hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Jødekager
Jødekager (lit. 'Jewish cookies') are popular cookies of Danish Jewish origin. They consist of a soft butter cookie base which is topped with cinnamon sugar and occasionally chopped almonds.

Early versions of the recipe originated in the Danish Jewish community starting in the 18th century, though the current version dates from the 19th century. They are commonly eaten during Christmas in Denmark.

History of the Jews in Denmark
The history of Jews in Denmark goes back to the 1600s. Although there were very likely Jewish merchants, sailors, and among others, who entered Denmark during the Middle Ages, back in around the year 1000, when Denmark became the first Christian Kingdom until 1536, no efforts were made to establish a Jewish community. At present, the Jewish community in Denmark comprises about 6,000 persons.

In 1814, when Norway gained independence from Denmark, the general ban against Jews entering the country was "continued" in the new Norwegian Constitution. The community's population peaked prior to the Holocaust at which time the Danish resistance movement (with the assistance of many ordinary Danish citizens) took part in a collective effort to evacuate about 8,000 Jews and their families from Denmark by sea to nearby neutral Sweden, an act which ensured the safety of almost all the Danish Jews.
Shared residency in England
Shared residence, joint residence, or shared parenting refers to the situation where a child of parents who have divorced or separated live with each parent at different times, such as every other week. With shared residency, both parents have parental responsibility. Shared residency does not mean that the time the child spends with each parent must be equal.

Parental responsibility (access and custody)
Parental responsibility refers to the responsibility which underpin the relationship between the children and the children's parents and those adults who are granted parental responsibility by either signing a 'parental responsibility agreement' with the mother or getting a 'parental responsibility order' from a court. The terminology for this area of law now includes matters dealt with as contact (visitation in the United States) and residence (see Residence in English law) in some states. Parental responsibilities are connected to Parents' rights and privileges.
Federal Ministry of Innovation, Science and Technology
The Federal Ministry of Innovation, Science and Technology is a Nigerian ministry whose mission is to facilitate the development and deployment of science and technology apparatus to enhance the pace of socio-economic development of the country through appropriate technological inputs into productive activities in the nation. It is headed by a Minister appointed by the President, assisted by a Permanent Secretary, who is a career civil servant.
President Bola Tinubu, GCFR on 16 August 2023 appointed Uche Nnaji as the Minister of Science and Technology. Mr James Sule, mni is the current permanent secretary in the ministry.

The Ministry was renamed to Federal Ministry of Innovation, Science and  Technology on 6 August 2021.

Nigerian Civil Service
The Nigerian Civil Service consists of employees in Nigerian government agencies other than the military and police. Most employees are career civil servants in the Nigerian ministries, progressing based on qualifications and seniority. Recently the head of the service has been introducing measures to make the ministries more efficient and responsive to the public. The Nigerian Civil Service has its origins in organizations established by the British in colonial times.
Mulgara (software)
Mulgara is a triplestore and fork of the original Kowari project. It is open-source, scalable, and transaction-safe. Mulgara instances can be queried via the iTQL query language and the SPARQL query language.

Fork (software development)
In software development, a fork is a codebase that is created by duplicating an existing codebase and, generally, is subsequently modified independently of the original. Software built from a fork initially has identical behavior as software built from the original code, but as the source code is increasingly modified, the resulting software tends to have increasingly different behavior compared to the original. A fork is a form of branching, but generally involves storing the forked files separately from the original – not in the repository. Reasons for forking a codebase include user preference, stagnated or discontinued development of the original software or a schism in the developer community. Forking proprietary software (such as Unix) is prohibited by copyright law without explicit permission, but free and open-source software, by definition, may be forked without permission.
Patrick J. Hessian
Patrick John Hessian (20 May 1928 – 8 September 2007) was an American major general and Catholic priest who served as the 16th Chief of Chaplains of the United States Army from 1982 to 1986.

An alumnus of Saint Paul Seminary, Hessian was ordained for the Archdiocese of Saint Paul in 1953, then served in a St. Paul parish for a decade before entering full-time Army chaplaincy. During his service as a chaplain, he received the Purple Heart after being wounded by shrapnel in Vietnam and the Soldier's Medal for disarming a suicidal soldier who was holding a grenade.

He became the 16th Chief of Chaplains of the United States Army in 1982 and served in that role until 1986. His time as Chief of Chaplains was marked by a focus on increasing the spirituality and spiritual well-being of chaplains, as well as a court battle questioning the legality of the chaplain corps.

Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis
The Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis (Latin: Archidiœcesis Paulopolitana et Minneapolitana) is a diocese of the Catholic Church in the state of Minnesota in the United States. The archbishop has both a cathedral and co-cathedral:

The mother church is the Cathedral of Saint Paul in Saint Paul

The co-cathedral is the Basilica of Saint Mary in Minneapolis
Rapid thermal processing
Rapid thermal processing (RTP) is a semiconductor manufacturing process which heats silicon wafers to temperatures exceeding 1,000°C for not more than a few seconds. During cooling wafer temperatures must be brought down slowly to prevent dislocations and wafer breakage due to thermal shock.  Such rapid heating rates are often attained by high intensity lamps or lasers. These processes are used for a wide variety of applications in semiconductor manufacturing including dopant activation, thermal oxidation, metal reflow and chemical vapor deposition.

Wafer (electronics)
In electronics, a wafer (also called a slice or substrate) is a thin slice of semiconductor, such as a crystalline silicon (c-Si, silicium), used for the fabrication of integrated circuits and, in photovoltaics, to manufacture solar cells.

The wafer serves as the substrate for microelectronic devices built in and upon the wafer. It undergoes many microfabrication processes, such as doping, ion implantation, etching, thin-film deposition of various materials, and photolithographic patterning. Finally, the individual microcircuits are separated by wafer dicing and packaged as an integrated circuit.
Farncombe railway station
Farncombe railway station opened in 1897 as a minor stop on the Portsmouth Direct Line between Guildford and Godalming, England.  It is said to have been built at the instigation of General Sir Frederick Marshall, a director of the London and South Western Railway Company, who lived nearby at Broadwater.

Guildford railway station
Guildford railway station is at one of three main railway junctions on the Portsmouth Direct Line and serves the town of Guildford, in Surrey, England. It is 30 miles 27 chains (30.34 mi; 48.8 km) down the line from London Waterloo via Woking.

It provides an interchange station for two other railway lines: the North Downs Line northwards towards Reading, which has a connection to Aldershot, and eastwards to Redhill; and the New Guildford Line, the alternative route to London Waterloo, via Cobham or Epsom.

Guildford station is the larger, more frequently and more diversely served of the two stations in Guildford town centre, the other being London Road (Guildford) on the New Guildford Line.
Stephen Albert
Stephen Joel Albert (6 February 1941 – 27 December 1992) was an American composer. He is best known for his Pulitzer Prize winning Symphony No. 1 RiverRun (1983) and his Cello Concerto (1990), written for Yo-Yo Ma. He died suddenly in a 1992 automobile accident, having just sketched out his Second Symphony. The work was subsequently completed by Sebastian Currier, and his death sparked musical tributes from composer colleagues such as Aaron Jay Kernis and Christopher Rouse.

Aaron Jay Kernis
Aaron Jay Kernis (born January 15, 1960) is a Pulitzer Prize- and Grammy Award-winning American composer serving as a member of the Yale School of Music faculty. Kernis spent 15 years as the music advisor to the Minnesota Orchestra and as director of the Minnesota Orchestra's Composers' Institute, and is currently the workshop director of the Nashville Symphony Composer Lab. He has received numerous awards and honors throughout his thirty-five-year career. He lives in New York City with his wife, pianist Evelyne Luest, and their two children.
Stocksmoor railway station
Stocksmoor railway station serves the village of Stocksmoor near Huddersfield in West Yorkshire, England.

The station is 6.25 miles (10 km) from Huddersfield on the Penistone Line operated by Northern.

Most of the Penistone Line is single track between Huddersfield and Barnsley (and has been since 1989). However, Stocksmoor marks the first point (for Sheffield-bound trains) or last point (for Huddersfield-bound trains) where there is dual running track (the passing loop extends as far south as the next station at Shepley and most trains are scheduled to pass each other on this section).

Huddersfield railway station
Huddersfield railway station serves the town of Huddersfield, in West Yorkshire, England.
It is a stop on the Huddersfield line and is managed by TransPennine Express, which provides trains between the North West, Yorkshire and the North East. It is also served by Northern Trains, which operates trains on the Huddersfield, Penistone and Caldervale lines.
John F. Allen (physicist)
John Frank Allen, FRS FRSE (May 5, 1908 – April 22, 2001) was a Canadian physicist. At the same time as Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa in Moscow, Don Misener and Allen independently discovered the superfluid phase of matter in 1937 using liquid helium in the Royal Society Mond Laboratory in Cambridge, England.

Pyotr Kapitsa
Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa or Peter Kapitza FRS (Russian: Пётр Леонидович Капица, Romanian: Petre Capița; 9 July [O.S. 26 June] 1894 – 8 April 1984) was a leading Soviet Russian physicist and Nobel laureate, whose research focused on low-temperature physics.
The Dark Tower: The Gunslinger - The Battle of Tull
The Dark Tower: The Gunslinger - The Battle of Tull is a five-issue comic book limited series published by Marvel Comics. It is the eighth comic book miniseries based on Stephen King's The Dark Tower series of novels. It is plotted by Robin Furth, scripted by Peter David, and illustrated by Michael Lark, Stefano Gaudiano, and Richard Isanove. Stephen King is the Creative and Executive Director of the project. The first issue was published on June 1, 2011.

The Dark Tower (comics)
The Dark Tower, first published in 2007, is a series of comic books (originally published by Marvel Comics and later republished by Gallery 13) based on Stephen King's The Dark Tower series of novels. Overall, it is plotted by Robin Furth and scripted by Peter David. Stephen King serves as Creative and Executive Director of the project.
Rushes (album)
Rushes is the second studio album by the Fireman, released in September 1998. The title, when combined with the band name, references a lyric from the McCartney-penned Beatles song "Penny Lane":
"And then the fireman rushes in / From the pouring rain / Very strange."
Rushes is distinguished by not relying  on McCartney's previously released recordings, unlike the band's previous album Strawberries Oceans Ships Forest.

Strawberries Oceans Ships Forest
Strawberries Oceans Ships Forest is the debut studio album by the Fireman, released in November 1993. The album consists of samples of McCartney's material, mostly from the sessions of his Off the Ground album,  but also of "Reception" and "The Broadcast" from Wings' Back to the Egg album; remixed and with new music added. Neither McCartney nor Youth are credited on the album; rumours of McCartney's involvement were eventually confirmed by EMI.
China National Highway 010
China's National Highway G010, also called Tongsan Expressway (Tongjiang-Sanya Expressway), was an abolished national highway in China, which ran from Tongjiang in Heilongjiang to Sanya in Hainan. It was 5,700 km (3,500 mi) in length, the longest China National Highway at the time.

It passed through the provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Shandong, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Fujian and Guangdong. At Hai'an in Guangdong, Guangdong–Hainan Railway carries cars by ferry across the Qiongzhou Strait to Haikou in Hainan, before ending in Sanya.

It was part of the five north-south and seven east-west main routes in China. However, it has been abolished in 2010s, now being part of the G15 Shenyang–Haikou Expressway.

National highways of China
The China National Highways (CNH/Guodao) (simplified Chinese: 中华人民共和国国道; traditional Chinese: 中華人民共和國國道; pinyin: Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó Guódào) is a network of trunk roads across mainland China. Established to facilitate transportation and economic development, the system includes north–south and east–west arterial highways, expressways, and local roads. By 2024, the network encompasses over 1.9 million kilometers of highways, making it one of the most extensive in the world. Key milestones include the completion of major expressways by 2008 and ongoing expansions to enhance connectivity, especially in western and less developed areas.

Apart from the expressways of China that were planned and constructed later, most of the CNH are not controlled-access highways.
Olímpica metro station
Olímpica metro station is a station of the Mexico City Metro in the colonias (neighborhoods) of Jardines de Aragón and La Olímpica II, in Ecatepec de Morelos, State of Mexico, in the metropolitan area of Mexico City. It is an at-grade station with one island platform served by Line B (the Green-and-Gray Line), between Plaza Aragón and Ecatepec stations. The name of the station references the colonia of the same name and its pictogram depicts the Olympic rings. The station was opened on 30 November 2000, on the first day of service between Ciudad Azteca and Buenavista metro stations. The facilities are accessible to people with disabilities as there are tactile pavings and braille signage plates. In 2019, Olímpica metro station had an average daily ridership of 16,745 passengers, making it the eleventh most used on the line.

Buenavista metro station
Buenavista is a station on the Mexico City Metro, in the Colonia Buenavista neighborhood of the Cuauhtémoc borough.  It is the southwestern terminal station of Line B (the green-on-silver line, Buenavista-Ciudad Azteca).  It also offers connections to the Insurgentes Metrobús bus rapid transit line. In 2019, the station had an average ridership of 66,804 passengers per day, making it the tenth busiest station in the network.
Noor van Crevel
Noor van Crevel (4 April 1929 – 6 May 2019) was a Dutch social worker who specialised in the field of "conjugal crime." She was also a radical feminist and political lesbian activist. She was one of the founders of the lesbian action group Purple September and the first Blijf van m'n Lijf (Keep Your Hands Off Me) House [nl] in Amsterdam.

Political lesbianism
Political lesbianism is a phenomenon within feminism, primarily second-wave feminism and radical feminism; it includes, but is not limited to, lesbian separatism. Political lesbianism asserts that sexual orientation is a political and feminist choice, and advocates lesbianism as a positive alternative to heterosexuality for women as part of the struggle against sexism.
1937 Ryder Cup
The 6th Ryder Cup Matches were held 29–30 June 1937 at the Southport and Ainsdale Golf Club in Southport, England. The United States team won the competition by a score of 8 to 4 points.  It was the first time that the host team lost the competition and the second of seven consecutive wins for the U.S. side.  The course had hosted the event four years earlier in 1933, Britain's last win until 1957.

Due to World War II, this was the final Ryder Cup for a full decade; the series resumed in 1947 in the U.S. at Portland, Oregon.

1933 Ryder Cup
The 4th Ryder Cup Matches were held 26–27 June 1933 at the Southport and Ainsdale Golf Club in Southport, England. The Great Britain team won the competition by a score of 61⁄2–51⁄2 points, which at the time was the closest score possible other than a tie. As with the three previous events, the host team won and the series was tied at two wins each.

John Henry Taylor became only the second of three Team Great Britain captains to ever lift the Ryder Cup and was Great Britain's last Ryder Cup victory until 1957, the only post-war win until Team Europe won its first in 1985.
Former Soviet Union Demilitarization Act of 1992
Former Soviet Union Demilitarization Act of 1992, 22 U.S.C. ch. 68 §§ 5901-5931, is a United States Federal law created to coordinate disarmament efforts with the former Soviet Union. The Act, better known as the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1993, provided legislative authority for the United States Department of Defense supporting armament retooling, chemical demilitarization, and nonproliferation initiatives.

The H.R. 5006 Act of Congress acknowledged the current geopolitical events of the early 1990s with respect to the collapse of communism, dissolution of the Soviet Union, fall of the Berlin Wall, and the Gulf War. Title XIV — Demilitarization of the Former Soviet Union was passed by the 102nd U.S. Congressional session and enacted by George H. W. Bush on October 23, 1992.

Demilitarisation
Demilitarisation or demilitarization may mean the reduction of the armed forces of a state or other political entity; it is the opposite of militarisation in many respects. For instance, the demilitarisation of Northern Ireland entailed the reduction of British security and military apparatuses. Demilitarisation in this sense is usually the result of a peace treaty ending a war or a major conflict. The principle is distinguished from demobilisation, which refers to the drastic voluntary reduction in the size of a victorious army.
2015 Stockport Metropolitan Borough Council election
The 2015 Stockport Metropolitan Borough Council election took place on 7 May 2015 to elect members of Stockport Metropolitan Borough Council in England. This was on the same day as other local elections and the UK General Election. Stockport Council is elected in thirds which means that in each three member local ward, one councillor is elected every year, except every four years which is classed as fallow year. The last fallow year was 2013, when no local government elections took place in the borough. Those councillors elected will serve a four-year term expiring in 2019.

Following the elections, the Lib Dem minority administration was able to continue in office.

2015 United Kingdom local elections
The 2015 United Kingdom local elections were held on Thursday 7 May 2015, the same day as the general election for the House of Commons.

With the exception of those areas that have had boundary changes, the council seats up for election in England were last contested in the 2011 local elections. To date these are the last local elections to coincide with a general election in the United Kingdom.
Rashid Beebeejaun
Ahmed Rashid Beebeejaun, GCSK (born on 22 December 1934) is a former Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Energy and Public Utilities of Mauritius. He was the deputy leader of the Mauritian Labor Party and was the first person to hold office of Prime Minister in the Mauritius line of Succession during Navin Ramgoolam's tenure as Prime Minister.

Navin Ramgoolam appointed Beebeejaun on 7 July 2005 as deputy prime minister after winning the 2005 general elections. He was born in Riviere du Rempart and was a doctor and practitioner in Mauritius before entering politics. In 2007 he was elevated to the rank of Grand Commander of the Star And Key of Indian Ocean by the then President of the country Sir Anerood Jugnauth.

Ahmed Rashid Beebeejaun graduated with a degree in medicine from the University of Birmingham and is a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians.

Beebeejaun was awarded an honorary DUniv by Birmingham University in 2011.

Navin Ramgoolam
Navinchandra Ramgoolam (born 14 July 1947) is a Mauritian politician who is the current prime minister of Mauritius, serving since 2024. He previously held the office from 1995 to 2000 and from 2005 to 2014 and intermittently served as leader of the opposition when not in office.

Ramgoolam is the son of former prime minister and governor-general Seewoosagur Ramgoolam and has led the Labour Party since 1991. After an astounding defeat in the 2000 General Elections, he became prime minister for a second term after his coalition, Alliance Sociale, won the 2005 General Elections. The 2024 general election saw the landslide victory of his coalition Alliance du Changement. Following Pravind Jugnauth's resignation as prime minister, Ramgoolam was sworn in for a third time at the State House of Mauritius in the presence of President Prithvirajsing Roopun.
Radical Dance Faction
Radical Dance Faction (RDF), originally known as Military Surplus, are a music group with punk, dub and ska styling, originally formed in Hungerford, Berkshire, England by singer Chris Bowsher, the group's only ever-present. They were active between 1987 and 1995 with a constantly changing line-up, with over 30 musicians passing through, releasing three albums.

They first reformed in 2006, going on to perform more live appearances and record two further albums.

Hungerford
Hungerford is a historic market town and civil parish in Berkshire, England, 8 miles (13 km) west of Newbury, 9 miles (14 km) east of Marlborough, and 60 miles (97 km) west of London. The population of the parish at the 2021 census was 5,869.

The Kennet and Avon Canal passes through the town alongside the River Dun, a major tributary of the River Kennet. The confluence with the Kennet is to the north of the centre, whence canal and river both continue east. Hungerford railway station is a minor stop on the Reading to Taunton Line.
St. Mary Parish, Ware
St. Mary Parish - designated for Polish immigrants in Ware, Massachusetts, United States.

Founded 1905, it is one of the Polish-American Roman Catholic parishes in New England in the Diocese of Springfield in Massachusetts.

Ware, Massachusetts
Ware is a town in Hampshire County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 10,066 as of 2020. It is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area.

The census-designated place of Ware, comprising the main settlement of the town, is in the southeastern corner of the town. The area's students are served by Ware Junior Senior High School.