hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Yang–Mills flow
In differential geometry, the Yang–Mills flow is a gradient flow described by the Yang–Mills equations, hence a method to describe a gradient descent of the Yang–Mills action functional. Simply put, the Yang–Mills flow is a path always going in the direction of steepest descent, similar to the path of a ball rolling down a hill. This helps to find critical points, called Yang–Mills connections or instantons, which solve the Yang–Mills equations, as well as to study their stability. Illustratively, they are the points on the hill on which the ball can rest.

The Yang–Mills flow is named after Yang Chen-Ning and Robert Mills, who formulated the underlying Yang–Mills theory in 1954, although it was first studied by Michael Atiyah and Raoul Bott in 1982. It was also studied by Simon Donaldson in the context of the Kobayashi–Hitchin correspondence (or Donaldson–Uhlenbeck–Yau theorem).

Stable Yang–Mills connection
In differential geometry and especially Yang–Mills theory, a (weakly) stable Yang–Mills (YM) connection is a Yang–Mills connection around which the Yang–Mills action functional is positively or even strictly positively curved. Yang–Mills connections are solutions of the Yang–Mills equations following from them being local extrema of the curvature, hence critical points of the Yang–Mills action functional, which are determined by a vanishing first derivative of a variation. (Weakly) stable Yang–Mills connections furthermore have a positive or even strictly positive curved neighborhood and hence are determined by a positive or even strictly positive second derivative of a variation.

(Weakly) stable Yang–Mills connections are named after Yang Chen-Ning and Robert Mills.
Sasuke (manga)
Sasuke (Japanese: サスケ) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Sanpei Shirato. It was serialized in Kobunsha's Monthly magazine Shōnen from July 1961 to March 1966. A remake ran in Shogakukan's shōnen manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Sunday from July 1968 to May 1969. In 1963, the manga, together with Shirato's other series Seton's Wild Animals, won the 4th Kodansha Children's Manga Award.

TCJ produced a 29-episode anime television series adaptation that aired between September 1968 to March 1969 on TBS Television. The series was licensed for North America by AnimEigo.

Seton's Wild Animals
Seton's Wild Animals (Japanese: シートン動物記, Hepburn: Shīton Dōbutsuki) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Sanpei Shirato published in two parts: three volumes published by Shogakukan from 1961 to 1962, and two volumes published by Seirindō in 1964 under the title Grizzly Bear Story (灰色熊の伝記, Haiiroguma no Denki). All five volumes were based on works by noted author and wildlife artist Ernest Seton, and used text written by Kenji Uchiyama (who translated all of Seton's work into Japanese).

In 1963, the manga, together with Shirato's other series Sasuke (サスケ), won the 4th Kodansha Children's Manga Award.
2017 Meeting de Paris
The 2017 Meeting de Paris was the 33rd edition of the annual outdoor track and field meeting in Paris, France. Held on 1 July at Stade Sébastien Charléty, it was the seventh leg of the 2017 Diamond League – the highest level international track and field circuit.

2017 Diamond League
The 2017 IAAF Diamond League was the eighth season of the annual series of outdoor track and field meetings, organised by the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF). It is the first to feature the new championship-style system in which overall event winners are determined only by the results of the final meet.
Protodriliformia
Protodriliformia is a clade of small marine polychaetes, comprised by the groups of meiofaunal interstitial worms Protodrilida and Polygordiidae, formerly considered "archiannelids". It is the most basal clade of Errantia.

Haplodrili
Haplodrili, or Archiannelida, is an order of primitive polychaete worms. Zoologist Ray Lankester gave it the name haplodrili, while zoologist Berthold Hatschek later named it Archiannelida. Once considered to be a class under Annelida, and even a separate phylum, Haplodrili is now widely accepted to be an order under Polychaeta. Species in this order are known for completely lacking external segments.
Three into One
Three into One is the first compilation album from the band Ultravox, released in June 1980 in the UK. The album is a compilation of songs from their first three albums, Ultravox!, Ha! Ha! Ha! and Systems of Romance, plus a non-album track Young Savage (known also from the band's only Peel session) and therefore concentrates on the earlier incarnation of the band from the 1970s featuring John Foxx, as opposed to the more recognisable 1980s line-up which featured Midge Ure.

The vinyl version and CD version of the song "Quiet Men" are different. The version on vinyl comes from the single and has an abrupt end, while the CD version is longer and fades out at the end.

Systems of Romance
Systems of Romance, released by Island Records on 8 September 1978, is the third studio album by British new wave band Ultravox (an exclamation mark having been dropped from the name earlier in the year). It was the final recording for the group with original lead singer, lyricist and co-composer John Foxx, and their first album without guitarist Stevie Shears, who had left the band. Shears was replaced by Robin Simon, making his first and only appearance on an Ultravox album. Though not a commercial success, Systems of Romance had a significant influence on the electropop music that came after it.
Pachyballus caelestis
Pachyballus caelestis is a species of jumping spider that lives in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. A member of the genus Pachyballus, it is a small spider with a forward section, or cephalothorax, that ranges from 1.1 to 1.4 mm long and, behind that section, an abdomen that is between 1.8 and 2.2 mm long. It is characterised by its covering in dense white hairs and its preference for living high in the tree canopy of tropical rainforests. The latter is the source of the species name, which means 'soaring'. The spider is generally black with white scales visible near its eyes and along the sides of its abdomen. The female is lighter than the male, with areas of brown visible on its abdomen. Its front pair of legs are stouter than the rest. Its copulatory organs are typical for the genus, but the female has a ridge in the middle of its epigyne that helps to distinguish it from other Pachyballus spiders. The species was first described in 2020.

Jumping spider
Jumping spiders are spiders in the family Salticidae, with almost 700 genera and around 7,000 described species, making it the largest family of spiders – comprising 13% of spider species. Jumping spiders have some of the best vision among arthropods — being capable of stereoptic color vision — and use sight in courtship, hunting, and navigation.

Although they normally move unobtrusively and fairly slowly, most species are capable of very agile jumps, notably when hunting, but sometimes in response to sudden threats or crossing long gaps. Both their book lungs and tracheal system are well-developed, and they use both systems (bimodal breathing). Jumping spiders are generally recognized by their eye pattern. All jumping spiders have four pairs of eyes, with the anterior median pair (the two front middle eyes) being particularly large.
68th Street–Hunter College station
The 68th Street–Hunter College station is a local station on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line of the New York City Subway, located at the intersection of Lexington Avenue and 68th Street on the Upper East Side of Manhattan. It is served by the 6 train at all times, the <6> train during weekdays in the peak direction, and the 4 train during late nights.

This station was constructed as part of the Dual Contracts by the Interborough Rapid Transit Company and opened in 1918, and was renovated in the 1980s. A further renovation between 2021 and 2024 made the station compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 and provided additional entry points.

Lexington Avenue
Lexington Avenue, often colloquially abbreviated as "Lex", is an avenue on the East Side of Manhattan in New York City. The avenue carries southbound one-way traffic from East 131st Street to Gramercy Park at East 21st Street. Along its 5.5-mile (8.9-kilometer), 110-block route, Lexington Avenue runs through Harlem, Carnegie Hill, the Upper East Side, Midtown, and Murray Hill to a point of origin that is centered on Gramercy Park. South of Gramercy Park, the axis continues as Irving Place from 20th Street to East 14th Street.

Lexington Avenue was not one of the streets included in the Commissioners' Plan of 1811 street grid, so the addresses for cross streets do not start at an even hundred number, as they do with avenues that were originally part of the plan.
Mangawhero River
The Mangawhero River is in the North Island of New Zealand. It drains the south-western slopes of Mount Ruapehu, passes through Ohakune before discharging into the Whangaehu River to the south-west of Mangamahu.

Whangaehu River
The Whangaehu River is a large river in the central North Island of New Zealand. Its headwaters are the crater lake of Mount Ruapehu on the central plateau, and it flows into the Tasman Sea eight kilometres southeast of Whanganui. Due to the high acidity of the water coming from the crater lake, water is not diverted from the headwaters for the Tongariro Power Scheme. Instead, it bypasses the Waihianoa Aqueduct via a ford.
Gremlin slobodorum
Gremlin (named after the mythical creature of the same name) is a genus of leptoceratopsid ceratopsian dinosaurs from the Campanian stage of the Cretaceous period, 77 million years ago. It contains one species, Gremlin slobodorum, named in 2023 by Michael J. Ryan and colleagues from a frontal bone found in the Oldman Formation of Alberta. It can be distinguished from other leptoceratopsids by a ridge on the frontal that runs transversely from the midline of the skull outwards to the top end of the orbit.

Leptoceratopsidae
Leptoceratopsidae is an extinct family of neoceratopsian dinosaurs from Asia, North America and possibly Europe. Leptoceratopsids resembled, and were closely related to, other neoceratopsians, such as the families Protoceratopsidae and Ceratopsidae, but they were more primitive and generally smaller.
Red Rest and Red Roost Cottages
The Red Rest and the Red Roost, built in 1894, are historic beach cottages overlooking La Jolla Cove in La Jolla, San Diego, California. At one time, they were  prime examples of the first-generation California bungalow. Their placement on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976 has not prevented serious deterioration due to neglect.

The La Jolla Park Coastal Historic District, listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 9, 2024, includes the Red Roost and the Red Rest as contributing resources.

La Jolla
La Jolla (/lə ˈhɔɪə/ la HOY-uh, Latin American Spanish: [la ˈxoʝa]) is a hilly, seaside community planning area in San Diego, California, occupying 7 miles (11 km) of curving coastline along the Pacific Ocean.

La Jolla is located 12 miles (19 km) north of downtown San Diego and 45 miles (72 km) south of the Orange County line. The neighborhood's border borders Pacific Beach to the south and extends along the shoreline north to include Torrey Pines State Natural Reserve ending at Del Mar.

La Jolla is home to the University of California, San Diego, the Birch Aquarium, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Scripps Research, and the Salk Institute for Biological Studies.
Altina railway station
The Altina railway station is a railway stop that serves the Altina neighborhood of Zemun, Serbia. It is located on railway line 101/105, between Zemun and Zemun Polje railway stations.

Along with the nearby Kamendin train stop, the Altina stop was constructed as part of the Belgrade–Novi Sad railway reconstruction of 2019–2022. It is served by BG Voz urban rail trains.

Zemun railway station
Zemun railway station (Serbian: Железничка станица Земун, Železnička stanica Zemun) is a rail station in the neighborhood and municipality of Zemun in Belgrade, the capital of Serbia. It is served by BG Voz and by Regio class trains. The railroad continues to Zemun Polje in one direction, and Tošin Bunar in the other direction. Zemun railway station spans 9 railway tracks.

After the station was selected as Belgrade's main freight station within the Belgrade railway junction, a massive expansion and reconstruction of the complex began in 2019.
Bathgate railway station
Bathgate railway station is a railway station serving the town of Bathgate in West Lothian, Scotland. Opened on 18 October 2010, it is close to the junction of the former Edinburgh and Bathgate Railway and the former Bathgate and Coatbridge Railway to the east of the 1986 station. Ticket gates are in operation.

Edinburgh–Bathgate line
The Edinburgh–Bathgate line is a railway line in East Central Scotland. It is also known as the Bathgate branch and was originally operated by the Edinburgh and Bathgate Railway. Except for the short section at the original Bathgate terminus, the main line is still in use, with a frequent passenger train service operated by ScotRail.
Bʼaga languages
The Bʼaga languages, also known as Gumuz, form a small language family spoken along the border of Ethiopia and Sudan. They have been tentatively classified as closest to the Koman languages within the Nilo-Saharan language family.

Koman languages
The Koman languages are a small, close-knit family of languages located along the Ethiopia–Sudan border with about 50,000 speakers. They are conventionally classified as part of the Nilo-Saharan family. However, due to the paucity of evidence, many scholars treat it as an independent language family. Among scholars who do accept its inclusion within Nilo-Saharan, opinions vary as to their position within it.

Koman languages in Ethiopia are in close contact with the Omotic Mao languages. In Ethiopia, some Koman-speaking groups also consider themselves to be ethnically Mao.
Talcott, West Virginia
Talcott (also Rolinsburgh or Rollinsburg) is an unincorporated community in Summers County, West Virginia, United States.

It lies along West Virginia Route 3 and the Greenbrier River to the east of the city of Hinton, the county seat of Summers County.   Its elevation is 1,526 feet (465 m), and it is located at about 37°39′2″N 80°45′4″W﻿ / ﻿37.65056°N 80.75111°W﻿ / 37.65056; -80.75111 (37.6506762, -80.7511921).  It has a post office with the ZIP code 24981.

Hinton, West Virginia
Hinton is a city in and the county seat of Summers County, West Virginia, United States. The population was 2,266 at the 2020 census. Hinton was established in 1873 and chartered in 1897. Hinton was named after John "Jack" Hinton, the original owner of the town site. Much of Hinton's downtown was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.
Carassius
Carassius  is a genus in the ray-finned fish family Cyprinidae. Most species in this genus are commonly known as crucian carps, though that term often refers specifically to C. carassius. The most well known species is the goldfish (C. auratus). They have a Eurasian distribution, apparently originating further to the west than the typical carps (Cyprinus genus, which includes the common carp).

The genus may not be monophyletic, with molecular phylogenetics finding that the genus Carassiodes is nested within Carassius; that clade is in turn sister to the typical carps in the genus Cyprinus.

Crucian carp
The crucian carp (Carassius carassius) is a medium-sized member of the common carp family Cyprinidae. It occurs widely in northern European regions. Its name derives from the Low German karusse or karutze, possibly from Medieval Latin coracinus (a kind of river fish).
RV Sonne (1968)
RV Sonne (German for 'Sun') is a former German fishing trawler converted into a research vessel by Schichau Unterweser AG, doing mostly geoscience-related work for a variety of commercial and scientific clients. She was registered in Bremen. In 2015 she was sold to the Argentine institute CONICET and was renamed ARA Austral (Q-21). A new geoscientific research ship, also called RV Sonne, replaced her role in Germany that same year.

RV Sonne (2014)
RV Sonne (German for Sun) is a German deep ocean research vessel. The ship became available for science in December 2014 and it operates mainly in the Pacific and the Indian Oceans. She is registered in Wilhelmshaven and replaced its predecessor of the same name.
Voiceless alveolar affricate
A voiceless alveolar affricate is a type of affricate consonant pronounced with the tip or blade of the tongue against the alveolar ridge (gum line) just behind the teeth. There are several types of median affricates with significant perceptual differences:

A voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate [t͡s] is the most common type, similar to the ts in English cats.

A voiceless alveolar non-sibilant affricate [t͡θ̠] – or [t͡θ͇], using the alveolar diacritic from the extIPA – is somewhat similar to the th in some pronunciations of English eighth. It is found as a regional realization of the sequence /tr/ in some Sicilian dialects of Standard Italian.

A voiceless alveolar retracted sibilant affricate [t͡s̺], also called apico-alveolar or grave, has a weak hushing sound reminiscent of retroflex affricates. One language in which it is found is Basque, where it contrasts with a more conventional non-retracted laminal alveolar affricate.

This article discusses the first two.

Affricate
An affricate is a consonant that begins as a stop and releases as a fricative, generally with the same place of articulation (most often coronal). It is often difficult to decide if a stop and fricative form a single phoneme or a consonant pair. English has two affricate phonemes, /t͡ʃ/ and /d͡ʒ/, generally spelled ch and j, respectively.
Lobsang Nyandak
Lobsang Nyandak, sometimes written Lobsang Nyendak (Tibetan: བློ་བཟང་སྙན་གྲགས, Wylie: blo bzang snyan grags) also called Lobsang Nyandak Zayul (Tibetan: བློ་བཟང་སྙན་གྲགས་རྫ་ཡུལ, Wylie: blo bzang snyan grags rdza yul) is a Tibetan diplomat and politician. born in 1965 in Kalimpong, India where he performed his studies in Herbertpur and at Panjab University in Chandigarh. There, he held functions at Tibetan Youth Congress before becoming the founding executive director of the Tibetan Centre for Human Rights and Democracy. Member of the National Democratic Party of Tibet, he was elected deputy and was selected as a minister by Samdhong Rinpoche (Lobsang Tenzin), the first elected Kalon Tripa of Central Tibetan Administration (CTA). He then was the Representative of the 14th Dalai Lama to the Americas and became president of The Tibet Fund.

National Democratic Party of Tibet
The National Democratic Party of Tibet (NDPT) is a major party in the Tibetan government in exile, officially the Central Tibetan Administration, based in India.

It was founded on 2 September 1994, but the seeds of the party were planted by the 14th Dalai Lama at a meeting of the Tibetan Youth Congress in 1990. Based on that meeting, leaders of the congress began drawing up a constitution. Mr. TT Karma Chophel was elected the first President of the NDPT, and ten other executive members were chosen.
Manning criteria
The Manning criteria are a diagnostic algorithm used in the diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).  The criteria consist of a list of questions the physician can ask the patient. The answers are used in a process to produce a diagnostic decision regarding whether the patient can be considered to have IBS.

The Manning criteria have been compared with other diagnostic algorithms for IBS, such as the Rome I criteria, the Rome II process, and the Kruis criteria.  A 2013 validation study found the Manning criteria to have less sensitivity but more specificity than the Rome criteria.

The threshold for a positive diagnosis varies from two to four of the Manning criteria below.

Onset of pain linked to more frequent bowel movements

Looser stools associated with onset of pain

Pain relieved by passage of stool

Noticeable abdominal bloating

Sensation of incomplete evacuation more than 25% of the time

Diarrhea with mucus more than 25% of the time

Rome process
The Rome process and Rome criteria are an international effort to create scientific data to help in the diagnosis and treatment of functional gastrointestinal disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome, functional dyspepsia and rumination syndrome. The Rome diagnostic criteria are set forth by Rome Foundation, a not for profit 501(c)(3) organization based in Raleigh, North Carolina, United States.
2023 MFL Cup
The 2023 MFL Cup (Malay: Piala MFL 2023) is the 1st season of the MFL Cup, the reserve football tournament in Malaysia. It is organized by the Malaysian Football League (MFL), after the restructure of Malaysia Premier League, with 15 teams confirmed to participate.

Malaysian Football League
The Malaysian Football League, also known simply as the MFL, was created during the course of the privatisation of the Malaysian football league system. It was formerly known as Football Malaysia Limited Liability Partnership (FMLLP). The company operates and runs all entities in Malaysian football under its jurisdiction, which include  Liga Super, A1 League, A2 League, A3 League, MFL Cup (formerly), Malaysia Cup, Malaysia Challenge Cup, Malaysia FA Cup, Piala Sumbangsih, Piala Emas Raja-Raja, Malaysia Premier Futsal League and Malaysia Futsal Cup. It aims to transform and move Malaysian football forward.

The Malaysian Football League organises and keeps the official records of domestic matches, oversees the development, certification and registration of players and staff, promotes through broadcasts and other media outlets.
United States Marine Air-Ground Task Force Reconnaissance
The reconnaissance mission within the United States Marine Corps is divided into two distinct but complementary aspects, Marine Division Recon and Force Reconnaissance.

The United States Marine Corps Reconnaissance Battalions (or commonly called Marine Division Recon) are the reconnaissance assets of Marine Air-Ground Task Force (MAGTF) that provide division-level ground and amphibious reconnaissance to the Ground Combat Element within the United States Marine Corps. Division reconnaissance teams are employed to observe and report on enemy activity and other information of military significance in close operations. Their capabilities are similar to those of Force Recon, but do not normally insert by parachute, and provide limited direct action, whereas Force Reconnaissance companies perform both deep reconnaissance and direct action operations.  Some of these missions are shared by Marine Special Operations Teams, a subordinate part of Marine Special Operations Command (MARSOC).

United States Marine Corps Reconnaissance Battalions
A United States Marine Corps Reconnaissance Battalion (or commonly called Marine Division Recon) is a reconnaissance unit within the Ground Combat Element (GCE) of a Marine Air-Ground Task Force (MAGTF) that conducts amphibious reconnaissance, underwater reconnaissance, advanced force operations, battlespace shaping, ground reconnaissance, surveillance, raids and direct action in support of the Marine division (MARDIV), subordinate division elements, or a designated MAGTF.

Although reconnaissance companies are conventional forces they do share many of the same tactics, techniques, procedures and equipment of special operations forces.
Kakegawa Domain
Kakegawa Domain (掛川藩, Kakegawa-han) was a feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan.  The domain was centered at Kakegawa Castle in Tōtōmi Province, in what is now the city of Kakegawa, Shizuoka.

Tōtōmi Province
Tōtōmi Province (遠江国, Tōtōmi no Kuni, Japanese pronunciation: [toː.toꜜː.mʲi (no kɯ.ɲi)]) was a province of Japan in the area of Japan that is today western Shizuoka Prefecture. Tōtōmi bordered on Mikawa, Suruga and Shinano Provinces. Its abbreviated form name was Enshū (遠州). The origin of its name is the old name of Lake Hamana.