hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Crypt (C)
crypt is a POSIX C library function. It is typically used to compute the hash of user account passwords. The function outputs a text string which also encodes the salt (usually the first two characters are the salt itself and the rest is the hashed result), and identifies the hash algorithm used (defaulting to the "traditional" one explained below). This output string forms a password record, which is usually stored in a text file.

More formally, crypt provides cryptographic key derivation functions for password validation and storage on Unix systems.

Salt (cryptography)
In cryptography, a salt is random data fed as an additional input to a one-way function that hashes data, a password or passphrase. Salting helps defend against attacks that use precomputed tables (e.g. rainbow tables), by vastly growing the size of table needed for a successful attack. It also helps protect passwords that occur multiple times in a database, as a new salt is used for each password instance. Additionally, salting does not place any burden on users.

Typically, a unique salt is randomly generated for each password. The salt and the password (or its version after key stretching) are concatenated and fed to a cryptographic hash function, and the output hash value is then stored with the salt in a database. The salt does not need to be encrypted, because knowing the salt would not help the attacker.

Salting is broadly used in cybersecurity, from Unix system credentials to Internet security.

Salts are related to cryptographic nonces.
World Open (snooker)
The World Open is a professional ranking snooker tournament. Throughout its history, the tournament has undergone numerous format revamps and name changes, with it being better known as the Grand Prix during most of the 1980s to 2000s. It is now held in Yushan, China, after relocations to Scotland and Hainan Island, where it replaces the China Open as the last ranking Chinese event before the World Championships every year.

John Higgins is the reigning champion, having won his fifth title at the tournament.

World Snooker Championship
The World Snooker Championship, or simply known as the snooker World Championship, is the longest-running and most prestigious tournament in professional snooker. It is also the richest event to date with a total prize money of £2,395,000, including £500,000 for the winner. First held in 1927, it is now one of the three tournaments (together with the UK Championship and the invitational Masters) that make up snooker's Triple Crown Series. The reigning world champion is Zhao Xintong.
Mike Haridopolos
Michael John Haridopolos (born March 15, 1970) is an American politician, consultant, and former educator serving as the U.S. representative from Florida's 8th congressional district since 2025. A member of the Republican Party, he served in the Florida Senate from 2003 to 2012 and was Senate president from 2010 to 2012. He previously served in the Florida House of Representatives from 2000 to 2003.

In 2024, Haridopolos was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives from Florida's 8th congressional district, an open seat following incumbent Bill Posey's decision not to seek reelection.

Bill Posey
William Joseph Posey (/ˈpoʊzi/ POH-zee; born December 18, 1947) is an American businessman and politician who served as the U.S. representative for Florida's 8th congressional district from 2009 to 2025. A member of the Republican Party, he formerly served in the Florida Senate and the Florida House of Representatives. Posey did not seek reelection to the U.S. House in 2024.
Jacob Christiaan Koningsberger
Jacob Christiaan Koningsberger (17 January 1867 – 19 March 1951) was a Dutch biologist and politician. He spent much of his life in the Dutch East Indies, where he wrote extensively about the flora and fauna of Java. He was extensively involved in the Lands Plantentuin in Buitenzorg (now the Bogor Botanical Gardens in Bogor), serving as its director between 1910 and 1918. In politics, he served as the first chairman of the Volksraad (1918–1919), as well as Minister of the Colonies under Dirk Jan de Geer (1926–1929). An independent, he had liberal leanings and allowed more indigenous representation in governance.

Dirk Jan de Geer
Jonkheer Dirk Jan de Geer (14 December 1870 – 28 November 1960) was a Dutch politician of the Christian Historical Union. He served as Chairman of the Council of Ministers from 8 March 1926 until 10 August 1929, and from 10 August 1939 until 3 September 1940.
Glen Reen
Glen Reen (born June 9, 1985) is an American professional stock car racing driver who currently competes part-time in the ARCA Menards Series, driving the No. 07 for KLAS Motorsports. He has also previously competed in NASCAR Xfinity Series, the NASCAR Whelen Modified Tour and what is now the ARCA Menards Series East.

Andy Seuss
Andrew T. Seuss (born March 15, 1987) is an American professional stock car racing driver and team owner. As a driver, he won two consecutive championships in 2014 and 2015 in the NASCAR Whelen Southern Modified Tour, and also competed in the NASCAR Cup Series, NASCAR Truck Series, Whelen Modified Tour, ARCA Menards Series and what is now the ARCA Menards Series East. As an owner, he owns KLAS Motorsports, which fields the No. 71 car part-time in the ARCA Menards Series for Andy Jankowiak.
Paradis Station
Paradis Station (Norwegian: Paradis holdeplass) is a railway station in Stavanger Municipality in Rogaland county, Norway. The station is located at Paradis in the city of Stavanger, about 1.4 kilometres (0.87 mi) from the main Stavanger Station. It is served by the Stavanger Commuter Rail operated by Go-Ahead Norge by up to four hourly trains in each direction. The station is located along the double track section of the Sørlandet Line, and was opened on 16 November 2009, replacing Hillevåg Station. It is co-located with a Kolumbus bus stop, allowing transfer to many routes.

Stavanger Station
Stavanger Station (Norwegian: Stavanger stasjon) is a railway station in Stavanger municipality in Rogaland county, Norway. It is located in the centre of the city of Stavanger and it is the terminus of the Sørlandet Line. The station is served by regional trains to Kristiansand and the Jæren Commuter Rail.
Borgergade
Borgergade is a street in central Copenhagen, Denmark. It runs from Gothersgade to Store Kongensgade. As one of relatively few streets in central Copenhagen, the street, in its western part, is dominated by modern buildings. The eastern part passes through the Nyboder district.

Store Kongensgade
Store Kongensgade (Danish pronunciation: [ˈstoːɐ ˈkʰʌŋn̩sˌkɛːðə]; lit. 'Great King's Street') is the longest street in central Copenhagen, Denmark. It extends northeast from Kongens Nytorv to Esplanaden, running parallel to Bredgade, where it breaks left, continuing northwest to Grønningen.

Store Kongensgade is part of the Ring 2 thoroughfare. Traffic is one-way, moving from Østerport station to Kongens Nytorv, while traffic moving in the opposite direction goes by Bredgade which is also one-way.
1971 shooting of Dallas police officers
On February 15, 1971, Rene Guzman and Leonardo Lopez abducted five Dallas County Sheriff's deputies who were conducting an investigation in West Dallas, Texas, United States, killing three of them and injuring a fourth at a site near the Trinity River. The fifth deputy was able to escape the shooting uninjured and call for help. Guzman and Lopez were suspects in a burglary in Ellis County, Texas, and the officers were obtaining consent-to-search forms when they were abducted.

Guzman and Lopez were able to escape after the shootings, beginning a manhunt that led to their arrest in East Dallas. Guzman and Lopez were tried, found guilty, and sentenced to death. However, following issues in the court case and the death penalty being declared unconstitutional, they were given a retrial. Both were given four life sentences. Lopez was paroled in 1991, but was incarcerated again for parole violations.

Ellis County, Texas
Ellis County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of 2020, its population was estimated to be 192,455. The county seat is Waxahachie. The county was founded in 1849 and organized the next year. It is named for Richard Ellis, president of the convention that produced the Texas Declaration of Independence. Ellis County is included in the Dallas–Fort Worth–Arlington metropolitan statistical area.
Cuthbert Bullitt
Cuthbert Bullitt (c. 1740 – 1791) was an American colonial planter and lawyer from Prince William County, Virginia. During the American Revolution, he was a local and colonial politician, and voted against ratification of the U.S. Constitution at the Virginia Ratification Convention.

Virginia Ratifying Convention
The Virginia Ratifying Convention (also historically referred to as the "Virginia Federal Convention") was a convention of 168 delegates from Virginia who met in 1788 to ratify or reject the United States Constitution, which had been drafted at the Philadelphia Convention the previous year. The Convention met and deliberated from June 2 through June 27 in Richmond at the Richmond Theatre, presently the site of Monumental Church. Judge Edmund Pendleton, Virginia delegate to the Constitutional Convention, served as the convention's president by unanimous consent.
James Villiers
James Michael Hyde Villiers (29 September 1933 – 18 January 1998) was an English actor. He was described by The Independent as "one of the country's most distinctive character actors, with ripe articulation and a flair for displaying supercilious arrogance that put him in the Vincent Price class of screen villains".

A member of the Villiers family, he was a great-grandson of the 4th Earl of Clarendon and a grandson of Sir Francis Hyde Villiers.

George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon
George William Frederick Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon (12 January 1800 – 27 June 1870) was an English diplomat and statesman from the Villiers family. He served a succession of Whig and Liberal administrations. This included as Viceroy in famine-stricken Ireland and, on the first of three occasions as Foreign Secretary, as the United Kingdom's chief representative at the Congress of Paris which ended the Crimean War.
Staota Yesnya
The Staota Yesnya (Avestan: 𐬯𐬙𐬀𐬋𐬙𐬀 𐬪𐬈𐬯𐬦𐬌𐬌𐬀, romanized: staōta ẏesńiia, Sacrificial Eulogy), also known as Stod Yasn, refers to the editorial arrangement of the central liturgical texts of Zoroastrianism. It contains all Old Avestan texts like the Gathas and the Yasna Haptanghaiti and may have been the original liturgy of the early Zoroastrian community.

In the Sasanian Avesta, which is now lost, the Staota Yesnya formed the Stod Yasn nask. In the extant Avesta, it is preserved in the Yasna and Visperad manuscripts and forms the central part of the respective liturgies.

Gatha (Zoroaster)
The Gathas (/ˈɡɑːtəz, -tɑːz/) are five hymns in the Avestan language from the Zoroastrian oral tradition of the Avesta. The oldest surviving text fragment dates from 1323 CE, but they are believed by scholars to have been composed before 1000 BCE and passed down orally for centuries. They are traditionally believed to have been composed by the prophet Zarathushtra (Zoroaster) himself. They form the core of the Zoroastrian liturgy (the Yasna). They are arranged in five different modes or metres.

The Avestan term gāθā (𐬔𐬁𐬚𐬁 "hymn", but also "mode, metre") is cognate with Sanskrit gāthā (गाथा), both from the Proto-Indo-Iranian word *gaHtʰáH, from the root *gaH- "to sing".
Typographical error
A typographical error (often shortened to typo), also called a misprint, is a spelling or transposition mistake made in the typing of printed or electronic material. Historically, this referred to mistakes in manual typesetting. The term is used of errors caused by mechanical failure or miskeying. Before the arrival of printing, the copyist's mistake or scribal error was the equivalent for manuscripts. Most typos involve simple duplication, omission, transposition, or substitution of a small number of characters.

Typesetting
Typesetting is the composition of text for publication, display, or distribution by means of arranging physical type (or sort) in mechanical systems or glyphs in digital systems representing characters (letters and other symbols). Stored types are retrieved and ordered according to a language's orthography for visual display. Typesetting requires one or more fonts (which are widely but erroneously confused with and substituted for typefaces).

One significant effect of typesetting was that authorship of works could be spotted more easily, making it difficult for copiers who have not gained permission.
Fox-1Cliff
Fox-1Cliff, AO-95 or AMSAT OSCAR 95 is an American amateur radio satellite.  Fox-1Cliff is a 1U CubeSat built by AMSAT-NA that carries a single-channel transponder for mode U/V in FM.

The satellite carries several student experiments:

Vanderbilt University Low Energy Proton (LEP) radiation experiment (flight spare from Fox-1A)

Penn State University Erie gyroscope experiment

It also carries a VGA camera provided by Virginia Tech.

Fox-1A
Fox-1A, AO-85 or AMSAT OSCAR 85 is an American amateur radio satellite. It is a 1U Cubesat, was built by the AMSAT-NA and carries a single-channel transponder for FM radio. The satellite has one rod antenna each for the 70 centimetres (28 in) and 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) bands. To enable a satellite launch under NASA's Educational Launch of Nanosatellites (ELaNa) program, the satellite continues to carry a Penn State University student experiment (MEMS gyroscope).

According to AMSAT-NA, Fox-1A will replace OSCAR 51. Upon successful launch, the satellite was assigned OSCAR number 85.
Liga IV Satu Mare
Liga IV Satu Mare is the county football division of Liga IV for clubs based in Satu Mare County, Romania. The competition is ranked as the fourth tier of the Romanian football league system and is organized by AJF Satu Mare – Asociația Județeană de Fotbal (lit. 'County Football Association').

It is contested by a variable number of teams, depending on the number of teams relegated from Liga III, the number of teams promoted from Liga V Satu Mare, and the teams that withdraw or enter the competition. The winner may or may not be promoted to Liga III, depending on the result of a promotion play-off contested against the winner of a neighboring county series.

Liga IV
Liga IV is the fourth level of the Romanian football league system and is run in all 41 counties and in the Municipality of Bucharest. It was known as the Regional Championship, County Championship, Divizia C – County Phase and Divizia D. Its name was changed into Liga IV before the start of the 2006–07 season.
Virtus et Fraternitas Medal
The Virtus et Fraternitas Medal (Polish name: Medal Virtus et Fraternitas; Latin for "Courage and Brotherhood") is a Polish state decoration established on 9 November 2017.

It is awarded by the President of Poland on recommendation of the director of the Pilecki Institute as a token of commemoration and gratitude to those who provided aid and assistance to Polish citizens against Soviet and Nazi Germany war crimes as well as other crimes motivated by nationalism committed between 1917–1990. It is also bestowed to honor individuals who voluntarily keep alive the memory of those who did not survive the war or the forced deportations, and found their graves abroad.

The medal has been conceptually compared to Yad Vashem's Righteous Among the Nations Awards.

Orders, decorations, and medals of Poland
The following is a list of medals, awards and decorations in use in Poland. Most of them are awarded by the Polish Army, but some are civilian decorations that may be worn by the military personnel.

Most of these decorations ceased to be awarded; some were awarded before World War II only, and some in the People's Republic of Poland only; order of some of them was changed by law.

The state awards may be awarded only by the President of Poland. The order of precedence was last reformed in 2007. The order of precedence is: 6 orders (order) in specific order of precedence (see table below); other orders in order they were received; 12 crosses (krzyż), 3 medals (medal) and 6 stars (gwiazda) in specific order of precedence; other crosses and awards in order they were received.
Coco Schumann
Heinz Jakob "Coco" Schumann (14 May 1924 – 28 January 2018) was a German jazz musician and Holocaust survivor. He became a member of the Ghetto Swingers while transported to Theresienstadt at the age of nineteen. In the aftermath of the Holocaust, Schumann performed as a jazz guitarist, with Marlene Dietrich, Ella Fitzgerald, and Helmut Zacharias.

Helmut Zacharias
Helmut Zacharias (27 January 1920 – 28 February 2002) was a German violinist and composer who created over 400 works and sold 14 million records. He also appeared in a number of films, usually playing musicians.
Uromyrtus lamingtonensis
Uromyrtus lamingtonensis is a rare Australian shrub growing around the state border of New South Wales and Queensland. Like the Peach Myrtle, it has attractive pink flowers.

It differs from other Australian members of the genus by the somewhat rounded leaf base. Also the leaf tip has either a sharp firm point, or a sharp flexible tip. The petals are relatively long.

Uromyrtus australis
Uromyrtus australis, commonly known as the peach myrtle, is a small tree growing around Nightcap National Park, New South Wales, Australia. It is endangered by extinction. The delicate foliage, pink flowers and appealing fruit makes this a particularly beautiful tree.
Madan Mahal–Rewa Intercity Express
The 22189 / 22190 Jabalpur-Rewa Intercity Express is a daily superfast express train of the Indian Railways, which runs between Jabalpur, one of the important city & military cantonment hubs of Central Indian state Madhya Pradesh and Rewa, Madhya Pradesh.

Jabalpur Junction railway station
Jabalpur Junction railway station (Station Code: 
JBP), is an A1 category railway station of Jabalpur City in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. Jabalpur is the zonal and divisional headquarters of West Central Railway. It is located on the Mumbai-Prayagraj-Kolkata line. It has six main platforms. The railway station was ISO certified in April 2019. It is about 15 km from Dumna Airport and 3.7 km from Madan Mahal railway station.
Fort Nez Percés
Fort Nez Percés (or Fort Nez Percé, with or without the acute accent), later known as (Old) Fort Walla Walla, was a fortified fur trading post on the Columbia River on the territory of modern-day Wallula, Washington. Despite being named after the Nez Perce people, the fort was in the traditional lands of the Walla Walla. Founded in 1818 by the North-West Company, after 1821 it was run by the Hudson's Bay Company until its closure in 1857.

North West Company
The North West Company was a Canadian fur trading business headquartered in Montreal from 1779 to 1821. It competed with increasing success against the Hudson's Bay Company in the regions that later became Western Canada and Northwestern Ontario. With great wealth at stake, tensions between the companies increased to the point where several minor armed skirmishes broke out, and the two companies were forced by the British government to merge.
Carol Kidu
Dame Carol Anne Kidu DBE AO (née Millwater ; born 10 October 1948), also known as Carol, Lady Kidu, is an Australian-born Papua New Guinean politician.

Kidu was the only female Member of Parliament in the 2002–2007 and 2007–2012 National Parliaments, and served as Minister for Community Development under Prime Minister Sir Michael Somare from 2002 until 2 August 2011, and as Leader of the Opposition from 15 February 2012 until her retirement from politics in July 2012. She was the leader of the Melanesian Alliance Party until her retirement.

Born in Shorncliffe, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, she relocated to Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea after marrying Buri Kidu, who was knighted in 1980 upon his appointment as the first indigenous Chief Justice of Papua New Guinea. Lady Kidu became a teacher and wrote school textbooks. In 1994 her husband died of a heart attack.

Leader of the Opposition (Papua New Guinea)
Leader of the Opposition is a constitutionally sanctioned office in Papua New Guinea. It originates from Westminster role for a leader of the opposition.

The Papuan constitution defines the role "for a member of the Parliament of Papua New Guinea as being the principal speaker on behalf of those members of the Parliament who are not generally committed to support the government".

It is claimed that Michael Somare became the first official leader of the opposition in 1968.
CISM Military World Cadet Games
The CISM Military World Cadet Games (often shortened to CISM World Cadet Games) are an international multi-sport event for military cadets organized by the International Military Sports Council (CISM). Created as a youth-focused complement to the Military World Games, the series brings together officer-cadets and equivalent trainees from CISM member nations to compete across Olympic and CISM-specific disciplines while promoting CISM's motto, Friendship through Sport. CISM lists four editions to date: Ankara (2010), Salinas/Quito (2014), Saint Petersburg (2022) and Caracas (2024).

Military World Games
The Military World Games is a multi-sport event for military sportspeople, organized by the International Military Sports Council (CISM). They have been held since 1995, although championships for separate sports had been held longer. The first winter edition of the games was held in March of 2010 in the Italian region of Aosta Valley.
Texas State Highway 146
State Highway 146 (SH 146) is a north–south highway in southeastern Texas beginning at I-45 near La Marque and Texas City. It then crosses over the Fred Hartman Bridge over the Houston Ship Channel which carries SH 146 traffic. It then continues north towards Dayton, where it meets US 90 and then heads north and terminates in Livingston at US 59 (Future I-69).

Houston Ship Channel
The Houston Ship Channel, in Houston, Texas, is part of the Port of Houston, one of the busiest seaports in the world. The channel is the conduit for ocean-going vessels between Houston-area terminals and the Gulf of Mexico, and it serves an increasing volume of inland barge traffic.
2C-B-OH
2C-B-OH, also known as 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxy-N-hydroxyphenethylamine or as N-hydroxy-2C-B, is a chemical compound of the phenethylamine and 2C families related to the psychedelic drug 2C-B. It is the N-hydroxy derivative of 2C-B and is structurally related to the HOT-x psychedelics like HOT-2 (N-hydroxy-2C-T-2), HOT-7 (N-hydroxy-2C-T-7), and HOT-17 (N-hydroxy-2C-T-17). Unlike the HOT-x drugs however, 2C-B-OH was not included nor mentioned by Alexander Shulgin in his 1991 book PiHKAL (Phenethylamines I Have Known and Loved). The HOT-x psychedelics, as well as the MDxx entactogens MDOH (N-hydroxy-MDA) and FLEA (MDMOH; N-hydroxy-MDMA), may act as prodrugs of their N-unsubstituted analogues, for instance HOT-2 into 2C-T-2. The chemical synthesis of 2C-B-OH has been described. The drug was first described in the scientific literature by Leth-Petersen and colleagues in 2016. It is a controlled substance in Canada under phenethylamine blanket-ban language.

2C (psychedelics)
2C (2C-x) is a general name for the family of psychedelic phenethylamines containing methoxy groups on the 2 and 5 positions of a benzene ring. Most of these compounds also carry lipophilic substituents at the 4 position, usually resulting in more potent and more metabolically stable and longer acting compounds.

Most of the early 2C drugs were developed by Alexander Shulgin in the 1970s and 1980s and were reviewed in his 1991 book PiHKAL (Phenethylamines I Have Known And Loved). 2C-B is the most popular of the 2C drugs.