hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Oxford spelling
Oxford spelling (also Oxford English Dictionary spelling, Oxford style, or Oxford English spelling) is a British spelling standard, named after its use by the Oxford University Press. It uses the letter -z- in the suffix -ize/-ise (in words such as realize and organization) instead of the -s- variant used by other British dictionaries and style guides.  This spelling is chosen to more closely reflect its origins in the Greek suffix ‑ίζω (‑ízō).

Oxford spelling is used by many UK-based academic journals (for example, Nature) and many international organizations (for example, the United Nations and its agencies). It is common for academic, formal, and technical writing for an international readership. In digital documents, Oxford spelling may be indicated by the IETF language tag en-GB-oxendict (or historically by en-GB-oed).

IETF language tag
An IETF BCP 47 language tag is a standardized code that is used to identify human languages on the internet. The tag structure has been standardized by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) in Best Current Practice (BCP) 47; the subtags are maintained by the IANA Language Subtag Registry.

To distinguish language variants for countries, regions, or writing systems (scripts), IETF language tags combine subtags from other standards such as ISO 639, ISO 15924, ISO 3166-1 and UN M.49.
For example, the tag en stands for English; es-419 for Latin American Spanish; rm-sursilv for Romansh Sursilvan; sr-Cyrl for Serbian written in Cyrillic script; nan-Hant-TW for Min Nan Chinese using traditional Han characters, as spoken in Taiwan; yue-Hant-HK for Cantonese using traditional Han characters, as spoken in Hong Kong; and gsw-u-sd-chzh for Zürich German.

It is used by computing standards such as HTTP,: §8.5.1  HTML, XML and PNG.
Alessandro Giusti
Alessandro "Sandro" Giusti (French pronunciation: [a.les.sã.dʁo ʒys.ti]; born 10 September 2006) is a French racing driver who is set to compete in the FIA Formula 3 Championship for MP Motorsport as part of the Williams Driver Academy.

Previously, Giusti competed in the French F4 Championship, where he was the 2022 champion. He competed with ART Grand Prix in the 2024 Formula Regional European Championship, finishing fourth overall. He is a member of the Williams Driver Academy.

FIA Formula 3 Championship
The FIA Formula 3 Championship (FIA F3) is a third-tier international single-seater racing championship organised by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA). The championship launched in 2019 as a feeder series for the FIA Formula 1 World Championship and FIA Formula 2 Championships. It was the result of a merger between two third-tier single-seater racing championships, the GP3 Series and the FIA Formula 3 European Championship. This championship is part of the FIA Global Pathway consolidation project plan. Unlike its co-predecessor, the Formula 3 European Championship, the series runs exclusively in support of Formula One races.
Edith Prickley
Edith Prickley was a character in all six seasons of the Canadian sketch comedy series SCTV. Created and played by Andrea Martin, the character took over as the station manager for the fictional television station Second City Television, based out of a city called Melonville, and serving the "tri-city area". Her character, visibly distinct by her leopard-print clothing and hat, and rhinestone studded glasses, served the station's president and owner, Guy Caballero.

The character of Edith Prickley was created for and played by comedian Andrea Martin, when the series debuted in 1976. Along with Caballero, Prickley was one of the few characters to appear throughout the entire run of the series, which ended in 1984. The character perhaps remains Martin's best known.

Martin was nominated in 1982 for the "Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy or Variety or Music Series" Emmy Award.

Animal print
Animal print is a clothing and fashion style in which the garment is made to resemble the pattern of the skin and fur, feathers or scales of animals such as a jaguar, leopard, snow leopard, cheetah, zebra, giraffe, tiger or cow. Animal print is also used for room decoration, handbags and footwear and even some jewelry. A major difference between animal prints and fur clothing is that animal prints today very often use fake fur instead of animal coat.
SS Vienna (1873)
The SS Vienna was built in 1873 during the era when steamers were built with sail rigging.  She had a 19 year career marked with maritime incidents including sinking when she was just three years old.  She sank for her final time in fair weather in Whitefish Bay in Lake Superior after she received a mortal blow when she was inexplicably rammed by the steamer Nipigon.  Although there were no deaths when the Vienna sank for the last time, more than 100 years later her wreck claimed the lives of 4 scuba divers, the most of all the wrecks in the Whitefish Point Underwater Preserve that now protects her as part of an underwater museum.  Her wreck was stripped of artifacts that resulted in the Michigan Department of Natural Resources seizing her artifacts in a raid on the Great Lakes Shipwreck Museum in 1992.  Her artifacts are now on display in this museum as loan from the State of Michigan.

Michigan Department of Natural Resources
The Michigan Department of Natural Resources (DNR) is the agency of the state of Michigan founded in 1921, charged with maintaining natural resources such as state parks, state forests, and recreation areas. It is governed by a director appointed by the Governor and accepted by the Natural Resources Commission. Since 2023, the Director is Scott Bowen. The DNR has about 1,400 permanent employees, and over 1,600 seasonal employees.
Bukovica massacre
The Bukovica massacre was a massacre of Muslims in Bukovica, Pljevlja, in the Axis-occupied Italian governorate of Montenegro. It took place on 4–7 February 1943, during Pavle Đurišić's Chetniks' 1943 cleansing campaign (conducted against the order of supreme Chetnik command). The massacre was aimed at establishing Chetnik control over territories held by the Sandžak Muslim militia. After a short battle with the Muslim militia, Chetniks captured Bukovica and killed over five hundred civilians.

Bukovica, Pljevlja
Bukovica is a rural area of Pljevlja municipality located in northern Montenegro, and is part of the Sandžak region. To the north lay the Bosnian municipalities of Čajniče and Foča. Bukovica is 104 square kilometres (40 sq mi) and contains over 30 hamlets with 1 to 10 houses.
Cairo–Cape Town Highway
The Cairo–Cape Town Highway is Trans-African Highway 4 in the continental road network developed by the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA), the African Development Bank (AfDB), and the African Union. The route has a length of 10,228 km (6,355 mi) and links Cairo in Egypt to Cape Town in South Africa.

The concept originated under the British Empire as part of the proposed Cape to Cairo Road within the Cape to Cairo Red Line of colonial territories. Like the Cape to Cairo Railway, the road was never completed under colonial rule.

African Development Bank
The African Development Bank Group  (AfDB, also known as BAD in French) is a multilateral development finance institution, headquartered in Abidjan, Ivory Coast, since September 2014. The AfDB is a financial provider to African governments and private companies investing in the regional member countries (RMC).

The AfDB was founded in 1964 by the Organisation of African Unity, which is the predecessor of the African Union.

The AfDB comprises three entities: The African Development Bank, the African Development Fund and the Nigeria Trust Fund.
Divya Nag
Divya Nag (born c. 1991) is an American biotechnology entrepreneur and biologist with a cardiology emphasis that has, since 2014, been employed by Apple Health, as of 2016 involved as a team lead in Special Projects.

While a Stanford undergraduate, Nag, working with Stanford Medicine faculty members in cardiology (and a more senior trainee), helped found Stem Cell Theranostics, a company whose aim was to develop patient-specific stem cells for use as a drug discovery platform. While at Stanford, Nag was also a co-founder, with Andrew Lee, of Stanford's StartX Med, the healthcare-focused unit of its accelerator.

At Apple, as of 2016, Nag was leading the team that design such tools as the open-source developer toolbox, ResearchKit, and Apple's patient alert and communication tool, CareKit, products that ease communication between healthcare researchers, professionals, and patients.

MD–PhD
The Doctor of Medicine–Doctor of Philosophy (MD–PhD) is a dual doctoral program for physician–scientists, combining the professional training of the Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) degree with the research program of the Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) degree.

In the United States, the National Institutes of Health currently provides 50 medical schools with Medical Scientist Training Program grants that support the training of students in MD–PhD programs through tuition and stipend allowances. These programs are often competitive, with some admitting as few as two students per academic year.

The MCAT score and GPA of MD–PhD matriculants are often higher than MD only matriculants.
RNZ Concert
RNZ Concert (Māori: Te Reo Irirangi o Aotearoa Kōnohete) is a publicly funded non-commercial New Zealand FM fine music radio network. Radio New Zealand owns the network and operates it from its Wellington headquarters. The network's playlist of classical, jazz, contemporary, and world music includes recordings by local musicians and composers. Around 15 percent of its airtime features live concerts, orchestral performances, operas, interviews, features, and specialty music programs, many of them recorded locally.

The network's specialist production department commissions work, initiates music programs, and records live broadcasts of concerts and recitals from local and visiting international musicians. RNZ Concert received the Arts Foundation of New Zealand Governor's Award. RNZ Concert draws content from its international counterparts, including Australia's ABC Classic, the European Broadcasting Union, Chicago's WFMT Radio Network, and BBC Radio 3.

ABC Classic
ABC Classic, formerly ABC-FM (also ABC Fine Music), and then ABC Classic FM, is an Australian classical music radio station available in Australia and internationally. Its website features classical music news, features and listening guides. ABC Classic also produces podcasts, live events and educational resources and has a record label. It is operated by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC).
Browne Park
Browne Park has been the home of rugby football in Central Queensland since 1890. It hosted a match of the 2008 Rugby League World Cup.  The ground was named Browne Park in 1958 as a posthumous honour to long serving president of Rockhampton Rugby League, Jack Browne who died in office.

2008 Rugby League World Cup
The 2008 Rugby League World Cup was the thirteenth World Cup for men’s rugby league national teams. It was held between 26 October and 22 November and was won by New Zealand, who defeated Australia 34–20 in the final in one of the greatest upsets in the sports history.

Originally there was a plan to hold a World Cup in Australia in 2004, however the lack of competitiveness at the 2000 World Cup and rise of the Tri-Nations between Australia, New Zealand and Great Britain meant that plans for another World Cup were shelved.

For the World Cup to regain some credibility, the number of teams was reduced to ten with Australia, England, France, Papua New Guinea and New Zealand automatically qualifying and a qualifying tournament to determine the other five teams. The tournament ended a year of celebrations commemorating the centenary of the game in the Southern Hemisphere and was part of the Festival of World Cups.
Hortonville High School
Hortonville High School is a high school located in Hortonville, Wisconsin. The only high school in the Hortonville Area School District, it serves students in grades 9 to 12 from the communities of Hortonville and Greenville, and portions of Center, Dale, Ellington, Grand Chute, Hortonia, and Liberty.

Greenville, Wisconsin
Greenville is a village in Outagamie County, Wisconsin. It is one of 18 communities that form the basis of the Fox Cities, the third largest metropolitan area in Wisconsin. The population was 12,619 in 2020.
Rupert Wimmer
Rupert Wimmer (Kuchl, 1960) is an Austrian materials researcher, wood scientist and emeritus professor at the Institute for Wood Technology and Renewable Materials at BOKU University, who is an elected fellow (FIAWS) of the International Academy of Wood Science and serves as the IAWS secretary for the period 2023-2026.

University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna
The University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, or simply BOKU (German: Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Austrian German: [univɛrsiˈtɛːt fyːɐ̯ ˈboːdn̩kʊlˌtuːɐ̯ ˈviːn] ⓘ), is a public university in Vienna, Austria.

There are currently 10,941 students from over 100 countries enrolled at BOKU.
Zooplus
Zooplus SE (stylized and branded as zooplus) is an online retailer of pet food and supplies with headquarters in Munich, Germany. Founded in 1999, the e-commerce company ships to 30 countries in Europe, including Germany, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Spain, Poland, the Netherlands, Austria and Switzerland. As of 2023, the product range comprises approximately 15,000 items.

In 2023, Zooplus SE achieved a total result of €2.678 billion. Between 2008 and 2021, Zooplus was listed at the Frankfurt Stock Exchange and was for a long time a constituent of the SDAX stock market index.

SDAX
The SDAX (German abbreviation for Small-Cap-deutsche Aktienindex) is a stock market index composed of 70 small and medium-sized companies in Germany. These so-called 'small caps' rank directly below the MDAX (mid-cap) shares in terms of order book volume and market capitalization. They are thus the 91st–160th largest publicly traded companies in Germany.

The index is based on prices generated in the electronic trading system Xetra.
Scottish Division, Royal Artillery
The Scottish Division, Royal Artillery, was an administrative grouping of garrison units of the Royal Artillery, Artillery Militia and Artillery Volunteers within the British Army's Scottish District from 1882 to 1889.

Eastern Division, Royal Artillery
The Eastern Division, Royal Artillery, was an administrative grouping of garrison units of the Royal Artillery, Artillery Militia and Artillery Volunteers within the British Army's Eastern District from 1882 to 1902.
Dolby noise-reduction system
A Dolby noise-reduction system (Dolby NR) is one of a series of noise reduction systems developed by Dolby Laboratories for use in analog audio tape recording. The first was Dolby A, a professional broadband noise reduction system for recording studios that was first demonstrated in 1965, but the best-known is Dolby B (introduced in 1968), a sliding band system for the consumer market, which helped make high fidelity practical on cassette tapes, which used a relatively noisy tape size and speed. It is common on high-fidelity stereo tape players and recorders to the present day. Of the noise reduction systems, Dolby A and Dolby SR were developed for professional use. Dolby B, C, and S were designed for the consumer market. Aside from Dolby HX, all the Dolby variants work by companding: compressing the dynamic range of the sound during recording, and expanding it during playback.

Companding
In telecommunications and signal processing, companding (occasionally called compansion) is a method of mitigating the detrimental effects of a channel with limited dynamic range. The name is a portmanteau of the words compressing and expanding, which are the functions of a compander at the transmitting and receiving ends, respectively. The use of companding allows signals with a large dynamic range to be transmitted over facilities that have a smaller dynamic range capability. Companding is employed in telephony and other audio applications such as professional wireless microphones and analog recording.
Wu Qunli
Wu Qunli (born 20 March 1960 in Guangzhou) is a Chinese football coach and former international midfield player. As a player he represented Guangzhou FC and Hong Kong First Division League side South China, while internationally he also played for his country in the 1988 Summer Olympics and 1992 AFC Asian Cup. Since retiring he would move into management where he returned to Guangzhou FC as an assistant before becoming their manager for a short spell.

1992 AFC Asian Cup
The 1992 AFC Asian Cup was the 10th edition of the men's AFC Asian Cup, a quadrennial international football tournament organised by the Asian Football Confederation (AFC). The finals were held in Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan between 29 October and 8 November 1992. The host nation, Japan, defeated the defending champion Saudi Arabia in the final in Hiroshima.

This was the first Asian Cup not to have any debuting countries.
2019 Japanese Grand Prix
The 2019 Japanese Grand Prix (formally known as the Formula 1 Japanese Grand Prix 2019) was a Formula One racing event held on 13 October 2019 at the Suzuka International Racing Course in Suzuka in the Mie Prefecture, Japan. The race was the 17th round of the 2019 Formula One World Championship and marked the 45th running of the Japanese Grand Prix. The 2019 event was the 35th time that the race had been run as a World Championship event since the inaugural season in 1950, and the 31st time that it had been held at Suzuka.

This was the last time that both cars from a team were disqualified from a race until Scuderia Ferrari at the 2025 Chinese Grand Prix.

Suzuka Circuit
The Suzuka International Racing Course (Japanese: 鈴鹿国際レーシングコース, Hepburn: Suzuka Kokusai Rēsingu Kōsu), a.k.a. the Suzuka Circuit (鈴鹿サーキット, Suzuka Sākitto), is a 5.807 km (3.608 mi) long motorsport race track located in Ino, Suzuka City, Mie Prefecture, Japan and operated by Honda Mobilityland, a subsidiary of Honda Motor Co, Ltd. It has a capacity of 155,000. It is most well known for its use in the international Formula One and Japanese Super Formula championships.
Abbey Curran
Abbey Nicole Curran (born 28 July 1987) is an American beauty pageant contestant from Davenport, Iowa, who competed in the Miss USA pageant in 2008 as Miss Iowa USA.  Curran is the chairwoman of her own non-profit pageant "The Miss You Can Do It Pageant" for young girls and women with special needs. The HBO documentary film Miss You Can Do It (2013) is about her work with this pageant.

Miss Iowa USA
The  Miss Iowa USA competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of Iowa in the Miss USA pageant. It was directed by Future Productions based in Savage, Minnesota since 2008 to 2024.

While Iowa has not been greatly successful in the past four decades, they were one of the most consistent states in the first decade of the pageant's existence. In 1956, Carol Morris became the second Miss USA to win the Miss Universe crown. The most recent placement was McKenzie Ariana Kerry in 2024, placing Top 20.

Jamie Solinger, Miss Teen USA 1992 and Miss Iowa USA 1998, crowned her sister Jaclyn Solinger as Miss Iowa USA 1999.

The current titleholder is Hayley Buettell of Mediapolis, who was crowned on August 10, 2025 at The Franklin Center in Des Moines. She represented Iowa at Miss USA 2025.
Citroën GS
The Citroën GS  is a small family car manufactured and marketed by Citroën from 1970 to 1986 across two series. From 1970 to 1979 it was built as a fastback four-door saloon car and as a five-door estate car. A revised version, the GSA, was produced from late 1979 until 1986 in five-door hatchback or estate body styles – the latter after a facelift. Combined production reached approximately 2.5 million. It has a front-engine, front-wheel-drive layout and has seating for five passengers.

Noted for its aerodynamic body shape with a drag coefficient of 0.318, fully independent hydro-pneumatic brakes and self-levelling suspension, and air-cooled flat-four engine, the GS was styled by Robert Opron, with a low nose, a two-box silhouette, semi-enclosed rear wheels and a sharply vertical Kamm-tail.

When the GS was named the European Car of the Year for 1971, the design was noted as technologically advanced, with class leading comfort, safety and aerodynamics.

Car body configurations
The configuration of a car body is typically determined by the layout of the engine, passenger and luggage compartments, which can be shared or separately articulated. A key design feature is the car's roof-supporting pillars, designated from front to rear of the car as A-pillar, B-pillar, C-pillar and D-pillar.

Common car body configurations are one-box (e.g., a van/minivan/MPV), two-box (e.g., a hatchback/SUV) and three-box (e.g., a sedan/saloon) designs.
The Dunard Centre
The Dunard Centre (supported by the Royal Bank of Scotland) will be Edinburgh's first new, purpose-built concert hall in 100 years and is located in the city centre of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland.

The venue is David Chipperfield Architects' first concert hall and will be the UK's first Nagata Acoustics hall, comprising a 1000-seat auditorium as well as bars, a cafe, meeting rooms and public spaces. Delivered by the International Music and Performing Arts Charitable Trust (IMPACT) Scotland, public plans for the venue include hosting a variety of musical events including classical, choral, jazz, pop, rock, folk and electronic, as well as comedy, talks, dance and other event types, alongside education and community engagement programmes. The venue will be the home of the Scottish Chamber Orchestra and serve as a principal venue for the Edinburgh International Festival.

New Town, Edinburgh
The New Town is a central area of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland. It was built in stages between 1767 and around 1850, and retains much of its original neo-classical and Georgian architecture. Its best-known street is Princes Street, facing Edinburgh Castle and the Old Town across the geological depression of the former Nor Loch. The area's New Town Gardens received a heritage designation in 2001. The combined New Town, Old Town, and West End were designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1995.
Tatiana Loor
Tatiana Katherine Loor Hidalgo (born June 18, 1991) is an Ecuadorian model and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss International Ecuador 2012. She also represented her country in the 2012 Miss International pageant and Miss Continente Americano 2012.

Miss Ecuador 2012
Miss Ecuador 2012 was the 62nd edition of the Miss Ecuador pageant, held at Puerto Lucía Yacht Club in La Libertad, Santa Elena, Ecuador, on March 16, 2012.

Claudia Schiess of Galápagos crowned Carolina Aguirre of Guayas as her successor at the end of the event. Aguirre represented Ecuador at Miss Universe 2012, held in the United States.
Zemplínska Široká
Zemplínska Široká (Slovak: [ˈzempliːnska ˈʂirɔkaː]; Hungarian: Kráskarebrény) is a village and municipality in Michalovce District in the Kosice Region of eastern Slovakia. The village was previously named Rebrin from 1920 to 1960.

Michalovce District
Michalovce District (okres Michalovce) is a district in
the Košice Region of eastern Slovakia. 
Until 1918, the district was split between the county of Kingdom of Hungary of Zemplín (in the west) and Uh (in the east).