hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Gouda, South Holland
Gouda (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɣʌudaː] ⓘ) is a city and municipality in the west of the Netherlands, between Rotterdam and Utrecht, in the  province of South Holland. Gouda has a population of 75,000 and is famous for its Gouda cheese, stroopwafels, many grachten, smoking pipes, and its 15th-century city hall. Its array of historic churches and other buildings makes it a very popular day-trip destination.

In the Middle Ages the Van der Goude family founded a settlement at the location of the current city and built a fortified castle alongside the banks of the Gouwe River, from which the family and the city took their names. Locals long called the settlement Ter Goude, or Tergou or Tergouw for short.
The area, originally marshland, developed over the course of two centuries. By 1225, a canal was linked to the Gouwe and its estuary became a harbour. In 1272 Floris V, Count of Holland granted the city city rights.

City rights in the Low Countries
City rights are a feature of the medieval history of the Low Countries, and, more generally, the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. A liege lord, usually a count, duke or similar member of the high nobility, granted to a town or village he owned certain town privileges that places without city rights did not have.

In Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands, a town, often proudly, calls itself a city if it obtained a complete package of city rights at some point in its history. Its current population is not relevant, so there are some very small cities. The smallest is Staverden in the Netherlands, with 40 inhabitants. In Belgium, Durbuy is the smallest city, whilst the smallest in Luxembourg is Vianden.
Shah Mir–Lohara War
The Shah Mir–Lohara War (Kashmiri: شاہ میر–لوہارا جنگ; Shah meer–Lohara Jang), also known as Kashmir Civil War (1338–1339), was a military conflict in the Kashmir Valley (now in Indian Administered Jammu and Kashmir) between the royal forces of the ruling Hindu Lohara dynasty, led by Kota Rani, against the rebellious Muslim Shah Mir dynasty, led by former courtier Shah Mir. It resulted in the overthrowing of the Loharas and the revival of the Kashmir Sultanate.

Shah Mir
Shamsu'd-Din Shah Mir (Persian: سلطان شمس الدین شاه میر, romanized: Sultān Mīr Shams ad-Dīn Shāh; c. 1300 – 6 July 1342), also known simply as Shah Mir or Shah Mirza, was the second Sultan of Kashmir and founder of the Shah Mir dynasty. Shah Mir is believed to have come to Kashmir during the rule of Suhadeva, where he rose to prominence. After the death of Suhadeva and his brother, Udayanadeva, Shah Mir proposed marriage to the reigning queen, Kota Rani. She refused and continued her rule for five months till 1339, appointing Bhutta Bhikshana as prime minister. After the death of Kota Rani, Shah Mir established his own kingship, founding the Shah Mir dynasty in 1339, which lasted till 1561.
Metropolitan (train)
Metropolitan (stylised as MetropolitaN) was the brand name of a German premium passenger train service between the cities of Cologne and Hamburg. Meant as an alternative to air transport, the (at its start) first-class-only trains were operated from 1 August 1999 until 11 December 2004 by the Metropolitan Express Train GmbH (MET GmbH) based in Bad Homburg, a wholly owned subsidiary of the DB Fernverkehr wholly owned subsidiary of Deutsche Bahn AG.

Service was discontinued in December 2004 due to low usage and profitability; the trainsets were deployed in InterCity and Intercity Express traffic before being retired at the end of 2021, when they were offered for sale. As the search for a buyer fell through, the trainsets were scrapped as of 2024.

DB Fernverkehr
DB Fernverkehr AG (German pronunciation: [deːbeː ˈfɛʁnfɛɐˌkeːɐ], "DB Long-Distance Traffic") is a semi-independent division of Deutsche Bahn that operates long-distance passenger trains in Germany. It was founded in 1999 in the second stage of the privatisation of Deutsche Bahn, under the name of DB Reise&Touristik and was renamed in 2003. As of 2024, DB Fernverkehr operates approximately 800 domestic and 250 international train services per day, utilizing 500 trainsets.

Heavily indebted, its frequent malfunctions (outdated infrastructure, issues with punctuality and breakdowns, slow lines, overcrowded trains, poor communication) have been the subject of intense debate in German and European public opinion for several years.
Josip Šojat
Josip Šojat (born 6 March 1948) is a former Croatian handball player.

He was the coach of the women's national team of Croatia.

His biggest achievement is winning the Women's EHF Champions League in 1996 after losing in the final in the year before.

1995–96 EHF Women's Champions League
The 1995–96 EHF Women's Champions League was the third edition of the modern era of the 1961-founded competition for European national champions women's handball clubs, running from 7 October 1995 to 11 May 1996. Podravka Koprivnica defeated Hypo Niederösterreich in a rematch of the previous edition's final to become the first Croatian club to win the competition, ending the Austrians four-years winning streak.
Mount Pinos
Mount Pinos (/ˈpaɪnoʊs/) (Samala: 'Iwɨhɨnmu) is a mountain located in the Los Padres National Forest on the boundary between Ventura and Kern counties in California.  The summit, at 8,847 feet (2,697 m),  is the highest point in Ventura County. The mountain is the highest point of the Transverse Ranges west of Tejon Pass, as well as the southernmost point of the Salinian Block.

Santa Ynez Band of Chumash Mission Indians
The Santa Ynez Band of Chumash Mission Indians is a federally recognized tribe of Chumash, an Indigenous people of California, in Santa Barbara. Their name for themselves is Samala. The locality of Santa Ynez is referred to as ’alaxulapu in Ineseño, a Chumashan language.
Lee Wai Sze
Sarah Lee Wai Sze, BBS, MH (Chinese: 李慧詩; Jyutping: lei5 wai6 si1; born 12 May 1987) is a former Hong Kong professional track cyclist.

Her greatest success to date is winning the bronze medal in the women's keirin at the 2012 London Olympics, Hong Kong's third-ever Olympic medal and first in cycling. She won a second Olympic bronze medal in the women's sprint at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, making her the first Hong Kong athlete to win medals in two different Olympic Games.

Hong Kong at the Olympics
Hong Kong first competed at the Olympic Games in 1952. It competed as a British colony until 1996. After the territory's handover in 1997, it has competed since 2000 as "Hong Kong, China" with its status as a special administrative region (SAR) of China. Throughout its history, Hong Kong has participated in every Summer Olympic Games since 1952, except in 1980 in support of the United States' boycott, and in every Winter Olympic Games since 2002.

Hong Kong won its first medal and first gold medal at the 1996 Summer Olympics, its second gold medal at the 2020 Summer Olympics, and its third and fourth gold medals at the 2024 Summer Olympics. It has also won nine other medals: three silvers and six bronzes. Its best performance to date (by number of gold medals) was in 2024, where it won two gold and two bronze medals.
Zamin Uthukuli
Zamin Uthukuli  is a panchayat town in Coimbatore South taluk of Coimbatore district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Located in the western part of the state, it is one of the 33 panchayat towns in the district. Spread across an area of 8 km2 (3.1 sq mi), it had a population of 16,354 individuals as per the 2011 census.

Nagar panchayat
A nagar panchayat (transl. 'town council') or town panchayat or Notified Area Council (NAC) in India is a settlement in transition from rural to urban and therefore a form of an urban political unit comparable to a municipality. An urban centre with more than 12,000 and less than 40,000 inhabitants is classified as a nagar panchayat. The population requirement for a town panchayat can vary from state to state.

Such councils are formed under the panchayati raj administrative system. In census data, the abbreviation T.P. is used to indicate a "town panchayat". Tamil Nadu was the first state to introduce the panchayat town as an intermediate step between rural villages and urban local bodies (ULB). The structure and the functions of the nagar panchayat are decided by the state government.
J. J. Jansen
Jeffrey Richard "J. J." Jansen (born January 20, 1986) is an American professional football long snapper for the Carolina Panthers of the National Football League (NFL). He holds the record for the most games played by a Panther with 264 (43 more than the player with the second most, John Kasay) having held the record since Week 14 of 2022 against the Seahawks as his 222nd game. He played college football for the Notre Dame Fighting Irish and was signed by the Green Bay Packers as an undrafted free agent in 2008, but never appeared for the team. As of the 2025 season, Jansen is the longest-tenured player on any team in the league.

John Kasay
John David Kasay (born October 27, 1969) is an American former professional football player who was a  kicker for 21 seasons in the National Football League (NFL), primarily with the Carolina Panthers. He played college football for the Georgia Bulldogs and was selected by the Seattle Seahawks in the fourth round of the 1991 NFL draft. Kasay left the Seahawks in 1995 to sign with the expansion Panthers, whom he was a member of for 16 seasons. He became the Panthers' all-time leading scorer, while also earning Pro Bowl honors during the 1996 season and making a Super Bowl appearance in Super Bowl XXXVIII. Retiring after one season with the New Orleans Saints, Kasay was one of the last remaining active members of the inaugural Panthers team.
Ryan Sheridan (rugby league)
Ryan Patrick Sheridan (born 24 May 1975) is a  rugby league coach who is an assistant coach for the Catalans Dragons in the Super League, and a former Ireland international rugby league footballer. Sheridan was an Ireland international and played at the 2000 Rugby League World Cup. Ryan Sheridan was one of the most influential players in the late 1990s for the Rhinos.

Ireland national rugby league team
The Ireland men's national rugby league team, known as the Wolfhounds, is organised by Rugby League Ireland and represents the entire isle of Ireland in international rugby league. The representative team is composed largely of players of Irish descent who compete in the Super League as well as the Australasian National Rugby League. Ireland is also represented by an Ireland A side, which is made up of players from the Irish domestic competition.

Since Ireland began competing in international rugby league in 1995, it has participated in the 1995 Rugby League Emerging Nations Tournament, the 1996 Super League World Nines, and five Rugby League World Cups – 2000, 2008, 2013, 2017 and 2021. They have also competed in the Rugby League European Nations Cup.

Although, the island of Ireland is separate from the island of Great Britain, Irish players such as Cork-born Brian Carney have in the past been selected to play for the Great Britain side.
Fixation on a Co-Worker
Fixation on a Co-Worker is the debut studio album by the American metalcore band Deadguy, released on November 20, 1995 through Victory Records. The album is now considered to have played an important role in the development of the metalcore fusion genre and was included in Decibel Magazine's "Hall of Fame" list in 2006. Terrorizer listed the album as one of the "100 Most Important Albums of the Nineties".

Decibel (magazine)
Decibel is a monthly heavy metal magazine published by the Philadelphia-based Red Flag Media since September 2004. It is currently the only monthly metal music magazine published in North America. Its sections include Upfront, Features, Reviews, Guest Columns and the Decibel Hall of Fame. The magazine's tag-line is currently "Extremely Extreme" (previously "The New Noise"); the editor-in-chief is Albert Mudrian.
Old Town Chinatown
Old Town Chinatown is the official Chinatown of the northwest section of Portland, Oregon, United States. The Willamette River forms its eastern boundary, separating it from the Lloyd District and the Kerns and Buckman neighborhoods. It includes the Portland Skidmore/Old Town Historic District and the Portland New Chinatown/Japantown Historic District, which are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It has been referred to as the "skid row" of Portland.

Burnside Bridge
The Burnside Bridge is a 1926-built bascule bridge that spans the Willamette River in Portland, Oregon, United States, carrying Burnside Street. It is the second bridge at the same site to carry that name. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in November 2012.
Philippine Legion of Honor
The Philippine Legion of Honor (Filipino: Lehiyong Pandangal ng Pilipinas; Spanish: Legión de Honor Filipina) was established by President Manuel Roxas, through Philippine Army Circular No. 60 dated July 3, 1947. The Philippine Legion of Honor was patterned after the Legion of Merit of the United States of America, and was meant to honor both civilians and members of the military, Filipino or foreign. Originally, like the U.S. Legion of Merit, the Philippine Legion of Honor had four classes, known as degrees, with Legionnaire being the basic rank, and Chief Commander being the highest. With the reform of the Philippine system of orders and decorations in 2003, the Philippine Legion of Honor's classes were renamed "ranks" instead of "degrees", and the ranks expanded.

Order (distinction)
An order is a visible honour awarded by a sovereign state, monarch, dynastic house or organisation to a person, typically in recognition of individual merit, that often comes with distinctive insignia such as collars, medals, badges, and sashes worn by recipients.

Modern honour systems of state orders and dynastic orders emerged from the culture of  orders of chivalry of the Middle Ages, which in turn emerged from the Catholic religious orders.
Khinkali
Khinkali (Georgian: ხინკალი, romanized: khink'ali) is a dumpling in Georgian cuisine. It is made of twisted knobs of dough, stuffed with meat, fish or vegetables and spices. Khinkali originate in the mountainous regions of eastern Georgia. The invention of the dish is credited to the Mokhevians, as well as the Pshavians, 
Mtiuletians, and Khevsurians. Traditionally, khinkali are made with coarsely chopped meat. In the mountain areas, this method of preparation is still used.

Pshavi
Pshavi (Georgian: ფშავი) is a small historic region of northern Georgia, nowadays part of the Mtskheta-Mtianeti mkhare ("region"), and lying chiefly among the southern foothills of the Greater Caucasus mountains along the Pshavis Aragvi River and the upper reaches of the Iori River in the neighbouring region of Tianeti to the south-east.
Elleke Boehmer
Elleke Boehmer, FRSL, FRHistS (born 1961) is Professor of World Literature in English at the University of Oxford, and a Professorial Governing Body Fellow at Wolfson College.  She is an acclaimed novelist and a founding figure in the field of Postcolonial Studies, internationally recognised for her research in colonial and postcolonial literature, history and theory. Her main areas of interest include the literature of empire and resistance to empire; sub-Saharan African and South Asian literatures; modernism; migration and diaspora; feminism, masculinity, and identity; nationalism; terrorism; J. M. Coetzee, Katherine Mansfield, and Nelson Mandela; and life writing.

With her fiction, Boehmer has established an international reputation as a commentator on the impacts and aftereffects of colonial history, in particular in post-apartheid South Africa and postcolonial Britain.

Royal Society of Literature
The Royal Society of Literature (RSL) is a learned society founded in 1820 by King George IV to "reward literary merit and excite literary talent". A charity that represents the voice of literature in the UK, the RSL has about 800 Fellows, elected from among the best writers in any genre currently at work. Additionally, Honorary Fellows are chosen from those who have made a significant contribution to the advancement of literature, including publishers, agents, librarians, booksellers or producers. The society is a cultural tenant at London's Somerset House. The RSL is an independent charity and relies on the support of its Members, Patrons, Fellows and friends to continue its work.
Zero Cuts
Zero Cuts (Spanish: Recortes Cero) is a Spanish eco-socialist political party, initially founded as a group of electors, formed to contest the 2014 European Parliament election. Subsequently, it has contested the 2015 and 2016 general elections together with The Greens–Green Group. It is supported by the Communist Unification of Spain.
In the 2019 Spanish general election, the filmmaker Fernando Colomo was the Madrid candidate to the Spanish Senate for the coalition Zero Cuts – The Greens – Castilian Party – Commoners' Land.
His aim was to promote the list rather than becoming elected.

The Greens–Green Group
The Greens–Green Group (Spanish: Los Verdes–Grupo Verde; LV–GV), founded in 1994 as Green Group (Spanish: Grupo Verde; GV), is a green political party in Spain. It is a founding member of the Roundtable for the Unity of the Greens in Spain. It was created as an electoral list in the 1994 European Parliamentary Elections. Since its creation, its spokesperson has been Esteban Cabal. It is not part of the European Green Party, and should not be confused with the EGP's previous representative in Spain, the Confederation of the Greens.
George Paulikas
George Algis Paulikas (born May 14, 1936) is an American physicist, space scientist, and science administrator best known for his pioneering contributions to the study of Earth's magnetosphere and energetic particles in near-Earth space, as well as for senior leadership roles at The Aerospace Corporation and extensive post-retirement service to the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. He worked at The Aerospace Corporation for 37 years, rising from technical staff scientist to executive vice president and contributing to U.S. national security and civil space programs.

Paulikas has been recognized as a Fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) and the American Physical Society (APS) and is a recipient of the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) Gold Medal for Technical Excellence and Leadership.

Magnetosphere
In astronomy and planetary science, a magnetosphere is a region of space surrounding an astronomical object, such as a planet or other object, in which charged particles are affected by that object's magnetic field. It is created by a celestial body with an active interior dynamo.

In the space environment close to a planetary body with a dipole magnetic field such as Earth, the field lines resemble a simple magnetic dipole. Farther out, field lines can be significantly distorted by the flow of electrically conducting plasma, as emitted from the Sun (i.e., the solar wind) or a nearby star. Planets having active magnetospheres, like the Earth, are capable of mitigating or blocking the effects of solar radiation or cosmic radiation. Interactions of particles and atmospheres with magnetospheres are studied under the specialized scientific subjects of plasma physics, space physics, and aeronomy.
The Garden of Sinners: A Study in Murder – Part 2
The Garden of Sinners: A Study in Murder – Part 2 (空の境界 第七章 殺人考察（後）, Kara no Kyōkai Dai-Nanashō: Satsujin Kōsatsu (Go)) is a 2009 Japanese animated film produced by ufotable based on The Garden of Sinners novels by Kinoko Nasu. It is the seventh installment in the series, preceded by Oblivion Recording (2008) and followed by a sequel Future Gospel (2013). Chronologically, the events that occur in The Garden of Sinners: A Study in Murder – Part 2 are the eighth in the timeline of the series.

The Garden of Sinners: A Study in Murder – Part 1
The Garden of Sinners: A Study in Murder – Part 1 (空の境界 第二章 殺人考察（前）, Kara no Kyōkai Dai-Nishō: Satsujin Kōsatsu (Zen)) is a 2007 Japanese animated film produced by ufotable based on The Garden of Sinners novels by Kinoko Nasu. It is the second installment in the series, preceded by Overlooking View (2007) and followed by Remaining Sense of Pain (2008). Chronologically, the events that occur in The Garden of Sinners: A Study in Murder – Part 1 are the first in the timeline of the series.
Bredgade
Bredgade (lit. "Broad Street") is one of the most prominent streets in Copenhagen, Denmark. Running in a straight line from Kongens Nytorv for just under one kilometre to the intersection of Esplanaden and Grønningen, it is one of the major streets in Frederiksstaden, a Rococo district laid out in the middle of the 18th century to commemorate the tercentenary of the House of Oldenburg's accession to the Danish throne. It is lined with a number of fine mansions as well as other historic buildings. Many law firms, trade unions, fashion stores and art galleries are based in the street.
The street also runs parallel to the Royal residence Amalienborg and Frederik's Church

Frederik's Church
Frederik's Church (Danish: Frederiks Kirke), popularly known as The Marble Church (Marmorkirken) for its rococo architecture, is an Evangelical Lutheran church in Copenhagen, Denmark. The church forms the focal point of the Frederiksstaden district; it is located due west of Amalienborg Palace.
History of the iPhone
The history of the iPhone by Apple Inc. began in the early 2000s. The first iPhone was unveiled at Macworld 2007 and released later that year. By the end of 2009, iPhone models had been released in all major markets.

Macworld/iWorld
Macworld/iWorld (originally Macworld) was an information technology trade show with conference tracks dedicated to Apple's Mac platform. It was held annually in the United States during January. Originally Macworld Expo and then Macworld Conference & Exposition, the gathering dates back to 1985. The conference was organized by International Data Group (IDG), co-publisher of Macworld magazine.

On December 18, 2008, Apple announced that the 2009 Macworld Conference & Expo would be the last in which the company participates. On October 14, 2014, IDG suspended Macworld/iWorld indefinitely.
Netherlands national American football team
The Dutch Lions is the Dutch national American Football team. The team represents the Netherlands in international competition and is made up entirely of Dutch national players, typically but not exclusively playing in the AFBN and GFL competitions.

American Football Bond Nederland
The American Football Bond Nederland (AFBN) is the governing body for American football in the Netherlands. The AFBN was founded 1984 and refounded in 2001 after the merger of the rival leagues Nederlandse American Football Federatie (NAFF) and American Football League Nederland (AFLN).
Jon McBride
Jon Andrew McBride (August 14, 1943 – August 7, 2024) was an American naval officer, test pilot, astronaut and administrator for NASA.

Throughout his career with the United States Navy, McBride served as an aviator, a fighter pilot, a test pilot, and an aeronautical engineer. He had achieved the rank of captain when he retired in 1989.

McBride was an astronaut with NASA, a role in which he piloted STS-41-G, and would have been commander of STS-61-E had the mission not been  canceled as the next scheduled launch in the wake of the Challenger disaster.

Canceled Space Shuttle missions
During NASA's Space Shuttle program, several missions were canceled. Many were canceled as a result of the Challenger and the Columbia disasters or due to delays in the development of the shuttle. Others were canceled because of changes in payload and mission requirements.