point Grey in the British Columbia legislature from 1962 to 1986, and a member of the British Columbia cabinet from 1975 to 1986.

He and his wife Edith were partners in research.
In 1995, they were inducted together as Officers of the Order of Canada. In 2002 they were jointly inducted as Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada, and in 2005 they were jointly inducted into the Order of British Columbia.

McGeer died at his home in Vancouver on August 29, 2022, at the age of 95.

Order of British Columbia
The Order of British Columbia is a civilian honour for merit in the Canadian province of British Columbia. Instituted in 1989 by Lieutenant Governor David Lam, on the advice of the Cabinet under Premier Bill Vander Zalm, the order is administered by the Governor-in-Council and is intended to honour current or former British Columbia residents for conspicuous achievements in any field, being thus described as the highest honour amongst all others conferred by the British Columbia Crown.
Concierge OSGi
Concierge is an OSGI (Open Service Gateway Initiative) R3 framework implementation intended for resource-constrained devices like mobile and embedded systems.

Several new version exist and released in an eclipse project on  the Eclipse Concierge web site. This one implements RC5 OSGI Specification.

There have been no releases since 2009, so the project can be considered abandoned and obsolete.

OSGi
OSGi is an open specification and open source project under the Eclipse Foundation.

It is a continuation of the work done by the OSGi Alliance (formerly known as the Open Services Gateway initiative), which was an open standards organization for software founded in March 1999. The foundation originally specified and maintained the OSGi standard. The alliance transferred its work to the Eclipse Foundation at the end of 2020.

The OSGi specification describes a modular system and a service platform for the Java programming language that implements a complete and dynamic component model, something that does not exist in standalone Java or VM environments.  It has a service-oriented architecture based on micro services each implemented as an extended Java class file archive (JAR (file format)).
Bad Piggies
Bad Piggies is a 2012 puzzle video game developed by Rovio Entertainment. A spinoff in the Angry Birds series, it revolves around the villainous green pigs rather than the birds. It has the player build custom vehicles using various objects to guide a pig to the finish line, with optional additional goals being achievable by applying alternate strategies. Bad Piggies was initially released on September 27, 2012, being ported to numerous mobile devices and personal computers. It received mostly positive reception from critics, and a sequel was soft launched in 2023.

Puzzle video game
Puzzle video games make up a broad genre of video games that emphasize puzzle solving. The types of puzzles can test problem-solving skills, including logic, pattern recognition, sequence solving, spatial recognition, and word completion. Many puzzle games involve a real-time element and require quick thinking, such as Tetris (1985) and Lemmings (1991).
Rachel Fuller Brown
Rachel Fuller Brown (November 23, 1898 – January 14, 1980) was an American chemist best known for her long-distance collaboration with microbiologist Elizabeth Lee Hazen in developing the first useful antifungal antibiotic, nystatin, while doing research for the Division of Laboratories and Research of the New York State Department of Health. Brown received her BA from Mount Holyoke College and her PhD from the University of Chicago.  She was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 1994.

Nystatin, still produced today under various trade names, not only cures a variety of potentially devastating fungal infections, but has also been used to combat Dutch Elm disease in trees and to restore artwork damaged by water and mold.

New York State Department of Health
The New York State Department of Health is the department of the New York state government responsible for public health. It promotes the prevention and control of disease, environmental health, healthy lifestyles, and emergency preparedness and response; supervises local health boards; oversees reporting and vital records; conducts surveillance of hospitals; does research at the Wadsworth Center; and administers several other health insurance programs and institutions. Its regulations are compiled in title 10 of the New York Codes, Rules and Regulations.
Ziff–Gulari–Barshad model
The Ziff–Gulari–Barshad (ZGB) model is a simple Monte Carlo method for catalytic reactions of oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide on a surface using Monte-Carlo methods which captures correctly the essential dynamics: phase transitions between two poisoned states (either CO2- or O-poisoned) and a steady-state in between. It is named after Robert M. Ziff, Erdogan Gulari, and Yoav Barshad, who published it in 1986.

Monte Carlo method
Monte Carlo methods, also called the Monte Carlo experiments or Monte Carlo simulations, are a broad class of computational algorithms based on repeated random sampling for obtaining numerical results. The underlying concept is to use randomness to solve deterministic problems.

Monte Carlo methods are mainly used in three distinct problem classes: optimization, numerical integration, and non-uniform random variate generation, available for modeling phenomena with significant input uncertainties, e.g. risk assessments for nuclear power plants. Monte Carlo methods are often implemented using computer simulations. They can provide approximate solutions to problems too complex for mathematical analysis.
YES stroke alphabetical order
The YES stroke alphabetical order (一二三漢字筆順排檢法), also called YES stroke-order sorting, briefly YES order or YES sorting, is a Chinese character sorting method based on a stroke alphabet and stroke orders. It is a simplified stroke-based sorting method free of stroke counting and grouping.

"YES" in the English name is the acronym of "Yi Er San", the pinyin expression of the Chinese name. The Chinese name "Yi Er San" (一二三; literally "one, two, three") is in turn formed by the first three of all the Chinese characters in YES order (because stroke "一" lies at the top of the alphabet).

YES order has been applied to the indexing of Xinhua Character Dictionary and Xiandai Hanyu Word Dictionary. In this joint index the user can look up a Chinese character alphabetically to find its pinyin and Unicode, in addition to the page numbers in the two popular dictionaries.

Stroke-based sorting
Stroke-based sorting, also called stroke-based ordering or stroke-based order, is one of the five sorting methods frequently used in modern Chinese dictionaries, the others being radical-based sorting, pinyin-based sorting, bopomofo and the four-corner method.  In addition to functioning as an independent sorting method, stroke-based sorting is often employed to support the other methods. For example, in Xinhua Dictionary (新华字典), Xiandai Hanyu Cidian (现代汉语词典) and  Oxford Chinese Dictionary, stroke-based sorting is used to sort homophones in Pinyin sorting, while in radical-based sorting it helps to sort the radical list, the characters under a common radical, as well as the list of characters difficult to lookup by radicals.

In stroke-based sorting, Chinese characters are ordered by different features of strokes, including stroke counts, stroke forms, stroke orders, stroke combinations, stroke positions, etc.
Periyar National Park
Periyar National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary (PNP) is a protected area located in the districts of Idukki and Pathanamthitta in Kerala, India. It is a renowned elephant and tiger reserve. The protected area encompasses 925 km2 (357 mi2), of which 350.54 km2 (135.34 mi2) of the main zone was declared as the Periyar National Park in 1982. The park is a repository of rare, endemic, and endangered flora and fauna and forms the major watershed of two important rivers of Kerala: the Periyar and the Pamba.

The park is located high in the Cardamom Hills and Pandalam Hills of the south Western Ghats along the border with Tamil Nadu. It is 4 km (2.5 mi) from Kumily, Thekkady, 86 km (53 mi) south east of Thodupuzha, 103 km (64 mi) east of Kottayam, 110 km (68 mi) west of Madurai and 147 km (91 mi) southeast of Kochi.

Pathanamthitta district
Pathanamthitta district (IPA: [pɐt̪ːɐnɐn̪d̪iʈːɐ]), is one of the 14 districts in the Indian state of Kerala. The district headquarters is in the town of Pathanamthitta. There are four municipalities in Pathanamthitta: Adoor, Pandalam, Pathanamthitta and Thiruvalla.  and  Major Towns of Konni, Kozhanchery, Ranni, and Mallappalli.

According to the 2011 Census of India, the population was 1,197,412, making it the third least populous district in Kerala (out of 14), after Wayanad and Idukki. Pathanamthitta has been declared the first polio-free district in India. The district is 10.03% urbanised. The district spans 2,652 km², more than half of which is covered by forest.
Volcano school
The Volcano school refers to a group of non-native Hawaiian artists who painted dramatic nocturnal scenes of Hawaii's erupting volcanoes.  Some of the artists also produced watercolors, which, by the nature of the medium, tended to be diurnal.  At their best, these paintings exemplify a fusion of the European Sublime aesthetic, Romantic landscapes, and the American landscape traditions.  Two volcanoes on the Island of Hawaii, Kilauea and Mauna Loa, were intermittently active during the 1880s and 1890s, when interest in Volcano school paintings peaked. Getting to Kilauea, the more frequently painted volcano required an arduous two- or three-day roundtrip journey on horseback.

The Volcano school's body of work is largely the product of pieces by Charles Furneaux, Joseph D. Strong, and Jules Tavernier. These artists are now generally thought of as the "old-masters" of Hawaiian painting. Printmaker and art educator Huc-Mazelet Luquiens called this period "a little Hawaiian renaissance".

Joseph Dwight Strong
Joseph Dwight Strong, Jr. (September 15, 1853 – April 5, 1899) was an American artist and illustrator, known for his paintings. He was active between 1870s until 1899, in the San Francisco Bay Area, Monterey, Kingdom of Hawaii, and Samoa. He was the husband of Robert Louis Stevenson's step-daughter.
Bush Mechanics
Bush Mechanics is a humorous 2001 television docudrama series directed by David Batty and Francis Jupurrurla Kelly and produced by the Warlpiri Media Association (now Pintubi Anmatjere Warlpiri (PAW) Media), featuring an Aboriginal Australian take on motor mechanics, since described as "iconic". The film starred Warlpiri people and was filmed in and around Yuendumu, a large mainly Indigenous town in the Northern Territory of Australia.

A touring exhibition based on the series toured Australian museums from 2018 to 2019, with a book published to accompany it in 2017.

Warlpiri people
The Warlpiri, sometimes referred to as Yapa, are a group of Aboriginal Australians defined by their Warlpiri language, although not all still speak it. There are 5,000–6,000 Warlpiri, living mostly in a few towns and settlements scattered through their traditional land in the Northern Territory, north and west of Alice Springs (Mparntwe). About 3,000 people still speak the Warlpiri language. The word "Warlpiri" has also been romanised as Walpiri, Walbiri, Elpira, Ilpara, and Wailbri.
Alejandro Maldonado
Alejandro Baltazar Maldonado Aguirre (born January 6, 1936) is a Guatemalan statesman who served as the  president of Guatemala following the Congress' acceptance of the resignation of President Otto Pérez Molina on September 3, 2015.

He was elected as vice president by Congress on May 14, 2015, after his predecessor, Roxana Baldetti, resigned amid allegations of corruption. Before becoming vice president, he served as a constitutional judge, congressional deputy, ambassador to the United Nations, and political leader, including a failed presidential bid in 1982. He was Minister of Education from 1970 to 1974 and Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1995 to 1996.

Vice President of Guatemala
Vice president of Guatemala (Spanish: Vicepresidente de Guatemala) is a political position in Guatemala which is since 1966 elected concurrently with the position of President of Guatemala. The current vice president is Karin Herrera.

The vice president needs to be a Guatemalan citizen of over 40 years of age.

Historically, there have been provisions for multiple Vice Presidents, officially Designates to the Presidency (Spanish: Designados a la Presidencia), also known as Presidential Designates (Spanish: Designados Presidenciales) elected for one- or two-year-terms. The election was carried in Congress of Guatemala. A provision for First and Second Vice Presidents existed 1882–1886, 1888-1921, 1921–1928 and 1956–1966. A provision for First, Second and Third Vice Presidents existed 1921 and 1928–1944.

History of the office holders follows.
2011–12 ISU World Standings and Season's World Ranking
The 2011–12 ISU World Standings and Season's World Ranking are the World Standings and Season's World Ranking published by the International Skating Union (ISU) during the 2011–12 season.

The 2011–12 ISU World Standings for single & pair skating and ice dance, are taking into account results of the 2009–10, 2010–11 and 2011–12 seasons.

The 2011–12 ISU Season's World Ranking is based on the results of the 2011–12 season only.

The 2011–12 ISU World standings for synchronized skating, are based on the results of the 2009–10, 2010–11 and 2011–12 seasons.

2011–12 figure skating season
The 2011–2012 figure skating season began on July 1, 2011, and ends on June 30, 2012. During this season, elite skaters competed on the ISU Championship level at the 2012 European, Four Continents, World Junior, and World Championships. They also competed in elite events such as the Grand Prix series and Junior Grand Prix series, culminating in the Grand Prix Final.
Liga IV Sălaj
Liga IV Sălaj is the county football division of Liga IV for clubs based in Sălaj County, România. The competition is ranked as the fourth tier of the Romanian football league system and is organized by AJF Sălaj – Asociația Județeană de Fotbal (lit. 'County Football Association').

It is contested by a variable number of teams, depending on the number of teams relegated from Liga III, the number of teams promoted from Liga V Sălaj, and the teams that withdraw or enter the competition. The winner may or may not be promoted to Liga III, depending on the result of a promotion play-off contested against the winner of a neighboring county series.

Liga IV
Liga IV is the fourth level of the Romanian football league system and is run in all 41 counties and in the Municipality of Bucharest. It was known as the Regional Championship, County Championship, Divizia C – County Phase and Divizia D. Its name was changed into Liga IV before the start of the 2006–07 season.
Tapboard
Tapboard is the name of two separate guitar-based instruments that employ variations of the tapping technique. One of these is played by guitarist Francis Dunnery and the other by bassist Balazs Szendofi. Unlike other tapping instruments such as the Chapman Stick, harpejji and Warr Guitar, both Tapboards are one-off custom designs and have never been produced commercially.

Chapman Stick
The Chapman Stick is an electric musical instrument devised by Emmett Chapman in the early 1970s. A member of the guitar family, the Chapman Stick usually has ten or twelve individually tuned strings and is used to play bass lines, melody lines, chords, or textures. Designed as a fully polyphonic chordal instrument, it can also cover several of these musical parts simultaneously.

The Stick is available with passive or active pickup modules that are plugged into a separate instrument amplifier. With a special synthesizer pickup, it can be used to trigger synthesizers and send MIDI messages to electronic instruments.
Mayagüez metropolitan area
The Mayagüez metropolitan area (Spanish: área metropolitana de Mayagüez), is the fourth largest metropolitan statistical area (MSA) in Puerto Rico, comprising the municipalities of Mayagüez, Cabo Rojo, San Germán, Lajas, Sabana Grande, and Hormigueros between the coastal plains and the Cordillera Central mountain subrange in the southwestern region of the main island. One of 6 metropolitan statistical areas in Puerto Rico, it lies within the Mayagüez–Aguadilla combined statistical area (CSA), which is one of 3 primary statistical areas in the main island as defined by the United States Census Bureau. As of 2023, census estimates place the population of the Mayagüez metropolitan area at 207,877.

Puerto Rico statistical areas
The Commonwealth of Puerto Rico currently has 13 statistical areas that have been delineated by the United States Office of Management and Budget (OMB). On July 21, 2023, the OMB delineated three combined statistical areas, six metropolitan statistical areas, and four micropolitan statistical areas in Puerto Rico. As of 2023, the largest of these is the San Juan-Bayamón, PR CSA, comprising the area around the municipality of San Juan, the capital and largest city of Puerto Rico.
Psi Omega
Psi Omega (ΨΩ) is an international professional fraternity for Dentistry. It was founded on June 8, 1892, "to maintain the standards of the profession, to encourage scientific investigation and literary culture."  Psi Omega is the third professional dental fraternity to be formed, following Delta Sigma Delta (1882) and Xi Psi Phi (1889), and pre-dating Alpha Omega (1907). Psi Omega has 27 active chapters.

Alpha Omega (fraternity)
Alpha Omega (ΑΩ, sometimes AO), is an international professional Jewish dental fraternity. It was founded in 1907 in Baltimore, Maryland, by Jewish dental students. In 1932, it merged with Alpha Zeta Gamma, a similar organization. It is a former member of the Professional Fraternity Association.
Justin Clemens
Justin Clemens FAHA (born 22 April 1969) is an Australian academic known for his work on Alain Badiou, psychoanalysis, European philosophy, and contemporary Australian art and literature. He is also a published poet.

Australian Academy of the Humanities
The Australian Academy of the Humanities was established by Royal Charter in 1969 to advance scholarship and public interest in the humanities in Australia. It operates as an independent not-for-profit organisation partly funded by the Australian Government.
Western Digital FD1771
The FD1771, sometimes WD1771, is a floppy disk controller chip, the first in a line of floppy disk controllers produced by Western Digital. It uses single density FM encoding introduced in the IBM 3740. Later models in the series added support for MFM encoding and increasingly added onboard circuitry that formerly had to be implemented in external components. Originally packaged as 40-pin dual in-line package (DIP) format, later models moved to a 28-pin format that further lowered implementation costs.

Disk density
Disk density is a capacity designation on magnetic storage, usually floppy disks. Each designation describes a set of characteristics that can affect the areal density of a disk or the efficiency of data encoding. Such characteristics include modulation method, track width, coercivity, and magnetic field direction.
Religious brother
A religious brother (abbreviated Br. or Bro. as a title) is a lay male member of a religious institute or religious order who commits himself to following Christ in consecrated life, usually by the vows of poverty, chastity and obedience. Equivalent to a religious sister, a religious brother typically lives in a religious community and works in a ministry appropriate to his capabilities.

A brother might practice any secular occupation. Some religious institutes are composed only of brothers; others are made up of brothers and clerics (priests or ministers, and seminarians).

In some Christian groups, members refer to each other as "brother" or "sister". For example, Shakers use the title for all adult male members.

Consecrated life
Consecrated life (also known as religious life) is a state of life in liturgical branches of Christianity (particularly Catholicism, Evangelical Lutheranism, and Anglicanism) lived by those faithful who are called to follow Jesus Christ in a more exacting way. Consecrated life includes individuals living as hermits or consecrated virgins, and those in institutes of consecrated life (religious and secular), and in societies of apostolic life.