hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
John B. Funk
John Benjamin Funk (April 20, 1905 – March 16, 1993) was an American politician from Maryland. He served in the Maryland House of Delegates, Maryland Senate and as the secretary of state of Maryland. He was known for his chairmanship of the Maryland State Roads Commission and oversaw the construction of the Baltimore Beltway and the opening of Interstate 95.

Secretary of State of Maryland
The secretary of state of Maryland is charged with the administrative and record-keeping functions of the state government of the U.S. state of Maryland.  The secretary of state also holds custody of the Seal of Maryland.  Unlike in many states, the secretary of state is not an elective office, but is appointed by the governor and confirmed by the state senate. Susan C. Lee has served as the secretary of state since January 2023.
1997 Punjab provincial election
Provincial Assembly elections were held in Punjab, Pakistan on 3 February 1997 to elect all 240 members of the Provincial Assembly of Punjab, Pakistan along with nationwide general elections and three other provincial elections in Sindh, Balochistan, and North-West Frontier Province. The elections were held as a result of dismissal of Benazir Bhutto's second government by President Farooq Leghari in November 1996. After which, a caretaker government was inducted in Punjab under Mian muhammad Afzal Hayat, a former member of Punjab Assembly, as the Caretaker Chief Minister.

Chief Minister of Punjab (Pakistan)
The chief minister of Punjab (Punjabi/Urdu: وزیرِ اعلیٰ پنجاب, romanized: Wazīr-ē-Aʿlā Panjāb) is the head of government of the Pakistani province of Punjab. Elected by the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab, the chief minister leads the executive branch of the government of Punjab along with their appointed cabinet, with the governor of Punjab serving as the nominal head of executive and province. The chief minister is elected by a majority in the Punjab Assembly, where they serve as leader of the House. The office is held by virtue of the officeholder's ability to command the confidence of the Assembly, with no term limits. Maryam Nawaz Sharif is the 19th and current chief minister of Punjab.

The office of Chief Minister is located in Lahore, the capital of the Punjab province and is known as the CM Secretariat.
Aeritalia
Aeritalia was an aerospace engineering corporation based in Italy. It was formed out of the merger of two aviation companies, Fiat Aviazione and  Aerfer, in 1969.

Aeritalia continued several programs of its preceding companies, perhaps most prominently the Fiat G.222 transport aircraft. Furthermore, the company was involved in various multinational programs and initiatives, including the European multirole aircraft Panavia Tornado, the ATR family of regional airliners, and the fighter-bomber AMX International AMX. Aeritalia was also a partner in the Boeing 767 from its inception, and played a key role in the creation of the Italian space industry, being involved in the Alfa rocket. In 1990, Aeritalia and Selenia were merged at the behest of parent corporation Finmeccanica to create Alenia Aeronautica, an aerospace and defense specialist.

Regional airliner
A regional airliner, commuter airliner or feeder liner is a small airliner that is designed to fly up to 100 passengers on short-haul flights, usually feeding larger carriers' airline hubs from small markets. This class of airliners is typically flown by the regional airlines that are either contracted by or subsidiaries of the larger airlines. Regional airliners are used for short trips between smaller towns or from a larger city to a smaller city. Feeder liner, commuter, and local service are all alternative terms for the same class of flight operations.
Rank insignia of the Austro-Hungarian Army
This article deals with the rank insignia of the Austro-Hungarian Army, as worn by the Austro-Hungarian Army after the reorganisation in 1867 until 1918.

In the Austrian army rank insignia are traditionally called Paroli
(pl. Parolis) and are worn as gorget patch or collar tap, appliquéd to the gorget fore-part of the uniform coat, uniform jacket and/or battle-dress.

Waffenfarbe (Austria)
Waffenfarbe(n) or Egalisierungsfarbe(n) are colors that communicate the rank and arm of service for members of the police force or the Federal Army of the Republic of Austria (de: Bundesheer der Republik Österreich) . They are also referred to as Kragenspiegel (English: collar patches or gorget patches).
Académie SOAR
Académie Super Olympique d'une Afrique Renaissante, commonly known as SOAR and formerly known as CO Coyah, is a Guinean football club located in Ratoma, Guinea. The club competes in the Ligue 1 Pro, the top division of football in Guinea. Nicknamed SOAR, it was founded as CO Coyah in, but changed its name to Académie Super Olympique d'une Afrique Renaissante in 2019. SOAR has established itself as a talent generator developing young players most notably Morlaye Sylla.

Guinée Championnat National
The Guinée Championnat National (colloquially called Ligue 1 Pro) is the top level of Guinée Championnat National football competition created in 1965 under the authority of the Guinean Football Federation in Guinea.
Operation Maharat
Operation Maharat (30 December 1971–16 March 1972) was a military offensive of the Royal Lao Government aimed at Communist insurrectionists. At stake was the sole road junction in northern Laos well in the rear of Royalist troops fighting in Campaign Z. On 30 December 1971, the garrison of a Royal Lao Army artillery battery and two Forces Armées Neutralistes battalions was besieged by an attacking force of Pathet Lao and Patriotic Neutralists. On 21 January 1972, the Royalists were reinforced by 11th Brigade, then overrun. The Communists spread north and south along Route 13 over a 110 km (68 mi) stretch. A Royalist counter-attack on 16 March 1972 would find both Route 13 and the intersection vacated.

Pathet Lao
The Pathet Lao (Lao: ປະເທດລາວ, romanized: Pa thēt Lāo, lit. 'Lao Nation'), officially the Lao People's Liberation Army, was a communist political movement and organization in Laos, formed in the 20th century. It ultimately gained control over the entire country of Laos in 1975, after the Laotian Civil War. The Pathet Lao were associated and dependent on Vietnamese communists and North Vietnam since their foundation, with the group being established after advice from Hanoi to create a Laotian counterpart of the Viet Minh or Viet Cong. During the civil war, it was effectively organised, equipped and led by the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN). They fought against the anti-communist forces in the Vietnam War. Eventually, the term became the generic name for Laotian communists.
Under orders from Mao Zedong, the People's Liberation Army provided 115,000 guns, 920,000 grenades and 170 million bullets, and trained more than 700 of its military officers.
Capital Cost Allowance
Capital Cost Allowance (CCA) is the means by which Canadian businesses may claim depreciation expense for calculating taxable income under the Income Tax Act. Similar allowances are in effect for calculating taxable income for provincial purposes.

Income Tax Act (Canada)
The Canadian Income Tax Act, originally known as The Income War Tax Act, is federal legislation governing income taxes paid in Canada. It was originally introduced as a means to pay for the expenses of World War I. Income taxes are levied by both the federal government and the provincial and territorial governments and is collected by the federal government agency Canada Revenue Agency which administers both the Income Tax Act and the Excise Tax Act. Over 75% of Canadians file income taxes.
Charles Sumner House
The Charles Sumner House is a historic house on Beacon Hill in Boston, Massachusetts. The brick townhouse, built c. 1806, is notable as the home for many years of Charles Sumner (1811–1874), an outspoken and aggressive political opponent of slavery, whose beating on the floor of the United States Senate in 1856 was a defining moment of the pre-American Civil War period. The house was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1973. He lived in the house from 1830 until 1867.

Caning of Charles Sumner
The caning of Charles Sumner, or the Brooks–Sumner Affair, occurred on May 22, 1856, in the United States Senate chamber, when Representative Preston Brooks, a pro-slavery Democrat from South Carolina, used a walking cane to beat Senator Charles Sumner, an abolitionist Republican from Massachusetts, nearly to death. Although Sumner was unable to return to the Senate until December 1859, the Massachusetts legislature refused to replace him, leaving his empty desk in the Senate as a public reminder of the  attack.

Brooks' violence was in retaliation for an invective-laden speech given by Sumner two days earlier in which he fiercely criticized slaveholders, including pro-slavery South Carolina Senator Andrew Butler, a relative of Brooks. The event contributed significantly to the country's polarization over the issue of slavery. It is considered symbolic of the "breakdown of reasoned discourse" and willingness to resort to violence that led to the American Civil War.
Yoga as therapy
Yoga as therapy is the use of yoga as exercise, consisting mainly of postures called asanas, as a gentle form of exercise and relaxation applied specifically with the intention of improving health. This form of yoga is widely practised in classes, and may involve meditation, imagery, breath work (pranayama) and calming music as well as postural yoga.

At least three types of health claims have been made for yoga: magical claims for medieval haṭha yoga, including the power of healing; unsupported claims of benefits to organ systems from the practice of asanas; and more or less well supported claims of specific medical and psychological benefits from studies of differing sizes using a wide variety of methodologies.

Systematic reviews have found beneficial effects of yoga on low back pain and depression, but despite much investigation, little or no evidence of benefit for specific medical conditions. The study of trauma-sensitive yoga has been hampered by weak methodology.

Siddhi
In Indian religions, Siddhis (Sanskrit: सिद्धि siddhi; fulfillment, accomplishment) are material, paranormal, supernatural, or otherwise magical powers, abilities, and attainments that are the products of yogic advancement through sādhanās such as meditation and yoga. The term ṛddhi (Pali: iddhi, "psychic powers") is often used interchangeably in Buddhism.
2025 Egyptian Senate election
Senate elections were held in Egypt between 4 and 5 August 2025, with Egyptian expatriates voting between 1 and 2 August. Run-offs took place from 27–28 August. Results were announced by the National Elections Authority (NEA) on 12 August 2025.

Senate (Egypt)
The Senate is the upper house of Egypt's bicameral parliament,  with the House of Representatives serving as the lower house. Together, the Senate and the House of Representatives have the legislative authority under the Article 101 in Chapter Five of the Egyptian Constitution.

Since 1866, over a period that represents the history of parliamentary life in modern Egypt, the country has witnessed seven parliamentary systems, each with different legislative and oversight powers, ultimately reflecting the history of the Egyptian people’s struggle and their pursuit of establishing a democratic and free society.

It succeeded the Shura Council after the passage of the 2019 Egyptian constitutional referendum, with the subsequent 2020 Egyptian Senate election marking its first election. The current president of the Senate is Essam El-Din Farid.
Spinning (textiles)
Spinning is a twisting technique to form yarn from fibers. The fiber intended is drawn out, twisted, and wound onto a bobbin. A few popular fibers that are spun into yarn other than cotton, which is the most popular, are viscose (the most common form of rayon), animal fibers such as wool, and synthetic polyester. Originally done by hand using a spindle whorl, starting in the 500s AD the spinning wheel became the predominant spinning tool across Asia and Europe. The spinning jenny and spinning mule, invented in the late 1700s, made mechanical spinning far more efficient than spinning by hand, and especially made cotton manufacturing one of the most important industries of the Industrial Revolution.

Rayon
Rayon, also called viscose, is a semi-synthetic fiber made from natural sources of regenerated cellulose, such as wood and related agricultural products. It has the same molecular structure as cellulose. Many types and grades of rayon fibers and films exist. Some imitate the feel and texture of natural fibers such as silk, wool, cotton, and linen.  It can be woven or knitted to make textiles for clothing and other purposes.
Rayon production involves solubilizing cellulose fibers. Three common methods are as follows:

The cuprammonium process (obsolete), using ammoniacal solutions of copper salts

The viscose process (most common) using alkali and carbon disulfide

The Lyocell process, using amine oxide, avoids neurotoxic carbon disulfide but is more expensive
Toby Green (publisher)
Toby Green is a scholarly publisher who has worked with Academic Press, Applied Science Publishers,  Pergamon Press, Elsevier Science, and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). At OECD, Green launched important digital publishing initiatives such as SourceOECD (2001), its successor the OECD iLibrary (2010), and the OECD Better Life Index (2011). In 2017, OECD Publishing won the Academic and Professional Publisher Award from The London Book Fair.

Green has chaired the Council of the Association of Learned and Professional Society Publishers (ALPSP, 2010) and served on the publishing board of the Royal Society of Chemistry and the board of Annual Reviews. In 2019, Green co-founded Coherent Digital to improve access to grey literature policy documents from IGOs, NGOs, research centers and think tanks.

London Book Fair
The London Book Fair (LBF) is a large book-publishing trade fair held annually, usually in April, in London, England. LBF is a global marketplace for rights negotiation and the sale and distribution of content across print, audio, TV, film and digital channels.
Skënder Muço
Skënder Muço (1904–1944) was an Albanian lawyer and leader of Balli Kombëtar, one of the most important resistance organizations in Albania during World War II. Along with Musine Kokalari Muço founded the first social democratic party of Albania in 1943. In 1944 he was ambushed by German troops near Vlorë and executed three days later.

Musine Kokalari
Musine Kokalari (10 February 1917 – 13 August 1983) was an Albanian prose writer and politician in Albania's pre-communist period. She was the founder of the Social-Democratic Party of Albania in 1943. Kokalari was one of the first published female writers of Albania. After a short involvement in politics during World War II, she was persecuted by the communist regime in Albania, and not allowed to write anymore. She died in poverty and complete isolation.
Bighorn Divide and Wyoming Railroad
The Bighorn Divide and Wyoming Railroad (reporting mark BDW), founded in 1985, is a shortline railroad in Wyoming, United States. The company originally operated under the name Bad Water Line before its current operator purchased it in 2002. It operates 41.2 miles (66.3 km) of track within the state, including a line it owns between Shoshoni and Bonneville, Wyoming, along with trackage rights over BNSF Railway to Lysite that allow it to access a branch line to an oil facility. The company also performs switching at a rail yard near Casper, Wyoming, that is unconnected to its other operations.

Casper, Wyoming
Casper is a city in, and the county seat of, Natrona County, Wyoming, United States. Casper is the second-most populous city in the state after Cheyenne, with the population at 59,038 as of the 2020 census. Casper is nicknamed "The Oil City" and has a long history of oil boomtown and cowboy culture, dating back to the development of the nearby Salt Creek Oil Field.

Casper is located in east central Wyoming on the North Platte River.
Patrick Rimbert
Patrick Rimbert (French pronunciation: [patʁik ʁɛ̃bɛʁ]; July 20, 1944) is a French politician.
He is a member of the Socialist Party. He served as Mayor of Nantes from 2012 to 2014. He was deputy of the 1st constituency of Loire-Atlantique from 1997 to 2002. He was elected president of the Nantes region planning agency on January 14, 2015. He was general councilor of Loire-Atlantique from 1992 to 2001.

Blain, Loire-Atlantique
Blain (French pronunciation: [blɛ̃] ⓘ; Gallo: Blaen, Blin or Byein, Breton: Blaen) is a commune in the Loire-Atlantique department in western France. The commune includes the small town of Blain and the villages of Saint-Émilien-de-Blain and La Chaussée.
Abdul Akbar Khan
Abdul Akbar Khan (1 September 1949 – 12 January 2017) was a Pakistani politician from Mardan. He served as a deputy speaker and speaker of KPK (Then NWFP) assembly and was elected to the provisional assembly as MPA numerous times in 1988, 1990, 1993, 1996, 2002, and 2008 on Pakistan Peoples Party Parliamentarians ticket. He was also elected as a Member of the National Assembly (MNA) on PPP ticket. He died on 12 January 2017 in Islamabad due to heart failure.

Pakistan Peoples Party Parliamentarians
The Pakistan Peoples Party Parliamentarians (PPPP) is a Pakistani political party and an electoral extension of the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP). It was created in 2002 by Amin Fahim after Pervez Musharraf's government imposed restrictions on the PPP and its chairperson Benazir Bhutto to participate in Pakistani politics.

In January 2017, Asif Ali Zardari was elected as the President of PPPP.
Ocean Biomedical
Ocean Biomedical is a new-generation American biopharmaceutical company based in Providence, Rhode Island. The company has product candidates addressing malaria, pulmonary fibrosis, and lung cancer. Ocean Biomedical was founded by Indian-American physician Chirinjeev Kathuria with Scientific Co-founders Jack Elias and Dr. Jonathan Kurtis, both from Brown University’s Medical School faculty. They aim to build a pipeline of preclinical, clinical, and commercial drug development by bringing together interdisciplinary expertise and resources.

Alpert Medical School
The Warren Alpert Medical School (formerly known as Brown Medical School; previously known as Brown University School of Medicine) is the medical school of Brown University, located in Providence, Rhode Island. Originally established in 1811, it was the third medical school to be founded in New England after only Harvard and Dartmouth. However, the original program was suspended in 1827, and the four-year medical program was re-established almost 150 years later in 1972, granting the first MD degrees in 1975.

The Warren Alpert Medical School is a component of Brown's Division of Biology and Medicine, which also includes the Program in Biology. Together with the Medical School's seven affiliated teaching hospitals, the Division has $300 million in external research funding per year.
125th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line)
The 125th Street station (referred to on some strip maps as 125th Street–Lenox Avenue) is a station on the IRT Lenox Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of 125th Street (also known as Dr. Martin Luther King Jr Boulevard) and Lenox Avenue (also known as Malcolm X Boulevard) in Harlem, it is served by the 2 and 3 trains at all times.

The 125th Street station was constructed for the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) as part of the city's first subway line, which was approved in 1900. Construction on the tunnel segment that includes the 125th Street station started on October 2 of the same year. The station opened on November 23, 1904. The station platforms were lengthened in 1910.

The 125th Street station contains two side platforms and two tracks. The station was built with tile and mosaic decorations. The platforms contain exits to Lenox Avenue's intersection with 125th Street and are not connected to each other within fare control.

Interborough Rapid Transit Company
The Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) was the private operator of New York City's original underground subway line that opened in 1904, as well as earlier elevated railways and additional rapid transit lines in New York City. The IRT was purchased by the city on June 12, 1940, along with the younger BMT and IND systems, to form the modern New York City Subway. The former IRT lines (the numbered routes in the current subway system) are now the A Division or IRT Division of the Subway.
Ned Haig
Ned Haig (7 December 1858 in Jedburgh, Scotland – 29 March 1939 in Melrose, Scotland, buried in Wairds Cemetery, Melrose, Scotland) was a butcher and rugby union player notable for founding the sport of rugby sevens. He moved to Melrose when he was young. There he took up rugby (now rugby union) and joined Melrose Rugby Football Club (RFC) in 1880. In 1883 Haig suggested hosting a sports tournament to help raise money for the Melrose RFC and came up with the idea of playing with seven rather than 15 a side and reducing the match length to 15 minutes (from 80 minutes).

World Rugby Hall of Fame
The World Rugby Hall of Fame (formerly the IRB Hall of Fame) recognises special achievement and contribution to the sport of rugby union. The World Rugby Hall of Fame covers players, coaches, administrators, match officials, institutions and other individuals. The Hall of Fame recognises the history and important contributions to the game, through one or more induction ceremonies that have been held annually except in 2010. The permanent physical home of the Hall of Fame was based at the Rugby Art Gallery, Museum & Library in Rugby, Warwickshire from 2016 until 2021.
Hermenegild Santapau
Hermenegild Santapau (1903-1970) was a Spanish born naturalized Indian Jesuit priest and botanist, known for his taxonomic research on Indian flora. He was credited with the Latin nomenclature of several Indian plant species. A recipient of the Order of Alphonsus X the Wise and the Birbal Sahni Medal, he was honoured by the Government of India in 1967, with the award of Padma Shri, the fourth highest Indian civilian award for his contributions to the society.

Birbal Sahni
Birbal Sahni FRS (14 November 1891 – 10 April 1949) was an Indian paleobotanist who studied the fossils of the Indian subcontinent. He also took an interest in geology and archaeology. He founded what is now the Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany at Lucknow in 1946. His major contributions were in the study of the fossil plants of India and in plant evolution. He was also involved in the establishment of  Indian science education and served as the president of the National Academy of Sciences, India and as an honorary president of the International Botanical Congress, Stockholm.