hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Confocal conic sections
In geometry, two conic sections are called confocal if they have the same foci.

Because ellipses and hyperbolas have two foci,  there are confocal ellipses, confocal hyperbolas and confocal mixtures of ellipses and hyperbolas. In the mixture of confocal ellipses and hyperbolas, any ellipse intersects any hyperbola orthogonally (at right angles).

Parabolas have only one focus, so, by convention, confocal parabolas have the same focus and the same axis of symmetry. Consequently, any point not on the axis of symmetry lies on two confocal parabolas which intersect orthogonally (see below).

A circle is an ellipse with both foci coinciding at the center. Circles that share the same focus are called concentric circles, and they orthogonally intersect any line passing through that center.

The formal extension of the concept of confocal conics to surfaces leads to confocal quadrics.

Quadric
In mathematics, a quadric or quadric surface is a generalization of conic sections (ellipses, parabolas, and hyperbolas). In three-dimensional space, quadrics include ellipsoids, paraboloids, and hyperboloids.

More generally, a quadric hypersurface (of dimension D) embedded in a higher dimensional space (of dimension D + 1) is defined as the zero set of an irreducible polynomial of degree two in D + 1 variables; for example, D=1 is the case of conic sections (plane curves). When the defining polynomial is not absolutely irreducible, the zero set is generally not considered a quadric, although it is often called a degenerate quadric or a reducible quadric.

A quadric is an affine algebraic variety, or, if it is reducible, an affine algebraic set. Quadrics may also be defined in projective spaces; see § Normal form of projective quadrics, below.
EMD GP11
The EMD GP11 is a four-axle diesel locomotive rebuilt by the Illinois Central Railroad's Paducah shops. It is very similar in appearance to the GP8 and GP10.

The Illinois Central Railroad began its GP11 rebuilding program in 1978. All units were rebuilt from recycled EMD GP7, GP9 or GP18 parts. Spotting features are an angled cab, exterior paper air filter, new air intake for the traction motors and four exhaust stacks. Internally they had Dash 2 solid state electrical equipment.

EMD GP9
The EMD GP9 is a four-axle diesel-electric locomotive built by General Motors' Electro-Motive Division between 1954 and 1963. The GP9 succeeded the GP7 as the second model of EMD's General Purpose (GP) line, incorporating a new sixteen-cylinder engine which generated 1,750 horsepower (1.30 MW). This locomotive type was offered both with and without control cabs; locomotives built without control cabs were called GP9B locomotives. The GP9 was succeeded by the similar but slightly more powerful GP18.
Queanbeyan–Palerang Regional Council
Queanbeyan–Palerang Regional Council is a local government area (LGA) located in the Southern Tablelands region of New South Wales, Australia. The council was formed on 12 May 2016 through a merger of the City of Queanbeyan and Palerang Council.

The council has an area of 5,319 square kilometres (2,054 sq mi) and lies between the eastern boundary of the Australian Capital Territory and the coastal escarpment on both sides of the Great Dividing Range. At the 2021 census it had a population of 63,304. At the time of its establishment the council had an estimated population of 56,368.

Local government areas of New South Wales
This is a list of local government areas (LGAs) in New South Wales, sorted by region. As of September 2024 there were 128 local government areas in New South Wales, there are 33 local government areas in Greater Sydney and 95 local government areas amongst 12 regions of Regional New South Wales. All councils are listed below in alphabetical order by region. There is also the Unincorporated Far West Region which is not part of any local government area, in the sparsely inhabited Far West, and Lord Howe Island, which is also unincorporated but self-governed by the Lord Howe Island Board.

Norfolk Island Regional Council is also subject to the state-level legislation of New South Wales.

Local elections are held in New South Wales every four years. The most recent elections were held in September 2024.
Funariales
Funariales is an order containing 356 species, 26 genera and 7 families.

1. Gigaspermaceae

2. Funariaceae (ca. 300 species)

3. Disceliaceae

4. Oedipodiacea

5. Splachaceae

6. Ephemeraceae

7. Splachnobryaceae

The members are small, annual or biennial land mosses.

The family Disceliaceae and its only species, Discelium nudum, was formerly placed in this order, but is now placed in its own order, Disceliales.

Discelium
Discelium is the only genus of moss in the family Disceliaceae, containing a single species, Discelium nudum, known as flag-moss.  This species is rare but is widely distributed across cool and temperate climates of the Northern Hemisphere.
Zohrabai Ambalewali
Zohrabai Ambalewali  (1918 – 21 February 1990) was an Indian classical singer and playback singer in Hindi cinema in the 1930s and 1940s. She was considered one of the most popular female playback singers of early and mid 1940s.

She is best known for her contralto or low voice range singing in the film songs, "Ankhiyan Milake Jiyaa Bharmaake" and "Aai Diwali, Aai Diwali" in 1944 hit Rattan (1944), with music by Naushad, and "Uran Khatole Pe Ud Jaoon", duet with Shamshad Begum in Anmol Ghadi (1946), also under Naushad's music direction.  She, along with Rajkumari, Shamshad Begum and Amirbai Karnataki, were amongst the leading first generation of playback singers in the Hindi film industry. However, by the late 1940s, the arrival of new voices like Geeta Dutt and Lata Mangeshkar, meant Zohrabai Ambalewali's career faded away.

Shamshad Begum
Shamshad Begum (Urdu: شمشاد بیگم, IAST: Śamśād Bēgam; 14 April 1919 – 23 April 2013) was an Indian singer who was one of the first playback singers in the Hindi film industry.
Begum is regarded as one of the best and most popular female playback singers, and a pioneering figure in Hindi film music and was also one of the most influential playback singers during the "Golden Age" of Bollywood (1940s–1960s). Notable for her distinctive voice and range, she sang over 6,000 songs in Hindustani, Bengali, Marathi, Gujarati, Tamil, and Punjabi languages, among which 1287 were Hindi film songs.
She worked with renowned composers of the time, such as Ghulam Haider who first discovered her. She also worked with Naushad Ali and O. P. Nayyar, for whom she was one of their favorites. Her songs from the 1940s to the early 1970s remain popular and continue to be remixed.
Roy Cowdry
The Rt Rev. Roy Walter Frederick Cowdry, AKC  was Suffragan Bishop of the Anglican Diocese of Cape Town and Archdeacon of Cape Town from 1958 to 1964.

Cowdry was educated at King's College London and ordained in 1942. After curacies in Perivale and Ealing he became Domestic Chaplain to the Archbishop of Cape Town.

In 1964 he became Rector of St Cuthbert, Port Elizabeth; and in 1970 of St Phillip in the same city.

He died on the 6th of November 1984, and his ashes were interred in the St Cuthbert's Garden of Remembrance.

Anglican Diocese of Cape Town
The Diocese of Cape Town is a diocese of the Anglican Church of Southern Africa (ACSA) which presently covers central Cape Town, some of its suburbs and the island of Tristan da Cunha, though in the past it has covered a much larger territory. The Ordinary of the diocese is Archbishop of Cape Town and ex officio Primate and Metropolitan of the ACSA. His seat is St. George's Cathedral in Cape Town.

Desmond Tutu was archbishop from 1986 to 1996 and was archbishop-emeritus until his death in 2021. The current archbishop is Thabo Makgoba. Because of the archbishop's responsibilities as primate, many of his diocesan duties are delegated to a suffragan bishop known as the Bishop of Table Bay, an office currently held by Joshua Louw. (This is similar to the Bishop of Dover in the Church of England Diocese of Canterbury, who has held such a role since 1980.)
Clapham, West Sussex
Clapham is a rural village and civil parish in the Arun District of West Sussex, England. It lies on varying downslopes and escarpment of the South Downs National Park three miles (5 km) north of Angmering on the A280 road and north of the A27 crossroads. It is adjacent to the village of Patching.

Angmering
Angmering (/ˈæŋmərɪŋ/) is a village and civil parish between Littlehampton and Worthing in West Sussex on the southern edge of the South Downs National Park, England. About two-thirds of the parish (mostly north of the A27 road) falls within the park.

It is 1.5 miles (2.4 km) north of the English Channel, and Worthing and Littlehampton are 3.5 miles (5.6 km) to the east and west respectively. It has been inhabited since the Bronze Age (visible remains of an ancient hill fort can be seen on nearby Highdown Hill) and there are the remains of a Roman Villa and bath house.

In 1976, Angmering was twinned with the Normandy town of Ouistreham on the "Riva-Bella", the location of the World War II Normandy landings' Sword Beach.

Angmering railway station is 3⁄4 mile from the village centre, straddling the boundaries of Angmering and East Preston.
Ippenschied
Ippenschied is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Bad Kreuznach district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the Verbandsgemeinde of Bad Sobernheim, whose seat is in the like-named town.

Bad Sobernheim
Bad Sobernheim (German pronunciation: [baːt ˈzoːbɐnˌhaɪm] ⓘ) is a town in the Bad Kreuznach district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the like-named Verbandsgemeinde, and is also its seat. It is a state-recognized spa town, and is well known for two fossil discovery sites and for the naturopath Emanuel Felke. Bad Sobernheim is also a winegrowing town.
New York City Cops (song)
"New York City Cops" is a song by American rock band the Strokes. It was released along with "Hard to Explain" as a double A-side single on June 25, 2001, in Australia and Europe. It appears on international editions of their debut studio album, Is This It (2001); it was replaced with the track "When It Started" on the then-unreleased American CD edition following the September 11 attacks due to its lyrics regarding the New York City Police Department. As a double A-side single, it reached number 16 in the UK and number 66 in Australia.

Hard to Explain
"Hard to Explain" is a song by American rock band the Strokes. It was released as the lead single from their debut studio album, Is This It (2001), June 25, 2001. It peaked at number 7 in Canada, number 10 in Ireland, and number 16 in the United Kingdom. In a 2023 interview, producer Gordon Raphael explained that the song was originally written by frontman Julian Casablancas with his drum machine.
2023 Copa Federación de España
The 2023 Copa Federación de España was 31st edition of the Copa Federación de España, also known as Copa RFEF, a knockout competition for Spanish football clubs.

The competition began in August with the first games of the Regional stages and ended 22 November with the final of the National tournament. As part of the new competition format started in 2019, the four semifinalists qualified for the Copa del Rey first round.

2023–24 Copa del Rey
The 2023–24 Copa del Rey was the 122nd edition of the Copa del Rey (including two seasons where two rival editions were played). The winners were assured a place in the 2024–25 UEFA Europa League league phase. Both the winners and the runners-up qualified for the four-team 2025 Supercopa de España.

Real Madrid were the defending champions, having beaten Osasuna in the final of the previous edition, but were eliminated in the round of 16 by Atlético Madrid.

The final was held at Estadio de La Cartuja in Seville on 6 April 2024, between Athletic Bilbao and Mallorca. Following a 1–1 draw, Athletic Bilbao won the match 4–2 on penalties, securing a 25th Copa del Rey title and their first since 1984.

As across Spain, match times up to 28 October 2023 and from 27 March 2024 were CEST (UTC+2). Times on interim ("winter") days were CET (UTC+1). Matches played in the Canary Islands used the WET (UTC±00:00).
Mordechai Hershman
Mordecai Hershman (1888 – January 30, 1941) was a Ukrainian-born American Jewish cantor (hazzan) and a leading figure of the early twentieth-century "golden age" of Ashkenazic cantorial music. After holding prominent cantorial posts in the Russian Empire, he emigrated to the United States in 1920 and became chief cantor of Beth El Temple in Brooklyn. Known for his warm tenor voice, concert tours, and influential recordings of liturgical and Yiddish music, he remains one of the best-known cantors of his era.

Hazzan
A hazzan (/ˈhɑːzən/; Hebrew: [χaˈzan], lit. 'hazan') or chazzan (Hebrew: חַזָּן, romanized: ḥazzān, plural ḥazzānim; Yiddish: חזן, romanized: khazn; Ladino: חזן, romanized: hasan) is a Jewish musician or precentor trained in the vocal arts who leads the congregation in songful Jewish prayer. In English, a hazzan is often referred to as a cantor, a term also used in Christianity.

An individual leading a Jewish congregation in public prayer is also called a sh'liaḥ tzibbur (Hebrew: שליח ציבור, lit. 'messenger of the public'). Any person is called a sh'liach tzibbur while leading prayer. However, the term hazzan more commonly refers to someone with formal specialized training in leading prayers or who is appointed to lead prayers regularly in a given synagogue without a formally trained hazzan.
Cosworth GMA
The GMA is a 4.0-litre, naturally aspirated V12 engine, commissioned by Gordon Murray, and developed and produced by Cosworth for the Gordon Murray Automotive T.50 and T.33 sports cars. The road-going engine is rated at 664 PS (488 kW; 655 hp) at 11,500 rpm, with a max torque figure of 345 lb⋅ft (468 N⋅m) at 9,000 rpm, and a maximum rpm redline of 12,100 rpm making it the highest revving road car engine ever produced. The engine is also more powerful than the 6.1 L (6,064 cc) S70/2 V12 engine used in the McLaren F1.

V12 engine
A V12 engine is a twelve-cylinder piston engine where two banks of six cylinders are arranged in a V configuration around a common crankshaft. V12 engines are more common than V10 engines. However, they are less common than V8 engines.

The first V12 engine was built in 1904 for use in racing boats. Due to the balanced nature of the engine and the smooth delivery of power, V12 engines were found in early luxury automobiles, boats, aircraft, and tanks. Aircraft V12 engines reached their apogee during World War II, after which they were mostly replaced by jet engines. In Formula One racing, V12 engines were common during the late 1960s and early 1990s.

Applications of V12 engines in the 21st century have been as marine engines, in railway locomotives, as large stationary power as well as in some European sports and luxury cars.
David Melville (physicist)
Sir David Melville, CBE, FInstP (born 4 April 1944) is a British physicist, academic, academic administrator, and public servant. He was Vice-Chancellor of Middlesex University from 1991 to 1996, Chief executive of the Further Education Funding Council for England from 1996 to 2001, and Vice-Chancellor of the University of Kent from 2001 to 2007.

Fellow of the Institute of Physics
Fellowship of the Institute of Physics (FInstP) is "the highest level of membership attainable" by physicists who are members of the Institute of Physics (IOP), "for those with a degree in physics or related subject (or equivalent knowledge gained in the workplace) and who have made a significant impact on their sector"; it is for "distinguished physicists in recognition of their accomplishments".

Honorary Fellowship (HonFInstP) is for "exceptional individuals" who can be nominated in recognition of having "contributed to physics generally or to the work of the IOP", working in fields including business, education, research, and policy relating to physics. The Institute's bye-laws limit the number of fellows in this category to being not more than 100 living Honorary Fellows at any one time.
NSCAD Lithography Workshop
The NSCAD Lithography Workshop was a program active at NSCAD University from 1969 to 1976 that gave practicing artists the opportunity to visit the school and produce limited edition prints in collaboration with a Master printer. The workshop allowed NSCAD students to witness professional artists develop their ideas and create work through the medium of printmaking. The Lithography Workshop succeeded in elevating the status of the school, both in terms of innovation and technical capacity.

NSCAD University
NSCAD University, also known as the Nova Scotia College of Art and Design (NSCAD), is a public art university in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. The university is a co-educational institution that offers bachelor's and master's degrees. The university also provides continuing education services through its School of Extended Studies.

The institution was founded by Anna Leonowens in 1887 as the Victoria School of Art and Design. The school was later renamed the Nova Scotia College of Art in 1925. In 1969, the institution was renamed the Nova Scotia College of Art and Design and began to offer undergraduate degrees, becoming the first degree-granting art school in the country. The institution adopted its current name in 2003.
2015 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification Group 2
The teams competing in Group 2 of the 2015 UEFA European Under-21 Championships qualifying competition were Estonia, Denmark, Andorra, Slovenia, Bulgaria and Russia.

The ten group winners and the four best second-placed teams advanced to the play-offs.

2015 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification
The 2015 UEFA European Under-21 Championship started with a qualifying competition which began in March 2013 and finished in September 2014. The final tournament was held in the Czech Republic. The draw for the qualifying rounds was held on 31 January 2013 in Nyon, with matches played between March 2013 and September 2014.

There were ten groups. Two of these groups had six teams; the remaining eight groups consisted of five teams. Group competition was a double round robin: each team hosted a game with every other team in its group. At the conclusion of qualifying, the 10 teams at the top of each group and four best second-placed teams qualified for the two-legged play-offs  scheduled in October 2014, with the seven winners of the play-off ties joining Czech Republic in the finals.
2024 IHC judges' letter
The 2024 IHC judges' letter exposes allegations from the six incumbent judges of the Islamabad High Court (IHC) regarding interference by the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) in judicial affairs. This unprecedented disclosure, implicating executive interference in judicial matters, ignited a significant controversy in Pakistan in April 2024.

Islamabad High Court
The Islamabad High Court (IHC) is the senior court of the Islamabad Capital Territory, Pakistan, with appellate jurisdiction over the following district courts:

Islamabad District Court (East)

Islamabad District Court (West)

Justice Sardar Muhammad Sarfraz Dogar is the current Chief Justice, having taken oath on 8 July 2025.
Christ fuhr gen Himmel
"Christ fuhr gen Himmel" (Christ rose to Heaven) is a German Ascension hymn. The church song is based the medieval melody of the Easter hymn "Christ ist erstanden". It was an ecumenical song from the beginning, with the first stanza published in 1480, then included in a Lutheran hymnal in 1545, and expanded by the Catholic Johannes Leisentritt in 1567. It appears in modern German Catholic and Protestant hymnals, and has inspired musical settings by composers from the 16th to the 21st century.

Christ ist erstanden
"Christ ist erstanden" (Christ is risen) is a German Easter hymn, and is possibly the oldest Christian liturgical German song. It has inspired the music of numerous composers, such as Ludwig Senfl and Heinrich Schütz (from the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries respectively), as well as modern composers such as Oskar Gottlieb Blarr and Enjott Schneider, and has appeared in 45 hymnals, including the current German Catholic and Protestant hymnals. Translations and paraphrases include a version by Catherine Winkworth which has appeared in 231 hymnals. "Christ ist erstanden" also inspired Martin Luther to write "Christ lag in Todes Banden", deriving the melody from it.
Whammy Kiss
"Whammy Kiss" is the second single released by American band the B-52's from their third studio album Whammy! (1983).

The song reached number nine on the U.S. Hot Dance Club Play chart, along with the album tracks "Legal Tender" and "Song for a Future Generation."

Song for a Future Generation
"Song for a Future Generation" is a song by American new wave band the B-52's. The song was released as the third single from their third studio album Whammy! (1983), peaking at No. 63 on the UK singles chart. It is the first of two songs by the B-52's to feature more than three band members singing lead vocals, the second being "Theme for a Nude Beach" from their follow-up studio album Bouncing off the Satellites (1986).
Lord Constable
Lord Constable is a title that was created in the Peerage of Scotland for Sir Henry Constable. He was granted the lordship, together with the viscountcy of Dunbar in 1620, which remained in the possession of the Viscounts of Dunbar until 1718. However, upon the passing of the 4th Viscount of Dunbar, both titles ceased to exist.

Viscount of Dunbar
Viscount of Dunbar was a title in the Peerage of Scotland created on 14 November 1620, along with the title Lord Constable, for Sir Henry Constable. The titles have been dormant since the death of the 4th Viscount in 1718.
Mannen Tsūhō
Mannen Tsūhō (万年通宝 aka 萬年通宝) is an early form of Japanese currency that was issued from 760 to 765 AD (Tenpyō-hōji 4 to 9) during the Nara period. These are also known as the second issue of Kocho Junisen under the Ritsuryo system.

Japanese currency
Japanese currency has a history covering the period from the 8th century CE to the present. After the traditional usage of rice as a currency medium, Japan adopted currency systems and designs from China before developing a separate system of its own.
Zambezi Region
The Zambezi Region, known as the Caprivi Region until 2013, is one of Namibia's fourteen regions, situated in the north-eastern part of the country along the Zambezi River. Located entirely in the Caprivi Strip, the region's capital is Katima Mulilo. The Katima Mulilo Airport is 18 kilometres south-west of the town, while the village of Bukalo is located 43 kilometres south-east of Katima Mulilo. The region has eight electoral constituencies and a population of 142,373 according to the 2023 census.

Regions of Namibia
Namibia uses regions as its first-level subnational administrative divisions. Since 2013, it has 14 regions which in turn are subdivided into 121 constituencies.

Upon Namibian independence, the pre-existing subdivisions from the South African administration were taken over. Since then, demarcations and numbers of regions and constituencies of Namibia are tabled by delimitation commissions and accepted or declined by the National Assembly.

In 1992, the 1st Delimitation Commission, chaired by Judge President Johan Strydom, proposed that Namibia should be divided into 13 regions. The suggestion was approved in the lower house, The National Assembly. In 2014, the 4th Delimitation Commission amended the number of regions to fourteen.

The most urbanised and economically active regions are the Khomas and Erongo region, with Khomas home to the capital, Windhoek, and Erongo home to Walvis Bay and Swakopmund.

The table below shows statistics from the 2023 Population and Housing Census: