hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Perron–Frobenius theorem
In matrix theory, the Perron–Frobenius theorem, proved by Oskar Perron (1907) and Georg Frobenius (1912), asserts that a real square matrix with positive entries has a unique eigenvalue of largest magnitude and that eigenvalue is real.  The corresponding eigenvector can be chosen to have strictly positive components, and also asserts a similar statement for certain classes of nonnegative matrices. This theorem has important applications to probability theory (ergodicity of Markov chains); to the theory of dynamical systems (subshifts of finite type); to economics (Okishio's theorem, Hawkins–Simon condition);
to demography (Leslie population age distribution model); 
to social networks (DeGroot learning process); to  Internet search engines (PageRank); and even to the ranking of American football
teams. The first to discuss the ordering of players within tournaments using Perron–Frobenius eigenvectors is Edmund Landau.

Subshift of finite type
In mathematics, subshifts of finite type are shift spaces defined by a finite set of forbidden words. They are used to model dynamical systems, and in particular are objects of study in symbolic dynamics and ergodic theory. They also describe the set of all possible sequences executed by a finite-state machine. The most widely studied shift spaces are the subshifts of finite type.
The Eagle Has Landed (statue)
The Eagle Has Landed is a bronze sculpture in Brevard County, Florida, United States, in the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex. It is dedicated to the three Apollo 11 crewmembers: Michael Collins, who flew a lunar orbit in 1969 in the Command Module Columbia as Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin flew the Lunar Module Eagle to become the first humans to walk on the Moon.  The monument was designed by George Lundeen, Mark Lundeen, and Joey Bainer, and unveiled on July 12, 2019.

Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex
The Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex is the visitor center at NASA's Kennedy Space Center on Merritt Island, Florida. It features exhibits and displays, historic spacecraft and memorabilia, shows, two IMAX theaters, and a range of bus tours of the spaceport. The "Space Shuttle Atlantis" exhibit contains the Atlantis orbiter and the Shuttle Launch Experience, a simulated ride into space. The center also provides astronaut training experiences, including a multi-axial chair and Mars Base simulator. The visitor complex also has daily presentations from a veteran NASA astronaut.  A bus tour, included with admission, encompasses the separate Apollo/Saturn V Center. There were 1.7 million visitors to the visitor complex in 2016.
Too Kyo Games
Too Kyo Games, Inc. (Japanese: トゥーキョーゲームス株式会社, Hepburn: Tū Kyō Gēmusu Kabushiki-gaisha) is a Japanese video game developer founded by ex-employees of Spike Chunsoft. It was formed in 2017 by Danganronpa series creator Kazutaka Kodaka, Zero Escape series creator Kotaro Uchikoshi, composer Masafumi Takada, and artist Rui Komatsuzaki. The company is working on several games, and collaborated with Pierrot on the 2020 anime series Akudama Drive.

Spike Chunsoft
Spike Chunsoft Co., Ltd. is a Japanese video game development and localization company specializing in role-playing video games, visual novels and adventure games. The company was founded in 1984 as Chunsoft Co., Ltd. and merged with Spike in 2012. It is owned by Dwango.

It created games such as the first five Dragon Quest installments and the Mystery Dungeon franchise as Chunsoft, and the Conception series as Spike Chunsoft. They also developed titles such as The Portopia Serial Murder Case, the Sound Novel series (consisting of Otogirisō, Kamaitachi no Yoru, Machi and 428: Shibuya Scramble) and the Zero Escape series as Chunsoft. Spike developed Danganronpa before the merger.
Anne Croy
Barbara Anne Croy FCAHS FRSC (née McLeish) is a Canadian reproductive immunologist and professor emerita in Biomedical and Molecular Sciences at Queen's University. From 2004 until 2016, Croy was a Canada Research Chair in Reproduction, Development and Sexual Function. In 2017, she was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. Her research focus is on mice pregnancy and natural killer cells.

Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada
Fellowship of the Royal Society of Canada (FRSC) is an award granted to individuals that the Royal Society of Canada judges to have "made remarkable contributions in the arts, the humanities and the sciences, as well as in Canadian public life". As of 2020, there are more than 2,000 living Canadian fellows, including scholars, artists, and scientists such as Margaret Atwood, Philip J. Currie, David Suzuki, Brenda Milner, and Demetri Terzopoulos. There are four types of fellowship:

Honorary fellows (a title of honour)

Regularly elected fellows

Specially elected fellows

Foreign fellows (neither residents nor citizens of Canada)
Sisyrinchium pallidum
Sisyrinchium pallidum, more commonly known as pale blue-eyed grass, is a species of blue-eyed grass in the iris family. It is a small plant that lacks woody parts and grows in constantly wet meadows and fens in the mountains of Colorado and Wyoming. It is a rare species and is vulnerable to development of its required habitat type.

Sisyrinchium
Sisyrinchium is a large genus of annual to perennial flowering plants in the family Iridaceae. Native to the New World, the species are known as blue-eyed grasses. Although they are not true grasses (Poaceae), they are monocots.

Several species in the eastern United States are threatened or endangered. This may be due to niche species emerging from their unique tendency toward rapid speciation which helps them adapt to specialized arenic (sandy) habitats.
J.W. Burnham House
The J.W. Burnham House is a historic house near Haynesville, Louisiana. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since January 22, 1987.

The house was built in 1890 and was modified in about 1900 to add elements of Queen Anne architecture.  The modifications included enlarging the attic, adding two octagonal corner towers, and adding a wraparound porch.

The house was further modified in 1935, in the 1940s and in 1985.  It was once the center of a complex including a "Burnham, Louisiana" post office, a saw mill, and more.

National Register of Historic Places listings in Claiborne Parish, Louisiana
This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Claiborne Parish, Louisiana.

This is intended to be a complete list of the properties on the National Register of Historic Places in Claiborne Parish, Louisiana, United States. The locations of National Register properties for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map.

There are 13 properties listed on the National Register in the parish.

This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted December 19, 2025.
Organic base
An organic base is an organic compound which acts as a base. Organic bases are usually, but not always, proton acceptors. They usually contain nitrogen atoms, which can easily be protonated. For example, amines or nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds have a lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom and can thus act as proton acceptors. Examples include:

pyridine

alkylamines, such as methylamine

imidazole

benzimidazole

histidine

guanidine

phosphazene bases

hydroxides of quaternary ammonium cations or some other organic cations

Guanidine
Guanidine is the compound with the formula HNC(NH2)2. It is a colourless solid that dissolves in polar solvents. It is a strong base that is used in the production of plastics and explosives. It is found in urine predominantly in patients experiencing renal failure. A guanidine moiety also appears in larger organic molecules, including on the side chain of arginine.
Edward Thaddeus Barleycorn Barber
Thaddeus Barleycorn-Barber (1 July 1865 – January 1948) was a medical doctor who was born in Santa Isabel, capital of the Spanish colony on the island of Fernando Po in West Africa. He graduated from Edinburgh University in 1892.

He was one of the first black African students in York, England, and is presumably linked with William N Barleycorn, the first native Primitive Methodist minister in Fernando Po. Other leading Creole families in Fernando Po (now Bioko) around this time included the Barleycorn family, as well as Vivour, Jones, Kinson, Dougan, Grange, Davies, Balboa, Knox, Coker and Collins. An ancestral link has been suggested with Francis Barber, Samuel Johnson's man-servant. His Barber surname was from Sierra Leone Creoles who settled in Fernando Po.

Fernandino people
The Fernandino people are creoles, multi-ethnic or multi-racial populations who developed in Equatorial Guinea (Spanish Guinea). Their name is derived from the island of Fernando Pó, where many worked. This island was named for the Portuguese explorer Fernão do Pó, credited with discovering the region.

Each population had a distinct ethnic, social, cultural and linguistic history. Members of these communities provided most of the labor that built and expanded the cocoa farming industry on Fernando Pó during the 1880s and 1890s. The Fernandino of Fernando Po were closely related to each other. Because of the history of labor in this area, where workers were recruited, effectively impressed, from Freetown, Cape Coast, and Lagos, the Fernandino also had family ties to those areas. Eventually these ethnically distinct groups intermarried and integrated. In 21st-century Bioko, their differences are considered marginal.
SITA (waste management company)
SITA (originally Société Industrielle de Transport Automobile) is the main brand representing Suez's waste subsidiaries in Europe, North America, the Asia Pacific zone and Australia.

Following the merger of the original Suez and Gaz de France in 2008, Suez Environnement (now Suez) became a listed group on the New York Stock Exchange, Brussels Stock Exchange and the Paris Stock Exchange. SITA is a significant part of the Suez business, which now as a waste management and water treatment specialist is fully focused on sustainable development.

It owns, operates or has submitted planning applications for a number of incineration and In-vessel composting plants. Sita's services include business and residential waste disposal, street cleansing, landfill engineering, civic amenity site management and energy from waste.

Suez (company, 2015)
Suez SA (formerly Suez Environnement) is a French-based utility company which operates largely in the water and waste management sectors. The company has its head office in La Défense, Paris. In 2015, all the group's brands became Suez.
M. Geethanandan
M. Geethanandan is an Indian social activist working on political and economic issues faced by Adivasis and Dalits in the state of Kerala, India. He co-founded the Adivasi Gothra Mahasabha along with C.K. Janu and others. He has been involved in organising several protests and struggles of Adivasis (tribes) and Dalits, notably the Muthanga agitation, an incident of police firing on the Adivasis in the Muthanga village of Wayanad district, Kerala.

C. K. Janu
C. K. Janu (born 1970) is an Indian social activist and politician.

She is also the leader of Adivasi Gothra Maha Sabha, a social movement that has been agitating since 2001 for redistribution of land to the landless tribal people in Kerala. The movement has positioned itself under the aegis of the Dalit-Adivasi Action Council. In 2016, she announced a new political party, Janathipathya Rashtriya Sabha, and contested the 2016 Kerala assembly polls in alliance with BJP, as a part of NDA from Sultanbathery unsuccessfully. The JRS left the NDA in 2025.
Yashima Domain
Yashima Domain (矢島藩, Yashima-han) was a feudal domain in Edo period Japan, located in  Dewa Province (modern-day Akita Prefecture), Japan.  It was centered on Yashima Jin'ya in the former town of Yashima, Akita, in what is now part of the city of Yurihonjō, Akita.

Dewa Province
Dewa Province (出羽国, Dewa no Kuni, Japanese pronunciation: [deꜜ.wa (no kɯ.ɲi)]) was a province of Japan comprising modern-day Yamagata Prefecture and Akita Prefecture, except for the city of Kazuno and the town of Kosaka.  Dewa bordered on Mutsu and Echigō Provinces. Its abbreviated form name was Ushū (羽州).
Hillfoot railway station
Hillfoot railway station is a railway station in Bearsden, East Dunbartonshire near Glasgow, Scotland. The station is managed by ScotRail and is served by their trains on the Argyle and North Clyde Lines. It is sited between Milngavie and Bearsden, 7 miles 66 chains (12.6 km) from Glasgow Queen Street, measured via Maryhill.

Milngavie railway station
Milngavie railway station serves the town of Milngavie, East Dunbartonshire, near Glasgow in Scotland. The station is sited 9 miles 35 chains (15.2 km) from Glasgow Queen Street, measured via Maryhill. The station is managed by ScotRail, who also operate all services at the station, along the North Clyde and Argyle lines.

Its principal purpose today is as a commuter station for people working in Glasgow city centre. The station itself is a category B listed building.
Ivan Ivanovich Isaev
Ivan Ivanovich Isaev (Russian: Иван Иванович Исаев, 1748–1810) was a Russian general who fought in the Russian-Ottoman wars of 1768–1774,  1787–1791 and 1806–1812, distinguishing himself in all wars and being promoted and awarded medals. He was wounded several times.

Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)
The Russo-Turkish War of 1787–1792 involved an unsuccessful attempt by the Ottoman Empire to regain lands lost to the Russian Empire in the course of the previous Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774). It took place concomitantly with the Austro-Turkish War (1788–1791), the Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790), and the Theatre War.

During the Russian-Turkish War of 1787–1792, on 25 September 1789, a detachment of the Imperial Russian Army under Alexander Suvorov and Ivan Gudovich, took Khadjibey and Yeni Dünya for the Russian Empire. In 1794, Odesa replaced Khadjibey by a decree of the Russian Empress Catherine the Great.

Russia formally gained possession of the Sanjak of Özi (Ochakiv Oblast) in 1792 and it became a part of Yekaterinoslav Viceroyalty. The Russian Empire retained full control of Crimea, as well as land between the Southern Bug and the Dniester.
Abdiaziz Laftagareen
Abdiaziz Hassan Mohamed (Laftagareen)
عبدالعزيز حسن محمد (Somali: Cabdicasiis Xasan Maxamed) is the fourth president of the South West State of Somalia who was elected by representatives of South West regional state assembly on December 19, 2018. 
In 2019, Laftagareen had a committee appointed to deal with security issues. Laftagareen had close ties with former president Mohamed Abdullahi Farmaajo, in which he served as a minister before becoming the president of the regional state.

He completed his primary, middle and high school education in Luuq district, Gedo region in the southwest of the country. He was a school teacher in Luuq. He studied at a university in Mogadishu. Abdiaziz Laftagareen has held many positions in previous governments.

Abdiaziz Hassan Mohamed is married with four children, who live in Turkey.

Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed
Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed (Somali: Maxamed Cabdullaahi Maxamed, born 11 March 1962), commonly known as Farmaajo, is a Somali politician and diplomat who served as the 9th President of Somalia from 2017 to 2022 and as Prime Minister from 2010 to 2011. His presidency focused on combating corruption and rebuilding the Somali National Army as part of broader state-building efforts. Since 2012, he has been the founder and leader of the Nabad iyo Nolol political party.
Reuben Phillips (musician)
Reuben Phillips (died February 13, 1974, in San Juan, Puerto Rico) was an American jazz saxophonist, arranger and bandleader, born in Providence, Kentucky.

After five years as an alto saxophonist with Andy Kirk and his Clouds of Joy, he played with Willis Jackson (1950) then Josephine Baker and Louis Jordan (1951). From 1952, Phillips has been a freelance arranger, musician and band leader in the New York area. He made arrangements for Dinah Washington, Lavern Baker, Ruth Brown, Billy Ward, Earl Bostic, Arnett Cobb among others.

He also played and recorded with Gene Redd, Sammy Lowe, George Rhodes, Dud Bascomb, and later recorded with Willis Jackson (1970) and Erskine Hawkins (1971).

He recorded two albums with his own big band, the house band at the Apollo Theatre on 125th Street in Harlem in the 1960s and 70s.

He died in San Juan of an apparent heart attack at the age of 53.

Erskine Hawkins
Erskine Ramsay Hawkins (July 26, 1914 – November 11, 1993) was an American trumpeter and big band leader from Birmingham, Alabama, dubbed "The 20th Century Gabriel". He is best remembered for composing the jazz standard "Tuxedo Junction" (1939) with saxophonist and arranger Bill Johnson. The song became a hit during World War II, rising to No. 7 nationally (version by the Erskine Hawkins Orchestra) and to No. 1 nationally (version by the Glenn Miller Orchestra). Vocalists who were featured with Erskine's orchestra include Ida James, Delores Brown, and Della Reese. Hawkins was named after Alabama industrialist Erskine Ramsay.
California Republican Party
The California Republican Party (CAGOP) is the affiliate of the United States Republican Party in  the U.S. state of California. The party is based in Sacramento, California and is led by chair Corrin Rankin.

As of October 2023, Republicans represent approximately 23.9% of the state's registered voters, placing the party far behind the California Democratic Party which has 46.8% of registered voters. The party is a super minority in the California State Legislature, holding less than 1/3 (33.3%) of the seats in both chambers of the legislature: 20 seats out of 80 in the California State Assembly (23.75%), and 9 seats out of 40 in the California State Senate (23%). The party holds none of the eight statewide executive branch offices, 9 of the state's 52 seats in the U.S. House of Representatives delegation (17%), and neither of California's seats in the U.S. Senate.

California Democratic Party
The California Democratic Party, also known as the Democratic Party of California, is the affiliate of the Democratic Party in the U.S. state of California. It is headquartered in Sacramento, California.

With 45.27% of the state's registered voters as of February 2025, the Democratic Party has the highest number of registrants of any political party in California. It is currently the dominant party in the state, and is one of the largest affiliates of the national Democratic Party. The party currently controls the majority of California's U.S. House seats, both U.S. Senate seats, the governorship, and has supermajorities in both houses of the state legislature.
Double Face
Double Face (Italian: A doppia faccia, German: Das Gesicht im Dunkeln, lit. 'The Face in the Dark') is a 1969 thriller film directed by Riccardo Freda and starring Klaus Kinski, Christiane Krüger and Annabella Incontrera. It is part of the series of Edgar Wallace adaptations made by Rialto Film.

Films based on works by Edgar Wallace
Edgar Wallace (1875–1932) was a British novelist, playwright and screenwriter whose works have been adapted for the screen on many occasions. His films fall into two categories, British adaptations and the German "Krimi" films.
305th Air Division
The 305th Air Division is an inactive United States Air Force organization. Its last assignment was with Continental Air Command, assigned to Fourth Air Force at McChord Air Force Base, Washington, where it was inactivated on 27 June 1949.

The division was first activated in December 1943 as the 305th Bombardment Wing, although it was used to man other organizations and had no combat units assigned until a month after VE Day when it absorbed the assets of a provisional fighter wing, and the units of another fighter wing, but no bombardment units.  When the surrender of Japan occurred, the unit no longer anticipated a transfer to the Pacific and was inactivated in September 1945.  It was activated in the reserves in 1947.

Air Division (United States)
In the United States Air Force, a division was an intermediate level of command, subordinate to a numbered air force, controlling one or more wings. It also controlled squadrons without associated same-function wings, i.e., 17th Defense Systems Evaluation Squadron had no associated wing, but its function was part of the 24th Air Division. Divisions are now considered obsolete.
Alpestriscyphon
Alpestriscyphon is a genus of marsh beetle in the Scirtidae family, first described in 2020 by Chris Watts and others. The type species is Alpestriscyphon spurgeon.

Species of this genus are found only in the wet tropics of Queensland, Australia.

Alpestriscyphon spurgeon
Alpestriscyphon spurgeon is a species of freshwater diving beetle in the family Scirtidae, first described in 2020 by Chris Watts and others. This beetle is only found in the wet tropics of Queensland.
Men's Macau Open 2016
The Men's Macau Open 2016 is the men's edition of the 2016 Macau Open. It is a tournament of the PSA World Tour event International (prize money: $50,000). The event will take place from 15 September to 18 September in Macau, China.

2016–17 PSA World Tour
The 2016–17 PSA World Tour is the international squash tour organised circuit organized by the Professional Squash Association (PSA) for the 2016 squash season. It's the 2nd PSA season since the merger of PSA and WSA associations in 2015. The most important tournaments in the series is the Men's World Championship and the Women's World Championship. The tour features three categories of regular events, World Series, which feature the highest prize money and the best fields, International and Challenger. In the middle of the year, the PSA World Series tour is concluded by the Men's PSA World Series Finals and the Women's PSA World Series Finals in Dubai, the end of the world series season for the top 8 rated players.  Players performances in the tour are rated by the Men's World Rankings and Women's World Rankings.
2016–17 Hyderabad C.A. season
The 2016–17 season is Hyderabad cricket team's 83rd competitive season. The Hyderabad cricket team and Hyderabad women's cricket team are senior men's and women's domestic cricket teams based in the city of Hyderabad, India, run by the Hyderabad Cricket Association. They represent the state of Telangana in domestic competitions.

Hyderabad cricket team
The Hyderabad cricket team is a domestic cricket team based in the city of Hyderabad, Telangana, run by the Hyderabad Cricket Association. It is part of the Ranji Trophy Plate Group and has seen scattered success over its many years in the Ranji Trophy circuit. It has won Ranji Trophy twice and been runners-up thrice and have made one appearance in the Irani Trophy.
Sergey Mazayev
Sergey Vladimirovich Mazayev (Russian: Серге́й Влади́мирович  Маза́ев), also known as Mazay, is a musician, singer, songwriter and lead singer of the rock band "Moral Codex". He heads his own production, sound and publishing label Mazay Communications. Honored Artist of Russia. (2010).

Merited Artist of the Russian Federation
Merited Artist of the Russian Federation (Russian: Заслуженный артист Российской Федерации, Zasluzhenny artist Rossiyskoy Federatsii), also known as Honored Artist of Russia, is an honorary title in the Russian Federation. The title is awarded to actors, directors, filmmakers, writers, dancers, and singers for exceptional achievements in the arts.

The honorary title was originally modeled after the German honorific title for distinguished opera singers. Historically, the title was bestowed by princes or kings, when it was styled Hofkammersänger(in). In Imperial Russia before 1917, several stars of stage and film were honored with the title "Imperial singer", but after the October Revolution of 1917, the new regime made changes and established the title of the Merited Artist of Russia (Russian SFSR and Soviet Union).

After the collapse of the USSR in 1991, Russian president Boris Yeltsin created a new award, first presented on 30 December 1995.