hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Yoita Domain
Yoita Domain (与板藩, Yoita-han) was a fudai feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan.   It was located in Echigo Province, Honshū. The domain was centered at Yoita Jin'ya, located in what is now part of the city of Nagaoka in Niigata Prefecture.

Echigo Province
Echigo Province (越後国, Echigo no Kuni; Japanese pronunciation: [eꜜ.tɕi.ɡo (no kɯ.ɲi), -tɕi.ŋo-, e.tɕiꜜ.ɡo-, -tɕiꜜ.ŋo-, e.tɕi.ɡoꜜ, -tɕi.ŋoꜜ-]) was an old province in north-central Japan, on the shores of the Sea of Japan. It bordered on Uzen, Iwashiro, Kōzuke, Shinano, and Etchū Provinces. It corresponds today to  Niigata Prefecture, minus the island of  Sado.

Its abbreviated form name was Esshū (越州), with Echizen and Etchū Provinces. Under the Engishiki classification system, Echigo was ranked as one of the 35 "superior countries" (上国) in terms of importance, and one of the 30 "far countries" (遠国) in terms of distance from the capital Kyoto.

Echigo and Kōzuke Province were known as the Jōetsu region.
Beers, North Brabant
Beers (Brabants: Bèèrs) is a village in the former Dutch municipality of Cuijk. It is located about 4 km west of Cuijk. Since 2022 it has been part of the new municipality of Land van Cuijk.

Beers has a population of about 1,721, of which 1,305 reside in the village itself, and 416 in the surrounding countryside, including the hamlets De Plaats and Dommelsvoort.

Until 1994, Beers was a separate municipality.

Cuijk
Cuijk (pronunciationⓘ; dialect: Kuuk) is a town in the northeastern part of the province of North Brabant, Netherlands. It is the successor of a Roman settlement on the west bank of the Meuse, 13 km (8.1 mi) south of Nijmegen. Cuijk, which had a population of 18,170 as of 2020, was the centre of an eponymous municipality, which ceased to exist on 1 January 2022, when it was replaced by the larger Land van Cuijk municipality.
Criticism of the Quran
Criticism of the Quran, the religious text held to be sacred by Islam, often concerns the text’s factual accuracy, moral tenability, and supposed inerrancy claimed by ulemas. Muslims regard the Quran as the perfect verbatim word of God revealed to Muhammad.

In critical and historical study, scholars, such as John Wansbrough, Joseph Schacht, Patricia Crone, and Michael Cook, seek to investigate and verify the Quran's origin, text, composition, and history, examining questions, puzzles, difficult text, etc. as they would non-sacred ancient texts. The most common criticisms concern various pre-existing sources that the Quran relies upon, internal consistency, clarity and ethical teachings. According to Toby Lester, many Muslims find not only the religious fault-finding, but also Western scholarly investigation of textual evidence, "disturbing and offensive".

Joseph Schacht
Joseph Franz Schacht (German pronunciation: [ˈjoːzɛf ʃaxt] ⓘ, 15 March 1902 – 1 August 1969) was a British-German professor of Arabic and Islam at Columbia University in New York. He was the leading Western scholar in the areas of Islamic law and hadith studies, whose Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence (1950) is still considered a centrally important work on the subject. The author of many articles in the first and second editions of the Encyclopaedia of Islam, Schacht also co-edited the second edition of The Legacy of Islam and authored a textbook titled An Introduction to Islamic Law (1964).
1979 Saint Elias earthquake
The 1979 Saint Elias earthquake affected southeastern Alaska at 12:27 AKST on 28 February. The thrust-faulting Mw 7.5 earthquake had an epicenter in the east of the Chugach Mountains. The earthquake occurred along an uncertain plate boundary where previous large earthquakes have occurred. Though the maximum recorded Modified Mercalli intensity was VII (Very strong), damage was minimal and there were no casualties due to the remoteness of the faulting. The shaking was widespread and the damage also extended across the border to parts of Yukon, Canada.

1899 Yakutat Bay earthquakes
During September 1899 there was a series of severe earthquakes in the region around Yakutat Bay in Alaska. The most powerful of these occurred on September 3 and September 10 at about noon, local time. The area was sparsely populated and no fatalities were recorded, but the earthquakes were notable for the degree of elevation recorded, up to 47 feet, and for the effects on the glaciers in the region. Fieldwork on the effects of the earthquake was carried out between 1905 and 1910, and a summary report was published in 1912. The September 3rd large shock's magnitude is debated, but it ranges from 8.2–8.5. The second earthquake on September the 10th was also a comparably large shock, with magnitudes ranging from 8.2–8.6.
Ring Nebula
The Ring Nebula is a planetary nebula in the northern constellation of Lyra, about mid-way between the prominent stars Beta and Gamma Lyrae. It is also catalogued as Messier 57, M57 and NGC 6720. The nebula was discovered by Charles Messier in 1779. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 8.8, which is too faint to be visible with the naked eye, but it can be readily observed with a small telescope.

A planetary nebula is formed when a star, during the last stages of its evolution before becoming a white dwarf, expels a vast luminous envelope of ionized gas into the surrounding interstellar space. The progenitor star for the ring nebula is now a carbon-oxygen white dwarf with an apparent visual magnitude of +15.75. Based on parallax measurements, this star is located at a distance of approximately 2,570 light-years (790 pc) from the Sun. After expanding for 1,610 years, the nebula currently has a diameter of 4.6 ly.

Gamma Lyrae
Gamma Lyrae, Latinised from γ Lyrae, and formally named Sulafat /ˈsuːləfæt/, is the second-brightest star in the northern constellation of Lyra. With an apparent visual magnitude of 3.3, it is readily visible to the naked eye. Parallax measurements yield an estimated distance of 620 light-years (190 parsecs) from the Sun. At that distance, the visual magnitude of the star is diminished by an extinction factor of 0.12±0.03 due to interstellar dust.
'Ot 'n' Sweaty
'Ot 'n' Sweaty is the fourth album by the American rock band Cactus. It was released in 1972. Original members Jim McCarty and Rusty Day had left the group, so bass guitarist Tim Bogert and drummer Carmine Appice were joined by Werner Fritzschings on guitar, Duane Hitchings on keyboards and Peter French (ex-Leaf Hound and Atomic Rooster) on vocals. This was the band's final album before their long hiatus that lasted until 2006. The first three tracks (the first side of the original LP) were recorded live on April 3, 1972, in Puerto Rico at the Mar y Sol Pop Festival, and the rest (the second side of the LP) were recorded in studio (as reflected below the band's name on the album cover: On Stage In Puerto Rico And In The Studio). The pinnacle tracks for this album are "Bad Stuff", "Bringing Me Down", "Bedroom Mazurka", "Telling You" and a live recording of "Let Me Swim", which was a song by the original Cactus on their 1970 debut album.

Cactus (Cactus album)
Cactus is the debut studio album by American rock band Cactus, released on July 1, 1970, by Atco Records. The eight tracks consist of six original songs written by the band, plus covers of Mose Allison's version of blues standard "Parchman Farm", and Willie Dixon's "You Can't Judge a Book by the Cover". The introduction to the track "Let Me Swim" loosely inspired the first few seconds of the 1978 instrumental "Eruption" by Van Halen.
Conservation and restoration of outdoor artworks
The conservation and restoration of outdoor artworks is the activity dedicated to the preservation and protection of artworks that are exhibited or permanently installed outside. These works may be made of wood, stone, ceramic material, plastic, bronze, copper, or any other number of materials and may or may not be painted.  When applied to cultural heritage this activity is generally undertaken by a conservator-restorer.

Conservator-restorer
A conservator-restorer is a professional responsible for the preservation of artistic and cultural artifacts, also known as cultural heritage. Conservators possess the expertise to preserve cultural heritage in a way that retains the integrity of the object, building or site, including its historical significance, context and aesthetic or visual aspects. This kind of preservation is done by analyzing and assessing the condition of cultural property, understanding processes and evidence of deterioration, planning collections care or site management strategies that prevent damage, carrying out conservation treatments, and conducting research. A conservator's job is to ensure that the objects in a museum's collection are kept in the best possible condition, as well as to serve the museum's mission to bring art before the public.
Jane Margaret O'Brien
Jane Margaret O'Brien (born 1953), also known as Maggie O'Brien, is an American professor of chemistry, college president, and academic administrator. She is president emerita of St. Mary's College of Maryland, and was president of Hollins College (now Hollins University).

Hollins University
Hollins University is a private university in Hollins, Virginia, United States. Founded in 1842 as Valley Union Seminary in the historical settlement of Botetourt Springs, it is one of the oldest institutions of higher education for women in the US.

Hollins enrolls about 800 undergraduate and graduate students. As Virginia's first chartered women's college, undergraduate programs are female-only. Men are admitted to the graduate-level programs.
Love Thru the Computer
"Love Thru the Computer" is a song by American rapper Gucci Mane, featuring Canadian singer Justin Bieber. It was released as the lead single from the former's thirteenth studio album, Delusions of Grandeur, on May 31, 2019. The song was written by the artists alongside producer J. White Did It, with additional writing credits going to Roger Troutman, Larry Troutman, and Shirley Murdock for the sampling of Zapp's "Computer Love".

Computer Love (Zapp song)
"Computer Love" is a song performed by American funk band Zapp, issued as the fourth and final single from their fourth studio album The New Zapp IV U. Featuring vocals by Shirley Murdock and Charlie Wilson and written by Murdock, Zapp Band leader Roger Troutman and his brother Larry Troutman, the single  peaked at number 8 on the Billboard R&B chart in 1986.
Joly, Ontario
Joly is a township in the Almaguin Highlands region of Parry Sound District of the Canadian province of Ontario.

The township has no named communities within its boundaries; all addresses in the township are rural routes assigned to the adjacent communities of South River, Sundridge, Hartfell or Pevensey. The South River-Sundridge District Airport is in Joly.

Strong, Ontario
Strong is a township in the Canadian province of Ontario, as well as the name of a community within the township. Located in the Almaguin Highlands region of Parry Sound District, the township surrounds but does not include the village of Sundridge.

The township includes the communities of Hartfell, Kennedys, Lake Bernard, Pevensey, Stirling Falls, and Strong. It is home to Lake Bernard.

Strong Township is accessible via Highway 11 and Highway 124. It is bisected by the CN railway.
Eoalligator
Eoalligator is an extinct genus of alligatoroid crocodilian known from fragmentary remains that have been recovered from Late Cretaceous to Paleocene sediments of China. Fossils of the type and only species, Eoalligator chunyii, were first discovered in 1964 and described alongside the bones of Asiatosuchus nanlingensis. While one 2016 study eventually suggested that the two might in fact represent the same animal, more recent work has been published arguing that the two are in fact different. At one point a second species was also named, but has since placed in its own genus, Protoalligator. The relationship between Eoalligator and other crocodilians has repeatedly shifted: it was initially interpreted as an alligatorine, then for some time as a type of crocodyloid before being placed in the clade Orientalosuchina, a group of crocodilians with disputed affinities endemic to Asia during the Cretaceous and Paleogene.

Alligatoroidea
Alligatoroidea is one of three superfamilies of crocodylians, the other two being Crocodyloidea and Gavialoidea.  Alligatoroidea evolved in the Late Cretaceous period, and consists of the alligators and caimans, as well as extinct members more closely related to the alligators than the two other groups.
Belerhat railway station
Belerhat railway station is a railway station on Bandel–Katwa line connecting from Bandel to Katwa, and under the jurisdiction of Howrah railway division of Eastern Railway zone. It is situated at Jajneswarpur, Belerhat village of Purba Bardhaman district in the Indian state of West Bengal. It serves Majida and surrounding area. Few EMUs and passengers trains stop at Belerhat railway station. The station code for Belerhat railway station is BQY.

Katwa Junction railway station
Katwa  is a  Kolkata Suburban Railway Junction Station on the Howrah–Bandel–Katwa line, Barharwa–Azimganj–Katwa and the Howrah–New Jalpaiguri line. It is located in Purba Bardhaman district in the Indian state of West Bengal. It serves Katwa and the surrounding areas.
Roger Q. Mills
Roger Quarles Mills (March 30, 1832 – September 2, 1911) was an American lawyer and Democratic Party politician who represented Texas in the United States House of Representatives from 1873 to 1892 and the United States Senate from 1892 to 1899. He served as an officer in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War.

As the leading Democrat on the influential United States House Committee on Ways and Means during the first Grover Cleveland and Benjamin Harrison administrations, Mills advocated for trade liberalization. Despite his efforts, he did not succeed in passing significant tariff reduction legislation. Additionally, he was unable to block the enactment of the McKinley Tariff of 1890 after Republicans gained control of the House on a pro-tariff platform. Mills also ran for Speaker after Democrats regained control of the House in 1891 but was defeated by Charles F. Crisp.

Charles F. Crisp
Charles Frederick Crisp (January 29, 1845 – October 23, 1896) was a British-American politician and Confederate Army officer. A member of the Democratic Party, Crisp was elected as a congressman from Georgia in 1882, and served until his death in 1896.  From 1890 to 1895, he led the Democratic Party in the House, as either the speaker of the House or House minority leader. He was the father of Charles R. Crisp who also served in Congress.
Cape mountain zebra
The Cape mountain zebra (Equus zebra zebra) is a nominate subspecies of mountain zebra that occurs in certain mountainous regions of the Western and Eastern Cape provinces of South Africa.

It is the smallest of all existing zebra species and also the most geographically restricted. Although once nearly driven to extinction, the population has now been increased by several conservation methods, and is classified as Vulnerable by the IUCN.

Mountain zebra
The mountain zebra (Equus zebra) is a zebra species in the family Equidae, native to southwestern Africa. There are two subspecies, the Cape mountain zebra (E. z. zebra) found in South Africa and Hartmann's mountain zebra (E. z. hartmannae) found in south-western Angola and Namibia.
Po Lam
Po Lam (Chinese: 寶琳 or 寶林) is a neighbourhood in northern Tseung Kwan O, Kowloon. An MTR station with the same name, Tseung Kwan O Village, Yau Yue Wan Village, King Lam Estate, and Po Lam Estate are located there.

Po Lam Estate
Po Lam Estate (Chinese: 寶林邨) is a mixed TPS and public housing estate in Tseung Kwan O, New Territories, Hong Kong, near Metro City and MTR Po Lam station. It is the first public housing estate in Tseung Kwan O and has a total of seven residential blocks with 5,272 units. Some of the flats were sold to tenants through Tenants Purchase Scheme Phase 6A in 2004.

Ying Ming Court (英明苑) and Yan Ming Court (欣明苑) are Home Ownership Scheme housing courts in Tseung Kwan O near Po Lam Estate, built in 1989 and 1990 respectively.
Dresden-Klotzsche–Dresden Airport railway
The Dresden-Klotzsche–Dresden Airport railway is a single-track, electrified main line in Saxony, Germany. It runs from Dresden-Klotzsche station on the Görlitz–Dresden railway to Dresden Airport and today it is served exclusively by the Dresden S-Bahn.

Görlitz–Dresden railway
The Görlitz–Dresden railway is a two-track main line railway in the German state of Saxony, originally built and operated by the Saxon-Silesian Railway Company. It runs through Upper Lusatia from Dresden via Bischofswerda, Bautzen and Löbau to Görlitz. The line is part of the route from Dresden to Wrocław and Pan-European Transport Corridor III. The first section of the line opened in 1845 and it is one of the oldest lines in Germany.
Belfast Urban Motorway
The Belfast Urban Motorway was a proposed motorway system in Belfast, Northern Ireland announced in 1964, but was never completed. Only the Western portion was built as the A12, Westlink. It was to be built in three phases: Phase 1, from the M1 at Broadway to the M2 at York Street; Phase 2, from the M2 at York Street across the River Lagan to the M3 at the bottom of the Newtownards Road; and Phase 3, from the Newtownards Road south through Short Strand, back across the River Lagan, through Shaftesbury Square to join the start at the M1.

M2 motorway (Northern Ireland)
The M2 is a motorway in Belfast and County Antrim in Northern Ireland. It is in two sections, the southern section running from north Belfast to Antrim and the northern section acts as a bypass of Ballymena, with the A26 road linking the two sections. In total it is 22 miles (36.2 kilometres). The M2 has the busiest sections of any road or motorway in Northern Ireland. The M2 is one of Northern Ireland's most important motorways, forming most of the main route from Belfast city to both Belfast International Airport and less than a quarter of the way to Derry. It forms part of the unsigned European route E01, E16 and E18 roads.
Crew Dragon C204
Crew Dragon C204 was part of Crew Dragon flight vehicle SN 2-1 (sometimes incorrectly called C201) manufactured and operated by SpaceX and used by NASA's Commercial Crew Program. Used in the uncrewed Demo-1 mission, it was launched atop a Falcon 9 rocket on 2 March 2019, arriving at the International Space Station on 3 March 2019. It was the first orbital test flight of the Dragon 2 spacecraft. The spacecraft was unexpectedly destroyed on 20 April 2019 during a separate test when firing the SuperDraco engines at Landing Zone 1.

Crew Dragon Demo-1
Crew Dragon Demo-1 (officially Crew Demo-1, SpaceX Demo-1, or Demonstration Mission-1) was the first orbital test of the Dragon 2 spacecraft. The mission launched on 2 March 2019  at 07:49:03 UTC, and arrived at the International Space Station on 3 March 2019, a little over 24 hours after the launch. The mission ended with a splashdown on 8 March 2019 at 13:45:08 UTC.

During a separate test, on 20 April 2019, the capsule used on Crew Demo-1 was unexpectedly destroyed when firing the SuperDraco engines at Landing Zone 1.
Andy Vidak
James Andrew Vidak (born November 13, 1965) is an American politician. A Republican, he served in the California State Senate from 2013 to 2018 representing portions of the San Joaquin Valley. From 2013 to 2014, Vidak represented the 16th Senate District; he then won a full term in the 14th Senate District.

Vidak was first elected to the state Senate in a 2013 special election after the resignation of former state senator Michael Rubio, and was re-elected in 2014. He sought re-election in 2018, but was defeated by Democrat Melissa Hurtado.

Michael Rubio
Michael J. Rubio (born August 24, 1977) is a former California State Senator representing the 16th Senate District before resigning on February 22, 2013. He previously served as Fifth District Kern County Supervisor representing the communities of Arvin, Lamont, and East Bakersfield.
1888 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship
The 1888 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship was the second staging of the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1887. The championship began on 27 May 1888; however, no All-Ireland final took place and the championship remains unfinished due to the North American invasion tour of Irish athletes, an unsuccessful attempt to raise funds for a revival of the Tailteann Games.

Tipperary were the defending champions; however, they were defeated in the provincial series.

1887 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship
The 1887 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship was the first staging of the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship. The championship began on 2 July 1887 and ended on 1 April 1888.

Tipperary won the title following a 1–1 to 0–0 defeat of Galway in the final.
Occam learning
In computational learning theory, Occam learning is a model of algorithmic learning where the objective of the learner is to output a succinct representation of received training data. This is closely related to probably approximately correct (PAC) learning, where the learner is evaluated on its predictive power of a test set.

Occam learnability implies PAC learning, and for a wide variety of concept classes, the converse is also true: PAC learnability implies Occam learnability.

Concept class
In computational learning theory in mathematics, a concept over a domain X is a total Boolean function over X. A concept class is a class of concepts. Concept classes are a subject of computational learning theory.

Concept class terminology frequently appears in model theory associated with probably approximately correct (PAC) learning. In this setting, if one takes a set Y as a set of (classifier output) labels, and X is a set of examples, the map , i.e. from examples to classifier labels (where  and where c is a subset of X), c is then said to be a concept. A concept class  is then a collection of such concepts.

Given a class of concepts C, a subclass D is reachable if there exists a sample s such that D contains exactly those concepts in C that are extensions to s. Not every subclass is reachable.
Kaniadakis Weibull distribution
The Kaniadakis Weibull distribution (or κ-Weibull distribution) is a probability distribution arising as a generalization of the Weibull distribution. It is one example of a Kaniadakis κ-distribution. The κ-Weibull distribution has been adopted successfully for describing a wide variety of complex systems in seismology, economy, epidemiology, among many others.

Weibull distribution
In probability theory and statistics, the Weibull distribution /ˈwaɪbʊl/ is a continuous probability distribution.  It models a broad range of random variables, largely in the nature of a time to failure or time between events.  Examples are maximum one-day rainfalls and the time a user spends on a web page.

The distribution is named after Swedish mathematician Waloddi Weibull, who described it in detail in 1939, although it was first identified by René Maurice Fréchet and first applied by Rosin & Rammler (1933) to describe a particle size distribution.
Deepal S05
The Deepal S05 (Chinese: 深蓝S05; pinyin: Shēnlán S05) is a compact crossover SUV produced by Changan Automobile under its Deepal brand. Sales of the S05 started in the third quarter of 2024.

The Deepal S05 shares Changan's EPA1 platform with the S07, G318, and L07 models.

Deepal S07
The Deepal S07 (Chinese: 深蓝S07; pinyin: Shēnlán S07, formerly Deepal S7 until 2024) is a mid-size crossover SUV produced by Deepal, the electric vehicle subsidiary of Chinese automotive company Changan Automobile since 2023. Changan has jointly developed the Deepal S07 with Huawei and CATL, and shares its platform with the previously launched Deepal L07. Production of the Deepal S07 started on 31 May 2023.