hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Dowd–Beckwith ring-expansion reaction
The Dowd–Beckwith ring-expansion reaction is an organic reaction in which a cyclic carbonyl (typically a β-keto ester) is expanded by up to 4 carbons in a free radical ring expansion reaction through an α-alkylhalo substituent. The radical initiator system is based on azobisisobutyronitrile and tributyltin hydride. The cyclic β-keto ester can be obtained through a Dieckmann condensation. The original reaction consisted of a nucleophilic aliphatic substitution of the enolate of ethyl cyclohexanone-2-carboxylate with 1,4-diiodobutane and sodium hydride followed by ring expansion to ethyl cyclodecanone-6-carboxylate. A side-reaction is organic reduction of the iodoalkane.

Azobisisobutyronitrile
Azobisisobutyronitrile (abbreviated AIBN) is an organic compound with the formula [(CH3)2C(CN)]2N2. This white powder is soluble in alcohols and common organic solvents but is insoluble in water. It is often used as a foamer in plastics and rubber and as a radical initiator.

As an azo initiator, radicals resulting from AIBN have multiple benefits over common organic peroxides. For example, they do not have oxygenated byproducts or much yellow discoloration. Additionally, they do not cause too much grafting and therefore are often used when making adhesives, acrylic fibers, detergents, etc.
Charles René Magon de Médine
Counter-Admiral Charles René Magon de Médine (12 November 1763 – 21 October 1805) was a French Navy officer who served in American Revolutionary War and French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. He was killed in action at the Battle of Trafalgar while commanding the ship of the line Algésiras. His conduct in the battle has been praised by French historians as one of the few redeeming features of the French navy's performance in the battle, and his name is engraved on the Arc de Triomphe.

Counter admiral
Counter admiral is a military rank used for high-ranking officers in several navies around the world, though the rank is not used in the English-speaking world, where its equivalent rank is rear admiral. The term derives from the French contre-amiral. Depending on the country, it is either a one-star or two-star rank. In modern navies that use it, counter admiral is generally, although not always, the lowest flag officer rank.  In the German Navy, for instance, Flottillenadmiral ranks below Konteradmiral; in the Royal Canadian Navy, contre-amiral (rear admiral in English) ranks above commodore.
Special Forces Group (Japan)
The Special Forces Group (特殊作戦群, Tokushu-sakusengun) is the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force's special forces unit, established on March 27, 2004.

Their mission is infiltration into enemy territory, reconnaissance, sabotage, and hostage rescue, and conducting military operations against guerrillas or enemy commandos. The unit is based in Camp Narashino in Funabashi, Chiba, along with the 1st Airborne Brigade.

The SFGp has been referred to as Japan's Delta Force, due to their specialized role in the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force. The initial operators trained with the U.S. Army's Delta Force.

The civilian counterpart of the SFGp is the Special Assault Teams of the prefectural police departments under the Japanese National Police Agency.

While current manpower is classified, an estimated 300 operators are known to serve in the SFGp.

1st Airborne Brigade (Japan)
The 1st Airborne Brigade (第1空挺団, Dai-Ichi Kūtei Dan), also known as the Narashino Airborne Brigade (習志野空挺団), is stationed in the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (JGSDF) Camp Narashino in Funabashi, Chiba Prefecture.

The Brigade serves as Japan's elite paratrooper unit meant to counter against enemy airborne forces units, commandos, guerrilla warfare, and irregular military units. Since 1999, the Brigade has a Guide Unit (誘導隊, Yūdō-tai), serving as its NEO (Non-combatant Evacuation Operations) unit. Currently, they are attached to current homeland defense and international combat operations under the JGSDF's Ground Component Command (Japanese: 陸上総隊) (formerly under the Central Readiness Force).
Ram Charan Mehrotra
Ram Charan Mehrotra (16 February 1922 – 11 July 2004) was an Indian analytical and organometallic chemist, academic, educationist and the vice chancellor of the Universities of Delhi and Allahabad. He was known for his studies on the chemical theory of indicators, alkoxides and carboxylates of many elements. He was an elected fellow of the Indian National Science Academy, Indian Chemical Society, Chemical Society of London, Royal Institute of Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences, India and Indian Academy of Sciences. The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology, one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1965, for his contributions to chemical sciences.

University of Allahabad
The University of Allahabad is a central university located in Prayagraj, in Uttar Pradesh, India. It was established on 23 September 1887 by an act of Parliament and is recognised as an Institute of National Importance (INI). It is the regarded as the fourth oldest modern university in India. Its origins lie in the Muir Central College, named after Lt. Governor of North-Western Provinces Sir William Muir in 1873, who suggested the idea of a Central University at Allahabad, which later evolved to the present university. Its status as a central university was re-established through the University of Allahabad Act 2005 by the Parliament of India.
Rodrigo (footballer, born 1991)
Rodrigo Moreno Machado (Spanish pronunciation: [roˈðɾiɣo moˈɾeno maˈtʃaðo]; born 6 March 1991), known as Rodrigo, is a professional footballer who plays as a striker or winger for Qatar Stars League club Al-Rayyan.

He started his career with Real Madrid, appearing solely for its reserve teams. In 2010, he signed with Benfica with whom he won four titles, most notably the domestic treble in the 2013–14 season. He then spent six years at Valencia, scoring 59 goals in 220 games and winning the Copa del Rey in 2019. In 2020, he joined Leeds United.

Born in Brazil, Rodrigo represented Spain at youth level, and in 2013 he won the European Championship with the under-21 team. The following year, he earned his first cap for the senior side, appearing for them at the 2018 World Cup.

2019 Copa del Rey final
The 2019 Copa del Rey final was a football match played on 25 May 2019 that decided the winner of the 2018–19 Copa del Rey, the 117th edition of Spain's primary football cup (including two seasons where two rival editions were played). The match was played at the Estadio Benito Villamarín in Seville between Barcelona and Valencia. As of 2025, this was the latest final to be held outside of Estadio de La Cartuja.

Valencia won the final 2–1, achieving their eighth title overall and ending their 11-year trophy drought by winning their first major trophy since 2008.
Stockholm during the early Vasa era
Stockholm during the early Vasa era (1523–1611) is a period in the history of Stockholm when Gustav Vasa and his sons, Eric, John, John's son Sigismund, and finally Gustav's youngest son Charles, ruled Sweden from the Stockholm Palace.

Erik XIV
Erik XIV or Eric XIV (13 December 1533 – 26 February 1577) became King of Sweden following the death of his father, Gustav I, on 29 September 1560. During a 1568 rebellion against him, Erik was incarcerated by his half-brother John III. He was formally deposed by the Riksdag on 26 January 1569. Erik was also ruler of Estonia, after it placed itself under Swedish protection in 1561.

While Erik has been regarded as intelligent and artistically skilled, as well as politically ambitious, early in his reign he showed signs of mental instability, a condition that eventually led to insanity. Some scholars claim that his illness began early during his reign, while others believe that it first manifested with the Sture murders.

Erik, having been imprisoned and deposed, was most likely murdered. An examination of his remains in 1958 confirmed that he probably died of arsenic poisoning.
Flash Morgan Webster
Gavin Watkins (born 13 April 1990), better known by the ring name Flash Morgan Webster, is a Welsh professional wrestler, currently performing on the British independent scene and for RevPro, where he is a former Undisputed British Cruiserweight Champion and a former Undisputed British Tag Team Champion (with Mark Andrews).

Webster previously wrestled in WWE, where he and Andrews were the first Welsh Champions in WWE history during their reign as NXT UK Tag Team Champions. He is also known for his appearances in Attack! Pro Wrestling, Progress Wrestling, Southside Wrestling Entertainment and Pro Wrestling Guerrilla among others.

NXT UK Tag Team Championship
The NXT UK Tag Team Championship was a men's professional wrestling tag team championship that was created and promoted by the American promotion WWE. It was defended on the NXT UK brand division, a sister brand of WWE's developmental territory NXT based in the United Kingdom. Established on 18 June 2018, the inaugural championship team was James Drake and Zack Gibson. On 4 September 2022 at Worlds Collide, the title was unified into the NXT Tag Team Championship, officially retiring the title in the process, with the team of Brooks Jensen and Josh Briggs recognized as the final champions.
Lara Stone
Lara Catherina Stone (born 20 December 1983) is a Dutch model. She was discovered at the age of 12 in the Paris Metro and later participated in the Elite Model Look competition at 15. Stone has appeared on the covers of W and Vogue, has worked with various brands, including Fendi, Chanel, Prada, Louis Vuitton, and Versace, and was most notably the face of Calvin Klein. She has been represented by The Lions, IMG Models, and Elite Model Management.

Elite Model Management
Elite Model Management (MM) is a French modeling agency that originated in Paris in 1972. Elite MM is a subsidiary of Elite World S.A., whose main shareholder Silvio Scaglia controls his stake through Elite World Group (EWG), a management company where Elite MM is one of brands along with The Society Management, Women Management, Supreme Management, Elite Model Look, and Women 360. In 2004, the agencies in New York City, Miami, Los Angeles, and Toronto separated and formed Elite Model Management North America. Although Elite Model Management North America and Elite World Group share the same logo, they have separate ownership and are not part of a business network.
InterContinental Manila
InterContinental Manila (colloquially Intercon/ICM) was a five-star InterContinental hotel located on Ayala Avenue in Makati, Metro Manila, Philippines. At the time of its closure, it was the longest operating international chain hotel in the Philippines. It was designed by National Artist Leandro Locsin.

The hotel opened on April 11, 1969, and ceased operations on December 31, 2015, with demolition works of the building was made from April 2016 to March 2017. It was the first 5-star hotel in Makati and the second InterContinental hotel in Asia. All of its 332 guest rooms and suites were updated in 2006 to incorporate traditional and modern Filipino design.

IHG Hotels & Resorts
InterContinental Hotels Group (IHG), marketed as IHG Hotels & Resorts, is a British multinational hospitality company headquartered in Windsor, Berkshire, England. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and the New York Stock Exchange. It is also a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index.

As of September 2025, the group employs 375,000 people and operates, franchises and leases more than 6,800 hotels globally.
Enari Tuala
Enari Tuala (born 19 October 1998) is an Australian professional rugby league footballer who plays as a winger or centre for the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs in the NRL.

He previously played for the North Queensland Cowboys and Newcastle Knights in the National Rugby League, and has represented the Prime Minister's XIII.

Prime Minister's XIII
Prime Minister's XIII, sometimes informally referred to as the PM's XIII, are a representative rugby league team, comprising Australian players from National Rugby League clubs. Initially, the team was selected from NRL clubs that did not qualify for the NRL finals. Over time this changed to include players whose teams were knocked out during the first two weeks of the finals, with the game played on the same weekend as the preliminary finals, one week prior to the NRL Grand Final. Since 2024, the Prime Minister's XIII game has been played on the weekend after the NRL Grand Final, with players from all clubs, including the Grand Finalists, available for selection.
Paul Novotny
Paul Novotny (born May 26, 1966) is an American politician serving in the Minnesota House of Representatives since 2020. A member of the Republican Party of Minnesota, Novotny represents District 30B in east-central Minnesota, which includes the cities of Elk River and Otsego and parts of Anoka, Sherburne, and Wright Counties.

Sherburne County, Minnesota
Sherburne County is a county in Central Minnesota. At the 2020 census, the population was 97,183. The county seat is Elk River. Sherburne County is included in the Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Oliver Cromwell Applegate
Captain Oliver Cromwell Applegate (June 11, 1845 – October 11, 1938) was an American politician, newspaper editor, and Indian agent in the U.S. state of Oregon. A member of the Applegate family that helped open the Applegate Trail, he was raised in Southern Oregon where he later was in charge of the Klamath Indian Reservation. He worked as a scout during the Modoc War, was an Indian agent for all of Oregon, and was editor of the Ashland Tidings and the Klamath Republican.

Klamath Tribes
The Klamath Tribes, formerly the Klamath Indian Tribe of Oregon, are a federally recognized Native American Nation consisting of three Native American tribes who traditionally inhabited  Southern Oregon and Northern California in the United States: the Klamath, Modoc, and Yahooskin. The tribal government is based in Chiloquin, Oregon.
Spin connection
In differential geometry and mathematical physics, a spin connection is a connection on a spinor bundle.  It is induced, in a canonical manner, from the affine connection.  It can also be regarded as the gauge field generated by local Lorentz transformations. In some canonical formulations of general relativity, a spin connection is defined on spatial slices and can also be regarded as the gauge field generated by local rotations.

The spin connection occurs in two common forms: the Levi-Civita spin connection, when it is derived from the Levi-Civita connection, and the affine spin connection, when it is obtained from the affine connection. The difference between the two of these is that the Levi-Civita connection is by definition the unique torsion-free connection, whereas the affine connection (and so the affine spin connection) may contain torsion.

Levi-Civita connection
In Riemannian or pseudo-Riemannian geometry (in particular the Lorentzian geometry of general relativity), the Levi-Civita connection is the unique affine connection on the tangent bundle of a manifold that preserves the (pseudo-)Riemannian metric and is torsion-free. The fundamental theorem of Riemannian geometry states that there is a unique connection that satisfies these properties.

The connection formalizes and generalizes the "rolling without slipping or twisting" method of transporting tangent planes of a smooth surface embedded in  (or generally, any Riemannian manifold, by the Nash embedding theorems).

The covariant derivative is defined given any affine connection. In the theory of Riemannian and pseudo-Riemannian manifolds, the "covariant derivative" by default refers to the one defined using the Levi-Civita connection. The components (structure coefficients) of this connection with respect to a system of local coordinates are called Christoffel symbols.
Paul Dunn (running back)
Paul Dunn Jr. (born July 14, 1948) is an American former professional football player who was a running back for one season with the Cincinnati Bengals of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the U.S. International Gulls and was selected by the Bengals in the 13th round of the 1970 NFL draft. He also played for the Philadelphia Bell of the World Football League.

United States International University
United States International University (USIU) was a nonprofit university based in San Diego, California, that was accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges. At its peak, it had two additional American campuses and three international locations. It was merged into Alliant International University in 2001, which became a for-profit benefit corporation in 2015.
Earnest Adams
Earnest Adams (born March 12, 1959) is an American former professional football linebacker who primarily played in the United States Football League (USFL) for the Pittsburgh Maulers and Portland Breakers, but was also a replacement player during the 1987 NFL strike for the Detroit Lions of the National Football League (NFL), and played for the Pittsburgh Gladiators of the Arena Football League (AFL). He played college football for the Illinois Fighting Illini.

Portland Breakers
The Portland Breakers were an American football team that played in the United States Football League (USFL) in the mid-1980s.  Before moving to Portland, Oregon, the franchise was previously in Boston, Massachusetts as the Boston Breakers and New Orleans, Louisiana as the New Orleans Breakers.

A new United States Football League – legally distinct from its predecessor, but using its team nicknames – was started in April 2022. A new version of the New Orleans Breakers was one of eight teams competing. On December 19, 2023, the USFL informed its players union that the Breakers would not be among four USFL teams to be contracted as part of the league's upcoming merger with the XFL.
Langenbach, Bavaria
Langenbach (German pronunciation: [ˈlaŋənbax]) is a municipality in the district of Freising in Bavaria in Germany.

The town has its own railway station on the Munich-Regensburg line, and lies on Landesstraße (state road) 2350 between Freising and Moosburg.  Its boroughs are Amperhof, Asenkofen, Großenviecht, Kleinviecht, Niederhummel, Oberbach, Oberhummel, Oftlfing, Rast, Schmidhausen und Windham.

Landesstraße
Landesstraßen (singular: Landesstraße [ˈlandəsˌʃtʁaːsə]) are roads in Germany and Austria that are, as a rule, the responsibility of the respective German or Austrian states. The term may therefore be translated as "state road". They are roads that cross the boundary of a rural or urban district (Landkreis or Kreisfreie Stadt). A Landesstraße is thus less important than a Bundesstraße or federal road, but more significant than a Kreisstraße or district road. The classification of a road as a Landesstraße is a legal matter (Widmung). In the free states of Bavaria and Saxony – but not, however, in the Free State of Thuringia – Landesstraßen are known as Staatsstraßen.
Sports in Japan
Sports in Japan are a significant part of Japanese culture. Traditional sports, such as sumo and martial arts, as well as Western imports like baseball, association football, basketball and tennis are popular with both participants and spectators.

Sumo is considered Japan's national sport. Baseball was introduced to the country by visiting Americans in the 19th century.  The Nippon Professional Baseball league has been Japan's largest professional sports competition in terms of television ratings and spectators. Martial arts such as judo, karate and modern kendō are also widely practiced and enjoyed by spectators in the country. Association football has gained wide popularity since the founding of the Japan Professional Football League in 1992. Other popular sports include figure skating, rugby union, golf, table tennis and racing, especially auto racing. Some new sports were invented by changing elements of imported sports.

Kendo
Kendo (Japanese: 剣道, Hepburn: Kendō; lit. 'sword way'  or 'sword path'  or 'way of the sword') is a modern Japanese martial art, descended from kenjutsu (one of the old Japanese martial arts, swordsmanship), that uses bamboo swords (shinai) as well as protective armor (bōgu). It began as samurai warriors' customary swordsmanship exercises, and today, it is widely practiced within Japan and has spread to many other nations across the world.
Pershing Point Park
Pershing Point Park, also known as Pershing Point Memorial Park, is a small public park in Atlanta, Georgia, United States. The park, located in midtown Atlanta, is formed by the intersection of Peachtree Street and West Peachtree Street. It was dedicated in the 1920s in honor of General of the Armies John J. Pershing and includes a memorial to Fulton County soldiers who died in World War I. The World Athletes Monument is also located in the park. A 2018 article in The Atlanta Journal-Constitution listed the park as one of three World War I memorials in the Atlanta metropolitan area.

Fulton County, Georgia
Fulton County is in the north-central portion of the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 1,066,710, making it the state's most populous county. Its county seat and most populous city is Atlanta, the state capital. About 90% of the city of Atlanta is within Fulton County; the remaining portion is in DeKalb County. Fulton County is the principal county of the Atlanta–Sandy Springs–Roswell metropolitan statistical area.
Vico Ortiz
Vico Ortiz (born October 10, 1991) is a Puerto Rican actor, drag king, and activist. They are best known for portraying Jim Jimenez on the HBO Max television series Our Flag Means Death. Ortiz is a recipient of the  Human Rights Campaign Visibility Award and the GLAAD Media Award.

Human Rights Campaign
The Human Rights Campaign (HRC) is an American LGBTQ advocacy group. It is the largest LGBTQ political lobbying organization within the United States. Based in Washington, D.C., the organization focuses on protecting and expanding rights for LGBTQ individuals, including advocating for same-sex marriage, anti-discrimination and hate crimes legislation, and HIV/AIDS advocacy. The organization has a number of legislative initiatives as well as supporting resources for LGBTQ individuals.
A417 road
The A417 is a main road in England, running from Streatley, Berkshire to Hope under Dinmore, Herefordshire. It is best known for its section between Cirencester and Gloucester where it has primary status and forms part of the link between the major settlements of Swindon and Gloucester.

Streatley, Berkshire
Streatley is a village and civil parish on the River Thames in Berkshire, England. The village faces Goring-on-Thames. The two places share in their shops, services, leisure, sports and much of their transport. Across the river is Goring & Streatley railway station and the village cluster adjoins a lock and weir. The west of the village is a mixture of agriculture and woodland plus a golf course. The village has a riverside hotel. Much of Streatley is at steeply varying elevations, ranging from 51 to 185 m (167 to 607 ft) above ordnance datum (AOD) at Streatley Warren, a hilltop point on its western border forming the eastern end of the Berkshire Downs. This Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty is topped by the 87 mi (140 km) The Ridgeway path, which crosses the Thames at Goring and Streatley Bridge.