hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Pan-Christianity
In the Middle Ages, efforts were made in order to establish a single Christian state of Pan-Christianity by uniting the countries within Christendom. Christian nationalism may have played a role in this era in which Christians felt the impulse to recover lands in which Christianity flourished. Muslims militarily invaded parts of North Africa, East Asia, Southern Europe, Central Asia, and the Middle East, as well as parts of Europe. In response, Christians across national borders mobilized militarily and a "wave of Christian reconquest achieved the recovery of Spain, Portugal, and southern Italy, but was unable to recover North Africa nor—from a Christian point of view, most painful of all—the Holy Land of Christendom."

Christian nationalism
Christian nationalism is a form of religious nationalism that focuses on promoting the Christian views of its followers in order to achieve prominence or dominance in political, cultural, and social life. In countries with a state church, Christian nationalists seek to preserve the status of a Christian state.
2016 FIBA U18 European Championship
The 2016 FIBA U18 European Championship was the 33rd edition of the FIBA U18 European Championship. The competition was originally scheduled to take place in Samsun, Turkey, from 30 July to 7 August 2016, but was postponed indefinitely due to the political unrest in the country at the time. On 30 September 2016, FIBA decided that the tournament would take place from 16 to 22 December 2016. The top five teams qualified for the 2017 FIBA Under-19 World Championship.

France won their fourth title in this event by beating Lithuania in the final, 75–68.

FIBA U18 EuroBasket
The FIBA U18 EuroBasket, formerly the FIBA U18 European Championship, and originally the FIBA European Championship for Juniors is an annual men's youth basketball competition contested by the under-18 national teams from FIBA Europe.

The inaugural tournament was in 1964, and was held biennially until 2002. Since 2004, the competition has been played every year. The tournament serves as qualification for the FIBA Under-19 World Cup in even numbered years. The current champions are Spain.
Joe Ross (philatelist)
Joseph L. Ross is an American philatelist who has specialized in the revenue stamps of South America. Ross has also been a prolific philatelic author, compiling or updating a large number of revenue stamp catalog and writing numerous articles in philatelic journals. His catalog of Uruguay revenues, for instance, is the first since Forbin's world catalog of 1915 and starts where that one finished.

In 2008, Ross won the Revenue Society Research Medal.

The Revenue Society
The Revenue Society (originally The Revenue Society of Great Britain) was formed in 1990 and is the only international philatelic society which covers revenue stamps of the whole world. The society is also noted for the particularly high quality of its journal which has published many articles on subjects about which little or nothing has previously been written.

In 2007, the name of the society was shortened from The Revenue Society of Great Britain to just The Revenue Society in order to make the international nature of the society clear.
Bukit Bunga
Bukit Bunga is a village in Tanah Merah District, Kelantan, Malaysia. It is located at the Malaysia-Thailand border and is the latest border crossing between Malaysia and Thailand, with the opening of the Bukit Bunga-Ban Buketa Bridge on December 21, 2007.

Across the border is the Thai town of Ban Buketa in Amphoe Waeng, Narathiwat Province.

Bukit Bunga is 30 km from Tanah Merah along the East-West Highway. It comprises several smaller kampungs: Bukit Nangka, Cedok, Tokpe, Kampung Bukit, Renab, and Jenub. The hub revolves around the Bukit Bunga mosque.

In the past few decades, Bukit Bunga has become one of the main entry points to Thailand from Malaysia. It had its own police station in 1981 and has a school, a customs department, and an immigration department. Lately, it has become a hub for local tourists searching for Thai goods.

5°50′16″N 101°54′10″E﻿ / ﻿5.837647°N 101.902914°E﻿ / 5.837647; 101.902914

Tanah Merah District
Tanah Merah District (Malay for "red land" or "laterite", Kelantanese: Jajahey Tanoh Meghoh) is a district (jajahan) in the state of Kelantan in northeast Peninsular Malaysia. The urban area of Tanah Merah is situated along the Kelantan River. It is bordered by Pasir Mas District in the north, Machang District to the east, Kuala Krai District to the south east, Jeli District to the south west and Thailand in the west.

Historically it used to be a capital of a kingdom called Chi Tu. Chinese Sui dynasty annals from the 7th century describe an advanced kingdom called Chi Tu ("Red Earth") in the area now called Kelantan. The ancient name for Kelantan was "Raktamrittika", meaning "red earth" — this was later changed to "Sri Wijaya Mala".
Hyperhomology
In homological algebra, the hyperhomology or hypercohomology () is a generalization of (co)homology functors which takes as input not objects in an abelian category  but instead chain complexes of objects, so objects in . It is a sort of cross between the derived functor cohomology of an object and the homology of a chain complex since hypercohomology corresponds to the derived global sections functor .

Hyperhomology is no longer used much: since about 1970 it has been largely replaced by the roughly equivalent concept of a derived functor between derived categories.

Derived functor
In mathematics, specifically category theory, certain functors may be derived to obtain other functors closely related to the original ones. This operation, while fairly abstract, unifies a number of constructions throughout mathematics.
Mark 31 torpedo
The Mark 31 torpedo was a destroyer-launched acoustic torpedo developed by the Harvard and Pennsylvania State universities during World War II. A modification of the Mark 18 electric torpedo, it was conceived as an interim weapon to be used in the Pacific War until a new high-speed acoustic torpedo could be developed for the United States Navy.

Further development of the torpedo was terminated due to the status of other more promising programs, notably the Mark 16 torpedo and the Mark 35 torpedo.

Mark 18 torpedo
The Mark 18 torpedo was an electric torpedo used by the United States Navy during World War II. The Mark 18 was the first electric storage battery torpedo manufactured for the US Navy and it was designed primarily for use as a submarine-launched torpedo.
Rebecca Evans (politician)
Rebecca Mary Evans (born 2 August 1976) is a Welsh Labour and Co-operative politician who has served as Cabinet Secretary for the Economy, Energy and Planning since September 2024. She previously served as Cabinet Secretary for Finance from 2018 to 2024, and for the Constitution and Cabinet Office in 2024. Evans has served as the Member of the Senedd (MS) for Gower since 2016, and a Member for Mid and West Wales from 2011 to 2016.

Evans has previously served in other roles in the Welsh Government, such as the Deputy Minister for Farming and Food (2014–16), Minister for Social Care and Public Health (2016–17) and Minister for Housing and Regeneration (2017–18). She was Trefnydd (Leader) of the Senedd from 2018 to 2021.

Cabinet Secretary for Finance (Wales)
The Cabinet Secretary for Finance (Welsh: Ysgrifennydd y Cabinet dros Gyllid) is a member of the cabinet in the Welsh Government, responsible for the management of the budget, tax and borrowing, oversight of financial accounting and audit, and oversight of any Private Finance Initiative, amongst others. The current officeholder is Mark Drakeford since September 2024.
Muhammad Abdul Qayyum Khan
Sardar Muhammad Abdul Qayyum Khan (also known as ʻAbdul Qayyūm K̲h̲ān, Urdu: سردار محمد عبدالقيوم خان) was a Azad Kashmiri politician who also served as the president and prime minister of Azad Kashmir. He also remained President of All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference for over 20 years. He belonged to the Dhund-Abbassi Tribe.

President of Azad Kashmir
The president of Azad Kashmir (Urdu: صدرِ آزاد کشمیر, romanized: s̤adr-i Azād Kaṣhmīr lit. 'President of Azad Kashmir', Urdu pronunciation: [s̤ə'dr-e: a:'za:d kə'ʂmi:r]), officially the president of the State of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, is the constitutional and ceremonial head of state of Azad Kashmir.

The president is elected by the Azad Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly for a term of five years, under the provisions of the Azad Jammu & Kashmir (Interim Constitution) Act, 1974.
Prosecutor-General of Iran
The prosecutor-general of Iran (or attorney-general), in the judicial system of Iran, is a "just mujtahid" appointed by the head of the judiciary in consultation with the judges of the Supreme Court to serve for a period of five years.

As the head of the prosecutor-general's office, they supervise prosecutor's offices in the country. At the same time, they have executive responsibility for law enforcement, prosecutions, setting priorities in the hearings of cases in their role as the head of the public prosecution for the state.

History of the judicial system of Iran
A nationwide judicial system in Iran was first implemented and established by Abdolhossein Teymourtash under Reza Shah, with further changes during the reign of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.

After the 1979 Iranian Revolution overthrew the Pahlavi dynasty, the system was greatly altered. The legal code is now based on Islamic law or sharia, although many aspects of civil law have been retained, and it is integrated into a civil law legal system. According to the constitution of the Islamic Republic, the judiciary in Iran "is an independent power" with a Ministry of Justice, head of the Supreme Court, and also a separate appointed Head of the Judiciary.
Mãe Carmen
Carmen Oliveira da Silva, known as Mãe Carmen do Gantois or Mãe Carmen de Oxalá (December 29, 1926 — December 26, 2025), was a Brazilian Candomblé ialorixá (priestess). The youngest daughter of Mãe Menininha do Gantois and sister of Mãe Cleusa de Nanã, she served as the ialorixá of the Ilê Axé Iyá Omin Iyamassê from 2002 until her death in 2025.

Mãe Menininha do Gantois
Mãe Menininha do Gantois (10 February 1894 – 13 August 1986) also known as Mother Menininha do Gantois, was a Brazilian spiritual leader (iyalorixá) and spiritual daughter of orixá Oxum, who officiated for 64 years as the head of one of the most noted Candomblé temples, the Ilê Axé Iyá Omin Iyamassê, or Terreiro do Gantois, of Brazil, located in Alto do Gantois in Salvador, Bahia. She was instrumental in gaining legal recognition of Candomblé and its rituals, bringing an end to centuries of prejudice against Afro-Brazilians, who practiced their faith. When she died on 13 August 1986, the State of Bahia declared a three-day state mourning in her honour, and the City Council of Salvador held a special session to pay tributes to her. The Terreiro do Gantois temple has been declared a protected national monument.
AP Physics
Advanced Placement (AP) Physics is a set of four courses offered by the College Board as part of its Advanced Placement program:

AP Physics C: Mechanics, an introductory college-level course in mechanics;

AP Physics 1, an alternative to AP Physics C: Mechanics that avoids calculus but includes fluids;

AP Physics C: Electricity and Magnetism, an introductory calculus-based treatment of electromagnetism; and

AP Physics 2, a survey of electromagnetism, optics, thermodynamics, and modern physics.

Each AP course has an exam for which high-performing students may receive credit toward their college coursework.

AP Physics C: Mechanics
Advanced Placement (AP) Physics C: Mechanics (also known as AP Mechanics) is an introductory physics course administered by the American College Board as part of its Advanced Placement program. It is intended to serve as a proxy for a one-semester calculus-based university course in mechanics. Physics C: Mechanics may be combined with its electricity and magnetism counterpart to form a year-long course that prepares for both exams.
Æthelred and Æthelberht
Saints Æthelred and Æthelberht (also Ethelred, Ethelbert)  according to the Kentish royal legend (attested in the 11th century) were princes of the Kingdom of Kent who were murdered in around AD 669, and later commemorated as saints and martyrs. Their story forms an important element in the legend of Saint Mildrith, because the monastery of Minster in Thanet is said to have been founded in atonement for the crime.

Mildrith
Saint Mildrith, also Mildthryth, Mildryth and Mildred, (Old English: Mildþrȳð) (born c. 660, died after 732), was a 7th- and 8th-century Anglo-Saxon abbess of the Abbey at Minster-in-Thanet, Kent. She was declared a saint after her death, and, in 1030, her remains were moved to Canterbury.
Donwell's Diner-Worcester Lunch Car Company Diner No. 774
The Donwell's Diner-Worcester Lunch Car Company Diner No. 774 or Miss Lorraine Diner is a historic dining car located at 560 Mineral Springs Avenue (Rhode Island Route 15) in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, although much of the diner's existence has been in Connecticut. Through various new locations and owners, it has also been known as Squeak's Diner, as Drake's Diner, as Donovan's Diner, and as The Hotel Diner.

Route 15 (Rhode Island–Massachusetts)
Route 15 is a state highway in the U.S. states of Rhode Island and Massachusetts. The highway runs 8.3 miles (13.4 km) from U.S. Route 44 (US 44) in North Providence, Rhode Island east through Pawtucket to the Massachusetts state line, where the highway continues for 0.23 miles (0.37 km) to Route 152 in Seekonk.
Marlys Koschinsky
Marlys Laverne Koschinsky (born 1959) OOnt FCAHS is a Canadian cardiovascular researcher. As of 2015, she is the executive director at the University of Western Ontario's Robarts Research Institute. Koschinsky formally served as Dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of Windsor.

Order of Ontario
The Order of Ontario (French: Ordre de l'Ontario) is a civilian honour for merit in the Canadian province of Ontario. Instituted in 1986 by Lieutenant Governor Lincoln Alexander, on the advice of the Cabinet under Premier David Peterson, the civilian order is administered by the Lieutenant Governor-in-Council and is intended to honour current or former Ontario residents for conspicuous achievements in any field.
Dick Campbell (footballer, born 1953)
Richard Menzies Campbell BEM (born 22 November 1953) is a Scottish football manager and former player, who manages East Fife.

Campbell's playing career was low-profile and he is more known for his management career which includes successful lengthy spells at Brechin City, Forfar Athletic and Arbroath. Campbell has also managed Cowdenbeath, Dunfermline Athletic, Partick Thistle and Ross County. He has achieved seven promotions at five clubs with the highlights taking Brechin from the fourth tier to the second tier and repeated the feat with Arbroath many years later. He was appointed East Fife manager in February 2024.

British Empire Medal
The British Empire Medal (BEM; formerly British Empire Medal for Meritorious Service) is a British and Commonwealth award for meritorious civil or military service worthy of recognition by the Crown. The current honour was created in 1922 to replace the original medal, which had been established in 1917 as part of the Order of the British Empire.
Bicslade Tramroad
The Bicslade Tramroad was a wagonway built by the Severn and Wye Railway (S&WR) in the Forest of Dean, Gloucestershire, England. The first section of the line was opened in 1812 as a branch of the S&WR plateway from Lydney to Lydbrook, which had opened in 1810. It was expanded over time to serve the collieries and quarries in the Bixslade valley (although the S&WR referred to the line as the Bicslade Tramroad); the last stretch, to Bixhead Quarry, opened in 1855. Stone traffic ceased in 1944 and coal followed in 1946.

Bixslade
Bixslade, occasionally written Bix Slade, is a short, steep-sided, valley in the Forest of Dean, Gloucestershire, England. It begins on high ground at Bixhead, near Broadwell, and descends sharply to meet the Cannop Valley at Stonyhill Green. Bixslade has been quarried or mined continuously for over 500 years and has been described as "one of the country's finest areas of extractive industrial heritage".

Many abandoned workings are still evident in the valley and are now home to a variety of wildlife, lichens, mosses and other plant life. Three quarries and a Freemine also continue to operate, largely hidden by the picturesque woodland.
Aphrodisias (Cilicia)
Aphrodisias (Ancient Greek: Ἀφροδισιάς), sometimes called Aphrodisias of Cilicia to distinguish it from the town of the same name in Caria, was a port city of ancient Cilicia whose ruins now lie near Cape Tisan in Mersin Province, Turkey.

Cilicia
Cilicia (/sɪˈlɪʃə/, sil-ISH-ə) is a geographical region of southern Anatolia in West Asia, extending inland from the northeastern coasts of the Mediterranean Sea. Cilicia borders Pamphylia to the west, Lycaonia and Cappadocia to the north, Commagene to the north-east, Syria to the east and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Cilicia has a population ranging over six million, concentrated mostly at the Cilician plain (Turkish: Çukurova). The region includes the provinces of Mersin, Adana, Osmaniye and Hatay.
Rhondes zofiae
Rhondes zofiae is an endemic species of jumping spider in the genus Rhondes that lives in New Caledonia. Only the female has been described. First defined in 2016 by Barbara Patoleta, the species is unusually named after her mother. It is small and slender, with a wide light brown cephalothorax and thinner abdomen that is lighter and patterned with grey-brown patches. It can be distinguished from the related Rhondes atypicus by the position of its copulatory openings.

Rhondes atypicus
Rhondes atypicus is an endemic species of jumping spider in the genus Rhondes that lives in New Caledonia. First described in 2016 by Barbara Patoleta, the species has been found on both Grande Terre and Isle of Pines, living in rainforests. It is small and slender, with a wide brown hairy cephalothorax and thinner abdomen. The abdominal markings differ between the male and female, which gives rise to the species name. The male has light and dark patches on its abdomen, and has a longer and thicker embolus than other species in the genus. The female, which is larger, has a striped abdominal pattern, which distinguishes the species from the similar Rhondes flexibilis.
Nunnunarvu
Nunnunarvu  (transl. Telepathy) is a 2016 Indian Tamil-language romantic thriller film written and directed by Mathivanan Sakthivel, who previously directed and starred in Maha Maha. The film features him and Indira in the lead roles. The music for the songs in the film is composed by Mayu Ganeshan with background score done by Raj and editing by Suresh Urs. The film released on 30 September 2016.

The film, predominantly shot in Australia, tells about a dentist trainee going there for his exam and experiencing unexplained feelings. The story centers around the consequences leading as a result of those feelings.

Maha Maha
Maha Maha (Tamil: மகா மகா, English: Great Great) is a 2015 Indian Tamil romantic thriller film written and directed by Mathivanan Sakthivel. The film stars Mathivanan Sakthivel and Melissa in the lead roles, while Indira, Nizhalgal Ravi, Anupama Kumar and Meera Krishnan play supporting roles. The film features music composed by Pavalar Shiva, and editing by Suresh Urs.

The film was predominantly filmed in Australia with local Australian cast. The film released on 6 March 2015 in Tamil Nadu, Australia and England.
Florida Complex League Yankees
The Florida Complex League Yankees are a Rookie-level affiliate of the New York Yankees, competing in the Florida Complex League of Minor League Baseball. The team is composed mainly of players who are in their first year of professional baseball either as selections from the Major League Baseball draft or as non-drafted free agents. The team plays its home games at George M. Steinbrenner Field in Tampa, Florida. Prior to 2021, the team was known as the Gulf Coast League Yankees, and fielded two squads in several seasons, differentiated by suffixes. The team (or one of its two squads) has won the league championship 13 times, most recently in 2022.

Florida Complex League
The Florida Complex League (FCL) is a rookie-level Minor League Baseball league that operates in Florida, United States. Before 2021, it was known as the Gulf Coast League (GCL). Together with the Arizona Complex League (ACL), it forms the lowest rung on the North American minor-league ladder.

FCL teams play at the minor league spring training complexes of their parent Major League Baseball (MLB) clubs and are owned by those parent clubs. Admission is not charged to FCL games, and no concessions are sold. Every Grapefruit League team fields at least one team in the league. Night games are commonly played in the spring training stadium, although games may also be played at the team's practice fields.

As of the 2021 season, there is no league limit to how many players can be on an active roster, but no team can have more than three players with four or more years of minor-league experience. Major-league players on rehabilitation assignments may also appear in the league.
Azuma's inequality
In probability theory, Azuma's inequality or the Azuma–Hoeffding inequality (named after Kazuoki Azuma and Wassily Hoeffding) gives a concentration result for the values of martingales that have bounded differences.

Suppose  is a martingale (or super-martingale) and

almost surely. Then for all positive integers N and all positive reals ,

And symmetrically (when Xk is a sub-martingale):

If X is a martingale, using both inequalities above and applying the union bound allows one to obtain a two-sided bound:

Martingale (probability theory)
In probability theory, a martingale is a stochastic process in which the expected value of the next observation, given all prior observations, is equal to the most recent value. In other words, the conditional expectation of the next value, given the past, is equal to the present value. Martingales are used to model fair games, where future expected winnings are equal to the current amount regardless of past outcomes.
Relativity Records
Relativity Records was an American record label founded by Barry Kobrin at the site of his vinyl record shop, Important Record Distributors (IRD) in metropolitan New York City. The IRD distribution name was later known as RED Distribution and again as RED Music.

Relativity released music that covered a wide variety of musical genres. When it entered into a deal with Sony Music Entertainment, it became more known for its heavy metal and hip hop releases.

In 1999, Relativity was folded into Steve Rifkind's Loud Records, which in turn was shut down by Sony Music in 2002, with its parent distributor, RED Distribution, maintaining its existence, but later as RED Music, being merged into the Orchard in 2017 by Sony.

Loud Records
Loud Records, LLC. (a backronym for Listeners of Urban Dialect) is a record label founded by Steve Rifkind, Joseph Safina, Rich Isaacson in 1991. Rifkind served as the chief executive officer while Isaacson served as the president of the label.

The label signed numerous artists such as Wu-Tang Clan, Davina, Big Pun, Mobb Deep, Prodigy, Krayzie Bone, The Beatnuts, M.O.P., Tha Alkaholiks, Pete Rock, Lil' Flip, Three 6 Mafia, Project Pat, Xzibit, Twista, Dead Prez, The Dwellas, and The X-Ecutioners. The label also released thrash metal band Megadeth's deluxe and remastered debut album Killing Is My Business... And Business Is Good! in 2002.