hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Ōkurakyō no Tsubone
Lady Ōkurakyō or Ōkurakyō no Tsubone (大蔵局) was a Japanese noble woman and retainer of the Toyotomi clan during the Sengoku period. She was the wet nurse of Yodo-dono and later served her son Toyotomi Hideyori. She wielded great power within the Toyotomi family along with the Ono brothers, playing a crucial role before and during the siege of Osaka.

Toyotomi Hideyori
Toyotomi Hideyori (豊臣 秀頼; August 28, 1593 – June 4, 1615) was the son and designated successor of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, the general who united all of Japan toward the end of the Sengoku period. His mother, Yodo-dono, was the niece of Oda Nobunaga.
Hodh El Gharbi region
Hodh El Gharbi (Arabic: ولاية الحوض الغربي, romanized: Wilāyat al-Ḥawḍ al-Gharbī, lit. 'Western Basin Region') is a region in southern Mauritania, with an area of 53,400 square km. The population at the 2013 census was 294,109. Its capital is Aïoun (formerly called Ayoun el Atrous). The region borders the Mauritanian regions of Tagant to the north, Hodh Ech Chargui to the east and Assaba to the west. To the south in borders Mali, and a part of Malian territory protrudes into the region. The Aoukar basin, which formerly gave name to a greater region, is located in the northern and central part of Hodh El Gharbi, extending eastwards.

As of 2013, the population of the region was 294,109, compared to 274,443 in 2011. There were 47.53 per cent females and 52.47 per cent males. As of 2008, the activity rate was 52.00 and economic dependency ratio was 0.88. As of 2008, the literacy rate for people aged 15 years and over was 67.10.

Regions of Mauritania
Mauritania is divided into 15 regions (wilayat):

During the Mauritanian occupation of Western Sahara (1975–79), its portion of the territory (mainly corresponding to the lower half of Río de Oro province) was named Tiris al-Gharbiyya.

The regions (wilaya) are subdivided into 44 departments; see departments of Mauritania for more information.
PV Crystalox Solar
PV Crystalox Solar plc is a supplier to solar cell manufacturers, producing multicrystalline silicon wafers for use in solar electricity generation systems. It has operations in Germany, United Kingdom and Japan and its headquarters are in the United Kingdom. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and was a former constituent of the FTSE 250 Index.

FTSE 250 Index
The Financial Times Stock Exchange 250 Index, also called the FTSE 250 Index, FTSE 250, or, informally, the "Footsie 250" /ˈfʊtsi/, is a stock market index that consists of the 101st to the 350th mid-cap blue chip companies listed on the London Stock Exchange.
Taj Muhammad Khattak
Taj Muhammad Khattak (Urdu: تاج محمد خٹک; born 20 February 1948), HI(M). SI(M), SJ, is a retired three-star rank admiral in the Pakistan Navy and a defence analyst, writing columns in the political correspondent, News International.

In addition, he also served as chairman of the Port Qasim Authority from 2002 until 2005, while serving in active duty with the Navy.

Sitara-e-Jurat
Sitara-e-Jurat (Urdu: ستارہِ جرأت, Star of Courage) is the third highest military award of Pakistan. It was established in 1957 after Pakistan became a republic; however, it was instituted retrospectively back to 1947. It is awarded for gallantry or distinguished service in combat; and can be bestowed upon officers, junior commissioned officers, petty officers, warrant officers, soldiers, sailors, airmen, and equivalents in the Pakistan Army, Navy, Air Force, and various paramilitary forces under federal control, such as the Frontier Corps, the Frontier Constabulary, and the Pakistan Rangers. It may be considered to be roughly equivalent to the Military Cross and the Silver Star.
Poch
Poch, Pochen, or Pochspiel (French: Poque) is a card game considered to be one of the forerunners of poker, a game that developed in America in the 19th century. An etymological relationship between the game names is also assumed. Games related to Poch are the French Glic and Nain Jaune and the English Pope Joan. Other forerunners of poker and possible relatives of the game are the English game, Brag, from the 16th century and the French Brelan (later Bouillotte) and Belle, Flux et Trente-et-Un. Poch is recorded as early as 1441 in Strasbourg. In north Germany it was called by the Low German name of Puchen or Puchspill, and the board was a Puchbrett.

Pochen is also another name for the card game Tippen or Dreiblatt.

Tippen
Tippen, also known as Dreiblatt, Dreikart, Drei Karten, Dreekort, Kleinpréférence or Labet, is an historical German 3-card, plain-trick game which was popular as a gambling game for three or more players. The Danish version of the game was known as Trekort and more elaborate Swedish variants include Knack and Köpknack. It appears to be related to the English game of Three-Card Loo. It was banned as a gambling game in some places.
Jensenia
Jensenia is a bryophyte plant genus in the liverwort family Pallaviciniaceae. It has been treated as a subgenus of Pallavicinia by several authors, though a set of features seems to set it apart as a genus. The six or seven species of the genus belong to a southern, possibly Gondwana element.

Pallavicinia
Pallavicinia is a globally distributed genus in the liverwort family Pallaviciniaceae. Thallus is simple and contains a strong hair-like midrib. Thallus area except midrib made out of one layer of cells. Thallus is dark green in color and it is very small (3-6 cm in long and 4-5 mm broad). Margins are entirely or irregularly lobed. Most species are distributed in tropical, subtropical or temperate regions. It grows in shady and moist environments, such as moist soil-covered rocks and banks of fresh water streams. Female thallus lobes have cup-shaped fringed receptacles.

Species

formerly included
Limnopilos
Limnopilos is a genus of small hymenosomatid crabs endemic to Southeast Asia. The genus was described by Christina Chuang and Peter Ng in 1991, who identified the new species Limnopilos naiyanetri and distinguished it from the closely related genus Hymenicoides. Its true taxonomic classification was debated for several years, but in 2007 the discovery of a new species of crab in this genus solidified the distinction between Limnopilos and Hymenicoides. Many aspects of the genus Limnopilos are still poorly understood. Their ecology and natural history have not been studied in detail, and their reproductive cycle remains mysterious.

L. naiyanetri is the type species of this genus. The genus name Limnopilos refers to the fact that animals of this genus inhabit freshwater and are hairy.

Limnopilos naiyanetri
Limnopilos naiyanetri, commonly referred to as the Thai micro crab, is a freshwater hymenosomatid crab endemic to Thailand. Its presence has only been confirmed in the Tha Chin River. The species was described in 1991 and represents the type species of Limnopilos. The Thai micro crab was first introduced to the aquarium hobby in 2008 when it was imported to Germany by the tropical fish importer Aquarium Glaser GmbH, and has slowly grown in popularity with aquarium hobbyists. It remains a relatively rare species on the market and detailed information on the husbandry of this species is scarce.
Poon Lim
Poon Lim BEM (Chinese: 潘濂; pinyin: Pān Lián; 8 March 1918 – 4 January 1991) was a Chinese seafarer. He was born on the island of Hainan, China. In 1942–43, he survived a record 133 days alone on a life raft in the South Atlantic.

Lim was Second Mess Steward on SS Benlomond, a British cargo ship that the German submarine U-172 sank on 23 November 1942. He survived on an eight-foot (2.4 m) wooden raft with supplies. When the supplies ran low, Lim resorted to fishing, catching seabirds, and rainwater collection.

On 5 April 1943, three Brazilian fishermen rescued Lim as he neared the coast of Brazil. After Lim returned to the United Kingdom, King George VI awarded him the British Empire Medal. After the Second World War, Lim emigrated to the United States.

British Empire Medal
The British Empire Medal (BEM; formerly British Empire Medal for Meritorious Service) is a British and Commonwealth award for meritorious civil or military service worthy of recognition by the Crown. The current honour was created in 1922 to replace the original medal, which had been established in 1917 as part of the Order of the British Empire.
Quaternionic structure
In mathematics, a quaternionic structure or Q-structure is an axiomatic system that abstracts the concept of a quaternion algebra over a field.

A quaternionic structure is a triple (G, Q, q) where G is an elementary abelian group of exponent 2 with a distinguished element −1, Q is a pointed set with distinguished element 1, and q is a symmetric surjection G×G → Q satisfying axioms

Every field F gives rise to a Q-structure by taking G to be F∗/F∗2, Q the set of Brauer classes of quaternion algebras in the Brauer group of F with the split quaternion algebra as distinguished element and q(a,b) the quaternion algebra (a,b)F.

Quaternion algebra
In mathematics, a quaternion algebra over a field F is a central simple algebra A over F that has dimension 4 over F. Every quaternion algebra becomes a matrix algebra by extending scalars (equivalently, tensoring with a field extension), i.e. for a suitable field extension K of F,  is isomorphic to the 2 × 2 matrix algebra over K.

The notion of a quaternion algebra can be seen as a generalization of Hamilton's quaternions to an arbitrary base field. The Hamilton quaternions are a quaternion algebra (in the above sense) over , and indeed the only one over  apart from the 2 × 2 real matrix algebra, up to isomorphism. When , then the biquaternions form the quaternion algebra over F.
Trautenstein
Trautenstein (German pronunciation: [ˈtʁaʊtn̩ʃtaɪn]) is a village in the borough of Oberharz am Brocken in the district of Harz in the German state of Saxony-Anhalt. Formerly an independent municipality, it was merged into the town of Hasselfelde in 2002, which was merged into Oberharz am Brocken in 2010. Its population is 390 (2021).

Hasselfelde
Hasselfelde (German pronunciation: [hasl̩ˈfɛldə] ⓘ) is a town in the district of Harz, in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. It is in the eastern Harz, approximately 17 km south of Wernigerode. Since 1 January 2010 it has been part of the town of Oberharz am Brocken. Its population is 1,941 (2021).
2017 Dutch Open Grand Prix
The 2017 Dutch Open Grand Prix officially Yonex Dutch Open 2017 was a badminton tournament which took place at Topsportcentrum in Almere in the Netherlands on 10 to 15 October 2017 and had a total purse of $65,000.

Dutch Open (badminton)
The Dutch Open is an annual badminton tournament held in the Netherlands for the first time in November 1931 and is currently organized by Badminton Nederland. It is a part of the European Badminton Circuit.
California encephalitis virus
California encephalitis virus was discovered in Kern County, California, and causes encephalitis in humans. Encephalitis is an acute inflammation of the brain that can cause minor symptoms, such as headaches, to more severe symptoms such as seizures.  Mosquitoes serve as its carrier and for this reason this virus is known as an arbovirus (arthropod-borne virus).

California encephalitis virus belongs to the Orthobunyavirus genus of viruses. The La Crosse virus from the same genus is also a common cause of encephalitis in the United States. Other viruses with similar disease symptoms but genetically unrelated include: Saint Louis encephalitis and West Nile virus.

Saint Louis encephalitis
Saint Louis encephalitis is a disease caused by the mosquito-borne Saint Louis encephalitis virus.  Saint Louis encephalitis virus is a member of the family Flaviviridae related to West Nile virus and Japanese encephalitis virus.  Saint Louis encephalitis virus is endemic to the New World and is present from southern Canada to Argentina, from the east coast and west coast of the United States, and in the Caribbean Islands.
Initiation factor
In molecular biology, initiation factors are proteins that bind to the small subunit of the ribosome during the initiation of translation, a part of protein biosynthesis.

Initiation factors can interact with repressors to slow down or prevent translation. They have the ability to interact with activators to help them start or increase the rate of translation. In bacteria, they are simply called IFs (i.e.., IF1, IF2, & IF3) and in eukaryotes they are known as eIFs (i.e.., eIF1, eIF2, eIF3). Translation initiation is sometimes described as three step process which initiation factors help to carry out. First, the tRNA carrying a methionine amino acid binds to the small subunit of ribosome, then binds to the mRNA, and finally joins together with the large subunit of ribosome. The initiation factors that help with this process each have different roles and structures.

EIF2
Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 2 (eIF2) is a eukaryotic initiation factor. It is required for most forms of eukaryotic translation initiation. eIF2 mediates the binding of tRNAiMet to the ribosome in a GTP-dependent manner. eIF2 is a heterotrimer consisting of an alpha (also called subunit 1, EIF2S1), a beta (subunit 2, EIF2S2), and a gamma (subunit 3, EIF2S3) subunit.

Once the initiation phase has completed, eIF2 is released from the ribosome bound to GDP as an inactive binary complex. To participate in another round of translation initiation, this GDP must be exchanged for GTP.
Judiciary of Michigan
The judiciary of Michigan is defined under the Michigan Constitution, law, and regulations as part of the Government of Michigan. The court system consists of the Michigan Supreme Court, the Michigan Court of Appeals as the intermediate appellate court, the circuit courts and district courts as the two primary trial courts, and several administrative courts and specialized courts. The Supreme Court administers all the courts. The Michigan Supreme Court consists of seven members who are elected on non-partisan ballots for staggered eight-year terms, while state appellate court judges are elected to terms of six years and vacancies are filled by an appointment by the governor, and circuit court and district court judges are elected to terms of six years.

Michigan Court of Appeals
The Michigan Court of Appeals is the intermediate-level appellate court of the state of Michigan.  It was created by the Michigan Constitution of 1963, and commenced operations in 1965. Its opinions are reported both in an official publication of the State of Michigan, Michigan Appeals Reports, as well as the unofficial, privately published North Western Reporter, published by West. Appeals from this court's decisions go to the Michigan Supreme Court.
Colorado State Highway 95
State Highway 95 (SH 95) is a 14.33 mile (23.06 km) long north–south state highway in the U.S. state of Colorado. SH 95's southern terminus is at U.S. Route 285 (US 285) in Denver and the northern terminus is at US 36 in Westminster.

U.S. Route 36 in Colorado
U.S. Route 36 (US 36) is a United States highway that travels from Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado to Kansas. In Colorado, the highway traverses an east–west route mostly in the northern portion of the Great Plains. At its west end, the road connects several small mountain towns such as Estes Park and Lyons to the larger metropolitan areas of Boulder and Denver. As it continues eastward, it connects to several other small towns and rural highways on the plains before crossing the state line into Kansas.
Lajtabánság
Lajtabánság (Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈlaɪtɒbaːnʃaːɡ]; German: Leitha-Banschaft), or the Banate of Leitha, was a short-lived western Hungarian state in the region that today forms the Austrian state of Burgenland. It existed between 4 October and 10 November 1921, following the Treaty of Trianon and the departure of the rump Kingdom of Hungary's army and after the Sopron plebiscite was held in the area according to the Venice protocol.

The principal leaders of the state were Pál Prónay, Count Gyula Ostenburg-Moravek and former Hungarian prime minister István Friedrich. Its military was the Rongyos Gárda ("Ragged Guards" or "Scrubby Guards"), recruited from former army soldiers, peasants and students devoted to retaining the region rather than surrender it to Austria.

1921 Sopron plebiscite
The Sopron area plebiscite took place on 14–16 December 1921. In the plebiscite, the residents of an area of 257 km2, comprising Sopron and eight surrounding settlements, voted on whether to remain in Hungary or to join Austria. After World War I, that was the only plebiscite concerning disputed borders on territory of the former Kingdom of Hungary that was permitted by the Entente.
Alison Betts
Alison Venetia Graham Betts FSA FAHA is a Scottish archaeologist and academic, who specialises in the "archaeology of the lands along the Silk Roads" and the nomadic peoples of the Near East. Since 2012, she has been Professor of Silk Road Studies at the University of Sydney.

Australian Academy of the Humanities
The Australian Academy of the Humanities was established by Royal Charter in 1969 to advance scholarship and public interest in the humanities in Australia. It operates as an independent not-for-profit organisation partly funded by the Australian Government.
Chuck Heater
Chuck Heater (born October 10, 1952) is an American football coach and former player. He was a running back for the University of Michigan from 1972 to 1974 and finished his playing career as the fifth all-time leading rusher in Michigan Wolverines football history. Heater has been an assistant football coach at ten universities since 1976. He has been affiliated with College Football Hall of Fame coaches Bo Schembechler (as a player), Earle Bruce (as an assistant at Ohio State and Colorado State), and Lou Holtz (as an assistant at Notre Dame). He has been on coaching staffs of national championship teams at Notre Dame (1988) and Florida (2006 and 2008).

Lou Holtz
Louis Leo Holtz (born January 6, 1937) is an American former college football coach and television analyst. He served as the head football coach at the College of William & Mary (1969–1971), North Carolina State University (1972–1975), the New York Jets (1976), the University of Arkansas (1977–1983), the University of Minnesota (1984–1985), the University of Notre Dame (1986–1996), and the University of South Carolina (1999–2004), compiling a career college head coaching record of 249–132–7. Holtz's 1988 Notre Dame team went 12–0 with a victory in the Fiesta Bowl and was the consensus national champion. Holtz is the only college football coach to lead six different programs to bowl games and the only coach to guide four different programs to the final top 15 rankings.

After retiring from coaching, Holtz worked as a TV college football analyst for CBS Sports in the 1990s and ESPN from 2005 until 2015. On May 1, 2008, Holtz was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame.
Puqueldón
Puqueldón is a Chilean commune in Chiloé Archipelago which is part of Chiloé Province and Los Lagos Region.  The commune is located on Lemuy Island and consists of eight villages the biggest of which is Puqueldón. Puqueldón was one of the towns to receive the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundations scholarship in 2002.

Chiloé Province
Chiloé Province (Spanish: Provincia de Chiloé) is one of the four provinces in the southern Chilean region of Los Lagos (X). It consists of all of Chiloé Archipelago (including Chiloé Island) with the exception of the Desertores Islands. The province spans a surface area of 9,181.6 km2 (3,545 sq mi). Its capital is Castro, and the seat of the Roman Catholic bishopric is Ancud.
Iqroop Singh Ghuman
Lieutenant General Iqroop Singh Ghuman, PVSM, AVSM, ADC is a commissioned officer of the Indian Army. He was the General Officer-Commanding-in-Chief (GOC-in-C), Central Command of the Indian Army. He took office on 2 October when Lt Gen Abhay Krishna retired.

Ati Vishisht Seva Medal
Ati Vishisht Seva Medal (AVSM, lit. 'Very Distinguished Service Medal') is a military award of India given to recognize "distinguished service of an exceptional order" to all ranks of the armed forces. The award is a peacetime equivalent of Uttam Yuddh Seva Medal, which is a Wartime Distinguished Service decoration.

The award can also be granted posthumously. Subsequent awards are represented by a bar worn on the ribbon. The awardee can use "AVSM" as post-nominal letters.
Ryan Adams (album)
Ryan Adams is the 14th studio album by American singer-songwriter Ryan Adams,  released on 8 September 2014 on PAX AM. The album features an atmospheric rock-based aesthetic, in comparison to its primarily acoustic predecessor, Ashes & Fire (2011).

Self-produced by Adams, and his recording partner Mike Viola, the album was preceded by the single, "Gimme Something Good", and was recorded following the completion of a now-abandoned studio album, recorded by Adams' Ashes & Fire collaborator, Glyn Johns. The album earned two nominations at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards in Best Rock Song for "Gimme Something Good" and Best Rock Album.

Ashes & Fire
Ashes & Fire is the 13th studio album by Ryan Adams, released on October 11, 2011, by PAX AM and Capitol Records. Recorded with producer Glyn Johns, Ashes & Fire marks Adams' return to recording following the disbandment of his band the Cardinals in 2009. Regarding the album, Adams noted, "The record is obsessed with time. I believe that there is a kinder view of the self. I'm passing through my own life as a ghost, and looking at these pieces and places in my life. I'm looking at California, and the idea of being lost and found at the same time."

On October 16, 2011, the album entered the UK Albums Chart at number 9, making his best position in the UK. In the US, it debuted at number 7, making Ashes & Fire his second top 10 album since Easy Tiger.

The album was preceded by the single "Lucky Now", Adams' first release with Capitol Records.
Erythema nodosum
Erythema nodosum (EN) is an inflammatory condition characterized by inflammation of subcutaneous fat tissue, resulting in painful red/blue lumps or nodules that are usually seen symmetrically on both shins, on the thighs, arms, and elsewhere. It can be caused by a variety of conditions but 20 to 50% of cases are idiopathic. It typically resolves spontaneously within 30 days. It is common in young people aged 12–20 years.

Panniculitis
Panniculitis is a group of diseases whose hallmark is inflammation of subcutaneous adipose tissue (the fatty layer under the skin – panniculus adiposus). Symptoms include tender skin nodules, and systemic signs such as weight loss and fatigue.

Restated, an inflammatory disorder primarily localized in the subcutaneous fat is termed a "panniculitis", a group of disorders that may be challenging both for the clinician and the dermatopathologist.: 487  The general term for inflammation of any adipose tissue is steatitis.
Delete character
The delete control character (also called DEL or rubout) is the last character in the ASCII repertoire, with the code 127. It is supposed to do nothing and was created so that incorrect characters on paper tape could be erased. It is denoted as ^? in caret notation and is U+007F in Unicode.

Terminal emulators may produce DEL when ← Backspace key or Control+← Backspace  or Control+? are typed.

Punched tape
Punched tape or perforated paper tape is a form of data storage that consists of a long strip of paper through which small holes are punched. It was developed from and was subsequently used alongside punched cards, the difference being that the tape is continuous.

Punched cards, and chains of punched cards, were used for control of looms in the 18th century. Use for telegraphy systems started in 1842. Punched tapes were used throughout the 19th and for much of the 20th centuries for programmable looms, teleprinter communication, for input to computers of the 1950s and 1960s, and later as a storage medium for minicomputers and CNC machine tools. During the Second World War, high-speed punched tape systems using optical readout methods were used in code breaking systems. Punched tape was used to transmit data for manufacture of read-only memory chips.