hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Manuel Santa Cruz Loidi
Manuel Ignacio Santa Cruz Loidi (1842–1926) was a Spanish Roman Catholic priest. For some 35 years he served on apostolic mission in Colombia, where he was heading a parish in rural interior of the Pasto province; for some 15 years he held also various minor posts in Jamaica. He is best known, however, for his activity in 1872-1873, when he commanded a Carlist guerilla unit during the civil war in Spain. As "cura Santa Cruz" (priest Santa Cruz) or simply as "El Cura" (The Priest) he gained notoriety for cruelty and in the Spanish public discourse of the late 19th century he became a symbol of savage brutality. In this role – though also with a grade of ambiguity - he featured as a protagonist in a few great works of Spanish Modernist literature of the early 20th century and became a mythical figure long before his own death.

Pasto, Colombia
Pasto, officially San Juan de Pasto (Spanish pronunciation: [saŋ ˈxwan de ˈpasto]; "Saint John of Pasto"), is the capital of the department of Nariño, in southern Colombia. Pasto was founded in 1537 and named after indigenous people of the area. In the 2018 census, the municipality had a population of 392,930. Pasto is located in the Atriz Valley on the Andes cordillera, at the foot of the Galeras volcano.
Robustness (computer science)
In computer science, robustness is the ability of a computer system to cope with errors during execution and cope with erroneous input. Robustness can encompass many areas of computer science, such as robust programming, robust machine learning, and Robust Security Network. Formal techniques, such as fuzz testing, are essential to showing robustness since this type of testing involves invalid or unexpected inputs. Alternatively, fault injection can be used to test robustness. Various commercial products perform robustness testing of software analysis.

Defensive programming
Defensive programming is a form of defensive design intended to develop programs that are capable of detecting potential security abnormalities and make predetermined responses. It ensures the continuing function of a piece of software under unforeseen circumstances. Defensive programming practices are often used where high availability, safety, or security is needed.

Defensive programming is an approach to improve software and source code, in terms of:

General quality – reducing the number of software bugs and problems.

Making the source code comprehensible – the source code should be readable and understandable so it is approved in a code audit.

Making the software behave in a predictable manner despite unexpected inputs or user actions.

Overly defensive programming, however, may safeguard against errors that will never be encountered, thus incurring run-time and maintenance costs.
Sushil Kumar (admiral)
Admiral Sushil Kumar Isaacs, PVSM, UYSM, AVSM, NM (died 27 November 2019)  was an Indian Navy Admiral who served as Chief of Naval Staff (CNS) of the Indian Navy. He was the Director of Naval Operations during Operation Pawan and Operation Cactus and was the CNS during the Kargil War.

Uttam Yudh Seva Medal
Uttam Yudh Seva Medal (UYSM; Great War Service Medal) is one of India's military decorations for Wartime Distinguished Service. It is awarded for a high degree of distinguished services in an operational context. "Operational context" includes times of war, conflict, or hostilities. The award is a wartime equivalent of Ati Vishisht Seva Medal, which is a Peacetime Distinguished Service decoration. Uttam Yudh Seva Medal may be awarded posthumously.
Financial costs of the American Revolutionary War
The American Revolutionary War inflicted great financial costs on all of the combatants, including the United States, France, Spain and the Kingdom of Great Britain. France and Great Britain spent 1.3 billion livres and 250 million pounds, respectively. The United States spent $400 million in wages for its troops. Spain increased its military spending from 454 million reales in 1778 to over 700 million reales in 1781.

French livre
The livre (abbreviation: £ or ₶., French for libra (pound)) was the currency of Kingdom of France and its predecessor states of Francia and West Francia from 781 to 1794. Several different livres existed, some concurrently. The livre was the name of coins and of units of account.
Saiva Siddhanta Church
Saiva Siddhanta Church is an organization that identifies itself with the Saivite Hindu religion. It supports the work of the late Satguru Sivaya Subramuniyaswami, a spiritual teacher initiated by Siva Yogaswami of Jaffna with the honorary title Gurudeva. The mission of the temple is to preserve and promote the Saivite Hindu religion. Membership in the temple extends to many countries in the world, including the United States, Canada, Mauritius, Malaysia, Singapore, India, Sri Lanka and several European nations. Members are organized into regional missions with the goal of supporting Shaivism in their families, communities, and in the global community under the leadership of Satguru Bodhinatha Veylanswami.

Hinduism Today
Hinduism Today is a quarterly magazine published by the Himalayan Academy, a nonprofit educational institution, in Kapaʻa, Hawaiʻi, USA.  It is distributed throughout the United States and internationally, currently in 60 nations. Founded by Sivaya Subramuniyaswami in 1979, it is a public service of his monastic order to promote an understanding of the Hindu faith, culture, and traditions.
Kyng Rhodes
Nathaniel Kyng Rhodes, known as Kyng Rhodes, is an American painter, graphic designer and muralist based in Indianapolis.  His work has been featured in the Indianapolis Museum of Art, the Philadelphia Flower Show, Gainbridge Fieldhouse, the 2024 U.S. Olympic Swim Trials, and at BUTTER art fair. As member of the Eighteen Collective, he contributed to Black Lives Matter street mural (Indianapolis).

Ganggang
Ganggang (stylized in all caps) is an American cultural development and social justice organization. Founded by spouses and business partners Alan Bacon and Malina "Mali" Simone Jeffers in late 2020, Ganggang works to showcase and financially support Black visual artists and their work. Their efforts have included organizing artist collectives, fine art fairs, a curated exhibition at the Indianapolis Museum of Art at Newfields, and live performances.
Dale Morton
Dale Morton (born 31 October 1990) is a former English professional rugby league footballer who played on the wing.

He previously played for the Wakefield Trinity Wildcats in the Super League, and Dewsbury Rams and Batley Bulldogs in the Championship.

Batley Bulldogs
The Batley Bulldogs are an English professional rugby league club in Batley, West Yorkshire, who play in the Championship. Batley were one of the original twenty-two rugby football clubs that formed the Northern Rugby Football Union in 1895. They were League Champions in 1924 and have won three Challenge Cups.
Champagne Mercier
49°02′25″N 3°58′10″E﻿ / ﻿49.0403877°N 3.9693484°E﻿ / 49.0403877; 3.9693484
Mercier is a Champagne producer based in the Épernay region of Champagne. The house, founded in 1858 by Eugène Mercier (who died in 1904), produces both vintage and non-vintage cuvée, which is stored in 18 km (11 mi) long cellar tunnels located 30 m (98 ft) underground. Parts of the cellar are open to the public, where visitors can use rail carts to navigate the tunnels. Today, the house owns 576 ha (1,423 acres) of vineyards. Mercier owned the original rights to the name Dom Pérignon but gave the brand to Moët et Chandon in 1927. Today the house is under the umbrella of the LVMH group and is the number one selling brand of Champagne in the domestic French market.

Épernay
Épernay (French pronunciation: [epɛʁnɛ]) is a commune in the Marne department of northern France, 130 km (80 miles) north-east of Paris on the mainline railway to Strasbourg. The town sits on the left bank of the Marne at the extremity of the Cubry valley which crosses it.

Épernay is a sub-prefecture of the department and seat of an arrondissement.
Club San Albano
Club San Albano, also known as the St. Albans Club, is an Argentine sports club from the Burzaco district of Almirante Brown Partido. San Albano is mostly known for its rugby union team, which currently plays in Primera División A, the second division of the Unión de Rugby de Buenos Aires league system. The field hockey team competes at tournaments organized by the Buenos Aires Hockey Association. As of 2023, the club had more than 350 female field hockey players registered.

Other sports currently practised at San Albano are cricket and tennis. San Albano has 1,800 members, is regarded as one of the most emblematic British-origin clubs in southern Greater Buenos Aires.

Burzaco
Burzaco is a city in Almirante Brown Partido, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. It has an area of 22.77 km2, holds a population of 98,859 (2010 census [INDEC]). It is 27 kilometres from Buenos Aires city, to which it is linked by the Ferrocarril General Roca South. Although there were some farms in the area since  at least since the end of the 18th century, Burzaco was first established as a town soon after the arrival of the railway in 1865. The current city is the site of the country's first ever National Flag monument, in Burzaco's main square.
Dmitry Filippov (politician)
Dmitry Filippov (Russian: Дмитрий Николаевич Филиппов; 1 August 1944 – 13 October 1998) was a Soviet and Russian politician and businessman. An influential member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the Lensovet before 1991, Filippov established Saint Petersburg's tax service in the early 1990s and was one of the city's most prominent businessmen during the 1990s, with significant investments in the Russian petrochemical industry. He was killed in a 1998 bombing; Saint Petersburg Legislative Assembly member Yury Shutov was found guilty of his assassination by the Saint Petersburg city court in 2006 after a seven-year trial.

Legislative Assembly of Saint Petersburg
The Legislative Assembly of Saint Petersburg (Russian: Законода́тельное собра́ние Санкт-Петербу́рга, ЗакС, romanized: Zakonodátel'noe sobránie Sankt-Peterbúrga, ZakS) is the regional parliament of Saint Petersburg, a federal subject (federal city) of Russia. It was established in 1994, succeeding the Leningrad Council of People's Deputies (Lensovet).

It is a permanent body, and the supreme and only governing body in St Petersburg. It is located in the Mariinsky Palace. Its powers and duties are defined in the Charter of Saint Petersburg.
J. Russell Smith
Joseph Russell Smith (February 3, 1874 – February 26, 1966) was an American geographer. He worked in the Department of Geography and Industry at the University of Pennsylvania and later the Columbia Business School where he chaired the economic geography program. From 1941 to 1942, he was president of the American Association of Geographers.

He is considered the father of the field of agroforestry.

Columbia Business School
The Columbia University Graduate School of Business, branded as Columbia Business School (CBS), is the business school of Columbia University, a private research university in New York City. It was established in 1916. It is part of the M7 group of business schools recognized as having strong MBA programs, that are often highly-ranked in US MBA rankings.
T. C. Hammond
Thomas Chatterton Hammond (20 February 1877 – 16 November 1961) was an Irish Anglican cleric whose work on reformed theology and Protestant apologetics has been influential among evangelicals, especially in Ireland, Australia and South Africa.  He was also Grand Master of the Grand Orange Lodge of New South Wales.

Apologetics
Apologetics (from Ancient Greek  ἀπολογία (apología) 'speech in defense') is the religious discipline of  defending religious doctrines through systematic argumentation and discourse. Early Christian writers (c. 120–220) who defended their beliefs against critics and recommended their faith to outsiders were called Christian apologists. In 21st-century usage, apologetics is often identified with debates over religion and theology.
Wile Cup
The Wile Cup is a trophy awarded annually to a group of croquet enthusiasts.  Formerly the championship trophy for the University of British Columbia's Croquet Society club (Croqsoc), the Wile Cup has since become an annual recreational award. It is named after Croqsoc founder and inaugural club president, Daryl Wile.  The tournament which the trophy is played for is also known as the Wile Cup.

The Wile Cup was purchased by the club in 2004, to be presented to the player who earned the most points in tournament play during the 2003-04 Winter semester.  The Cup received its moniker the following school year, when President Corey Fischer christened the trophy in honour of the Croquet Society's founding father.

Croquet
Croquet (UK: /ˈkroʊkeɪ, -ki/ or US: /kroʊˈkeɪ/) is a sport which involves hitting wooden, plastic, or composite balls with a mallet through hoops (often called "wickets" in the United States) embedded in a grass playing court.

The sport was codified in England in the 1860s and then spread overseas. However, similar games have been recorded back to the late Middle Ages. Today, there are several variations of the game.

At its highest level, the game is played internationally with top players coming from Australia, England, Spain, Egypt, South Africa and the United States amongst other countries.

The sport can be played equally well by men and women. In 2018, two international championships open to both sexes were won by women.
Rayleigh flow
In fluid dynamics, Rayleigh flow (after English physicist Lord Rayleigh) refers to frictionless, non-adiabatic fluid flow through a constant-area duct where the effect of heat transfer is considered.  Compressibility effects often come into consideration, although the Rayleigh flow model certainly also applies to incompressible flow.  For this model, the duct area remains constant and no mass is added within the duct.  Therefore, unlike Fanno flow, the stagnation temperature is a variable.  The heat addition causes a decrease in stagnation pressure, which is known as the Rayleigh effect and is critical in the design of combustion systems.  Heat addition will cause both supersonic and subsonic Mach numbers to approach Mach 1, resulting in choked flow.  Conversely, heat rejection decreases a subsonic Mach number and increases a supersonic Mach number along the duct.  It can be shown that for calorically perfect flows the maximum entropy occurs at M = 1.

Stagnation temperature
In thermodynamics and fluid mechanics, stagnation temperature is the temperature at a stagnation point in a fluid flow. At a stagnation point, the speed of the fluid is zero and all of the kinetic energy has been converted to internal energy and is added to the local static enthalpy. In both compressible and incompressible fluid flow, the stagnation temperature equals the total temperature at all points on the streamline leading to the stagnation point.: 657–659, §14.1  See gas dynamics.
Golden Gate Highlands National Park
Golden Gate Highlands National Park is located in Free State, South Africa, near the Lesotho border. It covers an area of 340 km2 (130 sq mi). The park's most notable features are its golden, ochre, and orange-hued, deeply eroded sandstone cliffs and outcrops, especially the Brandwag rock. Another feature of the area is the numerous caves and shelters displaying San rock paintings. Wildlife featured at the park includes mongooses, eland, zebras, and over 100 bird species. It is the Free State's only national park and is more famous for the beauty of its landscape than for its wildlife. Numerous palaeontology finds have been made in the park, including dinosaur eggs and skeletons.

Mongoose
A mongoose is a small terrestrial carnivorous mammal belonging to the family Herpestidae. This family has two subfamilies, the Herpestinae and the Mungotinae. The Herpestinae comprises 23 living species that are native to southern Europe, Africa and Asia, whereas the Mungotinae comprises 11 species native to Africa. The Herpestidae originated about 21.8 ± 3.6 million years ago in the Early Miocene and genetically diverged into two main lineages between 19.1 and 18.5 ± 3.5 million years ago. There is a large introduced population on the islands of Hawaii. Mongoose diets are varied but consist of mainly insects, hatchlings, reptiles and birds.
1992 United States Senate election in Iowa
The 1992 United States Senate election in Iowa was held November 3, 1992. Incumbent Republican United States Senator Chuck Grassley ran for re-election to a third term in the United States Senate, which he won easily against his Democratic opponent, State Senator Jean Hall Lloyd-Jones.

Iowa Senate
41°35′28″N 93°36′14″W﻿ / ﻿41.591°N 93.604°W﻿ / 41.591; -93.604

The Iowa Senate is the upper house of the Iowa General Assembly. There are 50 seats in the Iowa Senate, representing 50 single-member districts across the state of Iowa with populations of approximately 63,807 per constituency, as of the 2020 United States census. Each Senate district is composed of two House districts. The Senate meets at the Iowa State Capitol in Des Moines.

Unlike the lower house, the Iowa House of Representatives, senators serve four-year terms, with no term limits. Terms are staggered so that half the Senate is up for reelection every two years.
NK Rudar Velenje
Nogometni klub Rudar Velenje (English: Rudar Velenje Football Club), commonly referred to as NK Rudar Velenje or simply Rudar Velenje, is a Slovenian football club from Velenje which competes in the Slovenian Second League, the second tier of the Slovenian football league system.

Football in Slovenia
Football is the most popular sport in Slovenia and is governed by the Football Association of Slovenia (Slovene: Nogometna zveza Slovenije). Slovenia has been participating in international football as an independent country since 1991, when the country gained independence from SFR Yugoslavia. The Slovenia national football team has qualified for four major tournaments (UEFA Euro 2000, 2002 FIFA World Cup, 2010 FIFA World Cup, and UEFA Euro 2024).

The three biggest clubs in Slovenia are Maribor, Mura and Olimpija.
2-Carboxybenzaldehyde
2-Carboxybenzaldehyde is a chemical compound. It consists of a benzene ring, with an aldehyde and a carboxylic acid as substituents that are ortho to each other. The compound exhibits ring–chain tautomerism: the two substituents can react with each other to form 3-hydroxyphthalide, a cyclic lactol. This lactol reacts readily with Grignard reagents, forming alkyl- and aryl-substituted phthalides. Other benzo-fused heterocyclic compounds can be derived from 2-carboxybenzaldehyde, including isoindolinones and phthalazinones, with a variety of pharmacological properties, such as the antihistamine azelastine.

Aldehyde
In organic chemistry, an aldehyde (/ˈældɪhaɪd/) (lat. alcohol dehydrogenatum, dehydrogenated alcohol) is an organic compound containing a functional group with the structure R−CH=O. The functional group itself (without the "R" side chain) can be referred to as an aldehyde but can also be classified as a formyl group. Aldehydes are a common motif in many chemicals important in technology and biology.
Edlir Tetova
Edlir Tetova (born 14 April 1983) is an Albanian professional football coach and former player, who is the current head coach of Egnatia in the Kategoria Superiore.

Tetova most recently played for Teuta, Elbasani in the Kategoria Superiore. His natural position is left midfielder, but he can also play as a left back when needed.

KF Egnatia Rrogozhinë
KF Egnatia Rrogozhinë (Albanian: Klubi i Futbollit Egnatia Rrogozhinë), commonly referred to as Egnatia, is an Albanian professional football club based in Rrogozhinë. The club competes in the Kategoria Superiore, the top tier of Albanian football. Their home ground is the Egnatia Arena, which has a capacity of 4,000 spectators.

The club was founded on 15 September 1934 under the name 22 Shtatori Rrogozhinë. In 1991 the name of the club was changed to Vullneti Rrogozhinë, before being renamed to its current title of KF Egnatia 1998. The club secured its first championship title in 2024.
Mark C. Rosenthal
Mark C. Rosenthal is an American business executive who was the president and COO of MTV Networks from 1996 to 2004 and the CEO of Current TV from 2009 to 2011. He also served as an executive for Interpublic, Spot Runner, and, most recently, the Katz Media Group.

Paramount Media Networks
Paramount Media Networks is the division of Paramount Skydance Corporation that oversees the operations of its television channels and online brands. The division was originally founded as MTV Networks in 1984, named after MTV. It would be known under this name until 2011; when it would be thereafter known as Viacom Media Networks until 2019; and ViacomCBS Domestic Media Networks until 2022.

The division's television assets are managed through four units: MTV Entertainment Group, Showtime Networks, BET Media Group, and Nickelodeon Group. Paramount's international/foreign assets are overseen by Paramount International Networks.
Somerset–Bridlewood station
Somerset–Bridlewood Station is a CTrain light rail station in the Calgary, Alberta community of Shawnessy. It is the current southern terminus of the Red Line. The station is one of two that opened on June 28, 2004 as part of the second phase of the South LRT Extension. The station is located on the exclusive LRT right of way (adjacent to CPR ROW), 16.9 km (10.5 mi) south of the City Hall interlocking along Shawville Gate. 913 parking spaces are included in the park-and-ride facility at the station. The station consists of a center-loading platform with at-grade crossings at both ends of the platform. Unlike a majority of CTrain stations, the platform was initially constructed to accommodate a four-car-length train.

In 2007, the station registered an average of 13,000 boardings per weekday. This is up from a ridership of 10,100 from 2005.

Shawnessy, Calgary
Shawnessy is a suburban residential neighbourhood in the southwest quadrant of Calgary, Alberta. It is bounded by Shawnessy Boulevard to the north, Macleod Trail to the east, 162 Avenue S to the south and James McKevitt Road to the west.

Shawnessy was established in 1981. It is represented in the Calgary City Council by the Ward 13 councillor.

It is served by the Shawnessy station of the C-Train LRT system. Shawnessy Town Centre is a regional shopping area located east of the community.
Frank Kurtis
Frank Peter Kurtis (born Kuretich; January 25, 1908 – February 17, 1987) was an American racing car designer. He designed and built midget cars, quarter-midgets, sports cars, sprint cars, Indy cars, and Formula One cars. He was the founder of Kurtis Kraft.

Midget car racing
Midget cars, also Speedcars in Australia, is a class of racing cars. The cars are very small, with a very high power-to-weight ratio, and typically use four-cylinder engines. They originated in the United States in the 1930s and are raced on most continents. There is a worldwide tour and national midget tours in the United States, Australia, Argentina and New Zealand.