hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Lake metabolism
Lake metabolism represents a lake's balance between carbon fixation (gross primary production) and biological carbon oxidation (ecosystem respiration). Whole-lake metabolism includes the carbon fixation and oxidation from all organism within the lake, from bacteria to fishes, and is typically estimated by measuring changes in dissolved oxygen or carbon dioxide throughout the day.

Ecosystem respiration in excess of gross primary production indicates the lake receives organic material from the surrounding catchment, such as through stream or groundwater inflows or litterfall. Lake metabolism often controls the carbon dioxide emissions from or influx to lakes, but it does not account for all carbon dioxide dynamics since inputs of inorganic carbon from the surrounding catchment also influence carbon dioxide within lakes.

Mixed layer
The oceanic or limnological mixed layer is a layer in which active turbulence has homogenized some range of depths. The surface mixed layer is a layer where this turbulence is generated by winds, surface heat fluxes, or processes such as evaporation or sea ice formation which result in an increase in salinity.   The atmospheric mixed layer is a zone having nearly constant potential temperature and specific humidity with height. The depth of the atmospheric mixed layer is known as the mixing height.  Turbulence typically plays a role in the formation of fluid mixed layers.
Things My Mama Says
"Things My Mama Says" is a song recorded by Canadian country singer Hailey Benedict. She wrote the song with Ava Suppelsa and Clara Park, while Scott Cooke and Joey Moi produced the track. It marked her first release after signing with Big Loud Records and its Canadian imprint Local Hay.

Big Loud
Big Loud is an American independent multi-sector entertainment company located in Nashville. It consists of a record label, along with music publishing and talent management divisions. Big Loud was founded in 2013 by Craig Wiseman, Joey Moi, Kevin "Chief" Zaruk, and Seth England. Artists who have recorded for Big Loud include Florida Georgia Line, Morgan Wallen, Chris Lane, Dallas Smith, and Hardy.
Velikaya Guba
Velikaya Guba (Russian: Вели́кая Губа́; Karelian and Finnish: Suurlahti; not to be confused with an identically named locality on Lake Segozero) is a village (selo) in the Medvezhyegorsky District, part of the Republic of Karelia, in turn a subject of the Russian Federation. It is located on Lake Onega, on the eastern bank of the Great Bay (hence the name), about 110 km south of Medvezhyegorsk and some 80 east of Petrozavodsk. From here a very sparsely populated area comprising 2,895 square kilometers is administered. The entire territory has some 2,500 inhabitants (rough data from the late 2010s).

Medvezhyegorsk
Medvezhyegorsk (Russian: Медвежьего́рск; Karelian: Karhumägi; Finnish: Karhumäki) is a town and the administrative center of Medvezhyegorsky District of the Republic of Karelia, Russia. Population: 15,533 (2010 census); 17,283 (2002 census); 20,373 (1989 Soviet census); 15,800 (1959).
Wes Jenkins
Wes Jenkins (1859-1930) was an American actor active during Hollywood's silent era. He appears in an untitled Biograph film from 1913 that has been dubbed Lime Kiln Field Day; held by MoMA, the seven-reel clip is thought to be the oldest surviving footage of black actors.

Lime Kiln Field Day
Lime Kiln Field Day (also known as Lime Kiln Club Field Day or Bert Williams: Lime Kiln Field Day) is a 1913 American black-and-white silent film produced by the Biograph Company and Klaw and Erlanger. Unnamed, unassembled, and abandoned by its producers during post-production, the original footage was saved when Biograph donated its vaults to the Museum of Modern Art in 1938. It is considered to be the oldest surviving feature film with an all-Black cast.
Unidad por Chile
Unidad por Chile (UpCh, lit. 'Unity for Chile'), formerly known informally as the Government Alliance (Spanish: Alianza de Gobierno) is a Chilean coalition of politiсal parties that are part of the government of Gabriel Boric. The coalition was formed on 6 November 2022 after a meeting called by the President of the Republic, Gabriel Boric, held at the Palace of Cerro Castillo, where the presidents of the political parties, parliamentarians and authorities that are part of the government can summer.

The coalition is made up of the member parties of the two coalitions that supported Boric's candidacy and entered his administration: Apruebo Dignidad and Democratic Socialism. The alliance agreed to have a common and rotating spokesperson, the first spokeswoman for the coalition being the president of the Socialist Party, Paulina Vodanovic.

Democratic Socialism (Chile)
Democratic Socialism (Spanish: Socialismo Democrático [sosjaˈlismo ðemoˈkɾatiko], SD) is a Chilean centre-left political coalition established on 2021, by the Socialist Party, Party for Democracy, Radical Party, Liberal Party and the platform New Deal.

The pact emerged after the de facto dissolution of the New Social Pact and did not include the Christian Democratic Party, which meant the end of the historic alliance between socialist and christian democrats, which had been in force since the transition to democracy in 1990.

In December 2021, Democratic Socialism was called to be part of the government of President Gabriel Boric. The parties joined a coalition with Apruebo Dignidad and came to government on March 11, 2022.
Trần Thị Lý
Trần Thị Lý (née Trần Thị Nhâm, 30 December 1933 in Điện Quang, Điện Bàn District, Quảng Nam – 20 November 1992 in Đà Nẵng) was a Vietnamese communist party member, who was imprisoned and tortured in Saigon. She is the granddaughter of Trần Cao Vân.

The Nguyễn Văn Trỗi – Trần Thị Lý Bridge is named after her and a fellow revolutionary, Nguyễn Văn Trỗi.

Since 1956, Lý worked as a liaison officer for the People's Army of Vietnam in Điện Bàn but   the same year, she was arrested on her commute to work by the South Vietnamese. After being tortured for 2 years and being left for dead by her captors, she was flown to the Vietnam – Soviet Friendship Hospital in Hanoi, weighing just 26 kilograms (57 lb), having 42 wounds across her body, with cut nipples and bleeding genitals.

In 1992 she was awarded the Hero of the People's Armed Forces medal and died shortly after. She left behind her adopted daughter Thùy Linh and her husband Tuấn.

Điện Bàn
Điện Bàn (listenⓘ) is a district-level town of Quảng Nam Province in the South Central Coast region of Vietnam. As of 2015 the district had a population of 229,907. The district covers an area of 214.71 km2 (82.90 sq mi). The district capital lies at Vĩnh Điện.

On March 11, 2015, Điện Bàn Town was established based of Điện Bàn District. Điện Nam - Điện Ngọc Industrial Park is located in Điện Bàn.

There is a historical citadel site in Vĩnh Điện dating back to 1833, as Điện Bàn has served as political, commercial and cultural town.

Điện Bàn is expected to become a city directly under the province (Thành phố Trực thuộc Tỉnh) by 2030.
Queen Bee Entertainment
Queen Bee Entertainment (also known as International Rock Star Records) is a record label founded by American rapper Lil' Kim in 1999. It has signed artists including Lil Cease and Tiffany Foxx. The label's name is a reference to Lil' Kim's alias "Queen Bee."

Lil' Cease
James Lloyd, better known by his stage name Lil' Cease, (/siːz/; born August 20, 1977) in Brooklyn, a borough of New York City. He is an American rapper and former member of hip hop group Junior M.A.F.I.A.
Arkansas Highway 211
Arkansas Highway 211 (AR 211 and Hwy. 211) is a north–south state highway in Clay County, Arkansas. The route of 9.68 miles (15.58 km) runs from US 62/US 67 (Future I-57) near Datto north through Success to the Missouri state line.

U.S. Route 62 in Arkansas
U.S. Route 62 (US 62) is a U.S. highway running from El Paso, Texas northeast to Niagara Falls, New York. In the U.S. state of Arkansas, the route runs 329.9 miles from the Oklahoma border near Summers east to the Missouri border in St. Francis, serving the northern portion of the state. The route passes through several cities and towns, including Fayetteville, Springdale, Bentonville, Harrison, Mountain Home, Pocahontas, and also Piggott. US 62 runs concurrent with several highways in Arkansas including Interstate 49 and U.S. Route 71 between Fayetteville and Bentonville, U.S. Route 412 through much of the state, U.S. Route 65 in the Harrison area, and with U.S. Route 63 and U.S. Route 67 in northeast Arkansas.
Briše pri Polhovem Gradcu
Briše pri Polhovem Gradcu (pronounced [ˈbɾiːʃɛ pɾi ˈpoːu̯xɔʋɛm ˈɡɾaːtsu]) is a dispersed settlement just south of Polhov Gradec in the Municipality of Dobrova–Polhov Gradec in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia. It lies in the valley of Little Creek (Mala Voda) on the road from Polhov Gradec to Lučine and includes the hamlets of Škofijski Hrib (Slovene: Škofijski hrib), Zavrh, and Štebavnik. It is surrounded by Praproče Hill (Praproški grič, 594 m) and Mount Polhov Gradec (Polhograjska gora, 842 m) to the north, Little Peak (Mali vrh, 708 m) to the west, Big Hill (Visoki hrib, 602 m) to the south, Kladnik Hill (588 m) to the southeast, and Zvonščica Hill (530 m) to the east.

Polhov Gradec
Polhov Gradec (pronounced [ˈpou̯ːxou̯ ˈɡɾaːdəts]; German: Billichgra(t)z) is a settlement in the Municipality of Dobrova–Polhov Gradec in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia. It is the center of the Upper Gradaščica Valley.
Unilink (Stirling bus route)
Unilink is a bus route that runs between Stirling city centre and the University of Stirling campus. The route had branded orange and navy buses, before McGill's changed the livery to a light blue. It is operated by McGill's Scotland East (formerly First Midland Bluebird).

McGill's Bus Services
McGill's Bus Services is a bus operator based in Greenock, Scotland. The company has grown to operate a network of routes covering much of the council areas of Inverclyde, East Renfrewshire, Renfrewshire, North Lanarkshire, Glasgow City, North Ayrshire, West Lothian, Falkirk and Dundee City. McGill's have several depots based in Greenock, Inchinnan, Johnstone, Edinburgh, Bannockburn, Balfron, Larbert, Livingston and Dundee. McGill's also formerly had depots in Dumbarton, Barrhead and Coatbridge.

McGill's is the largest independent bus operator in the United Kingdom, as well as being named a Scottish Insider top 500 company in January 2016, coming in at 350th place.
George Mason, Virginia
George Mason is a census-designated place (CDP) in Fairfax County, Virginia, United States. The population at the 2020 census was 11,162. It consists of George Mason University and some adjacent neighborhoods to the south and southwest of the city of Fairfax, and is named for American Founding Father George Mason.

Fairfax, Virginia
Fairfax (/ˈfɛərfæks/ FAIR-faks) is an independent city in Virginia and the county seat of Fairfax County, Virginia,  United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 24,146.

Fairfax is part of both the Washington metropolitan area and Northern Virginia regions. It is located 14 miles (23 km) west of Washington, D.C. Fairfax is served by  Washington Metro's Orange Line.

George Mason University, located in unincorporated Fairfax County along Fairfax's southern border, is the largest public university in Virginia with 40,185 students as of 2023.
Cis occamy
Cis occamy is a species of minute tree-fungus beetle in the family Ciidae. It is found in Brazil.

Phylogenetically, it is inside the Cis bilamellatus species-group, defined by characteristics in the male and female genitalia.

It has been found in Atlantic Forest biomes in the states of São Paulo (Rio Claro being its type locality), Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo and Rio Grande do Sul, in Brazil.

It uses several bracket fungi as hosts. The species identified are Fabisporus sanguineus, Trametes membranacea, Trametes villosa and Fuscoporia gilva.

The etymology of the species name is an homage to occamy, a fictitious creature in the Harry Potter universe, named after the principle of Ockham's razor.

Ciidae
The minute tree-fungus beetles, family Ciidae, are a sizeable group of beetles which inhabit Polyporales bracket fungi or coarse woody debris. Most numerous in warmer regions, they are nonetheless widespread and a considerable number of species occur as far polewards as Scandinavia for example.
Nahda Club Barelias
Nahda Club Barelias (Arabic: نادي النهضة برالياس, lit. 'Renaissance Club Barelias'), or simply Nahda, is a football club based in Barelias,  Beqaa, Lebanon, that competes in the Lebanese Third Division. The club was established in 1986 and competes in the Lebanese Second Division after gaining promotion from the Third Division in 2018.

Beqaa Valley
The Beqaa Valley (Arabic: وادي البقاع, romanized: Wādī l-Biqā‘, Lebanese Arabic: [bʔaːʕ]; also romanized as Bekaa, Bekai, Biqâ, and Becaa) is a fertile valley in eastern Lebanon and its most important farming region. Industry, especially the country's agricultural industry, also flourishes in Beqaa. The region broadly corresponds to the Coele-Syria of classical antiquity.

The Beqaa is located about 30 km (19 mi) east of Beirut. The valley is situated between Mount Lebanon to the west and the Anti-Lebanon mountains to the east. It is the northern continuation of the Jordan Rift Valley, and thus part of the Great Rift Valley, which stretches from Syria to the Red Sea. Beqaa Valley is 120 kilometres (75 mi) long and 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) wide on average. It has a Mediterranean climate of wet, often snowy winters and dry, warm summers.
Thomas Hamner
Thomas Hamner (born December 25, 1976) is an American former professional football player who was a running back in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Minnesota Golden Gophers and was selected by the Philadelphia Eagles in the sixth round of the 2000 NFL draft. He was released the following season, before playing in any games, ending his professional career.

Minnesota Golden Gophers football
The Minnesota Golden Gophers football team represents the University of Minnesota in college football at the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision level. Founded in 1882, Minnesota has been a member of the Big Ten Conference since its inception in 1896 as the Western Conference. The Golden Gophers claim seven national championships, including four (1936, 1940, 1941, and 1960) from the major wire-services: AP Poll and/or Coaches' Poll.

Since 2009, the Golden Gophers have played all their home games at Huntington Bank Stadium in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The team is currently coached by P. J. Fleck.
Ilario Casolano
Ilario Casolano (1588 – 14 May 1661) was an Italian painter of the Baroque period.

He was called Cristofano Casolano by Giovanni Baglione. He was, like his father, Alessandro Casolano, was a pupil of Cavalière Cristoforo Roncalli. He assisted his father in some of his frescoes, and after his death, finished the fresco of the Assumption of the Virgin. He painted several pictures for the churches in Rome. The church of Santa Maria in Via Lata contains a Trinity, while the church of Santa Maria ai Monti has some pictures from the Life of the Virgin and an Assumption. He died at Rome.

Santa Maria ai Monti
Santa Maria dei Monti (also known as Madonna dei Monti or Santa Maria ai Monti) is a cardinalatial titular church, located at 41 Via della Madonna dei Monti, at the intersection with Via dei Serpenti, in the rione Monti of Rome, Italy. The church is dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary.
Tibok-tibok
Tibok-tibok (Pampangan: tibuktíbuk) or carabao-milk pudding is a Pampangan dessert pudding made primarily from carabao (water buffalo) milk and ground soaked glutinous rice (galapong). Originating in the Philippine province of Pampanga, it is especially popular in Cagayan. It has a soft jelly-like texture and is topped with latik (coconut curds) before serving. It is characteristically creamy white in color and has a delicate, sweet and slightly salty flavor. It is very similar to the more common maja blanca, albeit the latter is made with coconut milk and cornstarch.

Latik
Latík (Tagalog: [laˈtɪk]) refers to two different coconut-based ingredients in Filipino cuisine. In the Visayan region it refers to a syrupy caramelized coconut cream (coconut caramel) used as a dessert sauce. In the northern Philippines, it refers to solid by-products of coconut oil production (coconut curds), used as garnishing for a variety of desserts.
Elver Eating World Championships
The Elver Eating World Championships are held annually in Frampton on Severn in Gloucestershire, England. Elvers of the European eel were historically an important foodstuff in the Severn Valley and their annual arrival in the river was celebrated. At Frampton this celebration turned into a competitive eating contest on the village green. By the 1970s this was billed as the National Elver Eating Competition. The competition had ended by 1990 as elvers became scarcer. The competition was revived in 2015 as the Elver Eating World Championships, though elvers are no longer eaten, being replaced by elver-shaped surimi. The winners are those that can eat a portion of food in the shortest amount of time. Men eat 1 pound (0.45 kg) of surimi, women eat 0.5 pounds (0.23 kg) and children eat spaghetti.

Competitive eating
Competitive eating, or speed eating, is a sport in which participants compete against each other to eat large quantities of food, usually in a short time period. Contests are typically eight to ten minutes long, although some competitions can last up to thirty minutes, with the person consuming the most food being declared the winner. Competitive eating is most popular in the United States, Canada, and Japan, where organized professional eating contests often offer prizes, including cash.
2012 Australian Manufacturers' Championship
The 2012 Australian Manufacturers' Championship was a CAMS sanctioned Australian motor racing championship for modified production touring cars. The Manufacturers Championship was determined by a series pointscore for the manufacturers of the competing vehicles although the manufacturers themselves did not directly compete. The series also incorporated the 2012 Australian Production Car Championship, the 2012 Australian Production Car Endurance Championship and the 2012 Australian Endurance Championship, each of which was a drivers' title.

The 2012 Australian Manufacturers' Championship was the 27th manufacturers title to be awarded by CAMS and the 18th to be contested under the Australian Manufacturers' Championship name.

Australian Production Car Championship
The Australian Production Car Championship is an Australian motor racing title for production cars. The championship was first contested in 1987 and from 2008 to 2015 the title was awarded to the most successful driver in the annual Australian Manufacturers' Championship series which ran on the Shannons Nationals Motor Racing Championships program.

For 2016 the Australian Manufacturers' Championship (and thus the Australian Production Car Championship) was rebranded again as the Australian Production Car Series.

In 2025, the series, which had since its inception been sanctioned by Motorsport Australia and its predecessors organisation CAMS, switched to the Australian Auto Sport Alliance and will run as part of the Hi-Tec Oils Super Series event calendar.
Bilozerske urban hromada
Bilozerske urban hromada (Ukrainian: Білозерська міська громада) is a hromada of Ukraine, located in Pokrovsk Raion, Donetsk Oblast. Its administrative center is the city Bilozerske.

It has an area of 68.7 square kilometres (26.5 mi2) and a population of 15,738, as of 2020.

The hromada contains 7 settlements: 1 city (Bilozerske), 1 rural settlement (Bokove), and 5 villages:

Bilozerske
Bilozerske (Ukrainian: Білозерське, IPA: [biloˈzɛrsʲke] ⓘ; Russian: Белозёрское, romanized: Belozyorskoye) is a city in Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine. Population: 14,634 (2022 estimate). As of March 2025, about 11,000 inhabitants remained in the city.

The distance to the city of Dobropillia is approximately 13 km and runs along the T 0515 highway.
John Kennedy (Dublin Gaelic footballer)
John Kennedy was an Irish Gaelic footballer. His championship career at senior level with the Dublin county team lasted four seasons from 1891 until 1894.

Kennedy first played competitive football with the Young Irelands club. He won four successive county senior championship medals with the club between 1891 and 1894.

Young Irelands represented Dublin in the championship, with Kennedy making his inter-county debut during the 1891 championship. As captain of the team over the following four seasons, he won three All-Ireland medals during that time - the first player to captain a team to three championships. Kennedy also won three Leinster medals.

Dublin Senior Football Championship
The Dublin Senior Football Championship (currently known for sponsorship reasons as the Go-Ahead Dublin Senior Football Championship) is an annual Gaelic Athletic Association competition between the top Dublin GAA clubs.

The winners of the Dublin Championship qualify to represent their county in the Leinster Senior Club Football Championship, the winners of which progress to the All-Ireland Senior Club Football Championship.

The 2025 Dublin champions are  Ballyboden St Enda's who defeated Na Fianna in the final.
Duchy of Naples
The Duchy of Naples (Latin: Ducatus Neapolitanus, Neapolitan: Ducato di Napule) began as a Byzantine province in Southern Europe that was constituted in the seventh century, in the lands roughly corresponding to the current province of Naples that the Lombards had not conquered during their invasion of Italy in the sixth century.

It was governed by a military commander (dux), and rapidly became a de facto independent state, lasting more than five centuries during the Early and High Middle Ages. Naples remains a significant metropolitan city in present-day Italy.

Metropolitan City of Naples
The Metropolitan City of Naples (Italian: città metropolitana di Napoli) is a metropolitan city in the Campania region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Naples. The province was established on 1 January 2015 and contains 92 comuni (sg.: comune).
It was first created by the reform of local authorities (Law 142/1990) and established by Law 56/2014, thus replacing the province of Naples in 2015. It has 2,958,410 inhabitants as of 2025, making it the 3rd most populous metropolitan city in the country.

The Metropolitan City of Naples is headed by the Metropolitan Mayor (sindaco metropolitano) and the Metropolitan Council (consiglio metropolitano). Since 18 October 2021, its head has been Gaetano Manfredi, mayor of the capital city.
Erdős–Rado theorem
In partition calculus, part of combinatorial set theory, a branch of mathematics, the Erdős–Rado theorem  is a basic result extending Ramsey's theorem to uncountable sets. It is named after Paul Erdős and Richard Rado. It is sometimes also attributed to Đuro Kurepa who proved it under the additional assumption of the generalised continuum hypothesis, and hence the result is sometimes also referred to as the Erdős–Rado–Kurepa theorem.

Infinitary combinatorics
In mathematics, infinitary combinatorics, or combinatorial set theory, is an extension of ideas in combinatorics to infinite sets.
Some of the things studied include continuous graphs and trees, extensions of Ramsey's theorem, and Martin's axiom.
Recent developments concern combinatorics of the continuum and combinatorics on successors of singular cardinals.