hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Centre of Social Democrats
The Centre of Social Democrats (French: Centre des démocrates sociaux, pronounced [sɑ̃tʁ de demɔkʁat sɔsjo], CDS; also translated as the "Democratic and Social Centre") was a Christian-democratic and centrist political party in France. It existed from 1976 to 1995 and was based both directly and indirectly on the tradition of the Popular Republican Movement (MRP). The CDS was one of the co-founding parties of the European People's Party (EPP); it later merged into the Democratic Force (FD).

Popular Republican Movement
The Popular Republican Movement (French: Mouvement Républicain Populaire, MRP) was a Christian-democratic political party in France during the Fourth Republic.  Its base was the Catholic vote and its leaders included Georges Bidault, Robert Schuman, Paul Coste-Floret, Pierre-Henri Teitgen and Pierre Pflimlin.  It played a major role in forming governing coalitions, in emphasizing compromise and the middle ground, and in protecting against a return to extremism and political violence.  It played an even more central role in foreign policy, having charge of the Foreign Office for ten years and launching plans for the creation of the European Coal and Steel Community, which grew into the European Union.  Its voter base gradually dwindled in the 1950s and it had little power by 1954.
Itami Castle
Itami Castle (伊丹城, Itami-jō) was a Muromachi period Japanese castle located in Kawabe District of northern Settsu Province (what is now the city of Itami, Hyōgo Prefecture), Japan. It is also called Arioka Castle (有岡城 or 在岡城, Arioka-jō).Its ruins have been protected as a National Historic Site since 1979. The ruins of the castle are located just in front of today's Itami Station.

Itami Station (JR West)
Itami Station (伊丹駅, Itami-eki) is a passenger railway station  located in the city of Itami, Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan. It is operated by the West Japan Railway Company (JR West). The station is connected to a large indoor mall to the northwest by a broad pedestrian bridge. Though Hankyu Itami Station is not within easy walking distance, there is also a series of broad pedestrian streets heading in its direction.
Ned Hill (politician)
Ned Hill was a state legislator in Arkansas. He was a member of the Arkansas House of Representatives. He was "colored". He was elected in 1874. He represented Jefferson County, Arkansas along with L. J. Maxwell and L. B. Boston.

L. J. Maxwell
L. J. Maxwell (born c. 1851) was a state legislator in Arkansas. A Republican, he represented Jefferson County, Arkansas in the Arkansas House of Representatives in 1874 and 1875. Another African-American Legislator Ned Hill also served in the House from Jefferson County for the same two-year period. The following year in 1876, Maxwell ran for State Senator but lost to George Haycock.
Edward J. McGoldrick
Edward J. McGoldrick (June 9, 1871 – 1951) was a New York Supreme Court judge. he was a member of the state supreme court for 23 years. He also served as a New York State Supreme Court Justice for New York City and The Bronx and did legal work for  four New York City mayoral administration. He was appointed to the Supreme Court by governor Al Smith. His high-profile cases included Helen Kane's suit against the creators of Betty Boop.

He was nominated in 1920 to fill Philip Henry Dugro's seat on the New York Supreme Court. In 1922, he succeeded Judge Bartow S. Weeks on the Supreme Court of the State of New York.

McGoldrick was born in Albany. He served as private secretary to Lieutenant Governor 
William F. Sheehan.

A Democrat, he was affiliated with Tammany Hall.

New York Supreme Court
The Supreme Court of the State of New York is the superior court in the Judiciary of New York.  It is vested with unlimited civil and criminal jurisdiction, although in many counties outside New York City it acts primarily as a court of civil jurisdiction, with most criminal matters handled in county courts.

New York is the only state where supreme court is a trial court rather than a court of last resort (which in New York is the Court of Appeals). Also, although it is a trial court, the Supreme Court sits as a "single great tribunal of general state-wide jurisdiction, rather than an aggregation of separate courts sitting in the several counties or judicial districts of the state." The Supreme Court is established in each of New York's 62 counties.

A separate branch of the Supreme Court called the Appellate Division serves as the highest intermediate appellate court in New York.
Tsushima-Fuchū Domain
Tsushima Fuchū Domain (対馬府中藩, Tsushima Fuchū han), also called the Tsushima Domain, was a domain of Japan in the Edo period.  It is associated with Tsushima Province on Tsushima Island in modern-day Nagasaki Prefecture.

In the han system, Tsushima was a political and economic abstraction based on periodic cadastral surveys and projected agricultural yields.  In other words, the domain was defined in terms of kokudaka, not land area. This was different from the feudalism of the West.

Han system
Han (Japanese: 藩, "domain") is a Japanese historical term for the estate of a daimyo in the Edo period (1603–1868) and early Meiji period (1868–1912). Han or Bakufu-han (daimyo domain) served as a system of de facto administrative divisions of Japan alongside the de jure provinces until they were abolished in the 1870s.
Technological University of the Philippines
The Technological University of the Philippines (Filipino: Teknolohikal na Unibersidad ng Pilipinas), commonly known as TUP, is a state university in the Philippines. It was established in 1901 by the Philippine Commission. TUP has its main campus in Manila and satellite campuses in Taguig, Cavite, Visayas, Batangas, and Quezon.

Technological University of the Philippines – Cavite
Technological University of the Philippines – Cavite Campus (Filipino: Teknolohikal na Unibersidad ng Pilipinas – Kampus ng Cavite) is a satellite campus located at Salawag, Dasmariñas, Cavite. At present, TUP Cavite offers programs at pre-baccalaureate and baccalaureate levels. It was established in 1979 as one of the three prototype technician institutes in the Philippines.
Nishinomiya Interchange
The Nishinomiya Interchange (西宮インターチェンジ) is an interchange of the Hanshin Expressway Kobe Route in Nishinomiya, Hyōgo, Japan. This is the ending point of the Meishin Expressway.

When the Meishin Expressway was first opened, interchange numbers were assigned in order from Nishinomiya, and this interchange was number one.

A route connecting the Meishin Expressway and Hanshin Expressway Bayshore Route is planned as "Meishin-Wangan Connection Route", and Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism proposes a route connecting this Interchange and Bayshore Route near Nishinomiya-hama Interchange.

Kobe Route
The Kobe Route (神戸線, Kobe-sen), signed as Route 3, is one of the routes of the Hanshin Expressway system serving the Keihanshin area in Kansai, Japan. It is an intercity route that travels in an east to west direction from Osaka to Kobe, with a total length of 39.4 kilometers (24.5 mi).
Charlotte Fairbanks
Charlotte Fairbanks (December 11, 1871 – February 15, 1932) was an American medical doctor and chemist. She earned a B.A. from Smith college in 1894, and graduated with a Ph.D. in chemistry from Yale at the age of 25. By this time she had published three papers discussing analytical chemistry. She was the granddaughter of Thaddeus Fairbanks, who was a well-known inventor at the time. Fairbanks earned her M.D. and became a practicing physician in 1902. At the beginning of WWI, Fairbanks joined the American Women's Hospital unit in France and was stationed in Luzancy, France, where she spent a year as the chief surgeon at the hospital. For her efforts, she was awarded the Medal of French Gratitude, and was awarded French citizenship. She returned after the war and opened a practice in her hometown of St. Johnsbury, where she was an active member of the community.

Thaddeus Fairbanks
Thaddeus Fairbanks (January 17, 1796 – April 12, 1886) was an American businessman, mechanic, and engineer. He invented furnaces, cooking stoves, cast iron steel plows, and other metal items related to farming. He invented and manufactured the first platform scale, the Fairbanks scale, that allowed the accurate weighing of large objects. His scales revolutionized farming and manufacturing and were sold worldwide, and he received numerous honors and awards for his development of the technology. Fairbanks was also a philanthropist, and was a co-founder of the  St. Johnsbury Academy.
Gibbeting of Stephen Watson
52°38′25″N 0°49′16″E﻿ / ﻿52.64039°N 0.82122°E﻿ / 52.64039; 0.82122

The gibbeting of Stephen Watson took place following his execution in Thetford in 1795. Watson was convicted of murder by poisoning his wife at the Norfolk assizes and sentenced to death alongside another murderer William Bennington; he was hung and his body was then taken to common land between the parishes of West Bradenham and Holme Hale to be gibbeted.

The gibbet (TF90980847) remained hanging for at least 42 years, being purportedly taken down temporarily around 8 June 1801 to remove a starling's nest from Watson's breast, and later likely being encountered at night by Reverend Charles Hardy in October 1837. As such, it was the last gibbet to stand in Norfolk. A skull was found there by Reverend H. B. J. Armstrong in 1882. The gibbet was found buried by the novelist H. Rider Haggard in 1899; a significant part of the cage as well as two skull fragments are now held at Norwich Castle Museum.

Gibbeting
Gibbeting is the use of a gallows-type structure from which the dead or dying bodies of criminals were hanged on public display to deter other existing or potential criminals. Occasionally, the gibbet (/ˈdʒɪbɪt/) was also used as a method of public execution, with the criminal being left to die of exposure, thirst and/or starvation. The practice of placing a criminal on display within a gibbet is also called hanging in chains.
Derived algebraic geometry
Derived algebraic geometry is a branch of mathematics that generalizes algebraic geometry to a situation where commutative rings, which provide local charts, are replaced by either differential graded algebras (over ), simplicial commutative rings or -ring spectra from algebraic topology, whose higher homotopy groups account for the non-discreteness (e.g., Tor) of the structure sheaf. Grothendieck's scheme theory allows the structure sheaf to carry nilpotent elements. Derived algebraic geometry can be thought of as an extension of this idea, and provides natural settings for intersection theory (or motivic homotopy theory) of singular algebraic varieties and cotangent complexes in deformation theory (cf. J. Francis), among the other applications.

Simplicial commutative ring
In algebra, a simplicial commutative ring is a commutative monoid in the category of simplicial abelian groups, or, equivalently, a simplicial object in the category of commutative rings. If A is a simplicial commutative ring, then it can be shown that  is a ring and  are modules over that ring (in fact,  is a graded ring over .)

A topology-counterpart of this notion is a commutative ring spectrum.
Ulmus minor var. italica
Ulmus minor var. italica was first described by Augustine Henry in 1913, as a 'variety' of field elm from Italy, Spain, Portugal and Algeria. He called it Ulmus nitens var. italica, 'Mediterranean Elm'. The variety was accepted by Krüssman (1984), despite the wide source-area claimed for it, as a non-clonal cultivar, U. carpinifolia var. italica Henry. Bean (1988), however, considered it "a variety of rather dubious standing", and it was ignored by Richens (1983), who listed instead a "small-leaved U. minor of Spain" and a "narrow-leaved U. minor of northern and central Italy", as well as "the densely hairy leaved U. minor of southern Italy", the latter being Ulmus minor subsp. canescens, formerly Melville's Ulmus canescens.

Ulmus minor subsp. canescens
Ulmus minor subsp. canescens is a small deciduous tree occasionally known by the common names grey elm, grey-leafed elm, and hoary elm. Its natural range extends through the lands of the central and eastern Mediterranean, from southern Italy, the islands of Sicily, Malta, Crete, Rhodes and Cyprus, and through Thrace to Turkey, and as far south as Israel, where it is now considered rare and endangered in the wild. The tree is typically found amidst the comparatively humid coastal woodlands and scrublands.
Brecon Corinthians F.C.
Brecon Corinthians A.F.C. (Brecon Corries) are a Welsh football club from the town of Brecon in Powys. The club played for much of its history in the Welsh Football League, as well as spells in league in South and Mid Wales. They currently play in the Ardal SE League.

Brecon
Brecon (/ˈbrɛkən/; Welsh: Aberhonddu; pronounced [ˌabɛrˈhɔnði]), archaically known as Brecknock, is a market town in Powys, mid Wales. In 1841, it had a population of 5,701. The population in 2001 was 7,901, increasing to 8,250 at the 2011 census. Historically it was the county town of Brecknockshire (Breconshire); although its role as such was eclipsed with the formation of the County of Powys, it remains an important local centre. Brecon is the third-largest town in Powys, after Newtown and Ystradgynlais. It lies north of the Brecon Beacons mountain range, but is just within the Brecon Beacons National Park.
Harry Jenkins Sr.
Henry Alfred Jenkins AM (24 September 1925 – 27 July 2004) was an Australian politician and medical doctor. He was a member of the Australian Labor Party (ALP) and served in the House of Representatives from 1969 to 1985, including as Speaker of the House of Representatives from 1983 to 1986. His son Harry Jenkins Jr. also served as Speaker.

Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives
The speaker of the Australian House of Representatives is the presiding officer of the Australian House of Representatives, the lower house of the Parliament of Australia. The counterpart in the upper house is the president of the Senate. The office of the speakership was established in 1901 by section 35 of the Constitution of Australia. The primary responsibilities of the office is to oversee house debates, determine which members may speak, maintain order and the parliamentary and ministerial codes of conduct during sessions and uphold all rules and standing orders. The current speaker of the House of Representatives is Milton Dick, who was elected on 26 July 2022.
I Stand Alone (Godsmack song)
"I Stand Alone" is a song by the American rock band Godsmack. It was released to radio in February 2002 as the lead single from the Scorpion King soundtrack. It would reappear on Godsmack's third studio album, Faceless, the following year. It won a 2002 Metal Edge Readers' Choice Award for "Song of the Year From a Movie Soundtrack."

"I Stand Alone" reached No. 1 on the Mainstream Rock chart and No. 20 on the Modern Rock chart in the US. The single achieved Gold certification for more than half a million copies shipped in the United States, spurring sales of over 1.5 million copies for Faceless and propelling Godsmack to worldwide popularity.

The Scorpion King
The Scorpion King is a 2002 action adventure film directed by Chuck Russell. The film stars Dwayne Johnson (credited as The Rock) as the lead, with Steven Brand, Kelly Hu, Grant Heslov, and Michael Clarke Duncan in supporting roles. It is both a prequel and spin-off of The Mummy franchise and launched The Scorpion King film series. The film was Johnson's first lead role.

The events of The Scorpion King take place 5,001 years before the events of The Mummy and The Mummy Returns, revealing the origins of Mathayus and his rise to power as the Scorpion King. This name is a reference to a historical king of the Protodynastic Period of Egypt, King Scorpion. The film was released on April 19, 2002 by Universal Pictures. The film received mixed reviews and grossed $178.8 million worldwide against a production budget of $60 million.
PreussenElektra
PreussenElektra (Preußische Elektrizitäts AG) was a German electric company that existed from 1927 to 2000. From its founding until around 1970, it was owned (directly or indirectly) by the Republic of Prussia and the Federal Republic of Germany. From 1929 until 2000, it was a subsidiary of VEBA. In 2000, it was merged to create E.ON. During its existence, it was the electric utility for Schleswig-Holstein, Lower Saxony, and parts of North Rhine-Westphalia and Hesse.

In 2016, the nuclear energy company of E.ON was renamed PreussenElektra GmbH.

VEBA
VEBA AG (originally from Vereinigte Elektrizitäts und Bergwerks Aktiengesellschaft 'United Electricity and Mining Corporation') was a German state owned energy company. VEBA was founded in 1929 as a holding company owned by the state of Prussia, and was privatized in 1965. In December 1982, VEBA signed a cooperation agreement with the Petróleos de Venezuela (PDVSA) for the establishment of a Joint Venture Ruhr Oel GmbH. VEBA became a part of E.ON in 2000.
Seth C. Bradford
Seth C. Bradford (1801-1878) was an American architect from Newport, Rhode Island.

During his career, Bradford was known as a designer and builder of Italianate-style residences for Newport summer residents.  At least three of his designs utilized a Gothic Revival vocabulary, most blatantly Rockry Hall (1847–48), modeled on Design III from Andrew Jackson Downing's pattern book Cottage Residences (1842).

Today, he is most remembered for his design of Chateau-sur-Mer, the Wetmore family residence on Bellevue Avenue.  In addition to being Bellevue Avenue's first great mansion, it is also credited with introducing the Second Empire style to Newport (although the original mansard has since been replaced).

His popularity in Newport waned in the late 1850s, as other architects like Thomas A. Tefft, Richard Morris Hunt, and George C. Mason began to exert their influence.

Richard Morris Hunt
Richard Morris Hunt (October 31, 1827 – July 31, 1895) was an American architect of the nineteenth century and an eminent figure in the history of architecture of the United States. He helped shape New York City with his designs for the 1902 entrance façade and Great Hall of the Metropolitan Museum of Art's Fifth Avenue building, the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World), and many Fifth Avenue mansions since destroyed.

Hunt is also renowned for his Biltmore Estate, America's largest private house, near Asheville, North Carolina, and for his elaborate summer cottages in Newport, Rhode Island, which set a new standard of ostentation for the social elite and the newly minted millionaires of the Gilded Age.
Resistance: Retribution
Resistance: Retribution is a 2009 third-person shooter video game developed by Bend Studio and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation Portable. It is a spin-off of the Resistance series, set between Resistance: Burning Skies and Resistance 2, and the first to not be developed by Insomniac Games. Sony had discontinued online support for the game.

An emulated version of the game was released on February 20, 2024, for the PlayStation 4 and PlayStation 5.

Resistance: Burning Skies
Resistance: Burning Skies is a 2012 first-person shooter video game developed by Nihilistic Software and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation Vita. It is a spin-off and the most recent installment of the Resistance series. In the game, players control the character of Tom Riley, a firefighter who fights against an enemy called the Chimera during their invasion of the United States.
Richard W. Hughes
Richard W. Hughes is an American gemologist and author who specialises in corundum, particularly rubies and sapphires. He is a co-founder of Lotus Gemology, a gemological testing laboratory based in Bangkok, Thailand.

Gemology
Gemology or gemmology is the science dealing with natural and artificial gemstone materials. It is a specific interdisciplinary branch of mineralogy. Some jewelers (and many non-jewelers) are academically trained gemologists and are qualified to identify and evaluate gems.
Monica Montgomery Steppe
Monica Montgomery Steppe (born 1978) is an American politician serving as a member of the San Diego County Board of Supervisors since 2023, representing District 4. A member of the Democratic Party, she previously served as a member of the San Diego City Council from 2018 to 2023, representing District 4, including as president pro tempore of the city council from 2021 to 2023, and on the board of the California Reparations Task Force.

San Diego City Council
32°43′01″N 117°09′47″W﻿ / ﻿32.71691°N 117.16297°W﻿ / 32.71691; -117.16297

The San Diego City Council is the legislative branch of government for the City of San Diego. The city council was first established in San Diego in 1850. The council is part of a strong mayor system with a separately elected mayor who acts as the executive of the city. There are currently nine members of the council. City council members serve a four-year term and are limited to two successive terms.
Greenfield ministry
The Greenfield Ministry was the combined Cabinet (called Executive Council of Alberta), chaired by Premier Herbert Greenfield, and Ministers that governed Alberta during the 5th Alberta Legislature from August 13, 1921, to November 23, 1925.

The Executive Council (commonly known as the cabinet) was made up of members of the United Farmers of Alberta which held a majority of seats in the Legislative Assembly of Alberta. The cabinet was appointed by the Lieutenant Governor of Alberta on the advice of the Premier.

Executive Council of Alberta
The Executive Council of Alberta (the Cabinet) is a body of ministers of the Crown in right of Alberta, who along with the lieutenant governor, exercises the powers of the Government of Alberta. Ministers are selected by the premier and typically (but not always) sit as a member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA). It is the provincial equivalent to the federal Cabinet of Canada.
Island Lake Lodge
49°30′33″N 115°10′34.8″W﻿ / ﻿49.50917°N 115.176333°W﻿ / 49.50917; -115.176333

Island Lake Lodge is a back country tourist resort near Fernie, British Columbia, Canada, just outside the Mount Fernie Provincial Park. The resort covers 7,000 acres (28 km2) of mountainous terrain.

During the winter cat-skiing operation, the land is used primarily by guests of the lodge, who access the lodge by snowcat. Members of the public use the cross-country trail system in the Cedar Valley, and some back-country touring groups access the high alpine terrain by traversing over from Fernie Alpine Resort. In summer, the access road is open to the lodge.

Fernie, British Columbia
Fernie is a city in the Elk Valley area of the East Kootenay region of southeastern British Columbia, Canada, located on BC Highway 3 on the western approaches to the Crowsnest Pass through the Rocky Mountains. Founded in 1898 and incorporated as the City of Fernie in July 1904, the municipality has a population of over 5,000 with an additional 2,000 outside city limits in communities under the jurisdiction of the Regional District of East Kootenay. A substantial seasonal population swells the city during the winter months.

Fernie lies on the Elk River, along Canada's southernmost east-west transportation corridor through the Rockies that crosses the range via the Crowsnest Pass, 40 kilometres (25 miles) to the east. As the largest and longest-established community between Cranbrook and Lethbridge, Fernie serves as a minor regional centre, particularly for its fellow Elk Valley communities.