hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Multilevel Monte Carlo method
Multilevel Monte Carlo (MLMC) methods in numerical analysis are algorithms for computing expectations that arise in stochastic simulations. Just as Monte Carlo methods, they rely on repeated random sampling, but these samples are taken on different levels of accuracy. MLMC methods can greatly reduce the computational cost of standard Monte Carlo methods by taking most samples with a low accuracy and corresponding low cost, and only very few samples are taken at high accuracy and corresponding high cost.

Stochastic simulation
A stochastic simulation is a simulation of a system that has variables that can change stochastically (randomly) with individual probabilities.

Realizations of these random variables are generated and inserted into a model of the system. Outputs of the model are recorded, and then the process is repeated with a new set of random values. These steps are repeated until a sufficient amount of data is gathered. In the end, the distribution of the outputs shows the most probable estimates as well as a frame of expectations regarding what ranges of values the variables are more or less likely to fall in.

Often random variables inserted into the model are created on a computer with a random number generator (RNG). The U(0,1) uniform distribution outputs of the random number generator are then transformed into random variables with probability distributions that are used in the system model.
Semele (Eccles)
Semele is an opera by John Eccles, written in about 1706 with a libretto by William Congreve drawing on the Semele myth from Ovid's Metamorphoses. It forms part of the English opera tradition of Blow's Venus and Adonis, but was never staged due to changes in popular taste at the time. Indeed, the opera remained unperformed until the mid twentieth century, eclipsed by George Frideric Handel's 1744 secular oratorio of the same name, based on the same libretto.

Venus and Adonis (opera)
Venus and Adonis is an opera in three acts and a prologue by the English Baroque composer John Blow, composed no later than 1684 (when we know it was revived) and no earlier than 1681 (when its text was completed). It was written for the court of King Charles II at either London or Windsor Castle. It is considered by some to be either a semi-opera or a masque, but The New Grove names it as the earliest known English opera.

The author of the libretto was surmised to have been Aphra Behn due to the feminist nature of the text, and that she later worked with Blow on the play The Luckey Chance. Alternatively, the librettist may have been Anne Kingsmill, subsequently married as Anne Finch, possibly in collaboration with the poet Anne Killigrew. The story is based on the Classical myth of Venus and Adonis, which was also the basis for Shakespeare's poem Venus and Adonis, as well as Ovid's poem of the same name in his Metamorphoses.
First Coast
Florida's First Coast, or simply the First Coast, is the Atlantic coast of North Florida in the United States. It is the same general area as the directional region of Northeast Florida. It consists roughly of the counties abutting Jacksonville: Duval, Baker, Clay, Nassau, and St. Johns—and nearby Flagler County and Putnam County. The "First Coast" name originated in a marketing campaign in the 1980s, and has become part of Florida's regional vernacular. It is so named due to its history as the first European settlement in what is now the mainland United States, at Fort Caroline, Florida, in 1564.

Putnam County, Florida
Putnam County is a county located in the northern part of the state of Florida. As of the 2020 census, its population was 73,321. Its county seat is Palatka. Putnam County comprises the Palatka, Florida micropolitan statistical area, which is included in the Jacksonville—Kingsland—Palatka, Florida—Georgia combined statistical area. The county is centrally located between Jacksonville, Gainesville, St. Augustine, and Daytona Beach.
Linda Garcia Benavides
Linda Garcia Benavides is an American politician who served as a member of the New Mexico House of Representatives for the 17th district from September to December 2022. She was appointed to the position by the Bernalillo County Board of Commissioners in September 2022, succeeding Deborah A. Armstrong.

Deborah A. Armstrong
Deborah A. "Debbie" Armstrong is an American health consultant, businesswoman, and politician who served as a member of the New Mexico House of Representatives for the 17th district from January 2015 to July 2022.
Sp5der
Sp5der is an American streetwear and fashion brand founded by American rapper, Young Thug. It operates in Los Angeles, California, with roots in Atlanta, Georgia. Established in 2019, Sp5der became a proper fashion brand in 2024. On September 8, Sp5der presented its Fall/Winter 2024 collection during the New York Fashion Week.

The brand has been worn by many artists and influencers in the hip-hop industry.

Streetwear
Streetwear is a style of casual clothing that gained global popularity in the 1990s. Emerging from the fusion of New York hip-hop fashion and Californian surf culture, it evolved to incorporate elements of sportswear, punk, skateboarding, 1980s nostalgia, and Japanese street fashion.

Streetwear is commonly linked to exclusivity, as many brands limit production through artificial scarcity to drive demand. This has led to practices such as limited edition releases and resale markets. In the 21st century, streetwear intersected with haute couture, as luxury fashion houses adopted streetwear influences, while streetwear brands incorporated aspects of high fashion including runway presentation, designer collaborations, and premium branding.
WinnMed
WinnMed, known as Winneshiek Medical Center until June 2023, is a 25-bed not-for-profit hospital located in Decorah, Iowa. It is part of the Mayo Clinic Health System.  WinnMed is the second largest critical access hospital in Iowa.

Decorah, Iowa
Decorah is the largest city in and the county seat of Winneshiek County, Iowa, United States. The population was 7,587 at the time of the 2020 census. Decorah is the home of Luther College, a private liberal arts college.  It is known for its Norwegian-American heritage and the corresponding Vesterheim Norwegian-American Museum.

Decorah is located at the intersection of State Highway 9 and U.S. Route 52. Located within the Driftless Area in northeastern Iowa, Decorah is situated in the bluffs of the Upper Iowa River, which flows through the city.
Fundy Shore Ecotour
The Fundy Shore Ecotour is a former scenic drive and network of tourist destinations in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia and encircles several sub-basins of the Bay of Fundy, which contains the highest tidal range on the planet.

The Fundy Shore Ecotour ran from Brooklyn, Hants County in the south, to Amherst, Cumberland County near the inter-provincial boundary with New Brunswick in the north.  It followed the shores of Chignecto Bay, Minas Basin, and Cobequid Bay and overlaps with and extends the Glooscap Trail in many places.

Some remnant signage of the Fundy Shore Ecotour still remain, but the route has been largely replaced by the Glooscap Trail and Fundy Shore Scenic Drive.

Glooscap Trail
The Glooscap Trail is a scenic roadway in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia.

It is located in the central and northern part of the province around the Minas Basin and Cobequid Bay, sub-basins of the Bay of Fundy.  The route connects Amherst in Cumberland County, near the interprovincial boundary with New Brunswick, with Scots Bay in Kings County, Nova Scotia. A spur of Glooscap Trail follows Trunk 2 in Truro, through the Shubenacadie Valley, to Enfield at the boundary with Halifax Regional Municipality. The Fundy Shore segment branches off from the main route in Parrsboro and continues along the Minas Basin shore until reaching Advocate Harbour, where the route then follows the Chignecto Bay, outlining the Chignecto Peninsula.

The main route measures 357 km (222 mi), with the Shubenacadie Valley spur being 59 km (37 mi). Additionally, the Fundy Shore segment is 119 km (74 mi) long.
Güssing
Güssing (German pronunciation: [ˈɡʏsɪŋ] ⓘ; Hungarian: Németújvár, Német-Újvár, Croatian: Novi Grad) is a town in Burgenland, Austria. It is located at 47°4′N 16°19′E﻿ / ﻿47.067°N 16.317°E﻿ / 47.067; 16.317, with a population of 3,610 (2023), and is the administrative center of the Güssing district. For centuries the town occupied an important position on the western edge of the Kingdom of Hungary. The town is now most famous for its castle, which is the oldest in Burgenland and a prominent regional landmark, built on an extinct volcano.

Güssing Castle
Güssing Castle (German: Burg Güssing, Hungarian: németújvári vár) is a castle in southern Burgenland, Austria. On June 30, 1524, the castle was acquired by the Batthyány family, which retains ownership through a historical foundation that provides for the care and maintenance of the castle. Güssing Castle is 293 metres (961 ft) above sea level. Established by Béla III of Hungary around 1180, Güssing Castle is the oldest castle in Burgenland.
Beck A. Taylor
Beck A. Taylor is an American academic administrator and economist serving as the 19th president of  Samford University, a private Christian university in Birmingham, Alabama. Taylor took office in July 2021, succeeding  Andrew Westmoreland.

Andrew Westmoreland
Andrew Westmoreland is a retired American academic administrator. He was the 18th President of Samford University in Birmingham, Alabama from 2006 to 2021. Previously he was the president of Ouachita Baptist University in Arkadelphia, Arkansas from 1998 to 2006, .
Empress Nagako
Nagako (良子; 6 March 1903 – 16 June 2000), posthumously honoured as Empress Kōjun (香淳皇后, Kōjun Kōgō), was a member of the Imperial House of Japan, the wife of Emperor Hirohito and the mother of Emperor Emeritus Akihito. She served as Empress of Japan from 1926 until her husband's death in 1989, making her the longest-serving empress consort in Japanese history.

Death and state funeral of Hirohito
Hirohito, Emperor of Japan, died on 7 January 1989 at the Fukiage Palace in Chiyoda, Tokyo, at the age of 87, after suffering from intestinal cancer for some time. Hirohito was the longest-reigning emperor in Japanese history and was the last surviving major head of state of the World War II era. He was succeeded by his eldest son, Akihito.

Hirohito's state funeral was held on 24 February at Shinjuku Gyo-en, when he was buried near his parents, Emperor Taishō and Empress Teimei, at the Musashi Imperial Graveyard in Hachiōji, Tokyo.
Robert Herbert
Sir Robert George Wyndham Herbert, GCB (12 June 1831 – 6 May 1905), was the first Premier of Queensland, Australia. At 28 years and 181 days of age, he was the youngest person ever to become premier of an Australian state.

Premier of Queensland
The premier of Queensland is the head of government in the Australian state of Queensland.

By convention, the premier is the leader of the party with a parliamentary majority in the Legislative Assembly of Queensland. The premier is appointed by the governor of Queensland.

The incumbent premier is David Crisafulli.
Mária Wollemann
Mária Wollemann (6 July 1923 – 5 October 2019) was a Hungarian biochemist and neuroscientist who specialised in neurochemistry and neuropharmacology. A student of Nobel Prize winner Albert Szent-Györgyi at the University of Szeged, she worked at the National Institute of Neurosurgery from 1954 until 1970 and was director of the Biological Research Centre from 1978 until 1983.

Albert Szent-Györgyi
Albert Imre Szent-Györgyi de Nagyrápolt (Hungarian: nagyrápolti Szent-Györgyi Albert Imre; September 16, 1893 – October 22, 1986) was a Hungarian biochemist who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1937. He is credited with first isolating vitamin C and discovering many of the components and reactions of the citric acid cycle and the molecular basis of muscle contraction.
Little Island (South Australia)
Little Island is an island in the Australian state of South Australia located in Spencer Gulf off the east coast of Jussieu Peninsula on Eyre Peninsula  approximately 28 kilometres (17 mi) south-east of Port Lincoln. It was named by Matthew Flinders in memory of John Little who was one of the eight crew lost from a cutter that capsized sometime after being launched from HM Sloop Investigator to search for water on 21 February 1802. Since 2004, the island has been part of the Memory Cove Wilderness Protection Area.

Port Lincoln
Port Lincoln is a city on the Lower Eyre Peninsula in the Australian state of South Australia. Known as Galinyala by the Barngarla people who hold native title rights, it is situated on the shore of Boston Bay, which opens eastward into Spencer Gulf. It is the largest city in the West Coast region, and is located approximately 280 km (170 mi) from the state's capital city of Adelaide (646 km (401 mi) by road).

In June 2019 Port Lincoln had an estimated population of 26,418, having grown at an average annual rate of 0.55% year-on-year over the preceding five years. The city claims to be Australia's "Seafood Capital".
1987 Burgundy 500
The 1987 Burgundy 500 was the third round of the inaugural World Touring Car Championship. The race was held for cars eligible for Group A touring car regulations. It was held on May 10, 1987, at Dijon-Prenois, in Dijon, France.

The race was won by Gianfranco Brancatelli and Johnny Cecotto, driving a BMW M3.

1987 World Touring Car Championship
The 1987 World Touring Car Championship season was the inaugural World Touring Car Championship season. It commenced on 22 March 1987 and ended on 15 November after eleven races. The championship was open to Touring Cars complying with FIA Group A regulations. The Drivers title was won by Roberto Ravaglia in a BMW M3 and the Entrants title by Eggenberger Motorsport in a Ford Sierra Cosworth No 7.
Dave Roberts (pitcher)
David Arthur Roberts (September 11, 1944 – January 9, 2009) was an American professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball as a left-handed pitcher from 1969 to 1981 for eight teams. He was second in the National League (NL) with a 2.10 earned run average (ERA) in 1971 for the San Diego Padres, after which he was traded to the Houston Astros, where he spent the four most productive years of his career. Roberts was also a member of the 1979 World Series winning Pittsburgh Pirates team. Over his major league career he won 103 games.

Roberts was one of the best Jewish pitchers all-time in major league history through 2010, ranking fourth in career games (445; behind only Scott Schoeneweis, Ken Holtzman, and John Grabow), fourth in wins (103) and strikeouts (957) behind Sandy Koufax, Holtzman, and Steve Stone, and seventh in ERA (3.78).

Scott Schoeneweis
Scott David Schoeneweis (/ˈʃoʊ.ɪnwaɪs/; born October 2, 1973) is an American former professional baseball left-handed relief pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1999 to 2010 for the Anaheim Angels, Chicago White Sox, Toronto Blue Jays, Cincinnati Reds, New York Mets, Arizona Diamondbacks, and Boston Red Sox.

In the five seasons from 2003 to 2007, Schoeneweis allowed only one home run to left-handed batters. Left-handed hitters batted .209, with a .264 slugging percentage and .293 on-base percentage, in 227 plate appearances against him from 2005 to 2006, and then only .207 with a .241 slugging percentage in 2007. In 2008, he was even stingier—lefties batted only .178 against him. That was second-best among all major league left-handers.

Through 2010, he had limited lefties to a .229 average.
Sinnipee Group
The Sinnipee Group is geological group in Southern and Eastern Wisconsin. It consists primarily of sedimentary carbonate rocks. Primarily made of dolomite, it also has limestone as a secondary component and can even have shale imbedded with it. It was formed in the Ordovician period and has three rock members: Galena, Decorah, and Platteville formations.

Platteville Limestone
The Platteville Limestone is the Ordovician limestone formation in the sedimentary sequence characteristic of the upper Midwestern United States.  It is characterized by its gray color, rough texture, and numerous fossils.  Its type locality is Platteville, Wisconsin.  It was heavily used in the early decades of the building of Minneapolis–Saint Paul and Faribault, Minnesota.

In Illinois, the formation is elevated to group status and referred to as the Platteville Group.
Sandhurst, Gloucestershire
Sandhurst is a village just outside Gloucester, England.

The parish church and Wallsworth Hall are Grade II* listed buildings. The River Severn is the border between Sandhurst and the neighbouring parish of Maisemore. The Severn Way long distance footpath follows the river on the eastern (Sandhurst) bank. There are only two roads out of Sandhurst, one towards Gloucester, and another towards Tewkesbury. As a result, the village is regularly used as a bypass by drivers hoping to avoid traffic along the A38.

Maisemore
Maisemore is a village and civil parish in Gloucestershire, England.  It lies on the A417 road 2.5 miles (4 km) northwest of Gloucester, on the west bank of the River Severn. In the 2001 census the parish had a population of 488, reducing to 458 at the 2011 census.

The parish includes the hamlet of Overton, 1 mile (1.6 km) north west of the village.
William J. Tuohy
William J. Tuohy (died 1963) was an American judge and attorney. In Cook County, Illinois (home to Chicago), he held office as State's Attorney (county prosecutor) from 1947 to 1947 and as a judge on the Cook County Circuit Court from 1950 until his head in 1963.

Cook County State's Attorney
The Cook County State's Attorney is the chief prosecutor for Cook County, Illinois. The State's Attorney oversees the second-largest prosecutor's office in the United States, with over 600 attorneys and 1,200 employees. The office's responsibilities include directing Illinois criminal prosecutions in the county, filing legal actions to enforce child support orders, consumer protection, and assistance for victims of domestic violence.

The State's Attorney is elected for a term of four years. The current incumbent is Eileen O'Neill Burke, who was first elected in 2024.
History of the London School of Economics
The history of the London School of Economics dates from 1895, when the School was founded by Fabian Society members Sidney and Beatrice Webb, Graham Wallas, and George Bernard Shaw, with funding provided by private philanthropy, including a bequest of £20,000 from Henry Hunt Hutchinson to the Fabian Society.

Fabian Society
The Fabian Society (/ˈfeɪbiən/) is a British socialist organisation whose purpose is to advance the principles of social democracy and democratic socialism via gradualist and reformist effort in democracies, rather than by revolutionary overthrow. It is related to radicalism, a left-wing liberal tradition.

As one of the founding organisations of the Labour Representation Committee in 1900, and as an important influence upon the Labour Party which grew from it, the Fabian Society has strongly influenced British politics. Members of the Fabian Society have included political leaders from other countries, such as Jawaharlal Nehru and Lee Kuan Yew, who adopted Fabian principles as part of their own political ideologies. The Fabian Society founded the London School of Economics in 1895.

Today, the society functions primarily as a think tank and is one of twenty socialist societies affiliated with the Labour Party. Similar societies exist in Australia, Canada, New Zealand and Italy.
Supermatrix
In mathematics and theoretical physics, a supermatrix is a Z2-graded analog of an ordinary matrix. Specifically, a supermatrix is a 2×2 block matrix with entries in a superalgebra (or superring). The most important examples are those with entries in a commutative superalgebra (such as a Grassmann algebra) or an ordinary field (thought of as a purely even commutative superalgebra).

Supermatrices arise in the study of super linear algebra where they appear as the coordinate representations of a linear transformations between finite-dimensional super vector spaces or free supermodules. They have important applications in the field of supersymmetry.

Super vector space
In mathematics, a super vector space is a -graded vector space, that is, a vector space over a field  with a given decomposition of subspaces of grade  and grade . The study of super vector spaces and their generalizations is sometimes called super linear algebra. These objects find their principal application in theoretical physics where they are used to describe the various algebraic aspects of supersymmetry.
Michael Ljunggren
Per Michael "Joe" Ljunggren (22 March 1962 – 17 July 1995) was a Swedish outlaw biker and gangster who served as the first national president of the Bandidos Motorcycle Club in Sweden. Ljunggren was a central figure in the Nordic Biker War, in which the Bandidos feuded with the Hells Angels. He was shot dead while riding his motorcycle on the E4 motorway in Småland. The murder remains unsolved, but police believe members of the Hells Angels to be responsible.

Bandidos Motorcycle Club
The Bandidos Motorcycle Club, also known as the Bandido Nation, is an outlaw motorcycle club with a worldwide membership. Formed in San Leon, Texas, in 1966, the Bandidos MC is estimated to have between 3,000 and 3,500 members and 303 chapters located in 22 countries, making it the fourth-largest motorcycle club in the world behind the Hells Angels, the Outlaws, and the Pagans.

Numerous law enforcement and international intelligence agencies classify the Bandidos as an organized crime syndicate.
Kurumazaki-Jinja Station
Kurumazaki-Jinja Station (車折神社駅, Kurumazaki-Jinja-eki) is a tram stop in Ukyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan. The station is serviced by the Randen Arashiyama Line that begins at Shijō-Ōmiya and continues west to Arashiyama.

Arashiyama Station (Keifuku)
Arashiyama Station (嵐山駅, Arashiyama-eki) is a tram stop in Ukyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan, and the western terminus of the Randen Arashiyama Line that begins at Shijō-Ōmiya. The station includes a small shopping arcade, outdoor eating areas, a foot bath, a garden featuring cherry and maple trees, as well as the "Kimono Forest," a collection of 600 kimono gowns wrapped around poles with LED lighting inside developed by the interior designer Yasumichi Morita.
Quercus cerris
Quercus cerris, the Turkey oak or Austrian oak, is an oak native to south-eastern Europe and Asia Minor. It is the type species of Quercus sect. Cerris, a section of the genus characterised by shoot buds surrounded by soft bristles, bristle-tipped leaf lobes, and acorns that usually mature in 18 months.

Acorn
The acorn  is the nut of the oaks and their close relatives (genera Quercus, Notholithocarpus and Lithocarpus, in the family Fagaceae); alternatively known as glans. It usually contains a seedling surrounded by two cotyledons (seedling leaves), enclosed in a tough shell known as the pericarp, and borne in a cup-shaped cupule. Acorns are 1–6 cm (1⁄2–2+1⁄2 in) long and 0.8–4 cm (3⁄8–1+5⁄8 in) on the fat side. Acorns take between 5 and 24 months (depending on the species) to mature; see the list of Quercus species for details of oak classification, in which acorn morphology and phenology are important factors.