hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
2011 Esso Cup
The 2011 Esso Cup was Canada's third annual national women's midget hockey championship, played April 17–23, 2011 at the Servus Credit Union Place in St. Albert, Alberta. The Notre Dame Hounds defeated the Edmonton Thunder 5-2 in the gold medal game to win their first Esso Cup title. Edmonton goaltender Morgan Glover was named the tournament's most valuable player.

Esso Cup
The Esso Cup is the Canadian national women's under-18 ice hockey club championship, sponsored by Esso. It is an annual event, sanctioned by Hockey Canada, that takes place each April.  The current champions are the Edmonton Jr. Oilers, who won the 2025 Esso Cup in Lloydminster, Alberta.
Elco Brinkman
Leendert Cornelis "Elco" Brinkman (born 5 February 1948) is a retired Dutch politician and businessman who served as Minister of Welfare, Health and Culture from 1982 to 1989 and Leader of the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) in 1994.

Leader of the Christian Democratic Appeal
The leader of the Christian Democratic Appeal is the most senior politician within the Christian Democratic Appeal (Dutch: Christen-Democratisch Appèl, CDA) in the Netherlands.The current leader has been Henri Bontenbal since 14 August 2023.
Dorchester and Delaware Railroad
The Dorchester and Delaware Railroad (D&DRR) was a railroad company that operated in the US state of Maryland from 1869 until 1883. It connected to the Delaware Railroad at the state line just west of Seaford, Delaware and ran to Cambridge, Maryland on the Chesapeake Bay.

In 1882 it went into receivership, and the next year it was purchased by the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad which moved it into the newly formed Cambridge and Seaford Railroad. It moved through several owners including the Delaware Railroad, the Pennsylvania Railroad, Penn Central and Conrail before finally coming into the ownership of the Maryland Department of Transportation where it became part of the "Cambridge Industrial Track". The track has been out of use for years, and the part in Cambridge has been abandoned/removed with a small section turned into the Cannery Park Rail Trail.

Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad
The Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad (PW&B) was an American railroad, headquartered in Philadelphia, that operated in Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland from 1836 to 1902. It was one of the four state-chartered railroads that merged in 1838 to create a single line between Philadelphia and Baltimore. Through purchases, leases, and other arrangements, it created a wider network of operations, including down the Delmarva Peninsula.

In 1881, the PW&B was purchased by the Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR), which was at the time the nation's largest railroad. In 1902, the PRR merged it into its Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington Railroad.

The right-of-way laid down by the PW&B line is still in use today as part of Amtrak's Northeast Corridor and the Maryland Department of Transportation's MARC commuter passenger system from Baltimore to Maryland's northeast corner. Freight is hauled on the route, formerly by the Conrail system and currently by Norfolk Southern.
Whatever It Is
"Whatever It Is" a song recorded by Zac Brown Band, an American country music group. It is the second single release from the 2008 album The Foundation and the band's second Top 3 hit on the Billboard country singles charts. The song is the follow-up to the band's number-one debut single "Chicken Fried".

Chicken Fried
"Chicken Fried" is a song by American country music group Zac Brown Band, which frontman Zac Brown co-wrote with Wyatt Durrette. The song was first recorded in 2003 for the 2005 album Home Grown. The Lost Trailers, another country group, released their version in 2006 as a single, but it was withdrawn from radio. Two years later, the Zac Brown Band re-recorded the song and released it as the first single from their album The Foundation.

In late 2008, "Chicken Fried" became the band's first chart single, as well as their first number-one hit on the Billboard country charts. The song has also been placed at number 39 for the Taste of Country's "Top 100 Country Songs of All Time" chart. The song was featured in the 2008 comedy film Witless Protection.
Bhrigupanth
Bhrigupanth (Hindi: भृगुपंत) is a mountain of Garhwal Himalaya in Uttarakhand, India. It stands at 6,772 metres (22,218 ft). It is the 38th highest located entirely within Uttarakhand. Nanda Devi is the highest mountain in this category. Bhrigupanth is the 525th highest peak in the world. It is located northeast of Thalay Sagar 6904 m, northwest of Meru Peak 6660 m and south of Manda III 6529 m.

Meru Peak
Meru Peak is a mountain located in the Garhwal Himalayas, in the state of Uttarakhand in India. The 6,660-metre (21,850 ft) peak lies between Thalay Sagar and Shivling, and has some highly challenging routes. The name Meru likely originated from the Sanskrit word for "peak".

The mountain was formerly the site of the world's highest BASE jump from a location on the surface of the Earth by Glenn Singleman and Heather Swan, from a height of 6,604 metres (21,667 ft), in June 2006, a record which has since been surpassed by Valery Rozov's 2013 jump from the North Face of Mount Everest.

The mountain has three distinct peaks: southern (6,660 metres; 21,850 ft), central (6,310 metres; 20,700 ft), and northern (6,450 metres; 21,160 ft). The two higher peaks were climbed earlier than the harder central peak, which was first climbed in a 2001 solo ascent by Valery Babanov, twice by other teams in 2006, and for the first time along the "Shark's Fin" route in 2011.
Jim Hewitt
James J. Hewitt (born January 28, 1933) is a retired Canadian politician who represented the riding of Boundary-Similkameen in the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia from 1975 to 1987. A member of the Social Credit Party, he held several ministerial roles in the Executive Council of British Columbia under premiers Bill Bennett and Bill Vander Zalm.

Bill Vander Zalm
William Nicholas Vander Zalm (born Wilhelmus Nicholaas Theodore Marie van der Zalm; May 29, 1934) is a Dutch-born Canadian businessman and politician who served as the 28th premier of British Columbia and leader of the British Columbia Social Credit Party from 1986 to 1991. He was a member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) of British Columbia, representing the riding of Surrey from 1975 to 1983, and the riding of Richmond from 1986 to 1991.
Crack growth resistance curve
In fracture mechanics, a crack growth resistance curve shows the energy required for crack extension as a function of crack length in a given material. For materials that can be modeled with linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM), crack extension occurs when the applied energy release rate  exceeds the material's resistance to crack extension . A plot of crack growth resistance  versus crack extension  is called a crack growth resistance curve, or R-curve.

R-curves can alternatively be discussed in terms of stress intensity factors  rather than energy release rates , where the R-curves can be expressed as the fracture toughness (, sometimes referred to as ) as a function of crack length .

Energy release rate (fracture mechanics)
In fracture mechanics, the energy release rate, , is the rate at which energy is transformed as a material undergoes fracture. Mathematically, the energy release rate is expressed as the decrease in total potential energy per increase in fracture surface area, and is thus expressed in terms of energy per unit area. Various energy balances can be constructed relating the energy released during fracture to the energy of the resulting new surface, as well as other dissipative processes such as plasticity and heat generation. The energy release rate is central to the field of fracture mechanics when solving problems and estimating material properties related to fracture and fatigue.
Chris Foy
Christopher Foy (born 20 November 1962) is an English retired professional football referee. Following his first appointment as an official in the Football League in 1994 and his promotion in 2001 to the list of Select Group Referees who officiate in the Premier League, Foy refereed a number of notable matches, including the FA Community Shield and the finals of the FA Cup, Football League Cup and FA Trophy.

In 2015 Foy retired to become a senior referees' coach for the Professional Game Match Officials Board.

Professional Game Match Officials Limited
Professional Game Match Official Limited (PGMOL) is the body responsible for refereeing games in English professional association football.

Formerly known as the Professional Game Match Officials Board (PGMOB), the PGMOL was formed when English referees became professional in 2001, to provide officials for all games played in the Premier League, English Football League (EFL) and Football Association (FA) competitions. In doing so, England became the first country in the world to fully professionalise its referees. The organisation is a "not-for-profit" company limited by guarantee owned and funded by the Premier League, EFL, and the FA.
Beaver coins
Beaver Coins, also known in pioneer days as Beaver Money, were gold coins minted in Oregon in 1849. Their name comes from the prominent beaver depicted on the obverse of the coins. The currency contained 8% more gold than contemporary coins from the United States of America. Today these coins are quite rare and valuable.

After the establishment of the Territory of Oregon, the mint producing the coins became an entirely private enterprise, continuing its operations until Governor Joseph Lane ruled the operation unconstitutional in September 1849.  (Article I, Section 8 of the United States Constitution declares the mintage of coins to be one of the enumerated powers of the Congress.)  The opening of the United States Mint branch in San Francisco, California made a large supply of gold and silver U.S. currency available, playing a part in the demise of the "Beaver Coins".

Oregon Territory
The Territory of Oregon was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from August 14, 1848, until February 14, 1859, when the southwestern portion of the territory was admitted to the Union as the State of Oregon. Originally claimed by several countries (see Oregon Country), Spanish "El Orejón" was part of the Nootka Territory (1789–1795), later in the 19th century, the region was divided between the British Empire and the US in 1846. When established, the territory encompassed an area that included the current states of Oregon, Washington, and Idaho, as well as parts of Wyoming and Montana. The capital of the territory was first Oregon City, then Salem, followed briefly by Corvallis, then back to Salem, which became the state capital upon Oregon's admission to the Union.
Bir-Abdallah
Bir-Abdallah is a  locality in southern Tunisia, in North Africa. It is located at 35° 33' 10" N,  9° 56' 28" E.

The site has a well from antiquity and is nearby to El Mejabra, Ghedir el Mahfoura and Feddane el Begar. It is 15 kilometres (590,000,000 mils) southwest of Al Qayrawān.

Kairouan
Kairouan (UK: /ˌkaɪər(ʊ)ˈwɑːn/, US: /kɛərˈ-/), also spelled El Qayrawān or Kairwan (Arabic: ٱلْقَيْرَوَان, romanized: al-Qayrawān [æl qɑjrɑˈwæːn] ⓘ, Tunisian Arabic: Qeirwān [qɪrˈwɛːn] ⓘ), is the capital of the Kairouan Governorate in Tunisia and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The city was founded by the Umayyads around 670, in the period of Caliph Mu'awiya (reigned 661–680); this is when it became an important centre for Sunni Islamic scholarship and Quranic learning, attracting Muslims from various parts of the world. The Mosque of Uqba is situated in the city.
Regional Theatre of the Palouse
Regional Theatre of the Palouse (RTOP) is an established non-profit theater company based in Pullman, Washington. It was founded in 2007 by award-winning Managing Artistic Director John Rich. Its mission statement explains its goal: "make a positive difference in the Palouse region by providing an outlet for creative expression through theater arts". RTOP provides theatrical entertainment in the form of play, musicals, and theater workshops. Productions occur primarily in the RTOP Theatre. Past performances have been held at Beasley Performing Arts Coliseum and venues across the Palouse.

Beasley Coliseum
Beasley Coliseum is a general-purpose indoor arena in the northwest United States, located on the campus of Washington State University in Pullman, Washington. The home venue for the Cougars men's and women's basketball teams of the Pac-12 Conference, it opened 53 years ago in 1973, and its current seating capacity is 12,058 for basketball.

The arena was renamed in 1981 for Wallis Beasley (1915–2008), a long-time sociology professor and executive vice president, shortly before his retirement from the university. He was WSU's faculty representative for athletics in the 1960s and also served as interim university president. For its first eight years, the venue was known as "Washington State University Performing Arts Coliseum."

The building used "space frame" construction, relatively novel at the time. The elevation of the court is approximately 2,550 feet (775 m) above sea level.

The project was approved by the WSU board of regents in early 1969.
Mihata Kofun Cluster
The Mihata Kofun Cluster (美旗古墳群) is a group of Kofun period burial mounds located in the Mihata neighborhood of the city of Nabari, Mie in the Kansai region of Japan. It was designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 1978. It is the largest group of kofun in the Iga region.

Iga Province
Iga Province (伊賀国, Iga no Kuni, Japanese pronunciation: [iꜜ.ɡa (no kɯ.ɲi), iꜜ.ŋa-]) was a province of Japan located in what is today part of western Mie Prefecture.   Its abbreviated name was Ishū (伊州). Iga is classified as one of the provinces of the Tōkaidō. Under the Engishiki classification system, Iga was ranked as an "inferior country" (下国 gekoku) and a "near country" (近国 kingoku).

Iga was bordered by Ise to the east and south, Ōmi to the north, Yamato to the west and south, and Yamashiro Province to the northwest. It roughly coincides with the modern municipalities of Iga and Nabari in Mie Prefecture as well as Yagyu in Nara Prefecture. Surrounded by mountains, historically, Iga Province was rather inaccessible due to extremely poor road conditions. However, the area is now relatively easy to access from nearby Nara and Kyoto, as well as the larger cities of Osaka and Nagoya.
Hockliffe
Hockliffe is a village and civil parish in Bedfordshire, on the crossroads of the A5 road which lies upon the course of the Roman road known as Watling Street and the A4012 and B5704 roads.

It is about 4 miles (6.4 km) east of Leighton Buzzard. Nearby places are Heath and Reach, Eggington, Stanbridge, Battlesden, Toddington, Tebworth and Tilsworth.

Hockliffe is in Heath and Reach ward which sends a councillor to Central Bedfordshire Council. The ward includes the villages of Heath and Reach, Hockliffe, Eggington, Stanbridge, Tilsworth, Tebworth and Wingrave. The ward was created in 2011 and has since been represented by Councillor Mark Versallion.

Battlesden
Battlesden is a hamlet and civil parish in the Central Bedfordshire district of  Bedfordshire, England.   It is just north of the A5, between Dunstable and Milton Keynes.  According to the 2001 census, it had a population of 38.  Because of its low electorate, it has a parish meeting rather than a parish council.  It is in the civil parish of Milton Bryan.

Battlesden House was a large manor house situated in parkland, Battlesden Park, close to the hamlet.

Former residents of the village include Henry Skynner & John Dunnyng, both husbandman, defending a case of trespass in Badelesden, in 1422. John Smyth, the complainant, had land in Badelesden, and stated that 100 shillings worth of damage was done to his land.
Juan Valiente
Juan Valiente (1505? – 1553) was an African-Spanish conquistador and encomendero. He participated in the expeditions of Pedro de Alvarado in present-day Guatemala and Peru and Pedro de Valdivia in Chile. Taken into captivity as a slave in Africa, he was transported to Mexico, where he was purchased by a Spaniard named Alonso Valiente, who returned with him to Spain. As a young man, Valiente negotiated a kind of lease, a permission to join a conquistador's expedition for the chance to earn profits and buy his freedom. He was rewarded for his efforts as a conquistador with an encomienda near the city of Concepción, Chile. There he lived until his death at the Battle of Tucapel.

Pedro de Valdivia
Pedro Gutiérrez de Valdivia or Valdiva (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈpeðɾo ðe βalˈdiβja]; April 17, 1497 – December 25, 1553) was a Spanish conquistador and the first Governor of Colonial Chile. After having served with the Spanish army in Italy and Flanders, he was sent to South America in 1535, where he served as a soldier under the Pizarro brothers in Peru, gradually rising in power.

In 1540, Valdivia led an expedition of 150 Spaniards and 1,000 Peruvian Indians into Chile, where he defeated a large force of indigenous warriors and founded Santiago in 1541. He extended Spanish rule south to the Biobío River in 1546, fought again in Peru (1546–1548), and returned to Chile as Royal Governor in 1549. In 1550, he expanded Spanish rule further south into Araucanía, where he founded the city of Concepción and the eponymous city of Valdivia. He was captured and killed by Mapuche Indians during the Arauco War in 1553.
Borel–de Siebenthal theory
In mathematics, Borel–de Siebenthal theory describes the closed connected subgroups of a compact Lie group that have maximal rank, i.e. contain a maximal torus. It is named after the Swiss mathematicians Armand Borel and Jean de Siebenthal who developed the theory in 1949. Each such subgroup is the identity component of the centralizer of its center. They can be described recursively in terms of the associated root system of the group. The subgroups for which the corresponding homogeneous space has an invariant complex structure correspond to parabolic subgroups in the complexification of the compact Lie group, a reductive algebraic group.

Borel subgroup
In the theory of algebraic groups, a Borel subgroup of an algebraic group G is a maximal Zariski closed and connected solvable algebraic subgroup. For example, in the general linear group GLn (n x n invertible matrices), the subgroup of invertible upper triangular matrices is a Borel subgroup.

For groups realized over algebraically closed fields, there is a single conjugacy class of Borel subgroups.

Borel subgroups are one of the two key ingredients in understanding the structure of simple (more generally, reductive) algebraic groups, in Jacques Tits' theory of groups with a (B, N) pair. Here the group B is a Borel subgroup and N is the normalizer of a maximal torus contained in B.

The notion was introduced by Armand Borel, who played a leading role in the development of the theory of algebraic groups.
Dendrosenecio erici-rosenii
Dendrosenecio erici-rosenii one of the East African giant groundsel and this one can be found on the Rwenzori Mountains, Virunga Mountains and the Mitumba Mountains. It is a species of the genus Dendrosenecio and is also a collection of reclassified Senecio species.

Rwenzori Mountains
The Rwenzori (also known as the Ruwenzori, Rwenzururu or Rwenjura) are a range of mountains in eastern equatorial Africa, located on the border between Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The highest peak of the Ruwenzori reaches 5,109 metres (16,762 ft), and the range's upper regions are permanently snow-capped and glaciated. Rivers fed by mountain streams form one of the sources of the Nile. Because of this, European explorers linked the Ruwenzori with the legendary Mountains of the Moon, claimed by the Greek scholar Ptolemy as the source of the Nile. Virunga National Park in eastern DR Congo and Rwenzori Mountains National Park in southwestern Uganda are located within the range.
2010 West Virginia Senate election
The 2010 West Virginia Senate election took place on Tuesday, November 2, 2010, to elect members to the 80th and 81st Legislatures; held concurrently with the U.S. House and U.S. Senate elections. State senate seats in West Virginia are staggered, with senators serving 4-year terms. 18 of the 34 state senate seats were up for election. 17 were regularly scheduled, with an additional special election in SD 10 after the death of Donald Caruth on May 1, 2010. John H. Shott was appointed to fill the seat, and Mark Wills was elected to finish the term. While Republicans made huge gains across the country, Democrats did well in the state senate, picking up two Republican seats.

2010 United States Senate special election in West Virginia
The 2010 United States Senate special election in West Virginia was held on November 2, 2010. Incumbent Democratic Senator Robert Byrd died in office on June 28, 2010. Democratic Governor Joe Manchin appointed Carte Goodwin to temporarily fill the vacancy. Goodwin pledged to not run for election to the seat in exchange for the appointment. This was the first open U.S. Senate seat in West Virginia since 1984 and the first in this seat since 1956. Manchin won the open seat and served out the remainder of Byrd's elected term, which ended on January 3, 2013.

This was 1 of 3 Democratic-held Senate seats up for election in a state that John McCain won in the 2008 presidential election; the others were in Arkansas and North Dakota.
Ibrahim Gaidam
Ibrahim Gaidam (born 15 September 1956) is a Nigerian politician and the current Minister of Police Affairs since 2023. He previously served as senator representing the Yobe East senatorial district from 2019 to 2023, and as governor of Yobe State from 2009 to 2019.

Gaidam became governor of Yobe State following the death of Governor Mamman Bello Ali on 26 January 2009. He previously served as deputy to Mamman Ali from 2007 to 2009.

Mamman Bello Ali
Mamman Bello Ali (1958 – 26 January 2009) was a Nigerian politician who served as the governor of Yobe State from 2007 until his death in Florida USA 2009. He previously served as the senator representing the Yobe South senatorial district from 1999 to 2007. He was the chairman senate committee on public account from 1999 to 2007. He was a member of the All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANPP).

He was regarded as one of the revolutionary Yobe State leaders of all time due to his massive contributions and exceptional reforms especially in the educational and health sectors across the state.
Provincial Nomination Program
The Provincial Nominee Program (PNP) is a set of Canadian immigration programs operated by the Government of Canada in partnership with individual provinces, each of which having its own requirements and 'streams' (i.e., target groups). In a program stream, provinces and territories may, for example, target: business people, students, skilled workers, or semi-skilled workers.

While provincial governments manage PNPs according to their individual objectives, the federal government's immigration department, Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada, ultimately administers and decides on permanent residence applications.

Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada
Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC; French: Immigration, Réfugiés et Citoyenneté Canada) is the department of the Government of Canada with responsibility for matters dealing with immigration to Canada, refugees, and Canadian citizenship. The department was established in 1994 following a reorganization.