hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Google services outages
During various episodes, from 2008 onward, Google suffered from severe outages that disrupted a variety of their services. The first was a five-minute outage of every Google service in August 2013. The second was a 25-minute outage of Gmail, Google+, Google Calendar, and Google Docs in January 2014. The third was a YouTube outage in October 2018. The fourth was a Google Calendar outage in June 2019. The fifth was a Gmail/Google Drive outage in August 2020. The sixth, in November 2020, affected mainly YouTube, and the seventh, in December 2020, affected most of their services. The eighth, in August 2022, affected Google Search, Maps, Drive, and YouTube. The ninth, in October 2022, affected Google Maps and Google Street View, and many more. These outages seemed to be global.

Google Street View
Google Street View is a technology featured in Google Maps and Google Earth that provides interactive panoramas from positions along many streets in the world. Google Street View displays interactive panoramas of stitched VR photographs. Most photography is done by car, but some is done by tricycle, camel, boat, snowmobile, underwater apparatus, and on foot.

First launched in 2007 in several cities in the United States, Street View has since expanded to include all of the country's major and minor cities, as well as the cities and rural areas of many other countries worldwide. As of 2017, Street View had coverage in 83 countries. Street View has been used for research in fields like urban analytics and geographic information science. Street View imagery has also been used in artistic work.
Quilcene National Fish Hatchery
The Quilcene National Fish Hatchery is a fish hatchery located in Quilcene, Washington, in the United States. It is co-managed by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service and five Native American tribes. Like other components of the National Fish Hatchery System, the hatchery's mission is to conserve, protect, and enhance fish, wildlife, plants, and their habitats, as well to cooperate with like-minded partners to further these goals. Its specific purpose is to fulfill a United States Government treaty obligation to support fisheries of economic and cultural importance to Native Americans by producing fish which it stocks in Native American tribal waters in western Washington.

National Fish Hatchery System
The National Fish Hatchery System was established in 1871 when the United States Congress created the United States Fish Commission. Since 1940, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service has administered this system of fish hatcheries under the Department of the Interior.
Well-Founded Fear
Well-Founded Fear is a 2000 documentary film from directors Shari Robertson and Michael Camerini. The film takes its title from the formal definition of a refugee under the UN Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, as a person who deserves protection, "owing to a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion.” The film analyzes the US asylum process by following several asylum applicants and asylum officers through actual INS interviews.

Right of asylum
The right of asylum, sometimes called right of political asylum (asylum from Ancient Greek  ἄσυλον (ásulon) 'sanctuary'), is a juridical concept, under which people persecuted by their own rulers might be protected by another sovereign authority, such as a second country or another entity which in medieval times could offer sanctuary. This right was recognized by the Ancient Egyptians, the Greeks, and the Hebrews, from whom it was adopted into Western tradition. René Descartes fled to the Netherlands, Voltaire to England, and Thomas Hobbes to France, because each state offered protection to persecuted foreigners. Contemporary right of asylum is founded on the non-binding Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Aotsuka Kofun
The Aotsuka Kofun (青塚古墳) is a Kofun period burial mound, located in the Aotsuka neighborhood of the city of Inuyama, Aichi in the Tōkai region of Japan. It was designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 1983. It is the second largest kofun found in Aichi Prefecture after the Danpusan Kofun in Nagoya.

Kofun
Kofun (古墳; from Sino-Japanese "ancient burial mound") are megalithic tombs or tumuli in Northeast Asia. Kofun were mainly constructed in the Japanese archipelago between the middle of the 3rd century to the early 7th century AD.

The term is the origin of the name of the Kofun period, which indicates the middle 3rd century to early–middle 6th century. Many kofun have distinctive keyhole-shaped mounds (zempō-kōen fun (前方後円墳)). The Mozu-Furuichi kofungun or tumulus clusters were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2019, while Ishibutai Kofun is one of a number in Asuka-Fujiwara residing on the Tentative List.
Ken Hydon
Kenneth John Hydon (born November 1944) is a British accountant who has been a director of several FTSE 100 companies: RB (Reckitt Benckiser), Merlin Entertainments Group, Tesco, Pearson, Vodafone and also the Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust, an acute general hospital in the UK.

Merlin Entertainments
Merlin Entertainments Limited is a global entertainment company based in London, England, which operates a number of theme park resorts and other visitor attractions. It was listed on the London Stock Exchange until November 2019. It was then privately acquired by the consortium Motion JVCO Ltd, which includes Kirkbi (the investment arm of the Kristiansen family that also controls the Lego Group and BrainPop).
Peter Halley
Peter Halley (born 1953) is an American artist and a central figure in the Neo-Conceptualist movement of the 1980s. Known for his Day-Glo geometric paintings, Halley is also a writer, the former publisher of index Magazine, and a teacher; he served as director of graduate studies in painting and printmaking at the Yale University School of Art from 2002 to 2011. Halley lives and works in New York City.

Yale School of Art
The Yale School of Art is the visual art school of Yale University. Founded in 1869 as the first professional fine arts school in the United States, it grants Masters of Fine Arts degrees to students completing a two-year course in graphic design, painting/printmaking, photography, or sculpture.

U.S. News & World Report's most recent rankings from 2020 rated Yale as tied for second with the School of the Art Institute of Chicago for on their list of Best Masters of Fine Arts programs in the United States.
Peter Clarke (chess player)
Peter Hugh Clarke (18 March 1933 – 11 December 2014) was an English chess player who held the titles of FIDE Master, International Correspondence Chess Grandmaster (1980), FIDE International Arbiter (1976) and Chess Olympiad individual silver medal winner (1956).

Chess Olympiad
The Chess Olympiad is a biennial chess tournament in which teams representing nations of the world compete. FIDE organises the tournament and selects the host nation. Amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, FIDE held an Online Chess Olympiad in 2020 and 2021, with a rapid time control that affected players' online ratings.
Vladimir Dzhabarov
Vladimir Mikhailovich Dzhabarov (Russian: Владимир Михайлович Джабаров; born on 29 September 1952) is an Uzbek-born Russian statesman, politician, and former government agent who is a member of the Federation Council of from the Legislative Assembly of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast since 24 September 2009. He is a member of the United Russia party.

Jewish Autonomous Oblast
The Jewish Autonomous Oblast (JAO) is a federal subject of Russia in the far east of the country, bordering Khabarovsk Krai and Amur Oblast in Russia and Heilongjiang province in China. Its administrative center is the town of Birobidzhan.

The JAO was designated by a Soviet official decree in 1928, and officially established in 1934. At its height, in the late 1940s, the Jewish population in the region peaked around 46,000–50,000, approximately 25% of its population. Since then, the share of Jews steadily declined, and according to the 2021 Russian census, there were only 837 ethnic Jews left in the JAO (0.6%).

Article 65 of the Constitution of Russia provides that the JAO is Russia's only autonomous oblast. It is one of two officially Jewish jurisdictions in the world, the other being Israel. It is one of the few places in the world where Yiddish is a recognized minority language.
Mahabali
Mahabali (IAST: Mahābalī), also known as Bali, Indrasenan, or Māveli, is a daitya king featured in Hinduism. He is the grandson of Prahlada, and a descendant of the sage Kashyapa. There are many versions of his legend in ancient texts such as Ramayana, Mahabharata, Shatapatha Brahmana, and many Puranas. According to Hindu literature, he was blessed to be one of the Chiranjivi, a group of seven immortals, by Vamana avatar of god Vishnu and reigns in Sutala loka.

It is believed that Mahabali will become the King of Svarga (heaven) in the next Manvantara. In Kerala, Mahabali is considered to be the noblest and most prosperous ruler, who transformed his kingdom into a heavenly place. His legend is a major part of the annual festival Onam in the state of Kerala, and it is also celebrated in Tamilnadu, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Gujarat, Telangana, and Andhra as Balipratipada, Balipādyami, or Bali pādva (the third day of Deepavali and first day of Kartika month).

Chiranjivi
In Hinduism, the Chiranjivi (Sanskrit: चिरञ्जीवी SG.NOM, romanized cirañjīvī, pronounced [t͡ɕi.ɾɐɲ.d͡ʑiː.ʋiː]; चिरञ्जीविनः PL.NOM, romanized cirañjīvinaḥ, pronounced [t͡ɕi.ɾɐɲ.d͡ʑiː.ʋi.n̪ɐh], lit. 'long-living, immortal') are a group of immortals set to remain alive on Earth until the end of the current epoch, the Kali Yuga.
Ticket to L.A.
Ticket to L.A. is the second studio album by American country music singer Brett Young. It was released on December 7, 2018, through Big Machine Label Group. Its lead single, "Here Tonight" (co-written by Charles Kelley of the group Lady Antebellum), was released in September 2018. The track listing for the album was released on September 10, 2018.

Big Machine Records
Big Machine Records is an American record label, distributed by Universal Music Group. Big Machine is based on Music Row in Nashville, Tennessee. The label was founded in September 2005 by former DreamWorks Records executive Scott Borchetta and became a joint venture between Borchetta and country singer Toby Keith. The American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift was the first artist signed by the label. The purchase of Big Machine Records by Scooter Braun in 2019 resulted in a highly publicized dispute with Swift regarding the ownership of the masters to the albums.
Robert E. Lee: Civil War General
Robert E. Lee: Civil War General is a 1996 computer wargame developed by Impressions Games and published by Sierra On-Line. Set during the American Civil War, it tasks the player with leading the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia to victory against the Union Army of the Potomac. Impressions sought to make Civil War General accessible to wargame newcomers by streamlining its gameplay, and the Panzer General series was a reference point for its design and title.

Civil War General was a commercial success and the best-selling wargame of 1996. Critics noted its accessibility compared to other games in its genre; several praised it for combining simplified mechanics and depth, while Computer Games Strategy Plus found it overly shallow. In 1997, Civil War General was followed by a sequel, Grant, Lee, Sherman: Civil War Generals 2. A third game was planned, but was cancelled due to low sales projections.

Computer wargame
A computer wargame is a wargame played on a digital device. Descended from board wargaming, it simulates military conflict at the tactical, operational or strategic level. Computer wargames are both sold commercially for recreational use and, in some cases, used for military purposes.
GIMIAS
GIMIAS is a workflow-oriented environment focused on biomedical image computing and simulation. The open-source framework is extensible through plug-ins and is focused on building research and clinical software prototypes. Gimias has been used to develop clinical prototypes in the fields of cardiac imaging and simulation, angiography imaging and simulation, and neurology

GIMIAS is being funded by several national and international projects like cvREMOD, euHeart or VPH NoE.

Plug-in (computing)
In computing, a plug-in (also spelled plugin), add-in (also addin, add-on, or addon) or extension is a software component that extends the functionality of an existing software system without requiring the system to be re-built. A plug-in feature is one way that a system can be customizable.

Applications support plug-ins for a variety of reasons including:

Enable third-party developers to extend an application

Support easily adding new features

Reduce the size of an application by not loading unused features

Separate source code from an application because of incompatible software licenses
Governor of Çankırı
The Governor of Çankırı (Turkish: Çankırı Valiliği) is the bureaucratic state official responsible for both national government and state affairs in the Province of Çankırı. Similar to the Governors of the 80 other Provinces of Turkey, the Governor of Çankırı is appointed by the Government of Turkey and is responsible for the implementation of government legislation within Çankırı. The Governor is also the most senior commander of both the Çankırı provincial police force and the Çankırı Gendarmerie.

Government of Turkey
The Government of Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Hükûmeti) is the national government of Turkey. It is governed as a unitary state under a presidential representative democracy and a constitutional republic within a pluriform multi-party system. The term government can mean either the collective set of institutions (the executive, legislative, and judicial branches) or specifically the Cabinet (the executive).
Jennifer Falk
Jennifer Miley Falk (born 26 April 1993) is a Swedish professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Women's Super League club Liverpool, on loan from Damallsvenskan club BK Häcken, and the Sweden national team.

BK Häcken FF
Bollklubben Häcken Fotbollsförening (Swedish: [bɔlklʊbɛn ˈhɛ̌kːɛn fuːˌβ̞ɔlsfœrˈeːnɪŋ]) is a women's football club based in Gothenburg, Sweden. Founded in 1970 as Landvetters IF ([ˈlandˌvɛtɛrs iːɛf]) and known as Kopparbergs/Göteborg FC ([ˈkɔˌparsbɛrj jœtɛˈbɔrj]) between 2004 and 2020, the club became the women's section of the men's club BK Häcken in 2021, although as a separate club which is a subsidiary of BK Häcken for legal reasons.

BK Häcken FF play their home games at Bravida Arena in Gothenburg. The team colors are yellow and black. The club won their first Damallsvenskan title in 2020.
Gunpowder weapons in the Ming dynasty
The Ming dynasty continued to improve on gunpowder weapons from the Yuan and Song dynasties as part of its military. During the early Ming period larger and more cannons were used in warfare. In the early 16th century Turkish and Portuguese breech-loading swivel guns and matchlock firearms were incorporated into the Ming arsenal. In the 17th century Dutch culverin were incorporated as well and became known as hongyipao. At the very end of the Ming dynasty, around 1642, Chinese combined European cannon designs with indigenous casting methods to create composite metal cannons that exemplified the best attributes of both iron and bronze cannons. While firearms never completely displaced the bow and arrow, by the end of the 16th century more firearms than bows were being ordered for production by the government, and no crossbows were mentioned at all.

Hu dun pao
Hu dun pao (虎蹲砲) is the name of two different missile weapons in Chinese history. In the Song dynasty (960–1279), it was a trebuchet and its name is translated into English as Crouching Tiger Trebuchet; in the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), the name was given to a type of bombard and it is known in English as Crouching Tiger Cannon.
Vera van Pol
Vera Dorothea Wilhelmina van Pol (born 17 December 1993) is a Dutch artistic gymnast. She represented the Netherlands at the 2016 and 2020 Summer Olympics. She won a bronze medal with the Dutch team at the 2018 European Championships. She is the 2015 and 2018 Dutch all-around champion. She competed at the 2013, 2014, 2018, and 2021 World Championships.

2018 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships
The 2018 Artistic Gymnastics World Championships was the 48th edition of the Artistic Gymnastics World Championships. The competition was held from October 25 – November 3, 2018, at the Aspire Academy Dome in Doha, Qatar.

It was the first time that the competition was held in the Middle East.

Simone Biles became the first American to medal on every event at a single World Championships and the first woman to do so in 31 years. The last person to complete this feat was Russian Yelena Shushunova in 1987.
General Council of the University of St Andrews
The General Council of the University of St Andrews is the corporate body of all graduates and senior academics of the University of St Andrews in Scotland.  It was instituted by the Universities (Scotland) Act 1858, but its constitution and organisation have been considerably altered by subsequent statutes.

Ancient university governance in Scotland
The ancient university governance structure in Scotland is the organisational system imposed by a series of Acts of Parliament called the Universities (Scotland) Acts 1858 to 1966. The Acts applied to what were termed the 'older universities': the University of St Andrews, the University of Glasgow, the University of Aberdeen and the University of Edinburgh. Together these four universities are commonly referred to as the ancient universities of Scotland. Whilst the Acts do not directly apply to the University of Dundee (except insofar as section 13 of the Act of 1966 conferred a power to appoint, by Order in Council, the date for its independence from the University of St Andrews), the same governance structure was ordained for use by that institution in its royal charter.
Chase Wilmot Kennedy
Chase Wilmot Kennedy (4 January 1859 – 23 November 1936) was a career officer in the United States Army. A veteran of  the American Indian Wars, Spanish–American War, Philippine–American War, and World War I, he attained the rank of major general and was most notable for his First World War command of first the 78th Division, and later the 85th Division.

85th Support Command
The 85th Infantry Division also known as the "Custer Division," was an infantry division of the United States Army in World War I and World War II. It currently exists as the 85th Support Command in the United States Army Reserve.
D. Murugesan
Darmar Murugesan is a retired Indian judge and a former Chief Justice of Delhi High Court. He has occupied many key posts in the Judiciary of India. He was elevated as a Judge of the Madras High Court from the Bar. He had formerly occupied the post of Member National Human Rights Commission of India.

Delhi High Court
The High Court of Delhi is the high court in Delhi, India. It was established on 31 October 1966, through the Delhi High Court Act, 1966. Below it are 11 Subordinate Courts that oversee smaller judicial districts. The court gets its powers from Chapter V in Part VI of the Constitution of India.
Stefan Ingves
Stefan Nils Magnus Ingves (born 23 May 1953) is a Finnish-born Swedish banker, economist and civil servant who served as the Governor of Sveriges Riksbank, the central bank of Sweden, from 2006 to 2022. He serves as the vice-chairman of the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) since November 2021. In June 2022, Ingves announced that he will resign as Governor of Sveriges Riksbank on 31 December 2022. He was succeeded in the role by the former director of the Swedish Financial Supervisory Authority, Erik Thedéen.

Bank for International Settlements
The Bank for International Settlements (BIS) is an international financial institution which is owned by members central banks. Its primary goal is to foster international monetary and financial cooperation while serving as a bank for central banks. With its establishment in 1930 it is the oldest international financial institution. Its initial purpose was to oversee the settlement of World War I war reparations.

The BIS carries out its work through its meetings, programmes and through the Basel Process, hosting international groups pursuing global financial stability and facilitating their interaction. It also provides banking services, but only to central banks and other international organizations.

The BIS is based in Basel, Switzerland, with representative offices in Hong Kong and Mexico City.
Masters of Illusion (album)
Masters of Illusion is the debut album of American hip-hop group Masters of Illusion, composed of producer KutMasta Kurt and rappers Kool Keith & Motion Man. It was released on November 14, 2000, via Threshold Records. The project features no guest emcees, but does feature DJ cuts/scratches by DJ Revolution, DJ Babu and DJ Rhettmatic.

Some CD releases also come with a free instrumental version of the album, as is typical with Kool Keith releases (Dr. Octagonecologyst, First Come, First Served, etc.)

DJ Babu
Christopher E. Oroc (born September 17, 1974), better known as DJ Babu, is a Filipino-American DJ, record producer, turntablist, and educator. He is a member of the world-renowned DJ crew the Beat Junkies, the Los Angeles–based hip hop trio Dilated Peoples, and the duo Likwit Junkies with rapper Defari.

Babu is widely credited with coining the term "turntablist" to describe DJs who approach the turntable as a musical instrument. He has been referred to by the DMC World DJ Championships as the "godfather of turntablism" due to his influence on competitive DJing and technical innovation.

As of 2017, Babu is the co-founder and Program Director of the Beat Junkie Institute of Sound (BJIOS), a DJ school and professional training facility in Los Angeles.  
In 2025, he joined the Peabody Institute of the Johns Hopkins University as a member of its Hip Hop Studies faculty, where he teaches DJing and turntable performance at the conservatory level.
Joan Cather
Joan Cather (1882–1967) was a suffragette, awarded a Hunger Strike Medal, 'For Valour' and a Holloway brooch for imprisonment in the cause of women's rights to vote, and also as protest refused to take part in the 1911 British Census.

Holloway brooch
The Holloway brooch was presented by the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) to women who had been imprisoned at Holloway Prison for militant suffragette activity. It is also referred to as the "Portcullis badge", the "Holloway Prison brooch" and the "Victoria Cross of the Union".
Iinozaka Kofun Cluster
Iinozaka kofun group (飯野坂古墳群, Iinozaka kofun-gun) is cluster of Kofun period tumuli located in what is now the city of Natori, Miyagi Prefecture in the Tōhoku region of northern Japan. The presence of an unusual number of large keyhole-shaped kofun located so close together drew attention, and the site received protection by the central government as a National Historic Site in 1976.

Kofun
Kofun (古墳; from Sino-Japanese "ancient burial mound") are megalithic tombs or tumuli in Northeast Asia. Kofun were mainly constructed in the Japanese archipelago between the middle of the 3rd century to the early 7th century AD.

The term is the origin of the name of the Kofun period, which indicates the middle 3rd century to early–middle 6th century. Many kofun have distinctive keyhole-shaped mounds (zempō-kōen fun (前方後円墳)). The Mozu-Furuichi kofungun or tumulus clusters were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2019, while Ishibutai Kofun is one of a number in Asuka-Fujiwara residing on the Tentative List.