hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Physical organic chemistry
Physical organic chemistry, a term coined by Louis Hammett in 1940, refers to a discipline of organic chemistry that focuses on the relationship between chemical structures and reactivity, in particular, applying experimental tools of physical chemistry to the study of organic molecules. Specific focal points of study include the rates of organic reactions, the relative chemical stabilities of the starting materials, reactive intermediates, transition states, and products of chemical reactions, and non-covalent aspects of solvation and molecular interactions that influence chemical reactivity. Such studies provide theoretical and practical frameworks to understand how changes in structure in solution or solid-state contexts impact reaction mechanism and rate for each organic reaction of interest.

Chemical stability
In chemistry, chemical stability is the thermodynamic stability of a chemical system, in particular a chemical compound or a polymer. Colloquially, it may instead refer to kinetic persistence, the shelf-life of a metastable substance or system; that is, the timescale over which it begins to degrade.

Thermodynamic stability occurs when a system is in its lowest energy state, or in chemical equilibrium with its environment. This may be a dynamic equilibrium in which individual atoms or molecules change form, but their overall number in a particular form is conserved. This type of chemical thermodynamic equilibrium will persist indefinitely unless the system is changed. Chemical systems might undergo changes in the phase of matter or a set of chemical reactions.

State A is said to be more thermodynamically stable than state B if the Gibbs free energy of the change from A to B is positive.
2017 Myanmar Air Force Shaanxi Y-8 crash
On 7 June 2017, a Shaanxi Y-8 aircraft of the Myanmar Air Force crashed on a flight from Myeik to Yangon, killing all 122 people on board. Debris from the aircraft was found in the Andaman Sea, 118 nautical miles (218 km) off Dawei by Myanmar Navy ships. It is the deadliest aviation accident in Myanmar's history.

Shaanxi Y-8
The Shaanxi Y-8 or Yunshuji-8 (Chinese: 运-8; pinyin: Yùn Bā) aircraft is a medium-size, medium-range transport aircraft produced by Shaanxi Aircraft Corporation in China, based on the Soviet Antonov An-12. It has become one of China's most popular military and civilian transport/cargo aircraft, with many variants produced and exported. Although the An-12 is no longer made in Ukraine, the Chinese Y-8 continues to be upgraded and produced. An estimated 169 Y-8 aircraft had been built by 2010.
Hull Stingrays
The Hull Stingrays were a British ice hockey club from Kingston upon Hull who was a member of the Elite Ice Hockey League from 2003 until 2015. They played their home games at Hull Arena.

The Stingrays replaced previous clubs Humberside Seahawks (1988–1999) and Hull Thunder (1999–2003). On 10 August 2010, owners Mike & Sue Pack announced that the club was ceasing operations due to a lack of funds to complete the 2010–11 season, but a takeover by Elite League rivals Coventry Blaze was confirmed on 17 August 2010, enabling the team to take its place in the Elite League for the 2010–11 season. At the end of the 2011–12 season Coventry Blaze announced their intention to sell the Stingrays. The Coventry-based ownership accepted an offer from Stingrays' bench coach Bobby McEwan in May 2012. On 24 June 2015, the club announced on its official website that it has been placed into liquidation.

Coventry Blaze
The Coventry Blaze are a British professional ice hockey team based in Coventry, England. They currently compete in the Elite Ice Hockey League (EIHL) and play their home games at Planet Ice Coventry. The club was founded in 1965 as the original Solihull Barons and renamed the Solihull Blaze in 1996, before relocating to Coventry at the turn of the millennium. The Blaze have won four Elite Ice Hockey League Championships since the formation of the league in 2003.
Fayette Hewitt
Fayette Hewitt (15 October 1831 – 26 January 1909) was an American educator, postmaster, Confederate captain serving as assistant adjutant to several brigadier generals, appointed a quarter-master of the Kentucky militia in post-bellum Kentucky under Governor John W. Stevenson, elected Kentucky State Auditor serving from 1880 to 1889, and then a financier, including serving as president of the State National Bank of Frankfort.

Benjamin Hardin Helm
Benjamin Hardin Helm (June 2, 1831 – September 21, 1863) was an American politician, attorney, and Confederate brigadier general. A son of Kentucky governor John L. Helm, he was born in Bardstown, Kentucky. He attended the Kentucky Military Institute and the West Point Military Academy and then studied law at the University of Louisville and Harvard University. He served as a state legislator and the state's attorney in Kentucky. Helm was offered the position of Union Army paymaster by his brother-in-law, President Abraham Lincoln (Helm was married to Emilie Todd, the half-sister of Mary Todd Lincoln), a position which he declined. Helm joined the Confederate States Army. As a brigadier general, Helm commanded the 1st Kentucky Brigade, more commonly known as The Orphan Brigade. He died on the battlefield during the Battle of Chickamauga.
William Macintyre
William Macintyre (born 14 August 2007) is a British racing driver, who most recently competed in the GB3 Championship in 2025 for Elite Motorsport and for Hitech Pulse-Eight in 2024. He is the 2023 British F4 vice-champion and the 2022 Ginetta Junior Championship runner-up.

2022 Ginetta Junior Championship
The 2022 Michelin Ginetta Junior Championship was a multi-event, one make motor racing championship held across England and Scotland. The championship included a mix of professional teams and privately funded drivers, aged between 14 and 17, competing in Ginetta G40s that were conformed to the technical regulations for the championship.
Missouri Route 165
Route 165 and County Road 165 (CR 165) form a loop around the west side of Branson, Missouri, in Taney and Stone counties. The highway's southern terminus is at U.S. Route 65 (US 65) south of Branson, in Hollister. Even though the county road designation belongs to Taney County, it briefly enters Stone County at Table Rock State Park. Upon re-entering Taney County, it crosses the Table Rock Lake Dam, along with Route 265, at Table Rock Lake. Its northern terminus is at US 65 along the Red Route in north Branson.

Stone County, Missouri
36°44′N 93°28′W﻿ / ﻿36.74°N 93.47°W﻿ / 36.74; -93.47

Stone County is located in the southwestern portion of the U.S. state of Missouri. As of the 2020 census, the population was 31,076. Its county seat is Galena.

Stone County was part of the Branson micropolitan area until 2023.
Vũ Thị Hoa
Vũ Thị Hoa (born 6 November 2003) is a Vietnamese footballer who plays as a forward for Women's Championship club Hà Nội I and the Vietnam women's national team. Hoa won the best Vietnamese Young Women Player of the Year in 2022.

Women's National League (Vietnam)
The Vietnamese Women's National League, officially the Women's National League (Vietnamese: Giải Bóng đá Nữ Vô Địch Quốc Gia, lit. 'Women's National Football League'), also called the Thai Son Bac Cup for sponsorship reasons, is the highest league of women's football in Vietnam. The league was established in 1998 and is currently contested by 8 teams. Defending champions Ho Chi Minh City have won the most championships with 14 titles.
Biosecurity Act 2015
The Biosecurity Act 2015 is an Act of the Parliament of Australia which manages biosecurity risks in Australia at the national border. It was enacted on 16 June 2015, after the Bill was passed with bipartisan support on 14 May 2015. It covers both agricultural and human medical biosecurity risks, including epidemics and pandemics, and is designed to contain and/or deal with any "diseases and pests that may cause harm to human, animal or plant health or the environment" in Australia.

The application of the Act was particularly tested during the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia.

Biosecurity
Biosecurity refers to measures aimed at preventing the introduction or spread of harmful organisms (e.g. viruses, bacteria, plants, animals etc.) intentionally or unintentionally outside their native range or within new environments. In agriculture, these measures are aimed at protecting food crops and livestock from pests, invasive species, and other organisms not conducive to the welfare of the human population. The term includes biological threats to people, including those from pandemic diseases and bioterrorism. The definition has sometimes been broadened to embrace other concepts, and it is used for different purposes in different contexts.

The COVID-19 pandemic is a recent example of a threat for which biosecurity measures have been needed in all countries of the world.
National Summer Soccer League
The National Summer Soccer League was a brief national association football league competition in New Zealand which persisted from 1996 to 1998. It succeeded the Superclub competition and was itself succeeded by the second incarnation of the New Zealand National Soccer League.

New Zealand National Football Leagues
The New Zealand National League is the name given to the current New Zealand top football competition. Originally set up as the New Zealand National Soccer League there has been many versions of the competition as well as many different names. The most common format saw club teams play each other, at least two times, on a home and away basis. At the completion of those games, the best-performing team was declared as the New Zealand champion. The latest version has the clubs play in their regional leagues with the top teams qualifying for the Championship phase to then play each other for the champion.
Alastair Bruce of Crionaich
Major-General Alastair Andrew Bernard Reibey Bruce of Crionaich CB OBE TD VR DL (born 25 June 1960), is a British television journalist and former senior officer in the British Army Reserves who served as Governor of Edinburgh Castle from 2019 until 2024.

Royal, Religious and National Events Commentator for Sky News, Bruce was previously engaged by the BBC, and was historical adviser to several feature films and the ITV series Downton Abbey. He has been a commentator on many major State events in the United Kingdom, including the Queen's Diamond Jubilee in 2012, the Royal Wedding in 2011, the Papal Visit in 2010, the Coronation in 2023, and the deaths and funerals of Diana, Princess of Wales in 1997, the Queen Mother in 2002, the Duke of Edinburgh in 2021, and Queen Elizabeth II in 2022.

Bruce commanded the TA Media Operations Group before his appointment as Governor of Edinburgh Castle and continues to serve as an officer of arms in the Royal Household.

Officer of arms
An officer of arms is a person appointed by a sovereign or state with authority to perform one or more of the following functions:

to control and initiate armorial matters;

to arrange and participate in ceremonies of state;

to conserve and interpret heraldic and genealogical records.
Vanessa Herrick
Vanessa Anne Herrick (born 27 March 1958) is a retired Anglican priest who served as the Archdeacon of Harlow.

She was educated at the University of York; St John's College, Nottingham; Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge; and Ridley Hall, Cambridge. Herrick was ordained deacon in 1996, and priest in 1997. After a curacy in Bury St Edmunds she was a tutor at Ridley then Director of Mission and Vocation for the Diocese of Ely from 2003 until 2012. She was then Rector of Wimborne Minster from 2012 to 2015; and of the Northern Villages (Hinton Martell, Holt, Horton, Chalbury, Witchampton, Stanbridge, Long Crichel and More Crichel) until her appointment as Archdeacon of Harlow. She retired effective 31 March 2023.

Archdeacons in the Diocese of Chelmsford
The Archdeacons in the Diocese of Chelmsford are senior ecclesiastical officers in the Church of England in Essex and East London. They currently include: the Archdeacon of West Ham, the Archdeacon of Colchester and the archdeacons of Chelmsford, of Barking, of Stansted and of Southend. Each one has responsibility over a geographical area within the diocese.
Dejan Malinović
Dejan Malinović (born 12 April 1992) is a Bosnian handball player for PLER-Budapest and the Bosnian national team.

Malinović previously played for Borac Banja Luka, Izviđač, Maribor, Meshkov Brest, Creteil and HC Dobrogea Sud Constanța. During the WC in Qatar Malinović was considered one of the most talented European right-wing fullbacks. He has been included in the edition of EHF's "RISING STARS OF 2015".

RK Borac Banja Luka
Rukometni klub Borac Banja Luka (Serbian Cyrillic: Рукометни клуб Бopaц Бања Лука) is a handball club from Banja Luka, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is part of the Borac sports society.

The federal league of Yugoslavia was founded in 1957. The handball club Borac became its member and since then was competing in the league until the disintegration of SFR Yugoslavia in 1992. Borac was the champion of SFR Yugoslavia seven times between 1959 and 1981.

In addition, RK Borac Banja Luka had won the Cup of Republika Srpska twelve times between 1993 and 2013. The Cup competition did not take place in 1995 because of war activities.

The following players were crowned the European Champions in 1976: Milorad Karalić, Zdravko Rađenović, Nedeljko Vujinović, Abas Arslanagić, Dobrivoje Selec, Momir Golić, Nebojša Popović, Miro Bjelić, Zoran Ravlić, Boro Golić, Rade Unčanin, Slobodan Vukša, Mile Kekerović, Zlatko Jančić. Coach: Pero Janjić.
Semi-colony
In Marxist theory, a semi-colony is a country which is officially recognized as a politically independent state and as a sovereign nation, but which is in reality dependent on and/or dominated by another (imperialist) country (or, in some cases, several imperialist countries or corporations). A country could have been independent before it became a semi-colony, and it could have gained full independence after it had been a semi-colony.

Imperialism
Imperialism is the maintaining and extending of power over foreign nations, particularly through expansionism, employing both hard power (military and economic power) and soft power (diplomatic power and cultural imperialism). Imperialism focuses on establishing or maintaining hegemony and a more formal empire.

While related to the concept of colonialism, imperialism is a distinct concept that can apply to other forms of expansion and many forms of government.
Constructores de Gómez Palacio
The Club de Fútbol Constructores de Gómez Palacio, commonly known as Constructores, was a Mexican football club based in Gómez Palacio. The club was founded in 2014, and played in the Serie B of Liga Premier. In 2019, the club was dissolved due to budget problems.

Serie B de México
Liga Premier Serie B is a professional association football league in Mexico, part of the Liga Premier as the secondary subdivision in the third level of the Mexican football league system. Formerly named Liga de Nuevos Talentos (2008–2017), it was created for developing clubs with less infraestructure that can aspire to participate in Serie A. The Serie B has 10 participating clubs, the champions are decided by a final knockout phase. The winners of Serie B are the secondary champions of the Liga Premier.
Airtel Run for Education
Airtel Run for Education, started by Round Table India and Bharti Airtel Limited in 2014, is an annual fund raising sporting event, aimed at contributing towards the cause of providing education for the underprivileged children.

Bharti Airtel
Bharti Airtel is an Indian multinational telecommunications company headquartered in New Delhi. It operates in 18 countries across Indian Subcontinent, Africa, and the Channel Islands. In India, the company provides mobile telephony services using 5G, 4G, and LTE Advanced technologies, along with fixed-line broadband and voice services, while the range of services varies by country of operation.

Airtel is the second-largest mobile network operator in India and one of the largest mobile network operators globally by subscriber base. It has also deployed Voice over LTE (VoLTE) technology across telecom circles in India to support voice calls over 4G networks.
Alexander Budkin
Alexander Budkin (Russian: Александр Эльгизарович Будкин; born September 8, 1986) is a Russian professional ice hockey defenceman who is currently playing for HC Lada Togliatti in the Supreme Hockey League (VHL).

All-Russian Hockey League
The All-Russian Hockey League (VHL) (Russian: Всероссийская хоккейная лига (ВХЛ), Vserossiyskaya hokkeinaya liga (VHL)), also known as the Supreme Hockey League, Major Hockey League or Higher Hockey League (HHL) (Russian: Высшая хоккейная лига, Vysshaya hokkeinaya liga), is a professional ice hockey league in Eurasia, and the second highest level of Russian hockey.

As the Kontinental Hockey League, the top tier of Russian ice hockey, is independent from the Ice Hockey Federation of Russia, the VHL's champion is also declared the Champion of Russia.
Comoros national football team
The Comoros national football team represents the Comoros in international football and is controlled by the Comoros Football Federation. It was formed in 1979, joined the Confederation of African Football (CAF) in 2003, and became a FIFA member in 2005. Comoros qualified for their first major tournament in 2021, after their 0–0 draw with Togo assured them of a place in the 2021 Africa Cup of Nations.

Togo national football team
The Togo national football team (French: Équipe nationale de football du Togo) represents Togo in international football and is controlled by the Togolese Football Federation. The national football team of Togo made their debut in the FIFA World Cup in 2006. Their team bus underwent a fatal attack in Angola prior to the 2010 Africa Cup of Nations. They withdrew and were subsequently banned from the following two tournaments by the Confederation of African Football (CAF). In 2013 for the first time in history, Togo reached the quarter-finals of the Africa Cup of Nations. The team represents both FIFA and the Confederation of African Football (CAF).
Measures of guilt and shame
Measures of guilt and shame are used by mental health professionals to determine an individual's propensity towards the self-conscious feelings of guilt or shame.

Guilt and shame are both negative social and moral emotions as well as behavioral regulators, yet they differ in their perceived causes and motivations: external sources cause shame which affects ego and self-image, whereas guilt is self-originating and focuses on how others are impacted.

Measures of shame and guilt are useful for understanding individuals' reactions to embarrassing and regrettable situations in psychotherapy and psychopathology. 
Some of the most commonly used measures are Harder's Personal Feelings Questionnaire-2 (PFQ-2), introduced in 1990, Self-Conscious Affect and Attribution Inventory (SCAAI), Test of Self-Conscious Affect (TOSCA), and the more recently introduced Guilt and Shame Proneness Scale (GASP).

Guilt (emotion)
Guilt is a moral emotion that occurs when a person believes or realizes—accurately or not—that they have compromised their own standards of conduct or have violated universal moral standards and bear significant responsibility for that violation. Feeling guilty is unpleasant for people while they experience it, but it can prompt positive, pro-social efforts to restore relationships and make amends.

When understood as a collection of basic emotions, guilt is composed of self-directed anger, sadness for the victim, anxiety, and fear (e.g., of damaging or losing relationships with individuals and society). Guilt is closely related to the concepts of remorse, regret, and shame.

Guilt is an important factor in perpetuating obsessive–compulsive disorder symptoms.
2point0
Angelo Parker and Matt Menard, also formerly known as 2.0 (stylized as 2point0) and 3.0, and later Ever-Rise in WWE, are a Canadian professional wrestling tag team signed to All Elite Wrestling (AEW), both as wrestlers and, in Menard's case, an occasional commentator.

The team of "Cool Hand" Angelo Parker (born March 20, 1984) and "Daddy Magic" Matt Menard (born December 7, 1983) is best known for working for Chikara and International Wrestling Syndicate (IWS), but have also made appearances for several other independent promotions, including Ring of Honor (ROH), Combat Zone Wrestling (CZW), Independent Wrestling Association Mid-South (IWA-MS) and Pro Wrestling Guerrilla (PWG). They are former two-time holders of both the Chikara Campeonatos de Parejas and the IWS Tag Team Championship. They are also known for their time in WWE's developmental territory NXT, where they performed under the ring names Chase Parker and Matt Martel, respectively.

Stu Grayson
Marc Dionne (born January 25, 1989), better known by the ring name Stu Grayson, is a Canadian professional wrestler.

Formerly known as Stupefied or Player Dos, he regularly teamed with Player Uno as the Super Smash Brothers for various independent promotions across North America, including Chikara and Pro Wrestling Guerrilla (PWG). Together, they are former one-time Chikara Campeones de Parejas, one-time PWG World Tag Team Champions and winners of PWG's 2012 Dynamite Duumvirate Tag Team Title Tournament. As Grayson, they began to work with All Elite Wrestling (AEW) in 2019 as part of the stable The Dark Order. Grayson parted ways with AEW in May 2022, although he rejoined the roster in March 2023. He exited the company a second time in April 2024.
Guro Reiten
Guro Reiten (Norwegian: [ˈɡʉːrʊ ˈræɪtn̩]; born 26 July 1994) is a Norwegian professional footballer who plays as a winger for English Women's Super League club Chelsea and the Norway national team. Before joining Chelsea in 2019, she played in Norway for Sunndal, Kattem, Trondheims-Ørn, and LSK Kvinner.

She made her debut for Norway in 2014 and has represented the team at several UEFA Women's Championships and FIFA Women's World Cups.

Norway women's national football team
The Norway women's national football team (Norwegian: Norges kvinnelandslag i fotball) represents Norway in international football, and is controlled by the Norwegian Football Federation. The team is former European, World and Olympic champions and thus one of the most successful national teams. However, the team has endured less success since the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup.
Nicholas of Methone
Nicholas of Methone (died 1160/1166) was a Byzantine theologian and philosopher who served as the bishop of Methone from around 1150.

Nicholas wrote hagiography, hymnody, theology, biblical exegesis and panegyric. His most widely read works were his treatises against the practices and doctrines of the Latin Church, but modern scholarship regards his Refutation of the neoplatonist philosopher Proclus as his greatest work. Nicholas was close to the Emperor Manuel I Komnenos and served him as an advisor. He was involved in the major controversies over Bogomilism (1140s) and the writings of Soterichos Panteugenos (1155–1157).

Panegyric
A panegyric (US: /ˌpænɪˈdʒɪrɪk/ or UK: /ˌpænɪˈdʒaɪrɪk/) or praise poem is a formal public speech or written verse, delivered in high praise of a person or thing. The original panegyrics were speeches delivered at public events in ancient Athens.
1975 Swedish forestry workers' strike
The 1975 Swedish forestry workers' strike was a major wildcat strike by Northern Swedish forestry workers which took place between 21 March 1975 and 3 June 1975. The number of participants has been variously estimated between 8,000 and 15,000. After roughly ten weeks of deadlocks, an agreement was reached: workers would receive a monthly salary of 3,800 SEK. Employers would also assume responsibility for purchasing work clothes, protective gear, chainsaws, and fuel.

Wildcat strike
A wildcat strike is a strike action undertaken by unionised workers without union leadership's authorization, support, or approval; this is sometimes termed an unofficial industrial action. The legality of wildcat strikes varies between countries and over time.