hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
William Ruud
William Nelson Ruud (born September 29, 1952) is an American academic and former university administrator. He was previously president of Marietta College, the University of Northern Iowa, and Shippensburg University of Pennsylvania.

Shippensburg University
Shippensburg University of Pennsylvania, commonly known as Shippensburg University (Ship or SU), is a public university in the Shippensburg, Pennsylvania area. It is part of the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education.

Founded in 1871, it later became the first teachers' college in Pennsylvania. Shippensburg University is accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education.
Spot market
The spot market or cash market is a public financial market in which financial instruments or commodities are traded for immediate delivery. It contrasts with a futures market, in which delivery is due at a later date.  In a spot market, settlement normally happens in T+2 working days, i.e., delivery of cash and commodity must be done after two working days of the trade date.  A spot market can be through an exchange or over-the-counter (OTC).  Spot markets can operate wherever the infrastructure exists to conduct the transaction.

Spot date
In finance, the spot date of a transaction is the normal settlement day when the transaction is carried out as soon as practical, i.e. "on the spot". This kind of transaction is called a "spot transaction" or simply "spot", and is often described as such in contrast to a transaction which is not settled immediately, such as a futures contract or a forward contract.
Palena, Abruzzo
Palena is a comune and town in the province of Chieti in the Abruzzo region of Italy.

It is the hometown of Pietro Como and Lucia Travaglini, the parents of Italian-American baritone Perry Como (1912–2001). There is a plaque commemorating Perry Como as well as the home of painter Oreste Recchione, who also lived in Palena.

It is one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages of Italy"). The town lies within the border of Maiella National Park.

Chieti
Chieti (Italian: [ˈkjɛːti], locally [ˈkjeːti] ⓘ; Neapolitan: Chiete, Abruzzese: Chjïétë, Chjìtë; Latin: Teate) is a city and comune (municipality) in Southern Italy, 200 kilometres (124 miles) east of Rome. It is the capital of the province of Chieti, in the Abruzzo region.

In Italian, the adjectival form is teatino and inhabitants of Chieti are called "teatini". The English form of this name is preserved in that of the Theatines, a Catholic religious order.
Jan-Erik Enestam
Jan-Erik Enestam (born 12 March 1947 in Västanfjärd) is a Finnish politician from the Swedish People's Party. He served as Minister of Defence from 1999 to 2003 under Prime Minister Paavo Lipponen and Minister of the Environment under Prime Ministers Anneli Jäätteenmäki and Matti Vanhanen from 2003 to 2006.

Enestam was the Municipal Director of Västanfjärd between 1978 and 1983 and a Project Chief at the Nordic Council of Ministers during the period 1983–1991. He was a member of Finland's parliament, the Eduskunta, from 1991 until 2007 and a member of the government between 1995 and 2006 in various posts.

He led the Swedish People's Party from 1998 until 2006. He was succeeded by Stefan Wallin as leader at the beginning of 2007.

Minister of Defence (Finland)
The Minister of Defence (Finnish: puolustusministeri, Swedish: försvarsminister) is a member of the Finnish Council of State. As the head of the Ministry of Defence, the minister is responsible for the administration of national defence. The ministry is headquartered in Helsinki. The current Minister of Defence is Antti Häkkänen.

From June to November 1918 the post was called Chief of the War Department, and from then until 1922 the post was called the Minister of War.

The President of the Republic is the commander-in-chief of the Finnish Defence Forces. The commander of the military forces is the Chief of Defence.
Banana production in Honduras
Banana production in Honduras plays an important role in the economy of Honduras. In 1992, the revenue generated from banana sales amounted to US$287 million and along with the coffee industry accounted for some 50% of exports. Honduras produced 861,000 tons of bananas in 1999. The two corporations, Chiquita Brands International and the Dole Food Company are responsible for most Honduran banana production and exports.

Chiquita
Chiquita Brands International S.à.r.l. (/tʃɪˈkiːtə/), formerly known as United Fruit Company, is a Swiss company producing and distributing bananas and other produce.  The company operates under subsidiary brand names, including the flagship Chiquita brand and Fresh Express salads. Chiquita is the leading distributor of bananas in the United States.

Chiquita is the successor to the United Fruit Company. It was formerly controlled by American businessman Carl Lindner Jr., whose majority ownership of the company ended when Chiquita Brands International exited a prepackaged Chapter 11 bankruptcy on 19 March 2002.  In 2003, the company acquired the German produce distribution company, Atlanta AG. Fresh Express salads was purchased from Performance Food Group in 2005.  Chiquita's former headquarters were located in Charlotte, North Carolina.
Robert K. Massie
Robert Kinloch Massie III (January 5, 1929 – December 2, 2019) was an American journalist and historian.  He devoted much of his career to studying and writing about the House of Romanov, Russia's imperial family from 1613 to 1917. Massie was awarded the 1981 Pulitzer Prize for Biography for Peter the Great: His Life and World. He also received awards for his book Catherine the Great: Portrait of a Woman (2011).

His book Nicholas and Alexandra (1967) was adapted as a British film by the same name that was released in 1971. It starred Michael Jayston and Janet Suzman in the title roles.

Pulitzer Prize for Biography
The Pulitzer Prize for Biography is one of the seven American Pulitzer Prizes annually awarded for Letters, Drama, and Music. The award honors "a distinguished and appropriately documented biography by an American author." Award winners receive US$15,000.

From 1917 to 2022, this prize was known as the Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography and was awarded to a distinguished biography, autobiography or memoir by an American author or co-authors, published during the preceding calendar year. It is one of the original Pulitzers. The program was inaugurated in 1917 with seven prizes, four of which were awarded that year.
Suullar Myraan
Suullar Myraan (Yakut: Сууллар Мыраан, romanized: Suullar Mıraan) is a hill in Megino-Kangalassky Ulus, in the Sakha Republic, Russia.  It is a long sand hill located by the Suola River, a right hand tributary of the Lena River.

The hill stands out in the surrounding flat landscape. Its name means "leaning mountain" in the Yakut language. Suullar Myraan rises by the banks of the Suola river 0.4 kilometres (0.25 mi) from Tyokhtyur village and 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) from Tomtor.

Yakut language
The Yakut language (/jəˈkuːt/ yə-KOOT), also known as the Sakha language (/səˈxɑː/ sə-KHAH) or Yakutian, is a Siberian Turkic language spoken by around 450,000 native speakers—primarily by ethnic Yakuts. It is one of the official languages of the Sakha Republic, a republic in the Russian Federation.

The Yakut language has a large number of loanwords of Mongolic origin, a layer of vocabulary of unclear origin, as well as numerous recent borrowings from Russian. Like other Turkic languages, Yakut is an agglutinative language and features vowel harmony.
Sandy Verschoor
Sandra Maaike Jayne Verschoor is an Australian businesswoman who was the Lord Mayor of Adelaide in South Australia from 12 November 2018 until November 2022. Prior to this, she was Deputy Lord Mayor and a general manager at the City of Adelaide. She is now the chair of both the Art Gallery of South Australia and the South Australian Heritage Council.

City of Adelaide
34°56′S 138°36′E﻿ / ﻿34.933°S 138.600°E﻿ / -34.933; 138.600

The City of Adelaide, also known as the Corporation of the City of Adelaide and Adelaide City Council, is a local government area in the metropolitan area of greater Adelaide, South Australia. It is legally defined as the capital city of South Australia by the City of Adelaide Act 1998. It includes the Adelaide city centre, the suburb of North Adelaide, and the Adelaide Park Lands, which surround North Adelaide and the city centre.

Established in 1840, the City of Adelaide Municipal Corporation was the first municipal authority in Australia. At its time of establishment, Adelaide's (and Australia's) first mayor, James Hurtle Fisher, was elected. From 1919 onwards, the municipality has had a Lord Mayor, as of 2023 being Jane Lomax-Smith.
Appian Way Regional Park
The  Appian Way Regional Park  is the second-largest urban park of Europe, after Losiny Ostrov National Park in Moscow. It is a protected area of around 4580 hectares, established by the Italian region of Latium. It falls primarily within the territory of Rome but parts also extend into the neighbouring towns of Ciampino and Marino. The peculiarity of the park that distinguishes it, is that it also hosts the Archaeological park of Appia Antica, which coincides with the perimeter of the regional park itself. It is a monumental park which contains precious legacies of ancient Rome, including the Appian Way (for a stretch of 16km/9.94mi), Roman aqueducts, Roman villas, mausoleums, catacombs.

Catacombs of San Sebastiano
The Catacombs of San Sebastiano are a hypogeum cemetery in Rome, Italy, rising along Via Appia Antica, in the Ardeatino Quarter.
It is one of the very few Christian burial places that has always been accessible. The first of the former four floors is now almost completely destroyed.
Basanta Kumar Sahu
Basanta Kumar Sahu (born 1937) is an Indian mathematical geologist, sedimentologist and a Professor Emeritus at the Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay. He is for known for his mathematical and quantitative studies in geology and the development of statistical and mathematical models. A founder member of the founded the International Association of Mathematical Geologists, he is a member of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists and the Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists. The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology, one of the highest Indian science awards for his contributions to Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean and Planetary Sciences in 1980.

IIT Bombay
The Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT Bombay or IITB) is a public research university and technical institute in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. The institute has 17 academic departments, 35 additional academic centres, and three schools.
Established in 1958, IIT Bombay was designated as an Institution of Eminence in 2018.
Patrick Chinnery
Patrick Francis Chinnery is a neurologist, clinician scientist, and Wellcome Trust Principal Research Fellow based in the Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit and the University of Cambridge, where he is also professor of neurology and head of the department of clinical neurosciences.

In 2023 he was appointed executive chair of the Medical Research Council (United Kingdom). He is co-chair of the National Institute for Health and Care Research BioResource for Translational Research in Chronic and Rare Diseases.

National Institute for Health and Care Research
The National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) is the British government's major funder of clinical, public health, social care and translational research. With a budget of over £1.2 billion in 2020–21, its mission is to "improve the health and wealth of the nation through research". The NIHR was established in 2006 under the government's Best Research for Best Health strategy, and is funded by the Department of Health and Social Care. As a research funder and research partner of the NHS, public health and social care, the NIHR complements the work of the Medical Research Council. NIHR focuses on translational research (translating discoveries from the laboratory to the clinic), clinical research and applied health and social care research.
Parks and open spaces in the London Borough of Lewisham
Lewisham parks and open spaces are part of the "green lung" of London and include a diverse range of sites, from small urban parks and gardens to one of the most historic natural landscapes in Greater London at Blackheath. While overall control rests with London Borough of Lewisham, management of borough-owned parks and their facilities is contracted out to Glendale Grounds Management.

Blackheath, London
Blackheath is an area in Southeast London, straddling the border of the Royal Borough of Greenwich and the London Borough of Lewisham. Historically within the county of Kent, it is located 1-mile (1.6 km) northeast of Lewisham, 1.5 miles (2.4 km) south of Greenwich and 6.4 miles (10.3 km) southeast of Charing Cross, the traditional centre of London.

The area southwest of its station and in its ward is named Lee Park. Its northern neighbourhood of Vanbrugh Park is also known as St John's Blackheath and despite forming a projection has amenities beyond its traditional reach named after the heath. To its west is the core public green area that is the heath and Greenwich Park, in which sit major London tourist attractions including the Greenwich Observatory and the Greenwich Prime Meridian. Blackheath railway station is located in the southern part of Blackheath.
Efthimios Diplaros
Efthimios Diplaros (Greek: Ευθύμιος Δίπλαρος; born March 18, 1980) is a Greek Cypriot politician, who has served as the Deputy President of the Democratic Rally since May 2023. He has been a member of parliament for the Limassol Electoral District since 2011.

Democratic Rally
The Democratic Rally (Greek: Δημοκρατικός Συναγερμός, romanized: Dimokratikós Sinagermós, ΔΗΣΥ, DISY) is a Christian democratic and liberal-conservative political party in Cyprus led by Annita Demetriou. The party was founded on 4 July 1976 by veteran politician Glafcos Clerides. Two leaders of the party have served as presidents of Cyprus, Clerides from 1993 until 2003 and Nicos Anastasiades from 2013 to 2023.

From 11 March 2023, the leader of the party is Annita Demetriou, who also serves as the president of the House of Representatives since June 2021.
Trail ethics
Trail ethics define appropriate ranges of behavior for hikers on a public trail.  It is similar to both environmental ethics and human rights in that it deals with the shared interaction of humans and nature.  There are multiple agencies and groups that support and encourage ethical behavior on trails.

Trail ethics applies to the use of trails, by pedestrians, dog walkers, hikers, backpackers, mountain bikers, equestrians, hunters, and off-road vehicles.

Mountain biking
Mountain biking (abbr. MTB) is a sport of riding bicycles off-road, often over rough terrain, usually using specially designed mountain bikes. Mountain bikes share similarities with other bikes but incorporate features designed to enhance durability and performance in rough terrain, such as air or coil-sprung shocks used as suspension, larger and wider wheels and tires, stronger frame materials, and mechanically or hydraulically actuated disc brakes. Mountain biking can generally be broken down into distinct categories: cross country, trail, all mountain, enduro, downhill and freeride.
Pipeline burst cache
In computer engineering, the creation and development of the pipeline burst cache memory is an integral part in the development of the superscalar architecture. It was introduced in the mid 1990s as a replacement for the Synchronous Burst Cache and the Asynchronous Cache and is still in use today in computers. It basically increases the speed of the operation of the cache memory by minimizing the wait states and hence maximizing the processor computing speed. Implementing the techniques of pipelining and bursting, high performance computing is assured. It works on the principle of parallelism, the very principle on which the development of superscalar architecture rests. Pipeline burst cache can be found in DRAM controllers and chipset designs.

Burst mode (computing)
Burst mode is a generic electronics term referring to any situation in which a device is transmitting data repeatedly without going through all the steps required to transmit each piece of data in a separate transaction.
Helmut Gröttrup
Helmut Gröttrup (12 February 1916 – 4 July 1981) was a German engineer, rocket scientist and inventor of the smart card. During World War II, he worked in the German V-2 rocket program under Wernher von Braun. From 1946 to 1950 he headed a group of 170 German scientists who were forced to work for the Soviet rocketry program under Sergei Korolev. After returning to West Germany in December 1953, he developed data processing systems, contributed to early commercial applications of computer science and coined the German term "Informatik". In 1967 Gröttrup invented the smart card as a "forgery-proof key" for secure identification and access control (ID card) or storage of a secure key, also including inductive coupling for near-field communication (NFC). From 1970 he headed a start-up division of Giesecke+Devrient for the development of banknote processing systems and machine-readable security features.

Data processing
Data processing is the collection and manipulation of digital data to produce meaningful information. Data processing is a form of information processing, which is the modification (processing) of information in any manner detectable by an observer.
Pipistrel 801 eVTOL
The Pipistrel 801 eVTOL is a Slovenian autonomous vertical take-off electric aircraft for the air taxi role under development by Pipistrel Vertical Solutions of Ajdovščina. It was publicly announced at the Uber Elevate Summit in Washington, D.C., United States, in June 2019. The aircraft is intended to be supplied complete and ready-to-fly.

The aircraft's designation refers to eight lift fans, no tilt rotors and one tractor propeller. It is being designed as one electric VTOL proposal for Uber Elevate.

Tractor configuration
In aviation, a tractor configuration is a propeller-driven fixed-wing aircraft with its engine mounted with the propeller in front, so that the aircraft is "pulled" through the air. This is the usual configuration;  the pusher configuration places the airscrew behind, and "pushes" the aircraft forward. Through common usage, the word "propeller" has come to mean any airscrew, whether it pulls or pushes the aircraft.

In the early years of powered aviation both tractor and pusher designs were common. However, by the midpoint of the First World War, interest in pushers declined and the tractor configuration dominated. Today, propeller-driven aircraft are assumed to be tractors unless  stated otherwise.
United Breweries Group
United Breweries Holdings Limited (UBHL), also called UB Group, is the Indian subsidiary of Heineken N.V.. It is headquartered in UB City, Bangalore, Karnataka. Its core business includes beverages and investments in various sectors. The company markets beer under the Kingfisher brand, and owns various other brands of alcoholic beverages. United Breweries is India's largest producer of beer.

United Breweries now has greater than a 40% share of the Indian brewing market with 79 distilleries and bottling units around the world. In 2005, UB financed a takeover of the spirits business of the rival Shaw-Wallace company, giving it a majority share of India's spirits business. The group no longer owns the Mendocino Brewing Company in the United States.

United Spirits
United Spirits Limited is an Indian alcoholic beverages company, and the world's second-largest spirits company by volume. It is a subsidiary of Diageo, and headquartered at UB Tower in Bangalore, Karnataka. USL exports its products to over 37 countries.

According to the official website of the company, as of March 2013, USL has more than 140 liquor brands, of which 15 brands each sell more than one million cases annually while 3 brands each sell more than 10 million cases annually.
CMT Music Awards
The CMT Music Awards is a fan-voted awards show for country music videos and television performances. The ceremony launched in 1967 as  Music City News Awards; it is the oldest award show currently airing under Paramount Global. The ceremony originally aired on TNN, prior to its parent company's acquisition of former rival network Country Music Television in 1991. The show would then air on CMT from 2001 to 2021. Beginning in 2022 until the pause in 2025, the show was broadcast live on CBS.

TNN (American TV channel)
TNN (originally The Nashville Network; later known as The National Network and The New TNN) was an American country music-oriented cable television network. Programming included music videos, taped concerts, movies, game shows, syndicated programs, and numerous talk shows. On September 25, 2000, after an attempt to attract younger viewers failed, TNN's country music format was changed and the network was renamed The National Network, and eventually became Spike TV in 2003 and Paramount Network in 2018.
Jean-Baptiste Bethune
Jean-Baptiste Bethune (April 25, 1821 – June 18, 1894) was a Belgian architect, artisan and designer who played a pivotal role in the Belgian and Catholic Gothic Revival movement. He was called by some the "Pugin of Belgium", with reference to the influence on Bethune of the English Gothic Revival architect and designer, Augustus Pugin.

Augustus Pugin
Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin (/ˈpjuːdʒɪn/ PEW-jin; 1 March 1812 – 14 September 1852) was an English architect, designer, artist and critic with French and Swiss origins. He is principally remembered for his pioneering role in the Gothic Revival style of architecture. Among his best-known work is the interior and clock tower of the Palace of Westminster, the meeting place of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Pugin designed many churches in England, and some in Ireland and Australia. He was the son of Auguste Pugin, and the father of Edward Welby Pugin, Cuthbert Welby Pugin, and Peter Paul Pugin, who continued his architectural and interior design firm as Pugin & Pugin.
Pensri Poomchoosri
Pensri Pomchoosri (Thai: เพ็ญศรี พุ่มชูศรี; RTGS: Phensi Phumchusi; June 17, 1929 in Changwat Phitsanulok – May 14, 2007 in Changwat Samut Prakan) was a Thai pop singer and actress, active for more than five decades from the 1940s. She was named a National Artist of Thailand in 1991. She was married to writer Suwat Woradilok, also a National Artist, who died on April 15, 2007. Her nickname was Aed (Thai: แอ๊ด; RTGS: Aet) or Jow (Thai: โจ๊ว; RTGS: Cho).

Samut Prakan
Samut Prakan (Thai: สมุทรปราการ, RTGS: Samut Prakan) officially the City of Samut Prakan (Thai: เทศบาลนครสมุทรปราการ, RTGS: Thetsaban Nakhon Samut Prakan) is the capital of Samut Prakan province in Thailand. It is located 25 kilometres (16 mi) south of Bangkok, The city was established in 1999.
Liangxiongdiyu
Liangxiongdiyu Island ("两兄弟屿") is located 67 km northeast of Shenjiamen. It belongs to the Dongji Town of Zhoushan city. Liangxiongdiyu is the baseline point of the Chinese territorial sea.
2006, The stele of "Chinese territorial sea baseline point" erected.

Zhoushan
Zhoushan is an urbanized archipelago with the administrative status of a prefecture-level city in the eastern Chinese province of Zhejiang. It consists of an archipelago of islands at the southern mouth of Hangzhou Bay off the mainland city of Ningbo. The prefecture's city proper is Dinghai on Zhoushan Island, now administered as the prefecture's Dinghai District. During the 2020 census, Zhoushan Prefecture's population was 1,157,817, out of whom 882,932 lived in the builtup (or metro) area consisting of two urban districts of Dinghai and Putuo.

On July 8, 2011, the central government approved Zhoushan as Zhoushan Archipelago New Area, a state-level new area.