hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Ferdinand Ward
Ferdinand De Wilton Ward, Jr. (1851–1925), known first as the "Young Napoleon of Finance," and subsequently as "the Best-Hated Man in the United States," was an American swindler. The collapse of his Ponzi scheme caused the financial ruin of many people, including famous persons such as Thomas Nast and the former U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant, who had joined his son, Ulysses S. "Buck" Grant. Jr., as a partner in Ward's banking business. Heavy losses were incurred by many other members of the extended Grant family.

Ponzi scheme
A Ponzi scheme (/ˈpɒnzi/, Italian: [ˈpontsi]) is a form of fraud that lures investors and pays profits to earlier investors with funds from more recent investors. Named after Italian con artist Charles Ponzi, this type of scheme misleads investors by either falsely suggesting that profits are derived from legitimate business activities (whereas the business activities are non-existent), or by exaggerating the extent and profitability of the legitimate business activities, using new investments to fabricate or supplement these profits. A Ponzi scheme can maintain the illusion of a sustainable business as long as investors continue to contribute new funds, and as long as most of the investors do not demand full repayment or lose faith in the non-existent assets they are purported to own.
Anna Ritchie (archaeologist)
Anna Ritchie (née Bachelier, born 28 September 1943) Hon FSA Scot OBE is a British archaeologist and historian. She is known for her work at archaeological sites in Orkney, and has written a number of guidebooks for the HMSO and Historic Environment Scotland about Scottish history and historical sites. She was the first female president of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland from 1990-1993 and an Honorary Fellow of the Society

Society of Antiquaries of Scotland
The Society of Antiquaries of Scotland is the senior antiquarian body of Scotland, with its headquarters in the National Museum of Scotland, Chambers Street, Edinburgh. The Society's aim is to promote the cultural heritage of Scotland.

The usual style of post-nominal letters for fellows is FSAScot.
Wu Mingche
Wu Mingche (Chinese: 吳明徹; c. 504/512 – 24 August 580), courtesy name Tongzhao (通昭), was a Chinese military general and politician of the Chen dynasty of China. He first served under the dynasty's founder Emperor Wu but became the most prominent general of the state during the reign of Emperor Wu's nephew Emperor Xuan, successfully commanding the Chen army in seizing the region between the Yangtze River and the Huai River from the Northern Qi dynasty. After the Northern Qi was conquered by the Northern Zhou dynasty, however, Wu was defeated and captured by the Northern Zhou general Wang Gui (王軌). After he was taken to the Northern Zhou capital Chang'an, he died in anger.

Northern Qi
Qi, known as the Northern Qi (traditional Chinese: 北齊; simplified Chinese: 北齐; pinyin: Běi Qí; Wade–Giles: Pei3-Ch'i2), Later Qi (後齊) or Gao Qi (高齊) in historiography, was a Chinese imperial dynasty and one of the Northern dynasties during the Northern and Southern dynasties era. It ruled the eastern part of northern China from 550 to 577 AD. The dynasty was founded by Gao Yang (Emperor Wenxuan), and was eventually conquered by the Xianbei-led Northern Zhou dynasty in 577 AD.
Matías Lammens
Matías Daniel Lammens Nuñez (born 5 April 1980) is an Argentine businessman and politician, who served as the country's Minister of Tourism and Sports from 2019 to 2023, in the cabinet of President Alberto Fernández. Since 2023, he has been a member of the Buenos Aires City Legislature.

From 2012 to 2019 he was chairman of Club Atlético San Lorenzo de Almagro, a Buenos Aires–based sports club best known for its football team, which plays in the Primera División, the first tier of the Argentine football league system, and is considered one of the "big five" of Argentine football. With Lammens at its helm, the club won its first ever Copa Libertadores.

In 2019, Lammens was the Frente de Todos candidate for Chief of Government of Buenos Aires, competing against PRO incumbent Horacio Rodríguez Larreta. Lammens lost against Larreta in the first round, attaining a little over 35% of the vote.

Republican Proposal
Republican Proposal (Spanish: Propuesta Republicana), usually referred to by its abbreviation PRO, is a political party in Argentina. PRO was formed as an electoral alliance in 2005, but was transformed into a national party in 2010. It is led by former Argentine president Mauricio Macri, who has been the party's president since May 2024.

PRO has governed the city of Buenos Aires since 2007 and formed Cambiemos with the Radical Civic Union and the Civic Coalition ARI with which they won the 2015 general election.

Macri re-opened Argentina to international markets by lifting currency controls, restructuring sovereign debt, and pressing free-market solutions.
Whangamōmona
Whangamōmona is a township in the Stratford District and Manawatū–Whanganui Region of New Zealand. It lies on State Highway 43, the "Forgotten World Highway", 65 kilometres (40 mi) north-east of Stratford and 55 kilometres (34 mi) south-west of Ōhura. By rail it is 61 kilometres (38 mi) from Stratford on the Stratford-Okahukura railway line.

Manawatū–Whanganui
Manawatū-Whanganui ([manawaˈtʉː ˈˀwaŋanʉi]; spelled Manawatu-Wanganui prior to 2019) is a region in the lower half of the North Island of New Zealand, whose main population centres are the cities of Palmerston North and Whanganui. It is administered by the Manawatū-Whanganui Regional Council, which operates under the name Horizons Regional Council. The region covers over 22,000 square kilometres (13,670.166 mi), making it the sixth largest region by area in the country and is home to 261,100 residents.
Elisha McCallion
Elisha McCallion (née McLaughlin; born 21 October 1982) is an Irish former Sinn Féin politician who served as a Senator for the Industrial and Commercial Panel from April 2020 until October 2020. She previously served as Mayor of Derry from 2015 to 2016, a Member of Parliament (MP) for Foyle from 2017 to 2019, and as a Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) for Foyle from March to June 2017.

Seanad Éireann
53°20′26″N 6°15′14″W﻿ / ﻿53.34055°N 6.254021°W﻿ / 53.34055; -6.254021
Seanad Éireann (/ˈʃænəd ˈɛərən, ˈʃænəð/ ⓘ SHAN-əd(h) AIR-ən; Irish: [ˈʃan̪ˠəd̪ˠ ˈeːɾʲən̪ˠ]; "Senate of Ireland") is the upper house of the Oireachtas (the Irish legislature), which also comprises the President of Ireland and Dáil Éireann (the lower house).

It is commonly called the Seanad or Senate and its members are known as senators (Irish: seanadóirí, singular: seanadóir). Unlike Dáil Éireann, it is not directly elected but consists of a mixture of members chosen by various methods. Its powers are much weaker than those of the Dáil and it can only delay laws with which it disagrees, rather than veto them outright. It can introduce new legislation. Since its establishment, it has been located in Leinster House.
AN/TWQ-1 Avenger
The AN/TWQ-1 Avenger Air Defense System is an American self-propelled surface-to-air missile system that provides mobile, short-range air defense protection for ground units against cruise missiles, unmanned aerial vehicles, low-flying fixed-wing aircraft, and helicopters.

The Avenger was originally developed for the United States Armed Forces; it is currently used by the U.S. Army and previously by the U.S. Marine Corps.

In accordance with the Joint Electronics Type Designation System (JETDS), the "AN/TWQ-1" designation represents the first design of an Army–Navy electronic device for ground transportable armament special combination equipment. The JETDS system is now used to also name all Department of Defense and some NATO electronic systems.

Cruise missile
A cruise missile is an unmanned self-propelled guided missile that sustains flight through aerodynamic lift for most of its flight path. Cruise missiles are designed to deliver a large payload over long distances with high precision. Modern cruise missiles are capable of traveling at high subsonic, supersonic, or hypersonic speeds, are self-navigating, and are able to fly on a non-ballistic, extremely low-altitude trajectory.
Canadian Mathematical Olympiad
The Canadian Mathematical Olympiad (CMO) is Canada's top mathematical problem-solving competition. It is run by the Canadian Mathematical Society. The Olympiad plays several roles in Canadian mathematics competitions, most notably being Canada's main team selection process for the International Mathematical Olympiad.

International Mathematical Olympiad
The International Mathematical Olympiad (IMO) is a mathematical olympiad for pre-university students, and is the oldest of the International Science Olympiads. It is widely regarded as the most prestigious mathematical competition in the world. The first IMO was held in Romania in 1959. It has since been held annually, except in 1980. More than 100 countries participate. Each country sends a team of up to six students, plus one team leader, one deputy leader, and observers.

The contest takes place over two days, and consists of six problems (three given on each day). The problems are extremely difficult, and may include topics not conventionally covered in school, but they avoid the use of calculus. Awards are given to approximately the top-scoring 50% of the individual contestants. Teams are not officially recognized—all scores are given only to individual contestants, but team scoring is unofficially compared more than individual scores.
Osnat Penn
Osnat Penn (Hebrew: אסנת פן; born in 1981), is an Israeli computational biologist whose work focuses on molecular evolution, cell research, and immunoinformatics. She is the third Israeli scientist in three years to win the UNESCO-L'Oréal fellowship, which she received in 2013 for her work on the genetic origins of autism. Penn is currently a postdoctorate fellow at the University of Washington in Seattle, where she has been working since 2012.

Computational biology
Computational biology refers to the use of techniques in computer science, data analysis, mathematical modeling and computational simulations to understand biological systems and relationships. An intersection of computer science, biology, and data science, the field also has foundations in applied mathematics, molecular biology, cell biology, chemistry, and genetics.
Freddie Stevens
Freddie Stevens (born Frederick William Humphreys; 29 March 1934–26 January 2016) was an English actor best known for his role in Tin Men in 1987, and various roles in Emu's TV programmes alongside Carol Lee Scott and Rod Hull. He played the role of Croc, Grotbags long suffering assistant from 1982 to 1984, the role of Robot Redford, Grotbags replacement assistant from 1984 to 1988 and Grovel the man servant from 1988 to 1989. He later appeared in the animated spin off show Rod 'n' Emu in 1991 as the voice of Croc and Redford. He appeared in Emu's programmes for almost ten years from 1982 to 1991 and over 100 episodes. He also spent many years performing in Pantomime alongside Hull and Scott.

His last television appearance was as himself in the 2003 documentary, Rod Hull: A Bird in the Hand.

He died on 26 January 2016 in Dorset at the age of 81.

Emu's TV programmes
Emu is a British television puppet, modelled on the Australian flightless emu bird and operated by the performer Rod Hull. After appearing on a number of variety shows, he was given his own television series on the BBC, then on ITV.
Stephen Dalton
Air Chief Marshal Sir Stephen Gary George Dalton, GCB, FRAeS (born 23 April 1954) is a retired senior officer of the Royal Air Force and former Lieutenant-Governor of Jersey.

As commanding officer of XIII Squadron, Dalton deployed on Operation Jural, the United Kingdom's contribution to Operation Southern Watch enforcing the No-Fly Zone over Southern Iraq. He then moved on to high command, serving as Head of Air Operations at the Ministry of Defence during the preparations for and conduct of Operation Telic in Iraq. Most recently he was appointed Chief of the Air Staff, the professional head of the Royal Air Force, in which role he advised the British Government on the deployment of air power during the Libyan conflict. In that capacity he implemented 2,700 redundancies, as determined by the Strategic Defence and Security Review.

Chief of the Air Staff (United Kingdom)
Chief of the Air Staff (CAS) is the title of the professional head of the Royal Air Force, who is a member of both the Chiefs of Staff Committee and the Air Force Board. The post was created in 1918, with Major General Sir Hugh Trenchard as the first holder. The current and 32nd Chief of the Air Staff is Air Chief Marshal Sir Harvey Smyth, who succeeded Sir Richard Knighton on 29 August 2025.
167th Combat Sustainment Support Battalion (United States)
The 167th Combat Sustainment Support Battalion is a support battalion of the United States Army Reserve based at Londonderry, New Hampshire. The battalion is now subordinate to the 655th Regional Support Group of the 316th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary).

Activated in 1971 as the 167th Support Group (Corps), it was reorganised as a battalion in 2006. The 167th is a logistical support battalion capable of a variety of actions, capable of independent operations and taking on subordinate units to fulfill a larger scale sustainment operation for the United States Army.

Londonderry, New Hampshire
Londonderry is a town in western Rockingham County, New Hampshire, United States. It sits between Manchester and Derry, the largest and fourth-largest communities in the state. The population was 25,826 at the 2020 census. Londonderry is known for its apple orchards and is home to the headquarters of Stonyfield Farm and part of Manchester–Boston Regional Airport.

The more densely settled portion of town, where 11,645 people lived at the 2020 census, is defined as the Londonderry census-designated place (CDP) and roughly occupies the southeastern and southern parts of town, around New Hampshire Route 102.
Seven (2019 Nigerian film)
Seven is a 2019 Nigerian crime action thriller film directed by Tosin Igho and produced by Tosin Igho and Bryan Dike. The film stars Efa Iwara, Richard Mofe Damijo, Bimbo Manuel, Daddy Showkey, Patrick Diabuah, Uche Nwaefunam, Sadiq Daba. It was released on 29 November 2019 and premiered on Netflix in 2019.

Uche Montana
Uche Frances Nwaefuna Listenⓘ popularly known as Uche Montana is a Nigerian actress, model, screenwriter, and film producer. She won the Moreklue All Youth Awards (Maya), as the best supporting actress in the TV series Hush.
Jack Dragna
Jack Ignatius Dragna (born Ignazio Dragna, Italian pronunciation: [iɲˈɲattsjo ˈdraɲɲa]; April 18, 1891 – February 23, 1956) was a Sicilian-American Mafia member, entrepreneur and Black Hander who was active in both Italy and the United States in the 20th century. He was active in bootlegging in California during the Prohibition Era in the United States. In 1931, he succeeded Joseph Ardizzone as the boss of the Los Angeles crime family after Ardizzone's mysterious disappearance and death. Both James Ragen and Earl Warren dubbed Dragna the "Capone of Los Angeles". Dragna remained the boss of the Los Angeles crime family from 1931 until his death in 1956.

Black Hand (extortion)
Black Hand (Italian: Mano Nera) was a type of organized extortion, active primarily in the eastern United States from the early 20th century to the 1920s in Italian-American ghettos or neighborhoods and committed mainly by criminal immigrants from southern Italy. The term "Black Hand" was reportedly first used in New York City, in 1903. The practice gradually began to decline around 1915 and ceased to exist during the 1920s, when the first Mafia families in the U.S.—more organized and structured—began to emerge.
Learned industriousness
Learned industriousness is a behaviorally rooted theory developed by Robert Eisenberger to explain the differences in general work effort among people of equivalent ability.  According to Eisenberger, individuals who are reinforced for exerting high effort on a task are also secondarily reinforced by the sensation of high effort. Individuals with a history of reinforcement for effort are predicted to generalize this effort to new behaviors.

Behavior
Behavior (American English) or behaviour (British English) is the range of actions of organisms, individuals, systems or artificial entities in some environment. These systems can include other systems or organisms as well as the inanimate physical environment. It is the computed response of the system or organism to various stimuli or inputs, whether internal or external, conscious or subconscious, overt or covert, and voluntary or involuntary. While some behavior is produced in response to an organism's environment (extrinsic motivation), behavior can also be the product of intrinsic motivation, also referred to as "agency" or "free will".

Taking a behavior informatics perspective, a behavior consists of actor, operation, interactions, and their properties. This can be represented as a behavior vector.
Nick Kaczur
Nicholas Jesse Kaczur (born July 28, 1979) is a Canadian former professional football player who was an offensive tackle for the New England Patriots of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Toledo Rockets. He was selected by the Patriots in the third round of the 2005 NFL draft.

Toledo Rockets football
The Toledo Rockets football team is a college football program in Division I FBS, representing the University of Toledo. The Rockets compete in the Mid-American Conference. Toledo began playing football in 1917, although it did not field teams in 1931, 1943, 1944, and 1945. Since the inception of the AP Poll in 1936, Toledo has finished in the Top 25 four times with its highest finish coming in 1970 when it ranked No. 12 after finishing 12–0. Toledo has a 12–11 record in bowl games.
LGBTQ rights in Rondônia
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer (LGBTQ) people in the Brazilian state of Rondônia enjoy many of the same legal protections available to non-LGBTQ people. Homosexuality is legal in the state, as well as throughout Brazil since 1830.

Rondônia
Rondônia (English: /rɒnˈdoʊniə/, ron-DOHN-ee-ə ⓘ; Brazilian Portuguese: [ʁõˈdõnjɐ] ⓘ) is one of the 26 states of Brazil, located in the North Region (the central-western part). It is bordered by Acre in the west, 
Amazonas in the north, Mato Grosso in the east, and Bolivia in the south. Rondônia has a population of 1,815,000 as of 2021. It is the fifth least populated state. Its capital and largest city is Porto Velho, bathed by the Madeira River. The state was named after Cândido Rondon, who explored the north of the country during the 1910s. The state, which is home to c. 0.7% of the Brazilian population, is responsible for c. 0.3% of the Brazilian GDP.

The state has 52 municipalities and occupies an area of 237,590.547 km2, equivalent to the territory of Romania and almost five times larger than Croatia. In addition to this, there are other important cities such as Ariquemes, Cacoal, Guajará-Mirim, Ji-Paraná, Rolim de Moura and Vilhena.
Battleship Memorial Park
Battleship Memorial Park is a military history park and museum on the western shore of Mobile Bay in Mobile, Alabama. Its notable aircraft and museum ships include the South Dakota-class battleship USS Alabama and Gato-class submarine USS Drum. Alabama and Drum are National Historic Landmarks; the park as a whole was listed on the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage on October 28, 1977.

Museum ship
A museum ship, also called a memorial ship, is a ship that has been preserved and converted into a museum open to the public for educational or memorial purposes. Some are also used for training and recruitment purposes, mostly for the small number of museum ships that are still operational and thus capable of regular movement.

Several hundred museum ships are kept around the world, with around 175 of them organised in the Historic Naval Ships Association though many are not naval museum ships, from general merchant ships to tugs and lightships. Many, if not most, museum ships are also associated with a maritime museum.
Blood & Thunder (2024)
Blood & Thunder (2024) was a professional wrestling live streaming event produced by Major League Wrestling (MLW), which took place on July 12, 2024, at The Coliseum in St. Petersburg, Florida. It was the fourth event under the Blood and Thunder chronology, and the first to be aired live. The event streamed live on MLW's YouTube channel, while additional matches were taped for Never Say Never, which aired as a TV special on August 10 on BeIN Sports USA and YouTube.

MLW Blood and Thunder
Blood and Thunder is a professional wrestling supercard event produced by Major League Wrestling (MLW) that was first held in 2019. The first three events served as television tapings for MLW Fusion, while other matches from the third event aired as part of MLW Underground Wrestling.
Sophie Munro
Sophie Elizabeth Naseem Munro (born 31 August 2001) is an English cricketer who most recently played for Nottinghamshire, The Blaze and London Spirit. She plays as a right-arm medium bowler. She previously played for Sunrisers, as well as Yorkshire Diamonds in the 2018 Women's Cricket Super League and Trent Rockets in The Hundred.

The Blaze (women's cricket)
The Blaze, previously known as Lightning, are a women's cricket team that represent the county of Nottinghamshire in English domestic women's cricket. Previously The Blaze represented the wider East Midlands region, in a regionalised structure from 2020 to 2024. The Blaze's home matches are held at various grounds, including Trent Bridge and the Haslegrave Ground, Loughborough. As of 2025 they play in the Women's One-Day Cup and Women's T20 Blast. They are captained by Kirstie Gordon and coached by Craig Cumming.

Founded in 2020, Lightning carried over many elements of the WCSL team Loughborough Lightning. Until 2024, Lightning/The Blaze were partnered with four counties: Nottinghamshire, Leicestershire, Derbyshire and Lincolnshire. After being renamed The Blaze in 2023, the team won their first title in 2024, the Charlotte Edwards Cup, by defeating South East Stars in the final.
Thad Altman
Thad Altman (born September 8, 1955) is a Republican politician who served as a member of the Florida House of Representatives, representing parts of the Melbourne area in central Brevard County since 2016. Previously, he represented a similar area in the House from 2003 to 2008, and served in the Florida Senate from 2008 to 2016.

Brevard County, Florida
Brevard County (/brəˈvɑːrd/ brə-VARD) is a county in the U.S. state of Florida. It is on the Atlantic coast of eastern Central Florida. As of the 2020 census, the population was 606,612, making it the 10th-most populated county in Florida. The official county seat is located in Titusville. A secondary center of county administration, including a circuit courthouse, was built in 1989 in the planned community of Viera, Florida, the geographic center of the county.