hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Open by default
Open by default, as widely used in the contexts of open government and open data, is a principle in which government makes its data accessible to the public by default, unless there is a sufficient justification to explain that greater public interest may be at stake, as a result of disclosure. Since the principle empowers the public's right to know and capacity to oversee government activities, it is closely associated with government transparency, civic engagement, and e-governance in organizing public life. In many cases, the principle is accompanied with the technological commitment to create "metadata standardization for all datasets, publication of a machine-readable data catalogue or inventory of both released and to-be released datasets ... (and) use of open licenses."

Open government
Open government is the governing doctrine which maintains that citizens have the right to access the documents and proceedings of the government to allow for effective public oversight. In its broadest construction, it opposes reason of state and other considerations which have tended to legitimize extensive state secrecy. The origins of open-government arguments can be dated to the time of the European Age of Enlightenment, when philosophers debated the proper construction of a then nascent democratic society. It is also increasingly being associated with the concept of democratic reform. The United Nations' Sustainable Development Goal 16, for example, advocates for public access to information as a criterion for ensuring accountable and inclusive institutions.
1804 United States presidential election in Virginia
The 1804 United States presidential election in Virginia took place between November 2 and December 5, 1804, as part of the 1804 United States presidential election. Virginia voters chose 24 representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

Incumbent Democratic-Republican President Thomas Jefferson won with an overwhelming majority of nearly 99.5%, as well as all electoral votes, making this one of the states with the highest percentage of votes for him in the 1804 presidential election, behind only Kentucky, New Jersey, and Rhode Island. This was also the highest percentage ever in the state's presidential election history since George Washington's 1788–89 and 1792 records, until 1816.

United States presidential elections in Virginia
Following is a table of United States presidential elections in Virginia, ordered by year. Since its admission to statehood in 1788, Virginia has participated in every U.S. presidential election except the election of 1864 during the American Civil War, when the state had seceded to join the Confederacy, and the election of 1868, when the state was undergoing Reconstruction.

As of 2024, it is the only state of the former Confederacy to vote reliably Democratic, having done so in every election since 2008. It was carried by a Democratic nominee who lost the popular vote in 2024.

Winners of the state are in bold. The shading refers to the state winner, and not the national winner.
Nicolas-Henri Tardieu
Nicolas-Henri Tardieu, called the "Tardieu the elder", (18 January 1674 - 27 January 1749) was a prominent French engraver, known for his sensitive reproductions of Antoine Watteau's paintings.  He was appointed graveur du roi (King's Engraver) to King Louis XV. His second wife, Marie-Anne Horthemels, came from a family that included engravers and painters. She is known as an engraver in her own right. Nicolas-Henri and Marie-Anne Tardieu had many descendants who were noted artists, most of them engravers.

Antoine Watteau
Jean-Antoine Watteau (UK: /ˈwɒtoʊ/, US: /wɒˈtoʊ/, French: [ʒɑ̃ ɑ̃twan vato]; baptised 10 October 1684 – died 18 July 1721) was a French painter and draughtsman whose brief career spurred the revival of interest in colour and movement, as seen in the tradition of Correggio and Rubens. He revitalized the waning Baroque style, shifting it to the less severe, more naturalistic, less formally classical, Rococo. Watteau is credited with inventing the genre of fêtes galantes, scenes of bucolic and idyllic charm, suffused with a theatrical air. Some of his best known subjects were drawn from the world of Italian comedy and ballet.
Fort Smith Trolley Museum
The Fort Smith Trolley Museum is a streetcar and railroad museum in Fort Smith, in the U.S. state of Arkansas, which includes an operating heritage streetcar line. The museum opened in 1985, and operation of its streetcar line began in 1991.  Four vehicles in its collection, a streetcar and three steam locomotives, are listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP).  The now approximately three-quarters-mile-long (1.2 km) streetcar line also passes four NRHP-listed sites, including the Fort Smith National Historic Site, the Fort Smith National Cemetery, the West Garrison Avenue Historic District and the 1907 Atkinson-Williams Warehouse Building, which now houses the Fort Smith Museum of History.

Fort Smith National Historic Site
Fort Smith National Historic Site is a National Historic Site located in Fort Smith, Arkansas, along the Arkansas River. The first fort at this site was established by the United States in 1817, before this area was established as part of Indian Territory. It was later replaced and the second fort was operated by the US until 1871. This site was designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1961.

The fort was an early site of the United States District Court for the Western District of Arkansas, which had jurisdiction over western Arkansas and all of Indian Territory. Court operations began at the recently abandoned fort in November, 1872, Judge William Story, presiding. This court is best known for the two decade tenure of Judge Isaac C. Parker. The town of Fort Smith, Arkansas developed around the fort.
Tometes
Tometes is a genus of fish in the family Serrasalmidae found in fast-flowing rivers in northern South America. Adults of all seven species in this genus are phytophagous, feeding primarily on aquatic plants in the family Podostemaceae.

The genus name Tometes was coined in 1850 by Valenciennes in reference to the incisiform teeth. When the type species of the genus,  T. trilobatus, was described in 1850, it was placed in synonym with Myleus setiger, the type species of the genus Myleus, which is why Tometes and Myleus were considered to be the same genus for a long time. It was just later that the two genera were revalitated and other specimen could be categorized in the genus Tometes.

Myleus
Myleus is a genus of serrasalmids from South America, where found in the Amazon, Orinoco and São Francisco basins, as well as the river basin of the Guiana Shield. They are found in rivers with moderately  or fast-flowing water, including rapids. They are primarily herbivores, but also take some animal matter. Depending on the exact species, they reach up to 12–42 cm (0.4–1.4 ft) in standard length, and the adult males have a double-lobed anal fin and filamentous extensions on the dorsal fin. Their strong teeth means that larger individuals can inflict severe bites on humans.
Hennes Weisweiler
Hans "Hennes" Weisweiler (5 December 1919 – 5 July 1983) was a German professional football player and coach. As a coach, he won major titles with Bundesliga clubs Borussia Mönchengladbach and 1. FC Köln in the 1970s.

With eleven titles, eight with West German clubs, Weisweiler was one of the most successful European coaches of his time. His influence went well beyond. Between 1957 and 1970, at the German Sports Academy in Cologne, Weisweiler was responsible for the training of hundreds of coaches from all over the world. In 2005, the training centre for coaches there was named the Hennes-Weisweiler-Academy in his honour.

Weisweiler is most closely associated with the fortunes of Borussia Mönchengladbach in the 1960s and 1970s and with 1. FC Köln in the late 1970s. He is also famous for having developed the talents of many outstanding players, including Günter Netzer, Berti Vogts, Jupp Heynckes, Rainer Bonhof, Allan Simonsen, Uli Stielike, Bernd Schuster and Pierre Littbarski.

Rainer Bonhof
Rainer Bonhof (born 29 March 1952) is a German former professional footballer, who played as a defensive midfielder or wing-back. He was known for his occasional bursts upfield and his fierce shot. He was a key player for the 1974 West Germany national team that won the World Cup (defeating the Netherlands 2–1 in the final, where he provided the assist to the winning goal). Bonhof was one of the stars for his club side, Borussia Mönchengladbach, and won numerous domestic league and cup titles.

Since 2024, he has held the position of club president of Borussia Mönchengladbach.
Selection Committee (Australia)
The Selection Committee is a committee of the Australian House of Representatives responsible for determining the program of private members business in the House of Representatives. The committee is governed by Standing Order 222 and consists of fourteen members, eight government members and six non-government members. The Speaker is chair of the committee ex officio. The Deputy Speaker can substitute for the Speaker in his absence.

Australian House of Representatives committees
Parliamentary committees of the Australian House of Representatives are groups of Members of Parliament, appointed by the House of Representatives, to undertake certain specified tasks. They comprise government and non-government Members and have considerable powers to undertake work on behalf of the Parliament.
2012–13 Slovak First Football League
The 2012–13 Slovak First Football League season, known as the Slovak Corgoň Liga for sponsorship reasons, was the 20th edition of top flight football league in Slovakia, since its establishment in 1993. It started on 14 July 2012 and ended on 26 May 2013.

MŠK Žilina were the 2012 defending champions.

2011–12 Slovak First Football League
The 2011–12 Slovak First Football League (known as Corgoň Liga due to sponsorship purposes) was the nineteenth season of the Corgoň Liga, the first-tier football league in Slovakia, since its establishment in 1993. It began on 15 July 2011 and was completed on 19 May 2012. Slovan Bratislava were the defending champions, having won their sixth Slovak league championship at the end of the 2010–11 season.
Chhena gaja
Chhena gaja (Odia: ଛେନା ଗଜା) is a sweet dish from Balasore, Odisha, India. Unlike some other popular chhena-based Odia desserts, such as rasagola, which have spread throughout India, the chhena gaja remains largely popular within the state itself.

Although the ingredients of chhena gaja are essentially the same as that of rasagola and chhena poda, the dishes are very different in taste.

One of the best places to savor chhena gajas is Pahala, near Bhubaneswar. However, chhena gaja is equally popular all over Odisha.

Rasgulla
Rasgulla (literally "syrup-filled ball") is a syrupy dessert popular in the eastern part of South Asia. It is made from ball-shaped dumplings of chhena dough cooked in light sugar syrup until the syrup permeates the dumplings.

While it is nearly universally agreed that the dessert originated in the eastern Indian subcontinent, the exact locus of origin is disputed between locations such as West Bengal and Odisha, where it is offered at the Puri Jagannath Temple.

In 2017, when West Bengal received its rosogolla's geographical indication (GI) status, the Registry Office of India clarified that West Bengal was given GI status for Banglar rosogolla, and Odisha could claim it too if it cited the place of origin of its variant along with colour, texture, taste, juice content, and method of manufacturing. In 2019, the Government of Odisha was granted the GI status for "Odisha rasagola" (Odia rasagola).
Smooth 91.5
Smooth 91.5 (call sign: 3PTV) is a commercial radio station based in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

The station is owned by Nova Entertainment along with her sister station, Nova 100, and currently plays easy listening songs from the late-1950s/early-1960s to the present with a 55+ year span.

Nova Entertainment
Nova Entertainment is an Australian entertainment company that operates commercial radio networks (and associated digital brands) in metropolitan and regional areas of Australia.

Nova Entertainment is owned by Lachlan Murdoch's Illyria Pty Ltd which purchased the remaining 50% it did not own from Daily Mail & General Trust in September 2012.
Women's Boat Race 2011
The 66th Women's Boat Race took place on 27 March 2011.  The race was conducted as part of the Henley Boat Races and took place at Henley-on-Thames.  Oxford won by one length in a time of 6 minutes 24 seconds, their fourth consecutive win.  The victory took the overall record in the event to 40–26 in Cambridge's favour.

Henley Boat Races
The Henley Boat Races were a series of annual rowing races between various crews representing the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge.

The event included the Lightweight Men's Boat Race from 1975 to 2018, the Women's Boat Race from 1977 to 2014, the Lightweight Women's Boat Race from 1984 to 2019, and the Collegiate Boat Races from 2010 to 2019. Between 2015 and 2020, the openweight and lightweight Varsity races previously held at Henley were relocated to the Championship Course to match the openweight men's Boat Race, at which point the Collegiate Boat Races were scrapped.
X (charge)
In particle physics, the X charge (or simply X) is a conserved quantum number associated with the SO(10) grand unification theory. It is thought to be conserved in strong, weak, electromagnetic, gravitational, and Higgs interactions. Because the X charge is related to the weak hypercharge, it varies depending on the helicity of a particle. For example, a left-handed quark has an X charge of +1, whereas a right-handed quark can have either an X charge of −1 (for up, charm and top quarks), or −3 (for down, strange and bottom quarks).

X is related to the difference between the baryon number B and the lepton number L (that is, B – L),  and the weak hypercharge YW via the relation:

Baryon number
In particle physics, the baryon number (B) is an  additive quantum number of a system. It is defined as

where ⁠⁠ is the number of quarks, and ⁠⁠ is the number of antiquarks. Baryons (three quarks) have B = +1, mesons (one quark, one antiquark) have B = 0, and antibaryons (three antiquarks) have B = −1. Exotic hadrons like pentaquarks (four quarks, one antiquark) and tetraquarks (two quarks, two antiquarks) are also classified as baryons and mesons depending on their baryon number. In the Standard Model B conservation is an accidental symmetry which means that it appears in the Standard Model but is often violated when going beyond it. Physics beyond the Standard Model theories that contain baryon number violation are, for example, Standard Model with extra dimensions, Supersymmetry, Grand Unified Theory and String theory.
Texas's 24th congressional district
Texas' 24th congressional district of the United States House of Representatives covers much of the suburban area in between Fort Worth and Dallas in the state of Texas and centers along the Dallas–Tarrant county line.

The district has about 529,000 potential voters (citizens, age 18+). Of these, 57% are White, 16% Latino, 14% Black, and 10% Asian. Immigrants make up 4% of the district's potential voters. Median income among households (with one or more potential voter) in the district is about $81,900, and 46% hold a bachelor's or higher degree.

It is the wealthiest congressional district in the state of Texas.

Tarrant County, Texas
Tarrant County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas with a 2020 U.S. census population of 2,110,640, making it the third-most populous county in Texas and the 15th-most populous in the United States. Its county seat is Fort Worth. Tarrant County, one of 26 counties created out of the Peters Colony, was established in 1849 and organized the next year. It is named after Edward H. Tarrant, a lawyer, politician, and militia leader.

The ancestral homelands of Native American tribes:  Caddo, Tonkawa, Comanche, and Cherokee covered Tarrant County. The Native American tribes resisted settlement and fought to defend their land.  The Battle of Village Creek is a well-known battle that took place in Tarrant County.
Novikov ring
In mathematics, given an additive subgroup , the Novikov ring  of  is the subring of  consisting of formal sums  such that  and . The notion was introduced by  Sergei Novikov in the papers that initiated the generalization of Morse theory using a closed one-form instead of a function. The notion is used in quantum cohomology, among the others.

The Novikov ring  is a principal ideal domain. Let S be the subset of  consisting of those with leading term 1. Since the elements of S are unit elements of , the localization  of  with respect to S is a subring of  called the "rational part" of ; it is also a principal ideal domain.

Morse theory
In mathematics, specifically in differential topology, Morse theory enables one to analyze the topology of a manifold by studying differentiable functions on that manifold. According to the basic insights of Marston Morse, a typical differentiable function on a manifold will reflect the topology quite directly. Morse theory allows one to find CW structures and handle decompositions on manifolds and to obtain substantial information about their homology.

Before Morse, Arthur Cayley and James Clerk Maxwell had developed some of the ideas of Morse theory in the context of topography. Morse originally applied his theory to geodesics (critical points of the energy functional on the space of paths). These techniques were used in Raoul Bott's proof of his periodicity theorem.

The analogue of Morse theory for complex manifolds is Picard–Lefschetz theory.
2025–26 UEFA Youth League Domestic Champions Path
The 2025–26 UEFA Youth League Domestic Champions Path began on 17 September and ended on 10 December 2025. A total of 50 teams competed in the Domestic Champions Path to decide 10 of the 32 places in the knockout phase of the 2025–26 UEFA Youth League.

Times are CET or CEST, as listed by UEFA (local times, if different, are in parentheses).

2025–26 UEFA Youth League
The 2025–26 UEFA Youth League is the twelfth season of the UEFA Youth League, a European youth club football competition organised by UEFA.

The title holders are Barcelona, who defeated Trabzonspor 4–1 in the previous edition's final.
Jodocus Trutfetter
Jodocus Trutfetter (also Trutvetter; known also as  Jodocus von Eisenach, Jodocus Isenacensis, Jodocus Isennachcensis, Justus Trautvetter, Jesse Trutvetter, Doctor Isennachensis, and Doktor Eisenach ) (1460 – 9 May 1519) was a philosopher and theologian at the University of Erfurt, in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. His main works include a textbook on logic, the Summule totius logice, and another on natural philosophy, the Summa in totam physicen. As a supporter of the via moderna, he stressed the need to take both ancient and modern authorities into account. With respect to the subjects of universals, categories, and psychology, his views were close to those of Jean Buridan. On the relationship between theology and philosophy he had a similar position to William of Ockham.

Jean Buridan
Jean Buridan (/ˈbjʊərɪdən/; French: [byʁidɑ̃]; Latin: Johannes Buridanus; c. 1301 – c. 1359/62) was an influential 14th‑century French scholastic philosopher.

Buridan taught in the faculty of arts at the University of Paris for his entire career and focused in particular on logic and on the works of Aristotle. Buridan sowed the seeds of the Copernican Revolution in Europe. He developed the concept of  impetus, the first step toward the modern concept of inertia and an important development in the history of medieval science. His name is most familiar through the thought experiment known as Buridan's ass, but the thought experiment does not appear in his extant writings.
S. H. Raza
Sayed Haider Raza LH (22 February 1922 – 23 July 2016) was an Indian painter who lived and worked in France for most of his career. He moved to France in 1950, marrying the French artist Janine Mongillat in 1959. Following her death from cancer in 2002, Raza returned to India in 2010, where he would live until his death.

Having maintained strong ties with India throughout his career, Raza was an acclaimed for his art both there and in France. He was awarded the Padma Shri in 1981, Fellowship of the Lalit Kala Academi in 1984, Padma Bhushan in 2007, and Padma Vibhushan in 2013. He was conferred with the Commandeur de la Légion d'honneur (Legion of Honour) on 14 July 2015.

His seminal work Saurashtra sold for ₹16.42 crore ($3,486,965) at a Christie's auction in 2010.

Lalit Kala Akademi Fellowship
The Lalit Kala Akademi Fellowship, also known as Lalit Kala Akademi Ratna (Sanskrit ratna, "gem") is an honor for the fine arts in India. It is awarded to eminent artists for their lifetime achievements in the field of visual arts by the Lalit Kala Akademi, India's National Academy of Art. It is regarded as the highest recognition and honour that can be bestowed on an artist in the country as the academy is a national body of the Government of India.

The ‘Fellow,’ carries a purse-money of Rs.25,000/-, a citation and a plaque. The Fellow is honored with a portfolio about their major art works. The first elected fellow was Jamini Roy in 1955. Most recent fellowship was awarded for the year 2021 to Himmat Shah, Jyoti Bhatt and Shyam Sharma on 9 April 2022.
Christopher Morris (historian)
Geoffrey Christopher Morris (24 January 1906 – 16 February 1993) was a British historian and fellow of King's College, University of Cambridge, whose book on Tudor political thought was described by Geoffrey Elton as a "brilliant summary".

Geoffrey Elton
Sir Geoffrey Rudolph Elton FBA (born Gottfried Rudolf Otto Ehrenberg; 17 August 1921 – 4 December 1994) was a German-born British political and constitutional historian, specialising in the Tudor period. He taught at Clare College, Cambridge, and was the Regius Professor of Modern History there from 1983 to 1988.
Levine Center for the Arts
Levine Center for the Arts on South Tryon Street in Charlotte, North Carolina, includes Bechtler Museum of Modern Art, the Harvey B. Gantt Center for African-American Arts + Culture, the Knight Theater, and the Mint Museum Uptown. It was named for Leon Levine, whose foundation provided financing.

Blumenthal Arts
Blumenthal Arts is a not-for-profit, multi-venue performing arts complex located in Charlotte, North Carolina. Opening in November 1992, Blumenthal owns and operates 4 theaters on 2 campuses as well as an immersive event space in Uptown Charlotte.
Jeru the Damaja
Kendrick Jeru Davis (born February 14, 1971), known as Jeru the Damaja (/'jeiru: ðə ˈdæmɪʤə JAY-roo thuh DAM-ih-juh), is an American rapper and record producer. He is known for his 1993 single "Come Clean" from his debut album, The Sun Rises in the East, ranked as one of the 100 greatest hip-hop albums of all time by the editors of About.com. He has worked extensively with Guru and DJ Premier of Gang Starr, whom he has known since he was in high school.

Guru (rapper)
Keith Edward Elam (July 17, 1961 – April 19, 2010), better known by his stage name Guru, was an American rapper, record producer and actor. He was a member of the hip-hop duo Gang Starr, along with DJ Premier. He was born in Boston.

In 2012, About.com placed him No. 49 on their list of Top 50 MCs of Our Time, and The Source ranked him No. 30 on their list of Top 50 Lyricists of All Time, saying "Guru dropped some of the most thoughtful rhymes on wax".

Guru died on April 19, 2010, from myeloma at age 48.