hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Van Wijngaarden grammar
In computer science, a Van Wijngaarden grammar (also vW-grammar or W-grammar) is a formalism for defining formal languages. The name derives from the formalism invented by Adriaan van Wijngaarden
for the purpose of defining the ALGOL 68 programming language.
The resulting specification remains its most notable application.

Van Wijngaarden grammars address the problem that context-free grammars cannot express agreement or reference, where two different parts of the sentence must agree with each other in some way. For example, the sentence "The birds was eating" is not Standard English because it fails to agree on number. A context-free grammar would parse "The birds was eating" and "The birds were eating" and "The bird was eating" in the same way. However, context-free grammars have the benefit of simplicity whereas van Wijngaarden grammars are considered highly complex.

Agreement (linguistics)
In linguistics, agreement or concord (abbreviated agr) occurs when a word changes form depending on the other words to which it relates. It is an instance of inflection, and usually involves making the value of some grammatical category (such as gender or person) "agree" between varied words or parts of the sentence.

For example, in Standard English, one may say I am or he is, but not "I is" or "he am". This is because English grammar requires that the verb and its subject agree in person. The pronouns I and he are first and third person respectively, as are the verb forms am and is. The verb form must be selected so that it has the same person as the subject in contrast to notional agreement, which is based on meaning.
Louis Robertshaw
Louis Bentham Robertshaw (August 1, 1912 – July 14, 2003) was an American football player and lieutenant general in the United States Marine Corps. He flew combat missions in World War II and the Korean War and flew an F4B Phantom II fighter in the Vietnam War as commanding general of the 1st Marine Aircraft Wing.  He received three Distinguished Flying Crosses, 12 Air Medals, the Navy Distinguished Service Medal, and three Legion of Merit with Combat "V."

Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
The Distinguished Flying Cross (DFC) is a military decoration of the United States Armed Forces. The medal was established on July 2, 1926, and is awarded to those who, after April 6, 1917, have distinguished themselves by single acts of heroism or extraordinary achievement while participating in aerial flight. Both heroism and extraordinary achievement are entirely distinctive, involving operations that are not routine. The medal may be awarded to friendly foreign military members in ranks equivalent to the U.S. paygrade of O-6 and below in combat or support operations.
Jimmy Smyth (hurler)
James Smyth (1 January 1931 – 9 February 2013) was an Irish hurler who played as a full-forward for the Clare senior team.

Smyth made his first appearance for the team during the 1948–49 National Hurling League and was a regular member of the starting fifteen until his retirement after the 1967 championship. During that time he won one Oireachtas medal and one Thomond Feis medal, and was a Munster final runner-up on two occasions.

At club level, Smyth was a five-time county club championship medallist with Ruan.

After retirement from play Smyth, in 1984 he was named on a special Hurling Team of the Century made up of players never to have won an All-Ireland medal. In 2000 he was named on the Munster Hurling Team of the Millennium.

Oireachtas Cup
The Oireachtas Cup was an annual hurling competition organised by the Gaelic Athletic Association between 1939 and 1999 for the top inter-county teams in Ireland.

The series of games were usually played in the autumn months after the completion of the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship.  The prize for the winning team was the Oireachtas Cup and a special set of gold medals for the winning team.  The tournament was initially a one-off challenge game between two top teams, however, as more teams entered a straight knock-out tournament developed.

The Oireachtas Cup was a post-championship hurling competition, with large crowds at Croke Park on the day of the final. Over time, however, it fell out of favour with both players and supporters and was eventually scrapped.

The title was won at least once by eleven different counties, eight of which have won the title more than once.  The all-time joint record-holders are Galway and Tipperary, who won the competition eleven times.
Carlo Monti (footballer)
Carlo Gordon Monti (born 10 July 1990) is a Scottish professional footballer, who plays for Pollok in the West of Scotland League. He has previously played at Scottish Championship level for Greenock Morton and Dundee.

West of Scotland Football League
The West of Scotland Football League (WoSFL) is a senior football league based in the west of Scotland. The league sits at levels 6–10 on the Scottish football league system, acting as a feeder to the Lowland Football League.

Founded in 2020, it is currently composed of 80 member clubs competing in five divisions. Geographically, the league covers Argyll & Bute, Ayrshire, East Dunbartonshire, West Dunbartonshire, Glasgow, Inverclyde, Lanarkshire, East Renfrewshire and Renfrewshire. Two clubs are also based in Dumfries and Galloway.

Since its formation, it has featured in the senior pyramid system. The winners take part in an end of season promotion play-off with the East of Scotland Football League and South of Scotland Football League champions, subject to clubs meeting the required licensing criteria.
PGM-19 Jupiter
The PGM-19 Jupiter was the first nuclear armed, medium-range ballistic missile (MRBM) of the United States Air Force (USAF). It was a liquid-propellant rocket using RP-1 fuel and LOX oxidizer, with a single Rocketdyne LR79-NA (model S-3D) rocket engine producing 150,000 lbf (670 kN) of thrust. It was armed with the 1.44 Mt (6.0 PJ) W49 nuclear warhead. The prime contractor was the Chrysler Corporation.

The Jupiter was originally designed by the US Army, which was looking for a highly accurate missile designed to strike enemy states such as China and the Soviet Union. The US Navy also expressed an interest in the design as an SLBM but left the collaboration to work on their solid-fuel Polaris. Jupiter retained the short, squat shape intended to fit in submarines.

Liquid oxygen
Liquid oxygen, sometimes abbreviated as LOX or LOXygen, is a clear, pale cyan liquid form of dioxygen O2. It was used as the oxidizer in the first liquid-fueled rocket invented in 1926 by Robert H. Goddard, an application which is ongoing.
Kamiyachō Shareo
Kamiyachō Shareo (紙屋町シャレオ)

is an underground city located in central Hiroshima.
It is the key underground network connecting public transport services around the Kamiyachō area.
It contains two stations of the Astram Line and three stations of the Hiroden Main Line and the Ujina Line.
This underground network is the only way to connect to those five stations.
At the center of Kamiyachō Shareo, there is a transportation and tourist information center.

Hiroden Ujina Line
The Ujina Line (宇品線, Ujina-sen) is a streetcar line of Hiroshima Electric Railway (Hiroden) in Hiroshima, Japan. The line has been in operation since 1912. After the bombing of Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, the Ujina and Hiroden Honsha-mae lines were reopened after a month-long closure.

The total distance of the line is 5.7 kilometers. Routes 1, 3, 5 and 7 operate on the line. The line has 20 stations, numbered M07 and M08 (two stations at Kamiyachō) and U1 through U18.
Oscar O'Brien
Oscar O'Brien (7 September 1892 – 20 September 1958) was a Canadian folklorist, composer, pianist, organist, music educator, and Roman Catholic priest. A large portion of his compositions were based in folklore and he also arranged and harmonized roughly 400 French and Canadian folksongs; many of which were written for his collaborations with Charles Marchand and the Alouette Vocal Quartet. He worked as an arranger or accompanist on numerous 78 rpm recordings for such labels as Bluebird, Brunswick, Columbia, Starr, and Victor. He contributed numerous articles on folklore to publications like Le Canada français and was a frequent lecturer on folklore subjects. In 1978 CBC Radio recognized O'Brien in a series of six broadcasts featuring his harmonizations.

Bluebird Records
Bluebird Records is an American record label best known for its low-cost releases, primarily of children's music, blues, jazz and swing in the 1930s and 1940s. Bluebird was founded in 1932 as a lower-priced subsidiary label of RCA Victor. Bluebird was noted for what came to be known as the "Bluebird sound", which influenced rhythm and blues and early rock and roll. It is currently owned by RCA Records  parent company Sony Music Entertainment.
Baltasar (footballer)
Luís Manuel Alves Rolão Baltasar, known as Baltasar (born 25 November 1966), is a Portuguese football coach and a former player. He is currently the assistant manager of Cameroon national football team.

He played 8 seasons and 171 games in the Primeira Liga for Braga, Torreense, Belenenses, Vitória de Setúbal and Académica de Coimbra.

Toni Conceição
António Conceição da Silva Oliveira (born 6 December 1961), known as Toni Conceição, is a Portuguese football manager and former player who played as a right-back.

His playing career was spent mostly in the Primeira Liga at Braga, as well as Vizela and one appearance for Porto. He earned a sole cap for Portugal in 1988.

In a managerial career of over two decades, Conceição led a variety of Portuguese teams and won league and cup honours in three spells with Cluj in Romania. He also managed Cameroon to third place at the 2021 Africa Cup of Nations.
Sarah Ashlee Barker
Sarah Ashlee Barker (born September 10, 2001) is an American professional basketball player for the Los Angeles Sparks of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) and Athletes Unlimited Pro Basketball. She played college basketball for the Georgia Lady Bulldogs and Alabama Crimson Tide of the Southeastern Conference. She was selected ninth overall by the Sparks in the 2025 WNBA draft.

Georgia Lady Bulldogs basketball
The Georgia Lady Bulldogs basketball team represents the University of Georgia in basketball. The Lady Bulldogs are a member of the Southeastern Conference (SEC). The "Lady Dawgs," as they are sometimes called, play in Stegeman Coliseum in Athens, Georgia. They have historically been among collegiate Womens Basketball's best programs. Georgia has won seven Southeastern Conference regular-season championships, four conference tournament championships and appeared in the NCAA Division I women's basketball tournament 36 times, tied for 2nd among all schools.  The team is coached by Katie Abrahamson-Henderson. The Lady Bulldogs have also appeared in 5 Final Fours and 11 Elite Eights, but have never won a National Championship.
S.S. Memorial Educational Academy, Saifai
Sughar Singh Memorial Educational Academy, Saifai is a private teacher training college located in Saifai, Etawah district, Uttar Pradesh, India. It was established in 2011 and first batch take admission in 2012 after NCTE approval.

National Council for Teacher Education
National Council for Teacher Education (NCTE) is a statutory body of Indian government set-up under the National Council for Teacher Education Act, 1993 (#73, 1993) in 1995 to formally oversee standards, procedures and processes in the Indian education system.
This council functions for the central as well as state governments on all matter with regard to the Teacher Education and its secretariat is located in the Department of Teacher Education and National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT). Despite the successful functioning in terms of educational field, it is facing difficulties in ensuring the maintenance of the standards of teacher education and preventing the increase in the number of substandard teacher education institutions in the country.
The Nightingale of Iran
The Nightingale of Iran is a six episode documentary podcast co-created by sisters Danielle Dardashti and Galeet Dardashti, presented by the Jewish Telegraphic Agency, and distributed by PRX.

In the show, the sisters explore their family's multi-generational puzzling musical history, and search for the truth of why their family left Iran in the 1960s at the height of national fame.

Danielle Dardashti is the host, writer, director, and senior producer. Galeet Dardashti is the musical director, producer, and subject expert. The show includes clips of music and family tapes, as well as interviews with experts and family members.

Jewish Telegraphic Agency
The Jewish Telegraphic Agency (JTA) is an international news agency and wire service that primarily covers Judaism- and Jewish-related topics and news. Described as the "Associated Press of the Jewish media", JTA serves Jewish and non-Jewish newspapers and press around the world as a syndication partner. Founded in 1917,  it is the world Jewry's oldest and most widely-read wire service.
Golfito Airport
Golfito Airport (IATA: GLF, ICAO: MRGF) is an airport serving Golfito, a port town on the northwest end of Golfito Bay, an inlet off the Gulf of Dulce in the Puntarenas Province of Costa Rica. The airport is owned and managed by the country's Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGAC).

The airport is in a narrow valley running inland from the bay, with high terrain on both sides of the runway, and high terrain immediately off the northwest end.

Directorate General of Civil Aviation (Costa Rica)
The Directorate General of Civil Aviation (Spanish: Dirección General de Aviación Civil, DGAC), is the civil aviation authority of Costa Rica. It oversees all aspects of civil aviation operations and infrastructure within the country. The body was created by law on 26 October 1949. Its headquarters are in San José.

As of April 2024, the Director-General was Fernando Naranjo Elizondo, seconded by the Deputy Director-General, Luis Miranda Muñoz.

The agency investigates any aviation accidents and incidents that occur in Costa Rica.
Bistra Forest
Bistra Forest (Romanian: Pădurea Bistra) is a nationally protected area classified as IUCN Category IV, located in Timiș County, within the administrative territories of Ghiroda and Moșnița Nouă communes. It represents the last remaining fragment of the former Bucovăț Forest, which once covered the central plain of the Timiș River before large-scale deforestation in the 18th century, carried out to establish villages and expand agricultural land.

The forest hosts Codru Festival, the only eco-friendly music festival in Romania.

Timiș
The Timiș or Tamiš (Romanian: Timiș, Serbian: Тамиш / Tamiš, Hungarian: Temes, German: Temesch) is a 359-kilometre-long (223 mi) river that flows through the Banat region of Romania and Serbia and joins the Danube near Pančevo, in northern Serbia. Due to its position in the region, it has been labeled as the "spine of the Banat".
Byadgi Assembly constituency
Byadgi Assembly constituency is one of the 224 Legislative Assembly constituencies of Karnataka state in India.

It is part of Haveri district. As of 2023, it is represented by Basavaraj Neelappa Shivannanavar of the Indian National Congress party.

Haveri district
Haveri district is a district in the state of Karnataka, India. As of 2011, it had a population of 1,597,668, out of which 20.78% were urban residents. The district headquarters is Haveri. Ranebennur is the biggest city in Haveri district with population and the commercial city and business headquarters and seeds production hub.

Name of the place Haveri is derived from two Kannada words "Havu" which means snake and "keri" which means lake or Village/Locality so  people called it "Havu-keri" meaning "Village of snakes.
Bidens hyperborea
Bidens hyperborea is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae commonly known as estuary beggarticks, northern beggarticks, or estuary bur-marigold. Known from marshes and estuarine regions in northeastern North America, it is a variable annual herb with yellow flowers similar to Bidens cernua, Bidens laevis, and Bidens eatonii. B. hyperborea is listed as an endangered species in the state of Massachusetts, where it is threatened by habitat degradation, and is listed by NatureServe as critically imperiled (S1) in the province of Ontario and possibly extirpated from New Hampshire.

Bidens cernua
Bidens cernua is a species of flowering plant in the aster family, Asteraceae. It is commonly called nodding beggarticks or nodding bur-marigold. Bidens cernua is distributed throughout much of Eurasia and North America.
Siege of Nishapur (1755)
The siege of Nishapur began in 1755 when Ahmad Shah Durrani, ruler of the Durrani Empire, invaded Khorasan. Having earlier brought Mashhad to submission, Ahmad Shah laid siege to the capital of Qara Bayat Amirdom in the spring of 1755.

Having failed in his first attempt to take the city, Ahmad Shah arrived before the city, intent on seizing it. Abbas Qoli Khan, ruler of the Qara Bayat Amirdom, immediately surrendered. However, after news of a possible Afghan general's defeat, he revolted. As a result, a one week siege ensued where Afghan forces barraged the city with cannons.

The resulting losses forced the cities inhabitants to open the gates of the city, where Afghan forces stormed the city, plundering and razing much of it. Abbas Qoli Khan was taken by Ahmad Shah as captive to Kabul where he earned his favor, eventually returning to rule under his suzerainty.

Siege of Nishapur (1750–1751)
The siege of Nishapur (Persian: محاصره نیشابور) was a military conflict between the Durrani Empire led by Ahmad Shah Durrani and the Qara Bayat Amirdom led by Abbas Qoli Khan The siege ended with the retreat of Ahmad Shah Durrani due to winter weather and heavy casualties
Mariusz Siudek
Mariusz Krzysztof Siudek (Polish pronunciation: [ˈmarjuʂ ˈɕudɛk]; born 29 April 1972) is a retired Polish pair skater who competed with wife Dorota Siudek (Zagórska). They are the 1999 World bronze medalists, two-time (1999, 2000) European silver medalists and two-time (2004, 2007) European bronze medalists. They were the first Polish pair to win a medal at the World Championships. They now coach together in Toruń, Poland.

1999 World Figure Skating Championships
The 1999 World Figure Skating Championships were held in Helsinki, Finland from March 20 through 28. Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing.

1999 was the first year that the qualifying competition in the men's and ladies' events counted towards the total score. Qualifying was 20% of the total score, the short program 30%, and the free skating 50%.
Dan Patrick (politician)
Dan Goeb Patrick (born Dannie Scott Goeb; April 4, 1950) is an American radio talk show host, television broadcaster, and politician serving since 2015 as the 42nd lieutenant governor of Texas under Governor Greg Abbott.

Originally from Baltimore, Maryland, Patrick began his career as a radio and television broadcaster. After forming a chain of sports bars and subsequently going bankrupt, he became a radio host again, this time becoming a conservative commentator. From 2007 to 2015, Patrick was a Republican member of the Texas Senate for the 7th District, which included a small portion of the city of Houston and several Houston-area suburbs located mostly in northwest Harris County.

Patrick defeated three-term incumbent David Dewhurst in the primary runoff for lieutenant governor on May 27, 2014. He then won the position in the fall general election. He was re-elected in 2018 and 2022, defeating Democratic nominee Mike Collier both times.

Harris County, Texas
Harris County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2020 census, the population was 4,731,145, and was estimated to be 5,009,302 in 2024, making it the most populous county in Texas and the third-most populous county in the United States. Its county seat is Houston, the most populous city in Texas and the fourth-most populous city in the United States. The county was founded on December 22, 1836 and organized on March 10, 1837. It is named for John Richardson Harris, who founded the town of Harrisburg on Buffalo Bayou in 1826. It contains over 16% of the state's population. Harris County is included in the nine-county Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land metropolitan statistical area, which is the fifth-most populous metropolitan area in the United States.
Mount Torii
Mount Torii is a prominent bluff-type mountain above Lake Chad and Lake Hoare, surmounting the north wall of Taylor Valley between Suess Glacier and Canada Glacier, in Victoria Land. Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) (1997) after Tetsuya Torii (Torii Glacier), geochemist, Japan Polar Research Association, who led Japanese research parties in geochemical studies of the lakes and ponds of McMurdo Dry Valleys in 20 summer field seasons, 1963 though 1986–87.

This article incorporates public domain material from "Mount Torii". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.

77°37′S 162°44′E﻿ / ﻿77.617°S 162.733°E﻿ / -77.617; 162.733

Taylor Valley
Taylor Valley 77°37′S 163°00′E﻿ / ﻿77.617°S 163.000°E﻿ / -77.617; 163.000﻿ (Taylor Valley) is an ice-free valley about 18 nautical miles (33 km; 21 mi) long, once occupied by the receding Taylor Glacier.
It lies north of the Kukri Hills between the Taylor Glacier and New Harbour in Victoria Land, Antarctica.
Taylor Valley is the southernmost of the three large McMurdo Dry Valleys in the Transantarctic Mountains, located west of McMurdo Sound.
Yvonne Barrett
Yvonne Frances Barrett (1946 – 2 September 1985) was an Australian pop singer. She reached the top 60 Kent Music Report singles chart with her cover versions of "You're the One"/"Little People", in October 1965. She released other singles in that, and the following, decade. Barrett also appeared on TV shows in the 1960s and 1970s. She became a session singer and performed on the club circuit. Barrett married Hoang Van Truong, a Vietnam War veteran, in December 1983; the couple separated in the following year. Truong was found guilty of Barrett's 1985 murder and was sentenced to life imprisonment without parole, in August 1986.

Kent Music Report
The Kent Music Report was a weekly record chart of Australian music singles and albums which was compiled by music historian David Kent from May 1974 through to January 1999. The chart was re-branded the Australian Music Report (AMR) in July 1987. From June 1988, the Australian Recording Industry Association, which had been using the top 50 portion of the report under licence since mid-1983, chose to produce their own listing as the ARIA Charts.

Before the Kent Report, Go-Set magazine published weekly Top 40 Singles from 1966, and albums chart from 1970 until the magazine's demise in August 1974.

David Kent later published Australian charts from 1940 to 1973 in a retrospective fashion, using state by state chart data obtained from various Australian radio stations.
Jan Klink
Johannes Jacobus "Jan" Klink (born 18 February 1985) is a Dutch civil servant and politician for the conservative liberal People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD). Born in the province of Groningen, he co-owned a dairy farm and worked at the Ministry of Economic Affairs, Agriculture and Innovation. He was elected to the Wijdemeren municipal council in 2018 and became an alderman shortly after. Klink was appointed to the House of Representatives in June 2021.

Municipal executive
In the Netherlands, the municipal executive (Dutch: college van burgemeester en wethouders, oftentimes abbreviated to college van B en W; lit. 'college of mayor and aldermen') is the executive board of a municipality. It plays a central role in municipal politics in the Netherlands, similar to the communal college in Belgium. It consists of the mayor and the members of the municipal executive (aldermen).