hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Crossing number inequality
In the mathematics of graph drawing, the crossing number inequality or crossing lemma gives a lower bound on the minimum number of edge crossings in a plane drawing of a given graph, as a function of the number of edges and vertices of the graph. It states that, for graphs where the number e of edges is sufficiently larger than the number n of vertices, the crossing number is at least proportional to e3/n2.

It has applications in VLSI design and combinatorial geometry,
and was discovered independently by Ajtai, Chvátal, Newborn, and Szemerédi
and by Leighton.

Upper and lower bounds
In mathematics, particularly in order theory, an upper bound or majorant of a subset S of some preordered set (K, ≤) is an element of K that is greater than or equal to every element of S.
Dually, a lower bound or minorant of S is defined to be an element of K that is less than or equal to every element of S. 
A set with an upper (respectively, lower) bound is said to be bounded from above or majorized (respectively bounded from below or minorized) by that bound. 
The terms bounded above (bounded below) are also used in the mathematical literature for sets that have upper (respectively lower) bounds.
Burlington Northern (Brainerd/Baxter)
The 70-acre Burlington Northern (Brainerd/Baxter Plant) is a former railroad tie treatment plant by Burlington Northern Railroad in northern Minnesota, USA. The unlined creosote and fuel oil lagoons, which had been used to treat the ties contaminated groundwater. In 1985, the site was listed as a United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Superfund. Contaminated soils were excavated and capped and a groundwater gradient pump -out well is in place.

Burlington Northern Railroad
The Burlington Northern Railroad (reporting mark BN) was an American–based class 1 railroad company formed from a merger of four major U.S. railroads. Burlington Northern operated between March 2, 1970 and December 31, 1996.

Its historical lineage begins in the earliest days of railroading with the chartering in 1848 of the Chicago and Aurora Railroad, a direct ancestor line of the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad, which lends Burlington, from Burlington, Iowa, to the names of various merger-produced successors.

Burlington Northern acquired the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway on December 31, 1996, to form the Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Railway (later renamed BNSF Railway), which was owned by the Burlington Northern Santa Fe Corporation. That corporation was purchased in 2009 by Berkshire Hathaway, which is controlled by investor Warren Buffett.
BSAT-4b
BSAT-4b, is a geostationary communications satellite ordered by Broadcasting Satellite System Corporation and designed and manufactured by SSL of Maxar Technologies on the SSL 1300 platform. It is expected to be stationed on the 110.0° East orbital latitude for direct television broadcasting of 4K and 8K Ultra HD television resolutions.

Broadcasting Satellite System Corporation
The Broadcasting Satellite System Corporation (B-SAT) is a Japanese corporation established in April 1993 to procure, manage and lease transponders on communications satellites. Its largest stockholder, owning 49.9%, is NHK, the Japan Broadcasting Corporation. In 1994, it was ranked by Space News as the world's 19th largest fixed satellite operator.
Gennady Anashkin
Gennady Vladimirovich Anashkin (Russian: Геннадий Владимирович Анашкин; born 17 December 1968), is a Russian army officer who served as the acting commander of the Southern Military District between 15 May and November 2024. He was awarded the title Hero of the Russian Federation in 2008, and was promoted to colonel general in 2023.

Anashkin was the deputy commander of the 8th Combined Arms Army of the Southern Military District since July 2017, and the army's commander between 2023 and 2024. As of December 2024, he is currently head of the Combined Arms Academy of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

Hero of the Russian Federation
Hero of the Russian Federation (Russian: Герой Российской Федерации, romanized: Geroy Rossiyskoy Federatsii, Russian pronunciation: [ɡʲɪˈroj rɐˈsʲijskəj fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨɪ]), also unofficially called Hero of Russia (Russian: Герой России, romanized: Geroy Rossii, Russian pronunciation: [ɡʲɪˈroj rɐˈsʲiɪ]), is the highest honorary title of the Russian Federation. The title has a Gold Star medal, an insignia of honour that identifies recipients.

The title is awarded to persons for "service to the Russian state and nation, usually connected with a heroic feat of valour". The title is bestowed by decree of the president of the Russian Federation. Russian citizenship or being in the service of the Russian state is not obligatory.

The title was established in 1992 and, as of 2015, was awarded more than 970 times, of which more than 440 were posthumously.
Highcliffe Castle
Highcliffe Castle, situated on the cliffs at Highcliffe, Dorset, was built between 1831 and 1835 by Charles Stuart, 1st Baron Stuart de Rothesay in a Romantic and Picturesque, Gothic Revival style near the site of High Cliff House, a Georgian Mansion designed for the 3rd Earl of Bute  (a founder of Kew Gardens) with the gardens laid out by Capability Brown. The design, by William Donthorne, a founder member of RIBA, incorporated large quantities of carved Medieval stonework salvaged from the ruined Benedictine Abbey of St Peter at Jumieges and the Grand' Maison des Andelys, both situated in Normandy, France. A historic Grade I listed building, it is now owned by the Christchurch, Dorset Council.

Charles Stuart, 1st Baron Stuart de Rothesay
Charles Stuart, 1st Baron Stuart de Rothesay, GCB, PC (2 January 1779 – 6 November 1845), known as Sir Charles Stuart between 1812 and 1828, was a British diplomat. He was twice Ambassador to France and also served as Ambassador to Russia between 1841 and 1844.
Institute of Bill of Rights Law
37°15′54.9″N 76°42′18.2″W﻿ / ﻿37.265250°N 76.705056°W﻿ / 37.265250; -76.705056

The Institute of Bill of Rights Law (IBRL), founded in 1982, is a center for the study of constitutional law at the William & Mary School of Law in Williamsburg, Virginia, United States. The IBRL focuses on enhancing a scholarly understanding of the nation's Bill of Rights by hosting an annual "Supreme Court Preview" that brings together constitutional and legal experts from law schools in the United States, as well as reporters and affiliates from the nation's news outlets. It also enables research fellows to conduct constitutional research with law professors at the law school, and co-sponsors the Constitutional Conflicts book series with Duke University Law School. The Institute of Bill of Rights Law sponsors events such as Constitutional Originalism debates and various symposiums.

William & Mary Law School
William & Mary Law School, formally the Marshall-Wythe School of Law, is the law school of the College of William & Mary, a public research university in Williamsburg, Virginia. It is the oldest extant law school in the United States, having been founded in 1779 at the urging of William & Mary alumnus Thomas Jefferson. As of 2023, it has an enrollment of 606 full-time students seeking a Juris Doctor (J.D.) or a Master of Laws (LL.M.) in the American legal system, a two or three semester program for lawyers trained outside the United States.
Vishva Hindu Parishad
Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP; lit. 'World Council of Hindus') is an Indian right-wing Hindutva organisation. The VHP was founded in 1964 by M. S. Golwalkar and S. S. Apte in collaboration with Swami Chinmayananda. The VHP is a member of the Sangh Parivar, a collection of Hindutva organisations, formed and led by the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), a right-wing Hindutva paramilitary organisation. The VHP has been criticised for contributing to violence against Muslims in India, most notably for its role in the demolition of the Babri Masjid and the 2002 Gujarat riots.

M. S. Golwalkar
Madhav Sadashivrao Golwalkar (19 February 1906 – 5 June 1973) was an Indian politician who served as the second Sarsanghchalak ("Chief") of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), a right-wing Hindutva paramilitary organisation. Golwalkar is considered one of the most influential and prominent figures among the RSS by his followers. He was the first person to put forward the concept of the Hindu Rashtra (Hindu Nation) theocratic state, which is believed to have evolved into the concept of the Akhand Bharat. Golwalkar was one of the earliest prominent Hindu nationalist thinkers in India. Golwalkar authored the book We or Our Nationhood Defined (1939). Bunch of Thoughts (1960) is a compilation of his speeches.
Jon Gerrard
Jon Gerrard PC (born October 13, 1947) is a politician in Manitoba, Canada. He was a Member of Parliament (MP) from 1993 to 1997, and was a secretary of state in the government of Jean Chrétien. He was the leader of the Manitoba Liberal Party from 1998 until 2013, and the member of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba for River Heights from 1999 until his defeat in 2023.

1999 Manitoba general election
The 1999 Manitoba general election was held on September 21, 1999 to elect Members of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Manitoba, Canada.

The New Democratic Party (NDP) was returned to government after sitting in opposition since the 1988 election. The NDP won 32 seats, against 24 for the Progressive Conservative Party.  The Manitoba Liberal Party won one seat.

The Manitoba PC Party declined in popularity due to unpopular budget cuts on the healthcare system, social programs, and civil servants. The budget cuts on Public Service employees resulted in "Filmon Fridays" where civil servants had to take 10 unpaid days off each year. A vote splitting scandal has also hurt the Manitoba PC Party's reputation when the Independent Native Voice Party was claimed to be funded by the PC Caucus in attempt to take away votes from the NDP during the 1995 election.
Vladis-Emmerson Illoy-Ayyet
Vladis-Emmerson Mishelevych Illoy-Ayyet (Ukrainian: Владіс-Еммерсон Мішелевич Іллой-Айєт; born 7 October 1995), commonly known as Emmerson, is a professional football defender who plays for Russian First League club Yenisey Krasnoyarsk. Born in Ukraine, he has represented the Republic of the Congo at senior level.

Congo national football team
The Congo national football team (French: Équipe du Congo de football) represents the Republic of the Congo in men's association football and is governed by the Congolese Football Federation. They have never qualified for the World Cup, but did win the Africa Cup of Nations in 1972. They also won the All-Africa Games football tournament in 1965. The team is also a member of both FIFA and the Confederation of African Football (CAF).
Jim Mitchell (politician)
Jim Mitchell (19 October 1946 – 2 December 2002) was an Irish Fine Gael politician who served as deputy leader of Fine Gael from 2001 to 2002, Minister for Communications from 1984 to 1987, Minister for Transport and Minister for Posts and Telegraphs from 1982 to 1984, Minister for Justice from 1981 to 1982 and Lord Mayor of Dublin from 1976 to 1977. He served as a Teachta Dála (TD) from 1977 to 2002.

Minister for Justice, Home Affairs and Migration
The Minister for Justice, Home Affairs and Migration (Irish: An tAire Dlí agus Cirt, Gnóthaí Baile agus Imirce) is a senior minister in the Government of Ireland and leads the Department of Justice, Home Affairs and Migration. The Minister for Justice, Home Affairs and Migration has overall responsibility for law and order in Ireland.

The Minister for Justice, Home Affairs and Migration since January 2025 is Jim O'Callaghan, TD.

He is assisted by two Ministers of State:

Niall Collins, TD – Minister of State for International law, law reform and youth justice

Colm Brophy, TD – Minister of State for Migration
Caci (fighting)
Caci (Indonesian pronunciation: [tʃatʃi]) is a form of fighting with a whip or stick. It appears to be indigenous to Flores in East Nusa Tenggara, but it is also practiced in neighboring islands of Bali and Lombok, Indonesia. The art is sometimes called cacing or ende in Flores, and larik or kebat in Riung, while in Balinese it is known as ende.

Caci is mainly performed by Manggarai people distributed within the greater Manggarai cultural area of western parts of Flores island, which today consists of three regencies; West, Central, and East, and also the neighboring Ngada Regency. Caci performance is most prevalent in Manggarai Regency, especially in the town of Ruteng, where this ritual whip fight has become a major element of its people's cultural identity. Originated as a part of harvest ritual, this whip dueling spectacle has grown to become an attraction for foreign as well as domestic visitors.

Manggarai Regency
Manggarai Regency is a regency in East Nusa Tenggara province of Indonesia, situated on the island of Flores. Established in 1958 to encompass the 6,924.18 km2 area of the lands of the indigenous Manggarai people (speaking the various dialects of the Rombo Manggarai language), the regency was reduced in area (by over 80%) and in population by the separation of the more western districts to form West Manggarai Regency on 25 February 2003 and of the more eastern districts to form East Manggarai Regency on 17 July 2007.

The area of the residual Manggarai Regency is 1,343.83 km2 and its population was 292,037 at the 2010 census and 312,855 at the 2020 census; the official estimate as at mid 2024 was 349,836 (comprising 175,131 males and 174,705 females). The capital of the regency is the town of Ruteng (which equates to the urban Langke Rembong District, and NOT to the rural Ruteng District).

The Liang Bua archeological site is in Manggarai regency, about 10 km to the north of Ruteng.
Albanian Fascist Party
The Albanian Fascist Party (Albanian: Partia Fashiste Shqiptare, or PFSh) was a fascist organisation active during World War II which held nominal power in Albania from 1939, when the country was invaded by Italy, until 1943, when Italy capitulated to the Allies. Afterwards, Albania fell under German occupation, and the PFSh was replaced by the Balli Kombëtar.

Italian invasion of Albania
The Italian invasion of Albania was a brief military campaign which was launched by Italy against Albania in 1939. The conflict was a result of the imperialistic policies of the Italian prime minister and dictator Benito Mussolini. Albania was rapidly occupied, its ruler King Zog I went into exile in the neighboring Kingdom of Greece, and the country was made a part of the Italian Empire as a protectorate in personal union with the Italian Crown.
Manthey Racing
Manthey Racing GmbH is a German auto racing team and tuning company established in 1996 by former race car driver Olaf Manthey. Most notable for their participation at the Nürburgring 24 Hours, they also compete in the Asian Le Mans Series, Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters, and IMSA SportsCar Championship, and are also responsible for Porsche's factory LMGT3 efforts in the FIA World Endurance Championship. Working with Porsche sports cars for most of their history, the team has been strongly linked with the German manufacturer, being purchased by Porsche for a 51% majority stake in 2013, later becoming a certified partner in 2021.

Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters
The Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters, commonly abbreviated as the DTM, is a sports car racing series sanctioned by ADAC. The series is based in Germany, with rounds elsewhere in Europe. The series currently races a modified version of Group GT3 grand touring cars, replacing Class 1 Touring Cars in 2021.

From 2000 to 2020, the "new DTM" continued the former Deutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft (German Touring Car Championship) and ITC (International Touring Car Championship) which had been discontinued after 1996 due to high costs. The series raced prototype silhouette racing cars based on a mass-production road car in the same period.

The second iteration went by the full name during its first five years. Since 2005, all official documents have only referred to the series using the abbreviated name.
Alley of Honor
The Alley of Honor (Azerbaijani: Fəxri Xiyaban, Honorary Allée) is a public cemetery and memorial in Baku, Azerbaijan. The Alley includes burials of famed Azerbaijanis and Azerbaijan-affiliated expatriates, including several Presidents, scientists and artists. There are over 280 burials in total.

President of Azerbaijan
The president of the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan Respublikasının Prezidenti) is the head of state of the Republic of Azerbaijan. The Constitution states that the president is the embodiment of executive power, commander-in-chief, "representative of Azerbaijan in home and foreign policies", and "shall have the right of immunity [from prosecution]." The president rules through his executive office, the Presidential Administration, consisting of a group of secretaries and departmental ministers. Additionally, there is a Cabinet of Ministers regarding economic and social policy and a Security Council regarding foreign, military, and judicial matters.

The primary workplace is the presidential building (also known as the presidential apparatus) on Istiglaliyyat Street in Baku. Ilham Aliyev, son of the former president, Heydar, was elected the 4th and current president on 31 October 2003 after his father's resignation due to his deteriorating health.
War crimes in Afghanistan
War crimes in Afghanistan covers the period of conflict from 1979 to the present. Starting with the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979, 40 years of civil war in various forms has wracked Afghanistan. War crimes have been committed by all sides.

Since the Taliban's emergence in the 1990s, its crimes include extrajudicial killings of civilians during its period running the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, systematic killing of civilians and wartime sexual violence during the 2010s, and executions of civilians during the 2021 Taliban offensive.

Extrajudicial killing
An extrajudicial killing (also known as an extrajudicial execution or an extralegal killing) is the deliberate killing of a person without the lawful authority granted by a judicial proceeding. It typically refers to government authorities, whether lawfully or unlawfully, targeting specific people for death, which in authoritarian regimes often involves political, trade union, dissident, religious and social figures. The term is typically used in situations that imply the human rights of the victims have been violated. Deaths caused by legal police actions (such as self defense) or legal warfighting on a battlefield are generally not included, even though military and police forces are often used for killings seen by critics as illegitimate. The label "extrajudicial killing" has also been applied to organized, lethal enforcement of extralegal social norms by non-government actors, including lynchings and honor killings.
Buck Pierce
Buck James Pierce (born November 15, 1981) is an American professional football coach who is the head coach and offensive coordinator of the BC Lions of the Canadian Football League (CFL). He is a former professional quarterback who played nine seasons for the Lions and Winnipeg Blue Bombers of the Canadian Football League (CFL). He spent the first five years of his career with the Lions before signing with the Blue Bombers for the 2010 CFL season. During the 2013 CFL season, he rejoined the Lions when the Blue Bombers traded him for Akeem Foster. He played in two Grey Cup games, winning a championship in 2006 and also won as part of the coaching staff with the Winnipeg Blue Bombers in 2019 and 2021. He played college football at New Mexico State from 2001–2004, starting at quarterback for most of his senior year.

108th Grey Cup
The 108th Grey Cup decided the Canadian Football League (CFL) championship for the 2021 season. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the 2020 season was cancelled and the start of the 2021 season was delayed, pushing the game to December 12, 2021. The 108th Grey Cup was a rematch of the 107th Grey Cup in 2019 between the defending Grey Cup and West Division champion Winnipeg Blue Bombers and the East Division champion Hamilton Tiger-Cats, at Tim Hortons Field in Hamilton, Ontario. The Blue Bombers defeated the Tiger-Cats 33–25 in overtime for their second straight title, making them the first team in 11 years to win two straight Grey Cups. This game was also the fourth Grey Cup to go into overtime, with the other three instances coming in 1961, 2005 and 2016.
Palatine GAA
Palatine GAA is a Gaelic Athletic Association club based in Bennekerry, County Carlow in Ireland. It draws players mainly from the parish of Bennekerry, including the townlands of Brownshill, Ducketsgrove, Kernanstown, Russellstown and Palatine, County Carlow.

The club was founded in 1909 and has won seven Carlow Senior Football Championships and one Carlow Senior Hurling Championship in its history.

Carlow Senior Football Championship
The Carlow Senior Football Championship (currently also known for sponsorship reasons as the Michael Lyng Motors Carlow SFC), is an annual Gaelic football competition contested by top-tier Carlow GAA clubs. The Carlow County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association has organised it since 1889.

Old Leighlin are the title holders (2025) defeating Rathvilly in the Final.
Koorainadu Punukeeswarar Temple
Koorainadu Punukeeswarar Temple, or simply Punukeeswarar Temple, is a Hindu temple located in Koorainadu (also known as Koranad) in the town of Mayiladuthurai, Tamil Nadu, India. The temple is dedicated to Lord Punukeeswarar, a form of Shiva.

Mayuranathaswami Temple, Mayiladuthurai
Mayuranathaswamy Temple, or simply Mayuranathar Temple, is a Hindu temple in the town of Mayiladuthurai (formerly known as Mayavaram or Mayuram) in Tamil Nadu, India. The temple is dedicated to Lord Mayuranathaswamy, a form of Shiva, and has given its name to the town itself. The main icon is a  lingam and the presiding deity is called Mayuranathar because the Hindu goddess Parvathi worshipped Shiva here in the form of a mayura.

The temple is considered one of the 275 Paadal Petra Sthalams – Shiva temples that are revered in the early medieval Tevaram poems by Tamil Saivite Nayanars including  Appar, and Tirugnanasambandar. It is the thirty-ninth shrine located on the southern bank of the River Kaveri.

In the 14th century, Tamil poet Arunagirinathar composed song number 788 in the Tiruppukal collection, dedicated to the deity Murugan, associated with this temple. The shrine is managed by Thiruvavaduthurai adheenam.