hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
James Stockdale
James Bond Stockdale (December 23, 1923 – July 5, 2005) was a U.S. Navy vice admiral, aviator, and Stoic philosopher who received the Medal of Honor in 1976 for his leadership as a POW for more than seven years during the Vietnam War.

Stockdale was the most senior naval officer held captive in Hanoi, North Vietnam. He led aerial attacks from the carrier USS Ticonderoga (CVA-14) during the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin incident. On his next deployment, while commander of Carrier Air Wing Sixteen aboard the carrier USS Oriskany (CV-34), his A-4 Skyhawk jet was shot down in North Vietnam on September 9, 1965. He served as president of the Naval War College from October 1977 until he retired from the navy in 1979. As vice admiral, James Bond Stockdale was the president of The Citadel from 1979 to 1980.

Stockdale was a candidate for vice president of the United States in the 1992 presidential election, on Ross Perot's independent ticket.

Naval aviator (United States)
A naval aviator is a commissioned officer or warrant officer qualified as a crewed aircraft pilot in the United States Navy or United States Marine Corps. United States Coast Guard crewed aircraft pilots are officially designated as "Coast Guard aviators", although they complete the same undergraduate flight training as Navy and Marine Corps crewed aircraft pilots, and are awarded the same aviation breast insignia.
Kentucky Route 526
Kentucky Route 526 is a state highway that provides a short rural connecting route between KY 185 and US 31W/US 68/KY 80 north of Bowling Green. Running through the north-central part of Warren County, the route is known locally as Mt. Olivet Road.

Kentucky Route 80
Kentucky Route 80 (KY 80) is a 483.55-mile-long (778.20 km) state highway in the southern part of the U.S. state of Kentucky. The route originates on the state's western border at Columbus in Hickman County and stretches across the southern portion of the state, terminating southeast of Elkhorn City on the Virginia state line. It is the longest Kentucky State Highway, though the official distance as listed in route logs is much less due to multiple concurrencies with U.S. Route 68 (US 68) and US 23.

The route was split into two segments from 2003 to November 2009. Construction and relocation of KY 80 in Graves, Calloway, and Marshall counties during this time caused the route to be split. A new, four-laned 8.5-mile (13.7 km) section of KY 80 opened in Calloway County on November 25, 2009. The route is now a four-lane divided highway from Mayfield to Bowling Green after the widening to four lanes from Canton to Cadiz was completed in 2020.
Alex Kurtzman
Alexander Hilary Kurtzman (born September 7, 1973) is an American filmmaker. He is best known for co-writing the scripts to Transformers (2007), Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen (2009), Star Trek (2009), Star Trek Into Darkness (2013), and The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014) with his writing and producing partner Roberto Orci, and directing and co-writing The Mummy (2017). He made his directorial debut with People Like Us (2012), co-written alongside Orci and Jody Lambert.

Kurtzman is known, alongside Orci, for frequently collaborating with Michael Bay and J.J. Abrams, as well as co-creating for Paramount Plus Star Trek: Discovery, Star Trek: Picard, Star Trek: Strange New Worlds, and most recently Star Trek: Starfleet Academy .

Michael Bay
Michael Benjamin Bay (born February 17, 1965) is an American film director and producer. He is best known for making big-budget high-concept action films with fast cutting, stylistic cinematography and visuals, and extensive use of special effects, including frequent depictions of explosions. The films he has directed include Bad Boys (1995) and its sequel Bad Boys II (2003), The Rock (1996), Armageddon (1998), Pearl Harbor (2001), the first five films in the Transformers film series, Pain & Gain (2013), 13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi (2016), and Ambulance (2022). His films have grossed over US$6.6 billion worldwide, making him the fifth-most commercially successful director in history.

He is co-founder of the production house the Institute. He co-owns Platinum Dunes, a production house which has remade horror films, including The Texas Chainsaw Massacre (2003), The Amityville Horror (2005), The Hitcher (2007), Friday the 13th (2009) and A Nightmare on Elm Street (2010).
Ossie Ocasio
Osvaldo "Ossie" Ocasio (born August 12, 1955) is a Puerto Rican former boxer who held the inaugural WBA cruiserweight title from 1982 to 1984. He was also a top heavyweight contender prior to his cruiserweight run. He scored notable wins against former cruiserweight champion Dwight Muhammad Qawi and top heavyweight contenders Jimmy Young (twice) and Pierre Coetzer, as well as drawing with future heavyweight champion Michael Dokes. Nicknamed "Jaws," his peculiar nickname was the result of him accidentally biting another boxer during a sparring session.

Dwight Muhammad Qawi
Dwight Muhammad Qawi (/kɑːˈwiː/ kah-WEE; born Dwight Braxton; January 5, 1953 – July 25, 2025) was an American professional boxer who competed from 1978 to 1998. He was a world champion in two weight classes, having held the WBC and Ring magazine light heavyweight titles from 1981 to 1983, and the WBA cruiserweight title from 1985 to 1986. Qawi was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 2004.
Ian Stirling (biologist)
Ian Grote Stirling OC FRSC (September 26, 1941 – May 14, 2024) was a research scientist with Environment and Climate Change Canada and an adjunct professor in the University of Alberta Department of Biological Sciences. His research has focused mostly on Arctic and Antarctic zoology and ecology, and he was one of the world's top authorities on polar bears.

Stirling authored five non-technical books and more than 250 articles published in peer-reviewed science journals. Over the course of his career, and well into his retirement from Environment Canada in 2007, when he became a scientist emeritus, he wrote and spoke extensively about the danger posed to polar bears by global warming.

Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada
Fellowship of the Royal Society of Canada (FRSC) is an award granted to individuals that the Royal Society of Canada judges to have "made remarkable contributions in the arts, the humanities and the sciences, as well as in Canadian public life". As of 2020, there are more than 2,000 living Canadian fellows, including scholars, artists, and scientists such as Margaret Atwood, Philip J. Currie, David Suzuki, Brenda Milner, and Demetri Terzopoulos. There are four types of fellowship:

Honorary fellows (a title of honour)

Regularly elected fellows

Specially elected fellows

Foreign fellows (neither residents nor citizens of Canada)
Technikum (Polish education)
Technikum is an institute of vocational education in Poland.

It is a mass-education institution of "special middle education" category 1 step higher than PTU, but aimed to train low and middle level (depending on profile) industrial managers, foremen, coordinators, technical supervisors etc. or specializing in occupations that require skills more advanced than purely manual labor, especially in high-tech occupations (such as electronics). After graduation from a technikum/college, a student may apply to an institution of higher learning (i.e. university) as a freshman.

Professional technical school
A professional technical school (Russian: профессиона́льно-техни́ческое учи́лище) – "professionalno-tehnicheskoye uchilishche" (acronym: PTU; ПТУ, пэ-тэ-у́) is a type of vocational education facility established in the former Soviet Union to train qualified industrial workers and servicemen. Such schools are widespread in post-Soviet countries (with one or more in most cities).
Riverside Park Management
Riverside Park Management is a non-profit organization in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada that manages real estate properties including and surrounding Blue Cross Park, home to the Winnipeg Goldeyes baseball club.

Blue Cross Park
Blue Cross Park (formerly Shaw Park) is a baseball stadium in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. It is located adjacent to The Forks, near the city's downtown, and is home to the Winnipeg Goldeyes of the American Association.
Minnesota State Highway 20
Minnesota State Highway 20 (MN 20) is a short 7.471-mile-long (12.023 km) highway in southeast Minnesota, which runs from its intersection with State Highway 19 in Cannon Falls (near U.S. 52) and continues north to its northern terminus at its intersection with State Highway 50 near Miesville, 400 feet west of U.S. 61.

Highway 20 passes through the city of Cannon Falls and Douglas Township.

U.S. Route 52 in Minnesota
U.S. Highway 52 (US 52) enters the state of Minnesota at the unincorporated community of Prosper, north of the town of Burr Oak, Iowa. The route is marked north–south in Minnesota along its independent segment from the Iowa state line to downtown St. Paul. US 52 is not signed along the length of its concurrency with Interstate 94 (I-94) from downtown St. Paul to the North Dakota state line at Moorhead and Fargo.
Nitrosamine
Nitrosamines (or more formally N-nitrosamines) are organic compounds produced by industrial processes. The chemical structure is R2N−N=O, where R is usually an alkyl group. Nitrosamines have a nitroso group (NO+) that are "probable human carcinogens", bonded to a deprotonated amine. Most nitrosamines are carcinogenic in animals. A 2006 systematic review supports a "positive association between nitrite and nitrosamine intake and gastric cancer, between meat and processed meat intake and gastric cancer and oesophageal cancer, and between preserved fish, vegetable and smoked food intake and gastric cancer, but is not conclusive".

Nitrite
The nitrite ion has the chemical formula NO−2. Nitrite (mostly sodium nitrite) is widely used throughout chemical and pharmaceutical industries. The nitrite anion is a pervasive intermediate in the nitrogen cycle in nature. The name nitrite also refers to organic compounds having the –ONO group, which are esters of nitrous acid.
Piopiotahi (Milford Sound) Marine Reserve
Piopiotahi (Milford Sound) Marine Reserve is a marine reserve covering an area of 690 hectares (1,700 acres) in the Milford Sound / Piopiotahi, in Fiordland on New Zealand's South Island. It was established in 1993 and is administered by the Department of Conservation.

The marine reserve spans 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) and 690 hectares (1,700 acres) of the northern half of Milford Sound, stretching from the Milford Sound Village to Dale Point where the sound meets the Tasman Sea. Fishing restrictions also apply to the other half of the sound.

Marine reserves of New Zealand
New Zealand has 44 marine reserves (as of August 2020) that are spread around the North, the South Island, and neighbouring islands, and on outlying island groups. They are governed by the Marine Reserves Act 1971 and administered by the Department of Conservation with assistance from the Ministry for Primary Industries (formally the Ministry of Fisheries), New Zealand Customs Service and the New Zealand Defence Forces.
Guillermo Irizarry
Guillermo Irizarry-Rubio (April 12, 1916 – November 21, 2017) was a Puerto Rican politician who served as the Secretary of State of Puerto Rico. Appointed by Governor Roberto Sánchez Vilella, he served from 1966 to January 2, 1969, when he was responsible and led the first transition team under the Puerto Rican Constitution to the opposing political party. Prior to serving as Secretary of State, which includes the role of Lieutenant Governor of Puerto Rico, Irizarry served as head of Puerto Rico's Bureau of the Budget.

Roberto Sánchez Vilella
Roberto Sánchez Vilella (19 February 1913 – 24 March 1997) was the governor of Puerto Rico from 1965 to 1969.  Sánchez Vilella successfully ran for governor in the 1964 elections for the Partido Popular Democrático. He is also the founder of the People's Party (Puerto Rico), "Partido del Pueblo", also known as el Partido del Sol.
Hofheim, Hesse
Hofheim am Taunus (German pronunciation: [ˈhoːfhaɪm ʔam ˈtaʊnʊs], lit. 'Hofheim on the Taunus'), commonly known as Hofheim, is the administrative centre of Main-Taunus-Kreis district, in the south of the German state of Hesse. Its population in September 2020 was 39,946.

Main-Taunus-Kreis
Main-Taunus is a Kreis (district) in the middle of Hessen, Germany and is part of the Frankfurt/Rhine-Main Metropolitan Region as well as the Frankfurt urban area. Neighboring districts are Hochtaunuskreis, district-free Frankfurt, Groß-Gerau, district-free Wiesbaden, Rheingau-Taunus. It is the second most densely populated rural district in Germany.
Hail Province, Saudi Arabia
Hail Province
is a province in Saudi Arabia, located in the north-central part of the country in the Najd region. It is named after its seat, Hail, and is known for the twin mountain ranges of Aja and Salma, as well as for being the homeland of the historic symbol of generosity and curiosity, Hatim al-Tai.

Provinces of Saudi Arabia
The provinces of Saudi Arabia, also called regions, are the 13 first-level administrative divisions of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Each province is headed by a governor and serves as the primary administrative unit of the country.
Abhira-Gupta dynasty
The Abhira-Gupta dynasty was a dynasty which is believed to have existed in the Kathmandu Valley in modern-day Nepal. These Abhira-Guptas had overshadowed the Licchavi kings in the administration. Ravigupta, Bhaumagupta, Jishnugupta and Vishnugupta of Abhira-Gupta family controlled Kathmandu (Nepal) as de facto-ruler during many Lichchhavi kings.

Licchavis of Nepal
The Licchavis of Nepal (Nepali: लिच्छवि, also Lichchhavi, Lichavi) ruled over a kingdom in the Kathmandu Valley of Nepal from approximately 450 to 750 CE. The Licchavi clan originated from a branch of the Licchavis of Vaishali, who ruled in the territory of modern-day Bihar and who later conquered the Kathmandu Valley. The Licchavis were ruled by a maharaja, aided by a prime minister and other royal officials, but in practice local communities were controlled by caste councils.

The ruling period of this dynasty was called the Golden Period of Nepal. A table of the evolution of certain Gupta characters used in Licchavi inscriptions prepared by Gautamavajra Vajrācārya can be found online.
HSwMS Valen (1925)
HSwMS Valen was the first mine-laying submarine of the Swedish Navy and the only boat of her class. Her design was based on the earlier Bävern-class submarine, itself a derivative of the German Type UB-III U-boat. She was laid down in 1923 and commissioned in 1925 and had an uneventful service life. By World War II, her design was used to build six more modern mine-laying boats, and she was stricken in 1944.

Bävern-class submarine
The Bävern class was a trio of submarines operated by the Swedish Navy between 1921 and 1944. Their design was based of the Hajen class, a Swedish derivative of the German Type UB-III U-boat. After being laid down in 1921, the boats had an uneventful service history. In 1943, Illern was involved in a collision and sank, and her two sister ships were retired the next year.
Turkey dance
The turkey dance (Caddo: Núh Kaʔáwshan) is one of the most important traditional dances among Caddo people. Women dance the turkey dance, while men drum and sing the songs, which describe events in Caddo history.

The dance takes place in the afternoon and is finished by sunset, when turkeys return to their roosts. Caddos traditionally founded their villages and camps near turkey roosts, because the turkeys served as sentinels — creating noises when people approached.

Caddo language
Caddo (endonym: Hasí꞉nay, pronounced [hasí:naj]) is a Caddoan language indigenous to the Southern United States and the traditional language of the Caddo Nation. It is dormant but not dead, with the last native speaker dying in 2025, down from 25 native speakers in 1997; nevertheless there are revitalization programs. Caddo had several mutually-intelligible dialects. The most commonly used dialects was Hasinai and Hainai; others included Kadohadacho, Natchitoches and Yatasi.
Cho Cho
Cho Cho (Burmese: ချိုချို) is the wife of Win Myint, the tenth President of Myanmar. She served as the First Lady of Myanmar from 2018 to 2021, when her husband was removed from office in a coup d'état.

First Lady of Myanmar
First Lady of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar (Burmese: မြန်မာနိုင်ငံ ၏ မဟာဒေဝီ(သို့)မြန်မာနိုင်ငံ၏ သမ္မတကတော်) is the title held by the wife of the president or the head of the state. The first lady is also the patron of the Myanmar Women Affairs.
Ghostlore
Ghostlore is the body of traditional beliefs and folklore surrounding ghosts and hauntings. Such tales often feature souls of the deceased that are believed to linger in the physical world, either to communicate with the living or to seek vengeance for past wrongs. Ghostlore is a widespread phenomenon, and narratives of hauntings and ghostly encounters are found in cultures around the world.

The term "ghost" eludes a singular definition; its meaning has evolved across cultures, shaped by various interpretations rooted in religious beliefs, folklore, and historical context. Interpretations of ghosts vary based on religious beliefs, cultural values, and historical contexts.

Vengeful ghost
In mythology and folklore, a  vengeful ghost or vengeful spirit is said to be the spirit of a dead person who returns from the afterlife to seek revenge for a cruel, unnatural or unjust death. In certain cultures where funeral and burial or cremation ceremonies are important, such vengeful spirits may also be considered as unhappy ghosts of individuals who have not been given a proper funeral.
Kang Yunsŏng
Kang Yunsŏng (Korean: 강윤성; Hanja: 康允成; 1302 – December 1358) was a Korean civil official of Goryeo dynasty. He was the father of Queen Sindeok who was the second wife of King Taejo of Joseon or known as Yi Sŏng-gye.

Taejo of Joseon
Taejo (4 November 1335 – 27 June 1408), personal name Yi Sŏnggye, later changed to Yi Tan, was the founder and first monarch of the Joseon dynasty of Korea. After overthrowing the Goryeo dynasty, he ascended to the throne in 1392 and abdicated six years later during a strife between his sons. He was honored as Emperor Ko following the establishment of the Korean Empire.

Taejo emphasized continuity over change. No new institutions were created, and no massive purges occurred during his reign. His new dynasty was largely dominated by the same ruling families and officials that had served the previous regime. He re-established amicable ties with Japan and improved relations with Ming China.
Outline of natural language processing
Natural language processing is computer activity in which computers are entailed to analyze, understand, alter, or generate natural language.  This includes the automation of any or all linguistic forms, activities, or methods of communication, such as conversation, correspondence, reading, written composition, dictation, publishing, translation, lip reading, and so on.  Natural-language processing is also the name of the branch of computer science, artificial intelligence, and linguistics concerned with enabling computers to engage in communication using natural language(s) in all forms, including but not limited to speech, print, writing, and signing. The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to natural-language processing:

Natural language understanding
Natural language understanding (NLU) or natural language interpretation (NLI) is a subset of natural language processing in artificial intelligence that deals with machine reading comprehension. NLU has been considered an AI-hard problem.

There is considerable commercial interest in the field because of its application to automated reasoning, machine translation, question answering, news-gathering, text categorization, voice-activation, archiving, and large-scale content analysis.
Alberton, South Africa
Alberton is a town situated on the southern part of the East Rand of the Gauteng Province in South Africa, just south-east of the major urban centre of Johannesburg.

Alberton is described as a typical suburban community, one which is primarily residential in character, with most of its workers commuting to work in nearby suburbs or cities such as Johannesburg and Germiston.

Germiston
Germiston, also known as kwaDukathole, is a city in the East Rand region of Gauteng, South Africa, administratively forming part of the City of Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality since the latter's establishment in 2000. It functions as the municipal seat of Ekurhuleni, hosting the municipal council and administration.

Originally a mining town established in 1886 at the start of the Witwatersrand Gold Rush, Germiston has since developed into one of the largest manufacturing, trucking and railway hubs in Africa, and is a major centre of the South African steel industry.
Industria Argentina Vehículos de Avanzada
Industria Argentina de Vehículos de Avanzada (abbrevriated IAVA) was an automotive company created in 1971 by 16 owners of Argentine Fiat dealerships.  Headquartered in Martínez, Buenos Aires, IAVA was the first manufacturer of performance vehicles in Argentina, being a subsidiary of Fiat Concord and then Sevel Argentina until it was closed in 1985.

As Abarth did in Italy, the goal of IAVA was to provide the Argentine industry with a higher performance version of the Argentinian Fiat 128. The philosophy was to use the platform of the 128, but change the engine to a transversely mounted 1100 cubic centimeter four cylinder. With this new engine IAVA offered, in addition to the increase in power, more comfort, and even aerodynamic accessories for the 128.

Sevel Argentina
Sevel Argentina S.A. was an Argentine automobile company established in 1981 that produced and marketed Fiat, Peugeot, Alfa Romeo, Chevrolet, and Citroën vehicles for the local market until it was dissolved in 1999. The company was created by merging Fiat's and Peugeot's Argentine operations (Fiat Concord and SAFRAR).

Entrepreneur Franco Macri had a controlling stake in Sevel, which would become as the largest automaker in Argentina. Franco's son and former president of Argentina, Mauricio Macri, was in charge of Sevel (first as vice-president and then as president of the company) in the early 1990s.
Sylvia Lawson
Sylvia Lawson FAHA (12 November 1932 – 6 November 2017) was a journalist, academic and author, known for her support for cinema in Australia through her work with the Sydney Film Festival from its inception in 1954. She wrote The Archibald Paradox, a study of The Bulletin and its founder, J. F. Archibald.

Australian Academy of the Humanities
The Australian Academy of the Humanities was established by Royal Charter in 1969 to advance scholarship and public interest in the humanities in Australia. It operates as an independent not-for-profit organisation partly funded by the Australian Government.
The Butterfly Returns
The Butterfly Returns was a concert residency by American singer-songwriter Mariah Carey at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas. It began on July 5, 2018 and concluded on February 29, 2020. This was Carey's second concert residency placed in Las Vegas since #1 to Infinity (2015–17).

Number 1 to Infinity (concert residency)
#1 to Infinity was a concert residency by American singer-songwriter Mariah Carey at The Colosseum at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas. It began on May 6, 2015, and concluded on July 18, 2017. The show featured all eighteen of Carey’s US number-one singles in chronological order, closing with her then-new single “Infinity.” Several songs were presented in alternate arrangements, including hip-hop remix versions of “Fantasy,” “Honey,” “Heartbreaker,” and “Thank God I Found You,” while “Someday” was performed in a style closer to its MTV Unplugged rendition. Robin Leach of the Las Vegas Sun praised the opening performance, describing Carey as “the highest-pitched contemporary pop singer of the decade.”