hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Duccio Galimberti
Tancredi Achille Giuseppe Olimpio "Duccio" Galimberti (30 April 1906 – 3 December 1944) was an Italian lawyer who became a committed anti-fascist and war-time partisan. He was an important figure – according to some sources the most important figure – in the Piedmontese anti-fascist resistance, and was a posthumous recipient both of the Gold Medal of Military Valor and of the Gold Medal of the Resistance. During the closing months of the war, he was proclaimed a national hero by the National Liberation Committee for Northern Italy.

Partisan (military)
A partisan (or partizan) is a member of a domestic irregular military force formed to oppose control of an area by a foreign power or by an army of occupation by some kind of insurgent activity.

The term can apply to the field element of resistance movements. The most common use in present parlance in several languages refers to occupation resistance fighters during World War II, especially under the Yugoslav partisan leader Josip Broz Tito.
Pencil fish
Nannostomus (from the Greek nanos, meaning "small", and the Latin stomus, relating to the mouth) is a genus of fish belonging to the characin family Lebiasinidae. All of the species in this genus are known as pencil fish, a popular name that was initially only applied to two species in the 1920s, Nannostomus unifasciatus and Nannostomus eques. By the late 1950s, however, the term was applied to all members of the genus. Several species have become popular aquarium fish due to their attractive coloration, unique shape, and interesting demeanor.

Characiformes
Characiformes /ˈkærəsɪfɔːrmiːz/ is an order of ray-finned fish, comprising the characins and their allies. Grouped in 18 recognized families, more than 2000 different species are described, including the well-known piranha and tetras. Characins are most diverse in the Neotropics, where they are found in lakes and rivers throughout most of South and Central America. At least 209 species of characins are found in Africa, including the distichodontids, citharinids, alestids, and hepsetids. The rest of the characins originate in the Americas.

A few characins become quite large, and are important as food or game. Most, however, are small shoaling fish (or forage fish). Many species commonly called tetras are popular in aquaria because of their bright colors, general hardiness, and tolerance towards other fish in community tanks.
LCDR M class
The LCDR M class was a class of 4-4-0 steam locomotives of the London, Chatham and Dover Railway. The class was designed by William Kirtley and introduced in 1877, intended for the heaviest express services between London and Dover.

4-4-0
4-4-0, in the Whyte notation, denotes a steam locomotive with a wheel arrangement of four leading wheels on two axles (usually in a leading bogie), four powered and coupled driving wheels on two axles, and no trailing wheels.

First built in the 1830s, locomotives with this wheel arrangement were known as "standard" or "Eight-Wheeler" type. In the first half of the 19th century, almost every major railroad in North America owned and operated locomotives of this type, and many rebuilt their 4-2-0 and 2-4-0 locomotives as 4-4-0s.

In April 1872, Railroad Gazette used "American" as the name of the type. The type subsequently also became popular in the United Kingdom, where large numbers were produced.

The vast majority of 4-4-0 locomotives had tenders, though some tank locomotives (designated 4-4-0T) were built.
Beverley Town F.C.
Beverley Town Football Club is a football club based in Beverley, East Riding of Yorkshire, England. They are currently members of the Northern Counties East League Premier Division and play their home games at Norwood Park.

Northern Counties East Football League
The Northern Counties East Football League is a semi-professional English football league. It has two divisions – Premier Division and Division One – which stand at the ninth and tenth levels of the English football pyramid respectively.
Interval finite element
In numerical analysis, the interval finite element method (interval FEM) is a finite element method that uses interval parameters. Interval FEM can be applied in situations where it is not possible to get reliable probabilistic characteristics of the structure. This is important in concrete structures, wood structures, geomechanics, composite structures, biomechanics and in many other areas. The goal of the Interval Finite Element is to find upper and lower bounds of different characteristics of the model (e.g. stress, displacements, yield surface etc.) and use these results in the design process. This is so called worst case design, which is closely related to the limit state design.

Worst case design requires less information than probabilistic design however the results are more conservative [Köylüoglu and Elishakoff 1998].

Isaac Elishakoff
Isaac Elishakoff is an Israeli-American engineer who is Distinguished Research Professor in the Ocean and Mechanical Engineering Department in the Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida. He is a recognized figure in the area of theoretical and applied mechanics. He has made seminal contributions in the areas of random vibrations, structural reliability,  solid mechanics of composite materials, semi-inverse problems of vibrations and stability, functionally graded material structures, optimization and anti-optimization of structures under uncertainty, and carbon nanotubes.

He has over 630 journal papers, and has authored, co-authored, edited, or co-edited 34 books.
2023 Men's EuroHockey Club Trophy I
The 2023 Men's EuroHockey Club Trophy I is the 46th edition of Europe's secondary men's club field hockey tournament organized by the European Hockey Federation and the third edition since it was renamed from the EuroHockey Club Trophy to the Men's EuroHockey Club Trophy I.

The tournament was hosted by Post SV Wien in Vienna, Austria from 7 to 10 April 2023.

Cardiff & Met won their third title on the second European level after beating OKS Vinnitsa 4–2 in the final. It was their second European title in a row after their victory in the Men's EuroHockey Club Trophy II last season.

Post SV Wien
Post Sportverein Wien  is a multi-sports club from the city of Vienna in Austria, and today operates in addition to football another 23 sections, including handball, field hockey, tennis, basketball, volleyball, futsal, table tennis, bowling, bridge, weightlifting, gymnastics, squash, skiing, Motorsport, judo and chess.
Jeanne Córdova
Jeanne Córdova (July 18, 1948 – January 10, 2016) was an American writer and supporter of the lesbian and gay rights movement, founder of The Lesbian Tide, and a founder of the West Coast LGBT movement. A former Catholic nun, Córdova was a second-wave feminist lesbian activist and self-described butch.

She was a prolific writer, journalist, and a Lambda Literary, Publishing Triangle and Goldie Award winning author of the memoir When We Were Outlaws: a Memoir of Love and Revolution. In honor of her memory, Lambda Literary Foundation created the Jeanne Córdova Words Scholarship in 2016, and the Jeanne Córdova Prize for Lesbian/Queer Nonfiction in 2017.

Golden Crown Literary Society
Golden Crown Literary Society (GCLS) is an American nonprofit organization established in 2004 for those with an interest in Sapphic literature. Since 2005, GCLS has at its annual conference presented Golden Crown Literary Awards (Goldies) to authors and editors in various categories of fiction, non-fiction, poetry and anthologies/collections, as well as for cover design and audiobook narration.
St. Mary's A.F.C. (Cork)
St. Mary's A.F.C. is an Irish association football club based in Kilcully Park, near Glanmire and Blackpool, Cork. Their senior men's team currently plays in the Munster Senior League Senior Premier Division. The club has previously played in the Cork Athletic Union League. They have also competed in the FAI Cup, the FAI Intermediate Cup and the Munster Senior Cup.

Munster Senior League Senior Premier Division
The Munster Senior League Senior Premier Division is the top division of the Munster Senior League. It is organised by the Munster Football Association. Together with the Leinster Senior League Senior Division, it forms the third level of the Republic of Ireland football league system. Clubs from this division play in the Munster Senior Cup, the FAI Cup, and the FAI Intermediate Cup. The League Cup for teams in the Senior Premier Division is called the O'Connell Cup. In the past, the winners of the Senior Division were also invited to play in the League of Ireland Cup until the competition's demise. University College Cork A.F.C. were the league's final representative in 2020.
.223 Remington
The .223 Remington, also known as 223 Remington by SAAMI  and 223 Rem. by the C.I.P., (pronounced "two-two-three") is a rimless, bottlenecked, centerfire intermediate cartridge. It was developed in 1957 by Remington Arms and Fairchild Industries for the U.S. Continental Army Command of the United States Army as part of a project to create a small-caliber, high-velocity firearm. Firing a .2245 in (5.70 mm) projectile, the .223 Remington is considered one of the most popular common-use cartridges and is used by a wide range of semi-automatic and manual-action rifles.

Remington Arms
Remington Arms Company, LLC, was an American manufacturer of firearms and ammunition. It was formerly owned by the Remington Outdoor Company, which went bankrupt in 2020 with its lines of business sold to several purchasers. Two resulting companies each bear the Remington name—the firearms manufacturer is Remington Firearms owned by RemArms, LLC., and the ammunition business is Remington Ammunition owned by The Kinetic Group (Czechoslovak Group).

Founded in 1816 by Eliphalet Remington as E. Remington and Sons in Ilion, New York, it was one of the oldest gun makers in the United States and claimed to be the oldest factory in the country that still made its original product. The company was the largest rifle manufacturer in North America according to 2015 ATF statistics. The company developed or adopted more cartridges than any other gun maker or ammunition manufacturer in the world.
Saxe-Eisenach
Saxe-Eisenach (German: Sachsen-Eisenach) was an Ernestine duchy ruled by the Saxon House of Wettin. The state intermittently existed at three different times in the Thuringian region of the Holy Roman Empire. The chief town and capital of all three duchies was Eisenach.

William August, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach
Wilhelm August, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach (30 November 1668 – 23 February 1671) was the youngest and only surviving son of Adolf Wilhelm, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach and Marie Elisabeth of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel.

All his older brothers died before his father, and Wilhelm August, the fifth and youngest child, was born nine days after the death of Adolf Wilhelm (21 November 1668) and succeeded him in the duchy of Saxe-Eisenach from the moment of his birth, under the guardianship of his uncle Johann Georg.

A sickly boy, he died at Eisenach when only two years old, and Eisenach was inherited by his uncle Johann Georg.
Die Seele
Die Seele: Ihr Verhältnis zum Bewusstsein und zum Leibe (English: The soul: its relation to consciousness and body) is a book by the German philosopher and psychologist Joseph Geyser was published in the journal "Wissen und Forschen (Schriften zur Einführung in die Philosophy, Band 6)" in 1914.

With Die Seele Geyser aims to clarify the specific processes of the soul and its relation to our consciousness and body thereby discussing the Mind–body problem and different positions such as Materialism or parallelism. Finally, Geyser concludes with an interactionist position ("Wechselwirkung") between mind and body.

Interactionism (philosophy of mind)
Interactionism or interactionist dualism is the theory in the philosophy of mind which holds that matter and mind are two distinct and independent substances that exert causal effects on one another. An example of your mind influencing your body would be if you are depressed (which is related to your mind), you can observe the effects on your body, such as a slouched posture, a lackluster smile, etc. Another example, this time of your body affecting your mind would be: If you struck your toe very forcefully on a door (which is related to your body), you would experience terrible pain (which is related to your mind). Interactionism is one type of dualism, traditionally a type of substance dualism though more recently also sometimes a form of property dualism. Many philosophers and scientists have responded to this theory with arguments both supporting and opposing its relevance to life and whether the theory corresponds to reality.
Protactinium(IV) chloride
Protactinium(IV) chloride is an inorganic compound. It is an actinide halide, a salt composed of protactinium and chlorine. It is radioactive, and has the chemical formula of PaCl4. It is a chartreuse-coloured (yellowish-green) crystal of the tetragonal crystal system.

Tetragonal crystal system
In crystallography, the tetragonal crystal system  is one of the seven crystal systems. Tetragonal crystal lattices result from stretching a cubic lattice along one of its lattice vectors, so that the cube becomes a rectangular prism with a square base (a by a) and height (c, which is different from a).
Expedition 72
Expedition 72 was the 72nd long-duration expedition to the International Space Station (ISS). The expedition began with the departure of Soyuz MS-25 on 23 September 2024 with NASA astronaut Sunita Williams taking over the ISS command and concluded with the departure of Soyuz MS-26. It continued the extensive scientific research conducted aboard the ISS, focusing on biology, human physiology, physics, and materials science. The crew members also maintained and upgraded the space station systems.

Soyuz MS-26
Soyuz MS-26, Russian production No. 757 and identified by NASA as Soyuz 72S, was a Russian crewed Soyuz spaceflight launched from Site 31/6 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome on 11 September 2024 to the International Space Station. The mission transported three crew members, Roscosmos cosmonauts Aleksey Ovchinin and Ivan Vagner, along with NASA astronaut Donald Pettit.

When the spacecraft crossed the Karman line shortly after launch, there was a record 19 people in outer space: the three astronauts on the MS-26 mission, three more on China's Tiangong space station, four people on the SpaceX Polaris Dawn mission, and nine more on board the International Space Station.
Sghair Ould M'Bareck
Sghair Ould M'Bareck (Arabic: صغائر ولد مبارك; born 1954) is a Mauritanian politician. He was the 9th Prime Minister of Mauritania from July 6, 2003, when he was appointed by President Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya following an attempted coup in the previous month, until August 7, 2005, when he resigned following a successful coup against Maaouya. Sghair is a Haratin.

2005 Mauritanian coup d'état
A military coup took place in Mauritania on 3 August 2005. President Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya was ousted by the Armed Forces of Mauritania and replaced by the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (CMJD), headed by Ely Ould Mohamed Vall, while Taya was in Saudi Arabia attending the funeral of King Fahd of Saudi Arabia.

A constitutional referendum, parliamentary and presidential elections were scheduled and the coup leaders vowed not to contest any of the elections. The military government ended with the presidential election on 11 March 2007 as promised.
2002 Fed Cup Asia/Oceania Zone Group I – play-offs
The play-offs of the 2002 Fed Cup Asia/Oceania Zone Group I were the final stages of the Group I Zonal Competition involving teams from Asia and Oceania. Those that qualified for this stage placed first and second in their respective pools.

The four teams were then paired up the team from a different placing of the other group for a play-off tie, with the winners being promoted to the World Group play-offs.

2002 Fed Cup World Group play-offs
The 2002 World Group play-offs decided which nations featured in World Group in the 2003 Fed Cup. The play-off winners went on to feature in World Group in 2003, while the losing nations joined Zonal Competition for 2003.
Chan Sek Keong
Chan Sek Keong SC SPMP DUT DUBC (born 5 November 1937) is a Malayan-born Singaporean jurist who served as chief justice of Singapore between 2006 and 2012 when he was appointed by President S. R. Nathan. He is the first Chief Justice to have previously served as the former & third attorney-general of Singapore between 1992 and 2006.

Attorney-General of Singapore
The attorney-general of Singapore is the public prosecutor of the Republic of Singapore and legal adviser to the Government of Singapore. The attorney-general is the head of the Attorney-General's Chambers (AGC), whose staff carries out the functions of the attorney-general. The attorney-general is appointed by the president, on the advice of the prime minister, under Article 35 of the Constitution of Singapore. Unlike some countries that follow the Westminster parliamentary model, the attorney-general is not a Member of Parliament.

The Office of Attorney-General was established in 1867, when the British Crown appointed the attorney-general of the Straits Settlements, based in Singapore, to serve as legal adviser to the new Crown colony's government.
Noël Treanor
Noël Treanor (25 December 1950 – 11 August 2024) was an Irish Roman Catholic prelate who served as Apostolic Nuncio to the European Union with the personal title of archbishop from 2022 until his death in 2024. He was Secretary-General of the Commission of the Bishops' Conferences of the European Union (COMECE) from 1993 to 2008 and 32nd Bishop of Down and Connor from 2008 to 2022.

Roman Catholic Diocese of Down and Connor
The Diocese of Down and Connor, (Latin: Dioecesis Dunensis et Connorensis; Irish: Deoise an Dúin agus Chonaire) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Catholic Church in Northern Ireland. It is one of eight suffragan dioceses in the ecclesiastical province of the metropolitan Archdiocese of Armagh. The diocese is led by Bishop Alan McGuckian.
MockServer
MockServer is an open source mocking framework for HTTP and HTTPS released under the Apache License.  MockServer is designed to simplify integration testing, by mocking HTTP and HTTPS system such as a web service or web site, and to decouple development teams, by allowing a team to develop against a service that is not complete or is unstable.

Mock object
In computer science, a mock object is an object that imitates a production object in limited ways. 
A programmer might use a mock object as a test double for software testing. A mock object can also be used in generic programming.
Martin Seiferth
Martin Seiferth (born 18 September 1990) is a retired German professional basketball player who played until 2020 for the Paderborn Baskets of the German ProA league. He formerly played for Alba Berlin of the German Basketball League. Prior to his professional career, Seiferth played with the Oregon and Eastern Washington men's basketball teams. He commonly plays the role as a forward-center, transforming into an elite shot-blocker in the Big Sky Conference. Seiferth redshirted his sophomore year in college due to NCAA transfer rules.

The first club he competed with was Marzahner Basket Bären, joining in 2006. Seiferth helped the Alba Berlin youth team win the Nachwuchs Basketball Bundesliga League (NBBL) in the 2008–09 season after finishing as runners-up at the conclusion of the team's preceding year.

Alba Berlin
Alba Berlin is a professional basketball club that is based in Berlin, Germany. The club was founded in 1991, and is today the largest German national basketball club by membership figures. Alba Berlin hosts its home games at the Uber Arena and competes in the Basketball Bundesliga (BBL) and the Champions League.

After winning eleven German Championships, eleven German Cups, three German Supercups, and the FIBA Korać Cup in 1995, Alba Berlin is considered to be the most successful German basketball team, both domestically and internationally. With an average attendance of more than 10,000 fans per game in a season, it is also one of the most popular basketball clubs in Europe. In 2013, Alba was portrayed in the ESPN documentary series Basketball Capitals.  In 2014, the club was the first German basketball team to beat a reigning NBA champion, the San Antonio Spurs.
Kathleen Raven
Dame Kathleen Annie Ingram Raven, DBE, FRCN (9 November 1910, Coniston, Lancashire, England – 19 April 1999, Oxford, England) was a British nurse, matron, government health official, health care engineer, and educational philanthropist.

Royal College of Nursing
The Royal College of Nursing (RCN) is a registered trade union and professional body in the United Kingdom for those in the profession of nursing. It was founded in 1916 as the College of Nursing, receiving its royal charter in 1928. Queen Elizabeth II was the patron until her death in 2022, King Charles III continued the royal connection and became patron in 2024. The majority of members are registered nurses; however student nurses and healthcare assistants are also members. There is also a category of membership, at a reduced cost, for retired people.

The RCN describes its mission as representing nurses and nursing, promoting excellence in practice and shaping health policies. It has a network of stewards, safety representatives and union learning representatives as well as advice services for members. Services include a main library in London, and regional libraries. The RCN Institute provides courses for nurses.
Christian Abbiati
Christian Abbiati Cavaliere OMRI (born 8 July 1977) is an Italian former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper.

Abbiati, who had been with AC Milan since 1998, started his career with Monza, and later played more than 300 official matches for Milan. He also spent loan spells at Borgosesia Calcio, Juventus, Torino and Atlético Madrid. His honours include three Serie A titles, one Coppa Italia, two Supercoppa Italiana victories, one UEFA Champions League and one UEFA Super Cup.

Although he was selected by Italy at UEFA Euro 2000 (where the team reached the final), and the 2002 FIFA World Cup, he did not represent the nation until he made his international debut in a 2–1 friendly win against Switzerland in 2003. In total, he was capped four times by the national team.

Abbiati currently holds the record for the most appearances as a goalkeeper for Milan (380). In his prime, Abbiati was regarded as one of the best goalkeepers in Italy.

Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
The Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (Italian: Ordine al merito della Repubblica Italiana) is the most senior Italian order of merit. It was established in 1951 by the second president of the Italian Republic, Luigi Einaudi.

The highest-ranking honour of the Republic, it is awarded for "merit acquired by the nation" in the fields of science, literature, arts, economy, public service, and social, philanthropic and humanitarian activities and for long and conspicuous service in civilian and military careers.

The order effectively replaced national orders such as the Civil Order of Savoy (1831), the Order of the Crown of Italy (1868), the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus (1572) and the Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation (1362).