hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Martin Witherspoon Gary
Martin Witherspoon Gary (March 25, 1831 – April 9, 1881) was a Confederate attorney, soldier, and politician from South Carolina. He attained the rank of brigadier general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. In 1876 he played a major leadership role in the Democratic Party's political campaign to elect Wade Hampton III as governor, planning a detailed campaign to disrupt the Republican Party and black voters by violence and intimidation.

Gary was first elected to office as a state representative in 1860. He was elected to the South Carolina State Senate in 1876 from Edgefield, South Carolina, serving two terms. He fell out with Hampton after failing to get appointments to the U.S. Senate in 1877 and 1879, and left politics in 1881 after finishing his second term. He returned to his home in Cokesbury and died in April of that year.

Wade Hampton III
Wade Hampton III (March 28, 1818 – April 11, 1902) was an American politician from South Carolina. He was a prominent member of one of the richest families in the antebellum Southern United States, owning thousands of acres of cotton land in South Carolina and Mississippi, as well as thousands of slaves. He became a senior general in the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia during the American Civil War. He also  had a career as a leading Democratic Party politician in state and national affairs.

By 1877, at the end of the Reconstruction era, Hampton was a leader of the Redeemers, white Southerners who successfully fought to restore white supremacy in the state. His campaign for governor was marked by extensive violence by the Red Shirts, a white-supremacist paramilitary group that disrupted elections and suppressed black voters in the state. Hampton was elected governor, serving from 1876 to 1879. After that, he served two terms as U.S. Senator from 1879 to 1891.
Mexico in the OTI Festival 1997
Mexico was represented at the OTI Festival 1997 with the song "Se diga lo que se diga", written by Francisco Curiel and José Manuel Fernández, and performed by Iridián. The Mexican participating broadcaster, Televisa, selected its entry through a national televised competition with several phases. The song placed first out of 22 competing entries, winning the festival. This was the sixth entry from Mexico that won the OTI Festival, after winning in 1973, in 1975, in 1985, in 1989, and in 1990.

Mexico in the OTI Festival 1973
Mexico was represented at the OTI Festival 1973 with the song "Qué alegre va María", written by Celia Bonfil, and performed by Imelda Miller. The Mexican participating broadcaster, Televisa, selected its entry through a national televised competition with several phases. The song, that was performed in position 13, placed first out of 14 competing entries tying with the song from Peru in 10 votes, and winning the festival after applying the tie-breaking rule.

However, the national final had been won by "La canción del hombre", written by Felipe Gil and performed by Gualberto Castro, which became ineligible for the festival since it was later proven that it had been broadcast on the radio before the permitted date. "Qué alegre va María", which had been the runner-up in the national final, was sent instead. This was the first entry from Mexico to actually participate in the OTI Festival, since the previous year's entry was disqualified and no replacement was sent.
L. C. Bird High School
Lloyd C. Bird High School is a public high school in Chesterfield, an unincorporated community in Chesterfield County, Virginia, United States. It is part of Chesterfield County Public Schools and is located at 10301 Courthouse Road. It is named for former Virginia state senator Lloyd C. Bird.

Chesterfield County Public Schools
Chesterfield County Public Schools is the public school system of Chesterfield County, Virginia, United States. As of 2024, there are about 64,000 students enrolled in 67 schools. There are 40 elementary schools (grades K–5), 13 middle schools (grades 6–8), and 10 high schools (grades 9–12). Additionally, high school students can enroll in 13 specialty centers, two technical centers, one career academy, and two Governor's Schools.
OSCAAR
The Ontario Stock Car Association of Asphalt Racers, usually shortened to the acronym OSCAAR, is a Canadian stock car racing series featuring three divisions, Open Wheeled Modifieds, Hot Rods and Pro Sprint. It has been running since 1990, with Dave Burbridge winning the inaugural championship. Previously the series included an Outlaw Super Late Models division. The Super Late Models have returned to the OSCAAR banner for the 2026 season.

Modified racing
Modified stock car racing, also known as modified racing and modified, is a type of auto racing that involves purpose-built cars simultaneously racing against each other on oval tracks. First established in the United States after World War II, this type of racing was early-on characterized by its participants' modification of passenger cars in pursuit of higher speeds, hence the name.

There are many sanctioning bodies for modifieds, each specifying different body styles and engine sizes.
Atlakviða
Atlakviða (The Lay of Atli) is one of the heroic poems of the Poetic Edda. One of the main characters is Atli who originates from Attila the Hun. It is one of the most archaic Eddic poems, possibly dating to as early as the 9th century. Owing to its stylistic similarity to Hrafnsmál it has been suggested that the poem might have been composed by Þorbjörn Hornklofi. It is preserved in the Codex Regius and the same story is related in the Völsunga saga. In the manuscript the poem is identified as Greenlandic but most scholars believe that this results from a confusion with Atlamál. The metre of the poem alternates irregularly between málaháttr and fornyrðislag. This may be an indication that two or more original poems have been merged or that the short and long lines were not felt as constituting two different metres at the time the poem was composed.

Völsunga saga
The Völsunga saga (Old Norse: Vǫlsunga saga, often referred to in English as the Volsunga Saga or Saga of the Völsungs) is a legendary saga, a late 13th-century prose rendition in Old Norse of the origin and decline of the Völsung clan (including the story of Sigurd and Brunhild and the destruction of the Burgundians). It is one of the most famous legendary sagas and an example of a "heroic saga" that deals with Germanic heroic legend.

The saga covers topics including the quarrel between Sigi and Skaði, a huge family tree of great kings and powerful conquerors, the quest led by Sigmund and Sinfjǫtli to save princess Signý from the evil king Siggeir, and, most famously, Sigurd killing the serpent/dragon Fáfnir and obtaining the cursed ring Andvaranaut that Fáfnir guarded.
Lenape Stone
The Lenape Stone is a slate found in two pieces in Bucks County, Pennsylvania in 1872, which appears to depict Native Americans hunting a woolly mammoth. The image seems to have been carved some time after the stone was broken into two; for this and other reasons, it is generally considered an archaeological forgery.

Bucks County, Pennsylvania
Bucks County is in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. As of the 2020 census, the population was 646,538, making it the fourth-most populous county in Pennsylvania. Its county seat is Doylestown. The county is named after the English county of Buckinghamshire. The county is part of the Southeast region of the commonwealth.

The county represents the northern boundary of the Philadelphia–Camden–Wilmington, PA–NJ–DE–MD metropolitan statistical area.

To its southwest, Bucks County borders Montgomery County and Philadelphia, the nation's sixth-largest city. To its east, the county borders the Delaware River and U.S. state of New Jersey. To its north, the county borders Lehigh and Northampton counties in the state's Lehigh Valley region. The county is approximately 30 miles (48 km) southeast of Allentown, the state's third-largest city, and 40 miles (64 km) north of Philadelphia, the state's largest city.
Babu Ghat
22°33′59″N 88°20′23″E﻿ / ﻿22.566315°N 88.339823°E﻿ / 22.566315; 88.339823
Babughat (also Babooghat, or Baje Kadamtala Ghat, and Baboo Raj Chandra Ghat) is one of the many ghats built during British Raj, along the bank of Hooghly River on Strand Road, Kolkata at B. B. D. Bagh, Kolkata. The landing berth of the ghat has a tall colonial structure. It is a fine Doric-Greek style pavilion with huge pillars.

B. B. D. Bagh
Binoy-Badal-Dinesh Bagh, shortened as B. B. D. Bagh, formerly called Tank Square and then Dalhousie Square (1847 to 1856), is the administrative, financial and commercial region and one of the central business districts of Kolkata (Calcutta), capital of the Indian state of West Bengal. It is the seat of Government of West Bengal and houses all three branches of it. The area consists Writers' Building, the official state secretariat building, Raj Bhavan, the residence of Governor of West Bengal, Vidhansabha Bhavan, the building housing the West Bengal Legislative Assembly and also the Calcutta High Court.
Toyota Granvia
The Toyota Granvia (Japanese: トヨタ・グランビア, Hepburn: Toyota Guranbia) is an automobile nameplate used by the Japanese automaker Toyota since 1995 for several minivan models:

XH10 series Toyota Granvia, a H100 series Toyota HiAce-based semi-bonneted van sold in Japan between 1995 and 2002

H300 series Toyota HiAce, marketed as Granvia for the models sold in Taiwan, Australasia, Argentina, Southeast Asia, and the Middle East since 2019

XL40 series Toyota Sienna, marketed as Granvia for the models produced by FAW Toyota in China since 2022

1997 Toyota Granvia (XH10)

2019 Toyota Granvia (H300)

2022 Toyota Granvia (XL40)

Toyota HiAce
The Toyota HiAce (Japanese: トヨタ・ハイエース, Hepburn: Toyota Haiēsu) (pronounced "High Ace") is a light commercial vehicle produced by the Japanese automobile manufacturer Toyota. First launched in October 1967, the HiAce has since been available in a wide range of body configurations, including a minivan/MPV, minibus, panel van, crew van, pickup truck, taxi and an ambulance.
Philip Wilson Steer
Philip Wilson Steer OM (28 December 1860 – 18 March 1942) was a British painter of landscapes, seascapes plus portraits and figure studies. He was also an influential art teacher. His sea and landscape paintings made him a leading figure in the Impressionist movement in Britain but in time he turned to a more traditional English style, clearly influenced by both John Constable and J. M. W. Turner, and spent more time painting in the countryside rather than on the coast. As a painting tutor at the Slade School of Art for many years he influenced generations of young artists.

John Constable
John Constable RA (/ˈkʌnstəbəl, ˈkɒn-/; 11 June 1776 – 31 March 1837) was an English landscape painter in the Romantic tradition. Born in Suffolk, he is known principally for revolutionising the genre of landscape painting with his pictures of Dedham Vale, the area on the borderland of Suffolk and north Essex surrounding his home – now known as "Constable Country" – which he invested with an intensity of affection. "I should paint my own places best", he wrote to his friend John Fisher in 1821, "painting is but another word for feeling".

Constable's most famous paintings include Wivenhoe Park (1816), Dedham Vale (1828) and The Hay Wain (1821). Although his paintings are now among the most popular and valuable in British art, he was never financially successful. He was elected to the Royal Academy of Arts at the age of 52. His work was embraced in France, where he sold more than in his native England and inspired the Barbizon school.
Hermitian connection
In mathematics, a Hermitian connection  is a connection on a Hermitian vector bundle  over a smooth manifold  which is compatible with the Hermitian metric
 on , meaning that

for all smooth vector fields  and all smooth sections  of .

If  is a complex manifold, and the Hermitian vector bundle  on  is equipped with a holomorphic structure, then there is a unique Hermitian connection whose (0, 1)-part coincides with the Dolbeault operator  on  associated to the holomorphic structure.
This is called the Chern connection on .  The curvature of the Chern connection is a (1, 1)-form.  For details, see Hermitian metrics on a holomorphic vector bundle.

In particular, if the base manifold is Kähler and the vector bundle is its tangent bundle, then the Chern connection coincides with the Levi-Civita connection of the associated Riemannian metric.

Holomorphic vector bundle
In mathematics, a holomorphic vector bundle is a complex vector bundle over a complex manifold X such that the total space E is a complex manifold and the projection map π : E → X is holomorphic. Fundamental examples are the holomorphic tangent bundle of a complex manifold, and its dual, the holomorphic cotangent bundle. A holomorphic line bundle is a rank one holomorphic vector bundle.

By Serre's GAGA, the category of holomorphic vector bundles on a smooth complex projective variety X (viewed as a complex manifold) is equivalent to the category of algebraic vector bundles (i.e., locally free sheaves of finite rank) on X.
Conistone
Conistone is a small village in the county of North Yorkshire, England. It lies 3 miles (5 km) north of Grassington, 3 miles (5 km) south of Kettlewell and 12 miles (19 km) north of Skipton beside the River Wharfe, in Upper Wharfedale.

Kettlewell
Kettlewell is a village in Upper Wharfedale, North Yorkshire, England. It lies 6 miles (10 km) north of Grassington, at the point where Wharfedale is joined by a minor road (Cam Gill Road) which leads north-east from the village over Park Rash Pass to Coverdale.  Great Whernside rises to the east. The population of the civil parish (Kettlewell with Starbotton) was 322 at the 2011 census, with an estimated population of 340 in 2015. The population was recorded as being at 321 according to the United Kingdom 2021 census.

Until 1974 it was part of the West Riding of Yorkshire. From 1974 to 2023 it was part of the district of Craven, it is now administered by the unitary North Yorkshire Council.
Værløse
Værløse (Danish pronunciation: [ˈvɛɐ̯ˌløːsə]) is a town in Furesø Municipality in the northwestern outskirts of Copenhagen, Denmark. As of 1 January 2025, it has a population of 13,200. Situated on the west side of the Hillerød Motorway, between Farum Lake to the north and Søndersø Lake to the south, it is surrounded by forest on three sides. Modern Værløse emerged around Værløse station in the 1950s. The original centre of the parish was the village of Kirke Værløse, located three kilometres to the west. The two communities have now almost merged.

Furesø Municipality
Furesø Municipality (Danish: Furesø Kommune) is a municipality (Danish: kommune) in Denmark. It has a population of 42,540 (1 January 2025) and a total area of 55.68 km2 (21.50 sq.mi.) with water and forest making up around 10 and 15 km2, respectively. The municipality belongs to the Copenhagen Capital Region and lies 20 km northwest of Copenhagen. Its mayor is Ole Bondo Christensen, a member of the Social Democrats (Socialdemokraterne) political party. It is a municipality with much forest and access to several lakes, of which it is named after the largest, Furesøen, which has a popular beach with rest rooms, a small candy/ice shop and in addition sportsboat (competition) clubs and a restaurant open all year.
First Battle of the Lucala
The First Battle of the Lucala was a military action of the Angolan Wars between the Portuguese Empire and an army commanded personally by the king of Ndongo. It took place on September 13, 1586, and was a Portuguese victory.

Kingdom of Ndongo
The Kingdom of Ndongo (formerly known as Angola or Dongo, also Kimbundu: Utuminu ua Ndongo, Utuminu ua Ngola) was an early-modern African state located in the highlands between the Lukala and Kwanza Rivers, in what is now Angola.

The Kingdom of Ndongo is first recorded in the sixteenth century. It was one of multiple vassal states to Kongo, though Ndongo was the most powerful of these with a king called the Ngola.

Little is known of the kingdom in the early sixteenth century. "Angola" was listed among the titles of the King of Kongo in 1535, so it was likely somewhat subordinate to Kongo. Its oral traditions, collected in the late sixteenth century, particularly by the Jesuit Baltasar Barreira, described the founder of the kingdom, Ngola Kiluanje, also known as Ngola Inene, as a migrant from Kongo, chief of a Kimbundu-speaking ethnic group.
Midwinter
Midwinter is the middle of the winter. The term is attested in the early Germanic calendars where it was a period or a day which may have been determined by a lunisolar calendar before it was adapted into the Gregorian calendar. It appears with several meanings in later sources. In Old English, midwinter could mean Christmas Day (25 December) or sometimes the Christmas season; indirectly it could also mean the winter solstice, which was regarded as 25 December. In Old Norse, miðvetr (midwinter) meant either the first day or entire period of the Scandinavian month Þorri (mid-January to mid-February). Since the 18th century, it has sometimes been misunderstood as synonymous with the astronomical winter solstice (21/22 December), which the word also can refer to in contemporary English.

Early Germanic calendars
The early Germanic calendars were the regional calendars used among the early Germanic peoples before they adopted the Julian calendar in the Early Middle Ages. The calendars were an element of early Germanic culture.

The Germanic peoples had names for the months that varied by region and dialect, but they were later replaced with local adaptations of the Julian month names. Records of Old English and Old High German month names date to the 8th and 9th centuries, respectively. Old Norse month names are attested from the 13th century. As with most pre-modern calendars, the reckoning used in early Germanic culture was likely lunisolar. As an example, the Runic calendar developed in medieval Sweden was lunisolar, fixing the beginning of the year at the first full moon after winter solstice.
Astral crown
The astral crown is a gold crown surmounted with eight low points. The centrals and laterals points are topped with a star, with an unspecified number of points, between two wings.

In heraldry, an astral crown is mounted atop the shields of coats of arms of units belonging to some air forces or the personal arms of its distinguished commanders.

Its creation became necessary after the founding of the Royal Air Force in the UK, because there was no Roman military award device for aerial warfare equivalent to the naval crown for navies and the camp crown for armies.

Some air forces in other countries have adopted variants of the astral crown.

Camp crown
In Ancient Rome, a camp crown (Latin: corona castrensis, "crown of the castrum"), also known as a vallary crown, was a military award given to the first man who penetrated into an enemy camp or field during combat. It took the form of a gold crown surmounted with replicas of the stakes of a palisade (a high fence consisting of pointed stakes).

In the heraldry of a few units in modern armies, a camp crown is mounted as a crest on top of the shield of the coat of arms or emblem.

The Palisado crown, a variant used in English heraldry, is defined by palisades affixed to the outside of the rim.
Mutual shaping
Mutual shaping suggests that society and technology are not mutually exclusive to one another and, instead, influence and shape each other.   This process is a combination of social determinism and technological determinism.  The term mutual shaping was developed through science and technology studies (STS) in an attempt to explain the detailed process of technological design. Mutual shaping is argued to have a more comprehensive understanding of the development of new media because it considers technological and social change as directly affecting the other.

Technological determinism
Technological determinism is a reductionist theory in assuming that a society's technology progresses by following its own internal logic of efficiency, while determining the development of the social structure and cultural values. The term is believed to have originated from Thorstein Veblen (1857–1929), an American sociologist and economist. The most radical technological determinist in the United States in the 20th century was most likely Clarence Ayres who was a follower of Thorstein Veblen as well as John Dewey. William Ogburn was also known for his radical technological determinism and his theory on cultural lag.
Derek Lee Nixon
Derek Lee Nixon is an American actor and film producer. Born and raised in San Antonio, Texas, he gained notoriety in 2002 after starring in Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen's, When in Rome. He has also appeared in The Jerk Theory (with Tom Arnold, Jenna Dewan-Tatum, Josh Henderson); Butcher Boys, from Kim Henkel, the creator of Texas Chainsaw Massacre; and Outrage (with Michael Madsen, Natasha Lyonne, and Michael Berryman). He wrote, produced and starred in Hallettsville (with Gary Busey), beginning his career behind the camera.

Michael Berryman
Michael John Berryman (born September 4, 1948) is an American character actor. Berryman was born with hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia, a rare condition characterized by the absence of sweat glands, hair, and fingernails; his unusual physical appearance has allowed Berryman to make a career out of portraying characters in a number of cult films, horror films and B movies. He first came to prominence for his roles in Miloš Forman's One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975) and Wes Craven's The Hills Have Eyes (1977). He has appeared in a wide range of feature films and television series, including Star Trek, The X-Files, and Highway to Heaven, in which he portrayed Satan.
Riki Okusa
Riki Okusa (大草 りき, Ōkusa Riki) (born November 25, 1999) is a Japanese racing driver. He currently competes in the GT500 class in Super GT for Nakajima Racing for the 2024 season and previously in the GT300 class in for GAINER, partnered with Hironobu Yasuda.

Hironobu Yasuda
Hironobu Yasuda (安田裕信, Yasuda Hironobu; born November 11, 1983 in Shiga) is a Japanese racing driver. He currently drives in the Super GT series in the GT300 category for Anest Iwata Racing.

In 2008 he won the GT300 class in the Super GT championship, co-driving with Kazuki Hoshino. In 2009 he made his full season debut in the GT500 class in the Super GT series.
Arthur Kill Vertical Lift Bridge
The Arthur Kill Vertical Lift Bridge is a rail vertical-lift bridge connecting Elizabethport, New Jersey, and the Howland Hook Marine Terminal on Staten Island, New York, United States. The bridge was built by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad in 1959 to replace the Arthur Kill Bridge, a swing bridge opened in 1890. It contains a single track that is used mainly to carry garbage out of New York City, as well as to transport freight to destinations in western Staten Island. The bridge parallels the Goethals Bridge, which carries Interstate 278.

The Arthur Kill Bridge has the longest lift span of any vertical-lift bridge in the world, with two 215-foot (66 m) towers and a 558-foot (170 m) truss span that allows a 500-foot (152 m) channel. It clears mean high water by 31 feet (9.45 m) when closed and 135 feet (41 m) when lifted.

Goethals Bridge
The Goethals Bridge (/ˈɡɒθəlz/) is a pair of cable-stayed bridge spans connecting Elizabeth, New Jersey, to Staten Island, New York, United States. The spans cross a strait known as Arthur Kill, and replaced a cantilever bridge span built in 1928. The bridge is operated by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey.

The New Jersey side is about 2.5 miles (4.0 km) south of Newark Liberty International Airport. The bridge and its predecessor are named for Major General George Washington Goethals, who supervised construction of the Panama Canal and was the first consulting engineer of the Port Authority.

The eastbound span opened on June 10, 2017, at which time the original span was closed. The old cantilever span was dismantled in January 2018 and the new westbound span opened on May 21, 2018.