hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Bulk mail
Bulk mail broadly refers to mail that is mailed and processed in bulk at reduced rates.  The term is sometimes used as a synonym for advertising mail.

The United States Postal Service (USPS) defines bulk mail broadly as "quantities of mail prepared for mailing at reduced postage rates."  The preparation includes presorting and placing into containers by ZIP code.  The containers, along with a manifest, are taken to an area in a post office called a bulk-mail-entry unit.  The presorting and the use of containers allow highly automated mail processing, both in bulk and piecewise, in processing facilities called bulk mail centers (BMCs).

In 2009, the USPS announced plans to streamline sorting and delivery. BMCs were renamed Network Distribution Centers.

Advertising mail
Advertising mail, also known as direct mail (by its senders), junk mail (by its recipients), mailshot or admail (North America), letterbox drop or letterboxing (Australia), is the delivery of advertising material to recipients of postal mail. The delivery of advertising mail forms a large and growing service for many postal services, and direct-mail marketing forms a significant portion of the direct marketing industry. Some organizations attempt to help people opt out of receiving advertising mail, in many cases motivated by a concern over its negative environmental impact.

Advertising mail includes advertising circulars, plastic mailers, coupon envelopes (Money Mailer, Valpak), catalogs,  CDs, "pre-approved" credit card applications, and other commercial merchandising materials delivered to homes and businesses. It may be addressed to pre-selected individuals, or unaddressed and delivered on a neighbourhood-by-neighbourhood basis.
Freddy David
Freddy David (Hebrew: פרדי דוד; born 21 January 1965) is an Israel former football player and manager.

He previously managed Hapoel Petah Tikva, Maccabi Herzliya, Bnei Sakhnin, Maccabi Petah Tikva, and Hapoel Ramat Gan.

Maccabi Petah Tikva F.C.
Maccabi Petah Tikva F.C. (Hebrew: מכבי פתח תקווה; "Maccabi Avshalom Ironi Petah Tikva F.C., מועדון ספורט מכבי אבשלום עירוני פתח תקווה) is an Israeli professional football club based in the city of Petah Tikva. It is part of the Maccabi World Union for international Jewish sports clubs.
Merko Ehitus
Merko Ehitus is an Estonian construction company (joint-stock company) which is focusing on prime contracting and project management. The company is active in Baltic countries being one of the leading construction companies in these countries.

Merko Ehitus includes also Merko Ehitus Eesti and its subsidiaries Tallinna Teede AS and Merko Infra AS.

Since 1997, the company is listed in Nasdaq Tallinn.

The company is employed about 800 people in Baltic states and Norway.

In 2018, the revenue of the company was 418 million euros.

In 2021, Merko Ehitus was the 9th largest company on the Nasdaq Baltic Exchange in terms of trading activity. As of May 25, 2022, Merko Ehitus' market share (market value) is 279 million euros, making it the 11th largest company on the Nasdaq Baltic Stock Exchange. In 2021, the company's market value increased by 61%.

Nasdaq Tallinn
The Nasdaq Tallinn AS, formerly known as the Tallinn Stock Exchange, is a stock exchange operating in Tallinn, Estonia. Nasdaq Tallinn is the only regulated secondary securities market in Estonia. The major stock market index is Nasdaq Tallinn, formerly known as TALSE.
2025 Puerto Vallarta Open – Singles
Jaqueline Cristian won the singles title at the 2025 Puerto Vallarta Open, defeating Linda Fruhvirtová in the final, 7–5, 6–4.

McCartney Kessler was the reigning champion, but did not participate this year.

Jaqueline Cristian
Jaqueline Adina Cristian (born 5 June 1998) is a Romanian professional tennis player. She has career-high WTA rankings of No. 35 in singles achieved in January 2026 and No. 103 in doubles, achieved in October 2025. She is currently the No. 1 Romanian player. Cristian has won one WTA 125 title, as well as 14 singles and ten doubles titles on the ITF Circuit.
Cold Sweat / Maiden, Mother & Crone
"Cold Sweat"/"Maiden, Mother & Crone" is a split single by American bands The Sword and Year Long Disaster. Released as part of the Volcom Entertainment Vinyl Club on March 15, 2010, the single features a cover version of Thin Lizzy's "Cold Sweat" by The Sword and a cover version of The Sword's "Maiden, Mother & Crone" by Year Long Disaster. The single was printed on "opaque baby blue" 7" vinyl and was limited to 1,000 copies.

Cold Sweat (Thin Lizzy song)
"Cold Sweat" is a song by Irish rock band Thin Lizzy, and is the fifth track on their final studio album Thunder and Lightning.  It was co-written by guitarist John Sykes and Phil Lynott, and became the biggest single from the album, entering the UK charts at No. 28 (peaking at No. 27), and peaking at No. 23 in Ireland.

The song is known for Sykes's guitar solo, which features a tapping playing style that was becoming popular at the time of the album's release, though also used at the time by players such as Eddie Van Halen and Randy Rhoads.
European Solar Physics Division
The European Solar Physics Division (ESPD) of the European Physical Society (EPS), is an organisation whose purpose is to promote solar physics and represent European scientists interested in the physics of the Sun. The ESPD is known mostly for its organisation of the European Solar Physics Meetings, which bring together European solar physicists and take place every three years.

Since 2017, the ESPD awards four prizes: the Zdeněk Švetka Senior Prize for outstanding contributions over an extended period of time to solar physics, the Giancarlo Noci Early Career Prize for outstanding contributions to solar physics from an Early career researcher, the Patricia Edwin PhD Prize for the best European PhD thesis in solar physics and the Kees Zwaan Inspirational Community Prize for services to the community.

European Physical Society
The European Physical Society (EPS) is a non-profit organisation whose purpose is to promote physics and physicists in Europe through methods such as physics outreach, supporting physicists to engage in the design and implementation of European science policy, and advocating physics research. Formally established in 1968, its membership includes the national physical societies of 42 countries, and some 3200 individual members. The Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft, the world's largest and oldest organisation of physicists, is a major member.
Černé vdovy
Černé vdovy (Black Widows) is a Czech television series that has been broadcast by Prima televize since 17 February 2019. Jana Plodková, Jitka Čvančarová and Lucia Siposová starred in the series. It is written by Radek Bajgar, Pavel Gotthard, Mirka Zlatníková, Michaela Sabo and Milan Tesař. Radek Bajgar is also the director. Černé vdovy is an adaptation of Finnish series Mustat lesket.

In March 2022, filming began for the second season consisting of 8 episodes.

Mustat lesket
Mustat lesket is a 2014 Finnish drama television series created by Mikko Pöllä, directed by Veikko Aaltonen and starring Pihla Viitala as Veera Joentie, Wanda Dubiel as Johanna Koskinen and Malla Malmivaara as Kirsi Lundberg.
Town commissioners
Town commissioners were elected local government bodies that existed in urban areas in Ireland from the 19th century until 2002. Larger towns with commissioners were converted to urban districts by the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898, with the smaller commissions continuing to exist beyond partition in 1922. The idea was a standardisation of the improvement commissioners established in an ad-hoc manner for particular towns in Britain and Ireland in the eighteenth century. The last town commissioners in Northern Ireland were abolished in 1962. In the Republic of Ireland, the remaining commissions became town councils in 2002, and abolished in 2014.

Municipal Corporations (Ireland) Act 1840
The Municipal Corporations Act (Ireland) 1840 (3 & 4 Vict. c. 108) was an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It was one of the Municipal Corporations (Ireland) Acts 1840 to 1888.

The act followed similar lines to the Municipal Corporations Act 1835 (5 & 6 Will. 4. c. 76) which reformed municipal boroughs in England and Wales. Prior to the passing of the act, there were 68 borough corporations in Ireland. However, many of them were ineffective, some were virtually defunct and none of them in any way representative of their populations. The act dissolved all but 10 of the corporations.
Martin Luther King and the Montgomery Story
Martin Luther King and the Montgomery Story is a 16-page comic book about Martin Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks, and the Montgomery bus boycott published in 1957 by the Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR USA). It advocates the principles of nonviolence and provides a primer on nonviolent resistance.

Although ignored by the mainstream comics industry, The Montgomery Story, written by Alfred Hassler and Benton Resnik and illustrated by Sy Barry, was widely distributed among civil rights groups, churches, and schools. It helped inspire nonviolent protest movements around the Southern United States, and later in Latin America, South Africa, the Middle East, and elsewhere. Over 50 years after its initial publication, the comic inspired the best-selling, award-winning March trilogy by Georgia Congressman John Lewis.

Andrew Aydin
Andrew Aydin (born August 25, 1983) is an American comics writer, known as the Digital Director & Policy Advisor to Georgia congressman John Lewis, and co-author, with Lewis, of March, Lewis' #1 New York Times bestselling autobiographical graphic novel trilogy.
Orășenesc Stadium (Mioveni)
The Orășenesc Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium located in Mioveni, Romania. Opened in 2000, it has a seating capacity of 5,948, out of a total capacity of 8,000 as of 2022. The stadium is generally used for football games, formerly as the home ground of local club CS Mioveni before its bankruptcy in 2024 and currently by Liga I club Argeş Piteşti.

FC Argeș Pitești
Asociația Clubul Sportiv Campionii Fotbal Club Argeș, commonly known as FC Argeș Pitești (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈardʒeʃ piˈteʃtʲ]), Argeș Pitești or simply FC Argeș, is a Romanian professional football club based in Pitești, Argeș County, that competes in the Liga I, the top tier of Romanian football.

The team was originally founded as Dinamo Pitești in 1953, and made its top flight debut in the 1961–62 season. In 1967, it changed its name to Argeș Pitești. The club's most successful period was in the 1970s, when it won the national title twice. Three-time Romanian Footballer of the Year award recipient Nicolae Dobrin was the most important member of the squad during that period, which turned him into a club icon over the years.

FC Argeș amassed over 40 seasons in the Liga I, and traditionally plays its home matches at Nicolae Dobrin Stadium, which is currently under reconstruction.
Vince Sorrenti
Vince Sorrenti (born 21 March 1961) is an Australian stand-up comedian, writer and television presenter from Punchbowl, New South Wales. He is of Italian descent. Sorrenti performs nationally and internationally. He performs at sports hospitality, charity events, corporate events, club venues and private parties. He performs, MCs, and facilitates at around 200 events per year.

Punchbowl, New South Wales
Punchbowl is a suburb in Western Sydney in the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is located 17 kilometres (11 mi) South-West of the Sydney central business district and in the local government area of the City of Canterbury-Bankstown. At the 2021 census, Punchbowl had a population of 21,384.
Sō Sukekuni
Sō Sukekuni (宗 助国; 1207 - November 4, 1274)
was the Deputy Governor of Tsushima Province during the Kamakura period of Japan. During the first Mongol invasion of Japan in 1274, Sukekuni led the defence of the island despite only having 80 men. He was killed during the battle on November 4, 1274. He was the head of the Sō clan, who were the historical rulers of the Tsushima Island.

Mongol invasions of Japan
Major military efforts were taken by Kublai Khan of the Yuan dynasty in 1274 and 1281 to conquer the Japanese archipelago after the submission of the Korean kingdom of Goryeo to vassaldom. Ultimately a failure, the invasion attempts are of macro-historical importance because they set a limit on Mongol expansion and rank as nation-defining events in the history of Japan. The invasions are referred to in many works of fiction and are the origin of the word kamikaze (神風  "divine wind"), first used to describe the typhoons that destroyed the Mongol invasion fleets in the 13th century. The term was later adopted in the 20th century to describe Japanese pilots who deliberately crashed their aircraft into enemy warships during the last years of World War II.

The invasions were one of the earliest cases of gunpowder warfare outside of China. One of the most notable technological innovations during the war was the use of explosive, hand-thrown bombs.
Thomas B. Stockwell
Thomas Blanchard Stockwell (1839–1906) was an important citizen of Rhode Island, serving for thirty years as the Eighth Commissioner of Public Schools.

He was the son of Amos W. Stockwell and Susan Le Baron March. He was born in Worcester, Massachusetts, on July 6, 1839. 
He attended Chicopee High School, and graduated from Brown University in 1862. He also received an M.A. in 1865.

Stockwell service as Commissioner of Public Schools in Rhode Island began in 1874.

He is most notable for his book, A history of public education in Rhode Island, from 1636 to 1876. He was also the author of a book on laws related to education.

He served as the acting principal of Rhode Island College from 1883 to 1884.

He is noted for his writing on the choice of the violet as the state flower of Rhode Island in 1898.

He served as a deacon of the Central Congregational Church in Providence, Rhode Island.

Central Congregational Church (Providence, Rhode Island)
Central Congregational Church is a United Church of Christ congregation established in 1852 in Providence, Rhode Island.
The current church building at 296 Angell Street was built in 1893, designed by New York architectural firm Carrère and Hastings. It is part of the Stimson Avenue Historic District. 
The church has a long tradition of social and community work in the Providence area, the United States and around the world.
Dither
Dither or dithering is an intentionally applied form of noise used to randomize quantization error, preventing large-scale patterns such as color banding in images. Dither is routinely used in processing of both digital audio and video data, and is often one of the last stages of mastering audio to a CD.

A common use of dither is converting a grayscale image to black and white, so that the density of black dots in the new image approximates the average gray level in the original.

Palette (computing)
In computer graphics, a palette is the set of available colors from which an image can be made.  In some systems, the palette is fixed by the hardware design, and in others it is dynamic, typically implemented via a color lookup table (CLUT), a correspondence table in which selected colors from a certain color space's color reproduction range are assigned an index, by which they can be referenced. By referencing the colors via an index, which takes less information than needed to describe the actual colors in the color space, this technique aims to reduce data usage, including processing, transfer bandwidth, RAM usage, and storage. Images in which colors are indicated by references to a CLUT are called indexed color images.
Alice Alldredge
Alice Louise Alldredge (February 1, 1949) is an American oceanographer and marine biologist who studies marine snow, carbon cycling, microbes and plankton in the ecology of the ocean. She has been one of the most cited scientific researchers since 2003.

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI, acronym pronounced /ˈhuːi/ HOO-ee) is a private, nonprofit research and higher education facility dedicated to the study of marine science and engineering.

Established in 1930 in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, it is the largest independent oceanographic research institution in the U.S., with staff and students numbering about 1,000.
Jeroen Bleekemolen
Jeroen Pascal Bleekemolen (born 23 October 1981 in Heemstede) is a Dutch professional racing driver. In the Chrysler Viper GTS-R he drove in the FIA GT Championship, with great success. He competed in the German Formula Three Championship and drove a number of times at the Masters of Formula 3 at Circuit Zandvoort, the unofficial F3 World Championship. Together with Opel, he raced in the DTM. In 2005, Bleekemolen won the ELF BRL V6 championship.

Bleekemolen was the first driver for A1 Team Netherlands in the A1 Grand Prix series after replacing Jos Verstappen. Bleekemolen was a backup driver in the first season. He also participated, and took a class victory (and tenth overall), in the 2008 24 Hours of Le Mans race, driving the Van Merksteijn Motorsport's LMP2 class Porsche RS Spyder.

Bleekemolen is the son of former Formula One driver Michael Bleekemolen.

BRL V6
The Benelux Racing League V6, better known as BRL V6, was a touring car racing series held in The Netherlands and Belgium between 2004 and 2009. It is the heavier variant on the BRL Light. For 2010, BRL cars were allowed into the Dutch Supercar Challenge.
Maspalomas Lighthouse
The Maspalomas Lighthouse (Spanish: Faro de Maspalomas) is an active 19th century lighthouse at the southern end of the Spanish island of Gran Canaria, in the Canary archipelago.  It lies at one end of the Maspalomas beach, 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) south of the resort town centre, next to the area known as the Maspalomas Dunes.

The lighthouse is a distinctive landmark in the resort, and is the tallest masonry lighthouse in the Canaries at 56 m (184 ft) being superseded only by the more modern 59 m (194 ft) concrete Morro Jable lighthouse on Fuerteventura.

With a focal height of 60 m (197 ft) above the sea, its light can be seen for 19 nautical miles, and consists of a pattern of three flashes of white light, over a period of thirteen seconds.

Morro Jable Lighthouse
The Morro Jable Lighthouse (Spanish: Faro de Morro Jable) is an active lighthouse on the Canary island of Fuerteventura. The lighthouse is situated at the edge of the beach near the town and resort of Morro Jable.
Xi'an–Ankang railway
The Xi'an–Ankang railway or Xikang railway (simplified Chinese: 西康铁路; traditional Chinese: 西康鐵路; pinyin: Xīkāng tiělù), is a single-track, electrified railway line in Shaanxi Province of China, between Xi'an, the provincial capital, and Ankang. The line is 247.7 km (154 mi) long and was built from 1996 to 2001. As of June 2009, a second track is being planned for the line. Major cities and counties along route include Xi'an, Zhashui County, Zhen'an County, Xunyang County and Ankang.

Zhashui County
Zhashui County (simplified Chinese: 柞水县; traditional Chinese: 柞水縣; pinyin: Zhàshuǐ Xiàn) is a county in the south-central part of Shaanxi province, China. It is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Shangluo, and has an area of 2,322 km2 (897 sq mi) and a population of 160,000 as of 2004.
Division "Tridentina"
The Division "Tridentina" Italian: Divisione "Tridentina" is one of three active divisions of the Italian Army. The division is based in Bolzano in the province of South Tyrol and part of the Alpine Troops Command in the same city. The division carries on the name and traditions of the World War II Royal Italian Army 2nd Alpine Division "Tridentina" and the Cold War Italian Army Alpine Brigade "Tridentina".

2nd Alpine Division "Tridentina"
The 2nd Alpine Division "Tridentina" (Italian: 2ª Divisione alpina "Tridentina") was a division of the Royal Italian Army during World War II, which specialized in mountain warfare. The Alpini that formed the divisions are a highly decorated and elite mountain corps of the Italian Army comprising both infantry and artillery units. The name Tridentina was chosen as the division was based in the Trentino-South Tyrol region, for which the fascist regime of Benito Mussolini had created the neologism Venezia Tridentina. After World War II, the traditions and name of the 2nd Alpine Division "Tridentina" were carried on by the Alpine Brigade "Tridentina".
2007 UNCAF Interclub Cup
The 2007 UNCAF Interclub Cup was the 25th edition of the international club football competition held in the UNCAF region representing the seven nations of Central America.  C.D. Motagua obtained their first regional title.  This was the ninth year of the current format using the name UNCAF Interclub Cup.  The tournament was also a qualifying event for the 2008 CONCACAF Champions' Cup.  The top three finishers in the tournament qualified for the 2008 CONCACAF Champions' Cup.  The official draw took place on June 19 in Guatemala.  This was the last season in this format.

Central American Football Union
The Unión Centroamericana de Fútbol (Central American Football Union), more commonly known by the acronym UNCAF, represents the national football teams of Central America: Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama. Its member associations are part of CONCACAF.
Harmony Community School District
Harmony Community School District was a school district which was, at the end of its existence, headquartered in unincorporated Van Buren County, Iowa, near Farmington. It served sections of Van Buren, Henry, and Lee counties. Communities in its service area included Farmington, Bonaparte, and Hillsboro.

In previous eras it had its headquarters in Bonaparte. In 2016 the high school closed and the elementary moved into the former high school building. At the end of its existence the district operated one school, Harmony Elementary School near Farmington, and sent students to Van Buren Junior-Senior High School in Keosauqua as part of a grade-sharing arrangement.

Henry County, Iowa
Henry County is a county located in the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2020 census, its population was 20,482. The county seat is Mount Pleasant. The county was named for General Henry Dodge, governor of Wisconsin Territory.
The Great Dawn
The Great Dawn (Georgian: დიადი განთიადი, trans. Diadi Gant’iadi; Russian: Великое зарево, trans. Velikoe Zarevo. English-language title: They Wanted Peace.) is a 1938 Soviet Georgian film directed by Mikheil Chiaureli. It is considered a representation of Joseph Stalin's cult of personality.

Mikheil Chiaureli
Mikheil Chiaureli (Georgian: მიხეილ ჭიაურელი; Russian: Михаил Эдишерович Чиаурели; 6 February 1894 – 31 October 1974) was a Soviet Georgian actor, film director and screenwriter. He directed 25 films between 1928 and 1974. He was awarded the Stalin Prize five times in 1941, 1943, 1946, 1947, and 1950.
The Best of Collin Raye: Direct Hits
The Best of Collin Raye: Direct Hits is American country music artist Collin Raye's first greatest hits album. Released on August 26, 1997, via Epic Records, the album contains the greatest hits from his first studio albums plus several new tracks.

Among the new recordings were three singles. "What the Heart Wants" and "Little Red Rodeo" were both Top 5 hits on the country charts. "The Gift", a collaboration with Jim Brickman and Susan Ashton, was released only to the adult contemporary format. Also included on the album is a cover of Journey's "Open Arms".

In October 1998 the album was certified Platinum by the RIAA.

Little Red Rodeo
"Little Red Rodeo" is a song written by Phil Vassar, Charlie Black and Rory Bourke, and recorded by American country music artist Collin Raye.  It was released in December 1997 as the third and final single from his compilation album The Best of Collin Raye: Direct Hits.  The song was a Top 5 hit on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart. He sang it on an episode of Walker, Texas Ranger.