hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Vaughan Foods beheading incident
On September 25, 2014, Alton Nolen attacked two employees at the Vaughan Foods food processing plant in Moore, Oklahoma, United States, with a knife. He beheaded Colleen Hufford, and also stabbed another employee, Traci Johnson, who was critically injured. Nolen, whom the plant had fired prior to the attack, was shot and wounded by Vaughan Foods chief operating officer Mark Vaughan. The attack came to national attention due to its gruesome nature, which followed a well-publicized recent series of beheadings carried out by the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria  (ISIS).

Nolen pleaded not guilty by reason of insanity due to a history of schizophrenia. Following a trial in October 2017, he was convicted of first-degree murder and multiple counts of assault and battery. A jury recommended that Nolen be sentenced to death, and, on December 15, 2017, a judge sentenced Nolen to death by lethal injection.

Islamic State beheadings
The Islamic State (IS), a Sunni Islamist and extremist group, performs beheadings for capital punishment and propaganda purposes. The beheadings received significant worldwide media coverage and attracted widespread condemnation from both governments and Islamic leaders worldwide. IS beheadings peaked in 2014 and 2015—then concentrated in Iraq and the Levant—and steadily declined as the group lost its territories. However, the practice has persisted or appeared in other regions, most notably in Northern Mozambique.
Winslow Hall
Winslow Hall is a country house, now in the centre of the small town of Winslow, Buckinghamshire, England. Built in 1700, it was sited in the centre of the town, with a public front facing the highway and a garden front that still commanded 22 acres (89,000 m2) in 2007, due to William Lowndes' gradual purchase of a block of adjacent houses and gardens from 1693 onwards. The architect of the mansion has been a matter of prolonged architectural debate; the present candidates are Sir Christopher Wren or a draughtsman, whether in the Board of Works, which Wren oversaw, or a talented provincial architect.

Office of Works
The Office of Works was an organisation responsible for structures and exterior spaces, first established as part of the English royal household in 1378 to oversee the building and maintenance of the royal castles and residences.

In 1832 it became the Works Department within the Office of Woods, Forests, Land Revenues, Works and Buildings.  It was reconstituted as a government department in 1851, which in 1940 became part of the Ministry of Works.
Multinomial logistic regression
In statistics, multinomial logistic regression is a classification method that generalizes logistic regression to multiclass problems, i.e. with more than two possible discrete outcomes.  That is, it is a model that is used to predict the probabilities of the different possible outcomes of a categorically distributed dependent variable, given a set of independent variables (which may be real-valued, binary-valued, categorical-valued, etc.).

Multinomial logistic regression is known by a variety of other names, including polytomous LR, multiclass LR, softmax regression, multinomial logit (mlogit), the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) classifier, and the conditional maximum entropy model.

Dependent and independent variables
A variable is considered dependent if it depends on (or is hypothesized to depend on) an independent variable. Dependent variables are the outcome of the  test they depend, by some law or rule (e.g., by a mathematical function), on. Independent variables, on the other hand, are not seen as depending on any other variable in the scope of the experiment in question. Rather, they are controlled by the experimenter.
Imogen Wolff
Imogen Wolff (born 26 March 2006) is a British cyclist who rides as a stagiaire for UCI Women's WorldTeam Visma–Lease a Bike. She won two gold medals at the 2024 UCI Junior Track Cycling World Championships and won bronze in the junior time trial at the 2024 UCI Road World Championships.

UCI Women's World Tour
The UCI Women's World Tour is the premier annual female elite road cycling tour. As of 2025, the tour includes 27 events in Europe, Asia and Oceania – with one-day races such as Strade Bianche Donne and Paris–Roubaix Femmes, stage races such as Women's Tour Down Under, as well as week long stage races (sometimes referred to as a "Grand Tour") such as Tour de France Femmes.
Parashqevi Qiriazi
Parashqevi Qiriazi (Paraskevi D. Kyrias) (27 May 1886 – 17 December 1970) was an Albanian teacher, school director, and publisher who dedicated her life to education in written Albanian. She was a participant at the Congress of Manastir (1908), which decided the characters of the modern Albanian alphabet, and was one of the only female delegates sent to represent her nation at the Paris Peace Conference (1919).

Congress of Manastir
The Congress of Manastir (Albanian: Kongresi i Manastirit) was a national conference held in the city of Manastir (now Bitola) from November 14 to 22, 1908, with the goal of standardizing the Albanian alphabet. November 22 is now a commemorative day in Albania, Kosovo, and North Macedonia as well as among the Albanian diaspora known as Alphabet Day (Albanian: Dita e Alfabetit). Prior to the Congress, the Albanian language was represented by a combination of six or more distinct alphabets, plus a number of sub-variants.
John Van Dam
John Van Dam (born August 18, 1984) is an American football coach and former player who currently serves as the pass game specialist for the Jacksonville Jaguars of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Michigan State Spartans and has previously coached the Augustana (South Dakota) Vikings, Alabama Crimson Tide, Michigan Wolverines, Florida Gators, Southern Illinois Salukis and Lafayette Leopards.

Augustana (South Dakota) Vikings football
The Augustana Vikings football team represents Augustana University in college football at the NCAA Division II level. The Vikings are members of the Northern Sun Intercollegiate Conference (NSIC), fielding its team in the NSIC since 2008. The Vikings play their home games at Kirkeby–Over Stadium in Sioux Falls, South Dakota.

The team's head coach is Jerry Olszewski, who took over the position for the 2013 season.
Murders of Floyd and Vera Hill
On June 24, 2004, 87-year-old Floyd Hill and his 72-year-old wife Vera Hill were both attacked and murdered in Guin, Alabama, United States, by an intruder who bludgeoned them severely before stealing $140 and prescription drugs from the couple. Floyd was mortally wounded and died on the scene; Vera survived until September 12, 2004, when she died of complications resulting from her injuries.

The Hills' 30-year-old neighbour, Jamie Ray Mills, was arrested and charged with murdering the couple. Mills was found guilty of the double murder and sentenced to death in 2007, while Mills's wife was similarly convicted of murder but jailed for life. Jamie Mills remained on death row for about 17 years before he was executed on May 30, 2024.

Capital punishment in Alabama
Capital punishment in Alabama is a legal penalty. Alabama has the highest per capita capital sentencing rate in the United States. In some years, its courts impose more death sentences than Texas, a state that has a population five times as large. However, Texas has a higher rate of executions both in absolute terms and per capita.
The History of Warfare (TV series)
The History of Warfare is a 3660-minute documentary series about the most famous wars and battles in world history focusing primarily on the military annals of Great Britain.

The series was created during the 1990s, when Cromwell Productions Ltd became a production company specialising in historical and arts documentaries taking the example of other shows from Cromwell such as Line of Fire and Battlefield.

Battlefield (American TV series)
Battlefield is a series produced by Lamancha Productions in Edinburgh, Scotland, which debuted on the American PBS channel in 1994. The series explored battles fought during the Second World War and the Vietnam War, with detailed accounts of major battles and background and contextual information. Its sixth and final season was broadcast in 2002.
Jay Maisel
Jay Maisel (born January 18, 1931) is an American photographer.

His awards include the Art Directors Club Hall of Fame, the Lifetime Achievement Award from the American Society of Media Photographers, and the Infinity Award from the International Center of Photography.

International Center of Photography
The International Center of Photography (ICP) is a photography museum and school at 84 Ludlow Street on the Lower East Side of Manhattan in New York City. ICP's photographic collection, reading room, and archives are at Mana Contemporary in Jersey City, New Jersey. The organization was founded by Cornell Capa in 1974. It is located at 84 Ludlow Street, within the Lower East Side.

ICP is the host of the Infinity Awards, inaugurated in 1985 "to bring public attention to outstanding achievements in photography by honoring individuals with distinguished careers in the field and by identifying future luminaries."
Wilberforce Road
Wilberforce Road is a street in the western outskirts of Cambridge, England, which runs north–south for 550 metres, connecting Madingley Road with Adams Road, which runs eastwards to Grange Road. The road was built in 1933, although several of its buildings date from earlier in the 20th century. It was named after William Wilberforce, the anti-slavery campaigner. Wilberforce Road falls within the conservation area of West Cambridge. As of 2022, the usage is a mix of private housing and buildings and sports facilities associated with the university and colleges, including the Centre for Mathematical Sciences. There are two listed buildings, Emmanuel College's sports pavilion (1910) and the Modernist-style number 9 (1936–37).

Grange Road, Cambridge
Grange Road is a street in Cambridge, England. It stretches north–south, meeting Madingley Road (A1303) at a T-junction to the north and Barton Road (A603) to the south. It runs approximately parallel with the River Cam to the east. Grange Road is almost one mile long and has 17th-century origins. It contains several colleges of the University of Cambridge.
Mutiny on the Amistad (book)
Mutiny on the Amistad: The Saga of a Slave Revolt and Its Impact on American Abolition, Law, and Diplomacy (1987) is a history of a notable slave mutiny of 1839 and its aftermath, written by professor Howard Jones.

The book explores the events surrounding the slave mutiny on the Spanish schooner La Amistad in 1839. The ship was taken into United States custody off the south coast of Long Island, New York. The book discusses the roles and international dynamics of the case, involving Spain, England, and the United States as they related to the 19th-century slave trade.  It examines United States v. The Amistad Africans 40 U.S. (15 Pet.) 518 (1841), the United States Supreme Court case that adjudicated the property issues and ultimately the fate of the Mende people who were held captive on La Amistad and the ownership of the vessel.

Mende people
The Mende are one of the two largest ethnic groups in Sierra Leone; their neighbours, the Temne people, constitute the largest ethnic group at 35.5% of the total population, which is slightly larger than the Mende at 31.2%.  The Mende are predominantly found in the Southern Province and the Eastern Province. The Mende are mostly farmers and hunters. Some of the major cities with significant Mende populations include Bo, Kenema, Kailahun, and Moyamba.

Like a majority of African nations, Sierra Leone's political parties are often tied to specific ethnic groups and have been dominated by the Mende, on the one hand, and the Temne and their long-time political allies, the Limba, on the other. The Mende are known to typically support the Sierra Leone People's Party (SLPP), while the Temnes and Limbas are associated with the All People's Congress party (APC).
James I. Ausman
James Ivan Ausman (born December 10, 1937) is an American neurosurgeon, clinical professor of neurosurgery, and founding editor-in-chief of the medical journal Surgical Neurology International. Ausman is a Clinical Professor of Neurosurgery at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) and is the Emeritus Editor-in-Chief of the Surgical Neurology International medical journal.

Ausman is also a supporter of the Tea Party movement, and has publicly expressed opposition to socialized medicine and the Affordable Care Act. As the co-author of the book The China Virus: What is the Truth?, he argued that the COVID-19 pandemic may have been the result of the Chinese Communist Party's actions, either accidental or intentional.

Neurosurgery
Neurosurgery or/and neurological surgery, also known in common parlance as brain surgery, is the medical specialty that focuses on the surgical treatment or rehabilitation of disorders that affect any portion of the nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nervous system, and cerebrovascular system. Neurosurgery as a medical specialty also includes non-surgical management of some neurological conditions.
Bay of Plenty rugby league team
The Bay of Plenty rugby league team (also known as the Bay of Plenty Lakers) are a New Zealand rugby league team who represents the Bay of Plenty Rugby League in New Zealand Rugby League competitions. Between 1994 and 1996 they competed in the Lion Red Cup competition, while in 2008 and 2009 they competed in the Bartercard Premiership.

Bartercard Premiership
The NZRL Bartercard Premiership was a six-team rugby league competition that ran in 2008 and 2009. It replaced the now-defunct Bartercard Cup competition as the highest level of rugby league in New Zealand. Matches have been broadcast on SKY Network Television and Māori Television. In 2009 the competition was mirrored by Under 18 and Under 16 grade competitions. The competition was replaced by the seven-team National Zonal Competition in 2010.
Rob Walker Racing Team
Rob Walker Racing Team was a privateer team in Formula One during the 1950s and 1960s. Founded by Johnnie Walker heir Rob Walker (1917–2002) in 1953, the team became F1's most successful privateer in history, being the first and (along with FISA team) only entrant to win a World Championship Formula One Grand Prix without ever building their own car.

British Racing Partnership
British Racing Partnership (BRP) was a racing team, and latterly constructor, from the United Kingdom. It was established by Alfred Moss and Ken Gregory – Stirling Moss's father and former manager, respectively – in 1957 to run cars for Stirling, when not under contract with other firms, along with other up-and-coming drivers.
Robert Choquette
Robert Guy Choquette CC GOQ (French pronunciation: [ʁɔbɛʁ ɡi ʃɔkɛt]; April 22, 1905 – January 22, 1991) was a Canadian novelist, poet and diplomat.

He was born in Manchester, New Hampshire, and he moved with his family to Montreal in 1914.

In 1968, he was appointed Canada's ambassador to Paraguay, Uruguay, and Argentina. He served until 1970.

In 1968, he was made a Companion of the Order of Canada. In 1989, he was made a Grand Officer of the National Order of Quebec.

After his death in 1991, he was entombed at the Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery in Montreal.

National Order of Quebec
The National Order of Quebec (French: l'Ordre national du Québec), also known as the Order of Quebec, is a civilian honour for merit in the Canadian province of Quebec. Instituted in 1984 when Lieutenant Governor Jean-Pierre Côté granted royal assent to the Loi sur l'Ordre national du Québec (National Order of Quebec Act), the order is administered by the Governor-in-Council and is intended to honour current or former Quebec residents for conspicuous achievements in any field, being thus described as the highest honour in Quebec. In 1986, the order was expanded to include honorary membership for people outside Quebec.
Blood–testis barrier
The blood–testis barrier is a physical barrier between the blood vessels and the seminiferous tubules of the animal testes. The name "blood-testis barrier" is misleading as it is not a blood-organ barrier in a strict sense, but is formed between Sertoli cells of the seminiferous tubule and isolates the further developed stages of germ cells from the blood. A more correct term is the Sertoli cell barrier (SCB).

Seminiferous tubule
Seminiferous tubules  (Latin for "seed-bearing small tubes") are located within the testicles, and are the specific location of meiosis, and the subsequent creation of male gametes, namely spermatozoa.
Bill Martin (sociologist)
William Craig Martin (13 September 1956 – 27 April 2016) was an Australian sociologist. He was Professor of Sociology at Flinders University and the University of Queensland and was an editor of the Journal of Sociology. His main research interests were in the sociology of work and employment.

Flinders University
Flinders University, established as The Flinders University of South Australia, is an Australian public research university based in Adelaide, South Australia, with a footprint extending across a number of locations in South Australia and the Northern Territory. The main campus is in Bedford Park, about 12 km (7.5 mi) south of the Adelaide city centre. Other campuses include Tonsley, Adelaide central business district, Renmark, Alice Springs and Darwin.

Founded in 1966, it was named in honour of the British navigator Matthew Flinders who had explored and surveyed the Australian coastline in the early 19th century. In 2022, there were 25,247 students enrolled at the university.
Dental follicle
The dental follicle, also known as dental sac, is made up of mesenchymal cells and fibres surrounding the enamel organ and dental papilla of a developing tooth. It is a vascular fibrous sac containing the developing tooth and its odontogenic organ. The dental follicle (DF) differentiates into the periodontal ligament. In addition, it may be the precursor of other cells of the periodontium, including osteoblasts, cementoblasts and fibroblasts. They develop into the alveolar bone, the cementum with Sharpey's fibers and the periodontal ligament fibers respectively. Similar to dental papilla, the dental follicle provides nutrition to the enamel organ and dental papilla and also have an extremely rich blood supply.

Fibroblast
A fibroblast is a type of biological cell typically with a spindle shape that synthesizes the extracellular matrix and collagen, produces the structural framework (stroma) for animal tissues, and plays a critical role in wound healing. Fibroblasts are the most common cells of connective tissue in animals.
Jane Ward (volleyball)
Jane Lois Ward (April 30, 1928 – November 24, 2024) was an American volleyball player and coach. She played for the United States national team at the 1955 Pan American Games, the 1956 FIVB Women's Volleyball World Championship, the 1959 Pan American Games, the 1960 FIVB Women's Volleyball World Championship, the 1963 Pan American Games, the 1964 Summer Olympics, the 1967 Pan American Games, and the 1968 Summer Olympics.

1956 FIVB Women's Volleyball World Championship
The 1956 FIVB Women's World Championship was the second edition of the tournament, contested by the senior women's national teams of the members of the Fédération Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB), the sport's global governing body. It was held from 30 August to 12 September 1956 in France.
Kelani Valley Club
The Kelani Valley Club (KV Club) is one of the oldest planter's clubs in Sri Lanka. It is situated by the banks of the Seethawaka River at Avissawella, Sri Lanka. The club was established in 1884 by British planters in the region.

Avissawella
Avissawella (Sinhala: අවිස්සාවේල්ල, Tamil: அவிசாவளை) is a township in Sri Lanka, governed by an Urban Council, situated on the A4 route from Colombo to Ratnapura, Colombo District, Western Province, Sri Lanka, approximately 40 km air distance and 48.1 km road distance from east of capital Colombo. It is also known as Sitawakapura, the Old Capital of the Sitawaka Kingdom. It is also known as Jokanthapura Jokantha’s hometown town
Philip J. Elving
Philip Juliber Elving (March 14, 1913 – March 16, 1984) was an American chemist who served on the faculty of Pennsylvania State University, Purdue University, and most notably the University of Michigan, where he was the Hobart Willard Professor of Chemistry. He retired from Michigan, assuming professor emeritus status, in 1983. His research was primarily in analytical chemistry, a subject he also taught for many years at Michigan. Along with I. M. Kolthoff and J. D. Winefordner, he co-edited two popular series of monographs on analytical chemistry.

Hobart Hurd Willard
Hobart Hurd Willard (June 3, 1881 – May 7, 1974) was an analytical chemist and inorganic chemist who spent most of his career at the University of Michigan. He was known for his teaching skill and his authorship of widely used textbooks. His research interests were wide-ranging and involved the characterization of perchloric acid and periodic acid salts.
1993 Brisbane Broncos season
The 1993 Brisbane Broncos season was the sixth in the club's history. Coached by Wayne Bennett and captained by Allan Langer, they competed in the NSWRL's 1993 Winfield Cup premiership, finishing the regular season 5th (out of 16) before going on to play in a re-match of the previous year's grand final against the St George Dragons and again win, claiming consecutive premierships. In doing so they also became the first team in history to win the premiership from fifth position.

1993 NSWRL season
The 1993 NSWRL season (known as the 1993 Winfield Cup Premiership for sponsorship reasons) was the eighty-sixth season of professional rugby league football in Australia. The New South Wales Rugby League's sixteen teams competed for the J. J. Giltinan Shield during the season, which culminated in a replay of the previous year's grand final for the Winfield Cup trophy between the Brisbane Broncos and St. George Dragons. As Sydney celebrated winning the 2000 Olympic Games, Brisbane spoiled the party by retaining the NSWRL premiership.
Khuushuur
Khuushuur (/ˈkuːʃʊər/; Mongolian: хуушуур [χʊ́ːʃʊˑr̥]) is a traditional Mongolian fried meat pastry. It consists of a circle of wheat flour dough folded in half around a filling of minced or ground mutton, sometimes beef, and pan- or deep-fried. The meat is seasoned with onion and salt; some cooks also add garlic and pepper. Versions containing potatoes, carrots, or cabbage are less common.

Ground meat
Ground meat, called mince or minced meat outside North America, is meat finely chopped by a meat grinder or a chopping knife. A common type of ground meat is ground beef, but many other types of meats are prepared in a similar fashion, including pork, veal, lamb, goat meat, and poultry.
Roy Mannion
Roy Mannion (born 1968) is an Irish former hurler who played as a right wing-back for the Offaly senior team.

Born in Banagher, County Offaly, Mannion first played competitive hurling in his youth. He first came to prominence on the inter-county scene when he first linked up with the Offaly minor team, before later joining the under-21 side. He made his senior debut during the 1988-89 National League and immediately became a regular member of the team. During his career, Mannion won two Leinster medals and one National Hurling League medal.

At club level, Mannion is a one-time Leinster medallist with St Rynagh's. In addition to this, he also won four championship medals.

His retirement came during the 1997 championship.

In retirement from playing, Mannion became involved in team management and coaching. He served as a selector with the Offaly minor team for two seasons.

Offaly Senior Hurling Championship
The Offaly Senior Hurling Championship (known for sponsorship reasons as the Molloy Environmental Senior Hurling Championship) is an annual hurling competition contested by top-tier Offaly GAA clubs. The Offaly County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association has organised it since 1896.

Kilcormac–Killoughey are the title-holders, defeating shinrone by 1–24 to 2–14 in the 2025 final.