hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Judgment (law)
In law, a judgment is a decision of a court regarding the rights and liabilities of parties in a legal action or proceeding. Judgments also generally provide the court's explanation of why it has chosen to make a particular court order.

Speakers of British English tend to use the term at the appellate level as synonymous with judicial opinion. American English speakers prefer to maintain a clear distinction between the opinion of an appellate court (setting forth reasons for the disposition of an appeal) and the judgment of an appellate court (the pronouncement of the disposition itself).

In Canadian English, the phrase "reasons for judgment" is often used interchangeably with "judgment," although the former refers to the court's justification of its judgment while the latter refers to the final court order regarding the rights and liabilities of the parties.

Judicial opinion
A judicial opinion is a form of legal opinion written by a judge or a judicial panel in the course of resolving a legal dispute, providing the decision reached to resolve the dispute, and usually indicating the facts which led to the dispute and an analysis of the law used to arrive at the decision.
Eastman, Georgia
Eastman is a city in and the county seat of Dodge County, Georgia, United States. The population was 5,658 at the 2020 census, up from 4,962 at the 2010 census. The city was named after William Pitt Eastman, a native of Massachusetts who purchased a large tract of land along the Macon and Brunswick Railroad, and settled a city on the site.

In the 19th century, this was a center of the timber and sawmill industry. During the Great Depression in 1937, the first Stuckey's Pecan Shoppe, once well-known along roadways throughout the United States, was founded in Eastman.

Edward Columbus Hosford
Edward Columbus Hosford, also known as Edward C. Hosford and E. C.  Hosford, (April 24, 1883 – January 2, 1939) was an American architect noted for the  courthouses and other buildings that he  designed in Florida, Georgia and Texas.
William Shadforth
William Shadforth, often known as Willie Shadforth (2 March 1912 – 7 December 2000) was a Garrwa man who became one of the first Aboriginal people to own a cattle station in 1953 when he purchased Seven Emu Station in the Northern Territory of Australia.

Pungalina-Seven Emu Sanctuary
Pungalina-Seven Emu Sanctuary is a 3060 km2 private protected area in the Northern Territory of Australia.  It is managed by the Australian Wildlife Conservancy (AWC) which purchased Pungalina Station in 2009, with some assistance from the Wildlife Australia Fund.  It adjoins the Gulf of Carpentaria near the border with Queensland, lying in the Gulf Coastal bioregion.  The reserve is bordered by Calvert Hills and Wollogorang Stations to the south and east.  The nearest town is Borroloola, 150 km to the west.
Glamorosa
Glamorosa  is a Philippine television drama series broadcast by TV5. Directed by Eric Quizon, Joyce Bernal, Argel Joseph and Jon Red, it stars Lorna Tolentino, Alice Dixson, Zoren Legaspi, Tonton Gutierrez, Victor Silayan, Martin Escudero and Ritz Azul. It aired from November 7, 2011 to February 10, 2012, replacing Sa Ngalan ng Ina and was replaced by Valiente.

The series is all about the world of cosmetic surgery and the glamorous lifestyle of the two cosmetic surgeons competing for love and success in an industry masked by beauty and marred by intrigues and lies.

It is also the 2nd Primetime Anniversary Offering of TV5.

The Primetime Series has also been part of the Top 10 Primetime Programs in the NUTAM Ratings.

Gloria Diaz
Gloria Maria Aspillera Diaz (Tagalog: [ˈɡloɾja ˈdɪas]; born April 5, 1951) is a Filipino actress, model, socialite, and beauty queen who won Miss Universe 1969, making history as the first Filipino Miss Universe.
Stephen Malkmus
Stephen Joseph Malkmus (/ˈmælkmɪs/ MALK-miss; born May 30, 1966) is an American musician best known as the primary songwriter, lead singer and guitarist of the indie rock band Pavement. Beginning as a duo, Pavement subsequently grew to a quintet. The band released five studio albums before breaking up in 1999.

Both during and after his time in Pavement, Malkmus took part in several side projects, notably contributing guitar on three albums with The Silver Jews. Following Pavement's break-up, Malkmus embarked on a solo career, primarily with backing band the Jicks. He currently performs with Stephen Malkmus and the Jicks, Pavement, The Hard Quartet, and as a solo artist.

Real Emotional Trash
Real Emotional Trash is the fourth album by Stephen Malkmus and the Jicks. The album was released on March 4, 2008, by Matador Records. It was leaked on to the internet January 13, 2008. The album peaked at No. 64 on the Billboard 200.

The album features Quasi and Sleater-Kinney drummer Janet Weiss.

The album was recorded at SnowGhost Music in Whitefish, Montana, and  Wilco's Foxtrot Studio in Chicago, Illinois.
Interpress
Interpress is a page description language developed at Xerox PARC, based on the Forth programming language and an earlier graphics language called JaM. PARC failed to commercialize it, so its creators, Chuck Geschke and John Warnock, founded Adobe Systems in 1982, and developed PostScript. Interpress is used in some Xerox printers, notably the DocuTech Network Production Publisher, and is supported in Xerox Ventura Publisher. It also serves as the output format for PARC's InterScript, a rich text word processor. Interpress describes the desired or ideal appearance of a document that has been completely composed by some other process (emitter). All line ending, hyphenation, and line justification decisions, and in fact all decisions about the shapes and positions of the images, are made before creating the master. As a device-independent format, it allows printing on various devices while preserving the intended layout.

Interscript
Interscript was a rich text document markup language designed by Xerox to act as a common interchange format between disparate document formats. It was part of a system that included the Xerox Character Code Standard (XCCS) and the InterPress page description representation.
Kurdistan Democratic Party
The Kurdistan Democratic Party (Kurdish: پارتی دیموکراتی کوردستان, romanized: Partiya Demokrat a Kurdistanê), usually abbreviated as KDP or PDK, is the ruling party in Iraqi Kurdistan and the senior partner in the Kurdistan Regional Government. It was founded in 1946 in Mahabad in Iranian Kurdistan. The party states that it combines "democratic values and social justice to form a system whereby everyone in Kurdistan can live on an equal basis with great emphasis given to rights of individuals and freedom of expression."

The KDP is dominated by the Barzani tribe and the party's stated ideologies are conservatism, secularism, and Kurdish nationalism.

Iraqi Turkmens
The Iraqi Turkmens (Turkish: Irak Türkmenleri, عراق تورکمنلری; Arabic: تركمان العراق), also referred to as Iraqi Turks, (Turkish: Irak Türkleri, عراق توركلری; Arabic: أتراك العراق) are the third largest ethnic group in Iraq. Their traditional homeland is in northern Iraq, with Kirkuk considered by them as their capital. They have close cultural ties with Turkey, and are closely related to Syrian Turkmen. Iraqi Turkmens in Iraq do not identify with the traditionally-nomadic Turkmens of Central Asia.
Shōryaku-ji
Shōryaku-ji (正暦寺) is a Shingon temple in the southeast of Nara, Japan. Founded in 992, it is the head temple of the Bodaisen Shingon sect. The temple is considered the birthplace of modern methods of refined sake production.

Nara (city)
Nara (奈良市, Nara-shi; Japanese pronunciation: [naꜜ.ɾa, na.ɾaꜜ.ɕi] ⓘ) is the capital city of Nara Prefecture, Japan. As of 2022, Nara has an estimated population of 367,353 according to World Population Review, making it the largest city in Nara Prefecture and sixth-largest in the Kansai region of Honshu. Nara is a core city located in the northern part of Nara Prefecture bordering the Kyoto Prefecture.

Nara was the capital of Japan during the Nara period from 710 to 784 as the seat of the Emperor before the capital was moved to Nagaoka-kyō, except for the years 740 to 745, when the capital was placed in Kuni-kyō, Naniwa-kyō and Shigaraki Palace. Nara is home to eight major historic temples, shrines, and heritage sites, specifically Tōdai-ji, Saidai-ji, Kōfuku-ji, Kasuga Shrine, Gangō-ji, Yakushi-ji, Tōshōdai-ji, and the Heijō Palace, together with Kasugayama Primeval Forest, collectively form the Historic Monuments of Ancient Nara, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The Frank Anthony Public School, New Delhi
The Frank Anthony Public School (often abbreviated as 'FAPS') is a public day-school in New Delhi, India, for students ranging from 3–18 years.
The school is coeducational and has more than 3600 boys and girls on the rolls from classes Nursery, Preparatory up to Class XII.

The Frank Anthony Public School, Kolkata
The Frank Anthony Public School in Kolkata, India, is a co-educational school imparting primary, secondary and senior secondary education.

The foundation stone of the school was laid by Anglo-Indian leader, social activist and educationist Frank Anthony on 27 January 1965 with Mr. Raymonds  as its first Principal, followed by Mr. G.W.Flynn. The Frank Anthony Public School, Kolkata is one of the three Frank Anthony Public Schools started by Frank Anthony in Delhi, Bangalore and Kolkata.

The school is under the management of the All India Anglo-Indian Education Trust. The courses of study and the scheme of work at the school are those leading to the Indian School Certificate (ISC) and the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE) examinations. The school is located at 171 AJC Bose Road in the city of Kolkata and is open to children from all creeds and communities.

The school is presided over by Principal Ian Theodore Myers.
Ivan Vazov National Library
42°8′22″N 24°44′46″E﻿ / ﻿42.13944°N 24.74611°E﻿ / 42.13944; 24.74611

The Ivan Vazov National Library (Bulgarian: Народна библиотека "Иван Вазов", romanized: Narodna biblioteka "Ivan Vasov") is a library situated in Bulgaria's second largest city, Plovdiv. It is named after the famous Bulgarian writer and poet Ivan Vazov.

It is the nation's second largest library containing more than 1,500,000 books. The library is also Bulgaria's second oldest, founded in 1879. In 1974 it was moved to a new edifice to the south of the City Garden. The library boasts 134 employees including 90 high-qualified specialists and research scholars.

Plovdiv
Plovdiv (Bulgarian: Пловдив, pronounced [ˈpɫɔvdif]) is the second-largest city in Bulgaria and the most populous city in the Bulgarian part of the historic region of Thrace, located 144 km (93 miles) southeast of the capital Sofia. It had a population of 329,489 as of 2024 and 540,000 in its greater metropolitan area. An important economic, transport, cultural, and educational hub of Bulgaria, Plovdiv was the European Capital of Culture in 1999 and 2019, and joined the UNESCO Global Network of Learning Cities in 2016.
Villa Mandessi Bell
The villa Mandessi Bell situated at Douala is a building constructed  between 1904 and 1909 by David Mandessi-Bell a rich farmer and commissioner of the king Rudolf Manga Bell. This building is and architecture from the colonial period. It is a representation  and legacy of the German occupation in Cameroon.

Douala
Douala is the largest city in Cameroon and its economic capital. It is also the capital of Cameroon's Littoral Region. It was home to Central Africa's largest port, now being replaced by Kribi port. It has the country's major international airport, Douala International Airport (DLA). It is the commercial and economic capital of Cameroon and the entire CEMAC region comprising Gabon, Congo, Chad, Equatorial Guinea, Central African Republic and Cameroon. Consequently, it handles most of the country's major exports, such as oil, cocoa and coffee, timber, metals and fruits. As of 2025, the city and its surrounding area had an estimated population of 4,346,000, while the city proper had an estimated population of 3,816,500. The city sits on the estuary of Wouri River and its climate is tropical.
X2: The Threat
X2: The Threat is a space simulation video game developed by Egosoft for Windows, Linux, and Mac OS X. It is part of the X series. It was released in 2003 and is a sequel to X: Beyond the Frontier. Freeverse Software ported the game to Mac OS X in 2004/2005, while Linux Game Publishing produced their Linux port in 2005/2006. An expansion pack, X2: The Return, was cancelled.

The sequel to this game is X3: Reunion (2005).

Freeverse Inc.
Freeverse Inc. (originally Freeverse Software) was a developer of computer and video game and desktop software based in New York City which was acquired by Ngmoco in 2010. Ngmoco was itself acquired later that year, and shut down in 2016.
A Poke in the Eye... with a Sharp Stick
A Poke in the Eye... with a Sharp Stick is a 1988 album by Raymond Watts under the moniker PIG. It was reissued in Japan in 1998 by Blue Noise. An extremely low-budget promotional video for "Shit for Brains" exists, and was released on the Best of Berlin Independence Days '88 compilation VHS.

Pig (musical project)
Raymond Watts (also known by his former stage names Nainz, Nainz Watts and Ray Scaballero) is an English musician, the founding and sole member of the industrial music project PIG, sometimes written as <PIG>.

Watts was a founding member and periodic collaborator of KMFDM, and has been a visible part of the industrial music scene since the early 1980s. He has toured with KMFDM, Nine Inch Nails, Schaft, Schwein, and Einstürzende Neubauten.
The Oversoul Seven Trilogy
The Oversoul Seven Trilogy is a 1997 novel by author Jane Roberts. It consists of the three previously published books The Education of Oversoul Seven (1973), The Further Education of Oversoul Seven (1979), and Oversoul Seven and the Museum of Time (1984).

The Oversoul Seven Trilogy is a work of fiction based on the Seth Material. The Seth Material is a series of dictations on what it means to be human, claimed by their author to have been received via trance communications from a multidimensional being named Seth.  The Oversoul Seven Trilogy summarizes these teachings in novelized format, and explores the nature of consciousness and reality creation.

Jane Roberts
Dorothy Jane Roberts (May 8, 1929 – September 5, 1984) was an American author and poet, who claimed to be psychic and a spirit medium channeling a personality who called himself "Seth."  Her publication of the Seth texts, known as the Seth Material, established her as one of the preeminent figures in the world of paranormal phenomena.
Lambya people
The Lambya are an ethnic and linguistic group based along the border of northwestern Malawi, Ileje and in Momba District of Songwe Region, Tanzania. A minority also exists in Zambia. In 2001, the Lambya population was estimated to number about 85,000 (45,000 in Malawi and 40,000) (from a 1987 estimate)) in Tanzania. The Lambyas in Malawi speak Lambya language mainly by elders in rural areas, but the majority as well as young people speak Chitumbuka, which is the lingua franca of the Northern and some Central parts of Malawi.

The Lambyas in Malawi are ruled by Senior Chief Mwaulambya Chieftaincy. The headquarters of the chief is in Chinunkha, Chitipa district.

Northern Region, Malawi
The Northern Region is one of the three administrative regions of Malawi, located in the north of the country. It covers an area of approximately 26,200 square kilometres and had a population of 2,420,440 as per the 2018 census. Its regional capital is the city of Mzuzu, which is also the third largest city in Malawi. The common language (lingua franca) of the region is Chitumbuka language which is understood by everyone and every ethnic group in the region.

Historically, the first major ethnic group to strengthen its cultural and political presence in the Northern Region were the Tumbuka people, who established themselves primarily in present-day districts of Mzimba, Rumphi, Karonga, Chitipa and parts of Nkhata Bay.
Westrin and Mowry
Westrin & Mowry are an American folk rock duo formed in 2003, consisting of singer-songwriter Brian Westrin and producer/instrumentalist Peter Mowry. They have released three full-length albums as Westrin & Mowry, One Week Epiphany in 2004 and The Past Rushes In in 2014.  Their third studio album, Rogues,
was released in May 2016.  In June 2015 the duo performed at the National Music Publishers Association annual meeting in New York City, an event which honored songwriter icon Billy Joel.  Prior to releasing The Past Rushes In, Mowry was the guitarist for indie folk band Lord Huron. Westrin & Mowry released the 6-Song EP "Hooked" in 2017, and embarked on a singles-collection project in 2018, digitally releasing a new song each month.

Lord Huron
Lord Huron is a Los Angeles-based American indie rock band composed of Mark Barry (drums, percussion), Miguel Briseño (bass, keyboard, theremin), Tom Renaud (guitar), and founder Ben Schneider (guitar, lead vocals). They released their debut album Lonesome Dreams in 2012, their second album Strange Trails in 2015, their third album Vide Noir in 2018, their fourth album Long Lost in 2021, and their fifth album The Cosmic Selector Vol. 1 in 2025.

Lord Huron combines country, western, folk rock, rock and roll, pop melodies, and surf rock with soundtrack and new age influences to produce a sound The Wall Street Journal described as having "a decidedly cinematic flair, heavy on mood and evocative imagery. Lord Huron brings to mind the high-lonesome sound of antecedents like the Band, Neil Young, My Morning Jacket and Fleet Foxes".
Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)
The Russo-Persian War of 1722–1723, known in Russian historiography as the Persian campaign of Peter the Great, was a war between the Russian Empire and Safavid Iran, triggered by the tsar's attempt to expand Russian influence in the Caspian and Caucasus regions and to prevent its rival, the Ottoman Empire, from territorial gains in the region at the expense of declining Safavid Iran.

The Russian victory ratified for Safavid Iran's cession of their territories in the North Caucasus, South Caucasus and contemporary northern Iran to Russia, comprising the cities of Derbent (southern Dagestan) and Baku and their nearby surrounding lands, as well as the provinces of Gilan, Shirvan, Mazandaran and Astarabad conform the Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1723).

The territories remained in Russian hands for nine and twelve years, when respectively according to the Treaty of Resht of 1732 and the Treaty of Ganja of 1735 during the reign of Anna Ioannovna, they were returned to Iran.

Tarki
Tarki (Kumyk: Таргъу, Tarğu; Russian: Тарки́) formerly also spelled Tarkou and also known as Tarku, is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) under the administrative jurisdiction of Sovetsky City District of the City of Makhachkala in the Republic of Dagestan, Russia, located on the Tarki-tau (Kumyk: Tarğu-taw) mountain. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 15,356.
Valdepeñas (DO)
Valdepeñas is a Spanish Denominación de Origen Protegida (DOP) for wines located in the province of Ciudad Real in the south of Castile-La Mancha (Spain). It is almost completely surrounded by another DOP (La Mancha) but is an independent DOP due to its long history of producing a distinct style of wine known aloque or clarete which is made by mixing white and red grapes. 2016´s harvest is formed from 55.9 million kilograms of red grapes and 43.2 million kilograms of white grapes.

Valdepeñas is a natural crossroads between the south of Spain, the Mediterranean regions to the east, Extremadura to the west and central plains to the north. To the south of the DOP is the Sierra Morena range a natural frontier with Andalusia, and to the east and west there are mountains reaching a height of 1000 m. The most prized vineyards are in Los Llanos in the west and in Las Aberturas in the north. The total area planted to vines is 22,332.11 ha (2016).

Airén
Airén is a variety of Vitis vinifera, a white grape commonly used in winemaking. This grape is native to Spain where it represents almost a quarter of all grapes grown. As of 2017, Airén was estimated to be the world's fourth most grown wine grape variety in terms of planted surface, at 252,000 hectares (620,000 acres), an increase from 218,000 hectares (540,000 acres) in 2004, where it held 1st place, although it is almost exclusively found in Spain.

Since Airén tends to be planted at a low density, several other varieties (including Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot) are more planted in terms of number of vines.
2021 President of the Chamber of Deputies of Romania election
Elections for the president of the Chamber of Deputies of Romania took place on 23 November 2021. The previous president, Ludovic Orban, elected in 2020, resigned on 13 October 2021 after losing the presidency of the PNL to Florin Cîțu, in the midst of the 2021 Romanian political crisis.

The PSD candidate Marcel Ciolacu, supported by the PNL and the UDMR as part of the then-new parliamentary majority, became the new Chamber president.

President of the Chamber of Deputies of Romania
The President of the Chamber of Deputies of Romania is the deputy elected to preside over the meetings in the lower chamber of the Parliament of Romania. The President of the Chamber of Deputies is also the president of the Standing Bureau of the Chamber of Deputies, and the second in the presidential line of succession, after the President of the Senate.
Gilead, Illinois
Gilead is an unincorporated community in Calhoun County, Illinois, United States. Gilead is located near the Mississippi River 8 miles (13 km) south of Hamburg. It was the county seat of Pike County until the southern end of the county broke up into Calhoun County. Gilead was also Calhoun County's county seat until 1847 when the county court house burnt down.

Calhoun County, Illinois
Calhoun County is a county in the U.S. state of Illinois. As of the 2020 census, the population was 4,437, making it Illinois’ third-least populous county. Its county seat and biggest community is Hardin, with a population of 801. Its smallest incorporated community is Hamburg, with a population of 99. Calhoun County is at the tip of the peninsula formed by the courses of the Mississippi and Illinois rivers above their confluence and is almost completely surrounded by water. Calhoun County is sparsely populated; it has just five municipalities, all of them villages.

Calhoun County is part of the Metro-East portion of the St. Louis, MO-IL Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Lunacy (film)
Lunacy (Czech: Šílení) is a 2005 animated horror drama film written and directed by Jan Švankmajer. It is loosely based on two Edgar Allan Poe short stories, "The System of Doctor Tarr and Professor Fether" (1845) and "The Premature Burial" (1844), and partly inspired by the works of the Marquis de Sade. The film was shot between October 2004 and April 2005, on location in the village of Peruc close to Prague, and in Švankmajer's studio in the village of Knovíz.

Jan Švankmajer
Jan Švankmajer (born 4 September 1934) is a Czech retired filmmaker, animator, writer, playwright and artist. He draws and makes free graphics, collage, ceramics, tactile objects and assemblages. In the early 1960s, he explored informel, which later became an important part of the visual form of his animated films. He is a leading representative of late Czech surrealism. In his film work, he created an unmistakable and quite specific style, determined primarily by a compulsively unorthodox combination of externally disparate elements. The anti-artistic nature of this process, based on collage or assemblage, functions as a meaning-making factor. The author himself claims that the intersubjective communication between him and the viewer works only through evoked associations, and his films fulfil their subversive mission only when, even in the most fantastic moments, they look like a record of reality. Some of the works he created together with his wife Eva Švankmajerová.