hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
ANOVA gauge R&R
ANOVA gauge repeatability and reproducibility is a measurement systems analysis technique that uses an analysis of variance (ANOVA) random effects model to assess a measurement system.

The evaluation of a measurement system is not limited to gauge but to all types of measuring instruments, test methods, and other measurement systems.

Random effects model
In econometrics, a random effects model, also called a variance components model, is a statistical model where the model effects are random variables. It is a kind of hierarchical linear model, which assumes that the data being analysed are drawn from a hierarchy of different populations whose differences relate to that hierarchy. A random effects model is a special case of a mixed model.

Contrast this to the biostatistics definitions, as biostatisticians use "fixed" and "random" effects to respectively refer to the population-average and subject-specific effects (and where the latter are generally assumed to be unknown, latent variables).
Mayberry Village
Mayberry Village is an area in east central East Hartford, Connecticut, United States. The neighborhood was originally developed in the 1940s to house the influx of people who worked at Pratt and Whitney and other defense industries in Connecticut. It is roughly bounded by Burnside Avenue to the north and Wilbur Cross Highway the south. To the east is the Hockanum River, across from which is Wickham Park, mostly in Manchester.

Pratt & Whitney
Pratt & Whitney is an American aerospace manufacturer with global service operations. It is a subsidiary of RTX Corporation (formerly Raytheon Technologies). Pratt & Whitney's aircraft engines are widely used in both civil aviation (especially airliners) and military aviation. Its headquarters are in East Hartford, Connecticut. The company is the world's second largest commercial aircraft engine manufacturer, with a 35% market share as of 2020. In addition to aircraft engines, Pratt & Whitney manufactures gas turbine engines for industrial use, marine propulsion, and power generation. In 2017, the company reported that it supported more than 11,000 customers in 180 countries around the world.
Richpal Singh Mirdha
Richpal Singh Mirdha is an Indian politician from Nagaur, Rajasthan who served as the member of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly representing Degana constituency from Indian National Congress. He is a member of the Mirdha Dynasty of Nagaur. He joined Bharatiya Janata Party in 2023.

Nagaur
Nagaur (also Nagor and Nagore) is a city and municipal council in Nagaur district of the state of Rajasthan in India. It is the administrative headquarters of Nagaur District. The Nagaur city lies about midway between Jodhpur and Bikaner. Nagaur district is located in central region of Rajasthan.
Allstar SZD-59
The SZD-59 Acro is a single-seat glass composite glider for aerobatics and cross-country flying by PZL Allstar of Bielsko-Biała, Poland.

The SZD-59 can be flown with a 13.2m span or a 15.0m span. Attaching or detaching the wing-tips takes only a few minutes. With 15m wing-tips it is a competitive Club Class glider, while it is a competitive aerobatic glider in the 13.2m configuration.

MDM MDM-1 Fox
The MDM MDM-1 Fox is a Polish, composite mid-wing two-seater aerobatic glider with fixed undercarriage and conventional tail unit.

This sailplane was first displayed at the World Glider Aerobatic Championships in Venlo, Netherlands, 1993, where Jerzy Makula flew it to win the World Championship. Shortly after the Championships ended, promotional flights were arranged to enable top pilots to fly this aircraft. The Fox has since had several successes at other international competitions.

Production stopped in 2005 after 36 gliders had been built; since 2011, however, production has been resumed.
Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act
The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 (JJDPA) is a United States federal law providing formula grants to states that follow a series of federal protections on the care and treatment of youth in the juvenile justice and criminal justice systems.

Formula grant
A formula grant is a United States federal grant specifying a precise formula in the legislation creating the program.  Formula grants include quantifiable elements, such as population, amount of tax effort, proportion of population unemployed or below poverty level, density of housing, or rate of infant mortality.

The specified formula is a rule that tells potential recipient governments precisely how they can calculate the quantity of aid to which they are entitled under the provisions of law, as long as the recipient qualifies for such assistance under the stipulations of the program.  Usually, the elements in the formula are chosen to reflect characteristics related to the purpose of the aid. Some factors in the formula are also likely to have political significance since there is no such thing as a neutral formula, as all formulas reward some states or localities more than others, depending on their relative standing given the formula specified.
Hamgyŏng dialect
The Northeast Dialect, sometimes called the Hamgyong Dialect (Korean: 함경 방언), is a dialect of the Korean language used in most of North and South Hamgyŏng and Ryanggang provinces of northeastern North Korea, all of which were originally united as Hamgyŏng Province. Since the nineteenth century, it has also been spoken by Korean diaspora communities in Northeast China and the former Soviet Union.

Characteristic features of Hamgyŏng include a pitch accent closely aligned to Middle Korean tone, extensive palatalization, widespread umlaut, preservation of pre-Middle Korean intervocalic consonants, distinctive verbal suffixes, and an unusual syntactic rule in which negative particles intervene between the auxiliary and the main verb.

Palatalization (sound change)
Palatalization (/ˌpælətəlaɪˈzeɪʃən/ PAL-ə-təl-eye-ZAY-shən) is a historical-linguistic sound change that results in a palatalized articulation of a consonant or, in certain cases, a front vowel. Palatalization involves change in the place or manner of articulation of consonants, or the fronting or raising of vowels. In some cases, palatalization involves assimilation or lenition.
Joseph Lau
Joseph Lau Luen-hung (Chinese: 劉鑾雄; born 21 July 1951) is a Hong Kong billionaire businessman. Lau is the former chairman of property developer Chinese Estates. He is an avid art and wine collector. His fortune is estimated by Forbes at $13.3 billion as of September 2021. In 2014, he became a convicted felon and fugitive in Macau.

He lives in one of the most expensive houses in Hong Kong, at Goldsmith Road, Jardine's Lookout, valued at HK$2.5 billion with Chan Hoi-wan.

Chinese Estates Group
Chinese Estates Group is a real estate development group based in Hong Kong. The group comprises three Hong Kong publicly listed companies : Chinese Estates Holdings Limited (Stock Code: 127), Chi Cheung Investment Company, Limited (Stock Code: 112) and G-Prop (Holdings) Limited (Stock Code: 286).

Historically, Chinese Estates Group has been focused on the Hong Kong market, but has more recently expanded into neighbouring Macau and mainland China.

In July 2010 the group was reported to be in exclusive negotiations to acquire Tower 42, an office tower in the City of London, for a reported sum of around £300 million.
Tyle Mill
Tyle Mill is a mill on the River Kennet near Sulhamstead, Berkshire, England. The mill originally produced flour; a fire in 1914 burned down the buildings and the rebuilt mill became a sawmill.
 In 1936 it was acquired by George Clemens Usher, director of Abedare Cables of South Africa Limited, and became a private house which was owned by him for decades.

Tyle Mill Lock on the Kennet Navigation is near the mill.

River Kennet
The Kennet is a tributary of the River Thames in Southern England. Most of the river is straddled by the North Wessex Downs AONB (Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty). The lower reaches have been made navigable as the Kennet Navigation, which – together with the Avon Navigation, the Kennet and Avon Canal and the Thames – links the cities of Bristol and London.

The length from near its sources west of Marlborough, Wiltshire down to Woolhampton, Berkshire is a 111.1-hectare (275-acre) biological Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). This is primarily from an array of rare plants and animals completely endemic to chalky watercourses.

When Wiltshire had second-tier local authorities, one, Kennet District, took the name of the river.
Ivy Mike
Ivy Mike was the codename given to the first full-scale test of a thermonuclear device, in which a significant fraction of the explosive yield comes from nuclear fusion. Ivy Mike was detonated on November 1, 1952, by the United States on the island of Elugelab in Enewetak Atoll, in the now independent  island nation of the Marshall Islands, as part of Operation Ivy. It was the first full test of the Teller–Ulam design, a staged fusion device.

Due to its physical size and fusion fuel type (cryogenic liquid deuterium),  the "Mike" device was not suitable for use as a deliverable weapon. It was intended as a "technically conservative" proof of concept experiment to validate the concepts used for multi-megaton detonations.

Samples from the explosion had traces of the isotopes plutonium-246, plutonium-244, and the predicted elements einsteinium and fermium.

TNT equivalent
TNT equivalent is a convention for expressing energy, typically used to describe the energy released in an explosion. A ton of TNT equivalent is a unit of energy defined by convention to be 4.184 gigajoules (1 gigacalorie). It is the approximate energy released in the detonation of a metric ton (megagram) of trinitrotoluene (TNT). In other words, for each gram of TNT exploded, 4.184 kilojoules (or 4184 joules) of energy are released.
This convention intends to compare the destructiveness of an event with that of conventional explosive materials, of which TNT is a typical example, although other conventional explosives such as dynamite contain more energy.
A related concept is the physical quantity TNT-equivalent mass (or mass of TNT equivalent), expressed in the ordinary units of mass and its multiples: kilogram (kg), megagram (Mg) or tonne (t), etc.
Erwin l'Ami
Erwin l'Ami (born 5 April 1985) is a Dutch chess grandmaster. He attained the title of grandmaster in 2005, and has reached a peak rating of 2651. l'Ami has represented the Netherlands at seven Chess Olympiads (2006, 2008, 2010, 2014, 2016, 2018, 2022) and won the 2015 Reykjavik Open.

Reykjavik Open
The Reykjavik Open is an annual chess tournament that takes place in the capital city of Iceland. It was held every two years up to 2008, currently it runs annually. The first edition was held in 1964 and was won by Mikhail Tal with a score of 12.5 points out of 13. 
The tournament is currently played with the Swiss system, while from 1964 to 1980 and in 1992 it was a round-robin tournament.

The 2013 edition was voted the second best open tournament of the year in the world by the Association of Chess Professionals, behind Gibraltar Chess Festival.

The 2025 edition of this tournament was held from 9 April - 15 April 2025, at  Harpa Concert Hall and Conference Center in Reykjavík, Iceland. It was won by Parham Maghsoodloo.
Bidens
Bidens is a genus of flowering plants in the aster family, Asteraceae. The genus include roughly 230 species which are distributed worldwide. Despite their global distribution, the systematics and taxonomy of the genus has been described as complicated and unorganized. The common names beggarticks, black jack, burr marigolds, cobbler's pegs, Spanish needles, stickseeds, tickseeds and tickseed sunflowers refer to the fruits of the plants, most of which are bristly and barbed. The generic name refers to the same character; Bidens comes from the Latin bi ("two") and dens ("tooth").

Bidens cernua
Bidens cernua is a species of flowering plant in the aster family, Asteraceae. It is commonly called nodding beggarticks or nodding bur-marigold. Bidens cernua is distributed throughout much of Eurasia and North America.
Dainik Navajyoti
Dainik Navajyoti (Hindi: दैनिक नवज्योति, romanized: Dainik Navajyoti, lit. 'The Daily New Light') is a Hindi language daily newspaper published in Rajasthan from Jaipur, Jodhpur, Ajmer, Udaipur & Kota. It was founded in 1936 by freedom fighter Captain Durgaprasad Chaudhary.

Ajmer
Ajmer (pronounced [ədʒmeːr] ⓘ) is a city in the north-western Indian state of Rajasthan. It serves as the administrative headquarters of the Ajmer district and Ajmer division. It lies at the centre of Rajasthan, earning it the nickname the Heart of Rajasthan.

Ajmer is surrounded by the Aravalli Mountains.Ajmer has been a municipality since 1869. Ajmer has been selected as one of the heritage cities for the HRIDAY and Smart City Mission schemes of the Government of India.
Xuezhikang
Xuezhikang (Chinese: 血脂康; pinyin: xuè zhī kāng) is a traditional Chinese medicine formulation used for the treatment of hyperlipidemia and cardiovascular diseases. It is a partially purified extract of red yeast rice and contains a mixture of naturally occurring statins, including monacolin K, which is chemically identical to lovastatin. In clinical practice, xuezhikang is often considered a "natural polypill" due to its diverse lipid-lowering and cardiovascular protective components.

Lovastatin
Lovastatin, sold under the brand name Mevacor among others, is a statin medication, to treat high blood cholesterol and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. Its use is recommended together with lifestyle changes. It is taken by mouth.

Common side effects include diarrhea, constipation, headache, muscles pains, rash, and trouble sleeping. Serious side effects may include liver problems, muscle breakdown, and kidney failure. Use during pregnancy may harm the baby and use during breastfeeding is not recommended. It works by decreasing the liver's ability to produce cholesterol by blocking the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase.

Lovastatin was patented in 1979 and approved for medical use in 1987. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is available as a generic medication. In 2023, it was the 132nd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 4 million prescriptions.
Speedway World Championship
The World Championship of Speedway is an international competition between the highest-ranked motorcycle speedway riders of the world, run under the auspices of the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme (FIM). The first official championships were held in 1936.

Today, the championship is organised as a series of Speedway Grand Prix events, where points are awarded according to performance in the event and tallied up at the end of each season. However, up to 1994, it was usually run as a single-night event after qualifying rounds during the season, leading up to a final consisting of 20 heats, where points were awarded according to riders' heat placings and then tallied up at the end.

Before the World Championship received its formal recognition from the ACU and the FIM in 1936, other unofficial Speedway World Championships were staged between 1931 and 1935, in Europe, South America and Australasia, such as the Star Riders' Championship.

Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme
The International Motorcycling Federation (Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme) or (FIM) is the global governing/sanctioning body of motorcycle racing. It represents 123 national motorcycle federations that are divided into six continental unions.

There are ten motorcycle-racing disciplines that FIM covers, encompassing 62 international championships as well as 188 secondary championships of circuit racing, enduro, Speedway Racing, Trials, Off-Roading, Motorcross, Supercross, Sno-Cross, Sidecars, and E-Bikes. FIM is also involved in many non-racing activities that promote the sport, its safety, and support relevant public policy. The FIM is also the first international sporting federation to publish an Environmental Code, in 1994. In 2007, a Commission for Women in Motorcycling was created by the FIM in order to promote the use of powered two-wheelers and the motorcycle sport among women.
MTV Music (UK & Ireland)
MTV Music was a British pay television channel operated by Paramount Networks UK & Australia. The brand was first launched in the UK and Ireland before launching in Australia, New Zealand, Italy, the Netherlands and Poland. Unlike other MTV Music channels, this channel offered subtitles on selected programmes.

Club MTV (UK & Ireland)
Club MTV was a British electronic dance music channel operated by ViacomCBS Networks UK & Australia launched on 20 April 2001 as MTV Dance. The channel played dance, trance, clubhouse, electronica, drum and bass, rap, R&B, hip-hop, techno and house music.

The channel closed on 20 July 2020 but was relaunched 5 years later on 14 April 2025, replacing MTV Hits.
August 1995 Bosanski Petrovac refugee column bombing
On 7 August 1995, two Croatian Air Force MiG-21 planes fired several rockets at a Serb refugee column on a road near Bosanski Petrovac, Bosnia and Herzegovina, killing 9 civilians and injuring more than 50. On 8 August 1995, another attack took place, resulting in three additional civilian casualties. The victims were traveling in a refugee column fleeing Croatia during Operation Storm which brought about an end to the Croatian War of Independence.

The incidents were described in a 1996 report by Human Rights Watch which noted that the attacks could constitute violations of war if civilians had been deliberately targeted, but that they could be considered collateral damage if Republic of Serb Krajina (RSK) military personnel were involved.

Bosanski Petrovac
Bosanski Petrovac (Serbian Cyrillic: Босански Петровац) is a town and municipality located in the Una-Sana Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina. As of 2013 census, the municipality has a population of 7,328 inhabitants, while the town has a population of 3,427 inhabitants.
Turaida Castle
Turaida Castle (Latvian: Turaidas pils, German: Treiden, Treyden; meaning Thor's garden in Livonian) is a recently reconstructed medieval castle in Turaida, in the Vidzeme region of Latvia, on the opposite bank of the Gauja River from Sigulda.

Gauja
The Gauja River (Estonian: Koiva jõgi, German: Livländische Aa) is a river in the Vidzeme region of Latvia. It is the only large river of Latvia that begins and ends its flow in Latvia. Its length is 460 km, of which 93.5 km (approximately one-fifth) are in Gauja National Park. In this part, the Gauja River flows through the Gauja Valley, which is between 1 and 2.5 km wide, and the maximum depth near Sigulda is 85 m. Thus, the Gauja is the longest river of Latvia if only the parts of the river in the country's territory are counted. The Daugava has only 367 km in Latvia, whereas the entire length of the river is over 1,000 km.

The sandstone rocks on the banks of the Gauja and its adjoining rivers started forming 370 to 300 million years ago, during the Devonian period.
Cobi Hamilton
Cobi Hamilton (born November 13, 1990) is an American former professional football player who was a wide receiver in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Arkansas Razorbacks. He was considered one of the top wide receiver prospects for the 2013 NFL draft, and was selected by the Cincinnati Bengals in the sixth round of the draft.

Hamilton was also a member of the Philadelphia Eagles, Miami Dolphins, Carolina Panthers, Pittsburgh Steelers, Houston Texans, Arizona Cardinals, and Indianapolis Colts.

Arkansas Razorbacks football
The Arkansas Razorbacks football program represents the University of Arkansas in the sport of American football. The Razorbacks compete in the 
Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) as a member of the Southeastern Conference (SEC). Home games are played at stadiums on or near the two largest campuses of the University of Arkansas System: Donald W. Reynolds Razorback Stadium in Fayetteville and War Memorial Stadium in Little Rock.

The program began in 1894 and has compiled an all-time record of 740–539–40, for a .576 winning percentage. The Razorbacks have won 13 conference championships and have had 58 players honored as All-Americans. Arkansas claims one national championship (1964) awarded by the Football Writers Association of America (FWAA).
Borduria–Bagapani Assembly constituency
Borduria-Bagapani is one of the 60 Legislative Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh state in India.

It is part of Tirap district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the Scheduled Tribes.

Tirap district
Tirap district (Pron:/tɪˈɹæp/) is a district located in the southeastern part of the state of Arunachal Pradesh in India. It shares a state border with Assam, an international border with Myanmar and a district border with Changlang and Longding.
Chichibabin reaction
The Chichibabin reaction (pronounced ' (chē')-chē-bā-bēn) is a method for producing 2-aminopyridine derivatives by the reaction of pyridine with sodium amide. It was reported by Aleksei Chichibabin in 1914. The following is the overall form of the general reaction:

The direct amination of pyridine with sodium amide can take place in liquid ammonia or an aprotic solvent such as xylene is commonly used. Following the addition elimination mechanism first a nucleophilic NH2− is added while a hydride (H−) is leaving. The reaction formally is a nucleophilic substitution of hydrogen SNH.

Ciganek describes an example of an intramolecular Chichibabin reaction in which a nitrile group on a fused ring is the source of nitrogen in amination.

Addition–elimination reaction
In chemistry, an addition-elimination reaction is a two-step reaction process of an addition reaction followed by an elimination reaction. This gives an overall effect of substitution, and is the mechanism of the common nucleophilic acyl substitution often seen with esters, amides, and related structures.

Another common type of addition–elimination is the reversible reaction of amines with carbonyls to form imines in the alkylimino-de-oxo-bisubstitution reaction, and the analogous reaction of interconversion imines with alternate amine reactants.

The hydrolysis of nitriles to carboxylic acids is also a form of addition-elimination.
Derwin Brown
Derwin Brown (June 22, 1954 – December 15, 2000) was an American police captain and the sheriff-elect of DeKalb County, Georgia, who was assassinated on the evening of December 15, 2000, on the orders of defeated rival Sidney Dorsey.

DeKalb County, Georgia
DeKalb County (/dəˈkæb/ də-KAB, /diːˈ-/ dee-) is located in the north central portion of the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 764,382, making it Georgia's fourth-most populous county. Its county seat is Decatur.

DeKalb County is a core county of the Atlanta metropolitan area. It contains roughly 10% of the city of Atlanta (the other 90% lies in Fulton County). Stonecrest is the largest city that is entirely within the county. DeKalb is primarily a suburban county.

In recent years, some communities in North DeKalb have incorporated, following a trend in other suburban areas around Metro Atlanta. Stonecrest, Dunwoody and Brookhaven are now the largest cities that are entirely contained within the county.