hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Sin tax
A sin tax (also known as a sumptuary tax, or vice tax) is an excise tax specifically levied on certain goods deemed harmful to society and individuals, such as alcohol, tobacco, drugs, soft drinks, sugar, fast foods, fat, meat, gambling, vaping, cannabis (wherever legal for recreational use) and pornography.

In contrast to Pigouvian taxes, which are to pay for the damage to society caused by these goods, sin taxes increase the price in an effort to decrease the use of these goods. Increasing a sin tax is often more popular than increasing other taxes. However, these taxes have often been criticized for burdening the poor and disproportionately taxing the physically and mentally dependent.

The World Health Organization name health taxes the taxes on products that have a negative public health impact (such as tobacco, alcohol and sugar-sweetened beverages). Health taxes reduce consumption of unhealthy products and prevent disease, while advancing health equity and mobilising revenue.

Meat tax
A meat tax is a tax levied on meat and/or other animal products to help cover the health and environmental costs that result from using animals for food. Livestock is known to significantly contribute to global warming, and to negatively impact global nitrogen cycles and biodiversity.
Charles Agar, 1st Earl of Normanton
Charles Agar, 1st Earl of Normanton (22 December 1736 – 14 July 1809), was an Anglo-Irish clergyman of the Church of Ireland. He served as Dean of Kilmore, as Bishop of Cloyne, as Archbishop of Cashel, and finally as Archbishop of Dublin from 1801 until his death.

Archbishop of Cashel
Christianity portal

Catholicism portal

The Archbishop of Cashel (Irish: Ard-Easpag Chaiseal Mumhan) was an archiepiscopal title which took its name after the town of Cashel, County Tipperary in Ireland. Following the Reformation, there had been parallel apostolic successions to the title: one in the Catholic Church and the other in the Church of Ireland. The archbishop of each denomination also held the title of Bishop of Emly. In the Catholic Church, it was superseded by the role of Archbishop of Cashel and Emly when the two dioceses were united in 2015 and in the Church of Ireland the title was downgraded to a bishopric in 1838.
Thomas Nabais
Thomas Nabais (born 25 May 2000) is a French ice dancer. With his skating partner, Marie Dupayage, he is the 2023 World University Games champion, 2024 French national bronze medalist, and has won three bronze medals at ISU Challenger Series events (2022 CS Nepela Memorial, 2022 CS Warsaw Cup, and 2023 CS Warsaw Cup).

Figure skating at the 2023 Winter World University Games
Figure skating at the 2023 Winter World University Games was held on January 13–15 at the Herb Brooks Arena in Lake Placid, New York, United States. Medals were awarded in men's singles, women's singles and ice dance.
Mińsk District (1919–1920)
Mińsk District was a district of the Civil Administration of the Eastern Lands from September 1919 to September 1920, and Provisional Administration of Front-line and Phase Territories from September 1920 to December 1920, all of which were under the control of the Second Polish Republic. Its seat was located in Minsk. In December 1919, it had an area of 35,947 km2 (13,879 sq mi), and was inhabited by 1 091 138 people.

It was established on 15 September 1919 from the lands conquered from the Socialist Soviet Republic of Lithuania and Belorussia by Poland. On 17 January 1920, it was incorporated into Provisional Administration of Front-line and Phase Territories. On 20 December 1920, the civil administration was disestablished and the district was divided between Nowogródek District, Second Polish Republic and Byelorussian SSR.

Socialist Soviet Republic of Lithuania and Belorussia
The Socialist Soviet Republic of Lithuania and Belorussia (SSR LiB), alternatively referred to as the Socialist Soviet Republic of Lithuania and White Russia or simply Litbel or LitBel, was a Soviet republic that existed within the parts of the territories of modern Belarus and Lithuania for approximately five months during the Lithuanian–Soviet War and the Polish–Soviet War in 1919. The Litbel republic was created in February 1919 formally through the merger of the short-lived Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Socialist Soviet Republic of Belorussia.

Often described as a puppet state of Soviet Russia, during its brief existence the SSR LiB government had limited authority over the territories it claimed. By August 1919, the SSR LiB had lost control over all of its claimed territories, as the Polish Army and, to a lesser extent, Lithuanian Army advanced.
Lindisfarne National Nature Reserve
Lindisfarne National Nature Reserve is a 3,541-hectare (8,750-acre) UK national nature reserve. It was founded to help safeguard the internationally important wintering bird populations, and six internationally important species of wildfowl and wading birds winter here. For the pale-bellied brent geese from Svalbard, this is their only regular wintering place in all of the United Kingdom. Pinkfooted and greylag geese, wigeons, grey plovers and bar-tailed godwits are the other visitors.

Lindisfarne National Nature Reserve is a Ramsar site, and as a result is a wetland of international significance.

Wigeon
The wigeons or widgeons are a group of birds, dabbling ducks currently classified in the genus Mareca along with two other species. There are three extant species of wigeon, in addition to one recently extinct species.
Turkmenistan Airlines
Turkmenistan Airlines (Turkmen: Türkmenistan awiakompaniýasy açyk görnüşli paýdarlar jemgyýeti, commonly known as Türkmenhowaýollary) is the flag carrier and only airline of Turkmenistan, headquartered in Ashgabat. An open joint-stock company, it operates domestic and international passenger and cargo services mainly from its hub at Ashgabat International Airport.

Ashgabat International Airport
Ashgabat International Airport (Turkmen: Aşgabat halkara howa menzili) (IATA: ASB, ICAO: UTAA), formerly known as Saparmyrat Türkmenbaşy International Airport, is one of five international airports in Turkmenistan. It is located within the city limits of Ashgabat (Ashkhabad). The old airport, with its air traffic control tower and a 3,700-metre-long (12,000 ft) precision approach runway (12L-30R), opened in 1994 and was named after the country's first president, Saparmyrat Niyazov. The new airport terminal opened in September 2016, after being completely redesigned and rebuilt and after the south runway was moved and lengthened to parallel the north runway.

Citizens of all countries have the right to visa-free transit through the international transit area of Ashgabat International Airport.
Fountain for Company H
Fountain for Company H, also known as Second Oregon Company Volunteers, is a 1914 fountain and war memorial designed by John H. Beaver, installed in Portland, Oregon's Plaza Blocks, in the United States. Dedicated to the men of Company H of the 2nd Oregon Volunteer Infantry Regiment killed in service during the Spanish–American War, the limestone and bronze memorial was installed in Lownsdale Square in 1914. It is part of the City of Portland and Multnomah County Public Art Collection courtesy of the Regional Arts & Culture Council.  The memorial has been included in published walking tours of Portland.

Plaza Blocks
The Plaza Blocks, two courthouse squares known as Chapman Square and Lownsdale Square, are located in downtown Portland, Oregon, United States. The blocks, as well as the adjacent Terry Schrunk Plaza, are surrounded by multiple government buildings including City Hall, the Green - Wyatt Federal Building, the Portland Building, the Multnomah County Justice Center, the Hatfield United States Courthouse, and the old Multnomah County Courthouse.
After the Spring
After the Spring: A Story of Tunisian Youth (French: Après le printemps : Une jeunesse tunisienne) is a graphic novel by Hélène Aldeguer about the aftermath of the Tunisian Revolution as experienced by four young people. It was originally published in French by Futuropolis in 2018. The English version, released in 2019, was translated by Edward Gauvin and published by IDW Comics/Penguin Random House.

The events of the graphic novel occurred in 2013.

IDW Publishing
IDW Publishing is an American publisher of comic books, graphic novels, art books, and comic strip collections. It was founded in 1999 as the publishing division of Idea and Design Works, LLC (IDW) and is recognized as the fifth-largest comic book publisher in the United States, behind Marvel, DC, Dark Horse, and Image Comics, ahead of other comic book publishers such as Archie, Boom!, Dynamite, Valiant, and Oni Press. The company is known for its licensed comic book adaptations of films, television shows, video games, and cartoons.
Neuburg Forest
The Neuburg Forest (German: Neuburger Wald) is a largely forested hill ridge and natural region in Lower Bavaria in the county of Passau and the borough of Passau. It is named after the village of Neuburg am Inn.

Passau
Passau (German: [ˈpasaʊ] ⓘ; Central Bavarian: Båssa(u)) is a city in Lower Bavaria, Germany. It is also known as the Dreiflüssestadt ("City of Three Rivers"), as the river Danube is joined by the Inn from the south and the Ilz from the north.

Passau's population is about 50,000, of whom about 12,000 are students at the University of Passau, renowned in Germany for its institutes of economics, law, theology, computer science and cultural studies.
East West Highway–Old Georgetown Road Line
The East West Highway–Old Georgetown Road Line, designated Route M70, is a daily bus route operated by the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority between Silver Spring station of the Red Line of the Washington Metro and Westfield Montgomery Transit Center. This route replaced the former Bethesda–Silver Spring Line consisting of routes J1 and J2. The M70 follows roughly the same routing as the previous J2 route, except that westbound buses do not serve the bus loop at Medical Center Station and instead stop across the street along Rockville Pike.

Westfield Montgomery
Westfield Montgomery (formerly Montgomery Mall), is a shopping mall in Bethesda, Maryland. The mall is anchored by Macy's, Macy's Home, Nordstrom. and a 16-screen AMC Theatres. The mall also features specialty brands such as Fabletics, Madewell, Vineyard Vines, and Untuckit.
Limmat
The Limmat is a river in Switzerland. The river commences at the outfall of Lake Zurich, in the southern part of the city of Zurich. From Zurich it flows in a northwesterly direction, continuing a further 35 km until it reaches the river Aare. The confluence is located north of the small town of Brugg and shortly after the mouth of the Reuss.

The main towns along the Limmat Valley downstream of Zurich are Dietikon, Wettingen, and Baden. Its main tributaries are the Linth, Wägitaler Aa and Jona, all via Lake Zurich, the Sihl in Zurich, and the Reppisch in Dietikon.

The hydronym is first attested in the 8th century, as Lindimacus. It is of Gaulish origin, from *lindo- "lake" (Welsh llyn) and *magos "plain" (Welsh maes), and was thus presumably in origin the name of the plain formed by the Linth.

Linth
The Linth (pronounced [ˈlɪnt] "lint") is a Swiss river that rises near the village of Linthal in the mountains of the canton of Glarus, and eventually flows into the Obersee section of Lake Zurich. It is about 50 kilometres (31 mi) in length.

The water power of the Linth was a main factor in the creation of the textile industry of the canton Glarus, and is today used to drive the Linth–Limmern power stations in its upper reaches.

The river and its upper valley forms the boundary between the mountain ranges of the Glarus Alps, to its east and south, and the Schwyzer Alps, to its west. In its lower part, in the Linth plain (Linthebene), the Linth Canal forms the boundary between the cantons of Glarus and St. Gallen and part of the boundary between the cantons of St. Gallen and Schwyz.

The river lends its name to the former canton of Linth (1798–1803).
Polemon christyi
Polemon christyi, also known commonly as Christy's snake-eater and the eastern snake-eater, is a species of mildly venomous rear-fanged snake in the subfamily Aparallactinae of the family Atractaspididae. The species is native to Central Africa and East Africa.

Atractaspididae
The Atractaspididae (atractaspidids) are a family of venomous snakes found in Africa and the Middle East, commonly called mole vipers, stiletto snakes, or burrowing asps. Currently, 12 genera are recognized.
Søgade, Copenhagen
Vester, Nørre and Øster Søgade (lit. "West, North and East Lake Street") is a succession of streets along the eastern side of The Lakes in central Copenhagen, Denmark. The streets run from Gammel Kongevej to the south to the beginning of Østerbrogade at Lille Trianglen in the north. Vester Søgade runs from Gammel Kongevej to Gyldenløvesgade, Nørre Søgade runs from Gyldenløvesgade to Dronning Louises Bro, and Øster Søgade from Dronning Louises Bro to Lille Triangel.

Dronning Louises Bro
Dronning Louises Bro (English: Queen Louise's Bridge) is a bridge across The Lakes in central Copenhagen, Denmark. It joins Frederiksborggade in Indre By (city centre) with Nørrebrogade in Nørrebro and separates Sortedam Lake (Sortedam Sø) to the northeast from Peblinge Lake (Peblinge Sø) to the south west.

The bridge was designed by Vilhelm Dahlerup, and constructed between 1885 and 1887.  The bridge is named after Queen Louise, King Christian IX's wife. It was listed in 1997.
Dem language
Dem (Lem, Ndem) is a divergent Papuan language of West New Guinea. Although Palmer (2018) leaves it unclassified, it was tentatively included in the Trans–New Guinea family in the classification of Malcolm Ross (2005), and Timothy Usher ties it most closely to Amung.

Malcolm Ross (linguist)
Malcolm David Ross FAHA (born 3 May 1942) is an Australian linguist. He is emeritus professor of linguistics at the Australian National University (ANU).

Ross is best known among linguists for his work on Austronesian and Papuan languages, historical linguistics, and language contact (especially metatypy). He was elected as a Fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities in 1996.
Asiamericana
Asiamericana is a dubious genus of coelurosaur known only from isolated teeth found in the Bissekty Formation of Uzbekistan. It was named to recognize the occurrence of similar fossil teeth in Central Asia and North America. These regions once formed a connected land mass, during the Cretaceous period.

Bissekty Formation
The Bissekty Formation (sometimes referred to as Bissekt) is a geologic formation and Lagerstätte which crops out in the Kyzyl Kum desert of Uzbekistan, and dates to the Late Cretaceous Period. Laid down in the mid to late Turonian, it is dated to about 92 to 90 Ma (million years ago).
Yemaneberhan Crippa
Yemaneberhan "Yeman" Crippa (born 15 October 1996) is an Ethiopian-born Italian long-distance runner. He won the gold medal in the 10,000 metres and bronze for the 5000 metres at the European Athletics Championships in 2022, and bronze in the 10,000 m in 2018. Crippa claimed five medals in the age-group races at the European Cross Country Championships an Individual Bronze Medal in the Senior race in 2019 and followed up with an Individual Silver Medal performance at the 2024 European Cross Country Championships.

He earned the bronze medal in the 5000 m at the 2015 European Junior Championships and gold at the 2017 European U23 Championships. Crippa holds seven Italian records (3000 m, 5000 m out and indoors, 10,000 m, 5 km road race, half marathon and marathon) and won five national titles.

2022 European Athletics Championships
The 2022 European Athletics Championships were the 25th edition of the European Athletics Championships and were held in Munich, Germany, from 15 to 21 August 2022.

They were part of the European Championships, a multi-sport tournament which brings together the existing European Championships of some of the continent's sports.

The venue Olympiastadion had previously hosted the Athletics events during the 1972 Summer Olympics.

Germany headed the medal table on 7 gold medals, while Great Britain, second on gold medals won with 6, won the most overall medals, 20.
Flagstaff Hill incident
The Flagstaff Hill incident was an international incident between the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom. It took place on the night of 5/6 May 1976 near Cornamucklagh, a townland just inside the Cooley Peninsula in the north of County Louth in the Republic of Ireland, when the Irish Army and Garda Síochána arrested eight British Special Air Service soldiers who had illegally crossed the Irish border.

Irish Army
The Irish Army (Irish: an tArm) is the land component of the Defence Forces of Ireland. As well as maintaining its primary roles of defending the State and internal security within the State, since 1958 the Army has had a continuous presence in peacekeeping missions around the world. The Irish Army is organised into two brigades. The Air Corps and Naval Service support the Army in carrying out its roles.

The Army has an active establishment of 7,520, and a reserve establishment of 3,869. Like other components of the Defence Forces, the Irish Army has struggled to maintain strength and as of April 2023 had only 6,322 active personnel, and 1,382 reserve personnel. However, the Irish government introduced several measures in an attempt to improve recruitment and retention, and in 2024 inductions to the Defence Forces exceeded discharges.
2018 Ocala school shooting
On April 20, 2018, a school shooting occurred at Forest High School, a high school in Ocala, Florida, when 19-year-old Sky Bouche, a former student of the school, went on school premises armed with a sawed-off 16-gauge Winchester Model 12 pump-action shotgun and wearing a black tactical vest. He shot once through a classroom door and a piece of the door hit one student in his ankle, injuring him. Feeling immediate regret, Bouche surrendered to the school staff. He was soon arrested and taken into custody.

In 2021, Bouche was sentenced to 30 years imprisonment for the shooting, with the possibility of parole only after 25 years, followed by an additional 30 years of probationary release.

The school received widespread criticism for its handling of the shooting, particularly for its lack of security to prevent people from accessing the school's parking lot and main building during school hours. In 2022, the sole victim of the shooting sued the school district.

Ocala, Florida
Ocala (/oʊˈkælə/ oh-KAL-ə) is a city in and the county seat of Marion County, Florida, United States. Located in North Central Florida, the city's population was 63,591 as of the 2020 census, up from 56,315 at the 2010 census and making it the 43rd-most populated city in Florida. Ocala is the principal city of the Ocala metropolitan area, which had a population of 375,908 in 2020.

Home to over 400 thoroughbred farms and training centers, Ocala is considered the "Horse Capital of the World". Notable attractions include the Ocala National Forest, Silver Springs State Park, Rainbow Springs State Park, the College of Central Florida, and the World Equestrian Center.
Blood Royale
Blood Royale is a board game based on medieval Europe, published by Games Workshop in 1987 and designed by Derek Carver (who also designed another Games Workshop board game, Warrior Knights). The lead artist was Christos Achilleos. The game is currently out of print.

Warrior Knights
Warrior Knights is a board game for 2–6 players originally published by Games Workshop in 1985, and later published by Fantasy Flight Games in 2006.  Each player takes the role of a Baron vying to claim the throne of an unnamed kingdom.  Gameplay revolves around raising an army, obtaining enough money to maintain that army, and gaining influence through a variety of means.

An expansion, Crown and Glory, was released by Fantasy Flight Games in 2007, adding scientific advancement and other optional rules to the game.
1922 City of London by-election
The 1922 City of London by-election was a parliamentary by-election held on 19 May 1922 for the British House of Commons constituency of City of London, which covered the "Square Mile" which was the United Kingdom's traditional financial district.

The seat had become vacant on the elevation to the peerage of one of the constituency's two Unionist Members of Parliament (MPs), Arthur James Balfour, as the Earl of Balfour.

Balfour had held the seat since a by-election in 1906, following his defeat at Manchester East in the 1906 general election. He had also been prime minister between 1902 and 1905.

City of London (UK Parliament constituency)
The City of London was a United Kingdom parliamentary constituency. It was a constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of England then of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1707 to 1800 and of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1950.
Red Guitars
Red Guitars are an English indie rock band active from 1982 to 1986, reforming in 2022. Based in Hull, Red Guitars' first single "Good Technology" was a minor hit, selling 60,000 copies. Their singles "Marimba Jive" and "Be With Me" both reached number one on the UK Indie Chart.

UK Independent Singles and Albums Charts
The UK Independent Singles Chart and UK Independent Albums Chart are charts of the best-selling independent singles and albums, respectively, in the United Kingdom. Originally published in January 1980, and widely known as the indie chart, the relevance of the chart dwindled in the 1990s as major-label ownership blurred the boundary between independent and major labels.

Separate independent charts are currently published weekly by the Official Charts Company.
Gerry Ortega
Gerardo Valeriano Ortega DVM (August 28, 1963 – January 24, 2011), better known simply as "Doc Gerry" or "Ka Gerry," was a Filipino journalist, veterinarian, politician, environmental activist, and community organizer best known for his work to promote crocodile farming in the Philippines and for his advocacy against mining on the island of Palawan. Ortega has often been lauded as a hero of the Philippine Environment since his assassination on January 24, 2011, due to his anti-mining and anti-corruption advocacy.

Veterinarian
A veterinarian (vet) or veterinary surgeon is a medical professional who practices veterinary medicine. They manage a wide range of health conditions and injuries in non-human animals. Along with this, veterinarians also play a role in animal reproduction, health management, conservation, husbandry and breeding and preventive medicine like nutrition, vaccination and parasitic control as well as biosecurity and zoonotic disease surveillance and prevention.
Paulo César (footballer, born 1980)
Paulo César Rocha Rosa (born 5 January 1980), known as Paulo César, is a Brazilian former footballer who played as a forward.

He spent most of his professional career in Portugal, amassing Primeira Liga totals of 269 matches and 48 goals during 13 seasons, mainly with Braga and União de Leiria.

U.D. Leiria
União Desportiva de Leiria (Portuguese pronunciation: [uniˈɐ̃w dɨ lɐjˈɾiɐ]), commonly known as União de Leiria, is a Portuguese professional football club based in Leiria. Founded on 6 June 1966, it currently plays in the Liga Portugal 2, holding home matches at Estádio Dr. Magalhães Pessoa, with a 23,888-seat capacity.