hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Brunn–Minkowski theorem
In mathematics, the Brunn–Minkowski theorem (or Brunn–Minkowski inequality) is an inequality relating the volumes (or more generally Lebesgue measures) of compact subsets of Euclidean space. The original version of the Brunn–Minkowski theorem (Hermann Brunn 1887; Hermann Minkowski 1896) applied to convex sets; the generalization to compact nonconvex sets stated here is due to Lazar Lyusternik (1935).

Hermann Minkowski
Hermann Minkowski (22 June 1864 – 12 January 1909) was a mathematician and professor at the University of Königsberg, ETH Zürich, and the University of Göttingen, described variously as German, Polish, Lithuanian-German, or Russian. He created and developed the geometry of numbers and elements of convex geometry, and used geometrical methods to solve problems in number theory, mathematical physics, and the theory of relativity.

Minkowski is perhaps best known for his foundational work describing space and time as a four-dimensional space, now known as "Minkowski spacetime", which facilitated geometric interpretations of Albert Einstein's special theory of relativity (1905).
Ecotive Metrocab
The Ecotive Metrocab (sometimes called New Metrocab), first presented in December 2013, is a purpose-built electrically powered hackney carriage manufactured by Ecotive, a subsidiary of Kamkorp. The vehicle is designed to comply with Transport for London’s taxi regulations, which, from 1 January 2018, ban new diesel-powered taxis and require zero-emissions capability.

The vehicle is electrically powered and has a 1.0-litre petrol engine to extend its range. It is the first authorised electric-powered London black cab. In March 2014 several vehicles were lent to taxi drivers for evaluation.

The Metrocab’s main competitor is the LEVC TX, another completely new electric taxi built to London’s 2018 regulations, and successor to the well-known TX4.

Ecotive Ltd. filed on 29 November 2021 for voluntary liquidation.

LEVC TX
The LEVC TX (previously known as the TX5) is a purpose-built hackney carriage manufactured by the British commercial vehicle maker London EV Company (LEVC), a subsidiary of the Chinese carmaker Geely. It is the latest in a succession of purpose-built hackney carriages produced by LEVC and various predecessor entities. The LEVC TX is a plug-in hybrid range-extender electric vehicle.

The vehicle is designed to comply with Transport for London’s Taxi Private Hire regulations, which banned new diesel-powered taxis from January 2018, requiring zero-emissions capability.
Linguistic distance
Linguistic distance is the measure of how different one language (or dialect) is from another. Although they lack a uniform approach to quantifying linguistic distance between languages, linguists apply the concept to a variety of linguistic contexts, such as second-language acquisition, historical linguistics, language-based conflicts, and the effects of language differences on trade.

Second-language acquisition
Second-language acquisition (SLA), second-language learning or L2 (language 2) acquisition, is the process of learning a language other than one's native language (L1). SLA research examines how learners develop their knowledge of second language.

SLA research spans cognitive, social, and linguistic perspectives:

Cognitive approaches investigate memory and attention processes.

Sociocultural theories emphasize the role of social interaction and immersion

Linguistic studies examine the innate and learned aspects of language.

Individual factors like age, motivation, and personality also influence SLA, as seen in discussions on the critical period hypothesis and learning strategies. In addition to acquisition, SLA explores language loss, or second-language attrition, and the impact of formal instruction on learning outcomes.
Ford Focus (first generation)
The Ford Focus (first generation) is a compact car that was manufactured by Ford in Europe from 1998 to 2004 and by Ford in North America from 1998 to 2007. Ford began sales of the Focus to Europe in July 1998 and in North America during 1999 for the 2000 model year. Manufacturing in Argentina continued until 2008, and it was still on sale in Brazil until 2009.

In Europe and South Africa, the Focus replaced the various Ford Escort models sold in those markets. In Asia and Australia, it replaced the Ford Laser.

Ford Escort (Europe)
The Ford Escort is a small family car that was manufactured by Ford of Europe from 1968 until 2004. In total, the six generations were spread across three basic platforms: the original, rear-wheel-drive Mk.1/Mk.2 (1968–1980), the "Erika" front-wheel-drive Mk.3/Mk.4 (1980–1992), and the final CE-14 Mk.5/Mk.6 (1990–2002) version. Its successor, the Ford Focus, was released in 1998, but the final generation of Escort was phased out gradually, with the panel van version ending production in 2002 in favour of the Ford Transit Connect.

The Escort was frequently the best-selling car in Britain during the 1980s and 1990s. More than 4.1 million Escorts of all generations were sold there over a period of 33 years.

In 2014, Ford revived the Escort name for a car based on the second-generation Ford Focus, sold on the Chinese market.
Mercury – Act 1
Mercury – Act 1 is the first half of the fifth studio album by American pop rock band Imagine Dragons, released on September 3, 2021, by Kidinakorner and Interscope Records in the United States. Imagine Dragons recorded the album in 2018 after their previous album, Origins. It was later modified in early 2022 to include "Enemy", from the Arcane League of Legends soundtrack. The album was executive produced by Rick Rubin, who also executive produced its successor Mercury – Acts 1 & 2, released on July 1, 2022, which Act 1 was included as part of.

Origins (Imagine Dragons album)
Origins is the fourth studio album by the American pop rock band Imagine Dragons, released on November 9, 2018, by Kidinakorner, Polydor Records and Interscope Records.

The album was produced by the band members themselves, Alex da Kid, Mattman & Robin, John Hill, Joel Little, Tim Randolph, and Jayson DeZuzio, who produced a majority of the band's previous effort on their third studio album, Evolve (2017), as well as Jorgen Odegard.  Frontman Dan Reynolds described Origins as a "sister album" to Evolve, and that it would complete a cycle of their music.

Origins received generally mixed reviews from critics, but many claimed that the album is an improvement from Evolve.  The album was preceded by four singles: "Natural", "Zero", "Machine" and "Bad Liar". The final single, "Birds", was released in June 2019 in collaboration with Italian singer-songwriter Elisa.
Holland Island
Holland Island is a marshy, rapidly eroding island in the Chesapeake Bay, in Dorchester County, Maryland, west of Salisbury. The island was once inhabited by watermen and farmers but has since been abandoned due to sinking of the land's surface associated with isostatic subsidence and sea level rise. It is located in the Holland Strait, between Bloodsworth Island and Smith Island, six miles west of Wenona, Maryland and Southeast of another former island, Long Island.

Smith Island, Maryland
Smith Island is a collection of three distinct island communities – Tylerton, Rhodes Point, and Ewell, Maryland – on the Chesapeake Bay, on the border of Maryland and Virginia territorial waters in the United States. The island is the last inhabited island in Maryland that is not accessible by car (the Virginia portion of the island is not currently inhabited). Most of the islands are eroding due to tidal currents and sea level rise; a study conducted in 2008 by the DNR reported that Smith Island is expected to completely erode by 2100 if no action is taken.

The island's population is approximately 220, down from a peak of about 800.  On its Maryland side, Smith Island is a census-designated place (CDP) in Somerset County. It is included in the Salisbury, Maryland-Delaware Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Microsurgery
Microsurgery is a general term for surgery requiring an operating microscope. The most obvious developments have been procedures developed to allow anastomosis of successively smaller blood vessels and nerves (typically 1 mm in diameter) which have allowed transfer of tissue from one part of the body to another and re-attachment of severed parts. Microsurgical techniques are utilized by several specialties today, such as general surgery, ophthalmology, orthopedic surgery, gynecological surgery, otolaryngology, neurosurgery, oral and maxillofacial surgery, endodontic microsurgery, plastic surgery, podiatric surgery  and pediatric surgery.

Otorhinolaryngology
Otorhinolaryngology (/oʊtoʊˌraɪnoʊˌlærɪnˈɡɒlədʒi/ oh-toh-RY-noh-LARR-in-GOL-ə-jee, abbreviated ORL and also known as otolaryngology, otolaryngology – head and neck surgery (ORL–H&N or OHNS), or ear, nose, and throat (ENT) ) is a surgical subspecialty within medicine that deals with the surgical and medical management of conditions of the head and neck. Doctors who specialize in this area are called otorhinolaryngologists, otolaryngologists, head and neck surgeons, or ENT surgeons or physicians.

Patients seek treatment from an otorhinolaryngologist for diseases of the ear, nose, throat, base of the skull, head, and neck. These commonly include functional diseases that affect the senses and activities of eating, drinking, speaking, breathing, swallowing, and hearing. In addition, ENT surgery encompasses the surgical management of cancers and benign tumors and reconstruction of the head and neck as well as plastic surgery of the face, scalp, and neck.
Nilsequence
In mathematics, a nilsequence is a type of numerical sequence playing a role in ergodic theory and additive combinatorics. The concept is related to nilpotent Lie groups and almost periodicity. The name arises from the part played in the theory by compact nilmanifolds of the type  where  is a nilpotent Lie group and  a lattice in it.

The idea of a basic nilsequence defined by an element  of  and continuous function  on  is to take , for  an integer, as . General nilsequences are then uniform limits of basic nilsequences. For the statement of conjectures and theorems, technical side conditions and quantifications of complexity are introduced. Much of the combinatorial importance of nilsequences reflects their close connection with the Gowers norm. As explained by Host and Kra, nilsequences originate in evaluating functions on orbits in a "nilsystem"; and nilsystems are "characteristic for multiple correlations".

Nilpotent group
In mathematics, specifically group theory, a nilpotent group G is a group that has an upper central series that terminates with G. Equivalently, it has a central series of finite length or its lower central series terminates with {1}.

Intuitively, a nilpotent group is a group that is "almost abelian". This idea is motivated by the fact that nilpotent groups are solvable, and for finite nilpotent groups, two elements having relatively prime orders must commute. It is also true that finite nilpotent groups are supersolvable. The concept is credited to work in the 1930s by Russian mathematician Sergei Chernikov.

Nilpotent groups arise in Galois theory, as well as in the classification of groups. They also appear prominently in the classification of Lie groups.

Analogous terms are used for Lie algebras (using the Lie bracket) including nilpotent, lower central series, and upper central series.
Islam in Austria
Islam in Austria is the largest minority religion in the country, practiced by 8.3% of the total population in 2021 according to the Statistics Austria. The majority of Muslims in Austria belong to the Sunni denomination. The first Muslims came to Austria during the 1960s as migrant workers from Turkey and Yugoslavia. There are communities of Arab and Afghan origin as well.

Arabs in Austria
Arabs in Austria (Arabic: عرب النمسا) are Austrians of Arab ethnic, primarily Egyptians, Lebanon, Syrians, Palestinian, Iraq and to a smaller extent Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, and Yemen who emigrated from their native nations and currently reside in Austria. Most Arab Austrians are of Levantine, Iraqi and Egyptian origin, as a result of the fact that they were the first Arabs to arrive in Austria.

In addition, Austria has people from Arab countries, who have the status of refugees (Refugees of the Syrian civil war) or illegal immigrants (Algerians of mainly Berber descent and usually mistakenly called Arabs) trying to immigrate to Western Europe.
Stonehouse railway station
Stonehouse railway station serves the town of Stonehouse in Gloucestershire, England. The station is a stop on the Golden Valley Line between Swindon and Gloucester; it is located 104 miles 74 chains (168.9 km) down the line from London Paddington.

Gloucester railway station
Gloucester, formerly known as Gloucester Central, is a railway station serving the city of Gloucester in England. It is located 114 miles 4 chains (183.5 km) west of London Paddington, via Stroud.

The station was originally built as the terminus of the Birmingham and Gloucester Railway in 1840; the arrival of the broad-gauge Bristol and Gloucester Railway and Cheltenham and Great Western Union Railway in 1844, and then conversion to a through station for the South Wales Railway in 1851, resulted in a very complex layout. Subsequent closures and rationalisation have left Gloucester with a station that is located off the main Bristol-Birmingham line; this means that Great Western Railway services must reverse, while CrossCountry and Transport for Wales services continue to Newport.
Spencer Combe
Spencer Combe in the parish of Crediton, Devon, is an historic estate. The grade II listed farmhouse known today as "Spence Combe", the remnant of a former mansion house, is situated 3 miles north-west of the town of Crediton.

The arms given by Pole for Spencer of Spencer Combe, are: Argent, on a bend sable two pairs of keys or, and are shown quartered by Prideaux on the monument in Farway Church, Devon, to Sir Edmund Prideaux, 1st Baronet (died 1628) of Netherton Hall, and are shown in stained glass impaled by de Esse of Thuborough in the Thuborough Chapel of Sutcombe Church.

Spencer Combe is given erroneously in several traditional historical sources as the seat of Sir Robert Spencer (d.pre-1510) who married Eleanor Beaufort (1431–1501), the daughter and eventual heiress of Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset (1406–1455).

Netherton, Farway
Netherton in the parish of Farway in Devon is an historic estate situated about 3 1/2 miles south-east of Honiton. The present mansion house known as Netherton Hall was built in 1607 in the Jacobean style, restored and rebuilt 1836-44, and is a Grade II listed building.
The Only One (Transvision Vamp song)
"The Only One" was the second single to be taken from Transvision Vamp's second studio album Velveteen. It was a UK Top 20 hit in 1989 and peaked at #15, spending a total of six weeks on the chart. The sleeve design was similar to that of the previous single "Baby I Don't Care", this time featuring the band against a panelled backdrop printed with a large photo of Marilyn Monroe.

Baby I Don't Care
"Baby I Don't Care" is a song by English pop rock band Transvision Vamp and the first single taken from their second album, Velveteen (1989). It was released in 1989 and remains their highest-charting single, peaking at number three in both the United Kingdom and Australia. It was ranked at number 25 on the Australian end-of-year chart for 1989. The song was later featured as the title track on the band's 2002 compilation album, Baby I Don't Care.
Hoka! Hoka! Hoka!
Hoka! Hoka! Hoka! is a collection of science fiction stories by Poul Anderson and Gordon Dickson. It was first published by Baen Books in 1998 and reprints the authors' earlier collection, Earthman's Burden, expanded with two additional stories from Hoka!. The story "Don Jones" originally appeared in Earthman's Burden. The other stories originally appeared in the magazines Other Worlds, Universe and Fantasy and Science Fiction.

Hoka!
Hoka! is a collection of science fiction  stories by American writers Poul Anderson and Gordon Dickson, a sequel to Earthman's Burden.  It was first published by Wallaby in 1983.  The stories originally appeared in the magazines Fantasy and Science Fiction and Analog Science Fiction and Fact.
Suzuki Hatch
The Suzuki Hatch name has been used on two different cars built by Suzuki:

1973–1979 — A small, rear-wheel drive van which was considered part of the Fronte family. Some model years it was marketed as the "Fronte Hatch", but in 1975 and 1976 it was sold simply as the "Suzuki Hatch".

1980–1984 — The first generation van version of the Suzuki Alto subcompact car, equipped with a four-stroke 543 or 796 cc engine, was sold in Australia as the "Suzuki Hatch".

Suzuki Hatch (LS30/SH10; 1973–1979) Main article: Suzuki Fronte Hatch

Suzuki Hatch (SS40V; 1980–1984)  Main article: Suzuki Alto

Suzuki Alto
The Suzuki Alto (Japanese: スズキ・アルト, Hepburn: Suzuki Aruto) is a kei car produced by Suzuki since 1979. The model, currently in its ninth generation, was first introduced in 1979 and has been built in many countries worldwide. The Alto originated as a commercial vehicle derivative of the Fronte, but over time the Alto nameplate gained in popularity and by 1988 it replaced the Fronte name completely. The Alto badge has often been used on different cars in Japan and in export markets, where it is considered a city car.
Eastern Zonal Cultural Centre
The Eastern Zonal Cultural Centre (abbreviated as EZCC) is an autonomous organization under Ministry of Culture (India), Government of India covering the states of Assam, Bihar, Jharkhand, Manipur, Odisha, Sikkim, Tripura, West Bengal and Andaman and Nicobar Islands, registered under West Bengal Society Registration Act (Act XXVI of 1961). Its headquarters in Sector III, Salt Lake City, Kolkata, is situated in the Indian state of West Bengal, on account of Kolkata being referred to as the "Cultural Capital of India". This zone is home to three classical dances, namely, Odissi, Sattriya and Manipuri dance; types of music include the classical Odissi music and semi-classical Rabindra Sangeet. In addition, Odia is one of the classical languages in India and the only living classical language from Eastern India.

Ministry of Culture (India)
The Ministry of Culture is the Indian government ministry charged with preservation and promotion of art and culture of India.

Gajendra Singh Shekhawat is the current Minister of Culture. Recently the government has established the National Mission on Libraries India under this ministry.
Anal hygiene
Anal hygiene refers to practices (anal cleansing) that are performed on the anus to maintain personal hygiene, usually immediately or shortly after defecation. Anal cleansing may also occur while showering or bathing. Post-defecation cleansing is rarely discussed academically, partly due to the social taboo surrounding it. The scientific objective of post-defecation cleansing is to prevent exposure to pathogens.

The process of post-defecation cleansing often involves washing the anus and inner part of the buttocks with water. Water-based cleansing typically involves either the use of running water from a handheld vessel and a hand for washing or the use of pressurized water through a jet device, such as a bidet. In either method, subsequent hand sanitization is essential to achieve the ultimate objectives of post-defecation cleansing. However, many people throughout history have instead wiped or scrubbed the area, most commonly in modern history with toilet paper.

Shower
A shower is a place in which a person bathes under a spray of typically warm or hot water. Indoors, there is a drain in the floor. Most showers are set up to have adjustable temperature, spray pressure, and showerhead nozzle angle. The simplest showers have a swivelling nozzle aimed downward, while more complex showers have a showerhead connected to a hose that has a mounting bracket; this allows the showerer to hold the showerhead by hand to spray the water onto different parts of their body. A showerhead can be installed in a small shower stall or bathtub, with a plastic shower curtain or door.

Showering is common due to the efficiency of using it compared with using a bathtub. Its use in hygiene is, therefore, common practice.
Kem Ley
Kem Ley (Khmer: កែម ឡី; 19 October 1970 – 10 July 2016) was a Cambodian activist, physician, and political commentator. He was known for his political commentary, including trenchant criticisms of the current government led by Cambodian People's Party (CPP). This made him popular with many Cambodian people and the opposition Cambodia National Rescue Party. He was assassinated in what has been claimed to have been a politically motivated attack on 10 July 2016 at a petrol station in Phnom Penh. He is the third notable activist to be killed in recent years, after union leader Chea Vichea in 2004, and environmental activist Chut Wutty in 2012.

Chea Vichea
Chea Vichea (Khmer: ជា វិជ្ជា) was the leader of the Free Trade Union of Workers of the Kingdom of Cambodia (FTUWKC) until his assassination on Chinese New Year, 22 January 2004. Following his death, he was succeeded in his position at the FTUWKC by his younger brother Chea Mony.

Vichea was shot in the head and chest early in the morning while reading a newspaper at a kiosk in Daun Penh district, Phnom Penh. He had recently been dismissed by the INSM Garment Factory (located in the Chum Chao District of Phnom Penh) as a reprisal for helping to establish a trade union at the company. He also had close affiliations with the opposition Sam Rainsy Party.
Real Sociedad Atlética Stadium
The Real Sociedad Atlética Stadium was a football team based in Zaragoza, Spain, which existed from 1919 until its dissolution in 1925. Initially founded as Sociedad Atlética Stadium, the King Alfonso XIII later granted them the title of Real ("Royal") in 1922.

Despite its ephemeral life, Atlética was one of the most important clubs in the history of Aragone football, being one of the four clubs that founded the Aragonese Football Federation in 1922, winning two Aragón Regional Championship in 1924 and 1925, and being the first Aragonese team to compete in the Copa del Rey in 1924.

In 1925, the club merged with the Zaragoza FC to form Zaragoza CD, which later merged with Iberia to give rise to the current Real Zaragoza.

Zaragoza CD
Real Zaragoza Club Deportivo and later simply Zaragoza Club Deportivo was a Spanish football club based in Zaragoza, founded in 1925 as result of the merger of Athletic Stadium (founded in 1919) and Zaragoza FC (founded in 1921). The club played its games at Campo de la Torre de Bruil, and in 1932 merged with Iberia SC to form the current Real Zaragoza.
Modern South Arabian languages
The Modern South Arabian languages, also known as Eastern South Semitic languages, are a group of endangered languages spoken by small populations inhabiting the Arabian Peninsula, in Yemen (including Socotra) and Oman. Together with the Ethiosemitic and Sayhadic languages, the Western branch, they form the South Semitic sub-branch of the Afroasiatic language family's Semitic branch.

Mehri and Hobyot are spoken in both Yemen and Oman. Soqotri is only spoken in the Yemeni archipelago of Socotra, and the Harsusi, Bathari, and Shehri languages are only spoken in Oman.

Baṭḥari language
Baṭḥari (Arabic: اللغة البطحرية "Baṭḥari language"), natively known as Bəṭaḥrēt, is a nearly extinct Afro-Asiatic language of Oman, located on the southeast coast facing the Khuriya Muriya Islands.

The first westerner to acknowledge the existence of Bathari was Bertram Thomas in 1929.