hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Multilevel Monte Carlo method
Multilevel Monte Carlo (MLMC) methods in numerical analysis are algorithms for computing expectations that arise in stochastic simulations. Just as Monte Carlo methods, they rely on repeated random sampling, but these samples are taken on different levels of accuracy. MLMC methods can greatly reduce the computational cost of standard Monte Carlo methods by taking most samples with a low accuracy and corresponding low cost, and only very few samples are taken at high accuracy and corresponding high cost.

Monte Carlo method
Monte Carlo methods, also called the Monte Carlo experiments or Monte Carlo simulations, are a broad class of computational algorithms based on repeated random sampling for obtaining numerical results. The underlying concept is to use randomness to solve deterministic problems.

Monte Carlo methods are mainly used in three distinct problem classes: optimization, numerical integration, and non-uniform random variate generation, available for modeling phenomena with significant input uncertainties, e.g. risk assessments for nuclear power plants. Monte Carlo methods are often implemented using computer simulations. They can provide approximate solutions to problems too complex for mathematical analysis.
Hercules X-1
Hercules X-1 (Her X-1), also known as 4U1656+35, is a moderately strong X-ray binary source first studied by the Uhuru satellite.
It is composed of a neutron star accreting matter from a normal star (HZ Her) probably due to Roche lobe overflow.

X-ray binary
X-ray binaries are a class of binary stars that are luminous in X-rays. 
The X-rays are produced by matter falling from one component, called the donor (usually a relatively common main sequence star), to the other component, called the accretor, which can be a white dwarf, neutron star or black hole. 
The infalling matter releases gravitational potential energy, up to 30 percent of its rest mass, as X-rays.  (Hydrogen fusion releases only about 0.7 percent of rest mass.)  The lifetime and the mass-transfer rate in an X-ray binary depends on the evolutionary status of the donor star, the mass ratio between the stellar components, and their orbital separation.

An estimated 1041 positrons escape per second from a typical low-mass X-ray binary.
2019–20 Bangladesh Police FC season
The 2019–20 season was Bangladesh Police Football Club's first-ever season in the top flight, the Bangladesh Premier League.

On 16 March 2020, all sorts of sports activities in Bangladesh were postponed until 31 March as a precaution to combat the spread of coronavirus in the country, according to a press release issued by the Ministry of Youth and Sports. Following that, the Bangladesh Football Federation (BFF) postponed all Bangladesh Premier League matches until 31 March.

On 17 May 2020, the BFF executive committee, following an emergency meeting, declared the 12th edition of the league abandoned, scrapping promotion and relegation while cancelling the Independence Cup from the calendar.

Bangladesh Police FC
Bangladesh Police Football Club (also known as Bangladesh Police Athletic Club) is a professional football club based in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The club was founded by Bangladesh Police and formerly East Pakistan Police. They previously played in the First Division Football League in 1998 – then the second tier league. Police FC became champions of the Second Division in 2013–14. The club gained promotion to the Bangladesh Football League for the first time by becoming champions of the 2018-19 Bangladesh Championship League.
WIAA (FM)
WIAA (88.7 FM) is a radio station in Interlochen, Michigan. The station is owned by Interlochen Center for the Arts, and is an affiliate of the Interlochen Public Radio's "Classical IPR" network, consisting of classical music.

Interlochen Public Radio
Interlochen Public Radio (IPR), established in 1963, is the National Public Radio member network for Northern Michigan.   It broadcasts classical music and news on five stations in the northwestern Lower Peninsula.  It is operated by the Interlochen Center for the Arts, with studios across from the center's campus on Lyon Street in Interlochen, Michigan; just outside Traverse City.  It carries programming from NPR and Public Radio International.

At one point early in the 2000s, IPR led the nation in annual listener support.  This was all the more remarkable because it is the second-smallest NPR member in Michigan, and one of the smallest in the entire NPR system.
Edward Bouchet Abdus Salam Institute
The Edward Bouchet Abdus Salam Institute (EBASI) is a scientific organization with the aim of promoting collaboration between African and American physicists and encouraging the training of physicists from the African continent. The institution was founded by Nobel laureate in physics Abdus Salam in 1988, originally as the Edward A. Bouchet-ICTP Institute. The name honors Edward Bouchet, widely recognized as the first person of African descent to receive a Ph.D. in physics in the United States. The name was changed in 1998 to honor Salam, who died in 1996.

International Centre for Theoretical Physics
The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) is a research center for physical and mathematical sciences, located in Trieste, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Italy.

The center operates under a tripartite agreement between the Italian Government, UNESCO, and the International Atomic Energy Agency. It is located near the Miramare Park, about 10 kilometres from the downtown of Trieste, Italy. The centre was founded in 1964 by Pakistani Nobel Laureate Mohammad Abdus Salam.

ICTP is part of the Trieste System, a network of national and international scientific institutes in Trieste, promoted by the Italian physicist Paolo Budinich.
Arcabuco Formation
The Arcabuco Formation (Spanish: Formación Arcabuco, Jar, JKa) is a geological formation of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The formation consists of thick beds of light-coloured quartzitic sandstones and conglomerates with occasional shales and dates to the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous periods; Tithonian to Berriasian epochs. Dinosaur footprints have been found in the Arcabuco Formation near the Iguaque anticlinal outside Chíquiza, Boyacá.

Altiplano Cundiboyacense
The Altiplano Cundiboyacense (Spanish pronunciation: [altiˈplano kundiβoʝaˈsense]) is a high plateau located in the Eastern Cordillera of the Colombian Andes covering parts of the departments of Cundinamarca and Boyacá. (Do not confuse with The Altiplano or the Altiplano Nariñense, both further south.) The altiplano corresponds to the ancient territory of the Muisca. The Altiplano Cundiboyacense comprises three distinctive flat regions; the Bogotá savanna, the valleys of Ubaté and Chiquinquirá, and the valleys of Duitama and Sogamoso. The average altitude of the altiplano is about 2,600 metres (8,500 ft) above sea level but ranges from roughly 2,500 metres (8,200 ft) to 4,000 metres (13,000 ft).
Olyphant & Co.
Olyphant & Co. (Chinese: 同孚洋行; pinyin: Tóngfú Yángháng; Jyutping: Tung4fu1 Joeng4hong2) was an American merchant trading house or hong in 19th-century China. From its initial involvement in the "Old China Trade", the firm expanded into other countries including Great Britain, Australia and New Zealand. Olyphant & Co's business dealings in Peru caused the company to collapse in 1878.

Hong (business)
A hong (Chinese: 行; pinyin: háng; Jyutping: hong4-2) was a type of Chinese merchant establishment and its associated type of building. Hongs arose in Guangzhou (formerly  known as Canton) as intermediaries between Western and Chinese merchants during the 18th and 19th centuries under the Canton System.
John Grant (American football)
John David Grant (born June 28, 1950) is an American former professional football player who was a defensive tackle seven seasons with the Denver Broncos of the National Football League (NFL).

Born and raised in Boise, Idaho, Grant graduated from its Capital High School and played college football for the USC Trojans in Los Angeles under head coach John McKay. In his senior season in 1972, the Trojans were undefeated and consensus national champions. Grant was first-team All-Pac-8 in 1971 and 1972, and a first-team All-American in 1972.

Grant was among ten Trojans selected in the 1973 NFL draft, taken in the seventh round by Denver.  He was part of the Bronco's Orange Crush defense in 1977 which led the team to Super Bowl XII; it was the franchise's first appearance in the postseason.

1971 All-Pacific-8 Conference football team
The 1971 All-Pacific-8 Conference football team consisted of American football players chosen for All-Pacific-8 Conference teams for the 1971 NCAA University Division football season. The team was selected by the conference's eight head coaches.
Frauenbad Stadthausquai
Frauenbad Stadthausquai is a public bath in Zürich, Switzerland, forming part of the historical Seeuferanlage promenades that were built between 1881 and 1887. Situated at the Stadthausquai by the Bürkliplatz plaza, the bath was built for, and is still exclusively used by women (Frauenbad means "bath for women").

Münsterhof
Münsterhof (literally: Fraumünster abbey courtyard) is a town square situated in the Lindenhof quarter in the historical center of Zurich, Switzerland. It is the largest town square within the Altstadt (old town) of Zurich and is surrounded by medieval buildings. The area forms part of the southern extension of the Quaianlagen promenades along Lake Zurich.
2016–17 FC Bayern Munich season
The 2016–17 FC Bayern Munich season was the 118th season in the football club's history and 52nd consecutive and overall season in the top flight of German football, the Bundesliga, having won promotion from the Regionalliga in 1965 after winning the Regionalliga Süd. Bayern Munich also participated in this season's edition of the domestic cup, the DFB-Pokal, and the premier continental cup competition, the UEFA Champions League. Bayern were the reigning Bundesliga and DFB-Pokal champions, and therefore also participated in the German super cup, the DFL-Supercup. It was the 12th season for Bayern in the Allianz Arena, located in Munich, Germany. The season covers a period from 11 July 2016 to 30 June 2017.

Joshua Kimmich
Joshua Walter Kimmich (German pronunciation: [ˈjoːzu̯aː ˈkɪmɪç]; born 8 February 1995) is a German professional footballer who plays as a right-back or defensive midfielder for Bundesliga club Bayern Munich and captains the Germany national team. Known for his versatility, aggression and playmaking ability, Kimmich has been compared with former Bayern Munich and Germany captain Philipp Lahm.

After coming through RB Leipzig's youth academy, Kimmich began playing for the club's first team in 2013. Two years later, he joined Bayern Munich. In the 2019–20 season, he won the continental treble with Bayern Munich (UEFA Champions League, Bundesliga, DFB-Pokal) and was included in the UEFA Team of the Year.
Chaoshou
Suanla chaoshou is a dish of Sichuan cuisine that consists of a spicy sauce over boiled, meat-filled dumplings. Suanla means "hot and sour," and chaoshou is what these particular large wontons are called in the Chinese province of Sichuan.

Chao shou translates literally as "folded hands"; in the Sichuanese dialects this refers to a style of dumpling whose square wrapper is folded into two points, one crossed over the other. According to Peter Hessler (Beijing correspondent for The New Yorker and former Peace Corps teacher), "In most parts of Sichuan, you can walk into a restaurant and order chaoshou without making a sound.  Cross your arms and they will understand exactly what you want."  One native speaker claims the Sichuan-only name for these dumplings may have originated at one time by a dialectic transposition, i.e. "chao shou" was originally "shou chao", meaning "hand-folded".

Wonton
A wonton (traditional Chinese: 餛飩; simplified Chinese: 馄饨; pinyin: húntun; Jyutping: wan4 tan1) is a type of Chinese dumpling commonly found across regional styles of Chinese cuisine. It is also spelled wantan or wuntun, a transliteration from Cantonese wan4 tan1 (雲吞/云吞), and wenden from Shanghainese hhun den (餛飩/馄饨). Even though there are many different styles of wonton served throughout China, Cantonese wontons are the most popular in the West due to the predominance of Cantonese restaurants overseas.

Wontons, which have their origins in China, have achieved significant popularity in East Asian cuisine, as well as across various Southeast Asian culinary traditions.
Deinococcus frigens
Deinococcus frigens is a species of low temperature and drought-tolerating, UV-resistant bacteria from Antarctica. It is Gram-positive, non-motile and coccoid-shaped. It is a AA-692 type strain. Individual Deinococcus frigens range in size from 0.9-2.0 μm. The bacterial colonies appears orange or pink in color. Liquid-grown cells viewed using a phase-contrast light microscope or transmission electron microscope on agar-coated slides show that isolated D. frigens appear to produce buds. Comparison of the genomes of Deiococcus radiodurans and D. frigens have predicted that no flagellar assembly exists in D. frigens.

Deinococcus radiodurans
Deinococcus radiodurans is a bacterium, an extremophile and one of the most radiation-resistant organisms known. It can survive cold, dehydration, vacuum, and acid, and therefore is known as a polyextremophile. The Guinness Book Of World Records listed it in January 1998 as the world's most radiation-resistant bacterium or lifeform.

Several bacteria of comparable radioresistance are known, including some species of the genus Chroococcidiopsis (phylum cyanobacteria) and some species of Rubrobacter (phylum Actinomycetota); among the archaea, the species Thermococcus gammatolerans shows comparable radioresistance.
Piper PA-42 Cheyenne
The Piper PA-42 Cheyenne is a twin engine turboprop aircraft built by Piper Aircraft. The PA-42 Cheyenne is a larger development of the earlier PA-31T Cheyennes I and II (which are, in turn, turboprop developments of the PA-31 Navajo).

Piper PA-31 Navajo
The Piper PA-31 Navajo is a family of twin-engined low-wing tricycle gear utility aircraft designed and built by Piper Aircraft for small cargo and feeder airlines, and as a corporate aircraft. Production ran from 1967 to 1984. It was license-built in a number of Latin American countries.
1957 Wyoming Cowboys football team
The 1957 Wyoming Cowboys football team was an American football team that represented the University of Wyoming as a member of the Skyline Conference during the 1957 college football season. In their first season under head coach Bob Devaney, the Cowboys compiled a 4–3–3 record (3–2–2 against Skyline opponents), finished fourth in the Skyline Conference, and outscored opponents by a total of 139 to 135.

The 1957 season was Bob Devaney's first as a head coach. He was later inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame.

Bob Devaney
Robert Simon Devaney (April 13, 1915 – May 9, 1997) was a college football coach.  He served as the head coach at the University of Wyoming from 1957 to 1961 and at the University of Nebraska from 1962 to 1972, compiling a career record of 136–30–7 (.806).  Devaney's Nebraska Cornhuskers won consecutive national championships in 1970 and 1971 and three consecutive Orange Bowls.

Devaney also served as the athletic director at Nebraska from 1967 to 1993, and was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach in 1981.
2007–08 Memphis Grizzlies season
The 2007–08 Memphis Grizzlies season was their 13th season in the National Basketball Association and seventh in Memphis. The Memphis Grizzlies failed to qualify for the Playoffs for the second straight season. They finished 14th in the Western Conference with an awful record of 22–60, being only marginally better than the 20-62 Seattle SuperSonics.

In February, Pau Gasol was traded to the Los Angeles Lakers for his younger brother Marc, who would play the following season.

As of 2023, there are three players on this team who are still active in the NBA (Mike Conley Jr., Rudy Gay, and Kyle Lowry), the most from any team from the 2007−08 season.

Key dates prior to the start of the season:

The 2007 NBA draft took place in New York City on June 28.

The free agency period begins in July.

Rudy Gay
Rudy Carlton Gay Jr. (born August 17, 1986) is an American former professional basketball player. A forward, he played college basketball for the UConn Huskies before being selected eighth overall in the 2006 NBA draft by the Houston Rockets, but was traded to the Memphis Grizzlies days later. He was named to the 2007 All-Rookie First Team.
2022–23 NBL season
The 2022–23 NBL season was the 45th season of the National Basketball League since its establishment in 1979. A total of ten teams contested in the 2022–23 season.

Australian broadcast rights to the season are held by ESPN in the second season of a three-year deal. All games are available live on ESPN and the streaming platform Kayo Sports. Network 10 will broadcast two Sunday afternoon games on 10 Peach and 10 Play. In New Zealand, Sky Sport continue as the official league broadcaster.

The 2022–23 season saw a return to the traditional October start after two straight condensed seasons due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

The Sydney Kings won their second consecutive championship after beating the New Zealand Breakers in the Grand Final, 3–2.

Barry Brown Jr.
Barry Gerard Brown Jr. (born December 21, 1996) is an American professional basketball player for Zhejiang Lions of the Chinese Basketball Association (CBA). He played college basketball for the Kansas State Wildcats.
YouTube in education
YouTube in education refers to the use of the video-sharing platform YouTube for educational purposes in both formal and informal learning environments. A 2018 Pew Research Center survey found that 51% of YouTube users say the platform is very important for helping them learn new skills, representing 35% of all U.S. adults.

Since YouTube's launch in 2005, educational institutions like MIT OpenCourseWare and TED have used the platform to distribute content, while independent creators have developed popular educational channels such as Khan Academy, Smarter Every Day, and Vsauce. The platform has been adopted across various educational fields, including medical education, where studies have shown both benefits and limitations in teaching clinical skills and anatomical concepts. YouTube also created YouTube EDU in 2009 as a dedicated repository for educational content from institutions and creators.

Khan Academy
Khan Academy is an American educational nonprofit organization founded in 2008 by Sal Khan. The company was created with a goal of providing free, high-quality learning resources to students worldwide.

The platform offers instructional videos, practice exercises, academic assessments, and teacher tools across subjects such as mathematics, sciences, history, literature, economics, computer science, and test preparation. Lessons are delivered primarily through short videos accompanied by interactive practice. Research has shown that Khan Academy usage improves student performance.

The organization is funded primarily through philanthropic donations, allowing educational materials to remain free for learners.
Mackenzies Bay
Mackenzies Bay is a small embayment in the coast between Bondi Beach and Tamarama Beach in the Eastern Suburbs of Sydney, New South Wales. It forms part of the shoreline boundary of the suburb of Tamarama. Most of the time, it is a rocky inlet but, at times, depending on prevailing conditions, a sandy beach—known informally as Mackenzies Bay Beach or Mackenzies—comes into existence. Mackenzies Bay is also a well-known surf break.

Because it is not a permanent beach and is not patrolled, whenever it exists, the beach has become, de facto, a 'dog-friendly beach'. It is not regarded as a safe beach for swimmers, due to its narrow dimensions, not being patrolled, and its difficult access over a rocky and slippery shoreline. If large numbers are using the beach, lifesavers are sometimes diverted there, from adjacent beaches, to watch over those using it.

Bondi Beach
Bondi Beach (/ˈbɒndaɪ/) is a beach and the surrounding suburb in Sydney, Australia. Bondi Beach is located 7 kilometres (4 miles) east of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of Waverley Council, in the Eastern Suburbs. In the 2021 Australian census it had a population of 11,513 residents. Its postcode is 2026. Bondi, North Bondi and Bondi Junction are neighbouring suburbs. Bondi Beach is one of the most visited tourist sites in Australia, and the location of two television series, Bondi Rescue and Bondi Vet.
Steven Tom
Steven Tom (born 5 February 1951) is an English retired professional footballer who played as a defender in the Football League for Brentford. He later made over 150 appearances for Southern League club Barnet.

1971–72 Brentford F.C. season
During the 1971–72 English football season, Brentford competed in the Football League Fourth Division. The club led the division for much of the first half of the season and 10 wins in the final 14 matches secured automatic promotion with a 3rd-place finish.
Gazi Husrev Bey's Library
The Gazi-Husrev-beg Library is a public library in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina founded in 1537 by the sanjakbey of Bosnia Gazi Husrev-beg during Ottoman rule, it is a part of the larger complex with the Gazi Husrev-beg Medresa. It holds one of the most important collections of Islamic manuscripts in Bosnia-Herzegovina, including many originally donated by Gazi Husrev-beg. The collection survived through Bosnian war and Siege of Sarajevo. The library also holds a sizable number of books, journals, newspapers, documents and photographs.

As part of the larger complex of Gazi Husrev-begova Medresa, the library facilities are part of the National Monument designation.

Gazi Husrev Bey's Madrasa
JU Gazi Husrev-begova medresa, Sarajevo (Javna ustanova Gazi Husrev-begova medresa u Sarajevu; transl. The Gazi Husrev-beg Public Institution and Madrasa in Sarajevo) is a high school and college, a madrasa in Arabic, founded on 8 January 1537 CE and built in Sarajevo as Gazi Husrev-beg's second endowment. It was built in the style of the Istanbul madrasas, and was called Kuršumlija because it was covered with a lead roof (lead in Turkish: kurşun).
1863–64 Barnes F.C. season
This was the second season of Barnes Football Club.  The early part of the season included two defeats against Forest FC (later renamed Wanderers FC), the second of them a bad-tempered affair in which the rules of the game became an object of contention.  On 19 December, Barnes played neighbouring Richmond F.C. in the first ever match under the newly-published laws of the Football Association; this 15-a-side clash ended in a goalless draw.

Richmond F.C.
Richmond Rugby Club is a rugby union club in Richmond, London, England. It is a founding member of the Rugby Football Union, and is one of the oldest football clubs (of any code). It fields teams in both men's and women's rugby; the men's first team currently play in Champ Rugby in the 2nd tier of the English rugby union system, following their promotion from the 2024–25 National League 1, while the women's first team play in the Women's Championship.