hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Sarrameana paradoxa
Sarrameana paradoxa is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling) lichen in the family Sarrameanaceae, and is the type species of the genus Sarrameana, a small group of corticolous lichens from cool-temperate forests of the southern hemisphere. The species forms a thin white film on bark and produces abundant black disc-like fruiting bodies with glossy margins. It is characterised by unusually long, narrow ascospores that taper at each end into hair-like tails and are often coiled inside the spore sacs. Originally described from New Caledonia, the species is now considered by some authorities to be the same as the earlier-named Sarrameana albidoplumbea from New Zealand, though this treatment remains disputed.

Sarrameana
Sarrameana is a small genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Sarrameanaceae. It comprises two species. Established in 1973 from specimens collected in New Caledonia, this genus is distinguished by its unusual spores that have long, hair-like tails at both ends and often coil in spirals within the spore-containing structures.
Hodal Assembly constituency
Hodal is one of the 90 Legislative Assembly constituencies of Haryana state in India. It is part of Palwal district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the Scheduled Castes. This constituency was previously known as the Hassanpur Assembly constituency.

Palwal district
Palwal district is the 21st district of Haryana state in Delhi NCR region of northern India. It was created on 15 August 2008. Palwal City is the headquarters of the district. It is part of the Braj region.

The city is situated 60 km (37 mi) from Delhi, 29 km (18 mi) from Faridabad and 50 km (31 mi) from Gurugram on the Delhi-Agra national highway. The area of the city is 40 km2 (15 sq mi).
Ernst Pringsheim Sr.
Ernst Pringsheim Sr. (11 July 1859 – 28 June 1917) was a German physicist. He was born and died in Breslau. Alongside Otto Lummer, he conducted significant measurements of the blackbody radiation spectrum, leading to Max Planck's quantum hypothesis in 1900.

Otto Lummer
Otto Richard Lummer (17 July 1860 – 5 July 1925) was a German physicist and researcher. He was born in the city of Gera, Germany. With Leon Arons, Lummer helped to design and build the Arons–Lummer mercury-vapor lamp. Lummer primarily worked in the field of optics and thermal radiation. Lummer's findings, along with others, on black body radiators led Max Planck to reconcile his earlier Planck's law of black-body radiation by introducing the quantum hypothesis in 1900.  In 1903, with Ernst Gehrcke, he developed the Lummer–Gehrcke interferometer. Lummer died in former Breslau, now Wrocław.
Flora MacDonald (politician)
Flora Isabel MacDonald PC CC OOnt ONS (June 3, 1926 – July 26, 2015) was a Canadian politician and humanitarian. Canada's first female foreign minister, she was also one of the first women to vie for leadership of a major Canadian political party, the Progressive Conservatives. She became a close ally of Prime Minister Joe Clark, serving in his cabinet from 1979 to 1980, as well as in the cabinet of Prime Minister Brian Mulroney from 1984 to 1988. In her later life, she was known for her humanitarian work abroad. Jimmy Carter has said that 90% of the contribution to freeing American hostages in Iran should be attributed to her and Kenneth D. Taylor. The City of Ottawa recognised MacDonald on July 11, 2018, by naming a new bicycle and footbridge (opening 2019) over the Rideau Canal the Flora Footbridge.

Order of Nova Scotia
The Order of Nova Scotia is a civilian honour for merit in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. The order was instituted through the Order of Nova Scotia Act on 1 June 2001, with the first appointments beginning in 2002. The order is intended to honour current or former Nova Scotia residents who have demonstrated a high level of individual excellence and achievement, thus being described as the highest honour amongst all those conferred by the Nova Scotia Crown. The lieutenant governor is Chancellor of the order, and is responsible for inducting new members.
Larry Boone
Larry Eugene Boone (born June 7, 1956) is an American country music artist and songwriter.  Between 1985 and 1993, Boone recorded five major label studio albums, in addition to charting several singles on the Billboard Hot Country Singles charts. His highest-charting single, "Don't Give Candy to a Stranger", reached No. 10 in 1988. Boone has also co-written several singles for other country music artists, including a Number One single for Kathy Mattea, and Top Ten hits for Don Williams, Tracy Lawrence, Rick Trevino and Lonestar.

Rick Trevino
Ricardo Treviño Jr. (born May 16, 1971), known professionally as Rick Trevino, is an American country music artist. Signed to Columbia Nashville in 1993, Trevino began his career that year with the release of his debut single "Just Enough Rope", the first mainstream country music single to feature separate English and Spanish versions. The song was included  on his debut album Dos Mundos; a self-titled album followed a year later. Trevino has charted a total of fourteen singles on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart and recorded seven studio albums. His highest-charting single, "Running Out of Reasons to Run", reached No. 1 on that chart in 1996.
Harvey Mandel
Harvey "The Snake" Mandel (born March 11, 1945) is an American guitarist best known as a member of Canned Heat. He also played with Charlie Musselwhite and John Mayall as well as maintaining a solo career.

Charlie Musselwhite
Charles Douglas Musselwhite (born January 31, 1944) is an American blues harmonica player and bandleader who came to prominence, along with Mike Bloomfield, Paul Butterfield, and Elvin Bishop, as a pivotal figure in helping to revive the Chicago Blues movement of the 1960s. He has often been identified as a "white bluesman".

Musselwhite was reportedly the inspiration for Elwood Blues, the character played by Dan Aykroyd in the 1980 film, The Blues Brothers.
Rachel Goswell
Rachel Ann Goswell (born 16 May 1971) is an English musician who rose to prominence as vocalist and guitarist of the shoegaze band Slowdive, which formed in 1989. When Slowdive disbanded in 1995, Goswell, along with Neil Halstead, Ian McCutcheon and former Chapterhouse member Simon Rowe became Mojave 3, performing in a more country/folk rock style. She released a solo album in 2004, titled Waves Are Universal on 4AD Records.

Neil Halstead
Neil Halstead (born 7 October 1970) is an English musician known as the singer, primary songwriter, producer and guitarist of shoegaze band Slowdive. He has been hailed by AllMusic as "one of Britain's most respected songwriters", and Time Out as "one of Britain's greatest songwriters".
Norketamine
Norketamine, or N-desmethylketamine, is the major active metabolite of ketamine, which is formed mainly by CYP3A4. Similarly to ketamine, norketamine acts as a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, but is about 3–5 times less potent as an anesthetic in comparison.

NMDA receptor antagonist
NMDA receptor antagonists are a class of drugs that work to antagonize, or inhibit the action of, the N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR). They are commonly used as anesthetics for humans and animals; the state of anesthesia they induce is referred to as dissociative anesthesia.

Several synthetic opioids function additionally as NMDAR-antagonists, such as pethidine, levorphanol, methadone, dextropropoxyphene, tramadol, and ketobemidone.

Some NMDA receptor antagonists, such as ketamine, dextromethorphan (DXM), phencyclidine (PCP), methoxetamine (MXE), and nitrous oxide (N2O) are sometimes used recreationally for their dissociative, hallucinogenic, and euphoriant properties. When used recreationally, they are classified as dissociative drugs.
Serge Haroche
Serge Haroche (born 11 September 1944) is a French physicist who was awarded the 2012 Nobel Prize for Physics jointly with David J. Wineland for "ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems", a study of the particle of light, the photon. This and his other works developed laser spectroscopy. Since 2001, Haroche is a professor at the Collège de France and holds the chair of quantum physics and in 2022 he had the Fermi Chair of Physics at University of Rome La Sapienza.

In 1971 he defended his doctoral thesis in physics at the University of Paris VI: his research had been conducted under the direction of Claude Cohen-Tannoudji.

Claude Cohen-Tannoudji
Claude Cohen-Tannoudji (French pronunciation: [klod kɔɛn tanudʒi]; born 1 April 1933) is a French physicist at the École normale supérieure in Paris. He is known for his experiments in laser cooling. He was the first to show that it is possible to cool far beyond the limit expected by sub-Doppler cooling, below the recoil temperature.

He shared the 1997 Nobel Prize in Physics with Steven Chu and William Daniel Phillips for research in methods of laser cooling and trapping atoms.
Rustavi
Rustavi (Georgian: რუსთავი [ɾustʰavi]) is a city in the southeast of Georgia, in the region of Kvemo Kartli and 20 km (12 mi) south of the capital Tbilisi. It has a population of 127,154 (January 2024), making it the third most populous city in Georgia. Its economy is dominated by the Rustavi Metallurgical Plant.

Rustavi Steel
Rustavi Steel LLC is a Georgian company that was established in 2011 to acquire the assets of the Rustavi Metallurgical Plant. The Rustavi Metallurgical Plant industrial enterprise is situated 30 kilometres to the south of Georgia's capital, Tbilisi.

Rustavi Steel is the largest metallurgical plant in the Caucasus.

The Rustavi Metallurgical Plant was founded in 1948 as a metallurgical complex in the South Caucasus and produced various products made of pig iron, aluminium or iron. The plant produced seamless pipes for the needs of oil fields in Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan and the Middle East. The plant exports to the European Union, the United States, Middle Eastern, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Turkey markets.

The plant manufactures reinforcing bars, seamless pipes, square billets, pig-iron castings, mechanical parts, shaped castings, granulated slag, silicon-manganese, lime and limestone.
Provinces of Papua New Guinea
For administrative purposes, Papua New Guinea is divided into administrative divisions called provinces. There are 22 provincial-level divisions, which include 20 provinces, the Autonomous Region of Bougainville, and the National Capital District of Port Moresby.

In 2009, the National Parliament of Papua New Guinea created two additional provinces, that officially came into being on 17 May 2012. They were Hela Province, which was split from Southern Highlands Province, and Jiwaka Province, which was split from Western Highlands Province.

Each province forms a provincial electorate, called a constituency, for the PNG national parliament. The 22 provincial members are chosen from single-member electorates. Each provincial member becomes governor of their province unless they take a ministerial position, in which case the governorship passes to an open member of the province.

Southern Highlands Province
Southern Highlands is a province in Papua New Guinea. Its provincial capital is the town of Mendi. According to Papua New Guinea's national 2021 census, the total population of Southern Highlands province is 927,306.
Appeal to the Macedonians in Bulgaria
The appeal to the Macedonians in Bulgaria  (Bulgarian: Апел до македонците в България) was a political address of 29 left-wing activists, mostly members of the Bulgarian Communist Party, nearly all of whom originated from the Greek or the Yugoslav part of region of Macedonia. They appealed to the members of the then Greek and Yugoslav Macedonian refugees' organizations in Bulgaria. This appeal was made soon after the 1944 Bulgarian Communist coup d'état.

1944 Bulgarian coup d'état
The 1944 Bulgarian coup d'état, also known as the 9 September coup d'état (Bulgarian: Деветосептемврийски преврат, romanized: Devetoseptemvriyski prevrat), was a coup that overthrew the government of Kingdom of Bulgaria on the eve of 9 September 1944. During the Communist era, official propaganda called the coup the People's Uprising of 9 September on the grounds of the broad unrest and the Socialist Revolution as it was a turning point politically and the beginning of radical reforms towards Soviet-style socialism.
Pennsylvania Route 832
Pennsylvania Route 832 (PA 832), known locally as Sterrettania Road and Peninsula Drive, is a state highway located in Erie County, Pennsylvania. Its northern terminus is at the entrance to Presque Isle State Park in Erie. The southern terminus is at PA 98, two miles (3 km) west of Sterrettania in Fairview Township. PA 832 has junctions with U.S. Route 20 (US 20), PA 5 and PA 5 Alternate (PA 5 Alt.). PA 832 is exit 18 off Interstate 90 (I-90). PA 832 was designated in 1928 between PA 99 (now PA 5 Alt.) and Presque Isle. The route was extended south to US 20 by 1940. PA 832 was further extended to I-90 by 1959 and PA 98 by 1970.

Pennsylvania Route 99
Pennsylvania Route 99 (PA 99),  officially SR 699, is a 21-mile-long (34 km) state highway located in western Pennsylvania. The southern terminus is at U.S. Route 6 (US 6) and US 19 in Cambridge Springs. The northern terminus is at US 19 near Erie.

Along its routing, PA 99 is known as Interchange Road, Edinboro Road, Main Street, Forest Street, Erie Street, Meadville Street, and McClellan Street.

It previously shared an official SR designation with Interstate 99 (I-99) but was changed in 2008 to be officially SR 0699.
America's Next Top Model season 20
The twentieth cycle of America's Next Top Model (subtitled as America's Next Top Model: Guys & Girls and stylized as ANTM 2.0) premiered on August 2, 2013. It was the 14th season to air on The CW. Tyra Banks, Kelly Cutrone, Bryanboy, and Rob Evans all returned as judges. As in the previous cycle, public voting was still a factor in eliminations. This was the first cycle of the show to feature male contestants. Tyra indicated in an interview that a school version called LeGore's Next Top Model (2011), inspired her to start including male contestants. The international destination for this cycle was Bali, Indonesia, the first visit in Southeast Asia since cycle 6.

The prizes for this cycle included a modeling contract with NEXT Model Management, a spread in Nylon magazine, and a US$100,000 campaign with Guess.

The winner of the competition was 19-year-old Jourdan Miller from Bend, Oregon with Marvin Cortes placing as runner up.

America's Next Top Model season 19
The nineteenth cycle of America's Next Top Model (subtitled as America's Next Top Model: College Edition), consisted of thirteen episodes and was broadcast on The CW. It aired from August 24, 2012, until November 16, 2012, and was promoted by the catchphrase "Only One Can Be Top of the Class". This was the final season to feature thirteen contestants. All of the contestants were enrolled in higher education. They competed for the title of America's Next Top Model, providing them with an opportunity to begin their career in the modeling industry. Its premise was originated with model Tyra Banks, who additionally serves as the cycle's executive producer and presenter.

The international destination during the cycle was Ocho Rios, Jamaica, becoming the second occasion in which the series traveled to the country, after cycle 3.

The winner of the competition was 21-year-old Paul Smith's College student Laura James from Cambridge, New York with Kiara Belen placing as the runner up.
Moelwyn quarry
Moelwyn quarry is a defunct slate quarry located to the south of the village of Tanygrisiau, north Wales. Some initial prospecting was carried out in the 1820s and again in the 1840s, but it was 1860 before a company was formed, and chambers were excavated. The quarry was never a financial success, and operated sporadically until its demise in 1897. Despite the poor results, a spectacular series of seven inclines were constructed, to enable slates to reach the Ffestiniog Railway. The quarry was hampered by lack of a good water supply, and the mill was constructed between inclines 4 and 5, where water could be obtained from Llyn Stwlan. As in many quarries, barracks were provided, but these were occupied by whole families, living on the mountain, rather than used as lodgings for the quarrymen during the working week. Even in its remote location, there was still a concern for education, with basic literacy classes being run in the 1860s.

Ffestiniog Railway
The Ffestiniog Railway (Welsh: Rheilffordd Ffestiniog) is a heritage railway based on 1 ft 11+1⁄2 in (597 mm) narrow-gauge, in Gwynedd, Wales. It is a major tourist attraction located mainly within the Snowdonia National Park.

The railway is about 13+1⁄2 miles (21.7 km) long and runs from the harbour at Porthmadog to the slate mining town of Blaenau Ffestiniog, travelling through forested and mountainous terrain. The line is single track throughout with four intermediate passing places. The first mile of the line out of Porthmadog runs atop an embankment called the Cob, which is the dyke of the polder known as Traeth Mawr.

The Festiniog Railway Company, which owns the railway, is the oldest surviving railway company in the world. It also owns the Welsh Highland Railway, which was re-opened fully in 2011. The two railways share the same track gauge and meet at Porthmadog station, with occasional trains working the entire 40-mile (64 km) route from Blaenau Ffestiniog to Caernarfon.
History of the Latin script
The Latin script is the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world. It is the standard script of the English language and is often referred to simply as "the alphabet" in English. It is a true alphabet which originated in the 7th century BC in Italy and has changed continually over the last 2,500 years. It has roots in the Semitic alphabet and its offshoot alphabets, the Phoenician, Greek, and Etruscan. The phonetic values of some letters changed, some letters were lost and gained, and several writing styles ("hands") developed. Two such styles, the minuscule and majuscule hands, were combined into one script with alternate forms for the lower and upper case letters. Modern uppercase letters differ only slightly from their classical counterparts, and there are few regional variants.

Roman cursive
Roman cursive (or Latin cursive) is a form of handwriting (or a script) used in ancient Rome and to some extent into the Middle Ages. It is customarily divided into old (or ancient) cursive and new cursive, and has different forms. Roman cursive adapted to both incised and ink-written forms, depending on the medium and purpose, ranging from everyday business records and letters to ephemeral graffiti and classroom exercises.
Tarantula (Mystikal album)
Tarantula is the fifth studio album by American rapper Mystikal, released on December 18, 2001, by Jive Records. The production was done by Rockwilder, Scott Storch, The Medicine Men, and The Neptunes and features artists including Juvenile, Butch Cassidy, and Method Man & Redman.

The album received a generally positive reception from critics who found it an improvement over his previous album, Let's Get Ready. It spawned two singles: "Bouncin' Back (Bumpin' Me Against the Wall)" and the title track. Tarantula debuted at number 33 on the Billboard 200 with first-week sales of 153,000 copies, peaking at number 25 in 2002 and reaching number 4 on the R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart that same year. It was later certified gold by the RIAA for selling over 500,000 copies. In 2003, Tarantula received two nominations at the 45th Annual Grammy Awards for Best Rap Album and Best Male Rap Solo Performance for "Bouncin' Back (Bumpin' Me Against the Wall)".

Let's Get Ready
Let's Get Ready is the fourth studio album by American rapper Mystikal, released on September 26, 2000, by Jive Records. It serves as Mystikal's first album since parting ways with No Limit Records. The album features appearances from Outkast, Da Brat, Nivea, and Petey Pablo. Pharrell Williams appears uncredited on "Shake Ya Ass".

The album debuted at number 1 on the Billboard 200, selling 330,663 copies in its first week. It has sold approximately 2,227,536 copies and was certified double platinum in the U.S. The album featured Mystikal's two biggest singles, "Shake Ya Ass", which peaked at number 13 on the Billboard Hot 100, and "Danger (Been So Long)", which peaked at number 14.
.рус
.рус is a top-level domain intended for the Russian-speaking Internet community. It was delegated on 29 September 2014. Priority registration began on 3 September 2015. Open registration started on 24 May 2016. .рус is one of 11 top-level domains for which issuance and reissuance of certificates were suspended due to the geopolitical situation in Ukraine.

Top-level domain
A top-level domain (TLD) is one of the domains at the highest level in the hierarchical Domain Name System of the Internet after the root domain. The top-level domain names are installed in the root zone of the name space. For all domains in lower levels, it is the last part of the domain name, that is, the last non-empty label of a fully qualified domain name. For example, in the domain name www.example.com, the top-level domain is .com. Responsibility for management of most top-level domains is delegated to specific organizations by the ICANN, an Internet multi-stakeholder community, which operates the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), and is in charge of maintaining the DNS root zone.
Rate of infusion
In pharmacokinetics, the rate of infusion (or dosing rate) refers not just to the rate at which a drug is administered, but the desired rate at which a drug should be administered to achieve a steady state of a fixed dose which has been demonstrated to be therapeutically effective.

Abbreviations include Kin, K0, or R0.

It can be calculated as the steady-state concentration in the plasma multiplied by the clearance:

Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacokinetics (from Ancient Greek pharmakon 'drug' and kinetikos 'moving, putting in motion'; see chemical kinetics), sometimes abbreviated as PK, is a branch of pharmacology dedicated to describing how the body affects a specific substance after administration. The substances of interest include any chemical xenobiotics such as pharmaceutical drugs, pesticides, food additives, cosmetics, etc. PK attempts to analyze chemical metabolism and discover the fate of a chemical from the moment that it is administered up to the point at which it is completely eliminated from the body. PK is based on mathematical modeling that places great emphasis on the relationship between drug plasma concentration and the time elapsed since the drug's administration. Pharmacokinetics is the study of how an organism affects the drug, whereas pharmacodynamics (PD) is the study of how the drug affects the organism. Both together influence dosing, benefit, and adverse effects, as seen in PK/PD models.