hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Yukawa coupling
In particle physics, the Yukawa coupling or Yukawa interaction, named after Hideki Yukawa, is an interaction between particles according to the Yukawa potential. Specifically, it is between a scalar field (or pseudoscalar field)  and a Dirac field  of the type

The Yukawa coupling was developed to model the strong force between hadrons. Yukawa couplings are thus used to describe the nuclear force between nucleons mediated by pions (which are pseudoscalar mesons).

Yukawa couplings are also used in the Standard Model to describe the coupling between the Higgs field and massless quark and lepton fields (i.e., the fundamental fermion particles). Through spontaneous symmetry breaking, these fermions acquire a mass proportional to the vacuum expectation value of the Higgs field. This Higgs–fermion coupling was first described by Steven Weinberg in 1967 to model lepton masses.

Scalar field theory
In theoretical physics, scalar field theory can refer to a relativistically invariant classical or quantum theory of scalar fields. A scalar field is invariant under any Lorentz transformation.

The only fundamental scalar quantum field that has been observed in nature is the Higgs field. However, scalar quantum fields feature in the effective field theory descriptions of many physical phenomena.  An example is the pion, which is actually a pseudoscalar.

Since they do not involve polarization complications, scalar fields are often the easiest to appreciate second quantization through.  For this reason, scalar field theories are  often used for purposes of introduction of novel concepts and techniques.

The signature of the metric employed below is (+ − − −).
Sibling
A sibling is a relative that shares at least one parent with the other person. A male sibling is a brother, and a female sibling is a sister. A person with no siblings is an only child.

While some circumstances can cause siblings to be raised separately (such as foster care or adoption), most societies have siblings grow up together. This causes the development of strong emotional bonds, with siblinghood considered a unique type of relationship. The emotional bond between siblings is often complicated and is influenced by factors such as parental treatment, birth order, personality, and personal experiences outside the family.

Medically, a full-sibling is a first-degree relative and a half-sibling is a second-degree relative as they are related by 50% and 25%, respectively.

Adoption
Adoption is a process whereby a person assumes the parenting of another, usually a child, from that person's biological or legal parent or parents. Legal adoptions permanently transfer all rights and responsibilities, along with filiation, from the biological parents to the adoptive parents.

Unlike guardianship or other systems designed for the care of the young, adoption is intended to effect a permanent change in status and as such requires societal recognition, either through legal or religious sanction. Historically, some societies have enacted specific laws governing adoption, while others used less formal means (notably contracts that specified inheritance rights and parental responsibilities without an accompanying transfer of filiation). Modern systems of adoption, arising in the 20th century, tend to be governed by comprehensive statutes and regulations.
Khúc clan
The Khúc family or Khúc clan (Vietnamese: Họ Khúc, chữ Nôm: 𣱆曲, Vietnamese: Khúc gia, chữ Hán: 曲家; Chinese: 曲家) was a succession of native leaders who ruled over Tĩnh Hải quân during the late Tang dynasty until the Five Dynasties period.

The Chinese Tang dynasty took control of the region of Jiaozhi (Giao Châu; roughly corresponding to the area of the modern Red River Delta) in 621 from the preceding Sui dynasty. Later, the Tang dynasty established 12 provinces and 59 districts under the Protectorate of Annan. Effective control exercised by the Tang dynasty lasted until the 10th century, when Khúc Thừa Dụ took over as jiedushi in 905. By 906 an autonomous region in Vietnam was established under the Khúc clan in Tống Bình (near modern-day Hanoi), paving the way for total Vietnamese independence from China under Đinh Bộ Lĩnh.

Jiaozhi
Jiaozhi (standard Chinese, pinyin: Jiāozhǐ, Vietnamese: Giao Chỉ), was a historical region ruled by various Chinese dynasties, corresponding to present-day northern Vietnam. The kingdom of Nanyue (204–111 BC) set up the Jiaozhi Commandery (Chinese: 交趾郡, 交阯郡; Vietnamese: Quận Giao Chỉ, chữ Hán: 郡交趾) an administrative division centered in the Red River Delta that existed through Vietnam's first and second periods of Chinese rule. During the Han dynasty, the commandery was part of a province of the same name (later renamed to Jiaozhou) that covered modern-day northern and central Vietnam as well as Guangdong and Guangxi in southern China. In 679 AD, Jiaozhi was absorbed into the Annan Protectorate established by the Tang dynasty. Afterwards, official use of the name Jiaozhi was superseded by "Annan" (Annam) and other names of Vietnam, except during the brief fourth period of Chinese rule when the Ming dynasty administered Vietnam as the Jiaozhi Province.
Mungo Murray, 7th Earl of Mansfield
Mungo David Malcolm Murray, 7th Earl of Mansfield, 6th Earl of Mansfield FLS FZS FSAScot FRHS JP DL (9 August 1900 – 2 September 1971), styled Lord Scone from 1906 to 1935, was a Scottish Unionist Party politician.

Zoological Society of London
The Zoological Society of London (ZSL) is a charity and organization devoted to the worldwide conservation of animals and their habitats. It was founded in 1826. Since 1828, it has maintained London Zoo, and since 1931 Whipsnade Zoo.
Punjab Auqaf and Religious Affairs Department
Auqaf and Religious Affairs Department is a department of Government of Punjab, Pakistan. It handles the administration of 534 shrines, 534 masjids, 76,625 acres of land, 1,403 commercial/domestic properties, 2,789 employees, runs a 120-bed hospital at Data Darbar, 16 dispensaries in Punjab, organizes 11 zones, and acts as a liaison between the Auqaf Organisation and Punjab government. The Auqaf & Religious Department is headed by the Secretary Auqaf & Religious Affairs who is assisted by an Additional Secretary and Deputy Secretary.

The department is governed under the (i) Music in Muslim Shrines Act, 1942, (ii) Punjab Waqf Properties Ordinance, 1979., (iii) Punjab Pakistan Waqf Properties (Accounts) Rules, 1982, (iv) Punjab Waqf Properties (Administration) Rules, 2002 and (v) The Punjab Publication of Holy Quran (Elimination of Printing and Recording Errors) Act, 2010.

Dargah
A Sufi shrine or dargah is a shrine or tomb built over the grave of a revered religious figure, often a Sufi saint or dervish. Sufis often visit the shrine for ziyarat, a term associated with religious visitation and pilgrimages. Dargahs are often associated with Sufi eating and meeting rooms and hostels, called khanqah or hospices. They usually include a mosque, meeting rooms, Islamic religious schools (madrasas), residences for a teacher or caretaker, hospitals, and other buildings for community purposes.
Fuminori Nakamura
Fuminori Nakamura (中村 文則, Nakamura Fuminori; born 2 September 1977) is the pseudonym of a Japanese author.  Nakamura came to international attention when he won the 2010 Kenzaburō Ōe Prize for his novel, The Thief (掏摸, "Pickpocket"). The English translation of the novel was well received.

Ōe Kenzaburō Prize
The Kenzaburō Ōe Prize (大江健三郎賞) was a Japanese literary award sponsored by Kodansha (講談社) and established in 2006 to commemorate both the 100th anniversary of Kodansha's establishment and 50th anniversary of the writing life of Kenzaburō Ōe (大江健三郎). The award was for Japanese literary novels published in the previous year, with the winning work selected solely by Ōe. The winner received no cash award, but several winning works were translated into other languages, such as English, French and German, for publication. Kenzaburō Ōe had an open conversation with each winner. The final prize was awarded in 2014, and the collected selection commentary and dialogues were reprinted in a single volume published by Kodansha in 2018.
SS Russian (1895)
SS Russian was a British cargo liner that was launched in Ireland in 1895 as Victorian. In her first few years she carried cattle from Boston to Liverpool. From 1903 she carried cattle from New York to Liverpool. From 1908 she traded between the Gulf Coast of the United States and Liverpool. Leyland Line owned her throughout her career, but White Star Line managed her from 1903. She was renamed Russian in 1914.

In the Second Boer War she took troops and horses to and from South Africa. In the First World War she took mules from Virginia to Egypt. A U-boat sank her in the Mediterranean in 1916.

Leyland Line
The Leyland Line was a British shipping transport line founded in 1873 by Frederick Richards Leyland after his apprenticeship in the firm of John Bibby, Sons & Co. After Frederick Leyland's death, the company was taken over by Sir John Ellerman in 1892. In 1902, the company was bought by the International Mercantile Marine Company and a portion of its fleet was withdrawn from service and transferred to the Ellerman Lines. The company was liquidated in 1935 after a period of declining influence due to the Great Depression.
Jaban al-Kurdi
Abū Maymūn Jābān al-Kurdī (Arabic: أبو ميمون جابان الكردي, Kurdish: Cabanê Kurdî, Sorani Kurdish: جابانی کوردی or کابانی کوردی, romanized: Cabanî Kurdî or Kabanî Kurdî), also referred to as Jaban Sahabi (Arabic: جابان صَحَابِيٌّ, romanized: Jābān Ṣaḥābiyy, lit. 'Jaban the Companion'), was a reputed companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Jābān was of Kurdish ethnicity.

Not much is known about his life. The early Islamic scholar Abu Nu'aym al-Isfahani mentions Jaban in Ma`rifat al-Sahâba wa Fadâ'ilihim. Jābān's status as a companion is also mentioned twice in Ibn al-Athir's book Usd al-ghabah fi marifat al-Saḥabah. He was also known to have narrated 10 prophetic ahadith, according to Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani in the book Al-Isabah fi tamyiz al Sahabah. The book Takmilah al-Ikmal by Ibn Nuqtah also mentions him.

Ibn al-Athir
Abū al-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad ash-Shaybānī, better known as ʿAlī ʿIzz ad-Dīn Ibn al-Athīr al-Jazarī (Arabic: علي عز الدین بن الاثیر الجزري; 1160–1233) was a Hadith expert, historian, and biographer of Arab descent who wrote in Arabic and was from the Ibn Athir family. At the age of 21, he settled with his father in Mosul to continue his studies, devoting himself to the study of history and Islamic tradition.
De Perier family
The de Perier family is a French lineage of naval and infantry officers from Le Havre in France. From the 17th century onwards, there were two branches, of which only the elder survives.

Notable members include Étienne de Perier (1686-1766), colonial governor of French Louisiana, grand-croix of Saint Louis and lieutenant général des armées navales; Antoine Alexis de Perier de Salvert (1691-1757) chef d'escadre, commander of Saint Louis, director of the Dépôt des cartes et plans de la Marine; Pierre-Étienne de Perier (1893-1968), divisional general and Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour.

Order of Saint Louis
The Royal and Military Order of Saint Louis (French: ordre royal et militaire de Saint-Louis) is a dynastic order of chivalry founded 5 April  1693 by King Louis XIV, named after Saint Louis (King Louis IX of France). It was intended as a reward for exceptional officers, notable as the first decoration that could be granted to non-nobles. By the authorities of the French Republic, it is considered a predecessor of the Legion of Honour, with which it shares the red ribbon (though the Legion of Honour is awarded to military personnel and civilians alike).

Although officially abolished by the government authorities of the July Revolution in 1830 following the French Revolution, its activities carried on as a dynastic order of the formerly sovereign royal family. As such, it is still recognised by the International Commission on Orders of Chivalry.
Narinder Singh Raina
Narinder Singh Raina is an Indian politician from Jammu & Kashmir. He is a Member of the Jammu & Kashmir Legislative Assembly from 2024, representing Ranbir Singh Pora–Jammu South Assembly constituency as a Member of the Bharatiya Janta Party.

Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly
The Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly (Dogri: 𑠑𑠢𑠹𑠢𑠰 𑠙𑠳 𑠊𑠧𑠹𑠢𑠮𑠤 𑠊𑠺𑠝𑠰𑠝 𑠀𑠩𑠳𑠷𑠠𑠥𑠮 (in Dogri)); (Kashmiri: جۆم تہٕ کٔشیٖر مَجلِسہِ قۄنوٗن سٲزی (in Perso-Arabic), 𑆘𑆾𑇌𑆩𑇀 𑆠 𑆑𑆯𑆵𑆫𑇀 𑆩𑆘𑇀𑆬𑆴𑆱𑇀-𑆅 𑆑𑇊𑆾𑇋𑆳𑆤𑆷𑆤𑇀 𑆱𑆃𑆘𑇊𑆵 (in Sharada)) is the unicameral legislature of Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir. Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly is the legislative arm of the Government of Jammu and Kashmir. At present, it consists of 95 members, directly elected from 95 constituencies. The tenure of the Legislative Assembly is five years unless dissolved sooner.

Prior to 2019, the State of Jammu and Kashmir had a bicameral legislature with a legislative assembly (lower house) and a legislative council (upper house). The Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, passed by the Parliament of India in August 2019, replaced this with a unicameral legislature while also re-organising the state into a union territory. The current 13th assembly was elected in September and October 2024.
Theodore Yale Gardner
Reverend Theodore Yale Gardner (1841–1900) was an American Presbyterian and Congregationalist minister from Cleveland, Ohio. He was the first pastor of Glenville, Cleveland, and the Western Secretary of the American College and Education Society in Boston. He became the cofounder, along with Col. Ransom, of the Alpha Nu Chapter of the Beta Theta Pi at the University of Kansas, seated at John Palmer Usher's house.

Gardner was also one of the 28 members of the Presbyterian Club of Cleveland, along with Rev. Anson Smyth, founder of the Cleveland Public Library, and Rev. Carroll Cutler, president of Case Western Reserve University.

Glenville, Cleveland
Glenville is a neighborhood on the East Side of Cleveland, Ohio. To the north, it borders the streetcar suburb of Bratenahl, the Cleveland Memorial Shoreway, and the Lake Erie shore, encompassing the Cleveland Lakefront Nature Preserve. To the east, it borders the suburb of East Cleveland, and to the south, it borders the neighborhoods of Hough and University Circle. Glenville borders the Collinwood area to the northeast at East 134th Street, and St. Clair–Superior to the west at Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard and the Cleveland Cultural Gardens in Rockefeller Park.
Tierna Davidson
Tierna Lillis Davidson (/ˈtɪərnə/ TEER-nə; born September 19, 1998) is an American professional soccer player who plays as a center back for Gotham FC of the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL) and the United States national team.

Davidson played college soccer for the Stanford Cardinal, helping lead the team to the 2017 national championship and earning first-team All-American honors as a sophomore. After three years at Stanford, she was drafted first overall by the Chicago Red Stars in the 2019 NWSL College Draft. She spent five seasons with Chicago before signing with Gotham FC as a free agent in 2024.

Davidson made her international debut for the United States in 2018, winning U.S. Soccer Young Female Player of the Year. She was the youngest member of the squad that won the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup. She won the bronze medal at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics and the gold medal at the 2024 Paris Olympics.

Football at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament
The women's football tournament at the 2024 Summer Olympics was held from 25 July to 10 August 2024. It was the eighth edition of the women's Olympic football tournament. Together with the men's competition, the 2024 Summer Olympics football tournament was held at seven stadiums in seven cities in France.

The United States won a record-extending fifth gold medal, and their first since 2012, defeating Brazil 1–0 in the final, held at Parc des Princes in Paris.
Pete Giesen
Arthur Rossa "Pete" Giesen Jr. (August 8, 1932 – April 2, 2021) was an American politician and businessman, who represented (part time) a district in the Blue Ridge Mountains including Waynesboro, Virginia in the Virginia House of Delegates as a Republican for more than three decades.

Waynesboro, Virginia
Waynesboro (/ˈweɪnzbʌroʊ/; formerly Flack) is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia. It is one of two cities in the Staunton-Stuarts Draft Metropolitan Statistical Area, with Staunton being the largest. Waynesboro is located in the Shenandoah Valley and is surrounded by Augusta County. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 22,196.
Hochschule Furtwangen University
Furtwangen University (HFU) is a German University of applied science with its main location in Furtwangen im Schwarzwald, Baden-Württemberg, Germany and two more campuses in Villingen-Schwenningen and Tuttlingen. The HFU is part of the "International Lake Constance University Network" (IBH) as well as part of the Franco-German University (FGU).

It offers degree programmes in the health sciences, computer science, engineering, international business, digital media, business information systems and business administration and engineering.

Tuttlingen
Tuttlingen (German pronunciation: [ˈtʊtlɪŋən] ⓘ; Alemannic: Duttlinga) is a town in Baden-Württemberg, capital of the district Tuttlingen. Nendingen, Möhringen and Eßlingen are three former municipalities that belong to Tuttlingen. Tuttlingen is located in Swabia east of the Black Forest region in the Swabian Jura.
True South Geographical Union
The True South Geographical Union is the Geographical Union (GU) for rugby union teams playing in the Southern United States for USA Rugby.

True South Rugby Football Union is responsible for governing the following Local Area Unions (LAU's):

Deep South Rugby Football Union (DSRFU)

MidSouth Rugby Football Union (MSRFU)

Rugby union in the United States
Rugby union in the United States (almost always referred to as simply "Rugby") is played at youth, high school, college, amateur, professional, and international levels and governed by USA Rugby. There were over 125,000 players registered with USA Rugby as of 2016.  Over 2,500 rugby union clubs exist around the country, including those who are part of college rugby. Professional club competition has existed as Major League Rugby (MLR) since 2017.

An international competition, the USA Sevens is held every February at Dignity Health Sports Park in Los Angeles, draws over 60,000 fans, and is broadcast on Paramount+.  The U.S. national team hosts international matches every June, with an attendance of around 20,000.  Collegiately, the Collegiate Rugby Championship (CRC) is held every June at rotating venues, draws around 20,000 fans, and is broadcast on The Rugby Network.
Manish Khanna (air marshal)
Air Marshal Manish Khanna, UYSM, AVSM, VM is a serving officer of the Indian Air Force. He is currently serving as the Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Southern Air Command. He was previously serving as the Senior Air Staff Officer, South Western Air Command.

Southern Air Command (India)
The Southern Air Command (SAC) of the Indian Air Force (IAF) is headquartered in Thiruvananthapuram, which is on the southwestern side of India. This is one among the seven commands of IAF. This command was started on 19 July 1984 and is relatively new among the other commands. The conflicts in Sri Lanka and the need for establishing a strong base over the Indian Ocean resulted to the formation of this new command. The SAC was inaugurated by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.

From 1984 to 1999, the command grew from 5 lodger units to 17 lodger units under its jurisdiction. 
Air-sea rescue in the Indian Ocean may be among the command's tasks.
Satamkar
Satamkar (also Satamker) is a Bene Israel family who lived for centuries in Kolaba (now Raigad District) in the Konkan region, India. Most members moved to Israel from the 1960s through the 1980s; some have settled elsewhere in the world.

Raigad district
Raigad district (Marathi pronunciation: [ɾaːjɡəɖ]), previously Colaba district, is a district in the Konkan division of Maharashtra, India.
The headquarters of the district is Alibag.Raigad district is located in western part of Maharashtra.Other major cities in the district are Panvel, Karjat, Navi Mumbai, Khopoli, Shrivardhan and Mahad.
Syntrichia caninervis
Syntrichia caninervis, also known as steppe screw moss, is a desert moss species distributed throughout the world.  As an extremophile, it is able to withstand desiccation under dry conditions with little access to water and is commonly found in hypolithic communities.  It makes use of a novel adaptation to the desert environment to harvest and collect water sources such as dew, fog, snow, and rain, using tiny hairs instead of roots. In laboratory experiments, S. caninervis has shown the ability to survive in a simulated Martian environment.

Extremophile
An extremophile (from Latin  extremus 'extreme' and Ancient Greek  φιλία (philía) 'love') is an organism that is able to live (or in some cases thrive) in extreme environments, i.e., environments with conditions approaching or stretching the limits of what known life can adapt to, such as extreme temperature, pressure, radiation, salinity, or pH level.

Since the definition of an extreme environment is relative to an arbitrarily defined standard, often an anthropocentric one, these organisms can be considered ecologically dominant in the evolutionary history of the planet. Extremophiles have continued to thrive in the most extreme conditions, making them one of the most abundant lifeforms. The study of extremophiles has expanded human knowledge of the limits of life, and informs speculation about extraterrestrial life. Extremophiles are also of interest because of their potential for bioremediation of environments made hazardous to humans due to pollution or contamination.
Cox Sports Television
Cox Sports Television (a.k.a. CST; sometimes referred to as Cox Sports TV) was an American regional sports cable and satellite television channel owned by Cox Communications. The channel, which serves the Gulf South region of the United States, features a mix of professional, collegiate and high school sporting events. Cox Sports Television is headquartered in the New Orleans suburb of Metairie, Louisiana. The network shut down on October 31, 2021, with much of its sports content moving to Cox's YurView channels in the region.

YurView
YurView is a group of cable television networks featuring both national and local lifestyle and sports programming. The group of networks are owned by Cox Communications and are available exclusively to Cox subscribers.
Early California artists
Early California Artists are a subset of American Western artists, painting in the mid-to-late 19th century. Their styles varied from realistic representation to the imagined.

The Early California artists helped shape and create California in culture and politics. Some were members of early survey expeditions of the West, such as Thomas Ayres and Albert Bierstadt.  Their eyes, via their art, were the eyes through which the Easterners saw and imagined California and 'The West,' from the renowned early California artists Thomas Hill, William Keith, and Thomas Moran to the populist John Englehart.

John Englehart
John Englehart or Joseph John Englehart (1867–1915), was an American landscape painter who worked under a number of pseudonyms. Englehart was born on June 14, 1867, in Chicago, Illinois, and died on April 14, 1915, in Oakland, California.