hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Ramberg–Osgood relationship
The Ramberg–Osgood equation was created to describe the nonlinear relationship between stress and strain—that is, the stress–strain curve—in materials near their yield points. It is especially applicable to metals that harden with plastic deformation (see work hardening), showing a smooth elastic-plastic transition. As it is a phenomenological model, checking the fit of the model with actual experimental data for the particular material of interest is essential.

Work hardening
Work hardening, also known as strain hardening, is the process by which a material's load-bearing capacity (strength) increases during plastic (permanent) deformation. This characteristic is what sets ductile materials apart from brittle materials. Work hardening may be desirable, undesirable, or inconsequential, depending on the application.

This strengthening occurs because of dislocation movements and dislocation generation within the crystal structure of the material. Many non-brittle metals with a reasonably high melting point as well as several polymers can be strengthened in this fashion. Alloys not amenable to heat treatment, including low-carbon steel, are often work-hardened. Some materials cannot be work-hardened at low temperatures, such as indium, however others can be strengthened only via work hardening, such as pure copper and aluminum.
Trond André Bolle
Trond André Bolle (5 July 1968 – 27 June 2010) was a Norwegian military officer and a commando of Marinejegerkommandoen (English: Norwegian Navy Special Operations Command, NORNAVSOC), with the rank of orlogskaptein. He was awarded the War Cross.

Military ranks and insignia of Norway
Military ranks and rank insignia of Norway were changed June 1, 2016, with the reintroduction of the Non-Commissioned Officer Corps, and the abolishment of the one-tier officer system in place since 1975.
Harun ur Rashid
Harun ur Rashid (Bengali: হারুন অর রশিদ; commonly known as DB Harun) is a former police officer who served as the chief of the DMP detective branch of Bangladesh police. On 13 August 2024, he was named as one of the 7 accused in the illegal shooting and killing of various students across Dhaka during the Bangladesh Quota Reform Movement along with former prime minister Sheikh Hasina, former minister Obaidul Quader, former minister Asaduzaman Khan Kamal and police officer Biplob Kumar Sarker.

Dhaka Metropolitan Police
The Dhaka Metropolitan Police (Bengali: ঢাকা মেট্রোপলিটন পুলিশ, romanized: Ḍhākā mēṭrōpaliṭana puliśa; abbreviated as DMP) is the primary metropolitan unit of the Bangladesh Police, responsible for law enforcement, public safety, and crime prevention within the metropolis of Dhaka, the capital and most populous city of Bangladesh. Established in 1976 under the Dhaka Metropolitan Police Ordinance, DMP oversees policing operations, administration, and coordination with other law enforcement and emergency agencies in the city. The force is headed by a Police Commissioner who manages all operational and administrative functions.
Men's Windy City Open 2016
The Men's Windy City Open 2016 was the men's edition of the 2016 Windy City Open, which was a PSA World Series event (prize money: 150 000 $). The event took place at the University Club of Chicago in the United States from 25 February to 2 March. Mohamed El Shorbagy won his first Windy City Open trophy, beating Nick Matthew in the final.

Windy City Open
The Windy City Open is an annual men's and women's squash tournament held each February in Chicago, United States. It is part of the PSA World Series, the highest level of professional squash competition. The event was first held in 1981.
Bearley railway station
Bearley railway station  serves the village of Bearley in South Warwickshire, England. It is on the Leamington–Stratford line. Today it is an unstaffed rural halt, managed by West Midlands Railway.

Bearley was once a junction station (a branch line to Alcester met the Stratford-upon-Avon to Hatton line here). The station dates from 1860, when it opened as part of the Stratford on Avon Railway's Hatton to Stratford branch line  - the Alcester branch was added in 1876, but this closed in 1951.  Originally a single track station, the line was doubled in 1939 and a second platform built; it reverted to its current status in 1969 when the line was reduced to single track once more.

West Midlands Trains
WM Trains Limited, doing business as West Midlands Trains, is a British state-owned train operating company that operates commuter and local services in the West Midlands region and on the West Coast Main Line between London and the Northwest under two trading names: within the West Midlands region as West Midlands Railway (WMR) and outside the region as London Northwestern Railway (LNR). It assumed responsibility  for these services on 1 February 2026 at the conclusion of the outsourcing contract previously placed with Transport UK Group and Mitsui & Co.
Róisín Upton
Róisín Upton (born 1 April 1994) is an Ireland women's field hockey international. She was a member of the Ireland team that played in the 2018 Women's Hockey World Cup final. Upton was also a member of the Connecticut Huskies teams that won the 2013 and 2014 NCAA Division I Field Hockey Championships.

2014 NCAA Division I field hockey tournament
The 2014 NCAA Division I Field Hockey Championship is the 34th women's collegiate field hockey tournament organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association, to determine the top college field hockey team from Division I in the United States. The championship was played on November 23, 2014 at the Maryland Field Hockey & Lacrosse Complex, the home field of the host Maryland Terrapins, in College Park, Maryland. The Connecticut Huskies won their fourth national championship, and second consecutive title, by defeating the Syracuse Orange, 1–0, in the final match.
Cicero Peak (South Dakota)
Cicero Peak is a 6,168-foot (1,880 m) mountain in the Black Hills of Custer County, South Dakota.  The mountain is 6 miles (9.7 km) south-southeast of the city of Custer, southwest of Custer State Park, and northwest of Wind Cave National Park. The closest community is Sanator, which is about 2 miles (3.2 km) northwest of Cicero Peak.

Cicero Peak is named after Cicero James Graham (1860–1930), a rancher near the base of the mountain.

Cicero Peak's fire lookout tower was built in 1939–1940, used for 34 years until 1974, declared surplus, and removed on March 19, 1980.

In 1990, nearby logging equipment sparked and started a large wildfire. This 1990 Cicero Peak Fire burned 14,203 acres (5,748 ha) near this mountain., including 4,510 acres (1,830 ha) within Custer State Park.

Custer State Park
Custer State Park is a South Dakota State Park and wildlife reserve in the Black Hills of the United States. Located in Custer County, the park is South Dakota's first and largest state park, named after Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer. The park covers an area of over 71,000 acres (287 km2) of varied terrain including rolling prairie grasslands and rugged mountains.

The park is home to a herd of 1,500 bison. Elk, coyotes, mule deer, white tailed deer, mountain goats, prairie dogs, bighorn sheep, river otters, pronghorn, cougars, and feral burros also inhabit the park. The park is known for its scenery, hiking (including the South Dakota Centennial Trail), its scenic drives (Needles Highway and the wildlife loop), with views of the bison herd and prairie dog towns. This park is easily accessible by road from Rapid City. Other nearby attractions are Wind Cave National Park, Mount Rushmore, Jewel Cave National Monument, Crazy Horse Memorial, and Badlands National Park.
Yishiha
Yishiha (Chinese: 亦失哈; Wade–Giles: Ishiha/I-shih-ha; also rendered as Išiqa and Isiha; Jurchen:  i ʃï xa) (fl. 1409–1451), sinicized name Yi Xin (易信), was a Jurchen eunuch of the Ming dynasty of China. He served the Ming emperors who commissioned several expeditions down the Songhua and Amur Rivers during the period of Ming rule of Manchuria, and is credited with the construction of the only two Ming dynasty Buddhist temples ever built on the territory of present-day Russia.

Songhua River
The Songhua or Sunghwa River (also Haixi or Xingal, Russian: Сунгари, romanized: Sungari) is one of the primary rivers of China, and the longest tributary of the Amur. It flows about 1,897 km (1,179 mi) from Changbai Mountains on the China–North Korea border through China's northeastern Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces.

The river drains 557,180 km2 (215,130 sq mi) of land, and has an annual discharge of 76.2 km3/a (2,410 m3/s) to 81.77 km3/a (2,591 m3/s).

The extreme flatness of the Northeast China Plain has caused the river to meander over time, filling the wide plain with oxbow lakes, as remnants of the previous paths of the river.
2027 Salvadoran legislative election
Legislative and municipal elections are scheduled to be held in El Salvador on 28 February 2027, three years after the 2024 legislative election. Salvadorans will elect all 60 members of the Legislative Assembly of El Salvador and all members of the country's 44 municipal councils. The election will occur with concurrent presidential elections. As of February 2026, eleven political parties are eligible to participate in the election.

Municipalities of El Salvador
The municipalities of El Salvador (Spanish: municipios) are the second-level administrative divisions within the Republic of El Salvador. These municipalities divide the country's departments and serve as the fundamental administrative units of local government.
Raymond J. Lane
Raymond J. Lane (born December 26, 1946) is an American business executive and strategist specializing in technology and finance. Lane is best known for assisting corporations with technology strategy, organizational development, team building, and sales and growth management.

Lane led a "go to market" overhaul of Oracle Corporation, which led to an increase in sales and its stock price in the 1990s. He is cited as being the catalyst for "Oracle's success, ‘past, present and future.’"

Lane is a partner emeritus at Kleiner, Perkins, Caufield & Byers, a venture capital firm in Silicon Valley. He managed investments and held board membership in startup companies, and was involved in the development of enterprise technology and alternative energy.

Kleiner Perkins
Kleiner Perkins, formerly Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers (KPCB), is an American venture capital firm which specializes in investing in incubation, early stage and growth companies. Since its founding in 1972, the firm has backed entrepreneurs in over 900 ventures, including America Online, Amazon.com, Tandem Computers, Compaq, Electronic Arts, JD.com, Square, Genentech, Google, Netscape, Sun Microsystems, Nest, Palo Alto Networks, Synack, Snap, AppDynamics, and Twitter. By 2024, it had raised 21 venture capital funds and six growth funds.

Kleiner Perkins is headquartered in Menlo Park in Silicon Valley, with offices in San Francisco and Shanghai, China.
Happy Human
The Happy Human is an icon that has been adopted as an international symbol of secular humanism.
Created by Dennis Barrington, the figure in the shape of a capital letter H was the winning design in a competition arranged by Humanists UK (formerly the British Humanist Association) in 1965. Various forms of it are now used across the world by humanist organisations of all sizes, including Humanists UK, Humanists International and The American Humanist Association (AHA).

The trademark is still held by Humanists UK, which freely licenses use of the symbol by bona fide Humanist organisations worldwide.

American Humanist Association
The American Humanist Association (AHA) is a non-profit organization in the United States that advances secular humanism.

The American Humanist Association was founded in 1941 and currently provides legal assistance to defend the constitutional rights of secular and religious minorities, lobbies Congress on church-state separation and other issues, and maintains a grassroots network of 250 local affiliates and chapters that engage in social activism and community-building events. The AHA has several publications, including The Humanist, Free Mind, a peer-reviewed semi-annual scholastic journal, Essays in the Philosophy of Humanism, and TheHumanist.com. The organization states that it has over 34,000 members.
Rajive Kumar
Rajive Kumar (born 28 June 1958) is a retired 1981 batch Indian Administrative Service officer from the Uttar Pradesh cadre who served as the Chief Secretary of the Government of Uttar Pradesh, in addition to this he also served as the Shipping Secretary of India.

Chief secretary (India)
The Chief Secretary is the highest-ranking executive official and civil servant of the government of an Indian state. The Chief Secretary is the ex-officio head of the state Civil Services Board, the State Secretariat, the state cadre Indian Administrative Service and all civil services under the rules of business of the state government. The Chief Secretary acts as the principal advisor to the chief minister on all matters of state administration.

The Chief Secretary is an officer of the Indian Administrative Service. The Chief Secretary is the senior-most cadre post in the state administration, ranking 23rd on the Indian order of precedence. The Chief Secretary acts as an ex-officio secretary to the state cabinet, therefore called "Secretary to the Cabinet". The status of this post is equal to that of a Secretary to the Government of India.
Jennifer Scott (mathematician)
Jennifer Ann Scott FIMA (née Dixon, born 1960) is a British mathematician specialising in numerical analysis, sparse matrix computations, and parallel computing. She is a professor of applied mathematics at the University of Reading, where she directs the Centre for the Mathematics of Planet Earth, and a Group Leader and Individual Merit Research Fellow for the Science and Technology Facilities Council at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory.

Institute of Mathematics and its Applications
The Institute of Mathematics and its Applications (IMA) is the UK's chartered professional body for mathematicians and one of the UK's learned societies for mathematics (another being the London Mathematical Society).

The IMA aims to advance mathematics and its applications, promote and foster research and other enquiries directed the advancement, teaching and application of mathematics, to seek to establish and maintain high standards of professional conduct for members and to seek to promote, encourage and guide the development of education and training in mathematics.
Killyman
Killyman (from Irish Cill na mBan, meaning 'church of the women') is a small village and a civil parish in Northern Ireland, situated on the eastern boundary of County Tyrone and extending into County Armagh. The majority of townlands are in the historic barony of Dungannon Middle in County Tyrone, the rest being in the barony of Oneilland West in County Armagh.

It contains the small, predominantly Protestant, settlement of Killyman proper, which lies some 4 km (2.5 mi) southeast of Dungannon and immediately south of the M1 motorway, in the townland of Laghey. The settlement, which developed around a crossroads on the road from Belfast to Dungannon, consists mainly of a number of single dwellings, although there has also been some in-depth housing development in recent years. Local facilities include a small number of shops, primary schools and churches. Mortimer O'Sullivan was the Church of Ireland rector here in the 1830s.

Dungannon
Dungannon (from Irish Dún Geanainn, meaning 'Geanann's fort', pronounced [d̪ˠuːn̪ˠ ˈɟan̪ˠən̪ˠ]) is a town in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland. It is the second-largest town in the historic county (after Omagh) and had a population of 16,282 at the 2021 Census. Since 2015, the town shares local government with Magherafelt and Cookstown in the Mid-Ulster District Council.

For centuries, Dungannon was the 'capital' of the O'Neill dynasty of Tír Eoghain, who dominated most of Ulster and built a castle on the hill. After the O'Neills' defeat in the Nine Years' War, the English founded a plantation town on the site. A linen centre in the 19th century, it attracted an extensive food processing industry in the late 20th. Moy Park, a leading poultry producer, is today the town's largest employer. As a result of May Park and other processors sourcing immigrant labour, Dungannon currently has the highest percentage of residents born outside of the British Isles of any town in Northern Ireland.
Theobald Dillon, 7th Viscount Dillon
Theobald Dillon, 7th Viscount Dillon of Costello-Gallin (died 1691) supported King James II, was attainted on 11 May 1691, and fell in the Battle of Aughrim during the Williamite War. His attainder was reversed in favour of the 8th Viscount on 20 June 1694.

Attainder
In English common law, attainder was the metaphorical "stain" or "corruption of blood" which arose from being condemned for a serious capital crime (felony or treason). It entailed losing not only one's life, property and hereditary titles, but typically also the right to pass them on to one's heirs. Anyone condemned of capital crimes could be attainted, sometimes as a substitute for the dreaded common law treason.

Attainder by confession resulted from a guilty plea at the bar before judges or before the coroner in sanctuary. Attainder by verdict resulted from conviction by jury. Attainder by process resulted from a legislative act outlawing a fugitive (a bill of attainder). The last form is obsolete in England (and prohibited in the United States), and the other forms have been abolished.
Historic South Central Los Angeles
Historic South Central Los Angeles is a 2.25-square-mile neighborhood in Los Angeles, California, within the South Los Angeles region. It is the site of the Bob Hope Patriotic Hall.

From the late 1800s to early 1910s, African Americans began relocating to the area, mostly organizing around landholdings of Los Angeles pioneer Biddy Mason.  The African American population continued to grow into the 1940s, and countless Jazz nightclubs lined South Central Avenue.  In the 1990s, the neighborhood shifted to becoming a hub for Latino immigrants, with many being drawn by low rents and central City location. Also, the addition of the Metro Blue Line on the Washington Boulevard corridor has spurred growth, and a community plan recently adopted by the L.A. City Council hopes to revitalize the neighborhood.

Central Avenue (Los Angeles)
Central Avenue is a major north–south thoroughfare in the central portion of the Los Angeles, California, metropolitan area. Located just to the west of the Alameda Corridor, it runs south from the eastern end of the Los Angeles Civic Center down to the east side of California State University, Dominguez Hills, and terminating at East Del Amo Boulevard in Carson.

From north to south, Central Avenue passes through Downtown Los Angeles, the areas of South Los Angeles (including Watts, Florence-Graham, Willowbrook), the city of Compton, and the city of Carson, which is part of the 17-city South Bay area of Los Angeles County.
Sycuan Institute on Tribal Gaming
The Sycuan Institute on Tribal Gaming at the San Diego State University College of Professional Studies & Fine Arts is focused on research, policy and education around tribal gaming management within the broader industry of hospitality and tourism management.

Hospitality management studies
Hospitality management studies (Tourism Management) is the study of the hospitality industry. A degree in the subject may be awarded either by a university college dedicated to the studies of hospitality management or a business school with a relevant department. Degrees in hospitality management may also be referred to as hotel management, hotel and tourism management, or hotel administration. Degrees conferred in this academic field include BA, Bachelor of Business Administration, BS, BASc, B.Voc, MS, MBA, Bachelor of Hospitality Management, Master of Management, PhD and short term course. Hospitality management covers hotels, restaurants, cruise ships, amusement parks, destination marketing organizations, convention centers, country clubs and many more.
MWC 656
MWC 656 is an X-ray binary star system in the northern constellation of Lacerta. It has the identifier HD 215227 from the Henry Draper Catalogue. With an apparent visual magnitude of 8.75, it is too faint to be viewed with the naked eye. Based on parallax measurements, it is located at a distance of approximately 6,700 light years from the Sun. At one time it was considered a member of the Lacerta OB1 association of co-moving stars, but the distance estimate places it well past that group.

X-ray binary
X-ray binaries are a class of binary stars that are luminous in X-rays. 
The X-rays are produced by matter falling from one component, called the donor (usually a relatively common main sequence star), to the other component, called the accretor, which can be a white dwarf, neutron star or black hole. 
The infalling matter releases gravitational potential energy, up to 30 percent of its rest mass, as X-rays.  (Hydrogen fusion releases only about 0.7 percent of rest mass.)  The lifetime and the mass-transfer rate in an X-ray binary depends on the evolutionary status of the donor star, the mass ratio between the stellar components, and their orbital separation.

An estimated 1041 positrons escape per second from a typical low-mass X-ray binary.
Luis Delís
Luis Mariano Delís Fournier (born December 6, 1957, in Guantánamo) is a Cuban retired athlete who competed in discus throw and shot put. Specializing in discus throw on the international scene, he won an Olympic bronze medal in 1980 as well as medals at the two first World Championships.

He finished second behind fellow Cuban Juan Martínez Brito in the discus throw event at the British 1985 AAA Championships.

In 1990 he tested positive for banned substances and was disqualified from competition for two years. In light of the ban, Delís chose to retire from athletics. After retiring he became a coach, training 1992 Olympic champion Maritza Martén.

Athletics at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Athletics at the 1980 Summer Olympics was represented by 38 events: 24 for men and 14 for women. They were held in the Grand Arena of the Central Lenin Stadium at Luzhniki (south-western part of Moscow) between July 24 and August 1. There were a total of 959 participating athletes from 70 countries. A number of countries had boycotted the 1980 Games due to the Soviet-Afghan War.
1998 Queensland Cup
The 1998 Queensland Cup season was the 3rd season of Queensland's top-level statewide rugby league competition.

The competition was contested by sixteen teams over a 27-week long season (including finals), with the Norths Devils defeating the Wests Panthers 35–16 in the Grand Final at Suncorp Stadium. Logan halfback Shane Perry was named the competition's Player of the Year.

Logan Scorpions
The Logan Scorpions were an Australian rugby league football club from the suburb of Slacks Creek in Logan City, Queensland. Due to financial difficulties, the club ceased operation at the end of the 2002 Queensland Cup season, and merged with the Souths Magpies to form a new team, the Souths Logan Magpies.
AirAsia Flying Spikers
The AirAsia Flying Spikers were a women's volleyball team owned by AirAsia Philippines. The team competed in the Philippine Super Liga (PSL) and only participated in one conference: the 2014 All-Filipino Conference, after which the team was acquired by Actimed Inc., creating the Generika Lifesavers.

2014 Philippine Super Liga All-Filipino Conference
The 2014 Philippine Super Liga All-Filipino Conference was the third conference of the Philippine Super Liga and the first conference of the 2014 season. The tournament began ran from May 16, 2014 to July 26, 2014. The tournament's major sponsor was PLDT Home DSL.