hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Continuum (measurement)
Continuum (pl.: continua or continuums) theories or models explain variation as involving gradual quantitative transitions without abrupt changes or discontinuities. In contrast, categorical theories or models explain variation using qualitatively different states.

Level of measurement
Level of measurement or scale of measure is a classification that describes the nature of information within the values assigned to variables. Psychologist Stanley Smith Stevens developed the best-known classification with four levels, or scales, of measurement: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio. This framework of distinguishing levels of measurement originated in psychology and has since had a complex history, being adopted and extended in some disciplines and by some scholars, and criticized or rejected by others. Other classifications include those by Mosteller and Tukey, and by Chrisman.
Demerzel
Demerzel is a fictional character in the 2021 Apple TV television series Foundation, an adaptation of the Foundation series of novels by Isaac Asimov. She is portrayed by Finnish actress Laura Birn. Demerzel is a gynoid, or female-presenting humanoid robot, who serves as the majordomo to the revolving trio of Emperor Cleon clones, Brothers Dawn, Day and Dusk. In season two, it is revealed that Demerzel is the real power behind the Imperial throne, guiding humanity on a millennial scale.

The character is a gender-swapped and expanded version of Eto Demerzel, the First Minister and chief advisor to Emperor Cleon I in the prequel novels Prelude to Foundation (1988) and Forward the Foundation (1993). In Prelude to Foundation, he is revealed to be the alter ego of R. Daneel Olivaw, a sentient robot from Asimov's Robot series (1953–1985), who also appears in Foundation and Earth (1986).

Humanoid robot
A humanoid robot is a robot resembling the human body in shape. The design may be aimed at functional purposes, such as interacting with human tools and environments and working alongside humans, for experimental purposes, such as the study of bipedal locomotion, or for other purposes. In general, humanoid robots are characterized by their anthropomorphic design, which includes a torso, a head, two arms, and two legs. However, some humanoid robots may have a more limited range of body replicas, comprising only a subset of the above-mentioned components. Androids are humanoid robots designed to more closely resemble the human physique. The term "Gynoid" is sometimes used to refer to female-looking robots.
Carmelo Algarañaz
Carmelo Algarañaz Añez (born 27 January 1996) is a Bolivian professional footballer who plays as a striker for Greek Super League 2 club Kalamata.

He made his full debut for Bolivia on 29 May 2016, against the USA.

Kalamata F.C.
Kalamata Football Club (Greek: Π.Σ. "Η Καλαμάτα") is a Greek professional football club based in Kalamata, Messenia. They compete in the Super League Greece 2, the second tier of the Greek football league system. The club's home ground is the Kalamata Metropolitan Stadium.
Roshni (film)
Roshni is a 1975 Pakistani film directed and produced by Muhammad Qavi Khan, and was the only film that he ever directed. The lead cast includes Nadeem, Nisho, Mumtaz, Sabiha Khanum and Lehri. The music was composed by Kamal Ahmed. Released on 14 November 1975, the film had an average box-office showing. The film was based on Jameel Bismil's TV play Housefull.

Qavi Khan
Muhammad Qavi Khan (Urdu: محمد قوی خان; 13 November 1942 – 5 March 2023) was a Pakistani film, radio, theatre and television actor, director and playwright.

Khan acted in over 200 films and some 1,000 television plays.

Khan is best known for his police drama serial Andhera Ujala, which launched him to stardom alongside his fellow actors Irfan Khoosat and Jameel Fakhri. His other starring roles include Durr-e-Shehwar (2012), Alif Allah Aur Insaan and Aangan (both 2017–18), the later most of which earned him Lux Style Award for Best TV Actor (critics' and viewers') nominations at the 18th Lux Style Awards.

In March 2011, Pakistan National Council of the Arts honored his achievements in an event. He was honoured with the Pride of Performance and Sitara-e-Imtiaz in 1980 and 2012 respectively by the government of Pakistan for his contribution to arts.
Ahmad Shah II's invasion of Mewar
Ahmad Shah II's invasion of Mewar was a military conflict between the Kingdom of Mewar and the Islamic Sultanate of Gujarat. This invasion was an attempt to punish the Rana of Mewar Kumbha for defeating the Gujarati forces at Nagaur earlier. Initially, Gujarat's Sultan Qutub-ud-din Ahmad Shah II besieged Abu and defeated Rao of Sirohi and marched towards Kumbhalgarh. The attack caused by Gujarat was well responded by Mewaris and their Rana who defeated Gujarat's forces at Abu and later defeated the Sultan himself at Kumbhalgarh forcing him to return to Gujarat and to drop the plans to occupy Nagaur.

Rana Kumbha
Kumbhakaran Singh (IAST: Kumbhakarṇa Siṃha) (1417–1468), popularly known as Maharana Kumbha, was the ruler of the Kingdom of Mewar in medieval India. He belonged to the Sisodia clan which is a cadet Branch of Guhila Rajputs. It was during his reign that Mewar became one of the most powerful political powers in northern India. He is considered to be one of the most powerful ruler of his time in South Asia.
Mary le Port Street, Bristol
Mary le Port Street (also known as St Mary le Port Street, Maryleport Street or Maryport Street) was an important thoroughfare from an early stage in the development of the settlement of Bristol, England, linking the area around St Peters Church and, later, Bristol Castle with the Saxon core of the town to the west at High Street, Wine Street, Corn Street and Broad Street. It was heavily damaged by aerial bombing in 1940, and was relegated to an unnamed service road and footway in post-war reconstruction of the area.

Recent versions of the Bristol Local Plan have sought to re-instate this street and some of the surrounding historic street layout, to improve the link between the shopping area of Broadmead and the St Nicholas Market area.

St Peter's Church, Castle Park, Bristol
St Peter's Church is a ruined church in Castle Park, Bristol, England. It was bombed during World War II and is now preserved as a memorial.

The foundation of the church can be traced back to 1106 when it was endowed on Tewkesbury Abbey, with a 12th-century lower tower, the rest of the church being built in the 15th century. Excavations in 1975 suggest that this was the site of Bristol's first church; the 12th-century city wall runs under the west end of the present church. It was bombed during the Bristol Blitz of 24–25 November 1940 and ruined. It is maintained as a monument to the civilian war dead of Bristol.

It has been designated by English Heritage as a grade II* listed building.

The church ran St Peter's Hospital, a workhouse located between the church and Floating Harbour which was destroyed by bombing during the Bristol Blitz.
Berghain (song)
"Berghain" is a song by Spanish singer Rosalía, Icelandic artist Björk, and American experimental musician Yves Tumor. It was released on 27 October 2025 by Columbia Records as the lead single from Rosalía's fourth studio album, Lux. It was written by the trio themselves, alongside the song's producers, Noah Goldstein, Sir Dylan, and Jake Miller, who produced the track alongside Rosalía herself.

Upon its release, the single topped the charts in Rosalía's home country of Spain, and peaked at number 2 on the Billboard World Digital Song Sales chart in the United States. The single also charted in Austria, Germany, Ireland, Netherlands, and Switzerland, and charted at number 22 on the Global 200. The song's music video was released on the same day as the song, and was directed by Nicolás Méndez.

Billboard Global 200
The Billboard Global 200 is a weekly record chart published by Billboard. It ranks the top songs globally and is based on digital sales and online streaming from over 200 territories worldwide. First announced in mid-2019, it launched in September 2020.
Mitchell van der Gaag
Mitchell van der Gaag (born 22 October 1971) is a Dutch professional football coach and former player who played as a centre-back. He was most recently the head coach of Swiss Super League side FC Zürich.

He made 208 Eredivisie appearances, scoring 19 goals, for NEC, Sparta Rotterdam, PSV and Utrecht. Abroad, he had spells at Motherwell in the Scottish Premier League and Marítimo in Portugal's Primeira Liga, playing 174 total games for the latter and scoring 19 times.

As a manager, van der Gaag led several teams including Marítimo and Belenenses in Portugal, as well as Excelsior and NAC in his country.

NEC Nijmegen
NEC Nijmegen (Nijmegen Eendracht Combinatie), commonly known as NEC (Dutch pronunciation: [ɛneːˈseː]), is a professional Dutch association football club based in Nijmegen. The club currently competes in the Eredivisie, the top tier of Dutch football, following promotion from the 2020–21 Eerste Divisie.

The club has reached the final of the KNVB Cup on five occasions – in 1973, 1983, 1994, 2000 and 2024 – but has never won the cup.
Lockwood Smith
Sir Alexander Lockwood Smith KNZM (born 13 November 1948) is a New Zealand politician and diplomat who was High Commissioner of New Zealand to the United Kingdom from 2013 to 2017 and Speaker of the House of Representatives from 2008 to 2013.

Smith is a member of the New Zealand National Party and served as a Member of Parliament (MP) from 1984 until his retirement to pursue diplomatic roles in 2013. He represented the Kaipara and Rodney electorates and was briefly a list MP. In the Fourth National Government, he served as Minister of Education from 1990 to 1996 and later as Minister of Agriculture, Minister for International Trade, and Associate Minister of Finance.

Minister of Education (New Zealand)
The Minister of Education is a minister in the New Zealand Government with responsibility for the country's schools, and is in charge of the Ministry of Education.

The present Minister is Erica Stanford, a member of the National Party.
Ruisseau Contourné
The ruisseau Contourné is a tributary of the north shore of the rivière aux Montagnais, flowing near the northern limit in the Laurentides Wildlife Reserve, in the province from Quebec, to Canada. The course crosses:

MRC Lac-Saint-Jean-Est Regional County Municipality, in administrative region of Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean, in the unorganized territory of Lac-Moncouche;

MRC La Côte-de-Beaupré Regional County Municipality, in administrative region of Capitale-Nationale, in the unorganized territory of Lac-Jacques-Cartier.

Forestry is the main economic activity in this valley; recreational tourism, second.

The surface of Contourné Creek (except the rapids areas) is usually frozen from the end of November to the beginning of April, however the safe circulation on the ice is generally done from mid-December to the end of March.

Lac-Saint-Jean-Est Regional County Municipality
Lac-Saint-Jean-Est (French pronunciation: [lak sɛ̃ ʒɑ̃ ɛst]) is a regional county municipality in the Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean region of Quebec, Canada. The seat is Alma. In 2016, 99.3% reported that they spoke French most often at home, according to the census.
Iran Language Institute
The Iran Language Institute, abbreviated as ILI (Persian: کانون زبان ایران) is a state-owned, non-profit organization founded in 1979 in Iran with the national mission of developing foreign language learning. It is a subsidiary of Institute for the Intellectual Development. The headquarters of this institute is located in the country's capital, Tehran. The ILI, in 2012 having around 200 centers in 73 cities, offers language courses in Persian, English, French, German, Russian, Spanish, Chinese, and Arabic to around 175,000 learners.

Institute for the Intellectual Development of Children and Young Adults
Center for the Intellectual Development of Child and Adolescent (CIDCA, Persian: کانون پرورش فکری کودک و نوجوان, Kānoon-e Parvaresh-e Fekri-e Koodakān va Nojavānān,  better known as Kanoon or Kānoon) is an Iranian institution with a wide range of cultural and artistic activities in the field of mental and cultural development for children and young adults. The organization was at the center of the vanguard of cultural production in the late 60s and early 1970s and is the platform through which many of Iran's most regarded artists and filmmakers launched their careers.
Gavin Turnbull
Air Vice Marshal Gavin Alexander Turnbull, AM is a retired senior commander in the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF). He joined the RAAF in 1984, trained as a helicopter pilot, and transferred to fast jets in 1991. He has commanded No. 77 Squadron RAAF (2002–04), No. 81 Wing RAAF (2007–11) and the 609th Combined Air Operations Centre (2012), and deployed on operations to the Sinai Peninsula, Iraq and Afghanistan. He served as Air Commander Australia from 2014 to 2017, and Deputy Chief of Air Force from May 2017 to July 2019.

Deputy Chief of Air Force (Australia)
Deputy Chief of Air Force (DCAF) is the second most senior appointment in the Royal Australian Air Force, responsible to the Chief of Air Force (CAF). Before 1997 the position was entitled Deputy Chief of the Air Staff (DCAS). The rank associated with the position is air vice marshal (two-star). DCAF acts as the manager of the Air Force Headquarters (AFHQ), which provides oversight of activities in the raising, training and sustaining of assigned RAAF capabilities. The position provides strategic leadership to the RAAF as a whole, as well as policy guidance in regard to Air Force activities to the rest of the Defence organisation and Government. The current Deputy Chief of Air Force is Air Vice Marshal Harvey Reynolds.
Rodney S. Ruoff
Rodney S. "Rod" Ruoff is an American physical chemist and nanoscience researcher. He is one of the world experts on carbon materials including carbon nanostructures such as fullerenes, nanotubes, graphene, diamond, and has had pioneering discoveries on such materials and others. Ruoff received his B.S. in chemistry from the University of Texas at Austin (1981) and his Ph.D. in chemical physics at the University of Illinois-Urbana (1988). After a Fulbright Fellowship at the MPI fuer Stroemungsforschung in Goettingen, Germany (1989) and postdoctoral work at the IBM T. J. Watson Research Center (1990–91), Ruoff became a staff scientist in the Molecular Physics Laboratory at SRI International (1991–1996). He is currently UNIST Distinguished Professor at the Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), and the director of the Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, an Institute for Basic Science Center located at UNIST.

Institute for Basic Science
The Institute for Basic Science (IBS; Korean: 기초과학연구원) is a Korean government-funded research institute that conducts basic science research and relevant pure basic research. Comprising approximately 30 research centers with more than 60 research groups across the nation and a headquarters in Daejeon, IBS has approximately 1,800 researchers and doctoral course students. Around 30% of the researchers are from countries other than South Korea. The organization is under the Ministry of Science and ICT.
Cycling at the 1938 British Empire Games
Cycling at the 1938 British Empire Games was the second appearance of Cycling at the Commonwealth Games. The track events took place at Henson Park, Marrickville, an asphalt and bitumen outdoor track, while the road race was centered around Centennial Park.

Australia topped the cycling medal table with two gold medals.

Cycling at the Commonwealth Games
Cycling is one of the sports at the quadrennial Commonwealth Games competition. It has been a Commonwealth Games sport since the second edition of the event's precursor, the 1934 British Empire Games. It is an optional sport and may, or may not, be included in the sporting programme of each edition of the Games, but has appeared in every edition of the Games to date. Australia have been the most successful nation in the event by a significant margin, with England and New Zealand closely matched for second place. Australia have led the medal table 16 times, one of which was shared by Canada, including every edition of the Games since 1990. England have led the table four times, but not since 1974. New Zealand have topped the table once, in their home Games of 1990.
Bond Bug
The Bond Bug is a small British two-seat, three-wheeled automobile which was designed by Tom Karen of Ogle Design for Bond Cars, who built it from 1970 to 1974, initially at Bond Cars Ltd factory, but subsequently at Reliant's Tamworth factory. It is a wedge-shaped microcar, with a lift-up canopy and side screens instead of conventional doors.

Three-wheeler
A three-wheeler, tricar, or trike is a vehicle with three wheels. Some are motorized tricycles, which may be legally classed as motorcycles, while others are tricycles without a motor, some of which are human-powered vehicles and animal-powered vehicles.
Basta (archaeological site)
Basta (Arabic: بسطة) is a pre-historic archaeological site and village in Ma'an Governorate, Jordan, 36 kilometres (22 mi) southeast of Petra. It is named for the nearby contemporary village of Basta. Like the nearby site of Ba'ja, Basta was built in c. 7000 BC and belongs to the PPNB (Pre-Pottery Neolithic B) period. Basta is one of the earliest known places to have a settled population who grew crops and domesticated livestock.

Pre-Pottery Neolithic B
Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) is part of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic, a Neolithic culture centered in upper Mesopotamia and the Levant, dating to c. 10,800 – c. 8,500 years ago, that is, 8800–6500 BC. It was typed by British archaeologist Kathleen Kenyon during her archaeological excavations at Jericho in the West Bank, territory of Palestine.

Like the earlier PPNA people, the PPNB culture developed from the Mesolithic Natufian culture. However, it shows evidence of having more northerly origins, possibly indicating an influx from the region of northeastern Anatolia.
Gorka Etxeberria
Gorka Etxeberria Aldasoro (born 26 February 1972) is a Spanish  football manager and director of football.

He managed Salamanca and Real Unión in the Segunda División B, as well as Atlético of the Portuguese Segunda Liga and Sydney Olympic of the National Premier Leagues NSW.

Etxeberria had other roles in football, including as assistant manager at Zaragoza and Girona, and director of football at clubs including Alavés, Salamanca, Unionistas Salamanca and Real Unión.

Deportivo Alavés
Deportivo Alavés, S.A.D. (Spanish pronunciation: [depoɾˈtiβo alaˈβes]; Sporting Alavés), usually known as Alavés, is a Spanish football club based in Vitoria-Gasteiz, Álava, in the autonomous community of the Basque Country. Founded on 23 January 1921 as Sport Friends Club, the club competes in La Liga, the top tier of Spanish football.

It is recognized as the third-most successful team in the Basque Country following Athletic Club of Bilbao and Real Sociedad of San Sebastián. Its biggest success was in 2001 when, in the year of its debut in European competition, it reached the 2001 UEFA Cup Final, where it played against Liverpool. It was defeated 5–4 on a golden goal. In 2017, the club reached the final of the Copa del Rey, losing 3–1 to Barcelona.

The team's home kit is blue and white-striped shirt, blue shorts and white socks. It holds home matches at the 19,840-seater Mendizorrotza Stadium and uses other facilities located in Ibaia dedicated to training.
109th Grey Cup
The 109th Grey Cup decided the Canadian Football League (CFL) championship for the 2022 season. The game was played on November 20, at Mosaic Stadium in Regina, Saskatchewan. It marked the fourth Grey Cup game to be held in Regina, and the first to be held at the new Mosaic Stadium as opposed to Taylor Field.

The game was played between the West Division champion Winnipeg Blue Bombers and the East Division champion Toronto Argonauts; the Argonauts won 24–23 and earned their league-leading 18th Grey Cup, preventing the Blue Bombers from becoming the first team to win three consecutive Grey Cups since the five-in-a-row Edmonton Eskimos of 1978–1982.

70th Grey Cup
The 70th Grey Cup, also known as the "Rain Bowl", was the 1982 Grey Cup Canadian Football League championship game between the Toronto Argonauts and the Edmonton Eskimos. The Eskimos, who were making their sixth consecutive appearance in the CFL championship game, defeated the Argonauts 32–16 on the Eskimos' way to their fifth straight Grey Cup.  The game was played on Sunday, November 28, 1982, at Exhibition Stadium in Toronto.
Allison Pantuso
Allison Danielle Pantuso (born June 30, 1997) is an American professional soccer player who plays as a center back for USL Super League club Lexington SC.  Pantuso played college soccer for the Oregon State Beavers before starting her professional career overseas, playing for European clubs FF Lugano, Issy, KuPS, and IFK Kalmar. She has also previously played for Brooklyn FC.

FC Lugano Femminile
Football Femminile Lugano 1976 known as FF Lugano 1976 or simply Lugano are a Swiss women's football team from Lugano, Ticino who play domestically in the Frauen Nationalliga A.

Since 2015 and through their chairman Emanuele Gaiarin, encourage young American footballers who have played NCAA soccer to play for them by providing free accommodation and classes in Italian. Through this approach, they finished second in the 2018–19 season and made their European debut in the 2019–20 Women's Champions League. The majority of the current squad are American.
Sarah Pauly
Sarah Jo Pauly (born January 24, 1983) is an American, former collegiate All-American, retired 7-time professional All-Star, right-handed softball pitcher and coach originally from Phoenix, Arizona. She played college softball at Texas A&M–Corpus Christi from 2002-2005 and holds most of the pitching records. She is the Big South Conference career strikeouts, ERA, shutouts, WHIP, strikeout ratio, no-hitters (9) and perfect games (2) leader in just three seasons. She joined the National Pro Fastpitch in 2006 and as a rookie earned Pitcher of The Year and currently holds NPF records for the most innings pitched, games played and games started through her 11 seasons as arguably the most successful undrafted player in league history. She is one of five NCAA Division I pitchers to win 100 games, strikeout 1,000 batters, maintain a sub-1.00 ERA and average double digit strikeouts for her entire career.

Big South Conference
The Big South Conference is a collegiate athletic conference affiliated with the NCAA's Division I. Originally a non-football conference, the Big South began sponsoring football in 2002 as part of the Football Championship Subdivision (FCS), and began operating the OVC–Big South Football Association in partnership with the Ohio Valley Conference in 2023. The Big South, founded in 1983, is firmly rooted in the South Atlantic region of the United States, with full member institutions located in North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia. Associate members are located in Georgia and South Carolina.
Dominique M. Hanssens
Dominique M. Hanssens is a Belgian-American academic and marketing researcher. He is a Distinguished Research Professor of Marketing at the UCLA Anderson School of Management. He is known for his work in marketing science, particularly in the fields of econometrics, marketing mix modeling and marketing strategy. He is the former executive director of the Marketing Science Institute and received  Gilbert A. Churchill Award for Lifetime by the American Marketing Association.

UCLA Anderson School of Management
The John E. Anderson Graduate School of Management (branded as UCLA Anderson) is the graduate business school at the University of California, Los Angeles. The school offers MBA (full-time, part-time, executive), Post Graduate Program for Executives (PGPX), Financial Engineering, Business Analytics, and PhD degrees. It was named after American billionaire John E. Anderson in 1987, after he donated $15 million to the School of Management (the largest gift received from an individual by the University of California at the time).