hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Battle of Passempe
Battle of Passempe of 1646 (Makasar: Bundu’ka ri Passempe’), also called as Passempaka War or Pasompak War, was a pivotal event and military engagement occurred in present-day Pasempe, which is situated approximately 10 kilometres west of Watampone. It was fought between the Gowa Sultanate and its allies led by Karaeng Cenrana as the head of the expedition, and rebellious vassal of Boné led by La Tenriaji. The event took place from 18 April to 25 May 1646, resulted in Gowa's victory against Boné.

Sultanate of Gowa
The Sultanate of Gowa was one of the great kingdoms in the history of Indonesia and the most successful kingdom in the South Sulawesi region. People of this kingdom come from the Makassarese people who lived in the south end and the west coast of southern Sulawesi.
Commissioner v. Glenshaw Glass Co.
Commissioner v. Glenshaw Glass Co., 348 U.S. 426 (1955), was an important income tax case before the United States Supreme Court.  The Court held as follows:

Congress, in enacting income taxation statutes that comprehend "gains or profits and income derived from any source whatever," intended to tax all gain except that which was specifically exempted.

Income is not limited to "the gain derived from capital, from labor, or from both combined."

Although the Court used this characterization in Eisner v. Macomber, it "was not meant to provide a touchstone to all future gross income questions."

Instead, income is realized whenever there are "instances of [1] undeniable accessions to wealth, [2] clearly realized, and [3] over which the taxpayers have complete dominion."

Under this definition, punitive damages qualify as "income" -- even though they are not derived from capital or from labor.

Eisner v. Macomber
Eisner v. Macomber, 252 U.S. 189 (1920), was a tax case before the United States Supreme Court that is notable for the following holdings:

A pro rata stock dividend where a shareholder received no actual cash or other property and retained the same proportionate share of ownership of the corporation as was held prior to the dividend by the shareholder was not income to the shareholder under the Sixteenth Amendment.

An income tax that was imposed by the Revenue Act of 1916 on such a dividend was unconstitutional even if the dividend indirectly represented accrued earnings of the corporation.
Air Combat 22
Air Combat 22 is a 1995 combat fight simulator video game released by Namco for arcades. It is the sequel to Namco's 1993 arcade game Air Combat. Its name comes from it running on Namco's Super System 22 hardware. It was released as both a dedicated deluxe arcade cabinet, and as an arcade conversion kit for Air Combat.

On July 3, 2025, the game was re-released for the first time by Hamster Corporation as part of the Arcade Archives series for the Nintendo Switch and PlayStation 4, as well as the Arcade Archives 2 series for the Nintendo Switch 2, PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X/S.

Arcade Archives
Arcade Archives is a series of emulated arcade games developed and published by Hamster Corporation. A sub-series called ACA Neo Geo focuses on re-releasing SNK's Neo Geo titles in their original MVS arcade format, unlike many services that attempt to emulate the console versions. Individual games are released in a weekly format. Another sub-series called Console Archives focuses on releasing home console video games.
Sexual abuse scandal in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Hartford
The sexual abuse scandal in Hartford archdiocese is an episode in the series of Catholic sex abuse cases in the United States. It took place in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Hartford in the US state of Connecticut. As of 2019, there were a known 146 sexual abuse claims against 32 priests.

Archdiocese of Hartford
The Archdiocese of Hartford (Latin: Archidioecesis Hartfortiensis) is an archdiocese of the Catholic Church in Connecticut in the United States. It is a metropolitan see. The other dioceses in its ecclesiastical province are Bridgeport, Norwich, and Providence.

It was established as the Diocese of Hartford in 1843. The mother church of the Archdiocese of Hartford is the Cathedral of Saint Joseph in Hartford. It covers Hartford, Litchfield and New Haven counties. Christopher J. Coyne is the archbishop.
Annular velocity
Annular velocity is the speed of the drilling fluid's movement in a column called an annulus in oil wells. It is commonly measured in feet per minute (ft/min) or meters per minute (m/min). Annular velocity is often abbreviated as AV, though this is not exclusively so, as AV also refers to apparent viscosity which is calculated from rheometer readings from tests that the mud engineer performs.

Rheometer
A rheometer is a laboratory device used to measure the way in which a viscous fluid (a liquid, suspension or slurry) flows in response to applied forces.  It is used for those fluids which cannot be defined by a single value of viscosity and therefore require more parameters to be set and measured than is the case for a viscometer.  It measures the rheology of the fluid.

There are two distinctively different types of rheometers.  Rheometers that control the applied shear stress or shear strain are called rotational or shear rheometers, whereas rheometers that apply extensional stress or extensional strain are extensional rheometers.
Rotational or shear type rheometers are usually designed as either a native strain-controlled instrument (control and apply a user-defined shear strain which can then measure the resulting shear stress) or a native stress-controlled instrument (control and apply a user-defined shear stress and measure the resulting shear strain).
John H. Ebersole
Captain John Henry Ebersole, M.D., United States Navy Medical Corps (26 January 1925 – 23 September 1993) was a pioneer in submarine medicine and radiation oncology, selected by Admiral Hyman G. Rickover to serve as medical officer aboard the US Navy's first two nuclear powered submarines, the USS Nautilus and the USS Seawolf. He was the radiologist for NASA that screened the Mercury Seven astronauts for Project Mercury. Ebersole was the radiologist responsible for the x-rays taken during the autopsy of John F. Kennedy on 22 November 1963 at Bethesda Naval Medical Center.

Walter Reed National Military Medical Center
Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (WRNMMC; formerly known as the National Naval Medical Center and colloquially referred to as Bethesda Naval Hospital, Walter Reed, or Navy Med) is a United States military medical center located in Bethesda, Maryland. It is one of the largest and most prominent military medical centers in the United States, and it has provided medical care for several United States presidents since its opening in 1940.

In 2011, the Walter Reed Army Medical Center (WRAMC), named after yellow fever researcher Walter Reed, was combined with the National Naval Medical Center to form today's tri-service Walter Reed National Military Medical Center.

It is accessed by the Medical Center station on the Washington Metro's Red Line.
2022 NAIA cross country championships
The 2022 NAIA cross country championships was the 67th annual NAIA men's cross country championship and 43rd annual NAIA women's cross country championship to determine the team and individual national champions of NAIA men's and women's collegiate cross country running in the United States.

These championships were hosted by Apalachee Regional Park in Tallahassee, Florida.

The Dordt men won their first national title and Abraham Chelangam became the third consecutive individual champion for Oklahoma City University.

The women of Taylor won their first national championship and Lina May became the first individual champion for William Carey University.

NAIA men's cross country championship
The NAIA men's cross country championship is the annual cross country meet to determine the national champions of NAIA men's cross country running. It has been held annually since 1956. A team and individual championship are contested each year.

The most successful program has been Adams State, with 12 national titles. Oklahoma City has the most titles (5) of active NAIA programs.

The current champions are the Indiana Wesleyan, who won their first national title in 2025.
The Voice of Holland season 10
The tenth season of the Dutch reality singing competition The Voice of Holland premiered on 8 November 2019 on RTL 4. Host Martijn Krabbé,  as well as the four coaches from the previous season, Lil Kleine, Waylon, Ali B and Anouk all returned, while Wendy van Dijk left to move to SBS6 and was replaced by Chantal Janzen as a host with Krabbé, also Jamai Loman was replaced by Geraldine Kemper as a backstage host.

Sophia Kruithof won the competition from team Anouk and Anouk became the winning mentor for the second time.

The Voice of Holland season 9
The ninth season of the Dutch reality singing competition The Voice of Holland premiered on 2 November 2018 on RTL 4. Hosts Martijn Krabbé, Wendy van Dijk, and Jamai Loman as well as three season 8 coaches, Waylon, and Ali B and Anouk all returned, while  Sanne Hans was replaced with Lil Kleine.

Dennis Van Aarssen won the competition from team Waylon and Waylon became the winning mentor for the second time.
Jeff White (musician)
Jeff White (born August 2, 1957) is an American bluegrass guitarist/mandolinist, songwriter, record producer and sound mixer. Jeff White has performed and produced albums with many artists including: Alison Krauss, Vince Gill, The Chieftains, Lyle Lovett, Tim O'Brien, The Travelin' McCourys, Michael Cleveland and The Earls Of Leicester. White won the 57th Annual Grammy Awards,  for Best Bluegrass Album with The Earls of Leicester. One of Jeff's key mentors is award-winning fiddler Michael Cleveland. Jeff and Michael have earned four International Bluegrass Music Awards for Instrumental Recorded Performance of the Year. Jeff produced several of Michael Cleveland's albums. Jeff has toured with legendary banjo player Earl Scruggs. He has produced and released three solo albums: in 1996 The White Album, in 1999 The Broken Road and in 2016 Right Beside You.

Lyle Lovett
Lyle Pearce Lovett (born November 1, 1957) is an American country singer-songwriter and actor. Active since 1980, he has recorded 14 albums and released 25 singles to date, including his highest entry, the number 10 chart hit on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs chart, "Cowboy Man". Lovett has won four Grammy Awards, including Best Male Country Vocal Performance and Best Country Album. His most recent album is 12th of June, released in 2022.
Dara (Bulgarian singer)
Darina Nikolaeva Yotova (Bulgarian: Дарина Николаева Йотова, born 9 September 1998), known mononymously as Dara (Bulgarian: Дара), is a Bulgarian singer. She rose to prominence in 2015 after reaching the final in the Bulgarian edition of The X Factor. In 2016, she released her debut single "K'vo ne chu" under Virginia Records. She is set to represent Bulgaria in the Eurovision Song Contest 2026.

X Factor (Bulgarian TV series)
X Factor is the Bulgarian version of The X Factor, a show originating from the United Kingdom. It is a television music talent show contested by aspiring pop singers drawn from public auditions. The show's inaugural season aired in 2011 on Nova Television.
Vector area
In 3-dimensional geometry and vector calculus, an area vector is a vector combining an area quantity with a direction, thus representing an oriented area in three dimensions.

Every bounded surface in three dimensions can be associated with a unique area vector called its vector area. It is equal to the surface integral of the surface normal, and distinct from the usual (scalar) surface area.

Vector area can be seen as the three dimensional generalization of signed area in two dimensions.

Surface (topology)
In topology, a surface is a two-dimensional manifold. Some surfaces arise as the boundaries of three-dimensional solid figures; for example, the sphere is the boundary of the solid ball. Other surfaces arise as graphs of functions of two variables; see the figure at right. However, surfaces can also be defined abstractly, without reference to any ambient space. For example, the Klein bottle is a surface that cannot be embedded in three-dimensional Euclidean space.

Topological surfaces are sometimes equipped with additional information, such as a Riemannian metric or a complex structure, that connects them to other disciplines within mathematics, such as differential geometry and complex analysis. The various mathematical notions of surface can be used to model surfaces in the physical world.
Elphin, County Roscommon
Elphin (el-FIN; Irish: Ail Finn) is a small town in north County Roscommon, Ireland. It forms the southern tip of a triangle with Boyle 18 km (11 mi) and Carrick-on-Shannon 14 km (9 mi) to the north west and north east respectively.  It is at the junction of the R368 and R369 regional roads. Ireland West Airport is 50 km (31 mi) west of Elphin - approximately 40 minutes by road. 
The town is in a townland and civil parish of the same name.

Boyle, County Roscommon
Boyle (/ˈbɔɪl/; Irish: Mainistir na Búille) is a town in County Roscommon, Ireland. It lies on the Boyle River, between Lough Gara and Lough Key, at the foot of the Curlew Mountains. Carrowkeel Megalithic Cemetery and the Drumanone Dolmen are also close by. As of 2022, the population of the town was 2,915. The town is in a civil parish of the same name and in the barony of Boyle.
Indian sillago
Sillago indica, the Indian sillago, is a poorly known species of coastal marine fish of the smelt-whiting family Sillaginidae. The species was named in 1985, having previously being misidentified as another species of Sillago, S. parvisquamis. The Indian sillago inhabits the coasts of the Indian subcontinent and Oman. Like all sillaginids, it is benthic in nature, living in depths to 30 m where it is caught by fishermen alongside other species of Sillago.

Small-scale whiting
The small-scale whiting (Sillago parvisquamis), also known as the blue whiting, is a species of inshore marine fish of the smelt-whiting family Sillaginidae. The small-scale whiting is very similar in body shape and colour to other species in the genus Sillago, but is distinguished by having 12 or 13 spines in the first dorsal fin compared to 11 in all other species. The species is distributed through parts of the west Pacific Ocean including Japan, Taiwan, Korea and India, inhabiting the tidal flats of major estuaries. It is a benthic predator taking crustaceans, molluscs and annelids. Spawning in the species takes place from May to September, with peaks identified in June and July. The eggs and larvae have been extensively studied in order to distinguish them from the more abundant Sillago sihama. Minor fisheries exist for the small-scale whiting, although it is thought be endangered by habitat loss and pollutionIUCN.
Combe v Combe
Combe v Combe [1951] 2 KB 215 is a famous English contract law case on promissory estoppel. An ex-wife tried to take advantage of the principle that had been reintroduced in the High Trees case (1947) to enforce her husband's promise to give her maintenance. The Court held that promissory estoppel could not be applied. It was available only as a defence and not as a cause of action.

Central London Property Trust Ltd v High Trees House Ltd
Central London Property Trust Ltd v High Trees House Ltd [1947] KB 130, commonly called High Trees, is a leading opinion in the High Court relating to contract law. It reaffirmed and extended the doctrine of promissory estoppel in the contract law of England and Wales. However, the most significant part of the judgment is obiter dictum as it relates to hypothetical facts; that is, the landlord did not seek repayment of the full wartime rent.

Denning J held estoppel to be applicable if

a promise was made which was intended to create legal relations and which, to the knowledge of the person making the promise, was going to be acted on by the person to whom it was made and which was in fact so acted on.
Chaim Nahum
Chaim (Haim) Nahum Effendi (Turkish: Haim Nahum Efendi; Hebrew: חיים נחום; Arabic: حاييم ناحوم) (1872–1960) was a Turkish Jewish scholar, jurist, and linguist of the early 20th century.

He served as the Grand Rabbi of the Ottoman Empire.

Hakham Bashi
Hakham Bashi (Ottoman Turkish: حاخامباشی, Turkish: Hahambaşı, IPA: [haˈham baˈʃɯ]; Ladino: xaxam (חכם) baši; translated into French as: khakham-bachi) is the Turkish name for the Chief Rabbi of the nation's Jewish community. In the time of the Ottoman Empire it was also used for the chief rabbi of a particular region of the empire, such as Syria, the Land of Israel or Iraq, though the Hakham Bashi of Constantinople was considered overall head of the Jews of the Empire.

In 1840, a position of Hakham Bashi was established in Jerusalem.
The Fry Chronicles
The Fry Chronicles: An Autobiography is the 2010 autobiography of Stephen Fry. The book is a continuation from the end of his 1997 publication of his first autobiography, Moab Is My Washpot: An Autobiography. Though without a strict chronology, it concentrates on a seven-year period of Fry's life, taking up the story after his release from prison, his time at the University of Cambridge and his career in comedy by the late 1980s.

The book is Fry's ninth, and his second volume of autobiography. Critics have called the book "candid, sincere, and charming, with insightful commentary if occasionally flat stories".

It was published by Michael Joseph on 13 September 2010 in the United Kingdom and in the United States. It was simultaneously published as an e-book (in regular and an enhanced version), an audiobook, and an iOS application by ePenguin; both imprints of Penguin Books.

Moab Is My Washpot
Moab Is My Washpot (published 1997) is Stephen Fry's autobiography, covering the first 20 years of his life. In the book, Fry is candid about his past indiscretions, including stealing, cheating, and lying. The book covers some of the same ground as Fry's first novel, The Liar, published in 1991. In that work, public schoolboy Adrian Healey falls in love with a boy called Hugo Cartwright; in the autobiography, 14-year-old Fry becomes besotted with 13-year-old "Matthew Osborne".

Fry also writes about his older brother Roger, Bunce (the new boy at his prep school, Stouts Hill), Jo Wood (his best friend at Uppingham), and Oliver Derwent (a prefect who "seduces" Fry).
Not Without Hope
Not Without Hope is a 2010 non-fiction book by Nick Schuyler and Jeré Longman. The book describes a 2009 boating accident that Schuyler survived while his three friends, including NFL players Marquis Cooper and Corey Smith, died. Not Without Hope was a New York Times best-seller.

Corey Smith (American football)
Corey Dominique Smith (October 2, 1979 – March 1, 2009) was an American professional football player who was a defensive end in the National Football League (NFL). He was signed by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers as an undrafted free agent in 2002. He played college football for the NC State Wolfpack. Smith also played for the San Francisco 49ers and Detroit Lions.
Mayeye
The Mayeye were a Tonkawa–speaking Native American people, who once lived in southeastern Texas. Coastal Mayeyes likely were absorbed into Karankawa communities. Inland Mayeyes likely joined larger Tonkawa communities.

Tonkawa
The Tonkawa are a Native American tribe from Oklahoma and Texas. Their Tonkawa language, now extinct, is a linguistic isolate. Today, Tonkawa people are enrolled in the federally recognized Tonkawa Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma, headquartered in Tonkawa, Oklahoma. They have more than 700 tribal citizens.
2024 Meizhou expressway collapse
On the morning of May 1, 2024, an expressway in Meizhou, China collapsed killed 52 Hakkas.

The Meilong Expressway Collapse was a catastrophic event that occurred on May 1, 2024, at approximately 2:10 a.m. local time. The incident took place at the Meilong Expressway (Meidagao Section) in the direction of Fujian, approximately 900 meters from K11 in Cha'yang Town, Dabu County, Meizhou City, Guangdong Province, China.

Meizhou
Meizhou (Chinese: 梅州, Hakka Chinese: Mòichû) is a prefecture-level city in eastern Guangdong province, China. It has an area of 15,864.51 km2 (6,125.32 sq mi), and a population of 3,873,239 as of the 2020 census. It comprises Meijiang District, Meixian District, Xingning City and five counties. Its built-up or metro area made up of two urban districts was home to 992,351 inhabitants.
2019 Zigong earthquake
The 2019 Zigong earthquake (also known as the Rongxian earthquake) occurred in Zigong, Sichuan Province, China, at about 13:15 on February 25, 2019. The epicentre was located in Rongxian County (29.48 degrees north latitude, 104.49 degrees east longitude), with a magnitude of Ms 4.9, a focal depth of about 5 km and a maximum intensity of VI. The earthquake killed two people and injured 12 others (3 of them seriously).

Zigong
Zigong (Chinese: 自贡, tsih-kung), formed by the merger of the two former towns of Ziliujing (Tzuliuching, literally "self-flow well") and Gongjing (Kungching, literally "offering well"), is a prefecture-level city in Sichuan, Southwestern China.
Hamiltonian (quantum mechanics)
In quantum mechanics, the Hamiltonian of a system is an operator corresponding to the total energy of that system, including both kinetic energy and potential energy. Its spectrum, the system's energy spectrum or its set of energy eigenvalues, is the set of possible outcomes obtainable from a measurement of the system's total energy. Due to its close relation to the energy spectrum and time-evolution of a system, it is of fundamental importance in most formulations of quantum theory.

The Hamiltonian is named after William Rowan Hamilton, who developed a revolutionary reformulation of Newtonian mechanics, known as Hamiltonian mechanics, which was historically important to the development of quantum physics. Similar to vector notation, it is typically denoted by , where the hat indicates that it is an operator. It can also be written as  or .

Hamiltonian mechanics
In physics, Hamiltonian mechanics is a reformulation of Lagrangian mechanics that emerged in 1833. Introduced by Sir William Rowan Hamilton, Hamiltonian mechanics replaces (generalized) velocities  used in Lagrangian mechanics with (generalized) momenta. Both theories provide interpretations of classical mechanics and describe the same physical phenomena.

Hamiltonian mechanics has a close relationship with geometry (notably, symplectic geometry and Poisson structures) and serves as a link between classical and quantum mechanics.
Abu Abdo
36°12′27″N 37°09′29″E﻿ / ﻿36.207572°N 37.157984°E﻿ / 36.207572; 37.157984

Abu Abdo al-Fawwal (Arabic: أبو عبدو) is a ful parlor located in Aleppo, Syria. The shop was established in 1885 by Abdel Razzaq "Abu Abdo" al-Masri at al-Hatab Square, near the Zamaria house in the Jdeydeh Quarter of the Ancient City of Aleppo.

The parlor is famous for levantine and Aleppo style fūl dishes. Usually, the fava beans are left simmering in large copper jars throughout the night, to be served from the next morning on; the beans swim in tahini and olive oil, completed with a hint of red pepper paste over the top.

The shop is one of the oldest and most famous parlors in Aleppo.

In 2013 the shop was severely damaged during the clashes between the Syrian Army and the militants of the armed opposition. The shop has been relocated to a nearby street since late August 2012.

Al-Jdayde
Al-Jdayde (Arabic: جديدة "The New Town", also transcribed as al-Jdeideh, al-Judayda, al-Jdeïdé, al-Jadida or al-Jdeydeh) is a historic predominantly Christian neighbourhood of Aleppo. Noted for its winding narrow alleys, richly decorated mansions and churches—it is an area of significant cultural and historical interest. Much of Al-Jdayde suffered catastrophic damage during the Syrian Civil War.