hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Word n-gram language model
A word n-gram language model is a statistical model of language which calculates the probability of the next word in a sequence from a fixed size window of previous words. If one previous word is considered, it is a bigram model; if two words, a trigram model; if n − 1 words, an n-gram model.

Special tokens are introduced to denote the start and end of a sentence  and . To prevent a zero probability being assigned to unseen words, the probability of each seen word is slightly lowered to make room for the unseen words in a given corpus. To achieve this, various smoothing methods are used, from simple "add-one" smoothing (assigning a count of 1 to unseen n-grams, as an uninformative prior) to more sophisticated techniques, such as Good–Turing discounting or back-off models.

Word n-gram models have largely been superseded by recurrent neural network–based models, which in turn have been superseded by Transformer-based models often referred to as large language models.

Good–Turing frequency estimation
Good–Turing frequency estimation is a statistical technique for estimating the probability of encountering an object of a hitherto unseen species, given a set of past observations of objects from different species. In drawing balls from an urn, the 'objects' would be balls and the 'species' would be the distinct colours of the balls (finite but unknown in number).  After drawing  red balls,  black balls and  green balls, we would ask what is the probability of drawing a red ball, a black ball, a green ball or one of a previously unseen colour.
CA Osasuna Cantera
The cantera (quarry) of Spanish professional football club CA Osasuna  is the organisation's youth academy, developing players from childhood through to the integration of the best prospects into the adult teams.

The final category within the youth structure is the Juvenil A (Basque: Gazteak A) under-18/19 team which represents the club in national competition. The successful graduates then usually move to the club's affiliated team for younger players, CD Subiza (previously CD Iruña), or to the reserve team, Osasuna B which are also considered part of the cantera due to being stages in progression towards the senior team, albeit competing in the adult league system.

The academy is based at the club training complex, Tajonar, which is often the metonym used to refer to the system itself.

CD Iruña
Club Deportivo Iruña is a Spanish football team based in Pamplona, in the autonomous community of Navarre. Founded in 1939, it plays in Regional Preferente, holding home matches at Estadio Paternain, with a capacity of 3,000 seats. The club is named after the Basque language name of Pamplona.

CD Iruña has also a women's volleyball team which plays since 2012 in Superliga Femenina de Voleibol.
Citroën Xantia
The Citroën Xantia (pronounced "Zan–ti–a") is a large family car (D) produced by the French automaker Citroën, and designed by Bertone. Presented to the press in December 1992, the car was produced between 1992 and 2001 in France, with a facelift in the end of 1997.

The Citroën Xantia Activa V6 used to hold the record speed (85 km/h (53 mph)) through the moose test maneuver, due to its active anti-roll bars. This test is conducted by the magazine Teknikens Värld's, as a test of avoiding a moose in the road. The second place car, Porsche 997 GT3 RS was able to manage 82 km/h (51 mph).

Citroën produced 1,216,734 Xantias during its nine years of production at the PSA Rennes Plant. The Xantia was replaced with the Citroën C5 in 2001, although in its native France stock models continued to be offered as a cheaper alternative until October 2002.

Production of the Xantia at SAIPA, Tehran Iran from 2001 to 2010 resulted in an undisclosed number of additional units.

Opel Vectra
The Opel Vectra is a mid-size car (large family car) that was engineered and produced by the German automaker Opel from 1988 until 2010. Available in saloon, hatchback and estate (from model year 1997 onwards) body styles, the Vectra was also sold by the Vauxhall marque in the United Kingdom as the Vauxhall Cavalier from 1988 to 1995 and then as the Vauxhall Vectra from 1995 to 2008, and it was also sold by Holden in Australia as the Holden Vectra, by Chevrolet in Latin America as the Chevrolet Vectra.

The Vectra was introduced in October 1988 as a replacement for the Opel Ascona, and was itself replaced in November 2008 by the new Opel Insignia, the nameplate spanning three generations and almost twenty-one years.
Pogesanians
Pogesanians were a Prussian tribe, which lived in the region of Pogesania (Polish: Pogezania; Lithuanian: Pagudė; German: Pogesanien; Latin: Pogesania), a small territory stretched between the Elbląg and Pasłęka rivers, now located in the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, northern Poland. Pogesanians, as the rest of the Prussians, were conquered by the Teutonic Knights and became Germanized or Polonized. The old Prussian language became extinct sometime in the 17th century.

Old Prussian language
Old Prussian is an extinct West Baltic language belonging to the Baltic branch of the Indo-European languages, which was once spoken by the Old Prussians, the Baltic peoples of the Prussian region. The language is called Old Prussian to avoid confusion with the German dialects of Low Prussian and High Prussian and with the adjective Prussian as it relates to the later German state. Old Prussian began to be written down in the Latin alphabet in about the 13th century, and a small amount of literature in the language survives. Circa 2021, there has been a revival movement of Old Prussian, and there are families which use Old Prussian as their first language.: 4–8
Folkert Idsinga
Folkert Lútsen Idsinga (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈfɔlkərt ˈɪtsɪŋɣaː]; born 22 December 1971) is a Dutch tax lawyer and politician.

He was a partner at law firm Baker McKenzie, and he was elected to the House of Representatives in the 2021 general election on behalf of the conservative liberal People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD). Idsinga left the House in September 2023 to switch to New Social Contract (NSC), and he was re-elected in November 2023. He became State Secretary for Tax Affairs and the Tax Administration in the Schoof cabinet in July 2024, but he resigned four months later over questions about his personal finances. Idsinga was again a member of the House between November 2024 and November 2025.

Baker McKenzie
Baker McKenzie is a multinational law firm headquartered in Chicago. Founded in 1949 under the name Baker & McKenzie, it has 71 offices in 46 countries and employs 4,595 attorneys, making it one of the largest law firms by revenue and the largest US-based law firm by head count.
Troy Cassar-Daley
Troy Cassar-Daley (born 18 May 1969) is an Australian country music songwriter and entertainer of Aboriginal heritage. He released his first single, "Dream Out Loud", in 1994 , followed by his debut album, Beyond the Dancing,  in 1995, and has continued to release music since then, including the platinum-selling The Great Country Songbook (2013) with Adam Harvey. Throughout his career he has received many awards, including ARIA Music Awards, Golden Guitars, Deadly Awards, Country Music Association of Australia Entertainer of the Year awards, and National Indigenous Music Awards.

Deadly Awards
The Deadly Awards, formally titled National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Music, Sport, Arts and Community Awards and commonly known simply as The Deadlys, was an annual celebration of Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander achievement in music, sport, entertainment and community. The event was hosted by Vibe Australia, founded by Gavin Jones in 1993, and was held from 1995 to 2013, when government funding was cut.

The Dreamtime Awards are a successor in recognising Indigenous achievements.
Bauernheinrich
Bauernheinrich ("Farmer Henry") is a card game for four players that is played in the region of Anglia in the north German state of Schleswig-Holstein. It is played with a normal Skat pack. The winner is the one to 'go out' first. An unusual feature of this game is that each player has their own trump suit and so can trump others with it; a feature shared with the Czech game, Dudák, and the Russian game, Svoi Kozyri. It is a member of the 'beating game' family.

Bester Bube
Bester Bube ("Best Bower"), also Fiefkort mit 'n besten Buren ("Five Cards with the Best Bowers"), is a historical German card game for 3–6 players played with a Piquet pack. It is one of the Rams group of card games characterised by allowing players to drop out of the current game if they think they will be unable to win any tricks or a minimum number of tricks. It may be an ancestor of Five-Card Loo.
Michael Barlow
Michael Barlow (born 18 December 1987) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the Fremantle Football Club and Gold Coast Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL).

Gold Coast Suns
The Gold Coast Suns, officially the Gold Coast Football Club, are a professional Australian rules football club that competes in the Australian Football League (AFL). The club is based on the Gold Coast in Queensland.

Founded in 2009, the club has been playing in the AFL since the 2011 season. It plays home matches at Carrara Stadium (known for commercial purposes as People First Stadium) and has its training and administrative facilities located at the adjacent Gold Coast Sports and Leisure Centre. The club is one of two AFL clubs based in Queensland, the other being its main rival, the Brisbane Lions, which it competes against in the QClash.

In addition to the men's team, the Suns field other teams, including an AFL Women's side, a reserves side in the Victorian Football League, and a Gold Coast Suns Academy side consisting of the club's best junior development signings. It also competes in Division 2 of the men's, women's underage championships, and the Talent League.
2000 Virginia Democratic presidential caucuses
The 2000 Virginia Democratic presidential caucuses were held on April 15, 2000, as part of the 2000 presidential primaries for the 2000 presidential election. 79 delegates to the 2000 Democratic National Convention were allocated to the presidential candidates.

Former Vice President AI Gore won the contest unopposed and won all 79 delegates.

2000 Democratic Party presidential primaries
From January 24 to June 6, 2000, voters of the Democratic Party chose its nominee for president in the 2000 United States presidential election. Incumbent Vice President Al Gore was  selected as the nominee through a series of primary elections and caucuses culminating in the 2000 Democratic National Convention held from August 14 to 17, 2000, in Los Angeles, California, but he went on to lose the Electoral College in the general election against Governor George W. Bush held on November 7 of that year, despite winning the popular vote by 0.5%.
Mojgan Shajarian
Mojgan Shajarian (Persian: مژگان شجریان, born 17 May 1970) is an Iranian painter, graphic designer, vocalist, and setar player. She is the daughter of musician Mohammad-Reza Shajarian and sister of Iranian singer Homayoun Shajarian.

Homayoun Shajarian
Homayoun Shajarian (Persian: همايون شجريان, born 21 May 1975) is an Iranian singer. Homayoun is the son of Iranian singer Mohammad-Reza Shajarian, He learned singing from his father and started his musical career in the 1990s.
Appinite
Appinite is an amphibole-rich plutonic rock of high geochemical variability. Appinites are therefore regarded as a rock series comprising hornblendites, meladiorites, diorites, but also granodiorites and granites. Appinites have formed from magmas very rich in water. They occur in very different geological environments. The ultimate source region of these peculiar rocks is the upper mantle, which was altered metasomatically and geochemically before melting.

Lamprophyre
Lamprophyres (from Ancient Greek  λαμπρός (lamprós) 'bright' and  φύρω (phúrō) 'to mix') are uncommon, small-volume ultrapotassic igneous rocks primarily occurring as dikes, lopoliths, laccoliths, stocks, and small intrusions. They are alkaline silica-undersaturated mafic or ultramafic rocks with high magnesium oxide, >3% potassium oxide, high sodium oxide, and high nickel and chromium.

Lamprophyres occur throughout all geologic eras. Archaean examples are commonly associated with lode gold deposits. Cenozoic examples include magnesian rocks in Mexico and South America, and young ultramafic lamprophyres from Gympie in Australia with 18.5% MgO at ~250 Ma.
Zolmitriptan
Zolmitriptan, sold under the brand name Zomig among others, is a serotonergic medication which is used in the acute treatment of migraine attacks with or without aura and cluster headaches. It is taken by mouth as a swallowed or disintegrating tablet or as a nasal spray.

Side effects include tightness in the neck or throat, jaw pain, dizziness, paresthesia, asthenia, somnolence, warm/cold sensations, nausea, chest pressure, and dry mouth. The drug acts as a selective serotonin 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptor agonist. Structurally, it is a triptan and a tryptamine derivative.

It was patented in 1990 and was approved for medical use in 1997.

Orally disintegrating tablet
An orally disintegrating tablet or orally dissolving tablet (ODT) is a drug dosage form available for a limited range of over-the-counter (OTC) and prescription medications. ODTs differ from traditional tablets in that they are designed to be dissolved on the tongue rather than swallowed whole. The ODT serves as an alternative dosage form for patients who experience dysphagia (difficulty in swallowing) or for where compliance is a known issue and therefore an easier dosage form to take ensures that medication is taken. Common among all age groups, dysphagia is observed in about 35% of the general population, as well as up to 60% of the elderly institutionalized population  and 18-22% of all patients in long-term care facilities
 ODTs may have a faster onset of effect than tablets or capsules, and have the convenience of a tablet that can be taken without water. During the last decade, ODTs have become available in a variety of therapeutic markets, both OTC and by prescription.
Franz von Benda-Beckmann
Franz von Benda-Beckmann (Greifswald, 29 November 1941 – Amsterdam, 7 January 2013) was a legal anthropologist who published many scholarly books and articles on legal anthropological theory and on property rights, social (in)security, and legal pluralism in developing countries. He held academic positions at the universities of Zurich, Leiden, Wageningen and Halle.

Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg
Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg (German: Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg), also referred to as MLU, is a public research university in the cities of Halle and Wittenberg. It is the largest and oldest university in the German state of Saxony-Anhalt. MLU offers German and international (English) courses leading to academic degrees such as BA, BSc, MA, MSc, doctoral degrees, and habilitation.

The university was created in 1817 through the merger of the University of Wittenberg (founded in 1502) and the University of Halle (founded in 1694). MLU is named after Protestant reformer Martin Luther, who was a professor in Wittenberg. Today, the university campus is located in Halle, while  Leucorea Foundation in Wittenberg serves as MLU's convention centre.
John Battsek
John Saul Adrian Battsek (born September 1963) is a British film producer of documentary films. In 2020, Battsek co-founded production company Ventureland with producers Kerstin Emhoff, Ali Brown, and director Paul Hunter.

He has produced a number of feature documentaries, including One Day in September and Searching for Sugar Man, both winners of the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature Film. He also produced the Peabody Award-winning documentary film Bobi Wine: The People's President.

Bobi Wine: The People's President
Bobi Wine: The People's President, previously titled Bobi Wine: Ghetto President, is a 2022 Ugandan-British-American documentary film written and directed by Christopher Sharp and Moses Bwayo. It chronicles the presidential campaign of popular Ugandan singer and opposition leader Bobi Wine as he challenged long-time ruler Yoweri Museveni. The film won a Peabody Award at the 84th ceremony for "offering up a frank and urgent Portrait of an African artist driven to champion the power of the people in the face of a ruling class who'd rather silence him." It premiered out of competition at the 79th edition of the Venice Film Festival. It was nominated for Best Documentary Feature Film at the 96th Academy Awards.
Christian Streich
Christian Streich (German pronunciation: [ˈkʁɪsti̯a(ː)n ˈʃtʁaɪç]; born 11 June 1965) is a German professional football manager and former player who was the manager of Bundesliga club SC Freiburg from 2011 to 2024. Because of his immediate success at the club and his enigmatic and, oftentimes, energetic personality, Streich has been called a "cult figure", a "firebrand", and a "football philosopher". He was named German Manager of the Year in 2022.

Football Manager of the Year (Germany)
The title Football Manager of the Year (Trainer des Jahres) has been awarded in Germany since 2002. Eligible are German managers and non-German managers coaching in Germany.  The award is determined by a poll of German football journalists from the Association of German Sports Journalists (Verband der Deutschen Sportjournalisten) and the publication kicker.
Abdullah Aidit
Abdullah Aidit (23 October 1900 – 14 February 1969) was an Indonesian politician and civil servant who served as a member of the Provisional People's Representative Council. He was the father of D. N. Aidit, chairman of the Indonesian Communist Party who was executed in 1965 following the 30 September Movement.

Provisional House of Representatives
The Provisional House of Representatives (Indonesian: Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Sementara, DPRS) was the first Indonesian legislature under the Provisional Constitution of 1950. It was formed after the transition of Indonesia to a unitary state on 17 August 1950. The DPRS initially consisted of 236 members, with 213 remaining before it was dissolved in 1956.
Manusangada
Manusangada  (English title: We are Humans) is a 2017 Indian Tamil-language indie drama film directed by Amshan Kumar. The film is based on a true story about the signaling of the rise of Dalit struggles in contemporary India against long standing human rights violations. The title 'Manusangada' is from Inquilab's poem of the same name and literally means 'We are humans too.'

The film had its world priemere in Jio MAMI Mumbai Film Festival and its International Premiere at the Cairo International Film Festival. It was also selected in the Indian Panorama section of International Film Festival of India, Goa and was the only Tamil film to be selected that year. The film has also won the Best Feature Film award from the Puducherry Government in its 35th Indian Panorama Festival.

Mumbai Academy of the Moving Image
The Mumbai Academy of Moving Image (MAMI) is a public trust that organises the MAMI Mumbai Film Festival in the city of Mumbai, India. Priyanka Chopra Jonas is the chairperson of the trust while Shivendra Singh Dungarpur serves as the interim Festival Director.

Apart from the film festival, MAMI also organises the Year Round Programme, under which MAMI holds various activities and workshops throughout the year.

Director Shyam Benegal was the first chairperson of MAMI starting with the 1999 edition of the festival and he remained the chairperson through the 2014 edition of the festival. In 2015, he was replaced by director Kiran Rao, who would go on to serve as the chairperson until 2019, when she was replaced by actor Deepika Padukone. Padukone was then replaced by Priyanka Chopra Jonas in 2021.
Mbale Heroes FC
Mbale Heroes Football Club is a Ugandan professional football club based in Mbale, Eastern Uganda. Founded in the early 1970s, the team is nicknamed The Surgeons and plays its home matches at the Mbale City Stadium. The club is one of the most historic sides from Eastern Uganda, twice winning the Ugandan Cup (1976, 1999).

Uganda Cup
The Uganda Cup is Uganda's main national cup competition in football. This annual competition is open for member clubs of the Federation of Uganda Football Associations.

The Uganda Cup is the second most prestigious competition in Uganda football.

It is played on a knock out basis. This annual competition is open for non league sides, registered clubs playing in all the five football divisions (Div I, II, III, IV and V) of  the Federation of Uganda Football Associations (FUFA)
Pulteney Street
Pulteney Street is a main road which runs north-south through the middle of the eastern half of the Adelaide city centre, in Adelaide, South Australia. It runs north-south from North Terrace, through Hindmarsh and Hurtle Squares, to South Terrace, where it becomes Unley Road. It is the only one of the city centre's major north-south thoroughfares that does not continue northwards over North Terrace.

Unley Road
Unley Road is a road in the City of Unley, located south of the City of Adelaide, the capital of South Australia. It runs from South Terrace to Cross Road, where it becomes Belair Road. The road was named after the family name of the wife of Thomas Whistler, owner of land in Unley which was laid out around 1857.

The road contains numerous cafés, restaurants, shops and churches. It is known for its boutique shopping scene selling designer fashion and artisan gifts and homewares.
The road is two-lane with parking on both sides plus bicycle lanes. A tramline ran through the road up until the 1960s.
1965–66 BBC2 Floodlit Trophy
The 1965–66 BBC2 Floodlit Trophy was the inaugural season of the BBC2 Floodlit Trophy competition. Castleford won the trophy by beating St. Helens with a score of 4–0. The match was played at Knowsley Road, Eccleston, St Helens, Merseyside. The attendance was 11,510 and receipts were £3,548. This was to be the first of Castleford's three victories in successive seasons in the first three Floodlit competitions.

BBC2 Floodlit Trophy
The BBC2 Floodlit Trophy (also known as the BBC2 Television Trophy) was an annual knockout competition for British rugby league clubs. Organised by the Rugby Football League (RFL), the competition was open to all professional clubs with floodlights installed.

First held in 1965–66, games were typically played during the middle of the week, and were broadcast on BBC television. Eight teams competed during the first season, but the tournament was quickly expanded as more teams erected floodlights at their grounds.

The competition's most successful club was Castleford, who won the trophy four times, including the inaugural tournament. The last staging of the competition was in 1979–80, won by Hull, before the competition was cancelled due to financial cutbacks by the BBC.