hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Arthur H. Butler
Arthur Howard Butler (July 17, 1903 – April 24, 1972) was a highly decorated officer in the United States Marine Corps with the rank of major general. A veteran of World War II, he distinguished himself as commanding officer, 21st Marine Regiment during the Recapture of Guam in July 1944 and was decorated with the Navy Cross, one of the United States military's second-highest decorations awarded for valor in combat.

Navy Cross
The Navy Cross is the United States naval services' second-highest military decoration awarded for sailors and marines who distinguish themselves for extraordinary heroism in combat with an armed enemy force. The medal is equivalent to the Distinguished Service Cross of the United States Army, the Air Force Cross of the United States Air Force and Space Force, and the Coast Guard Cross of the United States Coast Guard; collectively, these awards are known as the "service crosses".

The Navy Cross is bestowed by the secretary of the Navy and may also be awarded to members of the other armed services, and to foreign military personnel while serving with the U.S. naval services. The Navy Cross was established by Act of Congress (Public Law 65-253) and approved on February 4, 1919.
Refugees of the Greek Civil War
During and after the Greek Civil War of 1946–1949, members and or supporters of the defeated Communist forces fled Greece as political refugees. The collapse of the Democratic Army of Greece (DSE) and subsequent evacuation of the Communist Party of Greece (KKE) to Tashkent in 1949 led thousands of people to leave the country. It has been estimated that by 1949, over 100,000 people had left Greece for Yugoslavia and the Eastern Bloc, particularly the USSR and Czechoslovakia. These included tens of thousands of child refugees who had been forcefully evacuated by the KKE. The war wrought widespread devastation right across Greece and particularly in the regions of Macedonia and Epirus, causing many people to continue to leave the country even after it had ended.

Democratic Army of Greece
The Democratic Army of Greece (Greek: Δημοκρατικός Στρατός Ελλάδας, ΔΣΕ; Dimokratikós Stratós Elládas, DSE) was the army founded by the Communist Party of Greece (KKE), on 28 October 1946, as the General Headquarters of Partisans, which was renamed to Democratic Army of Greece on 27 December 1946. It served as the army of the Provisional Democratic Government during the Greek Civil War (1946–1949). At its height, it had a strength of around 50,000 men and women. The DSE was backed by the Popular Civil Guard (Λαϊκή Πολιτοφυλακή, ΛΠ), the KKE's security police force.
Xiaomi Mi Smart Band 5
The Xiaomi Mi Smart Band 5 (Xiaomi Mi Band 5 in China) is a wearable activity tracker produced by Xiaomi Inc. It was announced in China on 11 June 2020, and went on sale on 18 June 2020 in China, with a Global version released on 15 July 2020 as Xiaomi Mi Smart Band 5. It was released in India on 29 September 2020. It has a 1.1-inch, 126x294 resolution capacitive AMOLED display and 24/7 heart rate monitoring claiming a 50% more accurate PPG sensor than its predecessor. It supports a charging dock that locates using a magnet which is said to be easier to use than previous generation chargers. The NFC-enabled version also has an in-built microphone for Xiaomi's in-built assistant Xiao.

The Global Mi Smart Band does not have features such as Alexa Support, NFC and SpO2 tracking.

Heart rate monitor
A heart rate monitor (HRM) is a personal monitoring device that allows one to measure/display heart rate in real time or record the heart rate for later study. It is largely used to gather heart rate data while performing various types of physical exercise. Measuring electrical heart information is referred to as electrocardiography (ECG or EKG).

Medical heart rate monitoring used in hospitals is usually wired and usually multiple sensors are used. Portable medical units are referred to as a Holter monitor. Consumer heart rate monitors are designed for everyday use and do not use wires to connect.
Penn Symons
Lieutenant-General Sir William Penn Symons KCB (17 July 1843 – 23 October 1899) was a British Army officer who was mortally wounded as he commanded his forces at the Battle of Talana Hill during the Second Boer War. While his forces won the battle, they had to abandon their position and fall back to Ladysmith. Symons and the more severely wounded were left to the Boers; he died three days later. A monument to his valour was raised in Victoria Park, Saltash, Cornwall, UK.

Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)
Lieutenant general (Lt Gen), formerly more commonly lieutenant-general, is a senior rank in the British Army and the Royal Marines. It is the equivalent of a multinational three-star rank; some British lieutenant generals sometimes wear three-star insignia, in addition to their standard insignia, when on multinational operations.

Lieutenant general is a superior rank to major general, but subordinate to a (full) general. The rank has a NATO rank code of OF-8, equivalent to a vice-admiral in the Royal Navy and an air marshal in the Royal Air Force (RAF) and the air forces of many Commonwealth countries.

The rank insignia for both the Army and the Royal Marines is a crown over a crossed sabre and baton. During the reign of Elizabeth II, the St Edward's Crown, commonly known as the Queen's Crown, was depicted. Before 1953, and again since the accession of Charles III in 2022, the Tudor Crown has been used.
Hillington, Norfolk
Hillington is a village and civil parish in the English county of Norfolk.

Hillington is located 6.4 miles (10.3 km) north-east of King's Lynn and 33 miles (53 km) north-west of Norwich, along the A148.

King's Lynn
King's Lynn, known until 1537 as Bishop's Lynn and colloquially as Lynn, is a port and market town in the borough of King's Lynn and West Norfolk in the county of Norfolk, England. It is 36 miles (58 km) north-east of Peterborough, 44 miles (71 km) north-north-east of Cambridge, 44 miles (71 km) west of Norwich, and about 5 miles (8 km) inland from The Wash estuary.
Second government of José Antonio Griñán
The second government of José Antonio Griñán was formed on 7 May 2012 following the latter's election as President of Andalusia by the Parliament of Andalusia on 3 May and his swearing-in on 5 May, as a result of the Socialist Party of Andalusia (PSOE–A) and United Left (IULV–CA) being able to muster a majority of seats in Parliament following the 2012 Andalusian regional election, despite the People's Party (PP) emerging as the largest parliamentary force. It succeeded the first Griñán government and was the Government of Andalusia from 7 May 2012 to 10 September 2013, a total of 491 days, or 1 year, 4 months and 3 days.

The cabinet comprised members of the PSOE–A (including one independent) and IULV–CA, to become the third coalition government ever in Andalusia and the first one comprising IU members. It was automatically dismissed on 27 August 2013 as a consequence of Griñán's resignation as president, but remained in acting capacity until the next government was sworn in.

President of the Regional Government of Andalusia
The president of the Regional Government of Andalusia (Spanish: Presidente de la Junta de Andalucía) or, simply the president of Andalusia (Spanish: Presidente de Andalucía), is the premier of the devolved government of the Spanish autonomous community of Andalusia. The presidency is one of the three branches of the Regional Government of Andalusia (Junta de Andalucía), the institution whereby the government of the community is organized. The other two branches of are the Parliament of Andalusia and the Council of Government.

The current president of Andalusia is Juanma Moreno of the PP, who has held the office since 18 January  2019.
Helena Ekholm
Helena Ekholm (née Jonsson) (born 6 September 1984) is a Swedish former biathlete. She was born in Helgum, Sollefteå. She is the 2009 world champion in pursuit and the 2011 world champion in individual. She also won the Women's Overall World Cup in the 2008–09 season. In 2009, Ekholm won the Jerring Award.

2008–09 Biathlon World Cup
The 2008–09 Biathlon World Cup was a multi-race tournament over a season of biathlon, organised by the International Biathlon Union. The season started on 2 December 2008 in Östersund, Sweden and ends on 29 March 2009 in Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia.
2019 CTECH Manufacturing 180
The 2019 CTECH Manufacturing 180 is a NASCAR Xfinity Series race held on August 24, 2019, at Road America in Elkhart Lake, Wisconsin. Contested over 45 laps on the 4.048-mile (6.515 km) road course, it was the 23rd race of the 2019 NASCAR Xfinity Series season.

Elkhart Lake, Wisconsin
Elkhart Lake is a village in northwestern Sheboygan County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 941 at the 2020 census. It is within the Town of Rhine and is included in the Sheboygan, Wisconsin metropolitan area. Elkhart Lake may be best known for hosting road races on public county roads during the 1950s, later moving to a dedicated race track called Road America, a few miles south of the village.
Glycoside hydrolase family 49
In molecular biology, glycoside hydrolase family 49 is a family of glycoside hydrolases.

Glycoside hydrolases EC 3.2.1. are a widespread group of enzymes that hydrolyse the glycosidic bond between two or more carbohydrates, or between a carbohydrate and a non-carbohydrate moiety. A classification system for glycoside hydrolases, based on sequence similarity, has led to the definition of >100 different families. This classification is available on the CAZy web site, and also discussed at CAZypedia, an online encyclopedia of carbohydrate active enzymes.

Glycoside hydrolase family 49 is a family of dextranases and isopullulanases. Dextranase hydrolyses alpha-1,6-glycosidic bonds in dextran polymers.

Glycoside hydrolase
In biochemistry, glycoside hydrolases (also called glycosidases or glycosyl hydrolases) are a class of enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds in complex sugars. They are extremely common enzymes, with roles in nature including degradation of biomass such as cellulose (cellulase), hemicellulose, and starch (amylase), in anti-bacterial defense strategies (e.g., lysozyme), in pathogenesis mechanisms  (e.g.,  viral neuraminidases) and in normal cellular function  (e.g.,  trimming mannosidases involved in N-linked glycoprotein biosynthesis). Together with glycosyltransferases, glycosidases form the major catalytic machinery for the synthesis and breakage of glycosidic bonds.
Effective demand
In economics, effective demand (ED) in a market is the demand for a product or service which occurs when purchasers are constrained in a different market.  It contrasts with notional demand, which is the demand that occurs when purchasers are not constrained in any other market.  In the aggregated market for goods in general, demand, notional or effective, is referred to as aggregate demand. The concept of effective supply parallels the concept of effective demand.  The concept of effective demand or supply becomes relevant when markets do not continuously maintain equilibrium prices.

Economic equilibrium
In economics, economic equilibrium is a situation in which the economic forces of supply and demand are balanced, meaning that economic variables will no longer change.

Market equilibrium in this case is a condition where a market price is established through competition such that the amount of goods or services sought by buyers is equal to the amount of goods or services produced by sellers. This price is often called the competitive price or market clearing price and will tend not to change unless demand or supply changes, and quantity is called the "competitive quantity" or market clearing quantity.
Maria Lassnig
Maria Lassnig (8 September 1919 – 6 May 2014) was an Austrian artist known for her painted self-portraits and her theory of "body awareness". In 1980, she became a professor for Painting at the University of Applied Arts Vienna, where she taught until her death. She was the first female artist to win the Grand Austrian State Prize in 1988 and was awarded the Austrian Decoration for Science and Art in 2005.

Grand Austrian State Prize
The Grand Austrian State Prize (German: Großer Österreichischer Staatspreis) is a decoration given annually by Austria to an artist for exceptional work. The recipient must be an Austrian citizen with a permanent residence in Austria.

It was originally created in 1950 by then education minister Felix Hurdes. The prize is given according to the recommendation by the Austrian Art Senate without a set rotation schedule for literature, music, visual art, or architecture. Since 2003 it has been endowed with a 30,000 euro prize. In the areas of film and artistic photography, the prize is awarded according to a jury and not the Art Senate.

Since 1971, the prize has been given to only one person a year, instead of sometimes given to multiple people in different categories.
J. Russell Bullock
Jonathan Russell Bullock (September 6, 1815 – May 7, 1899) was a justice of the Supreme Court of Rhode Island and a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Rhode Island.

Rhode Island Supreme Court
The Rhode Island Supreme Court is the court of last resort in the U.S. State of Rhode Island. The Court consists of a Chief Justice and four Associate Justices, all selected by the Governor of Rhode Island from candidates vetted by the Judicial Nominating Commission. Each justice enjoys lifetime tenure and no mandatory retirement age, similar to Federal judges. Justices may be removed only if impeached for improper conduct by a vote of the Rhode Island House of Representatives and convicted by trial in the Rhode Island Senate.
Shanxi Airlines Flight 4218
Shanxi Airlines Flight 4218 was a sightseeing flight operated by Shanxi Airlines. On October 7, 1988, the flight was carried out by an Ilyushin Il-14 with the registration number B-4218. At around 13:30 that day, the plane took off from an airport in the Linfen area. About one minute later, the No. 1 engine failed. Due to uneven thrust and overloading, the aircraft crashed into a restaurant fifteen seconds later, resulting in the deaths of 44 people on board, with only 4 survivors. Two people on the ground also died.

Ilyushin Il-14
The Ilyushin Il-14 (NATO reporting name: Crate) is a Soviet twin-engine commercial and military personnel and cargo transport aircraft that first flew in 1950, and entered service in 1954. The Il-14 was also manufactured in East Germany by VEB Flugzeugwerke as the VEB 14 and in Czechoslovakia as the Avia 14. The Ilyushin Il-14 was typically replaced by the Antonov An-24 and Yakovlev Yak-40.
Pirate Cat Radio
Pirate Cat Radio (87.9 FM) is a low-power community radio station that originally operated in the San Francisco Bay Area and has since returned to Los Gatos, California, and Santa Cruz, California, with FCC approval.

The station, founded by Daniel Roberts, originally broadcast from Roberts' bedroom in Los Gatos without a license and became a cultural touchstone for pirate radio in the Bay Area. In 2024, Pirate Cat Radio relaunched as an FCC-approved low-power FM (LPFM) station, marking a new chapter in its history after more than a decade of dormancy.

Los Gatos, California
Los Gatos (US: /loʊs ˈɡɑːtoʊs, lɔːs -/; Spanish: [loz ˈɣatos]; Spanish for 'The Cats') is an incorporated town in Santa Clara County, California, United States. The population is 32,529 according to the  2020 census. It is located in the San Francisco Bay Area just southwest of San Jose in the foothills of the Santa Cruz Mountains. Los Gatos is part of Silicon Valley, with several high technology companies maintaining a presence there. Netflix, the streaming service and content creator, is headquartered in Los Gatos and has developed a large presence in the area.
Dean Lonergan
Dean Robert Lonergan MNZM is a former New Zealand boxing promoter and rugby league player. With Duco founder David Higgins, Lonergan had success promoting world champion boxers Joseph Parker and Jeff Horn. With his son Liam, he promoted Jai Opetaia, Lani Daniels and Mea Motu.

David Higgins (event promoter)
David Higgins (born 13 December 1979) is a New Zealand boxing promoter, boxing manager and event manager under his company, Duco Events. Higgins has promoted significant events including David Tua vs Shane Cameron, Joseph Parker vs. Andy Ruiz, NRL Auckland Nines, Brisbane Global Rugby Tens and the New Zealand Fight for Life series. He has managed many notable boxers, including Joseph Parker and Jeff Horn. Other boxers he has promoted include David Letele, David Tua, Shane Cameron, Robert Berridge, Sam Rapira, Izu Ugonoh, Junior Fa, and John Parker.
Microseism
In seismology, a microseism is defined as a faint earth tremor caused by natural phenomena. Sometimes referred to as a "hum", it should not be confused with the anomalous acoustic phenomenon of the same name. The term is most commonly used to refer to the dominant background seismic and electromagnetic noise signals on Earth, which are caused by water waves in the oceans and lakes.  Characteristics of microseism are discussed by Bhatt. Because the ocean wave oscillations are statistically homogeneous over several hours, the microseism signal is a long-continuing oscillation of the ground. The most energetic seismic waves that make up the microseismic field are Rayleigh waves, but Love waves can make up a significant fraction of the wave field, and body waves are also easily detected with arrays. Because the conversion from the ocean waves to the seismic waves is very weak, the amplitude of ground motions associated to microseisms does not generally exceed 10 micrometers.

Rayleigh wave
Rayleigh waves are a type of surface acoustic wave that travel along the surface of solids. They can be produced in materials in many ways, such as by a localized impact or by piezo-electric transduction, and are frequently used in non-destructive testing for detecting defects. Rayleigh waves are part of the seismic waves that are produced on the Earth by earthquakes. When guided in layers they are referred to as Lamb waves, Rayleigh–Lamb waves, or generalized Rayleigh waves.
1900 English beer poisoning
In 1900, more than 6,000 people in England were poisoned by arsenic-tainted beer, with more than 70 of the affected dying as a result. The food safety crisis was caused by arsenic entering the supply chain through impure sugar which had been made with contaminated sulphuric acid. The illness was prevalent across the Midlands and North West England, with Manchester being the most heavily affected.

Originally misdiagnosed as alcoholic neuropathy, the main epidemic was only recognised after several months. Additionally, investigation into the outbreak found other sources of arsenic in beer, which had been unknowingly poisoning thousands in decades preceding the outbreak.

Alcoholic polyneuropathy
Alcoholic polyneuropathy is a neurological disorder in which peripheral nerves throughout the body malfunction simultaneously. It is defined by axonal degeneration in neurons of both the sensory and motor systems and initially occurs at the distal ends of the longest axons in the body. This nerve damage causes an individual to experience pain and motor weakness, first in the feet and hands and then progressing centrally. Alcoholic polyneuropathy is caused primarily by chronic alcoholism; however, vitamin deficiencies are also known to contribute to its development. This disease typically occurs in chronic alcoholics who have some sort of nutritional deficiency. Treatment may involve nutritional supplementation, pain management, and abstaining from alcohol.
Debbie Mathieson
Debbie Mathieson is a former association football player who represented New Zealand at an international level.

Mathieson made her Football Ferns début in a 1–2 loss to Australia on 4 October 1981, and made just one further appearance, in a 2–0 win over the Netherlands on 22 October that same year.

New Zealand women's national football team
The New Zealand women's national football team represents New Zealand in international football competitions, and is governed by New Zealand Football (NZF). They are nicknamed the Football Ferns.

The New Zealand national team has taken part in the FIFA Women's World Cup six times, making their debut in 1991. New Zealand co-hosted the 2023 World Cup alongside Australia. They have failed to go past the group stage in all occasions.
Älvsborg Line
The Älvsborg Line (Swedish: Älvsborgsbanan) is a 133-kilometre (83 mi) railway line between Uddevalla and Borås in Sweden. The crescent-shaped single-track line passes through Vänersborg and Herrljunga, connecting to various lines including the Bohus Line, the Norway/Vänern Line, the Kinnekulle Line, the Western Main Line, the Coast-to-Coast Line, and the Viskadal Line.

The line has 15 passenger stations: Uddevalla, Öxnered, Vänersborg, Vargön, Grästorp, Vara, Vedum, Herrljunga, Ljung, Torpåkra, Mollaryd, Borgstena, Fristad, Knalleland, and Borås.

Norway/Vänern Line
Norway/Vänern Line (Swedish: Norge/Vänerbanan) is a Y-shaped railway line in Sweden. The main section runs from Gothenburg Central Station to Kil Station, mostly along the west shore of Vänern. There is a branch from Erikstad to the Norway–Sweden border at Kornsjø, from which it continues as the Østfold Line to Oslo.

The lengths of the line are 112 kilometres (70 mi) from Gothenburg to Erikstad, 180 kilometres (110 mi) from Gothenburg to Kornsjø and 232 kilometres (144 mi) from Gothenburg to Kil. The line is single track, except for the 82 kilometres (51 mi) section from Gothenburg to Öxnered, which is double track.
Fred (footballer, born 1993)
Frederico Rodrigues de Paula Santos (born 5 March 1993), known as Fred (Brazilian Portuguese: [ˈfɾɛdʒ(i)]), is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Süper Lig club Fenerbahçe.

Fred started his career at Brazilian club Internacional, where he won the Campeonato Gaúcho twice. In June 2013, he signed for Ukrainian club Shakhtar Donetsk, where he won three Ukrainian Premier League titles. In 2018, Fred signed for Manchester United, where he won an EFL Cup in 2023.

Fred represented Brazil at under-20 and under-23 levels. He made his senior international debut in November 2014. He was part of Brazil's squad for the 2015 Copa América in Chile, starting in their first two Group C matches as they reached the quarter-finals. He was also named in Brazil's final squads for the 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups, and the 2021 Copa América.

Brazil national under-20 football team
The Brazil national under-20 football team, also known as Brazil Sub-20 or Seleção Sub-20, represents Brazil in association football at this age level and is controlled by the Brazilian Football Confederation (CBF).

The team has won the South American Youth Championship a record thirteen times and is the second most successful nation in the FIFA U-20 World Cup, having won the competition five times. It also plays in unofficial under-19 and under-21 tournaments, such as the Toulon Tournament, of which Brazil is an eight-time winner.

Notable players that came through the ranks and went on to play for the senior team include Ronaldinho, Kaká, Rivaldo, Romário, Marcos, Roberto Carlos, César Sampaio, Cláudio Taffarel, Bebeto, Dida, Neymar, Dani Alves, Maicon, Adriano, Júlio Baptista, Luisão, Alex, Giovane Élber, Leonardo, Müller, Silas, Marcelo, David Luiz, Willian, Jô and Lucas Moura, among others.