hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Tamale College of Education
Tamale College of Education is a teacher education college in Tamale
(Sagnarigu District, Northern Region, Ghana). The college is located in Northern Zone zone.
It is one of the 46 public colleges of education in Ghana. The college participated in the DFID-funded T-TEL programme.  For the 2018/2019 academic year, the  institution received 1086 admission applications but  admitted 543. The rest were rejected  due to infrastructural challenges.

Tamale, Ghana
Tamale (Dagbani: [ˈtamali]) is the capital city of the Northern Region of Ghana. It is Ghana's third largest city, with a population of 374,744 people (185,051 males and 189,693 females) as of 2021 population census).: 67  The city has been ranked as the fastest-growing city in West Africa. Tamale is located in the Kingdom of Dagbon, Ghana's oldest Kingdom. It is traditionally inhabited by Dagombas, and other current residents are Gonja, Mamprusi and Akan. As of 2025, the Mayor is Hon. Abu Takoro.

The city grew from a small village to an important economic center in the Northern Territories after the British government established administrative headquarters in the area. It became the capital of the Northern Region in 1960.: 1, 2, 15  The local economy is based on agriculture, followed by trading, teaching, and manufactures.: 42

Economic activities in Tamale revolve around farming and trading.
Governor of Uşak
The Governor of Uşak (Turkish: Uşak Valiliği) is the bureaucratic state official responsible for both national government and state affairs in the Province of Uşak. Similar to the Governors of the 80 other Provinces of Turkey, the Governor of Uşak is appointed by the Government of Turkey and is responsible for the implementation of government legislation within Uşak. The Governor is also the most senior commander of both the Uşak provincial police force and the Uşak Gendarmerie.

Uşak Province
Uşak (Turkish: Uşak ili) is a province in western Turkey. Its adjacent provinces are Manisa to the west, Denizli to the south, Afyon to the east, and Kütahya to the north. The provincial capital is Uşak, and its licence location code is 64. Its area is 5,555 km2, and its population is 390,000 (2026).

In August 2018, the province decided to stop running digital advertisement on United States based social media platforms like Facebook, Google, Instagram, Twitter and YouTube canceling all of the budget as a response to the U.S. sanctions on Turkey. The U.S. sanctions were over the detention of the Pastor Andrew Brunson.
Bruce Kovner
Bruce Stanley Kovner (born February 25 1945) is an American billionaire hedge fund manager and philanthropist. He is chairman of CAM Capital, which he established in January 2012 to manage his investment, trading and business activities. From 1983 through 2011, Kovner was founder and chairman of Caxton Associates, a diversified trading company. As of April 2024, his net worth was estimated at US$7.7 billion.

Kovner is chairman of the Juilliard School and vice chairman of Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts. He is on the boards of the Metropolitan Opera, and American Enterprise Institute.

American Enterprise Institute
The American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, known simply as the American Enterprise Institute (AEI), is a center-right think tank based in Washington, D.C., that researches government, politics, economics, and social welfare. AEI is an independent nonprofit organization supported primarily by contributions from foundations, corporations, and individuals.

Founded in 1938, the organization is aligned with conservatism. AEI advocates in favor of private enterprise, limited government, and democratic capitalism. It is governed by a 29-member Board of Trustees. Approximately 185 authors are associated with AEI. Arthur C. Brooks served as president of AEI from January 2009 through July 1, 2019. He was succeeded by Robert Doar.
Yanliao Biota
The Yanliao Biota is the name given to an assembly of fossils preserved in northeastern China from the Middle to Late Jurassic. It includes fossils from the Tiaojishan Formation and Haifanggou Formation. This spans approximately 165 to 150 million years ago.

Like the Jehol Biota, these deposits are composed of alternating layers of volcanic tuff and sediment, and are considered Lagerstätte. These are some of the best preserved Jurassic fossils in the world, and include many important dinosaur, mammal, salamander, insect and lizard specimens, as well as plants.

Jehol Biota
The Jehol Biota includes all the living organisms – the ecosystem – of northeastern China between 133 and 120 million years ago. This is the Lower Cretaceous ecosystem which left fossils in the Yixian Formation and Jiufotang Formation. These deposits are composed of layers of tephra and sediment. It is also believed to have left fossils in the Sinuiju series of North Korea. The ecosystem in the Lower Cretaceous was dominated by wetlands and numerous lakes (not rivers, deltas, or marine habitats). Rainfall was seasonal, alternating between semiarid and mesic conditions. The climate was temperate. The Jehol ecosystem was interrupted periodically by ash eruptions from volcanoes to the west. The word "Jehol" is a historical transcription of the former Rehe Province.
The Way of the Sufi
The Way of the Sufi was the best-selling follow-up introduction to Sufism by the writer Idries Shah after the publication of his first book on the subject, The Sufis. Whereas The Sufis eschewed academic norms such as footnotes and an index, The Way of the Sufi provided a full section of notes and a bibliography at the end of its first chapter, entitled "The Study of Sufism in the West".

Shortly before he died, Shah stated that his books form a complete course that could fulfil the function he had fulfilled while alive. As such, The Way of the Sufi can be read as part of a whole course of study.

The Sufis
The Sufis is one of the best known books on Sufism by the writer Idries Shah. First published in 1964 with an introduction by Robert Graves, it introduced Sufi ideas to the West in a format acceptable to non-specialists at a time when the study of Sufism had largely become the reserve of Orientalists.

Shortly before he died, Shah stated that his books form a complete course that could fulfil the function he had fulfilled while alive. As such, The Sufis can be read as part of a whole course of study.
Bergen an der Dumme
Bergen an der Dumme is a municipality in the district of Lüchow-Dannenberg, in Lower Saxony, Germany. The Polabian name of Bergen is Tjörska (spelled Tÿörska in older German reference material), probably derived from tjöra (< Slavic *goră) ‘mountain’.

Bergen an der Dumme lies in the southwestern part of the Wendland region. It is located south of the Drawehn on the southeastern edge of the Elbufer-Drawehn Nature Park. The Wustrow Dumme, western tributary of the River Jeetzel, flows through it.

Lüchow-Dannenberg
Lüchow-Dannenberg is a district in Lower Saxony, Germany, which is usually referred to as Hanoverian Wendland (Hannoversches Wendland) or Wendland. It is bounded by (from the west and clockwise) the districts of Uelzen and Lüneburg and the states of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania (district of Ludwigslust-Parchim), Brandenburg (district of Prignitz), and Saxony-Anhalt (districts of Stendal and Altmarkkreis Salzwedel).
Kanwal Jeet Singh Dhillon
Lieutenant General Kanwal Jeet Singh Dhillon, PVSM, UYSM, YSM, VSM is a retired General Officer of the Indian Army and the Chairperson of the Board of Governors (BoG) of IIT Mandi. He last served as the Director General Defence Intelligence Agency (DG DIA) and Deputy Chief of Integrated Defence Staff (Intelligence) (DCIDS Int) under the Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) from 9 March 2020 to 31 January 2022. Prior to this, he served as the 48th Commander of the XV Corps assuming the post from Lieutenant General Anil Kumar Bhatt.

Yudh Seva Medal
The Yudh Seva Medal (lit. 'War Service Medal') is one of India's military decorations for distinguished service during wartime. It is awarded for a high degree of distinguished service in an operational context, which includes times of war, conflict, or hostilities and may be  awarded posthumously.

The award is the wartime equivalent of the Vishisht Seva Medal, which is a peacetime distinguished service decoration.

In 2019, Minty Agarwal became the first woman given the Yudh Seva Medal.
Head Games (song)
"Head Games" is the title-cut and second single taken from the band Foreigner's third release. It was written by Lou Gramm and Mick Jones, and released primarily in the U.S. in November 1979 while at the same time, "Love On The Telephone" was being released elsewhere.  The song's b-side, "Do What You Like" uses multi-layered harmony vocals along the lines of their earlier single, "Cold as Ice."

Cold as Ice (Foreigner song)
"Cold as Ice" is a 1977 song written by Lou Gramm and Mick Jones that was first released by British-American rock band Foreigner from their eponymous debut album. It became one of the best-known songs of the band in the US, peaking at No. 6 on the Billboard Hot 100. It was initially the B-side of some versions of the "Feels Like the First Time" 45 rpm single.

The single release is a few seconds shorter than the album version, but adds some orchestration (in the form of horns and strings at subtle levels).
Chaotropic activity
Chaotropicity describes the entropic disordering of lipid bilayers and other biomacromolecules which is caused by substances dissolved in water. According to the original usage and work carried out on cellular stress mechanisms and responses, chaotropic substances do not necessarily disorder the structure of water.

The chaotropic activities of solutes in the aqueous phase (e.g. ethanol, butanol, urea, MgCl2, and phenol) have been quantified using an agar-gelation assay. Whereas chaotropicity was first applied to studies of ions, it is equally applicable to alcohols, aromatics, ion mixtures, and other solutes. Furthermore, hydrophobic substances known to stress cellular systems (including benzene and toluene) can chaotropically disorder macromolecules and induce a chaotrope-stress response in microbial cells, even though they partition into the hydrophobic domains of macromolecular systems.

Macromolecule
A macromolecule is a "molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass." Polymers are physical examples of macromolecules. Common macromolecules are biopolymers (nucleic acids, proteins, and carbohydrates), polyolefins (polyethylene) and polyamides (nylon).
Brighstoneus
Brighstoneus (after Brighstone, a village on the Isle of Wight) is a genus of hadrosauriform dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous Wessex Formation of the Isle of Wight, England. The genus contains a single species, Brighstoneus simmondsi, known from a partial skeleton.

Wessex Formation
The Wessex Formation is a fossil-rich English geological formation that dates from the Berriasian to Barremian stages of the Early Cretaceous. It forms part of the Wealden Group and underlies the younger Vectis Formation and overlies the Durlston Formation. The dominant lithology of this unit is mudstone with some interbedded sandstones. It is part of the strata of the Wessex Basin, exposed in both the Isle of Purbeck and the Isle of Wight. While the Purbeck sections are largely barren of vertebrate remains, the Isle of Wight sections are well known for producing the richest and most diverse fauna in Early Cretaceous Europe.
DisCoCat
DisCoCat (Categorical Compositional Distributional) is a mathematical framework for natural language processing which uses category theory to unify distributional semantics with the principle of compositionality. The grammatical derivations in a categorial grammar (usually a pregroup grammar) are interpreted as linear maps acting on the tensor product of word vectors to produce the meaning of a sentence or a piece of text. String diagrams are used to visualise information flow and reason about natural language semantics.

Distributional semantics
Distributional semantics is a research area that develops and studies theories and methods for quantifying and categorizing semantic similarities between linguistic items based on their distributional properties in large samples of language data. The basic idea of distributional semantics can be summed up in the distributional hypothesis: linguistic items with similar distributions have similar meanings.
Blast Radio
Blast Radio (formerly known as Tube Radio) is the student radio station and Students' Union Club for University of West London. They broadcast online from studios based on campus, and on an RSL across the local area for four weeks in May. The station is a member of UK Student Radio Association.

University of West London
The University of West London (UWL) is a public research university in the United Kingdom with campuses in Ealing, Brentford, and Reading, Berkshire.

The university has roots in 1860 when the Lady Byron School was founded, later Ealing College of Higher Education. In 1992, the then-named Polytechnic of West London became a university as Thames Valley University (TVU). 18 years later, after several mergers, acquisitions and campus moves, it was renamed to its current name.

The University of West London comprises nine schools: The Claude Littner Business School, the London Geller College of Hospitality and Tourism, the School of Computing and Engineering, London College of Music, the College of Nursing, Midwifery and Healthcare, the School of Law, the School of Human and Social Sciences, the School of Biomedical Sciences and the London School of Film, Media and Design.
Montepescali railway station
Montepescali railway station is an Italian railway station on the Tirrenica railway line, located in the village of Braccagni, at the bottom of the hill of Montepescali, near the city of Grosseto. It serves as a junction for services on the Siena–Grosseto line that connect here and follow the main line south into Grosseto.

Grosseto railway station
Grosseto railway station (Italian: Stazione di Grosseto) is the main station
serving the city and comune of Grosseto, in the region of Tuscany, central Italy.  Opened in 1864, it forms part of the Pisa–Rome railway.

The station is currently managed by Rete Ferroviaria Italiana (RFI).  However, the commercial area of the passenger building is managed by Centostazioni.  Train services to and from the station are operated by Trenitalia.  Each of these companies is a subsidiary of Ferrovie dello Stato (FS), Italy's state-owned rail company.

The Pisa–Rome railway is a double track main line connecting Pisa with the Tyrrhenian Sea and Rome. Grosseto railway station is roughly at its halfway point. The station is also one of the termini of a single-track non-electrified secondary line to Siena. That line continues on from Siena as the Central Tuscany railway, and later as the Leopolda railway, towards Empoli and Florence.
Konsam Himalay Singh
Lieutenant General Dr. Konsam Himalay Singh PVSM, UYSM, AVSM, YSM is a retired Lieutenant General of the Indian Army. He is the first officer from northeast India to reach the rank of lieutenant general in the Indian Army and the first military officer from Manipur to reach the ranks of brigadier and major general. He was the Chairman of Manipur Public Service Commission and is currently a member of the Consultative Committee of Manipur Government on Naga Peace Talks as well as a visiting faculty member of Manipur University.

Appointed Chairman, Board of Governors, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Agartala. Source: ministry of Education, Govt of India letter no: FNo 54-9/2021-TS1 dated 26 August 2023

Yudh Seva Medal
The Yudh Seva Medal (lit. 'War Service Medal') is one of India's military decorations for distinguished service during wartime. It is awarded for a high degree of distinguished service in an operational context, which includes times of war, conflict, or hostilities and may be  awarded posthumously.

The award is the wartime equivalent of the Vishisht Seva Medal, which is a peacetime distinguished service decoration.

In 2019, Minty Agarwal became the first woman given the Yudh Seva Medal.
Pop Maynard
George "Pop" Maynard (6 January 1872 – 29 November 1962) was an English folk singer and marbles champion. The folk singer Shirley Collins considers Maynard to have been the "finest traditional English singer, matched only by Harry Cox".

Shirley Collins
Shirley Elizabeth Collins MBE (born 5 July 1935) is an English folk singer who was a significant contributor to the British Folk Revival of the 1960s and 1970s. She often performed and recorded with her sister Dolly, whose accompaniment on piano and portative organ created unique settings for Shirley's plain, austere singing style.
Algebraic code-excited linear prediction
Algebraic code-excited linear prediction (ACELP) is a speech coding algorithm in which a limited set of pulses is distributed as excitation to a linear prediction filter. It is a linear predictive coding (LPC) algorithm that is based on the code-excited linear prediction (CELP) method and has an algebraic structure. ACELP was developed in 1989 by the researchers at the Université de Sherbrooke in Canada.

The ACELP method is widely employed in current speech coding standards such as AMR, EFR, AMR-WB (G.722.2), VMR-WB, EVRC, EVRC-B, SMV, TETRA, PCS 1900, MPEG-4 CELP and ITU-T G-series standards G.729, G.729.1 (first coding stage) and G.723.1. The ACELP algorithm is also used in the proprietary ACELP.net codec. Audible Inc. use a modified version for their speaking books. It is also used in conference-calling software, speech compression tools and has become one of the 3GPP formats.

The ACELP patent expired in 2018 and is now royalty-free.

Linear predictive coding
Linear predictive coding (LPC) is a method used mostly in audio signal processing and speech processing for representing the spectral envelope of a digital signal of speech in compressed form, using the information of a linear predictive model.

LPC is the most widely used method in speech coding and speech synthesis. It is a powerful speech analysis technique, and a useful method for encoding good quality speech at a low bit rate.
Puppet (software)
Puppet is a software configuration management tool used to manage stages of the IT infrastructure lifecycle.

Puppet uses an open-core model; its free-software version was released under version 2 of the GNU General Public License (GPL) until version 2.7.0, and later releases use the Apache License, while Puppet Enterprise uses a proprietary license. Puppet and Puppet Enterprise operate on multiple Unix-like systems (including Linux, Solaris, BSD, Mac OS X, AIX, HP-UX) and has Microsoft Windows support. Puppet itself is written in Ruby. Facter, Puppet’s cross-platform system profiling library, is also written in Ruby. Puppet Server and Puppet DB are written in Clojure.

It is developed by Puppet Inc., which is owned by Perforce, which is owned in turn by private equity firms.

Apache License
The Apache License is a permissive free-software license written by the Apache Software Foundation (ASF). It allows users to use the software for any purpose, to distribute it, to modify it, and to distribute modified versions of the software under the terms of the license, without concern for royalties. The ASF and its projects release their software products under the Apache License. The license is also used by many non-ASF projects.
Sleepmaxxing
Sleepmaxxing is an internet neologism referring to a set of practices, techniques, and products intended to maximize or optimize sleep quality and duration. The trend has been popularized on social media platforms such as TikTok, where it is often promoted as part of broader wellness and self-optimization movements. While many of the practices associated with sleepmaxxing overlap with established principles of sleep hygiene, others are experimental, lack scientific evidence, or may pose health risks.

Sleep hygiene
Sleep hygiene is a behavioral and environmental practice developed in the late 1970s as a method to help people with mild to moderate insomnia. Clinicians assess the sleep hygiene of people with insomnia and other conditions, such as depression, and offer recommendations based on the assessment. Sleep hygiene recommendations include establishing a regular sleep schedule, using naps with care, not exercising physically (or mentally) too close to bedtime, limiting worry, limiting exposure to light in the hours before sleep, getting out of bed if sleep does not come, not using bed for anything but sleep and sex, avoiding alcohol (as well as nicotine, caffeine, and other stimulants) in the hours before bedtime, and having a peaceful, comfortable and dark sleep environment.
Arisaig railway station
Arisaig railway station serves the village of Arisaig on the west coast of the Highland region of Scotland. This station is on the West Highland Line, measured 32 miles 2 chains (51.5 km) from the former Banavie Junction, near Fort William, between Beasdale and Morar on the way to Mallaig. The westernmost station on the Network Rail network, it is the only one of the four cardinal points of the national network that is not a terminus. ScotRail, who manage the station, operate all services.

Mallaig railway station
Mallaig railway station is a railway station serving the ferry port of Mallaig, Lochaber, in the Highland region of Scotland. This station is a terminus on the West Highland Line, 41 miles (66 km) by rail from Fort William and 164 miles (264 km) from Glasgow Queen Street. The station building is Category C listed. ScotRail, who manage the station, operate most of the services.
Eocathayornis
Eocathayornis is a genus of enantiornithean birds that was probably more basal or "primitive" than related genera Sinornis and Cathayornis. These birds lived during the Early Cretaceous in today's People's Republic of China.

The holotype IVPP 10916 was in 1994 found in the Boluochi quarry by Zhou Zhonghe in a layer of the Jiufotang Formation dating from the late Aptian. It consists of the skull and the top half of the postcranial skeleton on a plate and counterplate. The bones have only been preserved as impressions. In 2002, Zhou named and described the type species Eocathayornis walkeri. The generic name combines a Greek ἠώς, eos, "dawn", with Cathayornis, referring to the more basal build compared to the latter genus. The specific name honours Cyril Alexander Walker for his contributions to the study of the Enantiornithes.

Zhou in 2002 placed Eocathayornis in the Cathayornithidae.

Enantiornithes
The Enantiornithes, also known as enantiornithines or enantiornitheans in literature, are a group of extinct avialans ("birds" in the broad sense), the most abundant and diverse group known from the Mesozoic era. Almost all retained teeth and clawed fingers on each wing, but otherwise looked much like modern birds externally. Over seventy species of Enantiornithes have been named, but some names represent only single bones, so it is likely that not all are valid. The Enantiornithes became extinct at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary, along with Hesperornithes and all other non-avian dinosaurs.
Bhagat Singh Sukhdev Rajguru
Bhagat Singh Sukhdev Rajguru (Bhagat Singh, Shivaram Rajguru, and Sukhdev Thapar) were three prominent Indian revolutionary freedom fighters who were hanged by the British on March 23, 1931 for their role in the Lahore Conspiracy Case.

They were executed for their involvement in the assassination of British police officer John Saunders, an act of revenge for the death of Lala Lajpat Rai. The day of their martyrdom, March 23rd, is observed as Shaheed Diwas (Martyrs' Day) in India to honor their sacrifice for the country's freedom.

Sukhdev Thapar
Sukhdev Thapar (15 May 1907 – 23 March 1931) was an Indian freedom fighter who fought against the British government for Indian independence. He was a member of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA), and was executed along with Shivaram Rajguru and Bhagat Singh on 23 March 1931.