hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Reform Judaism: A Centenary Perspective
Reform Judaism: A Centenary Perspective is a statement of American Reform Judaism. The statement was adopted by the Central Conference of American Rabbis in San Francisco in 1976. The Centenary Perspective marked the 100th anniversary of the Union of American Hebrew Congregations (now called the Union for Reform Judaism) and the Hebrew Union College – Jewish Institute of Religion.

Union for Reform Judaism
The Union for Reform Judaism (URJ), formerly known as the Union of American Hebrew Congregations (UAHC) until 2003, founded in 1873 by Rabbi Isaac Mayer Wise, is the congregational arm of Reform Judaism in North America. The other two arms established by Rabbi Wise are the Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion and the Central Conference of American Rabbis. The current president of the URJ is Rabbi Rick Jacobs.

The URJ has an estimated constituency of some 880,000 registered adults in 819 congregations. It claims to represent 2.2 million, as over a third of adult American Jews, including many who are not synagogue members, state affinity with Reform, making it the largest Jewish denomination.  The UAHC was a founding member of the World Union for Progressive Judaism, of which the URJ is the largest constituent by far.
Jægersborg Allé
Jægersborg Allé is a major street in the Charlottenlund and Jægersborg neighborhoods of Gentofte Municipality in the northern suburbs of Copenhagen, Denmark. It runs from Strandvejen in the southeast to a junction just east of Jægersborg railway station in the northwest. The first leg of the road passes through Charlottenlund Forest, and it later follows the north boundary of Bernstorff Park. It passes a number of historic buildings, including Charlottenlund Palace, Bernstorff Palace and Schæffergården.

Bernstorff Palace
Bernstorff Palace (Danish: Bernstorff Slot) in Gentofte, Copenhagen, Denmark, was built in the middle of the 18th century for Foreign Minister Count Johann Hartwig Ernst von Bernstorff. It remained in the possession of the Bernstorff family until 1812. In 1842, it was bought by Christian VIII. For many years, it was used as a summer residence by Christian IX until his death in 1906.

Since then and until recently, it was used by the Danish Emergency Management Agency as an academy for non-commissioned officers, but it has now opened as a hotel and conference centre.
Dennis van der Heijden
Dennis van der Heijden (born 17 February 1997) is a Dutch professional footballer who plays for as a forward for VV Capelle. He has played for the Netherlands U20 national football team.

He scored twice on his professional debut for ADO Den Haag but failed to score again in the Eredivisie over the next year and half. As a result he spent the remainder of his second season with the club on loan at Volendam before signing a permanent deal with fellow Eerste Divisie side Almere City at the end of the season. There he spent a further season before relocating to Italy to join Carpi in 2018.

Netherlands national under-19 football team
The Netherlands national under-19 football team represents the Netherlands at this age level and is governed by the Royal Dutch Football Association. They compete in international competitions like the UEFA European Under-19 Championship and the FIFA U-20 World Cup.
Dave Cowens
David William Cowens (/ˈkaʊənz/ COW-ənz; born October 25, 1948) is an American former professional basketball player and NBA head coach. At 6 ft 9 in (2.06 m), he played the center position and occasionally played power forward. Cowens spent most of his playing career with the Boston Celtics. He was the 1971 NBA Rookie of the Year and the 1973 NBA Most Valuable Player. Cowens won NBA championships as a member of the Celtics in 1974 and 1976. He was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 1991. Throughout his career Cowens was known for being an undersized center at 6’9, however he made up for his height with hustle and athleticism. Cowens has also held coaching positions in the NBA, CBA, and WNBA.

Cowens was named a member of both the NBA 50th Anniversary All-Time Team and the NBA 75th Anniversary Team.

NBA 75th Anniversary Team
The NBA 75th Anniversary Team, also referred to as the NBA 75, was chosen in 2021 to honor the 75th anniversary of the founding of the National Basketball Association (NBA). It was the fourth and most recent anniversary team in the league. Similar to the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History named in 1996, a panel of reporters, current and former players, coaches, general managers, and team executives selected the greatest players in league history. Tasked with compiling a list of 75 players, the committee named an additional 76th member due to a tie in voting. It was billed as part of the league's anniversary celebration during the 2021–22 NBA season. Forty-five of the seventy-six players were later assembled in Cleveland, during the halftime ceremony of the 2022 All-Star Game.
Play (Doug E. Fresh album)
Play is the fourth album by the American rapper Doug E. Fresh, released in 1995. It contains production from Doug E. Fresh, Frankie Cutlass, and Todd Terry. The album peaked at No. 81 on the Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart, but several singles—"Where's da Party At?", "Freaks", "Hands in the Air", and "I-ight"—made it to the Hot Rap Singles chart. Luther Campbell appears on the album.

Uncle Luke
Luther Roderick "Luke" Campbell (born December 22, 1960), also known by his stage name Uncle Luke (also known as Luke Skyywalker), is an American rapper, music promoter, record executive, actor, and former leader of the rap group 2 Live Crew. He is a pioneer in Florida hip hop and the creator of the Miami bass genre, known for his sexually crude call and response lyrics. He also starred in a short-lived show on VH1, Luke's Parental Advisory.

A member of the Democratic Party, Campbell was a candidate for Mayor of Miami-Dade County in 2011, and is running for U.S. Congress in Florida's 20th congressional district in the 2026 election.
Climate change in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Climate change in Africa is an environmental issue in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, but it is hard for the country to adapt due to ongoing war and corruption. Avoiding carbon loss from further deforestation and preventing loss of peatland is important. Problems might be tackled as part of tackling poverty, as slash-and-burn agriculture for smallholdings is causing most deforestation.

Smallholding
A smallholding or smallholder is a small farm operating under a small-scale agriculture model. Definitions vary widely for what constitutes a smallholder or small-scale farm, including factors such as size, food production technique or technology, involvement of family in labor and economic impact. Smallholder farms are often defined as those operating on less than two hectares of land.

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) estimates that there are roughly 500 million smallholder farms – those covering less than two hectares – which account for about 85 percent of all farms globally but manage only around 9 percent of the world’s agricultural land.
Caterpillar C32
The Caterpillar C32 is a V12 diesel engine made by Caterpillar Inc.  The engine displacement is 32.1 liters (1959 cubic inches).  The cylinder size is 5.71 inches x 6.38 inches bore/stroke. The engine can produce up to 1900 horsepower at 2300 rpm.  The peak torque of 5532 lb-ft occurs at an engine speed of 1300 to 1800 RPM.
The engine weighs over three tons at 6780 pounds.  The C32 is used in CAT equipment including the 777G mining truck and the D11T bulldozer. It is also sold for use in rail and marine applications, and for other industrial applications such as crushers, pumps, and drills.

V12 engine
A V12 engine is a twelve-cylinder piston engine where two banks of six cylinders are arranged in a V configuration around a common crankshaft. V12 engines are more common than V10 engines. However, they are less common than V8 engines.

The first V12 engine was built in 1904 for use in racing boats. Due to the balanced nature of the engine and the smooth delivery of power, V12 engines were found in early luxury automobiles, boats, aircraft, and tanks. Aircraft V12 engines reached their apogee during World War II, after which they were mostly replaced by jet engines. In Formula One racing, V12 engines were common during the late 1960s and early 1990s.

Applications of V12 engines in the 21st century have been as marine engines, in railway locomotives, as large stationary power as well as in some European sports and luxury cars.
Katherine Sciver-Brunt
Katherine Helen Sciver-Brunt OBE (née Brunt; born 2 July 1985) is an English former cricketer who played as a right-arm fast bowler and right-handed lower-order batter. She played for England between 2004 and 2023, appearing in 14 Test matches, 141 One Day Internationals and 112 Twenty20 Internationals. She won two World Cups and one T20 World Cup, and was named England women's Cricketer of the Year four times. She played domestic cricket for Yorkshire, Yorkshire Diamonds, Northern Diamonds, Trent Rockets, Perth Scorchers and Melbourne Stars.

In June 2022, she announced her retirement from playing Test cricket. In May 2023, she announced her retirement from all international cricket, before retiring from all cricket in August 2023.

Women's Test cricket
Women's Test cricket is the longest format of women's cricket and is the female equivalent to men's Test cricket. Matches comprise four-innings and are held over a maximum of four days between two of the leading cricketing nations. The rules governing the format differ little from those for the men's game, with differences generally being technicalities surrounding umpiring and field size.

The first women's Test match was played by England women and Australia women in December 1934, a three-day contest held in Brisbane which England won by nine wickets. A total of 149 Women's Test matches have been played. Far fewer matches are played each year in favour of Women's One Day Internationals and Women's Twenty20 Internationals, with the international calendar revolving around the shorter formats of the game.
Jen Wang
Jennifer Sheena "Jen" Wang (born March 22, 1984) is an American cartoonist, writer and illustrator based in Los Angeles. Wang has published graphic books including Koko Be Good, In Real Life (with Cory Doctorow), and The Prince and the Dressmaker. Wang is a co-founder and organizer for Los Angeles-based comics festival Comic Arts LA. Jen's art work has been published in Adventure Time and LA Magazine.

Comic Arts Los Angeles
Comic Arts Los Angeles (abbreviated as CALA or Comic Arts LA) is a comic book festival held annually in Los Angeles, California. Inaugurated in 2014 at Think Tank Gallery, the festival showcases graphic novels, comic books, and zines created by independent artists and publishers. CALA includes an artist alley-style exhibition space that features roughly 100 vendors.
Sharomy (air base)
Sharomy (Russian: Шаромы) (also referred to as Sheromy) is a Naval air base in Kamchatka Krai, Russia located about 143 km north of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.  Sharomy contains hardstands for 12 bombers and 3 fighters.  It is believed to have served as a dispersal airfield for Soviet Naval Aviation, and may also be a staging airfield for Long Range Aviation.

The US intelligence community noted the first appearance of military aircraft at the airfield in September 1967, when three Tupolev Tu-16 were identified on KH-4 satellite imagery.  The same report listed the airfield as having a 9950 x 250 ft (3000 x 75 m) graded earth runway and limited support facilities, however the runway was paved and the airfield expanded in the late 1960s or 1970s.

A US intelligence report noted a Naval Aviation Tu-16K Badger-G at the airfield in 1979.

Satellite imagery from early 2018 showed that the runway is plowed in the wintertime, indicating the base remains operational or in caretaker status.

Tupolev Tu-16
The Tupolev Tu-16 (USAF/DOD reporting name Type 39; NATO reporting name: Badger) is a twin-engined jet strategic heavy bomber used by the Soviet Union. It has been flown for almost 70 years. While many aircraft in Soviet service were retired after the Cold War ended, a Chinese license-built version, the Xi'an H-6, remains in service with the People's Liberation Army Air Force.

The bomber saw decades of combat use with the Egyptian and Iraqi Air Forces. Egypt conducted its first combat use in the North Yemen civil war, later in the Six-Day War and Yom Kippur War against Israel, and briefly in the Egyptian–Libyan War. Iraq also used the bomber in the Six-Day War, and later the Iran–Iraq War.

China began license production of Tu-16s in 1959, and developed the H-6 version by 1968. Modern variants such as the H-6K are still being actively produced as of 2020.
Koch's postulates
Koch's postulates (/kɒx/ KOKH) are four criteria designed to establish a causal relationship between a microbe and a disease. The postulates were formulated by Robert Koch and Friedrich Loeffler in 1884, based on earlier concepts described by Jakob Henle, and the statements were refined and published by Koch in 1890. Koch applied the postulates to describe the etiology of cholera and tuberculosis, both of which are now ascribed to bacteria. The postulates have been controversially generalized to other diseases. More modern concepts in microbial pathogenesis cannot be examined using Koch's postulates, including viruses (which are obligate intracellular parasites) and asymptomatic carriers. They have largely been supplanted by other criteria such as the Bradford Hill criteria for infectious disease causality in modern public health and molecular Koch's postulates for microbial pathogenesis.

Asymptomatic carrier
An asymptomatic carrier is a person or other organism that has become infected with a pathogen, but shows no signs or symptoms.

Although unaffected by the pathogen, carriers can transmit it to others or develop symptoms in later stages of the disease. Asymptomatic carriers play a critical role in the transmission of common infectious diseases such as typhoid, HIV, C. difficile, influenzas, cholera, tuberculosis, and COVID-19, although the latter is often associated with "robust T-cell immunity" in more than a quarter of patients studied. While the mechanism of disease-carrying is still unknown, researchers have made progress towards understanding how certain pathogens can remain dormant in a human for a period of time. A better understanding of asymptomatic disease carriers is crucial to the fields of medicine and public health as they work towards mitigating the spread of common infectious diseases.
Sudimara railway station
Sudimara Station (SDM) is a class II railway station located in Jombang, Ciputat, South Tangerang. The station, which is located at an altitude of +26 m, is included in the Operation Area I Jakarta, and is located between Jurangmangu Station and Rawa Buntu Station.

Serpong railway station
Serpong Station (SRP) is a railway station located in Serpong, Serpong, South Tangerang, Banten. It is located not far from Bumi Serpong Damai complex or commonly known as BSD City. This station used to be the terminus for trains in the green line, now the line has been extended to Parung Panjang, Maja and Rangkasbitung. This station mostly served the commuter in Greater Jakarta.

In 1992, the station was electrified to support the Serpong Express KRL journey, which was touted as the forerunner of the Rangkasbitung Line of the KRL Commuterline system. This station was originally served as the terminus for the KRL Commuterline, but has now been extended to Rangkasbitung. Serpong Station is the westernmost train station in South Tangerang City.
1993 Hanes 500
The 1993 Hanes 500 was the eighth stock car race of the 1993 NASCAR Winston Cup Series season and the 44th iteration of the event. The race was held on Sunday, April 25, 1993, before an audience of 55,000 in Martinsville, Virginia at Martinsville Speedway, a 0.526 miles (0.847 km) permanent oval-shaped short track. The race took the scheduled 500 laps to complete. At race's end, Penske Racing South driver Rusty Wallace would manage to dominate the race to take his 25th career NASCAR Winston Cup Series victory, his fourth victory of the season, and his third consecutive victory. To fill out the top three, Robert Yates Racing driver Davey Allison and Joe Gibbs Racing driver Dale Jarrett would finish second and third, respectively.

Martinsville, Virginia
Martinsville is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 13,485. A community of both Southside and Southwest Virginia, it is the county seat of Henry County, although the two are separate jurisdictions. The Bureau of Economic Analysis combines the city of Martinsville with Henry County for statistical purposes.

Martinsville is the principal city of the Martinsville Micropolitan Statistical Area, which includes the communities and towns of Axton, Bassett, Chatmoss, Collinsville, Fieldale, Horsepasture, Laurel Park, Oak Level, Sandy Level, Stanleytown, Villa Heights, Spencer and Ridgeway. The Martinsville Micropolitan Area has a population of 63,765 as of the 2020 census.

The paper clip-shaped Martinsville Speedway, the shortest track in the NASCAR Cup Series at 0.526 miles (847 m) and one of the first paved "speedways", is located just outside the city near the town of Ridgeway.
Sadao Araki
Baron  Sadao Araki  (荒木 貞夫, Araki Sadao; May 26, 1877 – November 2, 1966) was a Japanese general in the Imperial Japanese Army before and during World War II. As one of the principal nationalist right-wing political theorists in the Empire of Japan, he was regarded as the leader of the radical faction within the politicized Imperial Japanese Army and served as Minister of War under Prime Minister Inukai. He later served as Minister of Education during the Konoe and Hiranuma administrations.

After World War II, he was convicted of war crimes and given a life sentence but was released in 1955.

Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (文部科学省, Monbu-kagaku-shō; lit. 'Ministry of Letters and Science'; MEXT) is one of the eleven ministries of Japan that compose part of the executive branch of the government of Japan.
Sheryl Allen
Sheryl L. Allen (born June 30, 1943) is a Republican politician and educator from Bountiful, Utah. She represented the 19th District of the Utah House of Representatives from 1994 to 2011. Before entering politics, Allen was a teacher and the president of the Davis County Board of Education.

In May 2010, Salt Lake County mayor Peter Corroon, the Democratic candidate for Governor of Utah, selected Allen as his running mate for the office of lieutenant governor, making them the first major bipartisan ticket in Utah state history. However, they were defeated by the all-Republican ticket of Gary Herbert and Greg Bell in the 2010 gubernatorial election.

Utah House of Representatives
The Utah House of Representatives is the lower house of the Utah State Legislature, the state legislature of the U.S. state of Utah. The House is composed of 75 representatives elected from single member constituent districts. Each district contains an average population of 44,000 people. Members of the House are elected to two-year terms without term limits. The House convenes at the Utah State Capitol in Salt Lake City.
Banner Peak
Banner Peak is the second tallest peak in the Ritter Range of California's Sierra Nevada.  The mountain is 12,942 feet (3,945 m) tall, and there are several glaciers on its slopes.  It lies within the boundaries of the Ansel Adams Wilderness; at the foot of the peak lie Garnet Lake, Lake Ediza, and the famous Thousand Island Lake.  Banner Peak is near the town of Mammoth Lakes; from there, climbers can hike to the foot of the mountain where various routes reach the summit, the easiest of which is a class 2 from the west end of Thousand Island Lake and then the saddle between Banner Peak and the slightly taller Mount Ritter.  Other nearby lakes include Lake Catherine and Shadow Lake.

The peak was named in 1883 by USGS topographer Willard D. Johnson who observed a banner cloud streaming from the summit.

Orographic lift
Orographic lift occurs when an air mass is forced from a low elevation to a higher elevation as it moves over rising terrain. Orography is the study of the topographic relief of mountains.: 162  As the air mass gains altitude it quickly cools down adiabatically, which can raise the relative humidity to 100% and create clouds and, under the right conditions, precipitation.: 472

Orographic lifting can have a number of effects, including precipitation, rain shadowing, leeward winds, and associated clouds.
Baron of Água-Izé
Baron of Água-Izé is a noble title created by King Luís I of Portugal, by decree of 16 April and Royal Charter of 18 May 1868, in favour of João Maria de Sousa de Almeida, a wealthy landowner in São Tomé and Príncipe.

Without legitimate issue from the marriage to Mariana António de Carvalho, the title passed to a legitimised son of the 1st Baron. The decree of legitimation is dated 12 May 1869. The title was renewed by decree of King Luís I on 28 December 1871.

Luís I of Portugal
Dom Luís I (Luís Filipe Maria Fernando Pedro de Alcântara António Miguel Rafael Gabriel Gonzaga Xavier Francisco de Assis João Augusto Júlio Valfando; 31 October 1838 – 19 October 1889), known as "the Popular" (Portuguese: o Popular) was King of Portugal from 1861 to 1889.

Luís was a member of the ruling House of Braganza. The second son of Queen Maria II and her consort, King Ferdinand II, and born as the Duke of Porto, he acceded to the throne upon the death of his elder brother King Pedro V.
Star Fire
Star Fire is a first-person arcade coin-operated space combat video game created by Technical Magic for Midway-Bally and licensed for manufacture
to Exidy in December 1978. It was distributed in Japan by Taito and Esco Trading in 1979. Designed by Ted Michon and David Rolfe and inspired by the film Star Wars, the game is not based on a licensed property.

Star Fire was a major success for Exidy, and became the first arcade video game to use an enclosed sit-down cockpit cabinet, the first to allow a highest scoring player to enter their initials in a high score table, and one of the first to be built on a reprogrammable microprocessor based game system with full screen color graphics. It was followed by an updated version, Star Fire II, with fixes. It was then ported by Epyx to Commodore 64 and Atari 8-bit computers in a bundle with Fire One, another Exidy game.

Epyx
Epyx, Inc. was an American video game developer and publisher active in the late 1970s and 1980s. The company was founded in 1978 as Automated Simulations by Jim Connelley and Jon Freeman, publishing a series of tactical combat games. The Epyx brand was introduced when the company branched out to a series of more action-oriented titles. In 1983, as these types of games now represented the majority of their product line, the company was renamed to match. Epyx published a long series of games through the 1980s. The company's assets are currently owned by Bridgestone Multimedia Group Global.
USS Dick Fulton
USS Dick Fulton (also called Fulton) was a 123-ton stern-wheel steamer used as an auxiliary vessel in the United States Ram Fleet during the American Civil War.

Dick Fulton was built in 1857 in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. She was repaired or modified there in 1862, and 1878.

During the Civil War she was used as a tender and ram in the United States Ram Fleet, from 1862 to ca. 1864.

Ship's tender
A ship's tender, usually referred to as a tender, is a boat or ship used to service or support other boats or ships. This is generally done by transporting people or supplies to and from shore or another ship.

A second and different meaning for "tender" is small boats carried by larger vessels, to be used either as lifeboats, or as transport to shore, or both.