hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Cystography
In radiology and urology, a cystography (also known as cystogram) is a procedure used to visualise the urinary bladder.

Using a urinary catheter, radiocontrast is instilled in the bladder, and X-ray imaging is performed. Cystography can be used to evaluate bladder cancer, vesicoureteral reflux, bladder polyps, and hydronephrosis. It requires less radiation than pelvic CT, although it is less sensitive and specific than MRI or CT.  In adult cases, the patient is typically instructed to void three times, after which a post voiding image is obtained to see how much urine is left within the bladder (residual urine), which is useful to evaluate bladder contraction dysfunction.  A final radiograph of the kidneys after the procedure is finished is performed to evaluate for occult vesicoureteral reflux that was not seen during the procedure itself.

Vesicoureteral reflux
Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), also known as vesicoureteric reflux, is a condition in which urine flows retrograde, or backward, from the bladder into one or both ureters and then to the renal calyx or kidneys. Urine normally travels in one direction (forward, or anterograde) from the kidneys to the bladder via the ureters, with a one-way valve at the vesicoureteral (ureteral-bladder) junction preventing backflow.  The valve is formed by oblique tunneling of the distal ureter through the wall of the bladder, creating a short length of ureter (1–2 cm) that can be compressed as the bladder fills.  Reflux occurs if the ureter enters the bladder without sufficient tunneling, i.e., too "end-on".
Augustus Van Dievoet
Augustus Van Dievoet (/ˈdiːvʊt/, Latin: Augustus Divutius, French: Auguste Van Dievoet, 3 May 1803 – 31 October 1865) was a Belgian legal historian and Supreme Court advocate. His son, Jules Van Dievoet, also a Supreme Court advocate, married Marguerite Anspach (1852-1934), the daughter of Jules Anspach, who served as burgomaster of Brussels in 1863–1879.

Société royale de Flore de Bruxelles
The Société royale de Flore de Bruxelles (French; lit. Royal Society of Flora), founded in 1822, at the time of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, was a botanical society in Brussels.

It was named after Flora, the Roman goddess of flowers and of the season of spring.
Canton of Auxonne
The canton of Auxonne is an administrative division of the Côte-d'Or department, eastern France. Its borders were modified at the French canton reorganisation, which came into effect in March 2015. Its seat is in Auxonne.

It consists of the following communes:

Auxonne
Auxonne (French pronunciation: [oksɔn] or [osɔn]) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region of eastern France.

Auxonne is one of the sites of the defensive structures of Vauban, clearly seen from the train bridge as it enters the train station on the Dijon–Vallorbe line railway line. It also was home to the Artillery School where Napoleon Bonaparte was stationed as a lieutenant and audited classes from 1788 to 1791.

The commune has been awarded one flower by the National Council of Towns and Villages in Bloom in the Competition of cities and villages in Bloom.
Tōshōdai-ji
Tōshōdai-ji (唐招提寺) is a Buddhist temple of the Risshū sect in the city of Nara, in Nara Prefecture, Japan. The Classic Golden Hall, also known as the kondō, has a single story, hipped tiled roof with a seven bay wide facade. It is considered the archetype of "classical style".

It was founded in 759 by the Tang dynasty Chinese monk Jianzhen during the Nara period. Jianzhen was hired by the newly empowered clans to travel in search of funding from private aristocrats as well.

Tōshōdai-ji is one of the places in Nara that UNESCO has designated as World Heritage Site "Historic Monuments of Ancient Nara".

A reflection written by Yan Wenjing on the hope for friendly Sino-Japanese relations describing the author's discovery of lotus flowers imported from China which had been planted around the portrait of Jianzhen in the Tōshōdai-ji is included as one of the oral assessment passages on the Putonghua Proficiency Test.

Putonghua Proficiency Test
The Putonghua Proficiency Test or Putonghua Shuiping Ceshi (PSC) is an official test of spoken fluency in Standard Chinese (Mandarin) intended for native speakers of Chinese languages. The test was developed in October 1994 by the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, the Institute of Applied Linguistics at Beijing Language and Culture University and the State Administration of Press, Publication, Radio, Film and Television. Specified standards of achievement in the test are required for many jobs in broadcasting, education and government.
Bishopville, Maryland
Bishopville is an unincorporated community and census-designated place 10 miles (16 km) north of Berlin, Maryland, United States. The community is just south of the Delaware state line. It is part of the Salisbury, Maryland-Delaware Metropolitan Statistical Area. As of the 2010 census, Bishopville had a population of 531.

Bishopville arose at the site of a mill on and crossing of the Bishopville Prong of the St. Martin's River. The crossing, the main road through the community, is now Maryland Route 367.

St. Martin River
The St. Martin River is a tributary of Isle of Wight Bay in Worcester County, Maryland.  Approximately 4.4 miles (7.1 km) long, it drains the northernmost part of Worcester County.

A short river, the St. Martin broadens rapidly to enter Isle of Wight Bay where the bay is crossed by Maryland Route 90. Most of the river is a tidal estuary.  Its two main tributaries are the Bishopville Prong and the Shingle Landing Prong.

The St. Martin forms the northern boundary of Ocean Pines, Maryland; Bishopville, Maryland is on the Bishopville Prong of the river.
WorldNetDaily
WND (an initialism of its original name, WorldNetDaily) is an American far-right news and opinion website. It is known for promoting fake news and conspiracy theories, including the false claim that former President Barack Obama was born outside the United States.

The site was founded in May 1997 by Joseph Farah, who is its current editor-in-chief and CEO. The website publishes news, editorials, and opinion columns, while also aggregating content from other publications.

Radical right (United States)
In the politics of the United States, the radical right is a political preference that leans towards ultraconservatism, white nationalism, white supremacy, or other far-right ideologies in a hierarchical structure which is paired with conspiratorial rhetoric alongside traditionalist and reactionary aspirations. The term was first used by social scientists in the 1950s regarding small groups such as the John Birch Society in the United States, and since then it has been applied to similar groups worldwide. The term "radical" was applied to the groups because they sought to make fundamental (hence "radical") changes within institutions and remove persons and institutions that threatened their values or economic interests from political life.
Squawk Australia
Squawk Australia is a television business news program that aired every weekday at 6:00 a.m. Singapore/Hong Kong/Taiwan time on CNBC Asia, live from CNBC Asia's Australia studio in Sydney, from March 2007 to June 2010. It was also simulcasted in the United States on CNBC World; on Sundays, it was simulcasted on CNBC Europe.

CNBC Asia
CNBC Asia is a Singapore-based business news channel owned by Versant. It is a pan-Asian branch of the U.S.-based CNBC.

The channel launched on 20 June 1995 out of Hong Kong. In 1998, the channel merged with Dow Jones' Asia Business News and relocated to its facilities in Singapore. The network maintains bureaus across the Asia–Pacific region.
LB&SCR D1 class
The LB&SCR D1 class were powerful 0-4-2 suburban passenger tank locomotives, designed by William Stroudley of the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway in 1873. They were originally known as "D-tanks" but later reclassified as class D1. Members of this very successful class survived in service until 1951.

William Stroudley
William Stroudley (6 March 1833 – 20 December 1889) was an English railway engineer, and was one of the most famous steam locomotive engineers of the nineteenth century, working principally for the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway (LB&SCR). He designed some of the most famous and longest-lived steam locomotives of his era, several of which have been preserved.
Colusa National Wildlife Refuge
Colusa National Wildlife Refuge is one of six refuges in the Sacramento National Wildlife Refuge Complex located in the Sacramento Valley of north-central California. The refuge is located in Colusa County. It is around 70 miles (110 km) north of metropolitan Sacramento.

Colusa County, California
Colusa County (/kəˈluːsə/ ⓘ) is a county located in the U.S. state of California. As of the 2020 census, the population was 21,839. The county seat is Colusa. It is in the northern Sacramento Valley, northwest of the state capital, Sacramento.
Kurahashi, Hiroshima
Kurahashi (倉橋町, Kurahashi-chō) was a town located in Aki District, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan. It was located on the Kurahashi-jima island and surrounding islets in Hiroshima Bay.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 7,193 and a density of 132.13 persons per km2. The total area was 54.44 km2.

On March 20, 2005, Kurahashi, along with the towns of Ondo and Kamagari (all from Aki District), and the towns of Yasuura, Toyohama and Yutaka (all from Toyota District), was merged into the expanded city of Kure and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

Kure, Hiroshima
Kure (呉市, Kure-shi; Japanese pronunciation: [kɯꜜ.ɾe, kɯ.ɾeꜜ.ɕi], locally [kɯ.ɾeꜜ]) is a city in the Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan. As of 30 April 2023, the city had an estimated population of 208,024 in 106,616 households and a population density of 590 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 352.80 square kilometres (136.22 sq mi). With a strong industrial and naval heritage, Kure hosts the second-oldest naval dockyard in Japan and remains an important base for the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force.
TMU station
TMU (formerly Dundas) is a subway station on Line 1 Yonge–University in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is located at the intersection of Yonge Street and Dundas Street. The station was known as Dundas station before being renamed in 2025 following a partnership between the Toronto Transit Commission and Toronto Metropolitan University (TMU).

Line 1 Yonge–University
Line 1 Yonge–University is a rapid transit line of the Toronto subway. It serves Toronto and the neighbouring city of Vaughan in Ontario, Canada. Operated by the Toronto Transit Commission, it has 38 stations and is 38.4 kilometres (23.9 miles) in length, making it the longest line on the subway system. It opened as the "Yonge subway" in 1954 as Canada's first underground passenger rail line and was extended multiple times between 1963 and 2017. As of 2010, Line 1 was the busiest rapid transit line in Canada, and one of the busiest lines in North America. In the 12 months ending August 2024, it averaged over 625,000 riders per weekday.
Bernstein's theorem (approximation theory)
In approximation theory, Bernstein's theorem  is a converse to Jackson's theorem. The first results of this type were proved by Sergei Bernstein in 1912.

For approximation by trigonometric polynomials, the result is as follows:

Let   f: [0, 2π] → ℂ   be a 2 π periodic function, and assume r is a positive integer, and that  0 < α < 1  . If there exists some fixed number  and a sequence of trigonometric polynomials  for which  and  for every 
then   f(x) = Pn0(x) + φ(x) , where the function φ(x) has a bounded r th derivative which is α-Hölder continuous.

Sergei Bernstein
Sergei Natanovich Bernstein (Ukrainian: Сергі́й Ната́нович Бернште́йн, sometimes Romanized as Bernshtein; 5 March 1880 – 26 October 1968) was a Ukrainian and Soviet mathematician of Jewish origin known for contributions to partial differential equations, differential geometry, probability theory, and approximation theory.
Secure file transfer program
sftp is a command-line interface client program to transfer files using the SSH File Transfer Protocol (SFTP), which runs inside the encrypted Secure Shell connection.

It provides an interactive interface similar to that of traditional command-line FTP clients.

One common implementation of sftp is part of the OpenSSH project. There are other command-line SFTP clients that use different names, such as lftp, PSFTP and PSCP (from PuTTY package) and WinSCP.

SSH File Transfer Protocol
In computing, the SSH File Transfer Protocol, also known as Secure File Transfer Protocol (SFTP), is a network protocol that provides file access, file transfer, and file management over any reliable data stream. It was designed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) as an extension of the Secure Shell protocol (SSH) version 2.0 to provide secure file transfer capabilities, and is seen as a replacement of File Transfer Protocol (FTP) due to superior security. The IETF Internet Draft states that, even though this protocol is described in the context of the SSH-2 protocol, it could be used in a number of different applications, such as secure file transfer over Transport Layer Security (TLS) and transfer of management information in VPN applications.

This protocol assumes that it is run over a secure channel, such as SSH, that the server has already authenticated the client, and that the identity of the client user is available to the protocol.

The official URI scheme is sftp.
James W. Marshall House
The James W. Marshall House, located at 60 Bridge Street in the city of Lambertville in Hunterdon County, United States, was the boyhood home of James W. Marshall.  Marshall's discovery of gold in the American River in California in January 1848 set the stage for the California Gold Rush. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 18, 1970, for its significance in architecture and history. It now serves as the headquarters for the Lambertville Historical Society, and is open to the public as an historic house museum.

James W. Marshall
James Wilson Marshall (October 8, 1810 – August 10, 1885) was an American carpenter and sawmill operator, who on January 24, 1848, reported the finding of gold at Coloma, California, a small settlement on the American River about 36 miles northeast of Sacramento. His discovery was the impetus for the California gold rush. The mill property was owned by Johann (John) Sutter who employed Marshall to build his mill. The wave of gold seekers turned everyone's attention away from the mill which eventually fell into disrepair and was never used as intended. Neither Marshall nor Sutter ever profited from the gold find.
Llewellyn, Pennsylvania
Llewellyn is an unincorporated community in Branch Township, Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania, United States. The community is located approximately 1.5 miles southwest of Minersville, along the West Branch of the Schuylkill River.

Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania
Schuylkill County (/ˈskuːlkɪl/, locally /-kəl/; Pennsylvania Dutch: Schulkill Kaundi) is a county in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. As of the 2020 census, the population was 143,049. The county seat is Pottsville. The county is part of the Northeast Pennsylvania region of the state.

The county is part of the Pottsville micropolitan statistical area, and borders eight  counties: Berks and Lebanon counties to its south, Dauphin and Northumberland counties to its west, Columbia and Luzerne counties to its north, and Carbon and Lehigh counties to its east. The county is approximately 47 miles (76 km) west of Allentown, the state's third-largest city, and 97 miles (156 km) northwest of Philadelphia, the state's largest city.

The county was created on March 1, 1811, from parts of Berks and Northampton counties and named for the Schuylkill River, which originates in the county. On March 3, 1818, additional territory in its northeast was added from Columbia and Luzerne counties.
Exeter College, Oxford
Exeter College (in full: The rector and Scholars of Exeter College in the University of Oxford) is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England, and the fourth-oldest college of the university.

The college was founded in 1314 by two brothers from Devon, Bishop Walter Stapledon and Sir Richard Stapledon, as an institution to educate clergy, and has been located on Turl Street since 1315. At its foundation Exeter was popular with sons of the Devon gentry, though it has since become associated with a much broader range of notable alumni, including Raymond Raikes, William Morris, J. R. R. Tolkien, Richard Burton, Roger Bannister, Alan Bennett, and Philip Pullman.

Raymond Raikes
Raymond Montgomery Raikes (13 September 1910 – 2 October 1998) was a British theatre producer, director and broadcaster. He was particularly known for his productions of classic dramas for BBC Radio's "World Theatre" and "National Theatre of the Air" series, which pioneered the use of stereophonic sound in radio drama broadcasts. He received two Prix Italia awards in 1965 for his stereophonic productions of The Foundling by A. R. Gurney and The Anger of Achilles by Robert Graves.
Digital recording
In digital recording, an audio or video signal is converted into a stream of discrete numbers representing the changes over time in air pressure for audio, or chroma and luminance values for video.  This number stream is saved to a storage device.  To play back a digital recording, the numbers are retrieved and converted back into their original analog audio or video forms so that they can be heard or seen.

In a properly matched analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and digital-to-analog converter (DAC) pair, the analog signal is accurately reconstructed, within the constraints of the Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem, which dictates the sampling rate and quantization error dependent on the audio or video bit depth. Because the signal is stored digitally, assuming proper error detection and correction, the recording is not degraded by copying, storage or interference.

Sound 80
Sound 80 is a recording studio in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States founded by engineer Tom Jung and composer/musician Herb Pilhofer in 1969.  Largely involved with local artists, the studio is best known for recording portions of Bob Dylan's Blood on the Tracks in 1974 and Cat Stevens' Izitso in 1977, as well as demo tapes for Prince's first album For You in 1977.

In 1978, Sound 80 made the first digital audio recording to win a Grammy Award—The Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra's recording of Aaron Copland's "Appalachian Spring" and "Short Symphony", and Charles Ives' "Symphony No. 3".

In 2020, Sound 80 was placed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Christian Social Union (UK)
The Christian Social Union (CSU) was an organisation associated with the Church of England, with some similar features to the Social Gospel movement of North America. The group was established in 1889 and dedicated itself to the study of contemporary social conditions and the remedying of poverty and other forms of social injustice through public mobilisation to alleviate the same. The organisation was terminated by merger in 1919, becoming part of the Industrial Christian Fellowship (ICF).

Henry Scott Holland
Henry Scott Holland (27 January 1847 – 17 March 1918) was Regius Professor of Divinity at the University of Oxford.  He was also a canon of Christ Church, Oxford. The Scott Holland Memorial Lectures are held in his memory.
James Philip Dunn
James Philip Dunn (January 10, 1884, New York –  July 24, 1936, Jersey City, New Jersey) was an American composer and organist in New York, Jersey City and Bayonne, New Jersey. At Columbia University, he was a pupil of Cornelius Rybner and Edward MacDowell.

Edward MacDowell
Edward Alexander MacDowell (December 18, 1860 – January 23, 1908) was an American composer and pianist of the late Romantic period. He was best known for his second piano concerto and his piano suites Woodland Sketches, Sea Pieces and New England Idylls. Woodland Sketches includes his most popular short piece, "To a Wild Rose". In 1904 he was one of the first seven Americans honored by membership in the American Academy of Arts and Letters.
27th Guldbagge Awards
The 27th Guldbagge Awards ceremony, presented by the Swedish Film Institute, honored the best Swedish films of 1991, and took place on 16 March 1992. Il Capitano: A Swedish Requiem directed by Jan Troell was presented with the award for Best Film.

Il Capitano: A Swedish Requiem
Il Capitano: A Swedish Requiem (Swedish: Il Capitano) is a 1991 Swedish-Finnish biographical drama film directed by Jan Troell about the 1988 Åmsele murders in which a family of three was murdered by Juha Valjakkala over a stolen bicycle.

Antti Reini stars as Valjakkala, renamed Jari in the film, and Maria Heiskanen as his girlfriend Marita Routalammi, renamed Minna. Being released so soon after the actual event, the film was very controversial and received highly-mixed reviews, with some critics praising it for the difficult choice of subject and others condemning it for the same reason.
St. Michael's Church (Črna Vas)
St. Michael's Church in Črna Vas, Slovenia, also known as St. Michael's Church in the Marsh (Slovene: Cerkev sv. Mihaela na Barju), is a parish church of the Latin Church of the Catholic Church in the Archdiocese of Ljubljana. Dedicated to Saint Michael, it is one of the prominent works of 20th-century Slovenian architect Jože Plečnik, and is listed as a monument of national significance of Slovenia. The church, together with several other Plečnik's works in Ljubljana, has also been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site The works of Jože Plečnik in Ljubljana – Human Centred Urban Design in 2021.

The works of Jože Plečnik in Ljubljana – Human Centred Urban Design
The works of Jože Plečnik in Ljubljana – Human Centred Urban Design is a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Ljubljana, Slovenia, listed in 2021. The site encompasses selected the most prominent works of  Slovenian architect Jože Plečnik in Ljubljana with their original function. During the interwar period, Plečnik worked to transform Ljubljana from a provincial city to the capital of the Slovenian nation by creating a series of public spaces and public institutions and integrating them into the pre-existing urban fabric. Sites include the St. Michael's Church in Črna Vas, and the following sites in Ljubljana: the promenade along the embankments of the Ljubljanica River and the bridges crossing it; the "Green promenade":  Vegova Street with the National and University Library from French Revolution Square to Congress Square and Star Park, Trnovo Bridge, Roman Walls in Mirje, the Church of St. Francis of Assisi, and the All Saints Garden in Žale Cemetery.
Chinese embroidery
Chinese embroidery refers to embroidery created by any of the cultures located in the area that makes up modern China.  It is some of the oldest extant needlework. The four major regional styles of Chinese embroidery are Suzhou embroidery (Su Xiu), Hunan embroidery (Xiang Xiu), Guangdong embroidery (Yue Xiu) and Sichuan embroidery (Shu Xiu). All of them are nominated as Chinese Intangible Cultural Heritage.

Needlework
Needlework refers to decorative sewing and other textile handicrafts that involve the use of a needle. Needlework may also include related textile crafts like crochet (which uses a hook), or tatting, (which uses a shuttle).

Similar abilities often transfer well between different varieties of needlework, such as fine motor skill and knowledge of textile fibers.  Some of the same tools may be used in several different varieties of needlework.