hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Castilleja applegatei
Castilleja applegatei is a species of Castilleja known by the common names Applegate's Indian paintbrush and wavyleaf Indian paintbrush.

It is native to the western United States. It is a short perennial with sticky, wavy-edged leaves, which are divided closer to the top of the plant. It bears bright, showy paintbrush-shaped inflorescences of small red to yellowish-red tubular flowers.

Like other species of Indian paintbrush, it is a root parasite, feeding off plants such as sagebrush. Although it can survive without parasitizing other plants, individuals that take a host grow faster and larger.

There are five subspecies. They are variable in appearance but distinguishable from other Castilleja species by the wavy margins and stickiness of the leaves.

Castilleja
Castilleja (/kəˈstɪliə/ kə-STIL-ee-ə or /ˌkæstɪˈleɪə/ KAS-til-AY-ə), commonly known as paintbrushes, painted cups, or prairie-fire, is a genus of about 200 species of annual and perennial mostly herbaceous plants native to the west of the Americas from Alaska south to the Andes, northern Asia, and one species as far west as the Kola Peninsula in northwestern Russia. These plants are classified in the broomrape family Orobanchaceae (following major rearrangements of the order Lamiales starting around 2001; sources which do not follow these reclassifications may place them in the Scrophulariaceae). They are hemiparasitic on the roots of grasses and forbs. The genus was named after Spanish botanist Domingo Castillejo.
Independent goods
Independent goods are goods that have a zero cross elasticity of demand. Changes in the price of one good will have no effect on the demand for an independent good. Thus independent goods are neither complements nor substitutes.

For example, a person's demand for nails is usually independent of his or her demand for bread, since they are two unrelated types of goods. Note that this concept is subjective and depends on the consumer's personal utility function.

A Cobb-Douglas utility function implies that goods are independent. For goods in quantities X1 and X2, prices p1 and p2, income m, and utility function parameter a, the utility function

when optimized subject to the budget constraint that expenditure on the two goods cannot exceed income, gives rise to this demand function for good 1:  which does not depend on p2.

Goods
In economics, goods are anything that is good, usually in the sense that it provides welfare or utility to someone. Goods can be contrasted with bads, i.e. things that provide negative value for users, like chores or waste. A bad lowers a consumer's overall welfare.

Economics focuses on the study of economic goods, i.e. goods that are scarce; in other words, producing the good requires expending effort or resources. Economic goods contrast with free goods such as air, for which there is an unlimited supply.

Goods are the result of the secondary sector of the economy which involves the transformation of raw materials or intermediate goods into goods.
Carleton and York Regiment
The Carleton and York Regiment was an infantry regiment of the Non-Permanent Active Militia of the Canadian Militia (now the Canadian Army). In 1954, the regiment was amalgamated with The New Brunswick Scottish and The North Shore (New Brunswick) Regiment to form the two battalions of The New Brunswick Regiment (later renamed as The Royal New Brunswick Regiment).

North Shore (New Brunswick) Regiment
The North Shore (New Brunswick) Regiment is a Primary Reserve infantry regiment of the Canadian Army, and is part of the 5th Canadian Division's 37 Canadian Brigade Group. The regiment is headquartered in Bathurst, New Brunswick, with sub-units in Newcastle (present day Miramichi), Campbellton and Moncton.
Bombardment of Ellwood
The Bombardment of Ellwood during World War II was a naval attack by a Japanese submarine against United States coastal targets near Santa Barbara, California in February 1942. Though the damage was minimal, the event was key in triggering the West Coast invasion scare and influenced the decision to  intern Japanese-Americans. The event also marked the first shelling of the North American mainland during the conflict.

American theater of World War II
The American theater was a theater of operations during World War II including all continental American territory, and extending 200 miles (320 km) into the ocean. Owing to North and South America's geographical separation from the central theaters of conflict (in Europe, the Mediterranean and Middle East, and the Pacific) the threat of an invasion of the continental U.S. or other areas in the Americas by the Axis powers was negligible and the theater saw relatively little conflict. Military engagements include the Battle of the River Plate, submarine attacks off the East Coast, the Aleutian Islands campaign, the Battle of the St. Lawrence, and the attacks on Newfoundland. Espionage efforts included Operation Bolívar.
Hachinohe Domain
Hachinohe Domain (八戸藩, Hachinohe-han) was a tozama feudal domain of Edo period Japan   It is located in Mutsu Province, in northern Honshū. The domain was centered at Hachinohe Castle, located in the center of what is now the city of Hachinohe in Aomori Prefecture.

Han system
Han (Japanese: 藩, "domain") is a Japanese historical term for the estate of a daimyo in the Edo period (1603–1868) and early Meiji period (1868–1912). Han or Bakufu-han (daimyo domain) served as a system of de facto administrative divisions of Japan alongside the de jure provinces until they were abolished in the 1870s.
Joseph Bramah
Joseph Bramah (13 April 1748 –  9 December 1814) was an English inventor and locksmith. He is best known for having improved the flush toilet and inventing the hydraulic press. Along with William Armstrong, 1st Baron Armstrong, he can be considered one of the two fathers of hydraulic engineering.

William Armstrong, 1st Baron Armstrong
William George Armstrong, 1st Baron Armstrong, CB FRS (26 November 1810 – 27 December 1900) was an English engineer and industrialist who founded the Armstrong Whitworth manufacturing concern on Tyneside. He was also an eminent scientist, inventor and philanthropist. In collaboration with the architect Richard Norman Shaw, he built Cragside in Northumberland, the first house in the world to be lit by hydroelectricity. He is regarded as the inventor of modern artillery.

Armstrong was knighted in 1859 after giving his gun patents to the government. In 1887, during Queen Victoria's golden jubilee year, he was raised to the peerage as Baron Armstrong, of Cragside.
Sik Kok Kwong
Sik is a Buddhist honorary title and Kok Kwong is a descriptive of meritorious attributes: see dharma name.

Sik Kok Kwong, GBM GBS (Traditional Chinese: 釋覺光, 16 May 1919 – 16 November 2014) was a Tiantai Buddhist monk from Hong Kong and the first president of the Hong Kong Buddhist Association. He was also the Honorary Vice President of the World Buddhist Sangha Council, a member of the Hong Kong Basic Law Drafting Committee, and a Hong Kong Affairs Advisor.

Grand Bauhinia Medal
The Grand Bauhinia Medal (Chinese: 大紫荊勳章) is the highest award under the Hong Kong honours and awards system;  it is to recognise the selected person's lifelong and highly significant contribution to the well-being of Hong Kong. The awardee is entitled to the postnominal letters GBM and the style The Honourable.  The award was created in 1997 to replace the British honours system, following the transfer of sovereignty to the People's Republic of China and the establishment of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. The list was empty from 2003 to 2004. Bauhinia, Bauhinia blakeana, is the floral emblem of Hong Kong.
XSS worm
An XSS worm, sometimes referred to as a cross site scripting virus, is a malicious (or sometimes non-malicious) payload, usually written in JavaScript, that breaches browser security to propagate among visitors of a website in the attempt to progressively infect other visitors. They were first mentioned in 2002 in relation to a cross site scripting vulnerability in Hotmail.

Cross-site scripting
Cross-site scripting (XSS) is a type of security vulnerability that can be found in some web applications. XSS attacks enable attackers to inject client-side scripts into web pages viewed by other users. A cross-site scripting vulnerability may be used by attackers to bypass access controls such as the same-origin policy. XSS effects vary in range from petty nuisance to significant security risk, depending on the sensitivity of the data handled by the vulnerable site and the nature of any security mitigation implemented by the site's owner network.

OWASP considers the term cross-site scripting to be a misnomer. It initially was an attack that was used for breaching data across sites, but gradually started to include other forms of data injection attacks.
Xerochloa
Xerochloa is a genus of Australian and Southeast Asian plants in the grass family.

Species

Xerochloa barbata R.Br. - Western Australia, Northern Territory, Queensland

Xerochloa imberbis R.Br. - rice grass - Thailand, Java, Western Australia, Northern Territory, Queensland

Xerochloa laniflora Benth. - Western Australia, Northern Territory, Queensland

formerly included

see Apluda

Xerochloa latifolia - Apluda mutica

Apluda
Apluda is a genus of plants in the grass family native to Asia and to various islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans.

The only known species is Apluda mutica, native to Central Asia, China (incl. Taiwan + Tibet), Japan (incl Ryukyu Islands), Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, New Guinea, Vanuatu, Solomon Islands, New Caledonia, Caroline Islands, Madagascar, Mauritius, Réunion, Socotra, Oman.

Formerly included

see Andropogon, Ichnanthus, Ischaemum, Polytoca, Themeda, Zeugites
Committee on Climate Change (Uganda)
The Committee on Climate Change is a standing committee of the Parliament of Uganda which is responsible scrutinizing Uganda's climate policies, reviewing the environment laws, and following up on Uganda's international commitments under accords like the Paris Agreement.

The committee operates in collaboration with the Ministry of Water and Environment, the Department of Climate Change, and development partners to enhance Uganda's climate resilience and low-carbon development.

Parliament of Uganda
The Parliament of Uganda is the unicameral legislature of the Republic of Uganda. One of its primary functions is to pass laws that support effective governance in the country. Government ministers are required to answer to the people's representatives on the floor of the house and may be appointed from amongst its members.

Through the various parliamentary committees, parliament scrutinises government programmes, particularly as outlined in the State of the Nation address by the president. Fiscal matters, such as taxation and loans, require parliamentary approval after appropriate debate.Parliament also holds the authority to confirm certain presidential nominations and, through a motion of censure, may compel a Minister to resign.
Stanisław Barcewicz
Stanisław Barcewicz (16 April 1858 – 1 September 1929) was a Polish violinist, conductor and teacher. Although his repertoire included almost all of the classical and romantic violin literature, he was valued primarily for his interpretations of works by Henryk Wieniawski and Felix Mendelssohn. He also premiered works by his teacher Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, including the Polish premiere of the Violin Concerto in D. He played on a Guadagnini violin.

Henryk Wieniawski
Henryk Wieniawski (pronounced [vʲɛˈɲafskʲi] ⓘ; 10 July 1835 – 31 March 1880) was a Polish virtuoso violinist, composer, and pedagogue, who is regarded amongst the most distinguished violinists in history. His younger brother Józef Wieniawski and nephew Adam Tadeusz Wieniawski were also accomplished musicians, as was his daughter Régine, who became a naturalised British subject upon marrying into the peerage and wrote music under the name Poldowski.
Dennis Richardson (politician)
Dennis Michael Richardson (July 30, 1949 – February 26, 2019) was an American attorney, businessman, and politician who served as the 26th Secretary of State of Oregon from 2017 until his death in 2019. Richardson was from Central Point, Oregon, and served six terms in the Oregon House of Representatives as a member of the Republican Party. He represented House District 4, which included portions of Jackson and Josephine counties, and was the Republican nominee for Governor of Oregon in the 2014 election, losing to incumbent Democrat John Kitzhaber.

In 2016, Richardson was the successful Republican nominee for Oregon Secretary of State, defeating Democratic candidate Brad Avakian with 47% of the vote to Avakian's 43%. As of 2025, he is the most recent Republican to have been elected to statewide office in Oregon.

Oregon Secretary of State
The secretary of state of Oregon, an elected constitutional officer within the executive branch of the government of the U.S. state of Oregon, is first in the line of succession to the governor. The duties of the office are auditor of public accounts, chief elections officer, and administrator of public records. Additionally, the secretary of state serves on the Oregon State Land Board and chairs the Oregon Sustainability Board. Following every United States Census, if the Oregon Legislative Assembly cannot come to an agreement over changes to legislative redistricting, the duty falls to the secretary of state.

The current secretary of state is Democrat Tobias Read, who took office on January 6, 2025.
Royal Thai Naval Air Division
The Royal Thai Naval Air Division or RTNAD (Thai: กองบินทหารเรือ) is the Naval aviation of the Royal Thai Navy. The division was officially established on 7 December 1926. The RTNAD has two air wings and one Flying Unit of HTMS Chakri Naruebet, operating 23 fixed-wing aircraft and 26 helicopters from U-Tapao, Songkhla, and Phuket. The First Royal Thai Navy wing has three squadrons; the Second Royal Thai Navy wing has three squadrons and another wing for HTMS Chakri Naruebet Flying Unit.

U-Tapao Royal Thai Navy Airfield
U-Tapao Royal Thai Navy Airfield is a military airfield of the Royal Thai Navy (RTN) approximately 140 kilometres (87 mi) southeast of Bangkok in the Ban Chang District of Rayong Province near Sattahip on the Gulf of Thailand. It serves as the home of the RTN First Air Wing.
Materials Adherence Experiment
The Materials Adherence Experiment (MAE) was a material science experiment conducted between July 4, 1997, and August 12, 1997, during NASA's Mars Pathfinder mission.  This was a joint experiment between NASA and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory at the California Institute of Technology that consisted of a small module mounted to Pathfinder's rover Sojourner that examined the effects of Martian surface dust on solar cells.

Martian regolith
Martian regolith is the fine blanket of unconsolidated, loose, heterogeneous superficial deposits covering the surface of Mars. The term Martian soil typically refers to the finer fraction of regolith. So far, no samples have been returned to Earth, the goal of a Mars sample-return mission, but the soil has been studied remotely with the use of Mars rovers and Mars orbiters. Its properties can differ significantly from those of terrestrial soil, including its toxicity due to the presence of perchlorates.
Konadaha Seneca First Nation
The Konadaha Seneca First Nation is a Seneca First Nation in southern Ontario, and is a member nation of the Six Nations of the Grand River. Its reserves include the shared reserves of Glebe Farm 40B and the Six Nations of the Grand River First Nation.

Six Nations of the Grand River
Six Nations (or Six Nations of the Grand River) is demographically the largest First Nations reserve in Canada. As of the end of 2017, it has a total of 27,276 members, 12,848 of whom live on the reserve. The six nations of the Iroquois Confederacy are the Mohawk, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, Seneca and Tuscarora. Some Lenape (also known as Delaware) live in the territory as well.

The Six Nations reserve is bordered by the County of Brant, Norfolk County, and Haldimand County, with a subsection reservation, the New Credit Reserve, located within its boundaries. The acreage at present covers some 46,000 acres (190 km2) near the city of Brantford, Ontario. This represents approximately 8% of the original 550,000 acres (2,200 km2) of land granted to the Six Nations by the 1784 Haldimand Proclamation.
Cappelletti (pasta)
Cappelletti (Italian: [kappelˈletti]) are ring-shaped stuffed pasta; they are named for the characteristic shape that resembles a hat (cappello in Italian). Compared to tortellini, they have a different shape, larger size, thicker dough and different filling.

The origins of the recipe, very widespread on a territorial basis, are ancient, traditionally and historically linked to Emilia-Romagna and Marche. From these areas it then spread over the centuries, becoming a typical dish in various cities. Some recent sources specifically indicate the area in the Cesena–Ferrara–Reggio Emilia triangle as the place of origin, others report Marche as a land where cappelletti are of ancient tradition.

Tortellini
Tortellini is a type of stuffed pasta typical of the Italian cities of Bologna and Modena, in the Emilia-Romagna region. Traditionally it is stuffed with a mix of meat (pork loin, prosciutto, mortadella), Parmesan cheese, egg, and nutmeg and served in capon broth (in brodo di cappone).
2016 Rangitikei District Council election
The 2016 Rangitikei District Council election was held across the Rangitikei District of Manawatū-Whanganui, New Zealand, between 16 September and 8 October. These elections were for the offices of Mayor of Rangitikei, eleven members of the Rangitikei District Council, four members each of two community boards, and seven members of the Whanganui District Health Board; these elections were part of the New Zealand-wide local elections. Postal ballots will be issued to all registered voters.

The incumbent mayor was Andy Watson, who on 9 June announced his intention on seeking re-election. First past the post (FPP) was to be used for all elections except the District Health Board elections which used single transferable vote (STV).

The previous elections took place in October 2013 and the following will take place in October 2019.

2016 New Zealand local elections
The 2016 New Zealand local elections (Māori: Nga Pōtitanga ā-Rohe 2016) were triennial elections that were held from September until 8 October 2016 to elect local mayors and councillors, regional councillors, and members of various other local government bodies.

10 of New Zealand's 11 regions and all 67 cities and districts participated in the election.
Little Miss Cornshucks
Little Miss Cornshucks (or Lil' Miss Cornshucks) was the stage name of Mildred Jorman (born Mildred Elizabeth Cummings; May 26, 1923 – November 11, 1999). She was an American rhythm and blues and jazz singer and songwriter.  In her stage show from the 1940s and early 1950s she portrayed herself as a simple farm girl. Her vocal style inspired later 
R&B and soul singers, among them LaVern Baker, Ruth Brown, Aretha Franklin, Otis Redding, Sam Cooke, Wynona Carr and Billy Wright. Her own career never achieved full recognition in her lifetime.

LaVern Baker
Delores LaVern Baker (born Delores Evans; November 11, 1929 – March 10, 1997) was an American rhythm and blues singer who had several hit records on the pop charts in the 1950s and early 1960s. Her most successful records were "Tweedle Dee" (1955), "Jim Dandy" (1956), and "I Cried a Tear" (1958).

Baker was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1991. The Hall remarked that her "fiery fusion of blues, jazz and R&B showcased her alluring vocals and set the stage for the rock and roll surge of the Fifties". From 1955 to 1965, 20 of her songs made the R&B charts. Over the years, Elvis Presley recorded eight Baker songs.
Amy Jones (cricketer)
Amy Ellen Jones is an English cricketer who plays as a wicket-keeper and right-handed batter for The Blaze, Birmingham Phoenix, Perth Scorchers and England. She made her England debut in 2013 and is a holder of an ECB central contract.

On 8 September 2022, England's captain Nat Sciver announced that she decided to withdraw from their home white ball series against India "to focus on her mental health and well being". In her absence, Jones was named as England's captain for the WT20I and WODI series.

Nat Sciver-Brunt
Natalie Ruth Sciver-Brunt (née Sciver; /ˈsɪvər/ SIV-ər; born 20 August 1992) is an English cricketer who represents England in all formats. She was the first cricketer for England to take a hat-trick in a Women's Twenty20 International match. The "Natmeg" shot is named after Sciver-Brunt, from when she has hit a cricket ball through her legs during a game.

On 7 March 2021, Sciver-Brunt captained the England team for the first time in international cricket, for the third WT20I match against New Zealand, after Heather Knight was ruled out of the fixture due to an injury.

On 6 September 2022, Sciver-Brunt was named as England's captain for their home WT20I series against India in the absence of Heather Knight. Two days later, however, Sciver-Brunt announced that she had decided to withdraw from the series "to focus on her mental health and well being".
Monique Chandler-Waterman
Monique Chandler-Waterman (born January 14, 1981) is an American community organizer and politician serving as a member of the New York State Assembly for the 58th district since May 2022. A member of the Democratic Party, Chandler-Waterman won her seat in a special election to fill the seat vacated when N. Nick Perry was appointed U.S. ambassador to Jamaica.

Nick Perry (politician)
Noah Nickolas Perry (born August 1, 1950) is an American politician and diplomat who had served as the United States ambassador to Jamaica from 2022 to 2025. He served as a member of the New York State Assembly for the 58th district from 1993 to 2022. His former district included the neighborhood of East Flatbush, as well as portions of Canarsie and Brownsville, among other neighborhoods located in the borough of Brooklyn.
Jarren Horton
Jarren Horton (born December 27, 1991) is an American football coach who was the defensive coordinator for the Memphis Showboats of the United Football League (UFL). Horton previously served as the defensive coordinator and assistant head coach for the Pittsburgh Maulers of the United States Football League (USFL). He was named the USFL's Assistant Coach of the Year in 2023.

The son of Ray Horton, he played college football for the Portland State Vikings and has also served as a coach with the Vanderbilt Commodores, Cleveland Browns, Pittsburgh Steelers, Southeastern Louisiana Lions, Atlanta Legends and UConn Huskies.

Ray Horton
Raymond Anthony Horton (born April 12, 1960) is an American football coach and former player. He played college football at Washington and was drafted in the second round of the 1983 NFL draft by the Cincinnati Bengals.
Johnny Frisbie
Florence Ngatokura "Johnny" Frisbie QSM (born 19 June 1932), also known as Johnny Frisbie Hebenstreit, is a Cook Islands author. Her autobiographical children's novel, Miss Ulysses of Puka-Puka (1948), was the first published literary work by a Pacific Islander woman author.

King's Service Medal
The King's Service Medal (created as the Queen's Service Medal in 1975 and renamed in 2024) is a medal awarded by the government of New Zealand to recognise and reward volunteer service to the community and also public service in elected or appointed public office. It was established in 1975 and is related to the King's Service Order. The QSM replaced the Imperial Service Medal as an award of New Zealand.

On 3 May 2024, the Queen's Service Medal was renamed to the King's Service Medal by Royal Warrant. Recipients of the Queen's Service Medal from 1975 until May 2024 will continue to use the 'QSM' postnominal letters with recipients of the King's Service Medal from June 2024 using the postnominal letters 'KSM'.