hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
2002 Oregon gubernatorial election
The 2002 Oregon gubernatorial election took place on November 5, 2002. Incumbent Democrat John Kitzhaber was barred by term limits from seeking a third consecutive term; he later successfully ran again in 2010 and 2014. To replace him, former Oregon Supreme Court Associate Justice Ted Kulongoski won a crowded and competitive Democratic primary, while former State Representative Kevin Mannix emerged from an equally competitive Republican primary. The campaign between Kulongoski and Mannix, who were joined by Libertarian nominee Tom Cox, was close and went down to the wire. Ultimately, Kulongoski eked out a narrow margin of victory over Mannix, which was slightly smaller than Cox's total vote share, allowing Kulongoski to win what would be the first of two terms as governor. As of 2024, this is the last time that Oregon voted for a gubernatorial nominee and a U.S. Senate nominee of different political parties.

Oregon House of Representatives
The Oregon House of Representatives is the lower house of the Oregon Legislative Assembly, the upper house being the Oregon State Senate. There are 60 members of the House, representing 60 districts across the state, each with a population of approximately 65,000. The House meets in the west wing of the Oregon State Capitol in Salem.

Members of the House serve two-year terms without term limits. In 2002, the Oregon Supreme Court struck down Oregon Ballot Measure 3 (1992), that had restricted State Representatives to three terms (six years) on procedural grounds.

In the current legislative session, Democrats have 37 seats, a slim 2 seat supermajority, while the Republicans have a minority of 23 seats.
Ottoman ironclad Osmaniye
Osmaniye, named for Sultan Osman I, was the lead ship of the Osmaniye class of ironclad warships built for the Ottoman Navy in the 1860s by Robert Napier and Sons of the United Kingdom. A broadside ironclad, Osmaniye carried a battery of fourteen 203 mm (8 in) RML Armstrong guns and ten 36-pounder Armstrongs in a traditional broadside arrangement, with a single 229 mm (9 in) RML as a chase gun. Among the more powerful of Ottoman ironclads, the Navy decided to keep the ship out of the action during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 to preserve the vessel. She spent the 1880s out of service, though she was heavily rebuilt in the early 1890s and converted into a more modern barbette ship. She was nevertheless in poor condition by the time of the Greco-Turkish War in 1897, as a result saw no action, and was disarmed after the war. She remained in commission until 1909 but saw no further service, and was broken up in 1923.

Rifled muzzle loader
A rifled muzzle loader (RML) is a type of artillery piece invented in the mid-19th century. In contrast to smooth bore cannon which preceded it, the rifling of the gun barrel allowed much greater range, accuracy and penetration as the spin induced to the shell gave it directional stability. During the 1860s and 1870s, Rifled Muzzle Loaders were used as field guns, naval guns, and fortress guns, until they were superseded by effective and reliable breech-loading weapons.

In naval service, the rifled muzzle loader and the concurrent rifled breech loader (RBL) generated a huge arms race in the late 19th century, with rapid advances in fortifications and ironclad warships.
Mary Bancroft
Mary Bancroft (October 29, 1903, in Boston – January 10, 1997, in New York City) was an American novelist and spy and a member of the Bancroft family, which at one time owned Dow Jones & Company. In 1942, while living in Switzerland, Bancroft was recruited by the Office of Strategic Services, and both worked and had a romantic relationship with Allen Dulles. Her most important work was with Hans Bernd Gisevius, a German military intelligence officer who supplied her with details of the 20 July plot to assassinate Hitler. After the war, Bancroft settled in New York and became a novelist.

Hans Bernd Gisevius
Gustav-Adolf Timotheus Hans Bernd Gisevius (14 July 1904 – 23 February 1974) was a German politician, Gestapo and Abwehr officer and diplomat during the Second World War. He was a member of the Military Resistance, who actively participated in the Oster Conspiracy and the 20 July Plot, being among the few survivors. A covert opponent of the Nazi regime, he also served as a liaison in Zürich between Allen Dulles, station chief for the American OSS, and the German Resistance forces in Germany.

Gisevius was a witness for the defense, during the Nuremberg trials, testifying in favour of Hjalmar Schacht, who was acquitted, and against Hermann Göring, Ernst Kaltenbrunner and Wilhelm Keitel.
G-structure on a manifold
In differential geometry, a G-structure on an n-manifold M, for a given structure group G, is a principal G-subbundle of the tangent frame bundle FM (or GL(M)) of M.

The notion of G-structures includes various classical structures that can be defined on manifolds, which in some cases are tensor fields. For example, for the orthogonal group, an O(n)-structure defines a Riemannian metric, and for the special linear group an SL(n,R)-structure is the same as a volume form.  For the trivial group, an {e}-structure consists of an absolute parallelism of the manifold.

Generalising this idea to arbitrary principal bundles on topological spaces, one can ask if a principal -bundle over a group  "comes from" a subgroup  of . This is called reduction of the structure group (to ).

Several structures on manifolds, such as a complex structure, a symplectic structure, or a Kähler structure, are G-structures with an additional integrability condition.

Integrability conditions for differential systems
In mathematics, certain systems of partial differential equations are usefully formulated, from the point of view of their underlying geometric and algebraic structure, in terms of a system of differential forms. The idea is to take advantage of the way a differential form restricts to a submanifold, and the fact that this restriction is compatible with the exterior derivative. This is one possible approach to certain over-determined systems, for example, including Lax pairs of integrable systems.
Milton Snow
Milton "Jack" Snow (April 9, 1905 – March 1986) was an American photographer who extensively photographed the environmental degradation of Navajo land. He also made many photographs of the Diné people in the American Southwest.  Snow's career spanned twenty years, focusing on U.S.–Navajo relations.

Snow was employed by the Navajo Service for this project after the impact of "John Collier's draconian Livestock Reduction Program of the 1930's and 40s."

Navajo Livestock Reduction
The Navajo Livestock Reduction was imposed by the United States government upon the Navajo Nation in the 1930s, during the Great Depression. The reduction of herds was justified by the government by stating that grazing areas were becoming eroded and had deteriorated due to too many animals.
Character and description of Kingia
Character and description of Kingia, a new genus of plants found on the south-west coast of New Holland, with observations on the structure of its unimpregnated ovulum, and on the female flower of Cycadeae and Coniferae is an 1826 paper by botanist Robert Brown. Though nominally a formal description of the then-unpublished genus Kingia, it is more notable for its digressions into ovule anatomy and development, in which Brown sets out for the first time the modern understanding of the structure of angiosperm ovules, and publishes the first description of the fundamental difference between angiosperms and gymnosperms. Of the latter it has been said that "no more important discovery was ever made in the domain of comparative morphology and systematic Botany".

Ovule
In seed plants, the ovule is the structure that gives rise to and contains the female reproductive cells. It consists of three parts: the integument, forming its outer layer, the nucellus (or remnant of the megasporangium), and the female gametophyte (formed from a haploid megaspore) in its center. The female gametophyte — specifically termed a megagametophyte — is also called the embryo sac in angiosperms. The megagametophyte produces an egg cell for the purpose of fertilization. The ovule is a small structure present in the ovary. It is attached to the placenta by a stalk called a funicle. The funicle provides nourishment to the ovule. On the basis of the relative position of micropyle, body of the ovule, chalaza and funicle, there are six types of ovules.
Timotheas Hembrom
Timotheas Hembrom (31 July 1939 – 18 August 2020) was an ordained Minister of the Church of North India and an Old Testament Scholar who taught at the Bishop's College, Kolkata, affiliated to the nation's first University, the Senate of Serampore College (University).  As a Biblical scholar, Hembrom was a member of the scholarly Society for Biblical Studies in India, with members from the Protestant, Orthodox, Catholic and Charismatic Church societies.  He researched on Santali creation traditions and his work was first published in 1996 (reprinted in 2013) was simultaneously reviewed in the Indian Journal of Theology and the Journal of Hindu-Christian Studies.

Hembrom had been the editor of the Santali magazine, Jug-Sirijol published by the Santali Cultural and Literary Society, Kolkata in Roman script.

Christianity portal

Santal people
The Santal (or Santhal) are an Austroasiatic-speaking Munda ethnic group of the Indian subcontinent. They constitute the largest tribal community in the Indian states of Jharkhand and West Bengal, and are also present in Odisha, Bihar, Assam, and Tripura. They are the largest ethnic minority in northern Bangladesh's Rajshahi Division and Rangpur Division. They have a sizeable population in Nepal. The Santals speak Santali, the most widely spoken language of the Munda subfamily of Austroasiatic languages.
Phi Kappa Nu
Phi Kappa Nu (ΦΚΝ) was a local fraternity on the campus of Howard College (now Samford University) in Birmingham, Alabama, United States. Through mergers, it helped establish Theta Kappa Nu, which later joined Lambda Chi Alpha.

Lambda Chi Alpha
Lambda Chi Alpha (ΛΧΑ), commonly referred to as Lambda Chi, is a collegiate fraternity in North America. With over 300,000 initiates as of 2024, it is the third-largest social fraternity in the world by number of initiates. It has almost 8,700 current undergraduate members affiliated with chapters and associate chapters at 166 colleges and universities in the United States and Canada. Its members may be known variously as Lambda Chis, LXAs, LCAs, Lambdas, Chops, or Choppers at different campuses.

Lambda Chi Alpha was founded at Boston University in 1909. It is a member of the North American Interfraternity Conference (NIC), which it rejoined in November 2023 after withdrawing from the conference in 2015. Among the largest 15 social fraternities in the world, Lambda Chi Alpha is the youngest. Since 2014, after maintaining its headquarters at various locations in Indiana, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania, it has been headquartered in Carmel, Indiana, outside Indianapolis.
Aytoun Hall
Aytoun Hall, also referred to as Auchterarder Town Hall, is a municipal building in the High Street, Auchterarder, Perth and Kinross, Scotland. The structure, which is currently used as community events venue, is a Category C listed building.

Perth and Kinross
Perth and Kinross (Scots: Pairth an Kinross; Scottish Gaelic: Peairt agus Ceann Rois) is one of the 32 council areas of Scotland, and a lieutenancy area. It is bordered by Highland and Aberdeenshire to the north, Angus, Dundee, and Fife to the east, Clackmannanshire to the south, and Stirling and Argyll and Bute to the west.

Geographically the area is split by the Highland Boundary Fault into a more mountainous northern part and a flatter southern part. The northern area is a popular tourist spot, while agriculture makes an important contribution to the southern part of the area.

The area is run by Perth and Kinross Council, which is based in Perth.
FEU Tamaraws basketball
FEU Tamaraws are the collegiate basketball varsity team of the Far Eastern University (FEU). FEU currently holds the record of winning the most number of championships (20 championships) in the men's basketball division of the University Athletic Association of the Philippines. FEU also appeared in the Philippine Collegiate Championship finals four times, and was able to win back to back championships in 2004 and 2005. The team originally played in the NCAA from 1929 to 1936 and was one of its founding members.

While the main campus of FEU is in Sampaloc, Manila, the basketball team is now based in FEU Diliman in Diliman, Quezon City.

Philippine Collegiate Champions League
The Philippine Collegiate Champions League (PCCL) was a national collegiate basketball championship league in the Philippines. Its tournament, known as the "National Collegiate Championship" (NCC) is sanctioned by the Samahang Basketbol ng Pilipinas, the country's national basketball federation. The league's format varies every season with 250 teams coming from nine different regional areas nationwide.
Nikolas Papadopoulos
Nikolas Papadopoulos (Greek: Νικόλας Παπαδόπουλος; born 22 April 1973) is a Greek Cypriot lawyer and politician. He has been Member of Parliament for Nicosia since 2006 and leader of centrist DIKO party since 2013. Papadopoulos chairs the parliamentary committee on Finance and Budget. He is the son of President Tassos Papadopoulos.

House of Representatives (Cyprus)
The House of Representatives (Greek: Βουλή των Αντιπροσώπων Voulī́ tōn Antiprosṓpōn; Turkish: Temsilciler Meclisi) is the national unicameral legislature of the Republic of Cyprus. Members and three observers representing Armenian, Latin, and Maronite Cypriots are elected by proportional representation every five years. 30% of seats are allocated to Turkish Cypriots, but these have been vacant since 1964. The House of Representatives of Cyprus is the only legislature in the European Union within a fully presidential system.
Supermoon
A supermoon is a full moon or a new moon that nearly coincides with perigee—the closest that the Moon comes to the Earth in its orbit—resulting in a slightly larger-than-usual apparent size of the lunar disk as viewed from Earth.‍ The technical name is a perigee syzygy (of the Earth–Moon–Sun system) or a full (or new) Moon around perigee.‍ Because the term supermoon is astrological in origin, it has no precise astronomical definition.‍

The association of the Moon with both oceanic and crustal tides has led to claims that the supermoon phenomenon may be associated with increased risk of events like earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, but no such link has been found.‍

The opposite phenomenon, an apogee syzygy or a full (or new) Moon around apogee, has been called a micromoon.‍

Angular diameter
The angular diameter, angular width, angular size, apparent diameter, or apparent size is an angular separation (in units of angle) describing how large a sphere or circle appears from a given point of view. In the vision sciences, it is called the visual angle, and in optics, it is the angular aperture (of a lens). The angular diameter can alternatively be thought of as the angular displacement through which an eye or camera must rotate to look from one side of an apparent circle to the opposite side.

A person can resolve with their naked eyes diameters down to about 1 arcminute (approximately 0.017° or 0.0003 radians). This corresponds to 0.3 m at a 1 km distance, or to perceiving Venus as a disk under optimal conditions.
Amazing Alex
Amazing Alex was a physics-based puzzle game created by Rovio Entertainment, developer of the popular video game Angry Birds.

Amazing Alex was announced by Rovio's CEO, Mikael Hed, on Yle's breakfast television in May 2012. The game was based on Casey's Contraptions, a game created by Noel Llopis of Snappy Touch, and Miguel Ángel Friginal of Mystery Coconut, whose rights were acquired by Rovio. The game featured educational elements and revolved around the character Alex, described as a curious boy with an interest in building contraptions. The goal was to create various Rube Goldberg machines to get a ball to a certain location. The game held similarities to The Incredible Machine, originally released in 1993.

On April 13, 2015, the game was removed from the App Store and Google Play.

Rovio Entertainment
Rovio Entertainment Oy (formerly Relude Oy and Rovio Mobile Oy) is a Finnish video game developer based in Espoo. Founded in 2003 by Helsinki University of Technology students Niklas Hed, Jarno Väkeväinen and Kim Dikert, the company is best known for the Angry Birds franchise. The company currently operates studios in Barcelona, Toronto, Espoo, Stockholm, and Copenhagen, with former offices in Montreal. The company's success has helped to establish Finland as a leading player in the mobile game industry and has helped to create a thriving ecosystem for game development in the country. In August 2023, Sega purchased Rovio for US$776 million and it was made a subsidiary of the Sega Europe division.
Kubeflow
Kubeflow is an open-source platform for machine learning and MLOps on Kubernetes introduced by Google. The different stages in a typical machine learning lifecycle are represented with different software components in Kubeflow, including model development (Kubeflow Notebooks), model training (Kubeflow Pipelines, Kubeflow Training Operator), model serving (KServe), and automated machine learning (Katib).

Each component of Kubeflow can be deployed separately, and it is not a requirement to deploy every component.

Automated machine learning
Automated machine learning (AutoML) is the process of automating the tasks of applying machine learning to real-world problems. It is the combination of automation and ML.

AutoML potentially includes every stage from beginning with a raw dataset to building a machine learning model ready for deployment. AutoML was proposed as an artificial intelligence-based solution to the growing challenge of applying machine learning. The high degree of automation in AutoML aims to allow non-experts to make use of machine learning models and techniques without requiring them to become experts in machine learning. Automating the process of applying machine learning end-to-end additionally offers the advantages of producing simpler solutions, faster creation of those solutions, and models that often outperform hand-designed models.

Common techniques used in AutoML include hyperparameter optimization, meta-learning and neural architecture search.
Taylor Porter
Taylor Lauren Porter (born October 29, 1997) is an American professional soccer player who plays as a midfielder for and captains USL Super League club Carolina Ascent. She played college soccer for the NC State Wolfpack.

Carolina Ascent FC
Carolina Ascent Football Club is an American professional women's soccer club based in Charlotte, North Carolina, that competes in the USL Super League (USLS). The club also features an affiliate team in the USL W League (USLW), which began play in summer 2024.
Soil solarization
Soil solarization is a non-chemical environmentally friendly method for controlling pests using solar power to increase the soil temperature to levels at which many soil-borne plant pathogens will be killed or greatly weakened. Soil solarization is used in warm climates on a relatively small scale in gardens and organic farms. Soil solarization weakens and kills fungi, bacteria, nematodes, and insect and mite pests along with weeds in the soil by mulching and covering the soil with a tarp, usually with a transparent polyethylene cover to trap solar energy. This energy causes physical, chemical, and biological changes in the soil community. Soil solarization is dependent upon time, temperature, and soil moisture. It may also be described as a method of decontaminating soil or creating disease suppressive soils by the use of sunlight.

Mulch
A mulch is a layer of material applied to the surface of soil. Reasons for applying mulch include conservation of soil moisture, improving fertility and health of the soil, reducing weed growth, and enhancing the visual appeal of the area.

Mulch is usually, but not exclusively, organic in nature. It may be permanent (e.g. plastic sheeting) or temporary (e.g. bark chips). It may be applied to bare soil or around existing plants. Mulches of manure and compost will be incorporated naturally into the soil by the activity of worms and other organisms. The process is used both in commercial crop production and in gardening, and when applied correctly, can improve soil productivity.

Living mulches include moss lawns and other ground covers.
Lucena Lines
Lucena Lines Inc. (LLI) is a bus operating company in the Philippines. It is a subsidiary of JAC Liner Inc. and commenced its own operations in December 2004. It has operations from Manila to Lucena in the province of Quezon, Pagsanjan and Santa Cruz in the province of Laguna.

Pagsanjan
Pagsanjan (pronounced PAG-sang-han), officially the Municipality of Pagsanjan (Tagalog: Bayan ng Pagsanjan), is a municipality in the province of Laguna, Philippines. According to the 2024 census, it has a population of 45,602 people.

It is known as the tourist capital of Laguna and is the home of the Bangkero Festival held every March. The bangkeros are tour guides who steer boats along the river to Pagsanjan Falls (also called Magdapio Falls), for which the town is well known but is actually in neighboring Cavinti.

The municipality was the capital of the province of Laguna for 170 years (from 1688 to 1858) during which the town prospered as the commercial, cultural and learning center of the province.
Aleksey Malyukov
Aleksey Sergeyevich Malyukov (Russian: Алексей Сергеевич Малюков; born 27 March 1950) is a Russian athletics coach and former hammer thrower. Malyukov represented the Soviet Union at the 1978 European Championships and was ranked among the world's top 10 hammer throwers four times between 1975 and 1980.

1978 European Athletics Championships
The 12th European Athletics Championships were held from 29 August to 3 September 1978 in the Stadion Evžena Rošického in Prague, the capital city of Czechoslovakia (present-day Czech Republic).  Contemporaneous reports on the event were given in the Glasgow Herald.

There were a number of disqualifications because of infringements of IAAF doping rules resulting in 18-month bans for shot putter Yevgeniy Mironov, javelin thrower Vasiliy Yershov, and pentathletes Nadiya Tkachenko and Yekaterina Gordiyenko, all competing for the Soviet Union, as well as shot putter Elena Stoyanova from Bulgaria.
Ellie Boatman
Eleanor May Boatman (born 13 May 1997) is an English rugby union player who plays for Ealing Trailfinders in Premiership Women's Rugby and the Great Britain women's national rugby sevens team, having also played for England sevens.

Trailfinders Women
Trailfinders Women are a professional women's rugby union club based in Ealing, Greater London. They currently compete in Premiership Women's Rugby, the highest division of women's rugby union in England.