hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
William A. Ryan III
William A. Ryan III (born 1972) is a career officer in the United States Army. A 1994 graduate of the United States Military Academy at West Point, he is an Aviation officer and a veteran of the Iraq War and the War in Afghanistan. Ryan attained the rank of major general as commander of First Army Division West in 2023 and served as interim commander of First Army in 2024. In 2025, Ryan was assigned as director of operations for United Nations Command and Republic of Korea/US Combined Forces Command. His major awards and decorations include the Defense Superior Service Medal, multiple awards of the Legion of Merit, and the Distinguished Flying Cross.

Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
The Distinguished Flying Cross (DFC) is a military decoration of the United States Armed Forces. The medal was established on July 2, 1926, and is awarded to those who, after April 6, 1917, have distinguished themselves by single acts of heroism or extraordinary achievement while participating in aerial flight. Both heroism and extraordinary achievement are entirely distinctive, involving operations that are not routine. The medal may be awarded to friendly foreign military members in ranks equivalent to the U.S. paygrade of O-6 and below in combat or support operations.
East Brimfield Dam
The East Brimfield Dam is located on the Quinebaug River in Sturbridge, Massachusetts, approximately 20 miles (32 km) southwest of Worcester, Massachusetts.

Designed and constructed by the United States Army Corps of Engineers, this dam substantially reduces flooding along the Quinebaug and Thames rivers. Construction of the project began in 1958 with completion in 1960 at a cost of $6,580,000.

The East Brimfield Reservoir, located in Sturbridge and Brimfield to its west, lies within the Quinebaug River Watershed and is part of the Thames River Basin. Access to the site is available from US Route 20.

Sturbridge, Massachusetts
Sturbridge is a town in Worcester County, Massachusetts, United States. It is home to Old Sturbridge Village living history museum and other sites of historical interest such as Tantiusques.

The population was 9,867 at the 2020 census, with more than 3,600 households. For geographic and demographic information on specific parts of the town of Sturbridge, see: Fiskdale and Sturbridge (CDP).
Severin Jensen
Severin Jensen (1723 – after 1809) was a Danish architect who worked mainly in the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia. In 1772 he became a chief architect of Duke Peter von Biron, and in 1795 the chief architect of the Courland Governorate.

Duchy of Courland and Semigallia
The Duchy of Courland and Semigallia was a duchy in the Baltic region, then known as Livonia, that existed from 1561 to 1569 as a nominal vassal state of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and subsequently made part of the Crown of the Polish Kingdom from 1569 to 1726 and incorporated into the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1726. On October 24, 1795, it was annexed by the Russian Empire in the Third Partition of Poland.
German submarine U-203
German submarine U-203 was a German Type VIIC submarine U-boat built for Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine for service during World War II.

Built as yard number 632 of Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft AG in Kiel, she was laid down on 28 March 1940, launched on 4 January 1941 and commissioned on 18 February under Kapitänleutnant Rolf Mützelburg.

U-203 carried out eleven patrols with the first flotilla and is credited with sinking 19 ships for 91,577 gross register tons (GRT) and damaging a further three for 17,052 GRT. She was a member of eleven wolfpacks.

She was sunk by British carrier-borne aircraft and a British warship southeast of Greenland on 25 April 1943.

Wolfpack (naval tactic)
The wolfpack (Rudeltaktik) was a convoy attack tactic employed in the Second World War. It was used principally by the U-boats of the Kriegsmarine during the Battle of the Atlantic, and by the submarines of the United States Navy in the Pacific War. The idea of a co-ordinated submarine attack on convoys had been proposed during the First World War but had had no success. In the Atlantic during the Second World War, the Germans had considerable successes with their wolfpack attacks but were ultimately defeated by the Allies of World War II. In the Pacific, the American submarine force was able to devastate the Japanese merchant marine, though this was not solely due to the wolfpack tactic. Wolfpacks fell out of use during the Cold War as the role of the submarine changed.
Raphaela Lukudo
Raphaela Boaheng Lukudo (born 29 July 1994) is an Italian sprinter specialized in the 400 m, who won four medals at international senior level with Italian national track relay team of the 4 × 400 m relay.

4 × 400 metres relay
The 4 × 400 metres relay or long relay is an athletics track event in which teams consist of four runners who each complete 400 metres or one lap, totaling 1600 meters. It is traditionally the final event of a track meet. The first leg and the first bend of the second leg are run in lanes. Start lines are thus staggered over a greater distance than in an individual 400 metres race; the runners then typically move to the inside of the track. The slightly longer 4 × 440 yards relay, on an Imperial distance, was a formerly run British Commonwealth and American event, until metrication was completed in the 1970s.
Botad district
Botad district is a district in the state of Gujarat, India. It was formed on August 15, 2013 from the southwestern section of Ahmedabad District and the northwestern part of Bhavnagar District. Erstwhile, it was part of Bhavnagar District. Botad District is surrounded by Surendranagar District to the northeast, Rajkot District to the west, Bhavnagar District and Amreli District to the south and Ahmedabad District to the East.

Ahmedabad district
Ahmedabad (Amdavad) district is a district comprises the city of Ahmedabad, in the central part of the state of Gujarat in western India. It is the seventh most populous district in India (out of 739). Ahmedabad District Surrounded By Kheda district in the east, Mehsana district in the north, Anand district in the south and Surendranagar district in the west.
Beryl
Beryl (/ˈbɛrəl/ BERR-əl) is a mineral composed of beryllium aluminium silicate with the chemical formula Be3Al2(SiO3)6. Well-known varieties of beryl include emerald and aquamarine. Naturally occurring  hexagonal crystals of beryl can be up to several meters in size, but terminated crystals are relatively rare. Pure beryl is colorless, but it is frequently tinted by impurities; possible colors are green, blue, yellow, pink, and red (the rarest). It is an ore source of beryllium.

Hexagonal crystal family
In crystallography, the hexagonal crystal family is one of the six crystal families, which includes two crystal systems (hexagonal and trigonal) and two lattice systems (hexagonal and rhombohedral). While commonly confused, the trigonal crystal system and the rhombohedral lattice system are not equivalent (see section crystal systems below). In particular, there are crystals that have trigonal symmetry but belong to the hexagonal lattice (such as α-quartz).

The hexagonal crystal family consists of the 12 point groups such that at least one of their space groups has the hexagonal lattice as underlying lattice, and is the union of the hexagonal crystal system and the trigonal crystal system. There are 52 space groups associated with it, which are exactly those whose Bravais lattice is either hexagonal or rhombohedral.
Chief of Personnel (Indian Navy)
The Chief of Personnel (COP) in the Indian Navy is a senior appointment in the rank of Vice-Admiral. As a Principal Staff Officer (PSO) at Naval Headquarters (NHQ), the COP is responsible for personnel-related matters. The present COP is Vice Admiral Gurcharan Singh who was appointed on 1 November 2025.

Vice admiral (India)
Vice admiral is a three-star flag officer rank in the Indian Navy. It is the second-highest active rank in the Indian Navy. Vice admiral ranks above the two-star rank of rear admiral and below the four-star rank of admiral, which is held by the Chief of the Naval Staff (CNS).

The equivalent rank in the Indian Army is lieutenant general and in the Indian Air Force is air marshal. Officers in the rank of vice admiral hold important appointments at the naval commands and at the naval headquarters.
Kaliese Spencer
Kaliese Spencer Carter, née Kaliese Spencer,  (6 May 1987) is a Jamaican track and field athlete who specialises in the 400 metres hurdles. She won the bronze medal in the event at the 2012 London Olympics. Spencer was the Commonwealth Games champion in 2014 and a double silver medallist at the 2014 World Indoor Championships. She finished fourth at both the 2009 and 2011 World Championships in Athletics.

Spencer was the 2006 World junior champion. She is a four-time Diamond League 400 m hurdles winner.

2006 World Junior Championships in Athletics
The 2006 World Junior Championships in Athletics were the 2006 version of the World Junior Championships in Athletics. It was held from 15 August to 20 August at the Chaoyang Sports Centre in Beijing, the capital of the People's Republic of China.

The Championships were dominated by the host nation China, and Kenya. The United States showed a near complete domination in the relay events. Estonia won four gold medals; their first medals ever at the World Junior Championships.
Jōrakuji-Nanatsuzuka Kofun Cluster
The Jōrakuji-Nanatsuzuka Kofun Cluster (浄楽寺・七ツ塚古墳群, Jōrakuji-Nanatsuzuka kofun-gun) is a group of Kofun period burial mounds located in the Takasugi and Odasaiwai neighborhoods of the city of Miyoshi, Hiroshima Prefecture in the San'yō region of Japan. The cluster was designated a National Historic Site in 1972.

Kofun
Kofun (古墳; from Sino-Japanese "ancient burial mound") are megalithic tombs or tumuli in Northeast Asia. Kofun were mainly constructed in the Japanese archipelago between the middle of the 3rd century to the early 7th century AD.

The term is the origin of the name of the Kofun period, which indicates the middle 3rd century to early–middle 6th century. Many kofun have distinctive keyhole-shaped mounds (zempō-kōen fun (前方後円墳)). The Mozu-Furuichi kofungun or tumulus clusters were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2019, while Ishibutai Kofun is one of a number in Asuka-Fujiwara residing on the Tentative List.
Ḥuwallušiya (region)
Ḥuwallušiya was an ancient region of Anatolia located west of the Kızılırmak River and named in the Annals of Mursili, the Annals of Tudḫaliya and several itineraries of Hittite troop movements in the fifteenth century BC. It was one of the lands of the Assuwa coalition  that opposed the Hittites.

Kızılırmak River
The Kızılırmak (Turkish pronunciation: [kɯzɯlɯrmak], Turkish for "Red River"), once known as the Halys River (Ancient Greek: Ἅλυς) and Alis River, is the longest river flowing entirely within Turkey. It is a source of hydroelectric power and is not used for navigation.
Exit (command)
In computing, exit is a command used in many operating system command-line shells and scripting languages.

The command causes the shell or program to terminate. If performed within an interactive command shell, the user is logged out of their current session, and/or user's current console or terminal connection is disconnected. Typically an optional exit code can be specified, which is typically a simple integer value that is then returned to the parent process.

Exit (system call)
On many computer operating systems, a computer process terminates its execution by making an exit system call. More generally, an exit in a multithreading environment means that a thread of execution has stopped running. For resource management, the operating system reclaims resources (memory, files, etc.) that were used by the process. The process is said to be a dead process after it terminates.
Pyramid Mountains
The Pyramid Mountains are a 30 mi (48 km) long, mountain range in central-east Hidalgo County, New Mexico. The city of Lordsburg and Interstate 10 lie at its northern border.

The range lies between the northeast corner of the north–south Animas Valley on the west and the Playas and Lordsburg valleys to the southeast and northeast respectively. The continental divide passes through the southern end of the range.

The Chihuahuan Desert has its northwest extension into the foothills regions of the Pyramid Mountains.

Continental Divide of the Americas
The Continental Divide of the Americas (also known as the Great Divide, the Western Divide or simply the Continental Divide; Spanish: Divisoria continental de América, Gran Divisoria) is the principal, and largely mountainous, hydrological divide of the Americas. The Continental Divide extends from the Bering Strait to the Strait of Magellan, and separates the watersheds that drain into the Pacific Ocean from those river systems that drain into the Atlantic and Arctic Ocean, including those that drain into the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean Sea, and Hudson Bay.

Although there are many other hydrological divides in the Americas, the Continental Divide is by far the most prominent of these because it tends to follow a line of high peaks along the main ranges of the Rocky Mountains and Andes, at a generally much higher elevation than the other hydrological divisions.
CS/LR19
The CS/LR19 Sniper Rifle (Chinese: CS/LR19式狙击步枪; pinyin: CS/LR19 shì jūjī bùqiāng) also known as the NSG-85, is a semi-automatic sniper rifle designed by Norinco and manufactured by Shandong Zhongdun Police-Used Equipment Co., Ltd. in China. The CS/LR19 was first publicly shown in the 7th China International Police Equipment Expo held in Beijing, China. It is also offered to the international market and was shown in the 2014 Eurosatory exhibition in France. It is an upgraded version of the Chinese copy of the Dragunov SVD rifle, the Type 85. It is chambered in 7.62x54R cartridge.

Sniper rifle
A sniper rifle is a high-precision, long-range rifle. Requirements include high accuracy, reliability, mobility, concealment, and optics, for anti-personnel, anti-materiel and surveillance uses by military snipers. The modern sniper rifle is a portable shoulder-fired rifle with either a bolt action or semi-automatic action, fitted with a telescopic sight for extreme accuracy and chambered for a high-ballistic performance centerfire cartridge.
Rashaya
Rashaya, Rachaya, Rashaiya, Rashayya or Rachaiya (Arabic: راشيا), also known as Rashaya al-Wadi or Rachaya el-Wadi (and variations), is a town of the Rashaya District in the western portion of the Beqaa Governorate of Lebanon. It is situated at around 1,200 metres (3,900 ft) above sea level on the western slopes of Mount Hermon, south east of Beirut near the Syrian border, and approximately halfway between Jezzine and Damascus.

Rachaya is known for the Rashaya Citadel where Bshara El Khoury was jailed in 1943. Since then, the town has become a symbol of independence.

Bechara El Khoury
Bechara Khalil El Khoury (Arabic: بشارة خليل الخوري; 10 August 1890 – 11 January 1964) was a Lebanese politician who served as the 1st president of Lebanon, holding office from 21 September 1943 to 18 September 1952, apart from an 11-day interruption (11–22 November) in 1943. He had previously served two short terms as Prime Minister, from 5 May 1927 to 10 August 1928, and 9 May to 11 October 1929.
Lone Survivor (book)
Lone Survivor: The Eyewitness Account of Operation Redwing and the Lost Heroes of SEAL Team 10 (2007) is a non-fiction book written by Marcus Luttrell with assistance from novelist and ghostwriter Patrick Robinson and published by Little, Brown and Company. The narrative takes place in Afghanistan, following Luttrell and a group of U.S. Navy SEALs. It has since seen a 2013 film adaptation of the same name, with Mark Wahlberg starring as Luttrell.

United States Navy SEALs
The United States Navy Sea, Air, and Land (SEAL) Teams, commonly known as Navy SEALs, are the United States Navy's primary special operations force and a component of the United States Naval Special Warfare Command. Among the SEAL's main functions are conducting small-unit special operation missions in maritime, jungle, urban, arctic, mountainous, and desert environments. SEALs are typically ordered to capture or kill high-level targets, or to gather intelligence behind enemy lines.

SEAL team personnel are hand-selected, highly trained, and highly proficient in unconventional warfare (UW), direct action (DA), and special reconnaissance (SR), among other tasks like sabotage, demolition, intelligence gathering, and hydrographic reconnaissance, training, and advising friendly militaries or other forces. All active SEALs are members of the U.S. Navy.
Anjali Marathe
Anjali Marathe is an Indian playback singer and Hindustani vocalist. In 1995, she was awarded the National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer for the song "Bhui Bhegalali Khol" from the Marathi film Doghi. She has also received Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer for the same.

Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer
The Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Playback Singer Female is an honour established in 1962, and presented at the Maharashtra State Film Awards for best female playback singer in Marathi cinema.

The first recipient was Asha Bhosle, who was honoured at the 1st Maharashtra State Film Awards in 1962 for her rendition from the movie Manini. As of 2024, The female  playback singer who won the most awards is Asha Bhosle with eighteen wins, followed by Anuradha Paudwal with six wins. Devaki Pandit with four wins and Sadhana Sargam with three wins. Lata Mangeshkar Suman Kalyanpur, Uttara Kelkar, Pushpa Pagdhare, and Jayshree Shivram have won it twice.
Shamshaan Champa
Shamshaan Champa (transl. Cremation's  Flower) is an Indian Hindi-language supernatural horror, mystery television series that aired from 20 August 2024 to 5 October 2024 on Shemaroo Umang under the banner of 4 Lions Films. It starts Trupti Mishra, Ayush Shrivastava and Antara Biswas.

Shemaroo Entertainment
Shemaroo Entertainment Ltd. is an Indian content creator, aggregator and distributor, specifically in the media and entertainment industry. It was founded by Buddhichand Maroo in 1962 as a book-circulating library under the name Shemaroo. It set up India's first video rental business in 1979. The company went national after it began content distribution in 1987, became aggregators and bought rights to movies for home video.

Currently, the brand has a collection of over 3700 movie titles in multiple Indian languages and offers services to customers in over 30 countries including the US, the UK, Singapore, UAE and Australia.
Asociación del Sello de Productos de Comercio Justo
The Asociación del Sello de Productos de Comercio Justo (ASPCJ) is the Spanish member of FLO International, which unites 23 Fairtrade producer and labelling initiatives across Europe, Asia, Latin America, North America, Africa, Australia and New Zealand.

The ASPCJ was established in 2005 by the Fundación Ecología y Desarrollo, Fundación ETEA para el Desarrollo y la Cooperación, Fundación Intermon-Oxfam, Federación SETEM, IDEAS (Iniciativas de Economía Alternativa y Solidaria), Alternativa 3, Cáritas Española, CECU (Confederación de Consumidores y Usuarios) and the CECJ (Coordinadora Estatal de Comercio Justo).

The two key activities of the ASPCJ are:

licensing the International Fairtrade Certification Mark in Spain;

raising awareness about Fairtrade certification in an effort to boost sales of Fairtrade products;

There are currently four Fairtrade certified products available in Spain: coffee, sugar, cocoa and tea.

Fair trade certification
A fair trade certification is a product certification within the market-based movement of fair trade. The most widely used fair trade certification is FLO International's, the International Fairtrade Certification Mark, used in Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia and New Zealand. Fair Trade Certified Mark is the North American equivalent of the International Fairtrade Certification Mark. As of January 2011, there were more than 1,000 companies certified by FLO International's certification and a further 1,000 or so certified by other ethical and fairtrade certification schemes around the world.

The Fairtrade International certification system covers a wide range of products, including banana, coffee, cocoa, cotton, cane sugar, flowers and plants, honey, dried fruit, fruit juices, herbs, spices, tea, nuts and vegetables.
Mrinal Jha
Mrinal Jha is an Indian writer, screenwriter and producer, who works in Hindi films and Television. She has written for popular TV shows such as Kaahin Kissii Roz, Banoo Main Teri Dulhann, Maayka, Agle Janam Mohe Bitiya Na Kijo, Qubool Hai, Divya Drishti, Naagin, Ishqbaaaz,Yehh Jadu Hai Jinn Ka!.

Mrinal Jha won Gold Award for Best Writer (story) in 2008 for the TV serial, Maayka. She is the winner of 2019 Indian Television Academy (ITA) Awards Best Story for the Sony TV's Tara From Satara. Her recent venture Pishachini. won ITA Award for Best Visual Effects and Best Singer in 2023. In 2024, She worked on Qayaamat se Qayaamat Tak for Colors TV and Janani-AI Ki Kahani for Dangal TV. The latter won the Award for Best Fantasy Show at the ITA Awards 2024.

Banoo Main Teri Dulhann
Banoo Main Teri Dulhann (transl. I will become your Bride) is a Hindi drama television series that aired on Zee TV from 14 August 2006 to 28 May 2009. The series deals with the trials and tribulations of an uneducated small-town woman, Vidya, after she marries Sagar, a rich educated businessman who is mentally ill and childlike after a car accident.
Rule of replacement
In logic, a rule of replacement is a transformation rule that may be applied to only a particular segment of an expression. A logical system may be constructed so that it uses either axioms, rules of inference, or both as transformation rules for logical expressions in the system. Whereas a rule of inference is always applied to a whole logical expression, a rule of replacement may be applied to only a particular segment. Within the context of a logical proof, logically equivalent expressions may replace each other. Rules of replacement are used in propositional logic to manipulate propositions.

Common rules of replacement include de Morgan's laws, commutation, association, distribution, double negation, transposition, material implication, logical equivalence, exportation, and tautology.

Logical equivalence
In logic and mathematics, statements  and  are said to be logically equivalent if they have the same truth value in every model. The logical equivalence of  and  is sometimes expressed as , , , or , depending on the notation being used.
However, these symbols are also used for material equivalence, so proper interpretation would depend on the context. Logical equivalence is different from material equivalence, although the two concepts are intrinsically related.