hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Sangram Singh II
Maharana Sangram Singh II (24 March 1690 – 11 January 1734) was the Sisodia Rajput ruler of Kingdom of Mewar. He reigned from 1710 to 1734. He was succeeded by his eldest son Jagat Singh II.

Maharana Sangram Singh II was a noted political figure of his time. He ascended the throne at a crucial juncture in Indian history when the Mughal Empire was disintegrating and dividing into various independent parts with several announcing themselves free from the Mughal rule. At the same time, Mewar was facing internal feuds because of which their chance to expand their territory was also minimal. This scenario led Mewar into a defensive stance against the Mughals. With gradual disintegration of the Mughal Empire, the need for this vigilance toward them declined. Nevertheless, even as the Mughals waned, the Rajputs, in Mewar as elsewhere, faced the upsurge of the Marathas, so continued their fortification strategy to safeguard and strengthen their territory.

Jagat Singh II
Maharana Jagat Singh II (17 September 1709 – 5 June 1751), was the Sisodia Rajput ruler of Mewar Kingdom (r. 1734 – 1751). He being the eldest among his brothers succeeded to the throne of Mewar.

He spent the fortunes of his kingdom while trying to place his nephew, Kunwar Madho Singh I on the throne of Jaipur, he was defeated at the Battle of Rajamahal by Sawai Ishwari Singh the elder step brother of Madho Singh and forced to pay heavy tributes to the Kachwaha house Jaipur. He was also unable to pay his mercenaries which ravaged his country.
Thomas Leonard Harrold
Thomas Leonard Harrold (21 June 1902 – 16 June 1973) was a United States Army lieutenant general. He was commander of the 9th Armored Division, United States Army Armor School, 1st Cavalry Division, 8th Infantry Division, 10th Mountain Division, III Corps, and United States Army Caribbean. From 1958 to 1961 he served as commandant of the National War College.

United States Army South
United States Army South (ARSOUTH) is an Army service component command of United States Southern Command whose area of responsibility includes 31 countries and 15 areas of special sovereignty in Central and South America and the Caribbean. It is headquartered at Fort Sam Houston, Texas.

U.S. Army South's currently officially stated mission is to conduct and support multinational operations and security cooperation in the United States Southern Command area of responsibility in order to counter transnational threats and strengthen regional security in defense of the homeland. It may be still required to serve as a Joint Task Force Land Component Command or Joint Task Force, as directed.
Thiosulfate—thiol sulfurtransferase
In enzymology, a thiosulfate-thiol sulfurtransferase (EC 2.8.1.3) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

thiosulfate + 2 glutathione  sulfite + glutathione disulfide + sulfide

Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are thiosulfate and glutathione, whereas its 3 products are sulfite, glutathione disulfide, and sulfide.

This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically the sulfurtransferases, which transfer sulfur-containing groups.  The systematic name of this enzyme class is thiosulfate:thiol sulfurtransferase. Other names in common use include glutathione-dependent thiosulfate reductase, sulfane reductase, and sulfane sulfurtransferase.  This enzyme participates in glutathione metabolism.

Glutathione
Glutathione (GSH, /ˌɡluːtəˈθaɪoʊn/) is a small protein made of the amino acids glutamate, cysteine, and glycine. It is an antioxidant in plants, animals, fungi, and some bacteria and archaea. Glutathione is capable of preventing damage to important cellular components caused by sources such as reactive oxygen species, free radicals, peroxides, lipid peroxides, and heavy metals.

It is synthesized by attaching cysteine to the carboxyl group of the glutamate side chain with a gamma peptide linkage, and to glycine with a normal peptide linkage.
Michelle Mama
Michelle Mama is a Canadian writer, director, producer, and LGBTQIA+ advocate known for her work in film and television. She directed the episode Fluid: Beyond the Binary for CBC's The Nature of Things and co-founded GAY AGENDA, a Toronto-based production company focused on LGBTQIA+ stories. Mama has been nominated five times for Canadian Screen Awards, including for her work on Lost Car Rescue and Shine True, and won one for Canada’s Drag Race. She has won several industry awards for her documentary and reality television productions.

Mama directed Fluid: Life Beyond the Binary (hosted by Mae Martin), a 2024 episode of CBC’s The Nature of Things that examines gender and sexual fluidity in humans and the natural world.

Mae Martin
Mae Pearl Martin (born 2 May 1987) is a Canadian comedian, actor, screenwriter, and recording artist. They co-created, co-wrote, and starred in the Channel 4/Netflix comedy series Feel Good. They received a nomination for the BAFTA TV Award for Best Female Comedy Performance for their work on the series.
Ivor Dennis
Kala Keerthi Pasquel Ge Don Augustine Ivor Dennis (Sinhala: අයිවෝ ඩෙනිස්) (28 May 1932 – 18 June 2018) was a popular Sri Lankan veteran playback singer who was also known as the former student of veteran icon Sunil Santha. He was well known for establishing long time relationship with legendary musician Sunil Santha, who is known as one of the icons and pioneers of Sinhala music. He had worked as a playback singer in many Sinhala films including Sri Lanka's first Sinhala film Rekava. He died on 18 June 2018 at his home in Seeduwa at the age of 86.

Sunil Santha
Sunil Santha was a Sri Lankan composer, singer and lyricist. Known as the "Father of the Modern Sinhala Music" He was pivotal in the development of Sinhala music and folk songs in the mid to late 1940s and early 1950s. He composed the beloved soundtracks to Lester James Peries' films Rekava and Sandesaya in 1956 and 1960. In a later comeback, he produced several experimental works.
Sam Salt
Rear Admiral James Frederick Thomas George "Sam" Salt, CB (19 April 1940 – 3 December 2009) was a senior Royal Navy officer of the late twentieth century. He was the captain of HMS Sheffield during the Falklands War, the first British warship to be sunk by enemy action since the end of the Second World War.

Rear admiral (Royal Navy)
Rear admiral (RAdm) is a flag officer rank of the Royal Navy. It is immediately superior to commodore and is subordinate to vice admiral. It is a two-star rank and has a NATO ranking code of OF-7.

The equivalent rank in the British Army and Royal Marines is major-general; and in the Royal Air Force it is air vice-marshal.
New Zealand at the FIFA Women's World Cup
The New Zealand women's national football team has represented New Zealand at the FIFA Women's World Cup on six occasions in 1991, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019 and 2023. New Zealand co-hosted the 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup with Australia. They have never advanced beyond the group stage.

2011 FIFA Women's World Cup
The 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup was the sixth FIFA Women's World Cup competition, the world championship for women's national football teams. It was held from 26 June to 17 July 2011 in Germany, which won the right to host the event in October 2007. Japan won the final against the United States on a penalty shoot-out following a 2–2 draw after extra time and became the first Asian team to win a senior FIFA World Cup.

The matches were played in nine stadiums in nine host cities around the country, with the final played at the Commerzbank Arena in Frankfurt. Sixteen teams were selected for participation via a worldwide qualification tournament that began in 2009. In the first round of the tournament finals, the teams competed in round-robin groups of four teams for points, with the top two teams in each group proceeding. These eight teams advanced to the knockout stage, where two rounds of play decided which teams would participate in the final.
Music of immigrant communities in the United States
The vast majority of the inhabitants of the United States are immigrants or descendants of immigrants. This article will focus on the music of these communities and discuss its roots in countries across Africa, Europe and Asia, excluding only Native American music, indigenous and immigrant Latinos, Puerto Rican music, Hawaiian music and African American music.  The music of Irish- and Scottish-Americans will be a special focus, due to their extreme influence on Appalachian folk music and other genres.
These sorts of music are often sustained and promoted by a variety of ethnic organizations.

Tejano music
Tejano music (Spanish: música tejana), also known as Tex-Mex music, is a popular music style fusing Mexican influences. Its evolution began in northern Mexico (a variation of regional Mexican music known as norteño).

It reached a larger audience in the late 20th century with the popularity of performers and groups such as Mazz, Selena, La Mafia, Ram Herrera, La Sombra, Elida Reyna, Elsa García, Laura Canales, Intocable, Jay Perez, Emilio Navaira, Esteban "Steve" Jordan, Shelly Lares, David Lee Garza y Los Musicales, Jennifer Peña and La Fiebre.
Izurtza
Izurtza (in Basque and officially, in Spanish Izurza) is an elizate, town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the Basque Country, Spain. Izurtza is part of the comarca of Durangaldea and has a population of 270 inhabitants as of 2010 and according to the Spanish National Statistics Institute.

Durango, Spain
Durango is a town and municipality of the historical territory and province of Biscay, located in the Basque Country, Spain. It is the main town of Durangaldea, one of the comarcas of Biscay. Because of its economical activities and population, Durango is considered one of the largest towns in Biscay after the ones that compose the conurbation of Greater Bilbao.

Durango has 29,715 inhabitants (2023). The town is crossed by three rivers (as illustrated in the town symbol). The Ibaizabal river is the main river, and lies in the middle of its wide valley, with the Urkiola mountain range and natural park to the south. The tallest peak is Anboto (1,331 m (4,367 ft) in elevation).
The Virgo, the Taurus and the Capricorn
La vergine, il toro e il capricorno (internationally released as The Virgo, the Taurus and the Capricorn, Erotic Exploits of a Sexy Seducer, Not Tonight Darling (not to be confused with the 1971 British drama Not Tonight, Darling), Bull by the Horns and The Virgin, the Bull and the Capricorn) is a 1977 Italian sexy comedy film directed by  Luciano Martino. According to the film critic Paolo Mereghetti, the film is "one of the most funny films" in the commedia sexy all'italiana genre.

Commedia sexy all'italiana
The commedia sexy all'italiana (Italian: [komˈmɛːdja ˈsɛksi allitaˈljaːna], lit. "sex comedy Italian style"), also known as commedia scollacciata ("low-cut comedy") or commedia erotica all'italiana, is a subgenre of the Italian commedia all'italiana film genre.
Tyrell Fenroy
Tyrell Joseph Fenroy (born March 6, 1987) is an American former football running back who played college football for the UL Lafayette Ragin' Cajuns. He was signed by the Chicago Bears as an undrafted free agent in 2009, but never played in any NFL game. He is now a school resource officer (SRO) at Lafayette Renaissance Charter Academy.

Louisiana Ragin' Cajuns football
The Louisiana Ragin' Cajuns football (formerly competed as Southwestern Louisiana or USL, later and still often referred to as Louisiana-Lafayette or ULL) program is a college football team that represents the University of Louisiana at Lafayette at the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) level as a member of the Sun Belt Conference. Since 1971, the team has played its home games at Cajun Field in Lafayette, Louisiana. Michael Desormeaux has served as Louisiana's head coach since 2021.

The RCAF (Ragin Cajun Athletic Foundation) is the supporter association that assists with funding for all Ragin Cajun sports.
Paul Paviour
Paul Paviour OAM FRCO (14 April 1931 – 24 May 2024) was an English composer, organist and conductor based in Australia. He is best known for his contribution to the music of the Anglican Church and composed and adapted at least 471 works in 639 publications.

Royal College of Organists
The Royal College of Organists (RCO) is a charity and membership organisation based in the United Kingdom, with members worldwide. Its role is to promote and advance organ playing and choral music, and it offers music education, training and development, and professional support for organists and choral directors.

The college also provides accreditation in organ playing, choral directing and organ teaching; it runs an extensive education and outreach programme across the UK; and it maintains an internationally important library containing more than 60,000 titles concerning the organ, organ and choral music and organ playing.
Aleksei Putilov
Aleksei Ivanovich Putilov (1866–1940) was a Russian government official, banker and industrialist. He became Managing Director and later Chairman of the Russo-Chinese Bank. After the Russian Revolution Putilov and his family escaped to France after having supporting failed opposition groups. He continued to manage the bank in exile from Paris for some time until he was forced to resign in 1926.

Russo-Chinese Bank
The Russo-Chinese Bank (Russian: Русско-Китайский банк, French: Banque russo-chinoise, Traditional Chinese: 華俄道勝銀行) was a foreign bank, founded in 1895, that represented joint French and Russian interests in China during the late Qing dynasty. It merged in 1910 with the French-sponsored Banque du Nord, a large domestic bank in Russia, to form the Russo-Asiatic Bank.
Outer Critics Circle Award for Outstanding Lighting Design
The Outer Critics Circle Award for Outstanding Lighting Design is an honor presented at the Outer Critics Circle Awards, a ceremony established in 1950 for excellence in Broadway and Off-Broadway productions, to lighting designers of any production. The category was added to the ceremony in 1988 as "Best Lighting Design" before being changed to "Outstanding Lighting Design" in 1999.

Paul Gallo holds the record for the most wins, with five from eight nominations. Four designers share the record for the most nominations, with nine each: Donald Holder, Natasha Katz, Brian MacDevitt and Kenneth Posner.

Outer Critics Circle Awards
The Outer Critics Circle Awards are presented annually for Broadway and Off-Broadway theatrical achievements. They are presented by the Outer Critics Circle (OCC), the official organization of New York theater writers for out-of-town newspapers, digital and national publications, and other media beyond Broadway. The awards were first presented during the 1949–50 theater season.
Andrey Zubov
Andrey Borisovich Zubov (Russian: Андре́й Бори́сович Зу́бов, born 16 January 1952, Moscow) is a Russian historian, religion scholar and political scientist, Doctor of History, prominent public person, church figure, political activist and commentator.  He was also the Vice-president of the former People's Freedom Party.

Zubov is a former Professor of the Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO). He temporarily lost his job after making a comparison of the deployment of Russian troops in Crimea with Hitler's annexation of Austria in the Russian newspaper Vedomosti. One month later he was reinstated to his position until his contract at the MGIMO officially expired.

People's Freedom Party (Russia)
The People's Freedom Party (Russian: Партия народной свободы, romanized: Partija narodnoj svobody), often known by its short form PARNAS (Russian: ПАРНАС), and formerly the Republican Party of Russia – People's Freedom Party, and initially Republican Party of Russia, was a liberal-democratic political party in Russia. It was one of the first opposition parties founded in the final years of the Soviet Union.

In 2007, it was denied re-registration and declared to be dissolved by the Russian Supreme Court. It was only after the European Court of Human Rights ruled that the denial of registration was unlawful that it could restore its official registration in 5 May 2012.

The party was dissolved by Russia's Supreme Court on 25 May 2023 because it did not have the required number of branches and due to claims filed against existing branches by the Federal Taxation Service and the Ministry of Justice.
Enyalioides feiruzae
Enyalioides feiruzae is a species of wood lizard in the genus Enyalioides, from the Peruvian Yungas.

Male members of the species are distinguished for their colourful "kaleidoscope" scales, while females generally possess green to brown scales. The species was named after a female pet green iguana, Feiruz, by Catherine Thomson, a Michigan resident who financially supports biodiversity and conservation research.

Enyalioides
Enyalioides is a genus of lizards in the family Hoplocercidae. The genus is native to the northern part of South America and Panama.

They are also referred to as woodlizards, although individual species are also called dwarf iguanas.
Chris Beck (Navy SEAL)
Christopher Todd Beck (born June 21, 1966) is a retired United States Navy SEAL who gained public attention in 2013 after coming out as a trans woman, and in 2022, when he announced his detransition. During the time of his transition, he went by the name Kristin Beck. A memoir detailing his experience was published in June 2013, Warrior Princess: A U.S. Navy SEAL's Journey to Coming out Transgender. He served in the U.S. Navy for twenty years. In December 2022, Beck announced that he had detransitioned because "it ruined my life" and due to his conversion to Christianity.

Detransition
Detransition is the cessation or reversal of a transgender identification or of gender transition, temporarily or permanently, through social, legal, and/or medical means. This process may be based on a number of reasons, including a shift in gender identity, health concerns, social or economic pressure such as trans healthcare bans, discrimination, stigma, political beliefs, or religious beliefs. The estimated prevalence of detransition varies depending on definitions and methodology but is generally found to be rare.

Some studies use the term retransition rather than detransition, but the term is more commonly used to describe the resumption of transition or transgender identity following a detransition. Some organizations with ties to conversion therapy have used detransition narratives to push transphobic rhetoric and legislation.
Nand Singh
Jemadar Nand Singh, VC, MVC (24 September 1914 – 12 December 1947) was an Indian recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces and he was posthumously awarded the Maha Vir Chakra, the second-highest Indian decoration for battlefield gallantry. This makes Nand Singh unique in the annals of VC winners

Maha Vir Chakra
The Maha Vir Chakra (MVC) (lit. 'Medal for Great Bravery') is the second highest military decoration in India, after the Param Vir Chakra, and is awarded for acts of conspicuous gallantry in the presence of the enemy, whether on land, at sea or in the air. It replaced the British Distinguished Service Order (DSO). The medal may be awarded posthumously.
Marchantia quadrata
Marchantia quadrata is a species of liverwort, a simple non-flowering plant that grows as a flat, green, leaf-like structure (thallus) typically found on damp rocks and soil along stream banks in the Northern Hemisphere. The species was originally classified in its own genus Preissia due to its distinctive features, including larger spores and lack of the specialised cup-like reproductive structures common in other liverworts, but genetic studies have shown it belongs within the genus Marchantia. Like most liverworts, it reproduces both sexually, through separate male and female plants that produce umbrella-like reproductive structures, and through regeneration from fragments. The species prefers slightly drier habitats than its relatives and shows significant genetic variation across its range, suggesting it may comprise several distinct but closely related species.

Marchantia
Marchantia is a genus of liverworts in the family Marchantiaceae and the order Marchantiales. The genus was named by French botanist Jean Marchant after his father. The widespread species Marchantia polymorpha has had its genome sequenced and is an incipient model organism.

The thallus of Marchantia  shows differentiation into two layers: an upper photosynthetic layer with a well-defined upper epidermis with pores and a lower storage layer. The thallus features tiny cup-like structures called gemma cups, containing gemmae, small packets of tissue that are used for asexual reproduction. The combination of barrel-shaped pores and the circular shape of the gemma cups are diagnostic of the genus.: 22

Multicellular purple colored scales with single cell thickness and unicellular rhizoids are present on the ventral surface of the thallus.
Sign (mathematics)
In mathematics, the sign of a real number is its property of being either positive, negative, or 0. Depending on local conventions, zero may be considered as having its own unique sign, having no sign, or having both positive and negative sign. In some contexts, it makes sense to distinguish between a positive and a negative zero.

In mathematics and physics, the phrase "change of sign" is associated with exchanging an object for its additive inverse (multiplication with −1, negation), an operation which is not restricted to real numbers. It applies among other objects to vectors, matrices, and complex numbers, which are not prescribed to be only either positive, negative, or zero.

The word "sign" is also often used to indicate binary aspects of mathematical or scientific objects, such as odd and even (sign of a permutation), sense of orientation or rotation (cw/ccw), one sided limits, and other concepts described in § Other meanings below.

Additive inverse
In mathematics, the additive inverse of an element x, denoted −x, is the element that when added to x, yields the additive identity. This additive identity is often the number 0 (zero), but it can also refer to a more generalized zero element.

In elementary mathematics, the additive inverse is often referred to as the opposite number, or the negative of a number. The unary operation of arithmetic negation is closely related to subtraction and is important in solving algebraic equations. Not all sets where addition is defined have an additive inverse, such as the natural numbers.