hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
1853 Mexican presidential election
Presidential elections were held in Mexico in April 1853, following the resignation of Mariano Arista on January 5. The country experienced profound political polarization between liberal and conservative factions, alongside economic and military instability as a result of the Mexican-American War.

The Plan of Hospicio issued by conservative factions, called for the return of Antonio López de Santa Anna, leading to his presidency in April 1853. This was seen as a transfer of power through the decree rather than a formal election.

Liberal Party (Mexico)
The Liberal Party (Spanish: Partido Liberal, PL) was a loosely organised political party in Mexico from 1822 to 1911. Strongly influenced by French Revolutionary thought, and the republican institutions of the United States, it championed the principles of 19th-century liberalism, and promoted republicanism, federalism, and anti-clericalism. They were opposed by, and fought several civil wars against, the Conservative Party.
Gordon Campbell (Royal Navy officer)
Vice-Admiral Gordon Campbell, VC, DSO & Two Bars (6 January 1886 – 3 October 1953) was a British naval officer, writer, politician and a recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. He was also awarded the Croix de Guerre and appointed a chevalier of the Légion d'honneur for his actions during the First World War.

Vice-admiral (Royal Navy)
A vice-admiral (VAdm) is a flag officer rank of the Royal Navy and equates to the NATO rank code OF-8. It is immediately superior to the rear admiral rank and is subordinate to the full admiral rank.

The equivalent rank in the British Army and Royal Marines is lieutenant-general; and in the Royal Air Force, it is air marshal.
Clouding of consciousness
Clouding of consciousness, also called brain fog or mental fog, occurs when a person is conscious but slightly less wakeful or aware than normal. The term "brain fog" is used to represent a subjective condition of perceived cognitive impairment. A 2023 review article defined brain fog as "a phenomenon of fluctuating states of perceived cognitive dysfunction that could have implications in the functional application of cognitive skills in people's participation in daily activities". Sufferers may be less aware of time and their surroundings, and find it difficult to pay attention. People describe this subjective sensation as their mind being "foggy".

Wakefulness
Wakefulness is a daily recurring brain state and state of consciousness in which an individual is conscious and engages in coherent cognitive and behavioral responses to the external world.

Being awake is the opposite of being asleep, in which most external inputs to the brain are excluded from neural processing.
PLA Information Engineering University
The Information Engineering University (IEU) is a military university in Zhengzhou, Henan, under the People's Liberation Army. It was established in 1999. Before that, it was named as the PLA Information Engineering Institute.

The name Zhengzhou Information Science and Technology Institute is used as a cover by researchers from the university, when they wish to hide their affiliation with the Chinese military. The name Zhengzhou Institute of Surveying and Mapping has been used for a similar purpose – that institute, officially known as the PLA Institute of Surveying and Mapping, was integrated into the PLA Information Engineering University in 1999.

It is reputed to be a center for information warfare research.

Chinese information operations and information warfare
The People's Republic of China (PRC) engages in information warfare through the People's Liberation Army (PLA) and other organizations affiliated or controlled by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Laid out in the Chinese Defence White Paper of 2008, informatized warfare includes the utilization of information-based weapons and forces, including battlefield management systems, precision-strike capabilities, and technology-assisted command and control (C4ISR). The term also refers to propaganda and influence operations efforts by the Chinese state. Consequential Chinese information operations have been carried out to influence Taiwanese sovereignty, U.S. elections, and the Russian invasion of Ukraine. China has also exploited artificial intelligence and increasingly complex communications structures to enhance its cyber-warfare capabilities.
Dutch colonization of the Americas
The Netherlands began its colonization of the Americas with the establishment of trading posts and plantations. The first forts and settlements along the Essequibo River in Guyana date from the 1590s. Actual colonization, with the Dutch settling in the new lands, was not as common as by other European nations.
This colonization preceded the much wider known colonization activities of the Dutch in Asia, as the first Dutch fort in Asia was built in 1600 in present-day Indonesia.

Many of the Dutch settlements were lost or abandoned by the end of the 17th century, but the Netherlands managed to retain possession of Suriname until it gained independence in 1975. Among its several colonies in the region, only the Dutch Caribbean still remains to be part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands today.

Essequibo (colony)
Essequibo (/ˌɛsəˈkwiːboʊ/ ESS-ə-KWEE-boh; Dutch: Kolonie Essequebo [koːˈloːni ɛsəˈkʋeːboː]) was a Dutch colony in the Guianas and later a county on the Essequibo River in the Guiana region on the north coast of South America. It was a colony of the Dutch West India Company between 1616 and 1792 and a colony of the Dutch state from 1792 until 1815. It was merged with Demerara in 1812 by the British who took control. It formally became a British colony in 1815 until Demerara-Essequibo was merged with Berbice to form the colony of British Guiana in 1831. In 1838, it became a county of British Guiana till 1958. In 1966, British Guiana gained independence as Guyana and in 1970 it became a republic as the Co-operative Republic of Guyana. It was located around the lower course of the Essequibo River.
Jenno Topping
Jenno Topping is an American film producer. Films she has produced include  Dr. Dolittle (1998), Charlie's Angels (2000), St. Vincent (2014), Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children (2016) and Hidden Figures (2016), which earned her an Academy Award for Best Picture nomination with Donna Gigliotti, Peter Chernin, Pharrell Williams, and Theodore Melfi, and again in 2020 at the 92nd Academy Awards for the 2019 film Ford v Ferrari, along with Chernin and James Mangold.

Academy Award for Best Picture
The Academy Award for Best Picture is one of the Academy Awards (also known as Oscars) presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) since the awards debuted in 1929. This award goes to the producers of the film and is the only category in which every member of the Academy is eligible to submit a nomination and vote on the final ballot. The Best Picture category is traditionally the final award of the night and is widely considered the most prestigious honor of the ceremony.

The Grand Staircase columns at the Dolby Theatre in Hollywood, where the Academy Awards ceremonies have been held since 2002, showcase every film that has won the Best Picture title since the award's inception. There have been 621 films nominated for Best Picture and 97 winners.
Boeing B-50 Superfortress
The Boeing B-50 Superfortress is a retired American strategic bomber. A post–World War II revision of the Boeing B-29 Superfortress, it was fitted with more powerful Pratt & Whitney R-4360 radial engines, stronger structure, a taller tail fin, and other improvements. It was the last piston-engined bomber built by Boeing for the United States Air Force, and was refined into Boeing's final such design, the prototype B-54. Although not as well known as its direct predecessor, the B-50 was in USAF service for nearly 20 years.

After their primary service with Strategic Air Command (SAC) ended, B-50s were modified to serve as KB-50 aerial tankers for Tactical Air Command (TAC) and WB-50 weather reconnaissance aircraft for the Air Weather Service. These tanker and hurricane-hunter variants were retired in March 1965 after metal fatigue and corrosion were found in the wreckage of a KB-50J, 48-065, that crashed on 14 October 1964.

Pratt & Whitney R-4360 Wasp Major
The Pratt & Whitney R-4360 Wasp Major is an American 28-cylinder four-row radial piston aircraft engine designed and built during World War II. At 4,362.5 cu in (71.5 L), it is the largest-displacement aviation piston engine to be mass-produced in the United States, and at 4,300 hp (3,200 kW) the most powerful. The prototype first ran on 28 April 1941, with production-standard engines running in 1944. It was the last of the Pratt & Whitney Wasp family, and the culmination of its maker's piston engine technology.

The war was over before it could power airplanes into combat. It powered many of the last generation of large piston-engined aircraft before turbojets, but was supplanted by equivalent (and superior) powered turboprops (such as the Allison T56).

Its main rival was the twin-row, 18-cylinder, nearly 3,350 cu in (54.9 L) displacement, up to 3,700 hp (2,800 kW) Wright R-3350 Duplex-Cyclone, first run some seven years earlier (May 1937).
Paulinho (footballer, born November 1992)
João Paulo Dias Fernandes (born 9 November 1992), commonly known as Paulinho, is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays for Liga MX club Toluca as a striker.

He amassed Primeira Liga totals of 230 matches and 74 goals over nine seasons, representing Gil Vicente, Braga and Sporting CP (for whom he signed in January 2021 for €16 million), winning the 2019–20 Taça da Liga and the 2020–21 Taça de Portugal with the second of those clubs and the 2021 and 2024 national championships and the 2021 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira with the third. In the Segunda Liga, he played with Trofense and Gil. He joined Liga MX side Toluca in June 2024, where he won several team and individual honours.

Paulinho won his first cap for Portugal in 2020, scoring twice in his first appearance.

2021 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira
The 2021 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira was the 43rd edition of the Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira. It was played between the champions of the 2020–21 Primeira Liga, Sporting CP, and winners of the 2020–21 Taça de Portugal, Braga, on 31 July 2021. Sporting CP won the match 2–1 to secure their ninth Supertaça title overall and the first since 2015.
Citizenfour
Citizenfour is a 2014 documentary film directed by Laura Poitras, concerning Edward Snowden and the NSA spying scandal. The film had its US premiere on October 10, 2014, at the New York Film Festival and its UK premiere on October 17, 2014, at the BFI London Film Festival. The film features Snowden and Glenn Greenwald, and was co-produced by Poitras, Mathilde Bonnefoy, and Dirk Wilutzky, with Steven Soderbergh and others serving as executive producers. Citizenfour received critical acclaim upon release, and was the recipient of numerous accolades, including Best Documentary Feature at the 87th Academy Awards. This film is the third part to a 9/11 trilogy following My Country, My Country (2006) and The Oath (2010).

Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature Film
The Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature Film is an award for documentary films. In 1941, the first awards for feature-length documentaries were bestowed as Special Awards to Kukan and Target for Tonight. They have since been bestowed competitively each year, with the exception of 1946. Copies of every winning film (along with copies of most nominees) are held by the Academy Film Archive.
CIND-FM
CIND-FM (88.1 FM, "Indie88") is a radio station in Toronto. Owned by Local Radio Lab, it broadcasts an adult album alternative (AAA) format.

The station was founded in 2013 by Central Ontario Broadcasting, who won a bid for the frequency in 2012 after the revocation of  CKLN-FM's license. It soft launched on July 31, 2013, before officially launching on September 3, 2013.

Indie88's offices and studios are located on Hanna Avenue in Toronto's Liberty Village, while its transmitter is located on top of First Canadian Place in Toronto's Financial District.

Soft launch
A soft launch, also known as a soft opening, is a preview release of a product or service to a limited audience prior to the general public. Soft-launching a product is sometimes used to gather data or customer feedback, prior to making it widely available during an official release or grand opening. A company may also choose a soft launch to test the functionality of a product, allowing adjustments to be made before a wider release and marketing efforts are implemented.
Hai Golmaal in White House
Hai Golmaal In White House is a 2015 Indian comedy-drama film directed by Salar Shaikh, starring Rajpal Yadav, Govind Namdeo, Pratima Kazmi, Vijay Raaz and Yashpal Sharma.  It was released on 23 June 2013.

Govind Namdev
Govind Namdev (born 3 September 1954) is an Indian actor who appears in Hindi films. Namdev made his debut as a corrupt cop in David Dhawan's Shola Aur Shabnam (1992). He has acted in numerous movies, often as a villain. He is an alumnus of the National School of Drama 1978. After that he joined NSD repertory company and worked there 12 to 13 years as an actor.

Some of his most notable work has been in the films Oh My God, Dum Maro Dum, Bandit Queen, Virasat, Satya, Kachche Dhaage, Mast, Thakshak, Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani, Pukar, Raju Chacha, Sarfarosh, Satta, Qayamat and Main Madhuri Dixit Banna Chahti Hoon, Johny Gadhaar. He also starred in Kaashi in Search of Ganga.
Second Chance (El DeBarge album)
Second Chance is the fifth studio album by American R&B singer and songwriter El DeBarge. It was released on November 30, 2010, by Geffen Records and Interscope Records. It is his first studio album in 16 years and the follow-up to Heart, Mind and Soul (1994). Production for the album took place at various recording studios and was handled by DeBarge and several other record producers, including Ron Fair, Mike City, Michael Angelo, and Jimmy Jam & Terry Lewis.

The album debuted at number 57 on the Billboard 200 chart, selling 21,000 copies in its first week. It remained on the chart for 12 weeks and produced two singles, "Second Chance" and "Lay With You". Upon its release, Second Chance received acclaim from music critics, who complimented its material and praised DeBarge's singing. It was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best R&B Album, set to be presented at the 54th Grammy Awards in 2012.

Geffen Records
Geffen Records (formerly The David Geffen Company from 1980 to 1992 and Geffen Records Inc. from 1993 to 2004) is an American record label owned by Interscope Geffen A&M (IGA), a division of the Interscope Capitol Labels Group, which is owned by Universal Music Group. It was founded in 1980 by David Geffen, as a music subsidiary of his then film company Geffen Pictures, with financial and distribution support from Warner Bros. Records.

In 1990, the label was sold to MCA Music Entertainment, which later became part of Universal Music Group (UMG) through acquisitions by Panasonic and Seagram. Since its merger into the Interscope Geffen A&M group in 1999, Geffen has served as a syndicate label within Interscope Records, expanding its catalog through the absorption of other imprints. It has operated as a key platform for new releases, especially following its 2003 expansion and 2017 relaunch. As of 2024, Geffen is part of Universal Music Group's Interscope Capitol Labels Group.
ROKS Seoae Ryu Seong-ryong
ROKS Seoae Ryu Seong-ryong (Korean: DDG-993 서애류성룡) is the third ship of the Sejong the Great-class destroyers built for the Republic of Korean Navy. She was the third Aegis-built ship of the service and was named after a scholar-official of the Joseon Dynasty of Korea, Seoae Ryu Seong-ryong.

Aegis Combat System
The Aegis Combat System is an American integrated naval weapons system, which uses computers and radars to track and guide weapons to destroy enemy targets. It was developed by the Missile and Surface Radar Division of RCA, and it is now produced by Lockheed Martin.

Initially used by the United States Navy, Aegis is now used also by the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force, Spanish Navy, Royal Norwegian Navy, Republic of Korea Navy, and Royal Australian Navy, and is planned for use by the Royal Canadian Navy. As of 2022, a total of 110 Aegis-equipped ships have been deployed, and 71 more are planned (see operators).

Aegis BMD (Ballistic Missile Defense) capabilities are being developed as part of the NATO missile defense system.
Faustin Habineza
Faustin Habineza (born 10 October 1959),  is a Rwandan mathematician, educator, and politician.

Habineza is a Senator of Northern province in Parliament of Rwanda since September 2019. Previously, he served in education as a lecturer for various local universities such as former Kigali Institute of Education now University of Rwanda, College of Education and INES-Ruhengeri.

From 2011 to 2016 Habineza was deputy chairperson of Kigali city council. And he also served as chairperson of Burera District council from March 2016 to October 2019.

Northern Province, Rwanda
Northern Province (Kinyarwanda: Intara y'Amajyaruguru; French: Province du Nord; Dutch: Noordelijke Provincie) is one of Rwanda's five provinces. It was created in early January 2006 as part of a government decentralization program that re-organized the country's local government structures.

Northern Province comprises most of the former provinces of Ruhengeri and Byumba, along with northern portions of Kigali Rural. It is divided into the districts of Burera, Gicumbi, Gakenke, Musanze, and Rulindo.

The capital city of Northern Province is Musanze.

The province's official languages are English, French and Kinyarwanda.

The governor, appointed by presidential decree, is currently Hon. Maurice MUGABOWAGAHUNDE.

The preceding governors of Northern province were Dancilla Nyirarugero, Gatabazi Jean Marie Vianney, Claude Musabyimana, Bosenibamwe Aimée, Boniface Rucagu,  formerly governor of Ruhengeri Province.
Epic Aircraft
Epic Aircraft is a general aviation aircraft manufacturer headquartered in Bend, Oregon. The company produces the Epic E1000 AX single engine turboprop design.

Founded in 2004, the company initially manufactured and sold kits for the Epic LT. 
Epic went through bankruptcy in 2009, before being purchased by Russian businessman Vladislav Filev of S7 Airlines in 2012. Filev and his family owned the company through Cyprus-based MVF Key Investments Ltd until 2024, when Tanya Eves purchased a majority share in the company.

In 2013, Epic stopped taking orders for LT kits to concentrate on the certification of the E1000, which is based upon the LT. The E1000's FAA certification was completed in November 2019.

Type certificate
A type certificate signifies the airworthiness of a particular category of aircraft, according to its manufacturing design (type design). Certification confirms that the aircraft of a new type intended for serial production is in compliance with applicable airworthiness requirements established by the national air law.

For up to three seats, primary category aircraft certification costs around US$1 million, US$25 million for a general aviation aircraft and hundreds of millions of dollars for a commercial aircraft; certification delays can cost millions of dollars and can decide a program's profitability.
Woodson Law Office
The Woodson Law Office is a structure within the Appomattox Court House National Historical Park. It was originally built by Samuel McDearmon in 1854 and rented by Woodson for his law office until he purchased it a couple of years later. It is a small structure and was built next to the main general store of Appomattox (then called Clover Hill).

The one room structure is historically significant to the Appomattox Court House National Historical Park and was registered in the National Park Service's database of Official Structures on June 26, 1989.

Samuel D. McDearmon
Samuel Daniel McDearmon (1815–1871), also known as Samuel D. McDearmon, was a Confederate army officer during the American Civil War. He held a number of political and government offices, and played a significant role in the development of Appomattox and Appomattox Court House, Virginia.
Battle of Bagdad
The Battle of Bagdad took place on 4 January 1866, in the town of Bagdad in Matamoros,  Tamaulipas, Mexico, between the Mexican army of the Republic against the army of the Second French and Mexican Empire.

Bagdad, Tamaulipas
Bagdad was a town established in 1848 on the south bank of the mouth of the Rio Grande, in Mexico. Because the town was inside the municipality of Matamoros, Tamaulipas, it was also known as the Port of Bagdad or the Port of Matamoros. It was officially declared non-existent in 1880.
WPBL Boston
WPBL Boston is an upcoming professional women's baseball team based in Boston, Massachusetts, that will compete in the Women's Pro Baseball League (WPBL). The team's main color is green, with a color scheme similar to that of Boston Legacy FC and the Boston Fleet. It is one of the four inaugural teams of the WPBL, alongside New York, San Francisco, and Los Angeles.

Boston Legacy FC
Boston Legacy FC is an American professional soccer team based in the Greater Boston area that competes in the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL). Joining in 2026, its home ground will be at a renovated White Stadium, though the club plans to play its inaugural season at Gillette Stadium in Foxborough, Massachusetts, during its redevelopment.
Cimarron-class fleet replenishment oiler
The Cimarron class was a class of five replenishment oilers which served in the United States Navy between 1981 and 1999. These ships were sized to provide two complete refuelings of a fossil-fueled aircraft carrier and six to eight accompanying destroyers. All five of the class were jumboized in 1990-92 by being cut in two and a 108-foot (35.7 m) section inserted, increasing their capacities from 120,000 bbls to 180,000 bbls, adding capacity for 300 tons of munitions and improving underway replenishment capabilities. The class was retired in 1998-99 after less than 20 years of service as a result of post-Cold War force reductions, and the advent of the more economical diesel-powered Henry J. Kaiser-class replenishment oilers.

Replenishment oiler
A replenishment oiler or replenishment tanker is a naval auxiliary ship with fuel tanks and dry cargo holds which can supply both fuel and dry stores during underway replenishment (UNREP) at sea. Many countries have used replenishment oilers.

The United States Navy's hull classification symbol for this type of ship was 'AOR' (Auxiliary Oil Replenishment). Replenishment oilers are slower and carry fewer dry stores than the US Navy's modern fast combat support ships, which carry the classification 'AOE'. In 2020 the US Navy began to develop a new type of ship, the 'AOL' or light replenishment oiler; construction of the first is planned for 2026.