hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
RC circuit
A resistor–capacitor circuit (RC circuit), or RC filter or RC network, is an electric circuit composed of resistors and capacitors. It may be driven by a voltage or current source and these will produce different responses. A first order RC circuit is composed of one resistor and one capacitor and is the simplest type of RC circuit.

RC circuits can be used to filter a signal by blocking certain frequencies and passing others. The two most common RC filters are the high-pass filters and low-pass filters; band-pass filters and band-stop filters usually require RLC filters, though crude ones can be made with RC filters.

High-pass filter
A high-pass filter (HPF) is an electronic filter that passes signals with a frequency higher than a certain cutoff frequency and attenuates signals with frequencies lower than the cutoff frequency. The amount of attenuation for each frequency depends on the filter design.  A high-pass filter is usually modeled as a linear time-invariant system. It is sometimes called a low-cut filter or bass-cut filter in the context of audio engineering. High-pass filters have many uses, such as blocking DC from circuitry sensitive to non-zero average voltages or radio frequency devices. They can also be used in conjunction with a low-pass filter to produce a band-pass filter.

In the optical domain filters are often characterised by wavelength rather than frequency. High-pass and low-pass have the opposite meanings, with a "high-pass" filter (more commonly "short-pass") passing only shorter wavelengths (higher frequencies), and vice versa for "low-pass" (more commonly "long-pass").
Sara E. Lister
Sara Elisabeth Lister (born May 10, 1940) is a United States lawyer who served as General Counsel of the Army under the Carter administration and then as Assistant Secretary of the Army (Manpower and Reserve Affairs) from 1994 to 1997, the highest ranking female civilian in the service at the time. She led efforts to provide women greater opportunities to serve in the Army, and supported investigations of sexual harassment and discrimination in the military. Lister gained national attention in November 1997 when she referred to members of the United States Marine Corps as "extremists" during a discussion at an academic conference.  She was ultimately forced to resign early as Assistant Secretary of the Army because of the controversy over her remarks.

General Counsel of the Army
The general counsel of the Army (also known as the Army general counsel, abbreviated AGC) is the chief legal officer of the U.S. Department of the Army and senior legal advisor to the secretary of the Army.

U.S. law provides that the general counsel shall be appointed from the civilian life by the president of the United States, with the advice and consent of the United States Senate, and that the secretary of the Army prescribes the duties of the office.

The Office of the General Counsel of the Army also provides legal advice to the under secretary of the Army and the five assistant secretaries, as well as other members of the Army Secretariat.  The general counsel of the Army also plays a role in supervising the Office of the Judge Advocate General and the Office of the Chief Counsel of the United States Army Corps of Engineers.
Oswald Leroy
Oswald Jozef Leroy (16 May 1936 – 7 September 2022) was a Belgian mathematician known for his contributions to theoretical acousto-optics.

Leroy's biggest achievement was a theoretical study of the interaction of light with two adjacent ultrasonic beams under different conditions in terms of beam shape, frequency content and intensity. Understanding of this phenomenon was very important in the 1970s when new acousto-optic devices were developed (mainly due to novel developments in laser technology) that utilized adjacent ultrasonic beams. Such devices were being used in optical modulators, optical scanners, information processing
, optical filtering and frequency-spectrum analysis. Before his contribution only the interaction of light with one ultrasonic beam was understood. Since then, acousto-optic devices have been used in telecommunication and military applications.

Leroy died at Ostend, Belgium in 2022.

Acousto-optics
Acousto-optics is a branch of physics that studies the interactions between sound waves and light waves, especially the diffraction of laser light by ultrasound (or sound in general) through an ultrasonic grating.
União da Bola F.C.
União da Bola Futebol Clube, commonly known as União or União da Bola, is a Portuguese football club based in Funchal, Madeira. The club competes in the 6th tier Madeira 1st Division and plays its home games at the Campo do Adelino Rodrigues.

The club was founded in 2022 as a phoenix club of the former C.F. União, which folded in 2021 and were notable for their six appearances in the Portuguese top-flight Primeira Liga, most recently in the 2015–16 season. The new club was formed with the aim of "honouring the legacy" of the demised club.

Funchal
Funchal (Portuguese pronunciation: [fũˈʃal] ⓘ), officially City of Funchal (Portuguese: Cidade do Funchal), is the capital, largest city and a municipality in Portugal's Autonomous Region of Madeira, bordered by the Atlantic Ocean. The city has a population of 105,795, making it the sixth largest city in Portugal. Because of its high cultural and historical value, Funchal is one of Portugal's main tourist attractions; it is also popular as a destination for New Year's Eve, and it is the leading Portuguese port on cruise liner dockings.
Prasanth Nair
Prasanth Balakrishnan Nair KC is a group captain and flight instructor with the Indian Air Force and gaganyatri (astronaut) with the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). In 2019, he was one of the four men identified to be trained for the Gaganyaan mission of the ISRO, part of the Indian human spaceflight programme. He was the back up to Shubhanshu Shukla for the Axiom Mission 4, a privately organised spaceflight to the International Space Station. In 2026, he was awarded the Kirti Chakra, the second highest peacetime Indian military decoration.

Kirti Chakra
The Kirti Chakra (lit. 'Wheel of Glory') is an Indian military decoration awarded for valour, courageous action or self-sacrifice away from the field of battle. It may be awarded to civilians as well as military personnel, including posthumous awards. It is the peacetime equivalent of the Maha Vir Chakra. It is second in order of precedence of peacetime gallantry awards, comes after Ashoka Chakra and before Shaurya Chakra. Before 1967, the award was known as the Ashoka Chakra, Class II.
Tetrahedron
In geometry, a tetrahedron (pl.: tetrahedra or tetrahedrons), also known as a  triangular pyramid, is a polyhedron composed of four triangular faces, six straight edges, and four vertices. The tetrahedron is the simplest of all the ordinary convex polyhedra.

The tetrahedron is the three-dimensional case of the more general concept of a Euclidean simplex, and may thus also be called a 3-simplex.

The tetrahedron is one kind of pyramid, which is a polyhedron with a flat polygon base and triangular faces connecting the base to a common point. In the case of a tetrahedron, the base is a triangle (any of the four faces can be considered the base), so a tetrahedron is also known as a "triangular pyramid".

Like all convex polyhedra, a tetrahedron can be folded from a single sheet of paper. It has two such nets.

For any tetrahedron there exists a sphere (called the circumsphere) on which all four vertices lie, and another sphere (the insphere) tangent to the tetrahedron's faces.

Inscribed sphere
In geometry, the inscribed sphere or insphere of a convex polyhedron is a sphere that is contained within the polyhedron and tangent to each of the polyhedron's faces. It is the largest sphere that is contained wholly within the polyhedron, and is dual to the dual polyhedron's circumsphere.

The radius of the sphere inscribed in a polyhedron P is called the inradius of P.
2005 Brisbane bomb hoax
The 2005 Brisbane bomb hoax involved several bomb threats that were made to police in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia on 14 and 15 November 2005. The threats resulted in the halting of public transport services throughout the city.

Bomb threat
A bomb threat or bomb scare is a threat, usually verbal or written, to detonate an explosive or incendiary device to cause property damage, death, injuries, and/or incite fear, whether or not such a device actually exists.
Datames
Datames (Old Persian: Dātama or Dātāma, Aramaic: Tadanmu, Ancient Greek: Δατάμης, romanized: Datámēs; 407 BC – 362 BC), also known as Tarkamuwa, was an Iranian military leader, who served as the governor (satrap) of the Achaemenid satrapy of Cappadocia (or Cilicia; the evidence is contradictory) from the 380s BC to 362 BC. A Carian by birth, he was the son of Camissares by a Paphlagonian mother. His father being satrap of Cilicia under Artaxerxes II, and high in the favour of that monarch, Datames became one of the king's bodyguards; and having in this capacity distinguished himself in the war against the Cadusii, was appointed to succeed his father (who had fallen in that war) in the government of his province. Here he distinguished himself both by his military abilities and his zeal in the service of the king; and reduced to subjection two officials who had revolted from Artaxerxes, Thyus, governor of Paphlagonia, and Aspis of Cataonia.

Paphlagonia
Paphlagonia (/ˌpæfləˈɡoʊniə/; Greek: Παφλαγονία, romanized: Paphlagonía, modern translit. Paflagonía; Turkish: Paflagonya) was an ancient region on the Black Sea coast of north-central Anatolia, situated between Bithynia to the west and Pontus to the east, and separated from Phrygia (later, Galatia) by a prolongation to the east of the Bithynian Olympus. According to Strabo, the region was bounded by the river Parthenius to the west and the Halys River to the east. 
Paphlagonia was said to be named after Paphlagon, a son of the mythical Phineus.
Chrysochromulina ericina virus
Chrysochromulina ericina virus 01B, or simply Chrysochromulina ericina virus (CeV) is a giant virus in the family Mimiviridae infecting Haptolina ericina (previously assigned to the genus Chrysochromulina), a marine microalgae member of the Haptophyta. CeV is a dsDNA virus.

Mimiviridae
Mimiviridae is a family of viruses. Amoeba and other protists serve as natural hosts. The family contains three subfamilies that contain nine genera. Viruses in this family belong to the nucleocytoplasmic large DNA virus clade (NCLDV), also referred to as giant viruses.
Roland Palmedo
Roland Palmedo (April 5, 1895 – March 15, 1977) was a pioneering developer of recreational skiing in the United States. He founded the Mount Mansfield Lift Company which built Stowe's first chairlift, and created the Mad River Glen ski area. Roland Palmedo was also instrumental in the establishment of the National Ski Patrol and the first women's U.S. Olympic ski team. As founding president of the Amateur Ski Club of New York, Palmedo promoted skiing as an outdoor adventure for families and competitive racers alike.

Parallel to his ventures in skiing, Roland Palmedo worked as an underwriter at Lehman Brothers. He channeled his experience as a naval aviator in World War I to becoming Robert Lehman's point man for investments in the early aviation industry, including corporations that were to become Pan American Airways, American Airways and Trans World Airlines.

National Ski Patrol
The nonprofit National Ski Patrol (NSP) is the largest winter education organization in the world. The NSP provides education, outreach, and credentialing related to outdoor recreation and safety.  It is currently composed of more than 31,000 members who serve in over 650 patrols.  NSP members, both volunteer and paid, ensure the safety of outdoor recreation enthusiasts in ski areas throughout the United States of America and certain military areas of Europe.  For its dedication to the promotion of public safety in skiing and other winter sports, the group was granted a congressional charter under Title 36 of the United States Code in 1980.
Delay line interferometer
A delay line interferometer (DLI) can be a Mach–Zehnder interferometer or Michelson interferometer based on two-beam interference, in which one beam is time-delayed to the other by a desired interval.

Delay line interferometers are also known as optical DPSK demodulators. They convert a phase-keyed signal into an amplitude-keyed signal. In this application, an incoming differential phase-shift keying (DPSK) optical signal is first split into two equal-intensity beams in two arms of a Mach Zehnder or Michelson interferometer, in which one beam is delayed by an optical path difference corresponding to 1-bit time delay. After recombination, the two beams interfere with each other constructively or destructively. The resultant interference intensity is the intensity-keyed signal.

Wave interference
In physics, interference is a phenomenon in which two coherent waves are combined by adding their intensities or displacements with due consideration for their phase difference. The resultant wave may have greater amplitude (constructive interference) or lower amplitude (destructive interference) if the two waves are in phase or out of phase, respectively.
Interference effects can be observed with all types of waves, for example, light, radio, acoustic, surface water waves, gravity waves, or matter waves as well as in loudspeakers as electrical waves.
Boom operator (media)
A boom operator (or First Assistant Sound) is a core role in the sound department of a film production, who works with the production sound mixer and utility sound technician. The principal responsibility of the boom operator is microphone placement, usually using a boom pole (or "fishpole") with a microphone attached to the end (called a boom mic), their aim being to hold the microphone as close to the actors or action as possible without allowing the microphone or boom pole to enter the camera's frame.

Microphone
A microphone, colloquially called a mic (/maɪk/), or mike, is a transducer that converts sound into an electrical signal. Microphones are used in telecommunication, sound recording, broadcasting, and consumer electronics, including telephones, hearing aids, and mobile devices.

Several types of microphone are used today, which employ different methods to convert the air pressure variations of a sound wave to an electrical signal. The most common are the dynamic microphone, which uses a coil of wire suspended in a magnetic field; the condenser microphone, which uses the vibrating diaphragm as a capacitor plate; and the contact microphone, which uses a crystal of piezoelectric material. Microphones typically need to be connected to a preamplifier before the signal can be recorded or reproduced.
Antonella Kerr, Marchioness of Lothian
Antonella Kerr, Marchioness of Lothian OBE DSG (born Antonella Reuss Newland; 8 September 1922 – 6 January 2007), also known as Tony Lothian, was an Italian-born British aristocrat, journalist and writer.

Lady Lothian was the founding president of the annual Women of the Year Lunches at the Savoy Hotel in 1955, and the mother of Conservative parliamentarian and Shadow Cabinet minister Michael Ancram, Marquess of Lothian.

Order of St. Gregory the Great
The Pontifical Equestrian Order of St. Gregory the Great (Latin: Ordo Sancti Gregorii Magni; Italian: Ordine di San Gregorio Magno) was established on 1 September 1831, by Pope Gregory XVI, seven months after his election as Pope.

The order is one of the five orders of knighthood of the Holy See. The honor is bestowed upon Catholic men and women (and certain notable non-Catholics) in recognition of their personal service to the Holy See and to the Catholic Church, through their unusual labors, their support of the Holy See, and the examples they set in their communities and their countries.
Manuel Hidalgo Plaza
Manuel Hidalgo Plaza (5 April 1878 – 20 December 1967) was a Chilean trade union leader and politician. Throughout his career he was affiliated with several left-wing parties, including the Democratic Party, the Socialist Workers' Party, the Communist Party, and later the Socialist Party.

He served as senator for the northern provinces of Tarapacá and Antofagasta during the 1933–1937 legislative period and held ministerial and diplomatic posts in subsequent decades.

Socialist Party of Chile
The Socialist Party of Chile (Spanish: Partido Socialista de Chile, PS) is a centre-left political party founded in 1933.

Its historic leader was President of Chile Salvador Allende, who was deposed in a coup d'état by General Augusto Pinochet in 1973. The military junta immediately banned socialist, Marxist and other leftist political parties. Members of the Socialist party and other leftists were subject to violent suppression, including torture and murder, under the Pinochet dictatorship, and many went into exile.

Twenty-seven years after the 1973 coup, Ricardo Lagos Escobar won the Presidency as the Socialist Party candidate in the 1999–2000 Chilean presidential election. Socialist Michelle Bachelet won the 2005–06 Chilean presidential election. She was the first female president of Chile and was succeeded by Sebastián Piñera in 2010. In the 2013 Chilean general election, she was again elected president, leaving office in 2018.
Cray Wanderers F.C.
Cray Wanderers Football Club is an English semi-professional football club based in Chislehurst, London.  Based on later reports, the club has a claim to have been established some time in 1860 in the twin villages of St Mary Cray and St Paul's Cray, near Orpington. Such a date would make it one of the oldest football clubs in the world. Cray Wanderers play their home games at Flamingo Park.

Cray Wanderers were Kent League champions four times, and have reached the fourth qualifying round of the FA Cup three times in their history. The club currently play in the Isthmian League Premier Division.

Isthmian League
The Isthmian League (/ˈɪs(θ)miən/) is a regional football league covering Greater London, East and South East England, featuring mostly semi-professional clubs. Together with the Southern Football League and the Northern Premier League it forms levels seven and eight of the English football league system.

Founded in 1905 by amateur clubs in the London area, the league now consists of 88 teams in four divisions: the Premier Division above its three feeder divisions, the North, South Central and South East divisions.
Together with the Southern League and the Northern Premier League, it forms the seventh and eighth levels of the English football league system. It has various regional feeder leagues and the league as a whole is a feeder league mainly to the National League South.
Cuspidal representation
In number theory, cuspidal representations are certain representations of algebraic groups that occur discretely in  spaces. The term cuspidal is derived, at a certain distance, from the cusp forms of classical modular form theory. In the contemporary formulation of automorphic representations, representations take the place of holomorphic functions; these representations may be of adelic algebraic groups.

When the group is the general linear group , the cuspidal representations are directly related to cusp forms and Maass forms. For the case of cusp forms, each Hecke eigenform (newform) corresponds to a cuspidal representation.

Adelic algebraic group
In abstract algebra, an adelic algebraic group is a semitopological group defined by an algebraic group G over a number field K, and the adele ring A = A(K) of K. It consists of the points of G having values in A; the definition of the appropriate topology is straightforward only in case G is a linear algebraic group. In the case of G being an abelian variety, it presents a technical obstacle, though it is known that the concept is potentially useful in connection with Tamagawa numbers. Adelic algebraic groups are widely used in number theory, particularly for the theory of automorphic representations, and the arithmetic of quadratic forms.

In case G is a linear algebraic group, it is an affine algebraic variety in affine N-space. The topology on the adelic algebraic group  is taken to be the subspace topology in AN, the Cartesian product of N copies of the adele ring. In this case,  is a topological group.
Pavliani
Pavliani (Greek: Παύλιανη) is a village on Mount Oeta, and a former community in Phthiotis, Greece. It is divided into two settlements, Pavliani proper or Ano Pavliani (Άνω Παύλιανη) and Nea Pavliani (Νέα Παύλιανη) or Kato Pavliani (Κάτω Παύλιανη).

Phthiotis
Phthiotis (Greek: Φθιώτιδα, Fthiótida [fθi'otiða]; ancient Greek and Katharevousa: Φθιῶτις) is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the administrative region of Central Greece. The capital is the city of Lamia.  It is bordered by the Malian Gulf to the east, Boeotia in the south, Phocis in the south, Aetolia-Acarnania in the southwest, Evrytania in the west, Karditsa regional unit in the north, Larissa regional unit in the north, and Magnesia in the northeast.  The name dates back to ancient times. It is best known as the home of Achilles.
Newnes baronets
The Newnes Baronetcy, of Wildcroft in the Parish of Putney in the County of London; of Hollerday Hill in the Parish of Lynton, and of Hesketh House in the Borough of Torquay, both in the County of Devon, was a title in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 15 February 1895 for the publisher, editor and politician George Newnes. He was succeeded by his son, the second Baronet. He sat as member of parliament for Bassetlaw. The title became extinct on his death in 1955.

George Newnes
Sir George Newnes, 1st Baronet (13 March 1851 – 9 June 1910) was a British publisher and editor and a founding figure in popular journalism. Newnes also served as a Liberal Party Member of Parliament for two decades. His company, George Newnes Ltd, was known for such periodicals as Tit-Bits and The Strand Magazine; it continued publishing consumer magazines such as Nova long after his death.
2019 Hokkaido gubernatorial election
The 2019 Hokkaido gubernatorial election was held on 7 April 2019 to elect the next governor of Hokkaido Prefecture. After serving four terms, incumbent Governor Harumi Takahashi decided not to seek re-election. The election resulted in a landslide victory for Naomichi Suzuki, the former mayor of Yūbari, who won 62% of the popular vote. His opponent, Tomohiro Ishikawa, had the support of CDP, JCP, SDP and DPFP, but only managed to secure 37% of the vote.

Yūbari, Hokkaido
Yūbari (夕張市, Yūbari-shi; Japanese pronunciation: [jɯ(ꜜ)ː.bɐ.ɾʲi, jɯː.ba.ɾʲiꜜ.ɕi]) is a city located in Sorachi Subprefecture, Hokkaido, Japan.

As of January 31, 2024, the city has an estimated population of 6,374, with 3,863 households. The total area is 763.20 km2 (294.67 sq mi). Hemmed in by mountains, Yūbari stretches for 25 kilometers (16 mi) along a mountain valley.

The city is famous for the Yubari Melon and the Yubari International Fantastic Film Festival, which skipped a show in 2007 due to the city's financial crisis.