hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Kamerun campaign
The Kamerun campaign took place in the German colony of Kamerun in the African theatre of the First World War when the British, French and Belgians invaded the German colony from August 1914 to March 1916. Most of the campaign took place in Kamerun but skirmishes also broke out in British Nigeria. By the Spring of 1916, following Allied victories, the majority of German troops and the civil administration fled to the neighbouring neutral colony of Spanish Guinea (Río Muni). The campaign ended in a defeat for Germany and the partition of its former colony between France and Britain.

Spanish Guinea
Spanish Guinea (Spanish: Guinea Española) was a set of insular and continental territories controlled by Spain from 1778 in the Gulf of Guinea and on the Bight of Bonny, in Central Africa. It gained independence in 1968 as Equatorial Guinea.
2025 Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit
The 2025 Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit was an international meeting held between the Arab League and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation on 15 September 2025, in Doha, the capital of Qatar. The urgent meeting was prompted by the Israeli airstrike on Hamas leadership in Qatar.

Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC; Arabic: منظمة التعاون الإسلامي, romanised: Munaẓẓamat at-Taʿāwun al-ʾIslāmī; French: Organisation de la coopération islamique), formerly the Organisation of the Islamic Conference, is an intergovernmental organisation founded in 1969. It consists of 57 member states, 48 of which are Muslim-majority. The organisation claims to be "the collective voice of the Muslim world" and works to "safeguard and protect the interests of the Muslim world in the spirit of promoting international peace and harmony".

OIC has permanent delegations to the United Nations and the European Union. Its official languages are Arabic, English, and French. It operates affiliated, specialised, and subsidiary organs within the framework of OIC Charter.

Member states had a collective population of over 1.8 billion as of 2015, accounting for just under a quarter of the world's population. The collective area is 31.66 m km2.
Netherlands at the 2018 Winter Paralympics
The Netherlands sent competitors to the 2018 Winter Paralympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea.  Four people competed in para-snowboarding.  Five people competed in para-alpine skiing. Anna Jochemsen and Jeffrey Stuut are standing skiers. Linda van Impelen, Jeroen Kampschreur and Niels de Langen have all competed in all 5 para-alpine sit-ski events.   Lisa Bunschoten, Bibian Mentel and Chris Vos all competed at the 2014 Winter Paralympics in Sochi. Renske van Beek was the only snowboarder on Team Netherlands who did not go to Sochi.

Bibian Mentel
Bibian Mentel-Spee (27 September 1972 – 29 March 2021) was a Dutch three-fold Winter Paralympics gold-medalist, and five-times world champion para-snowboarding athlete. Mentel won the Paralympic gold medal in the snowboard cross discipline in the 2014 and 2018 Paralympic Winter Games, as well as in the banked slalom in 2018, despite battling cancer nine times since the beginning of the century. She won her 2018 medals at age 45.

Mentel co-wrote two books about her life, career, and struggles with cancer, and set up her own "Mentelity" foundation.

In 2012, Mentel was invested as a knight of the Order of Orange-Nassau.
Keeltail needlefish
The keeltail needlefish (Platybelone argalus), sometimes called the keeled needlefish, is a tropical fish of the family Belonidae. It was described by the French naturalist Charles Alexandre Lesueur in 1821.

Needlefish
Needlefish (family Belonidae) or long toms are piscivorous fishes primarily associated with very shallow marine habitats or the surface of the open sea. Some genera include species found in marine, brackish, and freshwater environments (e.g., Strongylura), while a few genera are confined to freshwater rivers and streams, including Belonion, Potamorrhaphis, and Xenentodon. Needlefish closely resemble North American freshwater gars (family Lepisosteidae) in being elongated and having long, narrow jaws filled with sharp teeth, and some species of needlefishes are referred to as gars or garfish despite being only distantly related to the true gars. In fact, the name "garfish" was originally used for the needlefish Belone belone in Europe and only later applied to the North American fishes by European settlers during the 18th century.
Berkshire Wind Power Project
The Berkshire Wind Power Project is a wind farm on Brodie Mountain in Hancock, Massachusetts. Owned and operated by the Berkshire Wind Power Cooperative Corporation, it is the second largest wind farm in Massachusetts, with 12 GE 1.5 MW wind turbines and a total installed capacity of 19.6 MW. The Berkshire wind power project became fully operational in 2011, and provides enough electricity to power 7,800 homes annually.

GE Wind
GE Wind is a division of GE Vernova. The company manufactures and sells wind turbines to the international market. In 2018, GE Wind was the fourth largest wind turbine manufacturer in the world. Vic Abate is the CEO of GE Vernova’s Wind businesses.
Firavitoba
Firavitoba is a town and municipality in Sugamuxi Province, a subregion of the department of Boyacá in Colombia.

Before Spanish colonization, Firavitoba was part of the Muisca Confederation of the Chibcha people in the highlands of the Eastern Cordillera of the Colombian Andes. Firavitoba belonged to the Iraca or Suamox state which, uniquely, did not observe a hereditary leadership system but elected its ruler alternately from Firavitoba and Tobasá, two of its many tribes.

Firavitoba is distinguished by its neo-Gothic church, the third biggest in Colombia. Nuestra Señora de las Nieves (Our Lady of the Snows) was built between 1873 and 1976, entirely of stone sourced from nearby Sogamoso's Pedregal district.

Cordillera Oriental (Colombia)
The Cordillera Oriental (English: Eastern Ranges) is the widest of the three branches of the Colombian Andes. The range extends from south to north, dividing from the Colombian Massif in Huila Department to Norte de Santander Department where it splits into the Serranía del Perijá and the Cordillera de Mérida in Venezuelan Andes. The highest peak is Ritacuba Blanco at 5,410 m (17,750 ft) in the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy.
David Klyshko
David Nikolaevich Klyshko (Давид Николаевич Клышко), (1929—2000) was a Russian physicist and professor. A highly regarded Physics professor at  Moscow State University, was known for his imperative approach for Quantum Optics understanding. His most known contributions were in the field of quantum electronics and quantum information science.

His Habilitation thesis on the topic of spontaneous parametric down-conversion, "Multi-quantum and multi-particle transitions in radio spectroscopy and quantum radiophysics," was published in 1972. Upon release, the thesis was widely recognized as a breakthrough in multi-particle transitions.

Throughout the 1970s, Klyshko presented several more important theoretical contributions including the development of spontaneous parametric down-conversion theory, entanglement-based quantum imaging, nonlinear transformations in quantum optics, and the advanced wave model for describing correlations in photon interference experiments.

Quantum optics
Quantum optics is a branch of atomic, molecular, and optical physics and quantum chemistry that studies the behavior of photons (individual quanta of light). It includes the study of the particle-like properties of photons and their interaction with, for instance, atoms and molecules. Photons have been used to test many of the counter-intuitive predictions of quantum mechanics, such as entanglement and teleportation, and are a useful resource for quantum information processing.
Southern German football championship
The Southern German football championship (German: Süddeutsche Meisterschaft) was the highest association football competition in the southern Germany, established in 1898. The competition was  disbanded in 1933 with the rise of the Nazis to power.

While no senior Southern German championship exists nowadays, the under 15 juniors still play an annual competition for the title, often involving the junior teams of clubs who had once been involved in the senior edition.

Oberliga Südwest (1945–1963)
The Oberliga Südwest (English: Premier league Southwest) was the highest level of the German football league system in the southwest of Germany from 1945 until the formation of the Bundesliga in 1963. It covered the two states of Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland.
Hiyu Yamakoshi
Hiyu Yamakoshi (Japanese: 山越 陽悠, Hepburn: Yamakoshi Hiyū; born 13 October 2006) is a Japanese racing driver who is set to compete in the FIA Formula 3 Championship for Van Amersfoort Racing.

Yamakoshi previously competed in the 2024 Italian F4 Championship with Van Amersfoort Racing, finishing third. He progressed to the Formula Regional European Championship in 2025 with the team, finishing ninth.

2024 Italian F4 Championship
The 2024 Italian F4 Championship was the eleventh season of the Italian F4 Championship, a multi-race Formula 4-level racing series. It was the third season ran using the Tatuus F4-T421 since its introduction to all Formula 4 championships in 2022.

Freddie Slater claimed the Driver's Championship, clinching the title at Race 2 at the Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya while Alex Powell won the Rookies' Championship at the third race at the Monza Circuit, the final race of the season. Both drove for Prema Racing, who won the Teams' Championship for the third consecutive year. Slater won 15 races, breaking the record for most race wins in a season, previously held by Andrea Kimi Antonelli with 13 wins in 2022.
Rafa Silva
Rafael Alexandre Fernandes Ferreira da Silva ComM (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈʁafɐ ˈsilvɐ]; born 17 May 1993), known as Rafa Silva or Rafa, is a Portuguese footballer who plays as a winger or second striker for Primeira Liga club Benfica.

After starting his professional career at Feirense, Silva transferred to Braga in 2013 and went on to make 127 appearances for them, scoring 26 goals winning the Taça de Portugal in 2016. He joined Benfica that year for €16.4 million, winning three league championships and another cup during his spell. In June 2024, he joined Beşiktaş, before returning to Benfica in 2026.

A full international from 2014 to 2021, Silva represented Portugal on 25 occasions. He was selected for the 2014 FIFA World Cup, UEFA Euro 2016, the 2019 UEFA Nations League Finals and UEFA Euro 2020, winning the 2016 and 2019 tournaments.

Order of Merit (Portugal)
The Order of Merit (Portuguese: Ordem de Mérito) is a Portuguese Honorific Order of civil merit intended to award those responsible for meritorious acts or services performed in the exercise of any functions, both in the public and the private sphere, which reveal self-sacrifice in favor of the community. The decorations are given by the President of the Portuguese Republic, in his role as the Grand-Master of the Portuguese Honorific Orders. The Order of Merit can be awarded, during life or posthumously, to both Portuguese and foreign citizens; it can also be awarded to localities or institutions that are legal persons governed by public law or of public utility. This order has been awarded to a number of people performing the most diverse functions such as ambassadors, businesspeople, military personnel, athletes and musicians.
Butia eriospatha
Butia eriospatha is a small species of Butia palm endemic to the highlands of southern Brazil. It is very similar to B. odorata, but is easily distinguished from this species by the distinct spathes which are densely covered in rust-coloured, woolly hairs. Indeed, the specific epithet is derived from Greek ἔριον, wool, and Latin spatha, which refers to the spathe. It has been given the name woolly jelly palm (UK) or wooly jelly palm (US) in English. Vernacular names for it where it is native are butiá-da-serra, butiázeiro, butiá-veludo, butiá butiá verdadeiro, butiá-do-campo, yatáy and macumá.

Butia odorata
Butia odorata, also known as the South American jelly palm, jelly palm, or pindo palm, is a Butia palm native to southernmost Brazil and Uruguay.
This slow-growing palm grows up to 10m, although it is often less tall. It is identifiable by its feather palm pinnate leaves that arch inwards towards a thick stout trunk.
University of Niš Faculty of Science and Mathematics
The University of Niš Faculty of Science and Mathematics (Serbian: Природно-математички факултет Универзитета у Нишу, romanized: Prirodno-matematički fakultet Univerziteta u Nišu), also known as the Niš Faculty of Science and Mathematics, is one of the educational institutions of the University of Niš, Serbia.

University of Niš
The University of Niš (Serbian: Универзитет у Нишу, romanized: Univerzitet u Nišu) is a public university in Serbia. It was founded in 1965. As of 2023–24 academic year, it consists of 13 faculties with 1,513 academic staff and 22,000 students.

It has a university library "Nikola Tesla"; the Faculty of Technology is located in Leskovac, Pedagogy Faculty in Vranje and Agriculture Faculty in Kruševac.
AdBrite
AdBrite, Inc. was an online ad exchange, based in San Francisco, California, which was founded by Philip J. Kaplan and Gidon Wise in 2002. Founded as Marketbanker.com, the site was relaunched as AdBrite in 2004 as an advertising network and then in 2008 as an ad exchange.

AdBrite remained an independent ad exchange, reaching more than 160 million U.S. unique visitors each month and providing site-level transparency, display and video capabilities, and an open platform for data providers and real-time bidders. AdBrite was led by Hardeep Bindra, CEO, and Joaquin Delgado, CTO, who had worked at Yahoo! Right Media, another ad exchange. It was backed by Sequoia Capital, and DAG Ventures.

Advertising network
An advertising network or ad network is a business that links advertisers with websites or apps that want to show ads. Its primary purpose is to match advertisers with ad publishers to fill ad space.

Ad networks have expanded from primarily TV and print advertising to online advertising. Online networks use a central ad server to send, follow, and measure ads in real time. Compared to older, non-digital media, this allows companies to better target audiences, track performance, and get more detailed reports.
Allan Barry Stone
Allan Barry Stone (1932–2006) was an American art dealer, collector, and leading authority on Abstract Expressionism. In 1960, he founded the Allan Stone Gallery where he became renowned for his early advocacy of preeminent 20th-century artists. He championed artists such as  John Chamberlain, Joseph Cornell, Willem de Kooning, Richard Estes, Arshile Gorky, John Graham, Eva Hesse, Franz Kline, Yasuhide Kobashi, Wayne Thiebaud, and Jack Whitten. He was also known for his zealous and eclectic approach to art collecting, amassing a collection that spanned painting, sculpture, assemblage, collage, folk art, Art Nouveau, Art Deco, furniture, mechanical parts, signs, and bugatti cars. At the time of his death, he had the largest collection of African and Oceanic art in private hands.

John D. Graham
John D. Graham (8 January 1887 [O.S. 27 December 1886], Kyiv, Ukraine – June 27, 1961, London, England) was a Ukrainian–born American modernist and figurative painter, art collector, and a mentor of modernist artists in New York City.

Born Ivan Gratianovitch Dombrowsky in Kyiv, he immigrated to New York in 1920. He studied painting for the first time in his 30s, becoming deeply interested in modernism. In addition to gaining attention for his own work, he championed the new movement as a collector and curator. He was a mentor to a younger generation of American artists, who developed the style of Abstract Expressionism in the New York area. In the 1940s and 1950s, Graham developed a new figurative style derived from classical masters, which he first showed in paintings and drawings of Russian soldiers. He died in London, England.
Jamestown Giants
The Jamestown Giants were a minor league baseball team based in Jamestown, New York. In 1914 and 1915, Jamestown teams played exclusively as members of the Class D level Interstate League, with the Giants winning the 1914 league championship. Jamestown played as the "Rabbits" in 1915, with the team folding before the end of the season.

Olean Refiners
The Olean Refiners were a minor league baseball team based in Olean, New York. From 1905 to 1908 and again from 1914 to 1916, Olean teams played exclusively as members of the Class D level Interstate League, winning the 1908 league championship. Olean played as the "Candidates" in 1908 and the "White Sox" in 1915 and 1916, winning a contested pennant in 1915. Olean hosted home minor league games at Interstate League Park. The "Refiners" nickname corresponds to the Oil industry in the Olean area in the era.
Howard Quayle
Robert Howard Quayle CBE is the former chief minister for the Isle of Man, between 4 October 2016 and 12 October 2021. He previously served as the minister for Health and Social Care, until the elections in September 2016.

Department of Health and Social Care (Isle of Man)
The Department of Health and Social Care (Manx: Rheynn Slaynt as Kiarail y Theay) is the largest (by number of personnel and budget) of the seven departments of the Isle of Man Government. It was created on 1 April 2014 as a result of a merger of health and social care services from the former Department of Health and Department of Social Care. The intention to merge the two Departments was announced on 2 December 2013 as part of the Council of Ministers' plans to modernise ministerial government. The move was by and large a reversal of one element of the restructuring of the Isle of Man Government in April 2010 which saw the former Department of Health and Social Security split to form the Department of Health and the Department of Social Care.
NS Daures
NS Daures (C12) is a patrol boat of the Namibian Navy and sister ship of NS Brukkaros. Formerly a People's Liberation Army Navy Haiqing-class submarine chaser, it was commissioned on 27 October 2017 into the Namibian Navy. The vessel is used to patrol Namibia's exclusive economic zone.

Type 037 corvette
The Type 037 corvette is a series 400–500 ton corvette type classes in service with the People's Liberation Army Navy. Unlike western navies, the People's Liberation Army Navy does not have dedicated patrol boats in its inventory. Instead, a large variety of corvette type classes, in the form of missile boats and submarine chasers fulfill the tasks of patrolling China's territorial waters. The Egyptian Navy operates eight vessels.
Croton gratissimus
Croton gratissimus (commonly known as lavender croton or lavender fever berry), is a tropical African shrub or small tree with corky bark, growing to 8 m and belonging to the family of Euphorbiaceae or spurges. Young twigs are slender and angular and covered in silver and rust-coloured scales.

The species occurs in Ethiopia, South Sudan, Sudan, Kenya, Uganda, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, the Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Nigeria, Angola, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe and the northern parts of South Africa. It is often found in rocky terrain.

Trichome
Trichomes (/ˈtraɪkoʊmz, ˈtrɪkoʊmz/; from Ancient Greek  τρίχωμα (tríkhōma) 'hair') are fine outgrowths or appendages on plants, algae, lichens, and certain protists. They are of diverse structure and function. Examples are hairs, glandular hairs, scales, and papillae. A covering of any kind of hair on a plant is an indumentum, and the surface bearing them is said to be pubescent.
William Brenton
William Brenton (c. 1610–1674) was a colonial English statesman who served as colonial President, Deputy Governor, and Governor of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, and an early settler of Portsmouth and Newport in the Rhode Island colony. Believed to be from Hammersmith, Middlesex, England, he emigrated to the British Colonies in North America by 1633, and rose to minor prominence in the Massachusetts Bay Colony before relocating to a new settlement to the south that became today's Rhode Island.

Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations
The Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations was an English colony on the eastern coast of North America, founded in 1636 by Puritan minister Roger Williams, at a settlement he originally called Providence Plantations, after his exile from the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Joined by three other settlements soon founded on Narragansett Bay, the colony became a haven for religious dissenters and was known for its commitment to religious freedom and self-governance.

The four Narragansett Bay settlements created an official confederacy through a charter under the Patent of 1643–1644, granted by the English Parliament. It received a more comprehensive Royal Charter in 1663 from King Charles II, which established its government and guaranteed its religious liberties. Rhode Island continued as a self-governing colony until 1776, when it declared independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution, becoming the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations.
Pituitary apoplexy
Pituitary apoplexy is bleeding into or impaired blood supply of the pituitary gland. This usually occurs in the presence of a tumor of the pituitary, although in 80% of cases this has not been diagnosed previously. The most common initial symptom is a sudden headache, often associated with a rapidly worsening visual field defect or double vision caused by compression of nerves surrounding the gland. This is often followed by acute symptoms caused by lack of secretion of essential hormones, predominantly adrenal insufficiency.

The diagnosis is achieved with magnetic resonance imaging and blood tests. Treatment is by the timely correction of hormone deficiencies. In many cases, surgical decompression is required. Many people who have had a pituitary apoplexy develop pituitary hormone deficiencies and require long-term hormone supplementation. The first case of the disease was recorded in 1898.

Hypophysectomy
Hypophysectomy is the surgical removal of the hypophysis (pituitary gland). It is most commonly performed to treat tumors, especially craniopharyngioma tumors. Sometimes it is used to treat Cushing's syndrome due to pituitary adenoma or Simmond's disease It is also applied in neurosciences (in experiments with lab animals) to understand the functioning of hypophysis.  There are various ways a hypophysectomy can be carried out.  These methods include transsphenoidal hypophysectomy, open craniotomy, and stereotactic radiosurgery.

Medications that are given as hormone replacement therapy following a complete hypophysectomy (removal of the pituitary gland) are often glucocorticoids. Secondary Addison's and hyperlipidemia can occur. Thyroid hormone is useful in controlling cholesterol metabolism that has been affected by pituitary deletion.
Mabel May Woodward
Mabel May Woodward (September 28, 1877 – August 14, 1945) was  a prominent Rhode Island impressionist painter during the late 19th and early 20th century. She was active from 1896 until 1943, primarily in Rhode Island and in Maine.

American Impressionism
American Impressionism was a style of painting related to European Impressionism and practiced by American artists in the United States from the mid-nineteenth century through the beginning of the twentieth. The style is characterized by loose brushwork and vivid colors with a wide array of subject matters but focusing on landscapes and upper-class domestic life.