hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Humberto De la Calle
Humberto de la Calle Lombana (Spanish pronunciation: [umˈbeɾto ðe la ˈkaʝe lomˈbana]; born 14 July 1946) is a Colombian lawyer and politician. He served as Vice President of Colombia from 1994 to 1997. De La Calle served in the cabinet as Interior Minister under two Presidents, Andrés Pastrana and César Gaviria. He also served as Ambassador to Spain and the United Kingdom. After 2003, De La Calle worked at his own Law firm which specialises in advising and representing international clients in Colombia.  In October 2012 he was appointed by President Juan Manuel Santos as the chief negotiator in the peace process with the FARC.

César Gaviria
César Augusto Gaviria Trujillo (Spanish: [ˈsesaɾ awˈɣusto ɣaˈβiɾja tɾuˈxiʝo] ; born 31 March 1947) is a Colombian economist and politician who served as the President of Colombia from 1990 to 1994, Secretary General of the Organization of American States from 1994 to 2004 and National Director of the Colombian Liberal Party from 2005 to 2009. During his tenure as president, he summoned the Constituent Assembly of Colombia that enacted the Constitution of 1991.
Lupe Martinez
Lupe Martinez (born 1945) is an American labor leader and civil rights activist who has spent an entire career advocating for the living and working conditions of migrant and seasonal farm workers.

Martinez serves as chairman of the National Farmworker Alliance; chair of MAFO, a national partnership of farmworker and rural organizations; president of the Wisconsin Farmworkers Coalition; chair of the Governor's Council on Migrant Labor in Wisconsin; board member for Farmworker Justice; board member of the National Council of La Raza; and as president and chief executive officer of United Migrant Opportunity Services (UMOS) for over 45 years.

United Farm Workers
The United Farm Workers of America, or more commonly just United Farm Workers (UFW), is a labor union for farmworkers in the United States. It originated from the merger of two workers' rights organizations, the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA) led by César Chávez, Dolores Huerta, and Gilbert Padilla and the Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee (AWOC) led by organizer Larry Itliong.

They allied and transformed from workers' rights organizations into a union as a result of a series of strikes in 1965, when the Filipino-American and Mexican-American farmworkers of the AWOC in Delano, California, initiated a grape strike, and the NFWA went on strike in support. As a result of the commonality in goals and methods, the NFWA and the AWOC formed the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee in August 1966. This organization was accepted into the AFL–CIO in 1972 and changed its name to the United Farm Workers Union.
Robert C. Bonner
Robert Cleve Bonner (January 29, 1942) is an American lawyer and arbitration neutral, a former prosecutor, former United States District Judge, former Administrator of the Drug Enforcement Administration and former Commissioner of United States Customs and Border Protection. He is a member of the Board of Trustees of the California Institute of Technology, a retired partner at the law firm Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher and former Chair of the California Commission on Judicial Performance.

Assistant United States Attorney
An assistant United States attorney (AUSA) is a career civil servant lawyer in the United States Department of Justice who serves under the United States Attorney for a federal judicial district. AUSAs represent the U.S. federal government in civil and appellate litigation and in federal criminal prosecutions. Those assigned to the criminal section of a U.S. Attorney's Office are commonly known as federal prosecutors.

AUSAs are rarely hired directly out of law school and often have significant experience before entering the U.S. Attorney’s Office.
Alfredo Borrero
Alfredo Enrique Borrero Vega (born 19 October 1955) is an Ecuadorian neurosurgeon and politician who served as the 52nd vice president of Ecuador from 2021 to 2023. He was elected to the vice presidency in the 2021 election. Borrero Vega was the running mate of Guillermo Lasso from the political party called Creating Opportunities.

Vice President of Ecuador
The vice president of Ecuador is the second highest political position in Ecuador. In many instances, the vice president succeeded the president in turbulent political situations. The last time was in 2005 after the resignation of president Lucio Gutiérrez. According to the current constitution, the vice president is elected on the same ticket as the president. Salary of the vice president is US$4,869 per month.

The current vice president is Maria Jose Pinto since 24 May 2025.

Below is the history of the office holders.
ENEA AB
Enea AB is an information technology company with its headquarters in Kista, Sweden, that provides real-time operating systems and consulting services. Enea, which is an abbreviation of Engmans Elektronik Aktiebolag, also produces the OSE operating system.

Real-time operating system
A real-time operating system (RTOS) is an operating system (OS) for real-time computing applications that processes data and events that have critically defined time constraints. A RTOS mainly targets resource constrained devices like microcontrollers. It is distinct from a time-sharing operating system, such as Unix, which manages the sharing of system resources with a scheduler, data buffers, or fixed task prioritization in multitasking or multiprogramming environments. All operations must verifiably complete within given time and resource constraints or else the RTOS will fail safe. Real-time operating systems are event-driven and preemptive, meaning the OS can monitor the relevant priority of competing tasks, and make changes to the task priority.
Prakash K. Desai
Air Marshal P. K. Desai PVSM AVSM VSM (born November 12, 1944) is a retired officer of the Indian Air Force (IAF). He served in the IAF from 1966 to 2004. Desai was Air Officer Commanding of Air Force Station Chakeri in Kanpur, and additionally served as Senior Maintenance Staff Officer of Maintenance Command in Nagpur and as Assistant Chief of Air Staff Engineering at Air Headquarters in New Delhi.

Vishisht Seva Medal
The Vishisht Seva Medal (VSM, lit. 'Distinguished Service Medal') is a decoration of the Indian Armed Forces. It is awarded to recognize "distinguished service of a high order" to all ranks of the Indian Armed Forces.

From 1980, the Yudh Seva Medal was introduced to recognize exceptional services in an operational environment. Since then the VSM has been restricted to non-operational service.
AMT AutoMag II
The AMT AutoMag II is a semi-automatic handgun chambered in .22 WMR, that was manufactured by Arcadia Machine and Tool from 1987 until 1999, and was manufactured by High Standard until their closure in 2018.

The AMT AutoMag II was the first of three semi-automatic handguns that were chambered in the .22 WMR cartridge before the introduction of the Kel-Tec PMR-30 in 2011; the others being the Grendel P30 (1990-1994) and the Excel Arms MP-22 Accelerator Pistol (early 2000s-2023).

KelTec PMR-30
The KelTec PMR-30 is a full-size semi-automatic pistol manufactured by KelTec of the United States made available in 2011.

It is a direct competitor to other .22 Magnum semi-automatic handguns on the market, including the Walther WMP and the Smith & Wesson M&P 22 Magnum.
2013–14 A Group
The 2013–14 A Group was the 90th season of the top division of the Bulgarian football league system, and 66th since a league format was adopted for the national competition of A Group as a top tier of the pyramid. The season started on 19 July 2013 with the opening game between Chernomorets and Cherno More; the season ended on 18 May 2014 with the last game between Ludogorets Razgrad and Cherno More.

For the first time after twelve years the competition was divided into two phases - Regular season, with every team playing against every other team  twice, and Playoffs, with teams divided into Championship group (top seven) and Relegation group (bottom seven) to determine the champions and the relegated teams, respectively.

Ludogorets Razgrad went into the season as two-time defending champions and managed to retain the title for a third consecutive and overall time, after winning their match with Lokomotiv Plovdiv on 7 May two rounds before the end of the season.

2001–02 A Group
The 2001–02 A Group was the 54th season of the A Football Group, the top Bulgarian professional league for association football clubs, since its establishment in 1948.

Defending champions Levski Sofia won their third consecutive title, and 23rd title overall.
James Blakedon
Catholicism portal

James Blakedon O.P., D.Th. (died 1464) was a medieval prelate who served as Bishop of Achonry from 1442 to 1453, then Bishop of Bangor from 1453 to 1464.

A Dominican friar and Doctor of Theology, he was born in Blakedon (or Blackdon) in Somerset, England. He was appointed Bishop of Achonry in Ireland by the Holy See on 15 October 1442, although it is not known if he ever made a visitation to that diocese. He did act as a suffragan bishop in the English dioceses of Salisbury, Bath & Wells, Exeter, and Worcester between 1442 and 1453. He was translated to the bishopric of Bangor in Wales on 7 February 1453. Around that time he also became Master of St Catherine's Hospital at Bedminster, Bristol. He held those two last appointments until his death, sometime before 3 October 1464.

Bishop of Bangor
The Bishop of Bangor is the ordinary of the Diocese of Bangor of the Church in Wales. The see is based in the city of Bangor where the bishop's seat (cathedra) is at Cathedral Church of Saint Deiniol.

The Report of the Commissioners appointed by his Majesty to inquire into the Ecclesiastical Revenues of England and Wales (1835) found the see had an annual net income of £4,464. This made it the second wealthiest diocese in Wales, after St Asaph.

The incumbent is Andy John, who was consecrated on 29 November 2008 and enthroned on 24 January 2009. The bishop's residence is Ty'r Esgob ("Bishop's House") in Bangor.
Derek George
Derek George (born in Philadelphia, Mississippi) is an American country music singer, songwriter, and guitarist currently signed to Spirit Music Group. He is known for his work in Pearl River and Williams Riley, and his frequent collaborations with Bryan White.

Bryan White
Bryan Shelton White (born February 17, 1974) is an American country music singer and songwriter. Signed to Asylum Records in 1994 at age 20, White released his self-titled debut album that year. Both it and its follow-up, 1996's Between Now and Forever, were certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America, and 1997's The Right Place was certified gold. His fourth album, 1999's How Lucky I Am, produced two top 40 singles, with the song "God Gave Me You" eventually becoming a big hit in the Philippines.

White has charted 17 singles on the Billboard country charts, of which six reached number one: "Someone Else's Star" in 1995, Rebecca Lynn's "I'm Not Supposed to Love You Anymore", "From This Moment On" (with Shania Twain), and "So Much for Pretending" in 1996, and "Sittin' on Go" in 1997. "So Much for Pretending" was the most successful of these songs, spending two weeks at number one.
Misattribution of memory
In psychology, the misattribution of memory or source misattribution is the misidentification of the origin of a memory by the person making the memory recall. Misattribution is likely to occur when individuals are unable to monitor and control the influence of their attitudes, toward their judgments, at the time of retrieval. Misattribution is divided into three components: cryptomnesia, false memories, and source confusion. It was originally noted as one of Daniel Schacter's seven sins of memory.

Recall (memory)
Recall in memory refers to the mental process of retrieving information from the past. Along with encoding and storage, it is one of the three core processes of memory. There are three main types of recall: free recall, cued recall and serial recall. Psychologists test these forms of recall as a way to study the memory processes of humans and animals.
Two main theories of the process of recall are the two-stage theory and the theory of encoding specificity.
Robin Lane Fox
Robin James Lane Fox, FRSL (born 5 October 1946) is an English classicist, ancient historian, and gardening writer known for his works on Alexander the Great. Lane Fox is an Emeritus Fellow of New College, Oxford, and Reader in Ancient History, University of Oxford. Fellow and Tutor in Ancient History at New College from 1977 to 2014, he serves as Garden Master and as Extraordinary Lecturer in Ancient History for both New College and Exeter College.  He has also taught Greek and Latin literature and early Islamic history.

His major publications, for which he has won literary prizes including the James Tait Black Award, the Duff Cooper Prize, the Heinemann Award and the Runciman Award, include studies of Alexander the Great and Ancient Macedon, Late Antiquity, Christianity and Paganism, the Bible and history, and the Greek Dark Ages. In addition, he is the gardening correspondent of the Financial Times.

James Tait Black Memorial Prize
The James Tait Black Memorial Prizes are literary prizes awarded for literature written in the English language. They, along with the Hawthornden Prize, are Britain's oldest literary awards. Based at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland, United Kingdom, the prizes were founded in 1919 by Janet Coats Black in memory of her late husband, James Tait Black, a partner in the publishing house of A & C Black Ltd. Prizes are awarded in two categories: Fiction and Biography. A Drama prize was awarded from 2013-2019.
Carroballista
Carroballista was an ancient, cart-mounted ballista, a type of mobile field artillery. According to the Roman author Vegetius (Epitoma rei militaris II.25), each legion had 55 carroballistae (one per centuria) which were arrow/bolt-shooter of the cheiroballistra (Greek: χειροβαλλίστρα) type. Vegetius tells us that each carroballista was carried by mules and operated by one contubernium (i.e., eight soldiers commanded by one decanus). Surviving representation of a carroballista are from the bas-reliefs of Trajan's Column (Scene XL and Scenes LXV/LXVI) and the Column of Marcus Aurelius.

Ballista
The ballista (Latin, from Greek βαλλίστρα ballistra and that from βάλλω ballō, "throw"), plural ballistae or ballistas, sometimes called bolt thrower, was an ancient projectile weapon that launched either bolts or stones at a distant target.

Developed from earlier Greek weapons, it relied upon different mechanics, using two levers with torsion springs instead of a tension prod (the bow part of a modern crossbow). The springs consisted of several loops of twisted skeins. Early versions projected heavy darts or spherical stone projectiles of various sizes for siege warfare. It developed into a smaller precision weapon, the scorpio, and possibly the polybolos.
Dan Feltes
Dan Feltes (born March 23, 1979) is an American lawyer, a member of the Democratic Party, and represented the 15th district of the New Hampshire Senate from 2014 until 2020. At the age of 39, Feltes became the youngest Majority Leader in the history of the New Hampshire Senate. Feltes was characterized by Steve Shurtleff, the former Speaker of the New Hampshire House, as the most effective consensus builder at the State House in two decades. He was the Democratic nominee for governor in 2020. He now teaches at Iowa Law school and is a practicing attorney at Iowa Legal Aid.

Steve Shurtleff
Stephen James Shurtleff (born September 4, 1947) is an American politician from the state of New Hampshire. He formerly served as Speaker of the New Hampshire House of Representatives. A member of the Democratic Party, he serves as a member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives from the Merrimack 11th district. Shurtleff is a Vietnam veteran and a retired Supervisory Deputy US Marshal. While in the NH House he has held the positions of Committee Chair, Minority Leader, as well as Majority Leader. He previously served eleven years as an at-large member of the Concord City Council (2007 to 2018).
Fort Souville
Fort Souville, briefly called Fort Lemoine, was one of the forts of the Verdun Fortification District, situated in the commune of Fleury-devant-Douaumont. Constructed between 1876 and 1879 at an altitude of 396m, it is a first generation fort. It served as a key battlefield in the 1916 Battle of Verdun during World War I. The fort was armed on its ramparts with 9 cannons and 5 mortars, with 8 pieces of artillery used as flanking fire. A Bussiere turret in attached battery was also present.

Séré de Rivières system
The Séré de Rivières system was an ensemble of fortifications built from 1874 along the frontiers, ridges and coasts of France. The fortifications were named after their architect, Brigadier-General Raymond Adolphe Séré de Rivières. The fortresses were obsolescent by 1914 but were used during the First World War.
Long-Term Credit Bank of Japan
The Long-Term Credit Bank of Japan, Ltd. (株式会社日本長期信用銀行, Kabushiki-kaisha Nippon Chōki Shin'yō Ginkō), abbreviated LTCB in English and Chōgin (長銀) in Japanese, was a Japanese bank founded in 1952 under the direction of the Shigeru Yoshida government to provide long-term financing to various industries in Japan. Along with the Industrial Bank of Japan and the Nippon Kangyo Bank, it was one of the major financiers of the postwar economic development of Japan.

Following extensive problems with bad debt in the 1990s, the bank was nationalized in 1998, and finally sold in 2000 to a group led by US-based Ripplewood Holdings in the first foreign acquisition of a Japanese bank. Also in 2000, it was rebranded as SBI Shinsei Bank.

Industrial Bank of Japan
Industrial Bank of Japan, Limited (IBJ), based in Tokyo, Japan, was one of the largest banks in the world during the latter half of the 20th century. It was established in 1902 as a policy institution or "special bank", similarly as Nippon Kangyo Bank (est. 1897), Bank of Taiwan (est. 1897) and Hokkaido Takushoku Bank (est. 1900), with the aim to finance strategic industrial sectors.: 16

In 1989, it was the most valuable company in the world. In 2002, IBJ combined with Dai-Ichi Kangyo Bank and Fuji Bank to form Mizuho Financial Group.
Nevada State Route 604
State Route 604 (SR 604) is the route number designation for parts of Las Vegas Boulevard, a major north–south road in the Las Vegas metropolitan area of Nevada in the United States best known for the Las Vegas Strip and its casinos. Formerly carrying U.S. Route 91, which had been the main highway between Los Angeles and Salt Lake City, it has been bypassed by Interstate 15 and serves mainly local traffic.

Interstate 15 in Nevada
Interstate 15 (I-15), designated the Las Vegas Freeway, is an Interstate Highway in the US state of Nevada that begins in Primm, continues through Las Vegas and it crosses the border with Arizona in Mesquite. Within the state, the freeway runs entirely in Clark County. The highway was built along the corridor of the older US Route 91 (US 91) and Arrowhead Trail, eventually replacing both of these roads.
Fault zone hydrogeology
Fault zone hydrogeology is the study of how brittlely deformed rocks alter fluid flows in different lithological settings, such as clastic, igneous and carbonate rocks. Fluid movements, that can be quantified as permeability, can be facilitated or impeded due to the existence of a fault zone. This is because different mechanisms that deform rocks can alter porosity and permeability within a fault zone. Fluids involved in a fault system generally are groundwater (fresh and marine waters) and hydrocarbons (Oil and Gas).

Take notice that permeability (k) and hydraulic conductivity (K) are used interchangeably in this article for simplified understanding

Hydraulic conductivity
In science and  engineering, hydraulic conductivity (K, in SI units of meters per second), is a property of porous materials, soils and rocks, that describes the ease with which a fluid (usually water) can move through the pore space, or fracture network. It depends on the intrinsic permeability (k, unit: m2) of the material, the degree of saturation, and on the density and viscosity of the fluid. Saturated hydraulic conductivity, Ksat, describes water movement through saturated media.
By definition, hydraulic conductivity is the ratio of volume flux to hydraulic gradient yielding a quantitative measure of a  saturated soil's ability to transmit water when subjected to a hydraulic gradient.
Ramon Magsaysay
Ramon del Fierro Magsaysay Sr. QSC GCGH KGE GCC (August 31, 1907 – March 17, 1957) was the seventh president of the Philippines, serving from 1953 until his death in 1957. An automobile mechanic by profession, Magsaysay was appointed military governor of Zambales after his outstanding service as a guerrilla leader during the Pacific War. He then served two terms as Liberal Party congressman for Zambales's at-large district before being appointed Secretary of National Defense by President Elpidio Quirino. He was eventually elected as president under the banner of the Nacionalista Party, the youngest to be elected to the position, and second youngest overall (after Emilio Aguinaldo). He was the first Philippine president born in the 20th century and the first to be born after the Spanish colonial era. Magsaysay died in a plane crash on March 17, 1957, in Cebu. His successor, Carlos P. Garcia, assumed the presidency. He is the most recent Philippine president to have died in office.

Royal Order of Cambodia
The Royal Order of Cambodia (Khmer: គ្រឿងឥស្សរិយយសព្រះរាជាណាចក្រកម្ពុជា, romanized: Krœăng Ĕssârĭyôyôs Preăh Réachéanachâkr Kâmpŭchéa; French: Ordre royal du Cambodge) was a colonial order of chivalry of French Cambodia, and is still in use as an order of chivalry in the present-day Kingdom of Cambodia.
Oriole Park at Camden Yards
Oriole Park at Camden Yards, commonly known as Camden Yards, is a ballpark in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. It is the home of Major League Baseball (MLB)'s Baltimore Orioles, and the first of the "retro" major league ballparks constructed during the 1990s and early 2000s. It was completed in 1992 to replace Memorial Stadium. The stadium is in downtown Baltimore, a few blocks west of the Inner Harbor in the Camden Yards Sports Complex.

Since its opening, Oriole Park has been widely hailed as one of the best stadiums in baseball and is credited with starting a wave of neotraditional ballparks after the cookie-cutter stadiums of the mid to late 20th century.

Since construction on Oriole Park began in 1989, taxpayers have shouldered at least $1.3 billion of the stadium's costs. In 2023, the Orioles asked taxpayers to pay an additional $600 million for stadium renovations.

Baltimore Memorial Stadium
Baltimore Memorial Stadium was a multi-purpose stadium in Baltimore, Maryland, United States, that formerly stood on 33rd Street on an oversized block officially called Venable Park, a former city park from the 1920s. The site was bound by Ellerslie Avenue to the west, 36th Street to the north, and Ednor Road to the east.

Two stadiums were located here — a 1922 version known primarily as Baltimore Stadium or Municipal Stadium; and a rebuilt, double-deck, multi-sport stadium, completed in mid-1954, and rechristened Baltimore Memorial Stadium —  Memorial Stadium for short.
Viðvíkurhreppur
Viðvíkurhreppur a hreppur, an old Icelandic municipality, in between the Héraðsvötn and Hjaltadalsá in Skagafjörður County, Iceland. It is named after the church site Viðvík.

On June 6, 1998, Viðvíkurhreppur joined ten other local governments to form Skagafjörður County: Skefilsstaðahreppur, Sauðárkrókur, Skarðshreppur, Staðarhreppur, Seyluhreppur, Lýtingsstaðahreppur, Rípurhreppur, Hólahreppur, Hofshreppur, and Fljótahreppur.

Viðvík
Viðvík is a farm in Viðvíkursveit on the eastern side of Skagafjörður, Iceland right at the opening of Hjaltadalur valley, and south of Hjaltadalsá river. It was home the area's manor in past centuries.