hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Proper forcing axiom
In the mathematical field of set theory, the proper forcing axiom (PFA) is a significant strengthening of Martin's axiom, where forcings with the countable chain condition (ccc) are replaced by proper forcings.

Forcing (mathematics)
In the mathematical discipline of set theory, forcing is a technique for proving consistency and independence results. Intuitively, forcing can be thought of as a technique to expand the set theoretical universe  to a larger universe  by introducing a new "generic" object .

Forcing was first used by Paul Cohen in 1963, to prove the independence of the axiom of choice and the continuum hypothesis from Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory. It has been considerably reworked and simplified in the following years, and has since served as a powerful technique, both in set theory and in areas of mathematical logic such as computability theory. Descriptive set theory uses the notions of forcing from both computability theory and set theory. Forcing has also been used in model theory, but it is common in model theory to define genericity directly without mention of forcing.
Government of Nebraska
The Government of the U.S. State of Nebraska, established by the Nebraska Constitution, is a republican democracy modeled after the Federal Government of the United States. The state government has three branches: the executive, the legislative, and the judicial. Through a system of separation of powers, or "checks and balances," each of these branches has some authority to act on its own, and also some authority to regulate the other two branches, so that all three branches can limit and balance the others' authority. The State Government is based in Lincoln, the capital city of Nebraska.

Constitution of Nebraska
The Nebraska Constitution is the basic governing document of the U.S. state of Nebraska. All acts of the Nebraska Legislature, the governor, and each governmental agency are subordinate to it. The constitution has been amended 228 times since it was first adopted in 1875, most notably to include the creation of a unicameral legislature.

It is nicknamed the Grasshopper Constitution due to the occurrence of Albert's swarm, an immense concentration of grasshoppers that scourged the Western United States in 1875, during the constitutional convention that drafted the constitution.
Alexander Negris
Alexander Negris (c. 1805 - 1860/80; Greek: Ἀλέξανδρος Νέγρης) was a military colonel, author, philologist, and professor.  He participated in the Greek War of Independence with other members of his family; indeed, he was a member of the phanariots family's Negris and Ypsilanti.  He was the first lecturer of Modern Greek at Harvard University and set the framework for Evangelinos Apostolides Sophocles.  He was a Greek language philologist and linguist and wrote countless books in Greek for the education of the English-speaking world. 
Negris was a member of different organizations all over the world and honorary member of the Archaeological Society of Athens.  The Ypsilanti township in Michigan is named after his uncle Demetrios Ypsilantis.

Demetrios Ypsilantis
Demetrios Ypsilantis (alternatively spelled Demetrius Ypsilanti; 1793 – 16 August 1832) was a Greek army officer who served in both the Hellenic Army and the Imperial Russian Army.  Ypsilantis played an important role in the Greek War of Independence, leading several key battles. He was also a member of the Filiki Eteria and the younger brother of Alexander Ypsilantis.
Ravendra Pal Singh (general)
Lieutenant General Ravendra Pal Singh PVSM, AVSM, VSM is a former General Officer Commanding-in-Chief (GOC-in-C) Western Command of the Indian Army. He assumed office on 1 August 2019, succeeding Gen Surinder Singh.

Vishisht Seva Medal
The Vishisht Seva Medal (VSM, lit. 'Distinguished Service Medal') is a decoration of the Indian Armed Forces. It is awarded to recognize "distinguished service of a high order" to all ranks of the Indian Armed Forces.

From 1980, the Yudh Seva Medal was introduced to recognize exceptional services in an operational environment. Since then the VSM has been restricted to non-operational service.
Telenor India
Telenor (India) Communications Private Limited, formerly known as Uninor, was an Indian mobile network operator. The company was a wholly owned subsidiary of Norwegian telecommunications company Telenor Group. In February 2017, Telenor Group announced merging the India business with Bharti Airtel in a no-cash deal with liability of Airtel to take over the outstanding spectrum payments of Rs 1,650 crore post necessary regulatory approvals.

As of April 2018, it had 36.15 million subscribers. On 14 May 2018, DoT gave the final approval required for merging of Telenor India with Bharti Airtel.

Bharti Airtel
Bharti Airtel is an Indian multinational telecommunications company headquartered in New Delhi. It operates in 18 countries across Indian Subcontinent, Africa, and the Channel Islands. In India, the company provides mobile telephony services using 5G, 4G, and LTE Advanced technologies, along with fixed-line broadband and voice services, while the range of services varies by country of operation.

Airtel is the second-largest mobile network operator in India and one of the largest mobile network operators globally by subscriber base. It has also deployed Voice over LTE (VoLTE) technology across telecom circles in India to support voice calls over 4G networks.
Lutomiersk
Lutomiersk [luˈtɔmjɛrsk] is a town in Pabianice County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Lutomiersk. It lies approximately 17 km (11 mi) north-west of Pabianice and 19 km (12 mi) west of the regional capital Łódź. It is located in the Sieradz Land.

The town has an approximate population of 2,000.

Pabianice
Pabianice [pabʲaˈɲit͡sɛ] is a city in central Poland with 63,023 inhabitants (2021). Situated in the Łódź Voivodeship, it is the capital of Pabianice County. It lies about 10 kilometres (6 miles) southwest of Łódź and belongs to the metropolitan area of that city. It is the third largest city in the Łódź Voivodeship by population. The area of the city covers 32.9 square kilometres (12.7 sq mi), being the 10th largest in Łódź Voivodeship.

According to data from 2009, agricultural land constitutes 53%, of the area and forests another 9%. The city covers 6.70% of Pabianice County.

It is located in the Sieradz Land. Neighbour administrative divisions: gmina Dobroń, gmina Ksawerów, miasto Łódź, gmina Pabianice, gmina Rzgów.
Princess Anna Louise of Schönburg-Waldenburg
Princess Anna Louise of Schönburg-Waldenburg (Anna Louise; 19 February 1871 – 7 November 1951) was born a member and princess of the House of Schönburg and was a Princess consort of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen and Princess consort of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt as the wife Günther Victor, Prince of Schwarzburg, the last sovereign prince of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt and Schwarzburg-Sondershausen.

She was the grand aunt of Princess Anna Luisa Pignatelli Schoenburg, writer, born on 22 novembre 1952, daughter of Prince Wolf von Schoenburg Waldenburg (1902-1983) (see Schönburg family)

Schönburg family
The House of Schönburg (also Schumburg; Czech: ze Šumburka) is an old noble family of princely and historically sovereign rank. It previously owned large properties in present-day Saxony, Thuringia and Bohemia. As a formerly ruling and mediatized family, it belongs to the Hochadel (German for 'high nobility'). The family today includes two princely branches and a comital branch.
Kaa
Kaa is a fictional character from The Jungle Book stories written by Rudyard Kipling. He is an Indian python who possesses the power of hypnosis. In the books and many of the screen adaptations, Kaa is an ally of protagonist Mowgli, acting as a friend and trusted mentor or father figure alongside Bagheera and Baloo. However, Disney's screen adaptations portray him as a secondary antagonist who attempts to eat Mowgli.

Baloo
Baloo (from Hindi: भालू bhālū "bear") is a main fictional character featured in Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book from 1894 and The Second Jungle Book from 1895. A sloth bear, he is the strict teacher of the cubs of the Seeonee wolf pack. His most challenging pupil is the "man-cub" Mowgli. He and Bagheera, the panther, save Mowgli from Shere Khan, the tiger, and endeavour to teach Mowgli the Law of the Jungle in many of The Jungle Book stories.
Asa'ad bin Tariq
Sayyid Asa'ad bin Tariq Al Said (Arabic: أسعد بن طارق آل سعيد; born 20 June 1954) is a member of the Omani royal family and the Deputy Prime Minister for Relations and International Cooperation Affairs.

Deputy Prime Minister of Oman
The deputy prime minister of Oman is a political position in the Cabinet of Oman. The deputy prime minister is the second highest ranking title in the executive branch of the Government of Oman after the Sultan. The main role of the deputy prime minister is to chair the cabinet meeting in the absence of the Sultan. The deputy prime minister is appointed by the Sultan. Traditionally, Sultans have appointed several deputy prime ministers serving concurrently.
Golden Age of Fraternalism
The Golden Age of Fraternalism is a term referring to a period when membership in the fraternal societies in the United States grew at a very rapid pace in the latter third of the 19th century and continuing into the first part of the 20th. At its peak, it was suggested that as much as 40% of the adult male population held membership in at least one fraternal order.

Major examples are the Freemasons, the Knights of Columbus, the Rechabites, the Odd Fellows, the Good Templars, the Elks, the Shriners, and Rotary Club, as well as the second iteration of the Ku Klux Klan.

Independent Order of Rechabites
The Independent Order of Rechabites (IOR), also known as the Sons and Daughters of Rechab, is a fraternal organisation and friendly society founded in England in 1835 as part of the wider temperance movement to promote total abstinence from alcoholic beverages. The Order has been active in Australia from 1843, promoting temperance and as a benefit society. A branch was established in the United States in 1842, and also flourished for a time. In the United Kingdom, the Order trades under the name of Healthy Investment, being well connected in upper society and involved in financial matters; there it gradually transformed into a financial institution which promotes teetotalism.
Stanislaus of Szczepanów
Stanislaus of Szczepanów (Polish: Stanisław ze Szczepanowa; 26 July 1030 – 11 April 1079) was a Polish Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Kraków and was martyred by the Polish King Bolesław II the Bold. He is the patron saint of Poland.

Stanislaus is venerated in the Catholic Church as Stanislaus the Martyr (as distinct from the 16th-century Jesuit, Stanislaus Kostka).

Archbishop of Kraków
The archbishop of Kraków is the head of the archdiocese of Kraków. A bishop of Kraków first came into existence when the diocese was created in 1000; it was promoted to an archdiocese on 28 October 1925. Due to Kraków's role as Poland's political, cultural and spiritual center, the bishops and archbishops of Kraków were often very influential in the city, country and abroad. From 1443 to 1791, bishops of Kraków were simultaneously Dukes of Siewierz, although it was only Adam Stefan Sapieha who officially abandoned the title.
British thermal unit
The British thermal unit (Btu) is a measure of heat, which is a form of energy. It was originally defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit. It is also part of the United States customary units. The SI unit for energy is the joule (J); one Btu equals about 1,055 J (varying within the range of 1,054–1,060 J depending on the specific definition of Btu; see below).

While units of heat are often supplanted by energy units in scientific work, they are still used in some fields. For example, in the United States the price of natural gas is quoted in dollars per the amount of natural gas that would give 1 million Btu (1 "MMBtu") of heat energy if burned.

Joule
The joule (/dʒuːl/ JOOL, or /dʒaʊl/ JOWL; symbol: J) is the unit of energy in the International System of Units (SI). In terms of SI base units, one joule corresponds to one kilogram-metre squared per second squared (1 J = 1 kg⋅m2⋅s−2). One joule is equal to the amount of work done when a force of one newton displaces a body through a distance of one metre in the direction of that force. It is also the energy dissipated as heat when an electric current of one ampere passes through a resistance of one ohm for one second. It is named after the English physicist James Prescott Joule (1818–1889).
Awdry Julius
Christianity portal

John Awdry Julius (1874–1956) was  Dean of Christchurch from 1927 to 1940.

He was born in Norwich and educated at Melbourne Grammar School, Christ's College, Christchurch and Keble College, Oxford. He was ordained deacon in 1897 and priest in 1898. and began his ecclesiastical career with a curacy in Kettering.
Emigrating to New Zealand, he was Vicar of Papanui, (1904–14); then Waimate, (1914–20); and Timaru, (1921–27). As well as his position as dean he was Archdeacon of Timaru, (1922–27); Rangiora, (1928–34); and Christchurch, (1934–37).

Awdry was the son of Churchill Julius and Alice Julius, and brother of George Julius. He died on 18 July 1956.

Anglican Diocese of Christchurch
The Diocese of Christchurch is one of the thirteen dioceses and hui amorangi (Māori bishoprics) of the Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia. The Diocese covers the area between the Conway River and the Waitaki River in the South Island of New Zealand.
Keith Thomas (historian)
Sir Keith Vivian Thomas CH FBA FRHistS FLSW (born 2 January 1933) is a Welsh historian of the early modern world based at Oxford University. He is best known as the author of Religion and the Decline of Magic and Man and the Natural World. From 1986 to 2000, he was president of Corpus Christi College, Oxford.

Learned Society of Wales
The Learned Society of Wales (Welsh: Cymdeithas Ddysgedig Cymru) is a national academy, learned society and charity that exists to "celebrate, recognise, preserve, protect and encourage excellence in all of the scholarly disciplines", and to serve the Welsh nation.

The Learned Society of Wales is Wales's first and only all-embracing national scholarly academy.  A registered charity, it was established and launched on 25 May 2010 at the National Museum of Wales and was granted a Royal Charter in 2015. The society is headquartered in Cardiff.

It is an independent, self-governing, pan-disciplinary, bilingual organisation operating throughout Wales, and is a founding member of the Celtic Academies Alliance.
Modulatory space
The spaces described in this article are pitch class spaces which model the relationships between pitch classes in some musical system. These models are often graphs, groups or lattices. Closely related to pitch class space is pitch space, which represents pitches rather than pitch classes, and chordal space, which models relationships between chords.

Pitch class space
In music theory, pitch-class space is the circular space representing all the notes (pitch classes) in a musical octave. In this space, there is no distinction between tones separated by an integral number of octaves. For example, C4, C5, and C6, though different pitches, are represented by the same point in pitch class space.

Since pitch-class space is a circle, we return to our starting point by taking a series of steps in the same direction: beginning with C, we can move "upward" in pitch-class space, through the pitch classes C♯, D, D♯, E, F, F♯, G, G♯, A, A♯, and B, returning finally to C. By contrast, pitch space is a linear space: the more steps we take in a single direction, the further we get from our starting point.
Eric Reynolds (comics)
Eric Reynolds is a Seattle-based cartoonist, critic and comics editor who is the Vice-President and Associate Publisher for Fantagraphics Books.  His work has appeared in The Stranger, The Comics Journal, The New York Times, The New York Press and other publications.  He has edited or co-edited The Complete Crumb Comics, Angry Youth Comics, Dirty Stories and MOME, and has inked some of Peter Bagge's comics.

Peter Bagge
Peter Bagge (pronounced /bæɡ/, as in bag; born December 11, 1957) is an American cartoonist whose best-known work includes the comics Neat Stuff and Hate. His stories often use black humor and exaggerated cartooning to dramatize the reduced expectations of middle-class American youth. He won two Harvey Awards in 1991, one for best cartoonist and one for his work on Hate. In recent decades Bagge has done more fact-based comics, everything from biographies to history to comics journalism. Publishers of Bagge's articles, illustrations, and comics include suck.com, MAD Magazine, toonlet, Discover, and the Weekly World News, with the comic strip Adventures of Batboy. He has expressed his libertarian views in features for Reason.
Lahr Farm
The Lahr Farm is an historic home and farm complex that is located in Warwick Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania. It was originally owned by a wealthy Quaker ironmaster William Branson and part of his Reading Furnace estate.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.

Reading Furnace Historic District
The Reading Furnace Historic District is a national historic district that is located in Warwick Township and East Nantmeal Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.
Håvard Bentdal Ingvaldsen
Håvard Bentdal Ingvaldsen (born  21 September 2002) is a Norwegian track and field athlete. He has won multiple national championship titles over 200 metres and 400 metres. In 2023, he became the European U23 champion over 400m and took the Norwegian national 400m record from Karsten Warholm.

Karsten Warholm
Karsten Warholm (Norwegian pronunciation: [ˈkɑʂtɛn ˈvɑ:rhɔ̂ɫm]; born 28 February 1996) is a Norwegian sprinter who competes in the 400 metres and 400 m hurdles. He is the 2020 Tokyo Olympic champion, silver medalist at the 2024 Paris Olympics, three-time world champion and world record holder in the latter event.

Warholm has won gold for the 400 m hurdles at the World Athletics Championships in 2017, 2019 and 2023, as well as the 2018, 2022, and 2024 European Athletics Championships. He is the first athlete ever to win three 400 m hurdles events at the World Championships. Warholm is a three-time Diamond League 400 m hurdles champion. In 2021, he was voted World Athletics Male Athlete of the Year.

In July 2021, Warholm broke the 29-year-old world record in 400 m hurdles. The following month at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, he won the gold medal in the 400 m hurdles with a time of 45.94 seconds, breaking his own world record by over three-quarters of a second.
British League Knockout Cup 1965
The British League Knockout Cup 1965 was the 27th edition of the Knockout Cup. It was the first time that it was called the British League Knockout Cup following a reorganisation of speedway in the United Kingdom. West Ham Hammers won the cup and therefore secured the league and cup double.

Knockout Cup (speedway)
Knockout Cup (sometimes referred to as the KO Cup) is a type of British motorcycle speedway competition, examples of which have run annually since 1929.

Each tier of British Speedway has its own respective Knockout Cup. The current Knockout Cup competitions are the SGB Premiership Knockout Cup (tier one), the SGB Championship Knockout Cup (tier two) and the National League Knockout Cup (tier three).

The cups were run in the past under the associated name of the League at the time. For example Elite League Knockout Cup when tier one was the Elite League, a Premier League Knockout Cup when tier two was the Premier League and so on.
Monthly Ikki
Monthly Ikki (Japanese: 月刊IKKI, Hepburn: Gekkan Ikki) was a monthly seinen manga magazine published by Shogakukan. It tended to specialize in underground or alternative manga, but it had its share of major hits as well. The magazine started in 2000 as a spin-off to Shogakukan's Weekly Big Comic Spirits, titled Spirits Zōkan Ikki, published on a bimonthly basis, and became a standalone monthly magazine in 2003. In 2009, Viz Media launched an online English version of Monthly Ikki, named SigIkki, which serialized selected titles from the magazine. Ikki ceased publication after an almost 14-year-run in 2014, and was replaced by Hibana, which ran from 2015 to 2017, before ceasing its publication as well.

Big Comic Spirits
Big Comic Spirits (ビッグコミックスピリッツ, Biggu Komikku Supirittsu) is a weekly Japanese seinen manga magazine published by Shogakukan. The first issue was published on October 14, 1980. Food, sports, romance and business are recurring themes in the magazine, and the stories often question conventional values. The magazine is published every Monday. Circulation in 2008 averaged over 300,000 copies, but by 2015 had dropped to 168,250. In 2009, Shogakukan launched a sister magazine, Monthly Big Comic Spirits.
Shichinohe Domain
Shichinohe Domain (七戸藩, Shichinohe-han) was a tozama feudal domain of Edo period Japan, located in Mutsu Province, Honshū. It was centered at Shichinohe Castle in what is now the modern town of Shichinohe, Aomori in the Kamikita District of Aomori Prefecture, in the Tōhoku region of far northern Japan.

Han system
Han (Japanese: 藩, "domain") is a Japanese historical term for the estate of a daimyo in the Edo period (1603–1868) and early Meiji period (1868–1912). Han or Bakufu-han (daimyo domain) served as a system of de facto administrative divisions of Japan alongside the de jure provinces until they were abolished in the 1870s.
Alden Rowing
Alden Rowing manufactures sliding-seat rowing boats. Their original product, the Alden Ocean Shell, was designed in (sources differ) 1970 or 1971.  Traditional shell designs use high aspect ratio hulls, with long waterline with minimum beam, that emphasize racing performance at the cost of stability.  These types of boats are only usable on flat water.  Alden, however, specializes in shorter, beamier, highly stable designs which are suitable for rowing in open water, where swells are commonly encountered.  As of 2004, Alden had sold 25,000 shells.

Racing shell
In watercraft, a racing shell (also referred to as a fine boat (UK) or simply 
a shell) is an extremely narrow, and often comparatively long, rowing boat specifically designed for racing or exercise. It is equipped with long oars, outriggers to hold the oarlocks away from the boat, and sliding seats. The boat's long length and semicircular cross-section reduce drag to a minimum. This makes the boat both fast and unstable. It must be balanced by the rowers to avoid tipping. Being able to balance – or "set" – the boat while putting maximum effort into the oars is therefore an essential skill of sport rowing.
ZywOo
Mathieu Herbaut (born 9 November 2000), better known as ZywOo, is a French professional Counter-Strike player for Team Vitality. Considered one of the greatest players in Counter-Strike history, he has been ranked the No. 1 player in the world by HLTV in 2019, 2020, 2023 and 2025. He is the second-youngest ever HLTV Player of the Year at 19 years old, and one of only three players, alongside coldzera and donk, to be named the HLTV Player of the Year in their first full year as a professional player.

Coldzera
Marcelo Augusto David (born 31 October 1994), better known as coldzera, is a Brazilian professional Counter-Strike 2 player and a former professional Counter Strike: Global Offensive player who currently plays for Fake do Biru. He is widely considered as one of the greatest players in Counter Strike history, He was named the best CS:GO player in both 2016 and 2017 by CS:GO news website HLTV.