hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
East Germany–United States relations
Relations between East Germany and the United States formally began in 1974 until the former's collapse in 1990. The relationship between the two nations was among the most hostile during the Cold War as both sides were mutually suspicious of each other. Both sides conducted routine espionage against each other and conducted prisoner exchanges for their respective citizens which included spies for both the Americans and Soviets.

East Germany maintained extremely close relations with the Soviet Union, the main rival of the United States during this period, and was viewed as a proxy state of the Soviets. The US had better and close relations with West Germany, East Germany's closest rival, which was viewed by East Germany and the Soviets as a proxy state of the US.

Embassy of the United States, Berlin
The Embassy of the United States of America in Berlin (German: Botschaft der Vereinigten Staaten in Berlin) is the diplomatic mission of the United States of America in the Federal Republic of Germany. It started in 1797, with the appointment of John Quincy Adams to Berlin, the capital of Prussia. There was no permanent building for the embassy until 1930, with the purchase of the Blücher Palace. During the United States involvement in World War II, the embassy ceased operations.

During the Cold War, the United States had two embassies: one in Bonn, the capital of West Germany, and one in East Berlin, the capital of East Germany. In 1999, the embassy would fully be moved back to Berlin, and as of September 2021, it is located at Pariser Platz.
DE-CIX Palermo
DE-CIX Palermo, is a carrier and data center-neutral internet exchange point (IX or IXP) in Palermo, Italy, founded in 2015 by DE-CIX.

The exchange is located in the carrier-neutral "Sicily Hub", TI Sparkle's (Telecom Italia) data center in Palermo.

DE-CIX
DE-CIX (Deutsche Commercial Internet Exchange) is an operator of carrier- and data-center-neutral Internet exchanges (IXs), with operations in Europe, North America, Africa, the Middle East, India and Southeast Asia. All DE-CIX activities and companies are brought together under the umbrella of the DE-CIX Group AG.

The DE-CIX Internet exchange point (IXP) situated in Frankfurt, Germany, is the largest IXP worldwide in terms of peak traffic, with throughput of 17.09 terabits per second (Tbit/s) in April 2024. In addition to DE-CIX in Frankfurt, DE-CIX operates IXPs in approximately 40 locations around the globe, with three further IXs exchanging peak traffic in excess of 1 Tbit/s, these being DE-CIX New York, DE-CIX Madrid, and DE-CIX Mumbai, with DE-CIX Mumbai becoming the largest IXP in the Asia-Pacific according to PeeringDB in 2021.
Sport in Bristol
Bristol has a number of notable professional sports teams and a large number of active amateur sports clubs. There are also large numbers of participants in individual sports. The city has two Football League clubs: Bristol City F.C., who play in the second tier, and Bristol Rovers F.C., who play in the third tier. Gloucestershire County Cricket Club has its headquarters in the city. Bristol Bears are currently in Premiership Rugby.

Bristol City Council operates a number of sports centres and swimming pools. The city has hosted the 2001 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships and stage finishes and starts of the Tour of Britain cycle race. Facilities in Bristol were used as training camps for the 2012 London Olympics.

2001 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships
The 10th IAAF World Half Marathon Championships was held on 7 October 2001 in the city of Bristol, UK, and was run immediately before that year's Bristol Half Marathon. A total of 200 athletes, 125 men and 75 women, from 52 countries took part.
Detailed reports on the event and an appraisal of the results were given.

Complete results were published for men, for women, for men's team, and for women's team.
Heggen and Frøland District Court
Heggen and Frøland District Court (Norwegian: Heggen og Frøland tingrett) was a district court in Akershus county, Norway. The court was based in Mysen in Indre Østfold Municipality. The court existed until 2021. It had jurisdiction overIndre Østfold Municipality, Marker Municipality, and Skiptvet Municipality (before 2020, Rømskog Municipality was also part of this district court). Cases from this court could be appealed to Borgarting Court of Appeal.

The court was a court of first instance. Its judicial duties were mainly to settle criminal cases and to resolve civil litigation as well as bankruptcy. The administration and registration tasks of the court included death registration, issuing certain certificates, performing duties of a notary public, and officiating civil wedding ceremonies. Cases from this court were heard by a combination of professional judges and lay judges.

Rømskog
Rømskog was a municipality in Østfold county, Norway.  The administrative centre of the municipality was the village of Rømskog. The former municipality of Rømskog was separated from Rødenes on 1 January 1902.

Rømskog was well known as one of the smallest municipalities in Norway, in numbers of citizens, with just above 600 citizens.

The word "skog" means "forest" in Norwegian, and that is what Rømskog consists of together with the agricultural landscape. Farms and huge / deep forests and small lakes like the lake of Rømsjøen. Deep forests that Rømskog shares with the neighbouring municipalities across the border of Sweden.

Slavasshøgda is a hill in Rømskog, and is the highest point in former Østfold county at 336 metres (1,102 ft).

At January 1. 2020 Rømskog merged with neighbouring Aurskog-Høland kommune (municipality).
Whelk
Whelks are any of several carnivorous sea snail species with a swirling, tapered shell. Many are eaten by humans, such as the common whelk of the North Atlantic. Most whelks belong to the family Buccinidae and are known as "true whelks." Others, such as the dog whelk, belong to several sea snail families that are not closely related.

True whelks (family Buccinidae) are carnivorous, and feed on annelids, crustaceans, mussels and other molluscs, drilling holes through shells to gain access to the soft tissues. Whelks use chemoreceptors to locate their prey.

Many have historically been used, or are still used, by humans and other animals as food. In a 100-gram (3+1⁄2-ounce) reference serving of whelk, there are 570 kilojoules (137 kilocalories) of food energy, 24 g of protein, 0.34 g of fat, and 8 g of carbohydrates.

Dog whelk, a predatory species, was used in antiquity to make a rich red dye that improves in color as it ages.

Dog whelk
The dog whelk, dogwhelk, or Atlantic dogwinkle (Nucella lapillus) is a species of predatory sea snail, a carnivorous marine gastropod in the family Muricidae, the rock snails.

Nucella lapillus was originally described by Carl Linnaeus in his landmark 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae as Buccinum lapillus (the basionym).
NOVA Parks
NOVA Parks (formerly named Northern Virginia Regional Park Authority)  is an inter-jurisdictional organization that owns and operates more than 10,000 acres of woodlands, streams, parks, trails, nature reserves, countryside and historic sites in Northern Virginia in the United States. The Authority was organized in 1959. NOVA Parks presently operates 34 regional parks.

A 12-member policy-making Board governs NOVA Parks.  The city council or county board of each member jurisdiction appoints two representatives to the Board. Three counties (Arlington, Fairfax, and Loudoun) and three cities (Alexandria, Falls Church and Fairfax) currently have representation on the Board.

Loudoun County, Virginia
Loudoun County (/ˈlaʊdən/) is in the northern part of the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States. In 2020, the census returned a population of 420,959, making it Virginia's third-most populous county. The county seat is Leesburg. Loudoun County is part of the Washington–Arlington–Alexandria, DC–VA–MD–WV Metropolitan Statistical Area.

As of 2023, Loudoun County had a median household income of $156,821, the highest of any county or county equivalent in the nation.
Archiinocellia
Archiinocellia is an extinct genus of snakefly in the family Raphidiidae known from Eocene fossils found in western North America. The genus contains two species, the older Archiinocellia oligoneura  and the younger Archiinocellia protomaculata.  The type species is of Ypresian age and from the Horsefly Shales of British Columbia, while the younger species from the Lutetian Green River Formation in Colorado.  Archiinocellia protomaculata was first described as Agulla protomaculata, and later moved to Archiinocellia.

Ypresian
In the geologic timescale the Ypresian is the oldest age or lowest stratigraphic stage of the Eocene. It spans the time between 56 and 48.07 Ma, is preceded by the Thanetian Age (part of the Paleocene) and is followed by the Eocene Lutetian Age. The Ypresian is consistent with the Lower Eocene (Early Eocene).
Church of Tuvalu
The Christian Church of Tuvalu (Tuvaluan: Te Ekalesia Kelisiano Tuvalu, EKT), is a Christian church and is the single largest religious denomination in the country. This status entitles it to "the privilege of performing special services on major national events". In the 2022 census, its adherents comprise about 86% of the 10,632 inhabitants of the archipelago.

Theologically, it is part of the  Reformed tradition.

Section 23 of the Constitution of Tuvalu guarantees freedom of belief, including the freedom of thought, religion and belief, the freedom to change religion or belief, the right not to receive religious instruction at school or to attend religious ceremonies at school, and the right not to "take an oath or make an affirmation that is contrary to [one's] religion or beliefs".

Tuvaluan language
Tuvaluan (/ˌtuːvəˈluːən/), often called Tuvalu, is a Polynesian language closely related to the Ellicean group spoken in Tuvalu. It is more or less distantly related to all other Polynesian languages, such as Hawaiian, Māori, Tahitian, Samoan, Tokelauan and Tongan, and most closely related to the languages spoken on the Polynesian Outliers in Micronesia and Northern and Central Melanesia. Tuvaluan has borrowed considerably from Samoan, the language of Christian missionaries in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

The population of Tuvalu is approximately 10,645 people (2017 Mini Census), but there are estimated to be more than 13,000 Tuvaluan speakers worldwide. In 2015, it was estimated that more than 3,500 Tuvaluans live in New Zealand, with about half that number born in New Zealand and 65 percent of the Tuvaluan community in New Zealand is able to speak Tuvaluan.
Shirahatti Assembly constituency
Shirahatti Assembly constituency is one of the 224 Legislative Assembly constituencies of Karnataka in India.

It is part of Gadag district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the Scheduled Castes. Chandru Lamani is the current MLA from Shirahatti.

Gadag district
Gadag district is a district in the state of Karnataka, India. It was formed on 24 August 1997, when it was split from Dharwad district. As of 2011, it had a population of 1064570 (of which 35.21 percent was urban). The overall population increased by 13.14 percent from 1991 to 2001. Gadag district borders Bagalkot district on the north, Koppal district on the east, Vijayanagara district on the southeast, Haveri district on the southwest, Dharwad district on the west and Belgaum District on the northwest. It is famous for the many monuments (primarily Jain and Hindu temples) from the Western Chalukya Empire. It has seven talukas: Gadag, Gajendragad, Ron, Shirhatti, Nargund, Lakshmeshwar and Mundargi.Major Rivers Flowing through Gadag are Tugabhadra Malaprabha and Major Hills like gajendragada hills, Naragunda hills and evergreen Kappatagudda HilLa
Thomas Gorges
Sir Thomas Gorges (1536 – 30 March 1610) of Longford Castle in Wiltshire, was a courtier and Groom of the Chamber to Queen Elizabeth I. Via his great-grandmother Lady Anne Howard, a daughter of John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk, he was a second cousin of both Queens Anne Boleyn and Catherine Howard, the second and fifth wives of King Henry VIII. In 1586 he was elected as a Member of Parliament for Downton in Wiltshire.

Wives of Henry VIII
King Henry VIII of England had six wives between 1509 and his death in 1547. In legal terms (de jure), Henry had only three wives and no divorces during his life, instead three of his marriages were annulled by the Church of England. Annulments declare that a true marriage never took place, unlike a divorce, in which a married couple end their union. Henry VIII was granted an annulment by the church in England, instead of one by the Pope, as he desired, for his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, his first wife, substantially leading to the English Reformation. This legal action was later revoked during the reign of their daughter Mary I. Along with his six wives, Henry took several mistresses.
508 Lake Shore
The 508 Lake Shore is an east–west streetcar route in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, operated by the Toronto Transit Commission (TTC). The route serves the downtown financial district operating between the western limit of the city, and the western edge of Toronto's east end. The route is a weekday rush-hour service.

Toronto Transit Commission
The Toronto Transit Commission (TTC) is the primary public transport agency in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, operating the majority of the city's bus and rail services. It is the oldest and largest of the urban transit service providers in Canada, with numerous connections to systems serving its surrounding municipalities.

Established as the Toronto Transportation Commission in 1921, the TTC owns and operates five rapid transit lines with 109 stations, more than 150 bus routes, and nine streetcar lines. In 2025, the system had a total of 800,212,000 boardings. The TTC is the most heavily used urban transit system in Canada.
Killing of Donald Scott
Donald P. Scott was a 61-year-old man who lived on a ranch in a remote part of Ventura County, California, in the Santa Monica Mountains, who was fatally shot during a police raid on October 2, 1992. The officers were attempting to serve a warrant to search  his ranch for marijuana. When the officers forcibly entered his home, Scott emerged from his bedroom with a revolver because he heard his wife shouting "don't shoot me" and was then shot while lowering his gun as he was ordered to do by police. No marijuana plants or other evidence of drug sales were found on the property. An official inquiry later suggested that the agents hoped they could seize his property by use of asset forfeiture.

Ventura County, California
Ventura County (/vɛnˈtʊərə/ ⓘ) is a county located in the southern part of the U.S. state of California. As of the 2020 census, the population was 843,843. The largest city is Oxnard, California, and the county seat is the city of Ventura, California.

Ventura County comprises the Oxnard–Thousand Oaks–Ventura, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is part of the Greater Los Angeles area (Los Angeles–Long Beach, CA Combined Statistical Area). It is also considered the southernmost county along the California Central Coast.

Two of the Channel Islands are part of the county: Anacapa Island, which is the most visited island in Channel Islands National Park, and San Nicolas Island.
Hatem Ali Jamadar
Khan Sahib Hatem Ali Jamadar (Bengali: হাতেম আলী জমাদ্দার; 1872–1982) was a Bengali politician and philanthropist. He served as a member of the Bengal Legislative Assembly and the East Bengal Legislative Assembly.

Provincial Assembly of East Pakistan
The East Pakistan Provincial Assembly, known as the East Bengal Legislative Assembly between 1947 and 1955, was the provincial legislature of East Pakistan between 1947 and 1971. It was known as the East Bengal Assembly from 1947 to 1955 when the provincial name was changed. The legislature was a successor to the Bengal Legislative Council and the Bengal Legislative Assembly, which were divided between East Bengal and West Bengal during the partition of Bengal in 1947. It was the largest provincial legislature in Pakistan. Elections were held only twice in 1954 and 1970.

During the Bangladesh War of Independence in 1971, most Bengali members elected to the Pakistani National Assembly and the East Pakistani provincial assembly became members of the Constituent Assembly of Bangladesh.
The Pursuit of Pleasure: Drugs and Stimulants in Iranian History, 1500–1900
The Pursuit of Pleasure: Drugs and Stimulants in Iranian History, 1500–1900 is a 2005 book by Dutch-American historian and Iranologist Rudolph P. Matthee. Metthee studies the significant role of psychoactive substances such as wine, opiates, tobacco, coffee, and tea in Iranian society between the 16th and 19th centuries. He explores the cultural, economic, and political implications of psychoactive substance use in Iran, examining both popular practices and the responses of religious and secular authorities. The book received the 2006 Albert Hourani Book Award and the 2006 Saidi-Sirjani Award from the International Society of Iranian Studies. A Persian translation was published by Namak Publications in Tehran.

Middle East Studies Association
Middle East Studies Association (often referred to as MESA) is a learned society, and according to its website, "a non-profit association that fosters the study of the Middle East, promotes high standards of scholarship and teaching, and encourages public understanding of the region and its peoples through programs, publications and services that enhance education, further intellectual exchange, recognize professional distinction, and defend academic freedom".

Some critics have accused MESA of politicization and being dominated by academics critical of Israel and the United States. In 2007, the Association for the Study of the Middle East and Africa was founded as an ideological counterweight to MESA.
Chittagong Nursing College
Chittagong Nursing College is a public nursing institution located in Chittagong, Bangladesh. It is located in Panchlaish area and is on the western side of Chittagong Medical College Hospital. The institute was established in 2007. Earlier it was the Nursing Department of Chittagong Medical College.

It is recognized by the Bangladesh Nursing and Midwifery Council, and offers a diploma in midwifery and a B.Sc. in nursing.

Sheikh Hasina, in her second term as prime minister, emphasized secularizing education. As a result, the college was one of several educational institutions to enforce a student dress code that banned the wearing of a hijab (headscarf) or niqab (face veil). In 2012, some students demonstrated against the restriction. Anjali Rani Debi, a teacher who spoke in favor of the ban, was murdered in January 2015, allegedly by an Islamic extremist.

Chittagong Medical College
Chittagong Medical College, abbreviated as CMC is a public medical college located in Chittagong, Bangladesh. It is the second oldest and second largest medical educational institute and hospital in Bangladesh. It is affiliated with the Chittagong Medical University.
Welby baronets
The Welby baronetcy, of Denton Manor in the County of Lincoln, is a title in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom.

It was created on 27 June 1801 for William Welby, Member of Parliament for Grantham from 1802 to 1806.

The second and third Baronets also represented this constituency in the House of Commons. The fourth Baronet sat as Conservative Member of Parliament for Grantham and Lincolnshire South. He assumed by royal licence the additional surname of Gregory in 1876. However, none of his successors have held this surname. The fifth Baronet represented Newark in Parliament as a Conservative.

Sir William Earle Welby, 1st Baronet
Sir William Earle Welby, 1st Baronet (c. 1734 – 6 November 1815), was a British land-owner, baronet and Member of Parliament for Grantham from 1802 to 1806. He also served as High Sheriff of Lincolnshire from 1796 to 1797.
Devil's Humps, Stoughton
The Devil's Humps (also known as the Kings' Graves) are four Bronze Age barrows situated on Bow Hill on the South Downs near Stoughton, West Sussex. They are situated on a downland ridgeway crossed by an ancient trackway, above Kingley Vale. The Devil's Humps are counted among the most impressive round barrows surviving on the South Downs. The Devil's Humps are within the Kingley Vale National Nature Reserve. The two bell barrows together with two pond barrows and a cross dyke are listed as Scheduled Ancient Monument 1008371, while the two bowl barrows are listed as Scheduled Ancient Monument 1008372.

Cross dyke
A cross dyke or cross-dyke (also referred to as a cross-ridge dyke, covered way, linear ditch, linear earthwork or spur dyke) is a linear earthwork believed to be a prehistoric land boundary that usually measures between 0.2 and 1 kilometre (0.12 and 0.62 mi) in length. A typical cross dyke consists of one or more ditches running in parallel with one or more raised banks. Univallate cross dykes typically have a flat-bottomed ditch while the ditches of multivallate cross dykes possess a V-shaped cross-section. A defining characteristic of a cross dyke is that it cuts across the width of an upland ridge or the neck of an upland spur. Cross dykes generally occur at altitudes over 150 metres (490 ft) above mean sea level.
A. Warren Phelps
A. Warren Phelps (August 11, 1829 – October 19, 1885) was an American businessman from Milwaukee, Wisconsin, who served one term as a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly from Milwaukee, as well as serving on Milwaukee's Common Council and Board of School Directors.

Government of Milwaukee
The municipal government of the U.S. city of Milwaukee, located in the state of Wisconsin, consists of a mayor and common council. Traditionally supporting progressive politicians and movements, this community has consistently proved to be a stronghold of the Democratic Party. As the largest city in Wisconsin, Milwaukee receives a significant amount of attention during elections.
Lindsay (TV series)
Lindsay is an American docuseries that documents actress Lindsay Lohan's rehabilitation recovery and work following a public period of struggles in her personal life and career. The series premiered on March 9, 2014, on the Oprah Winfrey Network, and concluded on April 20, 2014. Premiere ratings were described as "modest" and then dropped, while critical reception was mixed.

Drug rehabilitation
Drug rehabilitation is the process of medical or psychotherapeutic treatment for dependency on psychoactive substances such as alcohol, prescription drugs, and street drugs such as cannabis, cocaine, heroin, and amphetamines. The general intent is to enable the patient to confront substance dependence, if present, and stop substance misuse to avoid the psychological, legal, financial, social, and medical consequences that can be caused.

Treatment includes medication for comorbidities, counseling by experts, and sharing of experience with other recovering individuals.