hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Publius Rutilius Rufus
Publius Rutilius Rufus (158 BC – after 78 BC) was a Roman statesman, soldier, orator and historian of the Rutilia gens, as well as a great-uncle of Gaius Julius Caesar (through his sister Rutilia, Caesar's maternal grandmother). He achieved the highest political office in the Roman Republic when he was elected consul in 105 BC.

During his consulship, he reformed the drill system and improved army discipline. As legate to Quintus Mucius Scaevola, he attempted to protect the inhabitants of Asia from extortion by the equites, which provoked them to raise the accusation of extortion from those provincials. The charge was false, but as the juries were chosen from the equestrian order, he was condemned. He was exiled and went to Smyrna, where he wrote a history of Rome in Greek.

Equites
The equites (/ˈɛkwɪtiːz/; lit. 'horse'  or 'cavalrymen', though sometimes referred to as "knights" in English) constituted the second of the property/social-based classes of ancient Rome, ranking below the senatorial class. A member of the equestrian order was known as an eques (Latin: [ˈɛ.kʷɛs]).
Bozhin Laskov
Bozhin Georgiev Laskov (Bulgarian: Божин Георгиев Ласков; (15 February 1922 – 31 March 2007) was a naturalised Slovak association football player of Bulgarian descent and origin, who played as a striker, noted for his tall stature, impressive physique and great heading. In addition, post-retirement Laskov served as a otorhinolaryngologist and a trained Bulgarian Orthodox priest. After 1946, he lived and worked in Czechoslovakia and is counted among Bulgaria's and Slovakia's best footballers of the era.

Otorhinolaryngology
Otorhinolaryngology (/oʊtoʊˌraɪnoʊˌlærɪnˈɡɒlədʒi/ oh-toh-RY-noh-LARR-in-GOL-ə-jee, abbreviated ORL and also known as otolaryngology, otolaryngology – head and neck surgery (ORL–H&N or OHNS), or ear, nose, and throat (ENT) ) is a surgical subspecialty within medicine that deals with the surgical and medical management of conditions of the head and neck. Doctors who specialize in this area are called otorhinolaryngologists, otolaryngologists, head and neck surgeons, or ENT surgeons or physicians.

Patients seek treatment from an otorhinolaryngologist for diseases of the ear, nose, throat, base of the skull, head, and neck. These commonly include functional diseases that affect the senses and activities of eating, drinking, speaking, breathing, swallowing, and hearing. In addition, ENT surgery encompasses the surgical management of cancers and benign tumors and reconstruction of the head and neck as well as plastic surgery of the face, scalp, and neck.
Fágner (footballer, born 1988)
José Fágner Silva da Luz or simply Fágner, born May 25, 1988, in Agrestina-PE, is a Brazilian footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder. Fagner is a skilful and versatile forward who can play in a number of positions in attack.

In July 2011 Fagner joined South Korean K-League team Busan IPark on loan from Campeonato Brasileiro Série B side Salgueiro Atlético Clube, making a name for himself scoring twice in the league game against Suwon Samsung Bluewings on 23 July 2011. Later in the season he signed a permanent deal at Busan. In the 2013 K-League season Fagner scored ten goals in all competitions, making him IPark's joint top scorer for the season. The following year was Fagner's most prolific with the club; he scored thirteen goals in total, including ten in the league. He was named in the league's 'Best Eleven' on five occasions.

K League
K League (Korean: K리그) is South Korea's professional football league. It includes the first division K League 1 and the second division K League 2. Clubs competing in the K League have won a record total of twelve AFC Champions League titles, the top continental competition for Asian clubs.
Frank Film
Frank Film is a 1973 American animated short film by Frank Mouris and Caroline Mouris. The film won an Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film and was inducted into the National Film Registry in 1996.

National Film Registry
The National Film Registry (NFR) is the United States National Film Preservation Board's (NFPB) collection of films selected for preservation, each for its cultural, historical and aesthetic contributions since the NFPB's inception in 1988.
Glenn Roeder
Glenn Victor Roeder (13 December 1955 – 28 February 2021) was an English professional football player and manager.

As a player, Roeder played as a defender for Arsenal, Leyton Orient, Queens Park Rangers, Notts County, Newcastle United, Watford and Gillingham. He also represented the England national B team.

His managerial career included spells with numerous clubs including Gillingham, Watford, West Ham United, Newcastle United (with whom he won the 2006 UEFA Intertoto Cup) and Norwich City.  It was while he was at West Ham United that he was initially diagnosed with a brain tumour in 2003. He later acted as a managerial advisor for Stevenage.

2006 UEFA Intertoto Cup
The 2006 UEFA Intertoto Cup was the first edition after a major change of the competition format. There were only three rounds instead of five, and eleven tournament co-winners qualified for the second qualifying round of the UEFA Cup (instead of three teams qualifying for the first round proper). Also, for the first time in the modern history of the competition, an outright winner was highlighted from the 11 co-winners of the Cup, with that honour going to the final-round Intertoto winner that advanced farthest in the UEFA Cup. This honour went to Newcastle United.
Carry On Oi!
Carry On Oi! is a 1981 Oi! compilation album, featuring various artists and released by Secret Records. Also known as Oi 3!, it was compiled by Garry Bushell.

The album was the sequel to Oi! The Album (1980) and Strength Thru Oi! (1981), and was itself followed by Oi! Oi! That's Yer Lot! (1982).

Garry Bushell
Garry Bushell (born 13 May 1955) is an English newspaper columnist, rock music journalist, television presenter, author, musician and political activist. Bushell also sings in the Cockney Oi! bands GBX and the Gonads. He managed the New York City Oi! band Maninblack until the death of the band frontman Andre Schlessinger. Bushell's recurring topical themes are comedy, country and class. He has campaigned for an English Parliament, a Benny Hill statue and for variety and talent shows on TV. He has been a columnist for several newspapers, including The Sun, The People and the Daily Star Sunday, and has worked as the review editor for the Sunday Express.
Eduard von Stackelberg
Eduard Otto Emil Karl Adam Freiherr von Stackelberg (6 November 1867 in Sillamäe, Estonia – 7 April 1943 in Munich, Germany) was an Estonian chemist, landowner and politician who belonged to the Stackelberg family. As a chemist, he proposed a model for the periodic table in 1911. He was among the Baltic German landowners deported to Siberia, first by the Tsarist authorities and later by the Bolsheviks. Following World War I he lived in Germany. In 1927, he published a memoir.

Tsarist autocracy
Tsarist autocracy (Russian: царское самодержавие, romanized: tsarskoye samoderzhaviye), also called Tsarism, was an autocracy, a form of absolute monarchy in the Grand Duchy of Moscow and its successor states, the Tsardom of Russia and the Russian Empire.[b] In it, the Tsar possessed in principle authority and wealth, with more power than constitutional monarchs counterbalanced by legislative authority, as well as a more religious authority than Western monarchs. The institution originated during the time of Ivan III (1462−1505) and
was limited with the introduction of constitution and national-level representative assembly (State Duma) after the 1905 Revolution. Still, the term continued to be applied to the monarchy in Russia until the Russian Revolution of 1917 by Russian revolutionaries and afterwards, in the Soviet Union.
Alin Goyan
Alin Goyan (Armenian: Ալին Գոյան) is an Armenian music singer from Yerevan, Armenia. Her repertoire includes traditional music from Komitas as well as pop songs.

She started to attend vocal music school of voice conservation when she was six, appeared at big Armenian stages and traveled with talented children to a number of European countries. She graduated as a lawyer and worked for several years in this profession until she realized that music was her real love, and entered the Yerevan Conservatory.

Komitas State Conservatory of Yerevan
Komitas State Conservatory of Yerevan (Armenian: Երևանի Կոմիտասի անվան պետական կոնսերվատորիա), also known as Yerevan Komitas State Conservatory (YKSC) or Yerevan State Conservatory (YSC), is a state-owned college of music located in Yerevan, Armenia. The institute was founded in 1921 as a music studio. In 1923, it was turned into a higher musical education institution. It is named after Komitas, the founder of the Armenian national school of music.
David Comissiong
David Comissiong (born 1960) is a Vincentian-born political activist, founder of the Clement Payne Movement, and former head of the Barbadian government's Commission for Pan-African affairs. He is a frequent critic of globalization and United States hegemony. One of the key Pan-Africanists in Caribbean politics, Comissiong is the Barbados Ambassador to the Caribbean Community (CARICOM).

Caribbean Community
The Caribbean Community (abbreviated as CARICOM or CC) is an intergovernmental organisation that is a political and economic union of 15 member states (14 nation-states and one dependency) and five associated members throughout the Americas, the Caribbean and Atlantic Ocean. It has the primary objective to promote economic integration and cooperation among its members, ensure that the benefits of integration are equitably shared, and coordinate foreign policy. The organisation was established in 1973, by its four founding members signing the Treaty of Chaguaramas.

The secretariat headquarters is in Georgetown, Guyana. CARICOM has been granted the official United Nations General Assembly observer status.
MV Krasnodar (1925)
Krasnodar (Краснода́р) was a 4,186 GRT cargo ship that was built in 1925 as Skåneland by Kockums Mekaniska Verkstad, Malmö, Sweden for Swedish owners. In 1928, she was sold to Germany and renamed Pernambuco. She was seized as a war prize in 1945, passing to the Ministry of War Transport (MoWT) and being renamed Empire Dart. In 1946, she was transferred to the Soviet Union and was renamed Krasnodar, serving until she was scrapped in 1975.

Prize of war
A prize of war (also called spoils of war, bounty or booty) is a piece of enemy property or land seized by a belligerent party during or after a war or battle. This term was used nearly exclusively in terms of captured ships during the 18th and 19th centuries.
Driving Park
Driving Park is an urban residential area on the Near East Side of Columbus, Ohio, United States, just south of Interstate 70. Mainly a middle-class, predominantly African American neighborhood, Driving Park and its surrounding neighborhoods consist of an area of 17,730 residents. Driving Park received its name from its historic past as a large racing complex, first for horses and later for automobiles.

Near East Side, Columbus, Ohio
The Near East Side is a neighborhood located near downtown Columbus, Ohio, made up of several neighborhoods: Mount Vernon, King-Lincoln Bronzeville, Eastgate, Franklin Park, Nelson Park, Olde Towne East, and Woodland Park.
Akshai Runchal
Akshai Runchal (born 16 October 1943) is an Indian-origin professor, entrepreneur, and pioneer in the field of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and the Finite Volume Method (FVM). He completed his Ph.D. in 1969 at Imperial College London under the mentorship of Prof. D. B. Spalding. He was a key member of the 3-person team led by Prof. D. B. Spalding that invented the Finite Volume Method (FVM) of Fluid Dynamics (CFD) in mid 1960s. He has been recognized for his contributions with an ASTFE Fellowship at Oregon State University in 2024.

Brian Spalding
Dudley Brian Spalding (9 January 1923 – 27 November 2016) was Professor of Heat Transfer and Head of the Computational Fluid Dynamics Unit at Imperial College, London. He was one of the founders of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and an internationally recognized contributor to the fields of heat transfer, fluid mechanics and combustion. He created the practice of CFD – its application to problems of interest to engineers. Most of today's commercially available CFD software tools trace their origin to the work done by Spalding's group in the decade spanning the mid-60s and mid-70s. Spalding became a Fellow of the Royal Society and Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering.
Muhammad ibn al-Zayyat
Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Malik, better known as Ibn al-Zayyāt (Arabic: ابن الزيات), was a wealthy merchant who became a court official and served as vizier of the Abbasid caliphs al-Mu'tasim, al-Wathiq, and al-Mutawakkil, from 836 until his downfall and death by torture in 847.

Vizier (Abbasid Caliphate)
The vizier (Arabic: وزير, romanized: wazīr) was the senior minister of the Abbasid Caliphate, and set a model that was widely emulated in the Muslim world. Many viziers came to enjoy considerable power, even at times eclipsing the Abbasid caliphs and using them as puppets. The majority of the viziers were of non-Arab origin, and several were also notable patrons of poets and scholars, sponsoring the Translation Movement as well as religious works.
Şahin Yakut
Şahin Yakut (born 8 May 1979 in Iğdır, Turkey) is a Turkish-Dutch kickboxer and mixed martial artist, currently living in Heerhugowaard, Netherlands and training in Gym Alkmaar. He is a member of the It's Showtime Team and is a training partner of Gago Drago and Joerie Mes. He is known for his in-fighter style which puts massive pressure on his opponents, his flashing kicks and above all, his endurance and ambition.

He has been involved with several organizations such as SuperLeague, It's Showtime and has taken part in special events like Challenge Private Party.  He has a 5 and 1 record in his SuperLeague career and is 17 and 3 with It's Showtime as of 29/05/2010.  Yakut has fought some of the best fighters in the world and has achieved victories against world champions such as Perry Ubeda, Jomhod Kiatadisak, Ondřej Hutník and Rayen Simson.  His brother Metin "Pislik" Yakut is an MMA fighter.

It's Showtime (kickboxing)
It's Showtime was a kickboxing and mixed martial arts promotion based in Amsterdam, Netherlands. It was founded by Simon Rutz in 1998 and held its first show in 1999 and its last near the end of 2012. In 2012, the promotion was purchased and merged into GLORY. It's Showtime was the number one kickboxing promotion in the world at its peak.
Valda Osborn
Valda Rosemary Foggin (née Osborn; 17 September 1934 – 28 December 2022) was a British figure skater. She was the 1953 European champion and World bronze medalist. Osborn represented her country at the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo, Norway, where she placed 11th.

1953 European Figure Skating Championships
The 1953 European Figure Skating Championships were held in Dortmund, West Germany from 22 to 25 January. Elite senior-level figure skaters from European ISU member nations competed for the title of European Champion in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, and pair skating.
Switzerland men's national squash team
The Switzerland men's national squash team represents Switzerland in international squash team competitions, and is governed by Swiss Squash.

Since 1987, Switzerland has participated in a round of 16 of the World Squash Team Open, in 2003

World Squash Team Championships
The World Squash Team Championships are an international squash competition organised by the World Squash Federation and played between teams representing different nations. Countries enter teams of three or four players to represent them in the championships. In each round of the competition, teams face each other in a best-of-three singles matches contest. The competition is held once every two years, with the venue changing each time. Normally the men's and women's events are held in different years in two locations. Australia have won the championship a record eight times, followed by Pakistan, which have been champions on six occasions.
Elkridge Farm
Elkridge Farm, is a historic slave plantation located in Ellicott City in Howard County, Maryland, United States.

In 1913, James Booker Clark built a mansion resembling the White House to house seven children. James Booker was the son of James Clark, Jr., a Confederate soldier who went into the livestock and banking trade after the war. Senator James A. Clark, Jr. was a nephew who traveled to the property regularly from Keewaydin Farm, down the unimproved Montgomery Road. The plantation house was destroyed by fire on 2 July 1920, with a cracked water reservoir, at a time when James Booker Clark was facing litigation against his family, Garnett Y Clark, for a failed coal mine project. A Target store in Long Gate shopping center now occupies the site.

Keewaydin Farm
Keewaydin Farm is a historic home located in Ellicott City, Howard County, Maryland, United States.

The Keewaydin Farm house is a wooden structure forming an off-center T arrangement built in 1912 on a ten-acre farm. The name came from The Song of Hiawatha. The home was built for Judge James Clark and his wife Alda Tyson Hopkins. The house became the first meeting site for the Ellicott City PTA, Howard County Health Department. The farm raised colts used in local shows and Doughoregan Manor. Groceries for the site were delivered onsite by horse and cart from the former Mayor of Ellicott City, Samuel J. Yates. Children raised at the site included Orphans court Judge John Clark, and Senator James Clark, Jr. The farm was expanded to 30 acres and later subdivided and reduced to 10 acres In 1998 owner Edward J. Brush attempted to convert the property to an 87-room group care facility. 10 remaining acres of the property and the house was transferred to the Howard County Conservancy.
Moldovan cuisine
Moldovan cuisine is a style of cooking related to the people of Moldova. It consists mainly of ingredients such as various meats, potatoes, cabbage, and a variety of cereal grains. The local cuisine is very similar to Romanian, and also draws inspiration and elements from other cuisines in the region, including Greek, Polish, Ukrainian, and Russian, with a great influence left by the Ottoman cuisine.

With the cuisine of Moldova being shared by another country, namely Romanian cuisine, there are similarities to these two cuisines of the two Romanian-speaking countries.

Chorba
Chorba, (/ˈtʃɔːrbə/ CHOR-bə; Turkish: [tʃɔɾˈba]) shorwa, shurba, shurpa, shurbah or shorba (/ˈʃɔːrbə/ SHOR-bə) is a broad class of stews or rich soups found in national cuisines across North Africa, The Middle East, Iran, Turkey, Southeast Europe, Central Asia, East Africa and South Asia. It is often prepared with added ingredients but is also served alone as a broth or with bread.
Graded category
In mathematics, if  is a category, then a -graded category is a category  together with a functor
.

Monoids and groups can be thought of as categories with a single object. A monoid-graded or group-graded category is therefore one in which to each morphism is attached an element of a given monoid (resp. group), its grade. This must be compatible with composition, in the sense that compositions have the product grade.

Functor
In mathematics, specifically category theory, a functor is a mapping between categories.  Functors were first considered in algebraic topology, where algebraic objects (such as the fundamental group) are associated to topological spaces, and maps between these algebraic objects are associated to continuous maps between spaces.   Nowadays, functors are used throughout modern mathematics to relate various categories. Thus, functors are important in every area of mathematics where category theory is applied.

The words category and functor were borrowed by mathematicians from the philosophers Aristotle and Rudolf Carnap, respectively.  The latter used functor in a linguistic context;
see function word.
Ramón Carrillo
Ramón Carrillo (7 March 1906 – 20 December 1956) was an Argentine neurosurgeon, neurobiologist, physician, academic, public health advocate, and from 1949 to 1954 the nation's first Minister of Public Health.

Neurosurgery
Neurosurgery or/and neurological surgery, also known in common parlance as brain surgery, is the medical specialty that focuses on the surgical treatment or rehabilitation of disorders that affect any portion of the nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nervous system, and cerebrovascular system. Neurosurgery as a medical specialty also includes non-surgical management of some neurological conditions.
Kurokawa gold mine
The Kurokawa gold mine (黒川金山, Kurokawa Kinzan) was a gold mine located in the city of Kōshū, Yamanashi, Japan which was in operation for several hundred years from the Sengoku period into the modern era. The site, along with the Nakayama gold mine (中山金山, Nakayama Kinzan)  (in Minobu, Yamanashi) was collectively designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 1997 as the Kai gold mine sites (甲斐金山遺跡, Kai Kinzan iseki).

Minobu, Yamanashi
Minobu (身延町, Minobu-chō) is a town located in Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 June 2019, the town had an estimated population of 11,674 in 5447 households, and a population density of 39 persons per km2. The total area of the town is 302.00 square kilometres (116.60 sq mi).
USNS Vindicator
USNS Vindicator (T-AGOS-3) was a United States Navy Stalwart-class modified tactical auxiliary general ocean surveillance ship that was in service from 1984 to 1993. Vindicator then served in the United States Coast Guard from 1994 to 2001 as the medium endurance cutter USCGC Vindicator (WMEC-3). From 2004 to 2020, she was in commission in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) fleet as the oceanographic research ship NOAAS Hiʻialakai (R 334).

Medium endurance cutter
The Medium Endurance Cutter or WMEC is a type of United States Coast Guard Cutter mainly consisting of the 270-foot (82 m) Famous- and 210-foot (64 m) Reliance-class cutters. These larger cutters are under control of Area Commands (Atlantic Area or Pacific Area). These cutters have adequate accommodations for crew to live on board and can do 6 to 8 week patrols.

Other ships in the WMEC classification are the 282-foot (86 m) USCGC Alex Haley, and the now-decommissioned 213-foot (65 m) USCGC Acushnet, and 230-foot (70 m) USCGC Storis, and 205-foot (62 m) USCGC Tamaroa which began as the United States Navy Cherokee-class fleet tug USS Zuni launched in 1943.

There are 13 vessels in the Famous class, and 12 vessels still in active US service in the Reliance class. The Coast Guard plans to eventually phase out the vessels in both of these cutter classes and replace them with the Offshore Patrol Cutter as part of the Integrated Deepwater System Program.
Little Things (Jeannie Seely album)
Little Things is a studio album by American country artist Jeannie Seely. It was released in December 1968, by Monument Records and was co-produced by Fred Foster and Jim Malloy. The record was Seely's fourth studio album released in her career and included three singles issued prior to the LP: "Welcome Home to Nothing", "How Is He?" and the title track. Little Things placed inside the top 40 on the US country albums chart and received reviews from both Billboard and Cash Box magazines.

Fred Foster
Fred Luther Foster (July 26, 1931 – February 20, 2019) was an American record producer, songwriter, and music business executive who founded Monument Records and Combine Music. As a record producer he was most closely associated with Roy Orbison, and was also involved in the early careers of Dolly Parton and Willie Nelson. Foster suggested to Kris Kristofferson the title and theme of "Me and Bobby McGee", which became a hit for Kristofferson, Roger Miller, and Janis Joplin, and for which Foster received a co-writing credit.