hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
James Daniel Gardner
James Daniel Gardner, also spelled as Gardiner (September 16, 1839 – September 29, 1905), was an African American Union Army soldier during the American Civil War and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor, for his actions at the Battle of Chaffin's Farm.

Battle of Chaffin's Farm
The Battle of Chaffin's Farm and New Market Heights, also known as Laurel Hill and combats at Forts Harrison, Johnson, and Gilmer, was fought in Virginia on September 29–30, 1864, as part of the siege of Petersburg in the American Civil War.
Neutron moderator
In nuclear engineering, a neutron moderator is a medium that reduces the speed of fast neutrons, ideally without capturing any, leaving them as thermal neutrons with only minimal (thermal) kinetic energy. These thermal neutrons are immensely more susceptible than fast neutrons to propagate a nuclear chain reaction of uranium-235 or other fissile isotope by colliding with their atomic nucleus.

Water (sometimes called "light water" in this context) is the most commonly used moderator (roughly 75% of the world's reactors). Solid graphite (20% of reactors) and heavy water (5% of reactors) are the main alternatives. Beryllium has also been used in some experimental types, and hydrocarbons have been suggested as another possibility.

Research reactor
Research reactors are nuclear fission-based nuclear reactors that serve primarily as a neutron source. They are also called non-power reactors, in contrast to power reactors that are used for electricity production, heat generation, or maritime propulsion.
Miyu Amasaki
Miyu Matsuda (松田 光由, Matsuda Miyu; born April 25, 2002), better known by her ring name Miyu Amasaki (天咲 光由, Amasaki Miyu) is a Japanese professional wrestler. She is signed to World Wonder Ring Stardom where she is a member of Neo Genesis and a former Future of Stardom Champion.

Oedo Tai
Oedo Tai (大江戸隊, Ōedo-tai; stylized OEDotai, also known as "Oedo Corps" in Japanese) was a villainous professional wrestling stable mainly performing in the Japanese professional wrestling promotion World Wonder Ring Stardom and the Japanese independent scene between 2015 and 2024.
Sandyhills
Sandyhills is an area of the Scottish city of Glasgow. It is situated north of the River Clyde and has fallen within the Shettleston ward of Glasgow City Council since 2007.

The area is bordered by Shettleston to the west, Barrachnie (part of Baillieston) to the east, Mount Vernon to the south-east and Tollcross to the south-west; it is separated from Springboig to the north-west and Barlanark to the north-east by the North Clyde Line railway. A golf course bearing the Sandyhills name forms much of the southern boundary.  Most of the area's streets are named after towns and villages in Perthshire.

Shettleston (ward)
Shettleston (Ward 19) is one of the 23 wards of Glasgow City Council. Since its creation in 2007 it has returned four council members, using the single transferable vote system; the boundaries have not changed since it was formed.
Idlewild and Soak Zone
Idlewild and Soak Zone, also known as Idlewild Park or simply Idlewild, is an amusement park in the Laurel Highlands near Ligonier, Pennsylvania, about 50 miles (80 km) east of Pittsburgh. It has won several awards, including from industry publication Amusement Today, as the best children's park in the world.

Mellon family
The Mellon family is a wealthy and influential American family from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The family includes Andrew Mellon, one of the longest serving U.S. Treasury Secretaries, while other members worked in the judicial, banking, financial, business, and political professions. Other notable figures include the prominent banker R.B. Mellon and his son R.K. Mellon, who provided funding and leadership for the first Pittsburgh Renaissance.
Until We Meet Again (1952 film)
Until We Meet Again (German: Bis wir uns wiedersehn) is a 1952 West German romantic drama film directed by Gustav Ucicky and starring Maria Schell, O. W. Fischer, and Karl Ludwig Diehl. It was shot at the Göttingen Studios and on location at Lake Como, Slough in England, Guatemala and Zweibrücken. The film's sets were designed by the art directors Hans Ledersteger and Ernst Richter.

O. W. Fischer
Otto Wilhelm Fischer (German: O. W. Fischer, pronounced [oː veː ˈfɪʃɐ] ⓘ; 1 April 1915 – 29 January 2004) was an Austrian film and theatre actor, a leading man of West German cinema during the Wirtschaftswunder era of the 1950s and 1960s.
Yi Sam-pyeong
Kanagae Sanbee (金ヶ江三兵衛) or Yi Sam-pyeong  was a Japanese potter who is believed to have moved from Korea. He is often considered the father of Arita ware porcelain, although this narrative is today questioned by historians. He is honored at Sueyama Shrine in Arita as the father of Arita ware.

Arita ware
Arita ware (Japanese: 有田焼, Hepburn: Arita-yaki) is a broad term for Japanese porcelain made in the area around the town of Arita, in the former Hizen Province, northwestern Kyūshū island. It is also known as Hizen ware (肥前焼, Hizen-yaki) after the wider area of the province.  This was the  area where the great majority of early Japanese porcelain, especially Japanese export porcelain, was made.

In English usage "Arita ware" was traditionally used for the export wares in blue and white porcelain, mostly copying Chinese styles.  The wares with added overglaze colours were called Imari ware or (a sub-group) Kakiemon.  It is now recognized that the same kilns often made more than one of these types, and "Arita ware" is more often used as a term for all of them.  The brightly coloured Kutani ware is another type that is now recognised as coming from around Arita as well as the Kutani itself, and "Kutani-type" is used as a stylistic description.
Nortonville, California
37°57′28″N 121°52′50″W﻿ / ﻿37.95778°N 121.88056°W﻿ / 37.95778; -121.88056

Nortonville was an unincorporated town in eastern Contra Costa County, California that is now considered a ghost town. It was one of five towns established within the Mount Diablo Coalfield, along with Somersville, Stewartville, Judsonville, and West Hartley. Nortonville was established in 1861 by Noah Norton. The town's population rapidly rose due to the opening of the nearby Black Diamond Mine, which attracted coal miners and their families. Activity peaked in 1882, after which the local coal mines closed down and the town quickly became deserted. The former town site is located on Nortonville Road and Black Diamond Trail, just south of the city of Pittsburg. The town site is now part of the Black Diamond Mines Regional Preserve, managed by the East Bay Regional Park District.

Contra Costa County, California
Contra Costa County (/ˌkɒntrə ˈkɒstə/ ⓘ; Contra Costa, Spanish for 'Opposite Coast') is a county located in the U.S. state of California, in the East Bay of the San Francisco Bay Area. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 1,165,927. The county seat is Martinez. It occupies the northern portion of the East Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area and is primarily suburban. The county's name refers to its position on the other side of the bay from San Francisco. Contra Costa County is included in the San Francisco–Oakland–Berkeley, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Newnham, Bedford
Newnham is an electoral ward and area within the town of Bedford, Bedfordshire, England.

The boundaries of Newnham are approximately Goldington Road to the north, the River Great Ouse to the south and east, with Denmark Street and George Street to the west.

The Riverfield housing estate, and Bedford's Priory Country Park and Marina are within the boundaries of Newnham ward as well as a number of other key facilities for Bedford town. After boundary changes in 2011, the Newnham area also includes the western section of the Castle Road neighbourhood.

Bedford
Bedford is a market town in Bedfordshire, England. At the 2021 Census, the population of its urban area was 167,446. Bedford is the county town of Bedfordshire and seat of the Borough of Bedford local government district.

Bedford was founded at a ford on the River Great Ouse and is thought to have been the burial place of King Offa of Mercia, who is remembered for building Offa's Dyke on the Welsh border. Bedford Castle was built by Henry I, although it was destroyed in 1224. Bedford was granted borough status in 1166 and has been represented in Parliament since 1265. It is known for its large population of Italian descent.
Personal liberty laws
In the context of slavery in the United States, the personal liberty laws were laws passed by several U.S. states in the North to counter the Fugitive Slave Acts of 1793 and 1850.  Different laws did this in different ways, including allowing jury trials for escaped slaves and forbidding state authorities from cooperating in their capture and return.  States with personal liberty laws included Connecticut, Massachusetts, Michigan, Maine, New Hampshire, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and Vermont.

Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
The Fugitive Slave Act or Fugitive Slave Law was a statute passed by the 31st United States Congress on September 18, 1850, as part of the Compromise of 1850 between Southern interests in slavery and Northern Free-Soilers.

The Act was one of the most controversial elements of the 1850 compromise and heightened Northern fears of a slave power conspiracy. It required that all escaped slaves, upon capture, be returned to the slave-owner and that officials and citizens of free states had to cooperate. The Act contributed to the growing polarization of the country over the issue of slavery. It was one of the factors that led to the founding of the Republican Party and the start of the American Civil War.
Glenn Branch
Glenn Branch is the deputy director of the National Center for Science Education. He is a prominent critic of creationism and intelligent design and an activist against campaigns of suppressing teaching of evolution and climate change in school education. He is also a fellow with the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry.

Committee for Skeptical Inquiry
The Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI), formerly known as the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal (CSICOP), is a program within the U.S. non-profit organization Center for Inquiry (CFI), which seeks to "promote scientific inquiry, critical investigation, and the use of reason in examining controversial and extraordinary claims." Paul Kurtz proposed the establishment of CSICOP in 1976 as an independent non-profit organization (before merging with CFI as one of its programs in 2015), to counter what he regarded as an uncritical acceptance of, and support for, paranormal claims by both the media and society in general. Its philosophical position is one of scientific skepticism. CSI's fellows have included notable scientists, Nobel laureates, philosophers, psychologists, educators, and authors. It is headquartered in Amherst, New York.
Margaret Agnes Paul
Margaret Agnes Paul (18 July 1829 – 30 March 1905) was a Scottish novelist.

Margaret Agnes Colvile was born on 18 July 1829, one of sixteen children of Andrew Colvile, a governor of the Hudson's Bay Company, and Mary Louisa Eden, daughter of William Eden, 1st Baron Auckland.  Her siblings included James William Colvile, a judge in colonial India; Eden Colvile, Governor of Rupert's Land and the Hudson's Bay Company; Isabella Colville, mother of football pioneer Francis Marindin; and Georgiana Mary, Baroness Blatchford.

In 1856, she married clergyman and religious author Charles Kegan Paul. They had five children, including authors and translators Eden Paul and Nancy Margaret Paul.

Her writing career began before her marriage.  She was the author of a dozen anonymously published romances.  When her husband worked for and later purchased the publishing firm Henry S. King & Co., renamed C. Kegan Paul & Co, she published her novels through them.

Charles Kegan Paul
Charles Kegan Paul (8 March 1828 – 19 July 1902), usually known as Kegan Paul, was an English author, publisher and former Anglican cleric. He began his adult life as a priest of the Church of England and held various ministry positions for more than 20 years. His religious orientation moved from the orthodoxy of the Church of England to first Agnosticism, then Positivism and finally Roman Catholicism.
Glossary of nautical terms (M–Z)
This glossary of nautical terms is an alphabetical listing of terms and expressions connected with ships, shipping, seamanship and navigation on water (mostly though not necessarily on the sea). Some remain current, while many date from the 17th to 19th centuries. The word nautical derives from the Latin nauticus, from Greek nautikos, from nautēs: "sailor", from naus: "ship".

Further information on nautical terminology may also be found at Nautical metaphors in English, and additional military terms are listed in the Multiservice tactical brevity code article. Terms used in other fields associated with bodies of water can be found at Glossary of fishery terms, Glossary of underwater diving terminology, Glossary of rowing terms, and Glossary of meteorology.

Ship
A ship  is a large watercraft designed for travel across the surface of a body of water, carrying cargo or passengers, or in support of specialized tasks such as warfare, oceanography and fishing. Ships are generally distinguished from boats, based on size, shape, load capacity and purpose. Ships have supported exploration, trade, warfare, migration, colonization, and science. Ship transport is responsible for the largest portion of world commerce.

The word ship has meant, depending on era and context, either simply a large vessel or specifically a full-rigged ship with three or more masts, each of which is square rigged.

The earliest historical evidence of boats is found in Egypt during the 4th millennium BC. In 2024, ships had a global cargo capacity of 2.4 billion tons, with the three largest classes being ships carrying dry bulk (43%), oil tankers (28%) and container ships (14%).
Zhao Cui
Zhao Cui (Chinese: 趙衰), also known by his posthumous name as the Viscount Cheng of Zhao (Chinese: 趙成子), also known as Chengji (成季), was leader of the Zhao clan in the Jin state from 636 BC to 622 BC. He served as dafu (大夫) during the reign of Duke Wen of Jin.

Duke Wen of Jin was exiled due to the Li Ji Unrest prior to taking the Jin throne. Zhao Cui had always accompanied Duke Wen of Jin during this period. In the Qin state, they received the assistance of Duke Mu of Qin.

After Duke Wen of Jin's death, he served Duke Xiang of Jin and participated in the Battle of Pengya. The Jin army defeated the Qin army in this battle.

Li Ji Unrest
The Li Ji Unrest or Rebellion (657–651 BCE) was a series of events that took place in the State of Jin during the Spring and Autumn period of ancient China, caused by Li Ji, the concubine of Duke Xian of Jin, in order to put her son Xiqi onto the throne of Jin.
Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics
The Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics is a peer-reviewed academic journal published by SAGE Publications on behalf of the American Educational Research Association and American Statistical Association. It covers statistical methods and applied statistics in the educational and behavioral sciences. The journal was established in 1976 as the Journal of Educational Statistics and obtained its current name in 1994. The journal's editors are Steven Andrew Culpepper (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) and Gongjun Xu (University of Michigan).

American Statistical Association
The American Statistical Association (ASA) is the main professional organization for statisticians and related professionals in the United States. It was founded in Boston, Massachusetts, on November 27, 1839, and is the second-oldest continuously operating professional society in the U.S. behind the Massachusetts Medical Society (founded in 1781). ASA services statisticians, quantitative scientists, and users of statistics across many academic areas and applications. The association publishes a variety of journals and sponsors several international conferences every year.
Louis de La Couldre de La Bretonnière
Louis Jean de la Couldre, Comte de La Bretonnière, 6/8 July 1741, to 25 November 1809, was a French naval officer and engineer, who designed Cherbourg Harbour.

He was born at Château de la Bretonnière, Marchésieux, and died in Paris.

Cherbourg Harbour
49°39′33″N 1°36′42″W﻿ / ﻿49.659072°N 1.611729°W﻿ / 49.659072; -1.611729

Cherbourg Harbour (French: rade de Cherbourg; literally, the "roadstead of Cherbourg") is a harbour situated at the northern end of the Cotentin Peninsula, on the English Channel coastline, in Normandy, northwestern France. With a surface area of 1,500 hectares, it is the second largest artificial harbour in the world, after the 4,500 hectare Ras Laffan Harbour in Qatar. As well as Cherbourg Naval Base, it has been used for mercantile shipping.

It was begun in 1783, with its central harbour breakwater completed in 1853 – this was 3.64 km long, an average of 100 m wide at its base and an average of 12 m wide at its top, and sited 4 km from the coast. Three forts were added to its central wall in 1860. This and the two other breakwaters stretch for more than 6 km. The eastern opening into the harbour is 950 m wide and the western one 2.3 km wide. The harbour's maximum depth is 13 m at low tide.
Kondō Isami
Kondō Isami (近藤 勇; November 9, 1834 – May 17, 1868) was a Japanese swordsman and samurai of the late Edo period. He was the fourth generation master of Tennen Rishin-ryū and was famed for his role as commander of the Shinsengumi.

Chōfu
Chōfu (調布市, Chōfu-shi) is a city in the western side of Tokyo Metropolis, Japan. As of 1 April 2021, the city had an estimated population of 238,087, and a population density of 11,000 per km2. the total area of the city is 21.58 square kilometres (8.33 sq mi).
The Passing Show
The Passing Show was a musical revue in three acts, billed as a "topical extravaganza", with a book and lyrics by Sydney Rosenfeld and music by Ludwig Engländer and various other composers.  It featured spoofs of theatrical productions of the past season.  The show was presented in 1894 by George Lederer at the Casino Theatre. It was one of the first musical revues on Broadway and led the fashion for such productions.  The Casino Theatre produced a revue each summer thereafter for several seasons.

In 1912, Lee and Jacob J. Shubert began an annual series of elaborate Broadway revues using the name The Passing Show of 19XX, designed to compete with the popular Ziegfeld Follies.

Ludwig Engländer
Ludwig Engländer (October 20, 1853 Vienna, Austrian Empire – September 13, 1914) was an Austrian Empire-born American composer of more than 30 musicals.

He was born in Vienna, Austrian Empire.  According to his obituary in The New York Times, he had studied with Jacques Offenbach.  He immigrated to New York City on October 13, 1882, and became a naturalized American citizen on February 13, 1891.

By the 1890s Engländer was composing prolifically, either for the New York stage, or popular songs (many of which were interpolated into various other productions including A Trip to Chinatown. Already by 1903 he had come in for criticism of his Teutonic sound. Perhaps for that reason he occasionally returned to Vienna near the end of his life to write musicals for that audience. The year before he died he is listed as having residence in Vienna.

At the time of his death he was living in Far Rockaway, Queens, with his sister.
Oxton, Kenton
Oxton in the parish of Kenton in South Devon is a historic estate long held by the Martyn family, a junior branch of the Norman family of FitzMartin, feudal barons of Barnstaple.

Oxton House is a Grade II listed building. The park and gardens are Grade II listed in the National Register of Historic Parks and Gardens.

High Sheriff of Devon
The High Sheriff of Devon is the Kings's representative for the County of Devon, a territory known as his/her bailiwick. Selected from three nominated people, they hold the office for one year. They have judicial, ceremonial and administrative functions and execute High Court Writs. The title was historically "Sheriff of Devon", but changed in 1974 to "High Sheriff of Devon".
Craig-cefn-parc
Craig-cefn-parc is a village near Clydach, outside Swansea, Wales. It falls within the Mawr ward of Swansea. The name means "park ridge rock". Cwm Clydach RSPB nature reserve is located at the south of the village, near the New Inn Public House, at the boundary between Craig-cefn-parc and Clydach. 
Craig-cefn-parc is famous for its mining history with several large drift mines employing hundreds of men. In the heart of the Lower Clydach River (Cwm Clydach nature reserve) are some of the old coal houses, there is also a coal tram located in the centre of the village to commemorate its mining history. Craig Cefn Parc school was closed in 2019. A small memorial garden was created lower down in the village for a place to reflect and sit for a while. 
The village has a small store, a community building and playing fields. In 2020 funding was obtained for a children's park and play area.

Mawr
Mawr is a community (and former electoral ward) of the City and County of Swansea, in south Wales, U.K.  Mawr has its own elected community council. Its name simply means "large", and it was given the name because it was the largest piece of land in the former parish of Llangyfelach.
Terrible (label)
Terrible (formerly Terrible Records) is a Los Angeles-based record label and artist management company founded by Chris Taylor and Ethan Silverman in 2009. Originally based in Brooklyn, New York, the label operated as a joint venture imprint of XL Recordings and Beggars Group respectively. It was distributed by Universal Music Group. After a short stint as a imprint with Interscope, Terrible Records is now distributed independently via Stem Distribution. Over the past 4 years Ethan Silverman's focus shifted toward management. His current management roster includes Claud, Sir Chloe, Petey, Exum, The Slaps, Mila Degray, Kali, Liam Benzvi and more.

The label was created in an attempt to spend more time working with and giving exposure to upcoming artists through the release of a number of 7" and 10" EPs. Taylor also released his own solo material (under the moniker CANT) on the label. His solo debut album, Dreams Come True was released on September 13, 2011, via Terrible.

Twin Shadow
George William Lewis Jr. (born March 30, 1983), better known by his stage name Twin Shadow, is a Dominican-born American musician, producer, and actor. He has released seven studio albums to date: Forget (2010), Confess (2012), Eclipse (2015), Caer (2018), Twin Shadow (2021), Georgie (2025), and Cadet (2025).
New York Graphic
The New York Evening Graphic was a tabloid newspaper published from 1924 to 1932 by Macfadden Publications. Exploitative and mendacious in its short life, the Graphic exemplified tabloid journalism and launched the careers of Walter Winchell, Louis Sobol, and sportswriter-turned-columnist and television host Ed Sullivan.

Louis Sobol
Louis Sobol (August 10, 1896 – February 9, 1986) was a journalist, Broadway gossip columnist, and radio host. Sobol wrote for Hearst newspapers for forty years, and was considered one of the country's most popular columnists. Sobol wrote about celebrities during the years when well-known columnists themselves became celebrities.