hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Subsistence crisis
A subsistence crisis affects individuals or communities unable to obtain basic necessities due to either man-made or natural factors such as inflation, drought or war. Severe subsistence crises are considered famines. While John Meuvret first coined the term in France in 1946, economic historian Pierre Goubert popularized the concept during the 1960s with his study of economic inequality and mortality in Beauvais 1709–10.
A  Subsistence crisis  is an extreme situation where basic needs of livelihood are endangered. Subsistence crises affect individuals or communities unable to obtain basic necessities due to either man-made or natural factors such as inflation, drought or war.

Famine
A famine is a widespread scarcity of food caused by several possible factors, including, but not limited to: war, natural disasters, crop failure, widespread poverty, an economic catastrophe or government policies. This phenomenon is usually accompanied or followed by regional malnutrition, starvation, epidemic, and increased mortality. Every inhabited continent in the world has experienced a period of famine throughout history. During the 19th and 20th centuries, Southeast and South Asia, as well as Eastern and Central Europe, suffered the greatest number of fatalities due to famine. Deaths caused by famine declined sharply beginning in the 1970s, with numbers falling further since 2000. Since 2010, Africa has been the most affected continent in the world by famine. As of 2025,  Haiti and Afghanistan are the two countries with the most catastrophic and widespread states of famine, followed by Sudan.
3D fold evolution
In geology, 3D fold evolution is the study of the full three dimensional structure of a fold as it changes in time. A fold is a common three-dimensional geological structure that is associated with strain deformation under stress. Fold evolution in three dimensions can be broadly divided into two stages, namely fold growth and fold linkage. The evolution depends on fold kinematics, Fold mechanism, as well as a reporting of the history behind folds and relationships by which fold age is understood. There are several ways to reconstruct the evolution progress of folds, notably by using depositional evidence, geomorphological evidence and balanced restoration.

Geomorphology
Geomorphology (from Ancient Greek  γῆ (gê) 'earth'  μορφή (morphḗ) 'form' and  λόγος (lógos) 'study') is the scientific study of the origin and evolution of topographic and bathymetric features generated by physical, chemical or biological processes operating at or near Earth's surface. Geomorphologists seek to understand why landscapes look the way they do, to understand landform and terrain history and dynamics and to predict changes through a combination of field observations, physical experiments and numerical modeling. Geomorphologists work within disciplines such as physical geography, geology, geodesy, engineering geology, archaeology, climatology, and geotechnical engineering. This broad base of interests contributes to many research styles and interests within the field.
Loser on loser
A loser on loser play is a type of declarer's play in contract bridge, usually in trump contracts, where the declarer discards a loser card (the one that is bound to be given up anyway) on an opponent's winner, instead of ruffing.

The loser on loser technique can be executed for the following goals:

to promote tricks in the suit being led (e.g. ruffing finesse)

to maintain trump control of the hand,

to transfer the ruff to a "safer" suit (e.g. in order to perform a later crossruff).

as part of an avoidance play (e.g. the scissors coup)

to rectify the count for a subsequent squeeze play.

as part of an endplay.

Ruff (cards)
In trick-taking games, to ruff means to play a trump card to a trick (other than when trumps were led). According to the rules of most games, a player must have no cards left in the suit led in order to ruff. Since the other players are constrained to follow suit if they can, even a low trump can win a trick. In some games, like Pinochle and Preferans, the player who cannot follow suit is required to ruff. In others, like Bridge and Whist, he may instead discard (play any card in any other suit). Normally, ruffing will win a trick. But it is also possible that a subsequent player will overruff (play a higher trump). Historically, ruff meant to "rob" i.e. exchange a card with the stock.
Murong Yanchao
Murong Yanchao (Chinese: 慕容彥超) (died June 15, 952), known at one point as Yan Kunlun (閻崑崙), was a Chinese general of the Later Tang, Later Jin, and Later Han dynasties. As a half-brother of the Later Han founding emperor Liu Zhiyuan (Emperor Gaozu), he was particularly prominent in the Later Han dynasty. After the Later Han throne was seized by the general Guo Wei, who founded the Later Zhou dynasty, Murong initially submitted to Guo but then rebelled. His rebellion was quickly suppressed, and he committed suicide.

Guo Wei
Guo Wei (Chinese: 郭威) (10 September 904 – 22 February 954), also known by his temple name as the Emperor Taizu of Later Zhou (後周太祖), was the founding emperor of the Chinese Later Zhou dynasty during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, reigning from 951 until his death in 954.

Nicknamed "Sparrow Guo" (郭雀兒) after a sparrow-shaped tattoo on his neck, he rose to a high position in the Later Han as an assistant military commissioner. He founded the Later Zhou in 951.
Grand Parade, Cork
Grand Parade is one of the main streets of Cork city, Ireland. It runs from South Mall in the south to St. Patrick's Street/Daunt Square in the north, with intersections with Oliver Plunkett Street, Tuckey Street, Washington Street, Augustine Street and a number of pedestrian-only lanes in between. The Irish name of the street, Sráid an Chapaill Bhuí ("Yellow Horse Street"), comes from a time when there was a statue of King George II on horse-back at the junction with South Mall. The location of this statue is now occupied by the national monument.

St Patrick's Street
St Patrick's Street (Irish: Sráid Naomh Pádraig) is the main shopping street of the city of Cork in the south of Ireland. The street was subject to redevelopment in 2004, and has since won two awards as Ireland's best shopping street. St Patrick's Street is colloquially known to most locals as simply 'Patrick's Street', with the 'St' honorific dropped, in accordance with the pattern applied to many locations named after saints. It is also referred to colloquially by some locals as "Pana", with the first 'a' being elongated.
Shinshinotsu, Hokkaido
Shinshinotsu (新篠津村, Shinshinotsu-mura) is a village located in Ishikari, Hokkaido, Japan.

As of July 31, 2023 the village had an estimated population of 2,833 and a population density of 36.3 persons per km2. The total area is 78.04 km2.

Ishikari Subprefecture
Ishikari Subprefecture (石狩振興局, Ishikari-shinkō-kyoku) is a subprefecture of Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan, located in the western part of the island. The subprefecture covers 3,539.86 square kilometres (1,366.75 sq mi) and on July 31, 2023 had a population of 2,379,802. The subprefecture takes its name from the Ishikari River, the third longest in Japan, which flows through western Hokkaido and empties into the Sea of Japan in the city of Ishikari. There are 6 cities, three towns, and one village under its jurisdiction. Sapporo is both the capital of Hokkaido Prefecture and Ishikari Subprefecture. Shikotsu-Toya National Park is located in the southern part of the subprefecture, and Shokanbetsu-Teuri-Yagishiri Quasi-National Park in the north.
Grangetown Boys Club F.C.
Grangetown Boys Club is a football club based in Grangetown, North Yorkshire, England. It was founded in 1941, and plays on traditional black and orange wear. From the 2024–25 season, the club will compete in the National League System at Step 6 in the Northern Football League for the first time in history.

Northern Football League
The Northern League is a British men's football league in north east England. Having been founded in 1889, it is the second-oldest football league in the world still in existence after the English Football League.

It contains two divisions; Division One and Division Two. Division One sits on the ninth tier of the English football league system, five divisions below the Football League. These leagues cover the historic counties of Durham, Northumberland, Cumberland, Westmorland and Yorkshire's North Riding. The champion club of Division One is promoted to the lower division of the Northern Premier League.
Lynn Johnston
Lynn Johnston CM OM (born May 28, 1947) is a Canadian cartoonist and author, best known for her newspaper comic strip For Better or For Worse.  She was the first woman and first Canadian to win the National Cartoonist Society's Reuben Award.

Order of Manitoba
The Order of Manitoba is a civilian honour for merit in the Canadian province of Manitoba. Instituted in 1999 when Lieutenant Governor Peter Liba granted royal assent to the Order of Manitoba Act, the order is administered by the Governor-in-Council and is intended to honour current or former Manitoba residents for conspicuous achievements in any field, being thus described as the highest honour amongst all others conferred by the Manitoba Crown.
Lublin Voivodeship Sejmik
The Lublin Voivodeship Sejmik (Polish: Sejmik Województwa Lubelskiego) is the regional legislature of the Lublin Voivodeship, Poland. It is a unicameral parliamentary body consisting of thirty-three councillors chosen during regional elections for a five-year term. The current chairperson of the assembly is Mieczysław Ryba.

The assembly elects the executive board that acts as the collective executive for the provincial government, headed by the voivodeship marshal. The current Executive Board of Lublin is held by the Law and Justice party under the leadership of Marshal Jarosław Stawiarski.

The assembly meets within the Marshal's Office in the capital city of Lublin.

Voivodeship sejmik
A voivodeship sejmik (Polish: sejmik województwa), also known as a provincial or regional assembly, is the regional-level elected legislature for each of the sixteen voivodeships of Poland. Sejmiks are elected to five-year terms, decided during nationwide local elections. The size of the legislative assembly varies for each voivodeship depending on the population, ranging from 30 members in lesser populated provinces to 51 members in the most populous one. Elected representatives of an assembly are known as councillors (radni).
Narmdeshwar Tiwari
Air Marshal Narmdeshwar Tiwari, SYSM, PVSM, AVSM,  VM is a retired officer of the Indian Air Force. He last served as the Vice Chief of the Air Staff. He was previously serving as the Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief, South Western Air Command, prior to that he was the Deputy Chief of the Air Staff.

Vayu Sena Medal
The Vayu Sena Medal (lit. 'Air Force Medal') is a military decoration, usually awarded in peacetime for a job well done in the Indian Air Force. However, it has been granted during times of conflict for acts of gallantry in the face of enemy, though not in the same numbers as the Vir Chakra.

Posthumous awards may be made and a bar is authorized for subsequent awards of the Vayu Sena Medal.

The VM was established on 17 June 1960 by the President of India and awards have been made from 1961 onwards. Awards over the past decade or more have been classified into two categories. One is Vayu Sena Medal (Gallantry) and the other for Vayu Sena Medal (Devotion to Duty).
Peace Vallis
Peace Vallis is an ancient stream valley on the northern rim of Gale Crater on the planet Mars. It is notable for its associated alluvial fan which lies near the Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity landing site (Bradbury Landing). The valley and alluvial fan provide evidence for geologically recent (Amazonian-aged) fluvial activity and sustained water flow on Mars. Recent high-resolution orbital images of Peace Vallis and its watershed also suggest that at least one glacial episode affected Gale crater. All of this evidence has implications for the history of water on Mars and the planet's long-term habitability. Understanding Peace Vallis and its fan also provides geologic context for the rocks observed on the ground by the Curiosity rover.

Bradbury Landing
Bradbury Landing is the August 6, 2012, landing site within Gale crater on planet Mars of the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Curiosity rover. On August 22, 2012, on what would have been his 92nd birthday, NASA named the site for author Ray Bradbury, who had died on June 5, 2012. The coordinates of the landing site on Mars are: 4°35′22″S 137°26′30″E﻿ / ﻿4.5895°S 137.4417°E﻿ / -4.5895; 137.4417.

The rover drove away from this specific landing location in the summer of 2012, but because of the nature of landing there is no actual lander there. The track prints and blast marks are slowly blowing away in the Martian wind, as recorded by Mars orbiters.
Dingiso
The dingiso (/dɪŋˈɡiːzoʊ/) (Dendrolagus mbaiso), also known as the bondegezou or bakaga, is an endangered, long-tailed marsupial found only in mountain forests on the west of the island of New Guinea (in Indonesia). It is a species of tree-kangaroo (genus Dendrolagus), which are mammals native to Australia and New Guinea that feed on leaves or other plant matter. It belongs to the macropodid family (Macropodidae) with kangaroos, and carries its young in a pouch like most other marsupials. Though sacred to the local Moni people, it is still threatened by hunting and habitat loss.

Dr Tim Flannery and his team gave the species name mbaiso which means "the forbidden animal" in Moni, because of the local belief that dingiso is the spirit of their ancestors. Locally Dingiso is called Bakaga.

Tree-kangaroo
Tree-kangaroos are marsupials of the genus Dendrolagus, adapted for arboreal locomotion. They inhabit the tropical rainforests of New Guinea and far northeastern  Queensland, Australia along with some of the islands in the region. Most species of tree-kangaroo are considered threatened due to hunting and habitat destruction. They are the only true arboreal macropods.
Adán y Eva
"Adán y Eva" is a song by Argentine rapper Paulo Londra. Released by Warner Latina and Big Ligas on 5 November 2018, it was written by Londra, Cristian Salazar and Ovy on the Drums, who also produced the song. The song title makes reference to the Abrahamic characters, Adam and Eve. With "Adán y Eva", Londra became the first and only artist to top the Billboard Argentina Hot 100 chart on two occasions, the first time with "Cuando Te Besé" in October, 2018. The song also reached number one in Costa Rica, Ecuador, Peru, Spain and Uruguay.

Cuando Te Besé
"Cuando Te Besé" is a song by American singer Becky G and Argentine rapper and singer Paulo Londra. Released on August 2, 2018, it was written by Londra, Cristian Salazar and Daniel Echavarría Oviedo. "Cuando Te Besé" was the first song to top the Billboard Argentina Hot 100 chart.
Claudia Rucci
Claudia Mónica Rucci (born December 19, 1963) is an Argentine actress and politician who served in the Argentine Chamber of Deputies from 2009 to 2013 and from 2015 to 2017, then in the Buenos Aires Province Senate from 2019 to 2023. In 2024, Vice President Victoria Villarruel appointed Rucci to lead the Senate's Human Rights Observatory, a position she held until 2025.

Victoria Villarruel
Victoria Eugenia Villarruel (born 13 April 1975) is an Argentine politician, lawyer, writer, and activist who has served as the 38th vice president of Argentina since 2023. Described as a conservative politician, she is the founder of the civil association Centro de Estudios Legales sobre el Terrorismo y sus Víctimas (transl. Center for Legal Studies on Terrorism and its Victims), which she has chaired since its inception. She was a member of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies from 2021 to 2023. Villarruel belongs to the La Libertad Avanza political coalition. She has been accused of Argentine state terrorism denial by several media outlets and human rights organisations. Villarruel denies such accusations, maintaining that she does not support the "National Reorganization Process".
Denzil Douglas
The Right Hon. Denzil Llewellyn Douglas (born 14 January 1953) is a Saint Kittitian and Nevisian politician and the longest-serving prime minister of Saint Kitts and Nevis, in office from 1995 to 2015. He was the leader of the Saint Kitts and Nevis Labour Party (SKNLP) from 1989 to 2021. He was the leader of the parliamentary opposition from 1989 to 1995 and from 2015 to 2022. A medical doctor by training, he has been the Minister of Foreign Affairs, International Trade, Industry, Commerce, and Consumer Affairs since 15 August 2022.

Leader of the Opposition (Saint Kitts and Nevis)
Leader of His Majesty's Loyal Opposition is a constitutionally sanctioned office in Saint Kitts and Nevis. The Constitution requires that there shall be a Leader of the Opposition in the National Assembly of Saint Kitts and Nevis who shall be appointed by the Governor-General of Saint Kitts and Nevis. Usually the person comes from the largest group in the National Assembly that is not in government.

National Assembly has 11 directly elected members, and 4 members who are appointed by the Governor General on the advice of the Prime Minister and the Leader of the Opposition.
Live (Zebra album)
Hard rock band Zebra, known for their legendary live shows, released the album Live in 1990.  The recordings are taken from two shows they performed at Sundance in Bayshore on Long Island on November 25 and 26, 1989.  It features six songs from their debut album, two songs from No Tellin' Lies, three from 3.V, and a single Led Zeppelin cover (a practice they are well known for).

Zebra (Zebra album)
Zebra is the debut studio album by American hard rock band Zebra, released on March 25, 1983, by Atlantic Records. The album features all original material, with the exception of "Slow Down" (a Larry Williams tune best remembered for a 1964 cover version by the Beatles) injected at mid-song with much of the second stanza of Carl Perkins' "Blue Suede Shoes", altered at its end:

The album also features two hits which received national airplay: "Who's Behind the Door?" and "Tell Me What You Want". On the strength of both singles the album became one of Atlantic's fastest-selling debut albums ever and peaked at #29, attaining a level of commercial success the band was unable to repeat on subsequent releases.

"Take Your Fingers from My Hair" was covered by Dream Theater for the special edition of their tenth studio album, Black Clouds & Silver Linings.

This album, along with the follow-up No Tellin' Lies, was remastered and reissued by UK-based company Rock Candy Records in 2013.
Yumi
Yumi (弓) is the Japanese term for a bow. As used in English, yumi refers more specifically to traditional Japanese asymmetrical bows, and includes the longer daikyū (大弓) and the shorter hankyū (半弓) used in the practice of kyūdō and kyūjutsu, or Japanese archery.

The yumi was an important weapon of the samurai warrior during the feudal period of Japan. It is typically shot with Japanese arrows known as ya.

The most famous style of yumi is an asymmetrically shaped long bow with a length of more than 2 m (6 ft 7 in), characterized by the archer holding the part of the bow below the center to shoot the arrow.

Ya (arrow)
Ya (矢, arrow) is the Japanese word for arrow, and commonly refers to the arrows used in kyūdō (弓道, Japanese archery). Ya also refers to the arrows used by samurai during the feudal era of Japan. Unlike Western arrows, the ya is close to a metre long or longer. Traditional ya are made from natural materials, usually bamboo, while modern ones may use aluminium or carbon fiber.
2025 Alpine Skiing World Cup – Men's giant slalom
The men's giant slalom in the 2025 FIS Alpine Skiing World Cup consisted of nine events, including the final. The season opened in Sölden, Austria on 27 October 2024. Through the first four events of this season, the discipline had four different leaders; however, the last of that group, three-time defending champion Marco Odermatt of Switzerland, kept the lead after taking it and wrapped up the discipline title the week before finals.

The season was interrupted for the FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 2025, this time in Saalbach, Austria during 4–16 February 2025. The championship in men's giant slalom took place on Friday, 14 February, and was won in a huge upset by Raphael Haaser of Austria, who had never won a top-level race in his career (although he had previously won a silver and a bronze medal in the World Championships).

2024–25 FIS Alpine Ski World Cup
The 2024–25 FIS Alpine Ski World Cup, organised by the International Ski Federation (FIS), was the 59th World Cup season for men and women as the highest level of international alpine skiing competitions.

The season started on 26 October 2024 in Sölden, Austria, and concluded on 27 March 2025 at the finals in Sun Valley, United States.

The season took a break in February for the World Championships in Saalbach, Austria.

Marco Odermatt and Lara Gut-Behrami, both from Switzerland, were the reigning champions from the previous season. Odermatt successfully defended his title, claiming the crystal globe for the 4th consecutive time. Gut-Behrami finished the season in 2nd place, as Federica Brignone from Italy secured the women's overall title for the 2nd time in her career.
Symmetric function
In mathematics, a function of  variables is symmetric if its value is the same no matter the order of its arguments. For example, a function  of two arguments is a symmetric function if and only if  for all  and  such that  and  are in the domain of  The most commonly encountered symmetric functions are polynomial functions, which are given by the symmetric polynomials.

A related notion is alternating polynomials, which change sign under an interchange of variables. Aside from polynomial functions, tensors that act as functions of several vectors can be symmetric, and in fact the space of symmetric -tensors on a vector space  is isomorphic to the space of homogeneous polynomials of degree  on  Symmetric functions should not be confused with even and odd functions, which have a different sort of symmetry.

Alternating polynomial
In algebra, an alternating polynomial is a polynomial  such that if one switches any two of the variables, the polynomial changes sign:

Equivalently, if one permutes the variables, the polynomial changes in value by the sign of the permutation:

More generally, a polynomial  is said to be alternating in  if it changes sign if one switches any two of the , leaving the  fixed.
Walter Smith III
Walter Smith III (born September 24, 1980) is an American jazz saxophonist and composer. He is the Chair of the Woodwind Department at the Berklee College of Music.

In addition to performing with his own group, Smith is a member of the Ambrose Akinmusire Quintet and Eric Harland's Voyager. He regularly plays and records with Taylor Eigsti, Christian Scott, Logan Richardson, Kendrick Scott, Aaron Parks, Warren Wolf, and others.

Chief Xian aTunde Adjuah
Chief Xian aTunde Adjuah (/ˈzaɪ.ən/) (born March 31, 1983, formerly Christian Scott) is an American jazz trumpeter, multi-instrumentalist, composer, and producer.

He has been nominated for six Grammy Awards and is a two-time Edison Award winner. He has been named the Jazz FM Innovator of the Year and the Jazz Journalists Association Trumpeter of the Year. He has also received the Herb Alpert Award in the Arts, the Changing Worlds Peace Maker Award, and the Doris Duke Performing Arts Award. Adjuah is the nephew of jazz saxophonist Donald Harrison Jr. Adjuah is the Chieftain of the Xodokan Nation of Maroons and Grand Griot of New Orleans, an honor bestowed by the Ashé Cultural Center as part of annual rites commemorating the Maafa.