hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Bond hardening
Bond hardening is a process of creating a new chemical bond by strong laser fields—an effect opposite to bond softening. However, it is not opposite in the sense that the bond becomes stronger, but in the sense that the molecule enters a state that is diametrically opposite to the bond-softened state. Such states require laser pulses of high intensity, in the range of 1013–1015 W/cm2, and they disappear once the pulse is gone.

Bond softening
Bond softening is an effect of reducing the strength of a chemical bond by strong laser fields. To make this effect significant, the strength of the electric field in the laser light has to be comparable with the electric field the bonding electron "feels" from the nuclei of the molecule. Such fields are typically in the range of 1–10 V/Å, which corresponds to laser intensities 1013–1015 W/cm2. Nowadays, these intensities are routinely achievable from table-top Ti:Sapphire lasers.
2008–09 Top 14 season
The 2008–09 Top 14 Competition was a French domestic rugby union club competition operated by the Ligue Nationale de Rugby (LNR). It ran from late August 2008 through the final at Stade de France on June 6, 2009, in which Perpignan lifted the Bouclier de Brennus with a 22–13 win over Clermont.

This year's edition of the Top 14 welcomed Toulon, winners of the 2008 title in the second-level Pro D2, and Mont-de-Marsan, victors in the 2008 promotion playoffs between the second- through fifth-place teams in Pro D2. They took the place of Auch and Albi, relegated at the end of the 2007–08 Top 14. Auch, which had been promoted to the Top 14 for 2007–08, finished bottom of the table and went down. The other newly promoted team in 2007–08, Dax, finished second-from-bottom, but were reprieved when French sporting authorities forcibly relegated 12th-place Albi to Pro D2 due to financial issues.

USA Perpignan
Union Sportive Arlequins Perpignanais, also referred to as USA Perpignan or Perpignan, is a French professional rugby union club founded in 1933 and based in Perpignan, in the Pyrénées-Orientales department. They compete in the Top 14, France's elite division of rugby.

The club is a result of a merger between US Perpignan and Arlequins Perpignanais in 1933. US Perpignan was also born from a 1919 union of merging clubs AS Perpignan (founded in 1902) and Stade Olympien Perpignanais.

Its home ground is the 14,593-capacity Stade Aimé Giral but important fixtures may occasionally be taken to Estadi Olímpic Lluís Companys, in Barcelona. The club's colours are sky blue, scarlet and golden yellow, which derived from the Catalan Senyera and give Perpignan its nickname Les Sang et Or (French for "The Blood and Golds").
Netscape 6
Netscape 6 is a discontinued Internet suite developed by Netscape Communications Corporation, and was the sixth major release of the Netscape series of browsers. It superseded Netscape Communicator (4.x), as the release of Netscape Communicator 5 was scrapped. Netscape 6 was the first browser of the Netscape line to be based on another source code: Mozilla Application Suite, an open-source software package from the Mozilla Foundation, which was created by Netscape in 1998.

Netscape 6 was first released on November 14, 2000. Version 6.2.3 was the last release in 2002, and it was succeeded by Netscape 7.

It consisted of the following major components:

a web browser

an e-mail and news client, Netscape Mail & Newsgroups

an address book

an HTML editor, Netscape Composer

an instant messaging client, AOL Instant Messenger

Netscape (web browser)
The Netscape web browser is the general name for a series of web browsers formerly produced by Netscape Communications Corporation, which eventually became a subsidiary of AOL. The original browser was once the dominant browser in terms of usage share, but as a result of the first browser war, it lost virtually all of its share to Internet Explorer due to Microsoft's anti-competitive bundling of Internet Explorer with Windows.

Netscape was discontinued, and support for all Netscape browsers and client products was terminated on March 1, 2008.

In 2024, AOL brought back the browser in name only as a Chromium fork.
2016 Georgia Bulldogs football team
The 2016 Georgia Bulldogs football team represented the University of Georgia in the 2016 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Bulldogs played their home games at Sanford Stadium. They were members of the Eastern Division of the Southeastern Conference. They were led by first-year head coach Kirby Smart. They finished the season 8–5, 4–4 in SEC play to finish in a three-way tie for second place in the Eastern Division. They were invited to the Liberty Bowl where they defeated TCU.

2016 Liberty Bowl (December)
The 2016 Liberty Bowl was a post-season American college football bowl game played on December 30, 2016, at Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium in Memphis, Tennessee. The 58th edition of the Liberty Bowl featured the Georgia Bulldogs of the Southeastern Conference against the TCU Horned Frogs of the Big 12 Conference. It was one of the 2016–17 bowl games concluding the 2016 FBS football season.  Sponsored by automobile parts and accessories store AutoZone, it was officially known as the AutoZone Liberty Bowl.
2005 Southern Miss Golden Eagles football team
The 2005 Southern Miss Golden Eagles football team represented the University of Southern Mississippi in the 2005 NCAA Division I-A football season. The Golden Eagles were led by head coach Jeff Bower and played their home games at M. M. Roberts Stadium. They were a member of the East Division of Conference USA.

2005 NCAA Division I-A football season
The 2005 NCAA Division I-A football season was the highest level of college football competition in the United States organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). The regular season began on September 1, 2005 and ended on December 3, 2005. The postseason concluded on January 4, 2006 with the Rose Bowl, which served as the season's BCS National Championship Game.

The USC Trojans and the Texas Longhorns finished the regular season as the only undefeated teams in Division I-A and consequently met in the Rose Bowl to play for the national title. Texas defeated USC largely due to the performance of quarterback Vince Young, who gained 467 yards of total offense and ran for three touchdowns. The Longhorns won their first national championship since 1970, and their first consensus national title since 1969.
1923 California Golden Bears football team
The 1923 California Golden Bears football team was an American football team that represented the University of California, Berkeley in the Pacific Coast Conference (PCC) during the 1923 college football season. In their eighth year under head coach Andy Smith, the team compiled a 9–0–1 record (5–0 against PCC opponents), shut out nine of ten opponents, won the PCC championship, and outscored its opponents by a combined total of 182 to 7. The team was selected retroactively as a 1923 national champion by Deke Houlgate, who used his math system to award annual national titles from 1929 to 1958.

Andy Smith (American football)
Andrew Latham Smith (September 10, 1883 – January 8, 1926) was an American college football player and coach. He served as the head football coach at the University of Pennsylvania (1909–1912), Purdue University (1913–1915), and the University of California, Berkeley (1916–1925), compiling a career head coaching record of 116–32–13. As head coach of the California Golden Bears football program, Smith guided his "Wonder Teams" to a record of 74–16–7, captured five Pacific Coast Conference titles, and three national championships. Smith was the winningest football coach in school history until he was surpassed by Jeff Tedford in 2011. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1951.
1907 Navy Midshipmen football team
The 1907 Navy Midshipmen football team represented the United States Naval Academy during the 1907 college football season. In their first and only season under Joseph M. Reeves, the Midshipmen compiled a 9–2–1 record, shut out eight opponents, and outscored all opponents by a combined score of 118 to 34. A. H. Douglas made Walter Camp's third-team All-America, the second Southerner ever to have done so.

Joseph M. Reeves
Joseph Mason "Bull" Reeves (20 November 1872 – 25 March 1948) was an admiral in the United States Navy and an early and important supporter of U.S. Naval Aviation. Though a battleship officer during his early career, he became known as the "Father of Carrier Aviation" for his role in integrating aircraft carriers into the fleet as a major part of the U.S. Navy's attack capabilities.

Reeves retired in the mid-1930s but was recalled to active duty during World War II to serve in high-level staff positions within the Office of the United States Secretary of the Navy. He retired again in December 1946 with the rank of full admiral.
County Sound Radio (1566 AM)
County Sound Radio was an Independent Local Radio station covering Surrey and north-east Hampshire in the United Kingdom. One of its closing forms in 2012–2014 formed Eagle Extra occupying 1566 MW following an internal split between older and newer music/features into two allied stations in 1988 and an incomplete takeover by Mercury FM then sale leaving a third station, that of Mercury, with enhanced coverage of this area and its successor Heart Sussex and Surrey.  The post-1988 branch of the radio which was rooted in recent music, concerts and events in the area including for a younger audience alternated between three FM frequencies (96.6, 96.4 and 91.5); in 1996 it relaunched as 96.4 Eagle Radio.

Eagle Radio
Eagle Radio was an Independent Local Radio station in the Surrey and North East Hampshire area of England. Based in Guildford in the Guildford College campus, Eagle Radio was part of the UKRD Group of radio stations.
2010 Miami RedHawks football team
The 2010 Miami RedHawks football team represented Miami University during the 2010 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The RedHawks, led by second-year head coach Michael Haywood and interim head coach Lance Guidry during their bowl game, competed in the East Division of the Mid-American Conference and played their home games at Yager Stadium. They finished the season 10–4, 7–1 in MAC play and were East Division champions. They advanced to the MAC Championship where they defeated Northern Illinois 26–21 to become MAC champions. They were invited to the GoDaddy.com Bowl where they defeated Middle Tennessee 35–21. They became the first team in college football history to win ten games the year after they lost ten or more games (1–11 in 2009).

2011 GoDaddy.com Bowl
The 2011 GoDaddy.com Bowl, the twelfth edition of the college football bowl game, was played at Ladd–Peebles Stadium in Mobile, Alabama on January 6, 2011. The game was telecast on ESPN and matched Miami from the MAC versus Middle Tennessee from the Sun Belt. Previously, the bowl game was known as the GMAC Bowl.
2010 M-1 Challenge season
The 2010 M-1 Challenge season was the third season of mixed martial arts (MMA) fighting presented by the M-1 Global promotion. The season started on February 5 and will conclude with the M-1 Challenge XXII event on December 10. Unlike in previous years where competition was arranged entirely around country-based teams, the 2010 competition had a greater focus on individual achievement. Rather than the sixteen "country" teams of the 2009 competition, the 2010 M-1 Challenge featured eight teams representing four "continents" – Europe, Russia, Americas and Asia – with each continent having two teams. Four of the teams are drawn from the M-1 Selection events whilst the other four are selected from, and featured, veteran MMA fighters. Events held near the end of the year featured bouts to crown inaugural M-1 Global Champions in each of the five weight divisions.

Alexander Sarnavskiy
Alexander Sarnavskiy (Russian: Александр Сарнавский, born January 17, 1989) is a Russian mixed martial artist who competes in the lightweight division. A professional MMA competitor since 2008, Sarnavskiy has mostly competed in his native Russia, where he is an M-1 Global veteran and former lightweight division in the Bellator Fighting Championships.
Jim Maloney
James William Maloney (born June 2, 1940) is an American former professional baseball pitcher who played in Major League Baseball for the Cincinnati Reds (1960–1970) and California Angels (1971). One of the hardest-throwing pitchers of the 1960s, Maloney threw two no-hitters, won ten or more games from 1963 to 1969, and recorded over 200 strikeouts for four consecutive seasons.

1965 Cincinnati Reds season
The 1965 Cincinnati Reds season was the 96th season for the franchise in Major League Baseball. The Reds finished in fourth place in the National League, with a record of 89–73, eight games behind the NL and World Series Champion Los Angeles Dodgers. The Reds were managed by Dick Sisler and played their home games at Crosley Field.

The Reds led the major leagues in most offensive categories. They recorded the most runs scored (825), hits (1,544), doubles (268), triples (61), RBI (776), batting average (.273), on-base percentage (.339) and slugging percentage (.439). They were second in home runs in the majors with 183, behind the Milwaukee Braves.
2022–23 OHL season
The 2022–23 OHL season was the 43rd season of operation (42nd season of play) of the Ontario Hockey League. The league played a 68-game regular season which began on September 29, 2022 and concluded on March 26, 2023. The post-season began on March 30, 2023 and concluded on May 21, 2023.

The Peterborough Petes won the J. Ross Robertson Cup and represented the Ontario Hockey League at the 2023 Memorial Cup, which was hosted by the Kamloops Blazers of the Western Hockey League. Games were played at the Sandman Centre in Kamloops, British Columbia.

Colby Barlow
Colby Barlow (born February 14, 2005) is a Canadian professional ice hockey left winger who plays for the Manitoba Moose in the American Hockey League (AHL) as a prospect under contract to the Winnipeg Jets of the National Hockey League (NHL), who selected him 18th overall in the 2023 NHL entry draft.
Tongmungwan
Tongmungwan or Tongmunkwan (Korean: 통문관; Hanja: 通文館) is a historic book store in Seoul, South Korea. It is the oldest active book store in the country, having been founded in 1934. It has remained a family business since its establishment. It has served mainly academics, and reportedly has had a significant impact in the study of Korean history. The business was designated a Seoul Future Heritage in 2013. It is also an Oraegage, a store of historic value.

Oraegage
Oraegage (Korean: 오래가게), also stylized as OraeGage and translated to Seoul Historical Store, is a designation by the Seoul Metropolitan Government for long-running businesses. The program recognizes such businesses, offers them support, and provides information on them for tourists. It has been running since 2017.

The name of the program means literally "old store", but reportedly also has a meaning of "store that is wanted to be even older".

The program reportedly selects entries in its list by scouting the city, conducting interviews and verifying aspects of the business, and narrowing down candidates. Members of the list reportedly have been running for over 30 years or have been owned by at least two generations. Various types of businesses are included in the designation, including restaurants, pharmacies, book stores, beauty salons, and more.
Lesser white-toothed shrew
The lesser white-toothed shrew (Crocidura suaveolens) is a small species of shrew with a widespread distribution in Africa, Asia and Europe. Its preferred habitat is scrub and gardens and it feeds on insects, arachnids, worms, gastropods, newts and small rodents, though its diet usually varies according to the biotope where it lives. The closely related Asian lesser white-toothed shrew (Crocidura shantungensis) was once included in this species, but is now considered to be a separate species.

Like the common shrew, a female lesser white-toothed shrew and her young may form a "caravan" when foraging for food or seeking a place of safety; each shrew grips the tail of the shrew in front so that the group stays together.

Common shrew
The common shrew (Sorex araneus), also known as the Eurasian shrew, is the most common shrew, and one of the most common mammals, throughout Northern Europe, including Great Britain, but excluding Ireland. It is 55 to 82 millimetres (2.2 to 3.2 in) long and weighs 5 to 12 grams (0.2 to 0.4 oz), and has velvety dark brown fur with a pale underside. It is one of the rare venomous mammals. Juvenile shrews have lighter fur until their first moult. The common shrew has small eyes, a pointed, mobile snout and red-tipped teeth. It has a life span of approximately 14 months.

Shrews are active day and night, taking short periods of rest between relatively long bursts of activity.
El Molo language
El Molo is a moribund or extinct language belonging to the Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family. It was spoken by the El Molo people on the southeastern shore of Lake Turkana, in northern Kenya. Alternate names to El Molo are Dehes, Elmolo, Fura-Pawa, and Ldes. It was thought to be extinct in the middle part of the 20th century, but a few speakers were found in the later 20th century. Most of the El Molo population have shifted to the neighboring Samburu language, and there are only semispeakers left. El Molo also has no known dialects but it is similar to Daasanach.

Oral tradition sees the El Molo people as an offshoot of the Arbore people in South Ethiopia. This seems to be confirmed by El Molo's linguistic proximity to the Arbore language.

Daasanach language
Daasanach (also known as Dasenech, Daasanech, Dathanaik, Dathanaic, Dathanik, Dhaasanac, Gheleba, Geleba, Geleb, Gelebinya, Gallab, Galuba, Gelab, Gelubba, Dama, Marille, Merile, Merille, Morille, Reshiat, Russia) is a Cushitic language spoken  by the Daasanach in Ethiopia, South Sudan and Kenya whose homeland is along the Lower Omo River and on the shores of Lake Turkana.
2009 Green Bay Packers season
The 2009 Green Bay Packers season was the team's 91st season overall and their 89th in the National Football League (NFL). The Packers finished with an 11–5 record but lost in the wild card round of the playoffs to the Arizona Cardinals by a score of 51–45. They scored a then franchise record 461 points (currently the fourth best behind the 2011, 2014, and 2020 teams) besting the 1996 Super Bowl team's 456.  Charles Woodson was named Defensive Player of the Year for the season, leading the league with 9 interceptions. The defense ranked 1st in the league against the run.

Nick Collins
Nicholas Cordell Collins (born August 16, 1983) is an American former professional football player who was a safety for seven seasons with the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Bethune-Cookman Wildcats, and was selected by the Packers in the second round of the 2005 NFL draft. Collins led the league in interceptions returned for touchdowns and interception return yards in the 2008 season. In Super Bowl XLV, he intercepted Ben Roethlisberger for a touchdown as the Packers beat the Pittsburgh Steelers, 31–25.

In 2011, Collins suffered a career-ending neck injury. He was officially released by the Packers in 2012, and formally announced his retirement in 2014. Collins was inducted into the Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame in 2016.
1960 Northwestern Wildcats football team
The 1960 Northwestern Wildcats team represented Northwestern University during the 1960 Big Ten Conference football season. In their sixth year under head coach Ara Parseghian, the Wildcats compiled a 5–4 record (3–4 against Big Ten Conference opponents) and finished in a four-way tie for fifth place in the Big Ten Conference.

The team's offensive leaders were Dick Thornton with 901 passing yards, Mike Stock with 536 rushing yards, and Elbert Kimbrough with 378 receiving yards.

Mike Stock (American football)
Michael J. Stock (born September 29, 1939) is an American former football player and coach. He coached for 26 years at the collegiate level, 17 years in the National Football League (NFL), one year in the United States Football League (USFL), and one year coaching high school football in Ohio; altogether he coached 14 different teams. His career included four and a half seasons, from 1978 to 1982, as the head football coach at Eastern Michigan University, where he coached the Eastern Michigan Hurons through most of a school-record 27-game losing streak.
Creek Marina, Karachi
Creek Marina is an under-construction high-rise ocean front residential project located in DHA Karachi, in Sindh, Pakistan.

It was launched in 2004 as a joint venture project between Meinhardt Singapore PTE Ltd (MSPL) and DHA, while the masterplan was designed by Hirsch Bedner Associates. The project's masterplan includes eight 24-storey towers with a total of 780 apartments.

Defence Housing Authority, Karachi
The Pakistan Defense Officers Housing Authority (PDOHA), Karachi (Urdu: ڈیفنس ہاؤسنگ اتھارٹی کراچی ), formerly Pakistan Defense Officers Cooperative Housing Society, is a residential neighbourhood or a housing society located within Clifton Cantonment of Karachi. The total population of Clifton Cantonment, including Defense Housing Authority, is 1,080,345, per 2025 Census of Pakistan.

It was originally established as a residential town for retired military personnel by the Armed Forces of Pakistan Welfare Department in the mid-1950s, however, currently, the majority of residents of the neighbourhood are civilian families.

Although part of Karachi City, Defence is actually governed directly by the Clifton Cantonment Board. The DHA body serves as the administrative authority only.
Baldwin Hills, Los Angeles
Baldwin Hills is a neighborhood within the south region of Los Angeles, California, United States.

Often referred to as the "Black Beverly Hills", Baldwin Hills is home to Kenneth Hahn State Regional Park and Village Green, a National Historic Landmark.

Kenneth Hahn State Recreation Area
Kenneth Hahn State Recreation Area, or Kenneth Hahn Park, is a state park unit of California in the Baldwin Hills Mountains of Los Angeles. The park is managed by the Los Angeles County Department of Parks and Recreation. As one of the largest urban parks and regional open spaces in the Greater Los Angeles Area, many have called it "L.A.'s Central Park". The 401-acre (1.62 km2) park was established in 1984. The land was previously the Baldwin Hills Reservoir, which failed catastrophically in the 1963 Baldwin Hills Dam disaster.

In 1988, four years after it opened, the Los Angeles Times noted that:

Few Southern Californians seem to know about a park in Baldwin Hills, but the clean, well-developed park is no secret to nearby residents, who enjoy weekend picnics and barbecues on the expansive lawns.
2013–14 Western Michigan Broncos men's basketball team
The 2013–14 Western Michigan Broncos men's basketball team represented Western Michigan University (WMU) during the 2013–14 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Broncos were Mid-American Conference (MAC) overall and West Division co-champions with Toledo, received the No. 1 seed in the conference tournament and defeated Toledo in the conference finals to receive the MAC's automatic berth into the 2014 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament. WMU is led by 11th year head coach Steve Hawkins and play their home games at University Arena in Kalamazoo, Michigan.

WMU was given a 14 seed in the NCAA Tournament and lost to No. 3 seeded Syracuse in the second round 77–53. Syracuse was ranked No. 14 in the AP Poll.

Seniors David Brown and Shayne Whittington were awarded All-MAC first team honors while Hawkins was awarded the MAC Coach of the Year.

Steve Hawkins
Stephen Greg Hawkins (born August 3, 1962) is an American college basketball coach. He is currently an assistant men's basketball coach for Southern Illinois University Carbondale, a position he has held since 2024. He had previously served as the head coach at Western Michigan University and Quincy University.