hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Combee: Harriet Tubman, the Combahee River Raid, and Black Freedom During the Civil War
Combee: Harriet Tubman, the Combahee River Raid, and Black Freedom During the Civil War is a 2024 book by American historian Edda L. Fields-Black published by Oxford University Press. Fields-Black documents Harriet Tubman's service during the American Civil War, particularly her role in the June 1–2, 1863, Combahee River Raid, a Union military operation that freed 756 enslaved people from rice plantations in South Carolina's Lowcountry. Fields-Black, descendant of a raid participant, draws on over 175 U.S. Civil War pension files to reconstruct the experiences of enslaved individuals who were freed in the raid and trace the emergence of Gullah Geechee culture. The book won the 2025 Pulitzer Prize for History (which it shared with Kathleen DuVal's Native Nations: A Millennium in North America), the Gilder Lehrman Lincoln Prize (2025), the Tom Watson Brown Book Award (2025), the George C. Rogers Jr. Award (2024), and the Marsha M. Greenlee History Award (2024).

Pulitzer Prize for History
The Pulitzer Prize for History, administered by Columbia University, is one of the seven American Pulitzer Prizes that are annually awarded for Letters, Drama, and Music. It has been presented since 1917 for a distinguished book about the history of the United States. Thus it is one of the original Pulitzers, for the program was inaugurated in 1917 with seven prizes, four of which were awarded that year. The Pulitzer Prize program has also recognized some historical work with its Biography prize, from 1917, and its General Nonfiction prize, from 1962.

Finalists have been announced since 1980, ordinarily two others beside the winner.
Median invasion of Urartu
The Median Invasion of Urartu refers to the military campaigns conducted by the Median Empire and King Cyaxares against the Kingdom of Urartu in the late 7th century BC to the early 6th century BC. These invasions were part of a broader series of conflicts involving the Medes, Scythians, and other groups that contributed to the downfall of Urartu and the eventual rise of the Median Empire as a dominant power in the region.

Urartu
Urartu was an Iron Age kingdom centered around the Armenian highlands between Lake Van, Lake Urmia, and Lake Sevan. The territory of the ancient kingdom of Urartu extended over the modern frontiers of Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Armenia, the southern regions of Georgia, and western regions of Azerbaijan. Its kings left behind cuneiform inscriptions in the Urartian language, a member of the Hurro-Urartian language family.

The kingdom emerged in the mid-9th century BC and dominated the Armenian highlands in the 8th and 7th centuries BC. Urartu frequently warred with Assyria and became, for a time, the most powerful state in the Near East. Weakened by constant conflict, it was eventually conquered, either by the Iranian Medes in the early 6th century BC or by Cyrus the Great in the middle of the 6th century BC. Archaeologically, it is noted for its large fortresses and sophisticated metalwork.
Meyrick Park Halt railway station
Meyrick Park Halt was a railway halt located in the Meyrick Park area of Bournemouth, just west of Bournemouth Central railway station in the county of Hampshire (now Dorset) in England. It opened in 1906 as a response to competition from street-running tramways, and served a growing suburb of Bournemouth as well as leisure activities.

Bournemouth railway station
Bournemouth railway station serves the seaside town of Bournemouth, in Dorset, England.  It was known previously as Bournemouth East (1885 to 1899) and then Bournemouth Central (1899 to 1967). It is managed by South Western Railway, and it has long been treated as an obligatory principal stop on the South West Main Line between London Waterloo and Weymouth. The station also is served by CrossCountry services via Reading and Birmingham New Street to Manchester Piccadilly. It is 108 miles 2 chains (173.8 km) measured from London Waterloo and is situated between Pokesdown and Branksome.

A previous incarnation of Bournemouth East station was on another site. Ticket barriers were installed in 2008 and British Transport Police have a Bournemouth office at the station which acts as a regional hub.
Krodha (Mental factor)
Krodha (Sanskrit: क्रोध; Tibetan Wylie: khro ba) is a Dharmic term in Buddhism and Hinduism that is translated as "fury", "rage", or "indignation". Within the Mahayana Abhidharma tradition, krodha is identified as one of the twenty subsidiary unwholesome mental factors. It is defined as an increase of anger (Sanskrit: pratigha) that causes one to prepare to harm others.

According to Herber Guenther, the difference between anger (pratigha) and fury (krodha) is that anger is a vindictive or hostile attitude in one's mind, but fury is an increase in anger when the chance for harming is at hand and is it very agitated state of mind leading to actual physical harm.

Alexander Berzin states:

Hatred (khro-ba) is a part of hostility (dvesha) and is the harsh intention to cause harm.

Note that according to Berzin, dvesha is a sub-category of anger (pratigha).

Pratigha
Pratigha (Sanskrit; Pali: paṭigha; Tibetan Wylie: khong khro) is a Buddhist term that is translated as "anger". It is defined as a hostile attitude towards sentient beings, towards frustration, and towards that which gives rise to one's frustrations; it functions as a basis for faultfinding, for negative actions, and for not finding a moment of peace or happiness.

Pratigha is identified as:

One of the six root unwholesome mental factors within the Mahayana Abhidharma tradition

One of the ten fetters in the Theravada tradition (according to the Dhammasangani)
Winged infusion set
A winged infusion set—also known as "butterfly" or "scalp vein" set—is a device specialized for venipuncture: i.e. for accessing a superficial vein or artery for either intravenous injection or phlebotomy. It consists, from front to rear, of a hypodermic needle, two bilateral flexible "wings", flexible small-bore transparent tubing (often 20–35 cm long), and lastly a connector (often female Luer). This connector attaches to another device: e.g. syringe, vacuum tube holder/hub, or extension tubing from an infusion pump or gravity-fed infusion/transfusion bag/bottle.

Newer models include a slide and lock safety device slid over the needle after use, which helps prevent accidental needlestick injury and reuse of used needles, which can transmit infectious disease such as HIV and viral hepatitis.

Vacutainer
A vacutainer blood collection tube is a sterile glass or plastic test tube with a colored rubber stopper creating a vacuum seal inside of the tube, facilitating the drawing of a predetermined volume of liquid. Vacutainer tubes may contain additives designed to stabilize and preserve the specimen prior to analytical testing. Tubes are available with a safety-engineered stopper, with a variety of labeling options and draw volumes. The color of the top indicates the additives in the vial.

Vacutainer tubes were invented by Joseph Kleiner in 1949. Vacutainer is a registered trademark of Becton Dickinson, which manufactures and sells the tubes today.
Washington State Route 302
State Route 302 (SR 302) is a 16.87-mile-long (27.15 km) state highway in the U.S. state of Washington, connecting the communities of Allyn and Purdy on the Kitsap Peninsula, located in Mason and Pierce counties. The highway travels southeast from SR 3 in Allyn-Grapeview along North Bay and turns east along Henderson Bay to Purdy. SR 302 intersects its spur route and turns south, ending at an interchange with SR 16 at the north end of Gig Harbor. The highway was created during the 1964 highway renumbering to replace Secondary State Highway 14A (SSH 14A) between Allyn and Purdy.

State highways in Washington
The State Highways of Washington in the U.S. state of Washington comprise a network of over 7,000 miles (11,270 km) of state highways, including all Interstate and U.S. Highways that pass through the state, maintained by the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT). The system spans 8.5% of the state's public road mileage, but carries over half of the traffic. All other public roads in the state are either inside incorporated places (cities or towns) or are maintained by the county.  The state highway symbol is a white silhouette of George Washington's head (whom the state is named after).
Somdet Chaophraya Borom Maha Sri Suriwongse
Somdet Chaophraya Borom Maha Sri Suriwongse (Thai: สมเด็จเจ้าพระยาบรมมหาศรีสุริยวงศ์, RTGS: Somdet Chao Phraya Borom Maha Si Suriwong, Thai pronunciation: [sǒm.dèt tɕâw.pʰrá.jaː bɔː.rɔm má.hǎː sǐː sù.rí.woŋ]; 23 December 1808 – 19 January 1883), born Chuang Bunnag (Thai: ช่วง บุนนาค, RTGS: Chuang Bunnak, Thai pronunciation: [tɕʰûaŋ bun.nâːk]), was a leading Siamese noble and statesman who served as the Regent of Siam during the early reign of King Chulalongkorn.

Regent of Thailand
A regent of Thailand (Thai: ผู้สำเร็จราชการแทนพระองค์) is a person who exercises the official functions of a monarch of Thailand when the monarch is incapable of functioning or during a period of interregnum.
Ventenata
Ventenata is a genus of plants in the grass family, native to Europe, North Africa, and central + southwest Asia. One species, Ventenata dubia, is considered an invasive weed in many places.

Species

Ventenata blanchei Boiss. - Lebanon, Syria, Palestine, Jordan, Israel

Ventenata dubia (Leers) Coss. & Durieu - central Europe, Mediterranean, Ukraine, southern  European Russia, Caucasus, Turkey, Kazakhstan; naturalized in parts of North America

Ventenata eigiana (H.Scholz & Raus) Dogan - Turkey

Ventenata huber-morathii (Dogan) D.Heller - Turkey

Ventenata macra (Steven) Balansa ex Boiss. - Greece, Crimea, Turkmenistan, Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Turkey, Caucasus, Cyprus

Ventenata quercetorum Boiss. & Bal. - Turkey

Ventenata sorgerae (Dogan) D.Heller - Turkey

Ventenata subenervis Boiss. & Balansa - Turkey, islands of Eastern Aegean

Ventenata dubia
Ventenata dubia is a species of grass known by the common names North Africa grass and wiregrass. It is native to southern Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. It is becoming well known in North America, where it is an introduced species and a noxious weed of cultivated and disturbed habitat. It is problematic in the Pacific Northwest, where it was first identified in Washington in 1952 and Idaho in 1957. It was found in Utah in 1996. It probably spreads when it gets mixed in with grass seed and is transported and inadvertently planted.

This is an annual grass growing 15 to 70 centimeters tall with thin, branching stems that are naked and wiry. These wiry stems make the grass hard to cut. The inflorescence is an open panicle with very slender, spreading branches bearing spikelets at their tips. The spikelet is 1 to 1.5 centimeters in length and has riblike longitudinal veins. The upper flower has a wavy awn up to 1.5 centimeters long.
Grigor I of Taron
Grigor I of Taron (Armenian: Գրիգոր; Greek: Κρικορίκιος/Γρηγόριος ὁ Ταρωνίτης, Krikorikios/Grēgorios ho Tarōnitēs)  was an Armenian noble of the Bagratid family and ruler of the southern Armenian region of Taron from ca. 896/98 until his death in 923/36.

Bagratuni dynasty
The Bagratuni or Bagratid dynasty (Armenian: Բագրատունի, Armenian pronunciation: [bagɾatuni]) was an Armenian royal dynasty which ruled the medieval Kingdom of Armenia from c. 885 until 1045. Originating as vassals of the Kingdom of Armenia of antiquity, they rose to become the most prominent Armenian noble family during the period of Arab rule in Armenia, eventually establishing their own independent kingdom. Their domain included regions of Armenia such as Shirak, Bagrevand, Kogovit, Syunik, Lori, Vaspurakan, Vanand and Taron. Many historians, such as Cyril Toumanoff, Nicholas Adontz and Ronald Suny, consider them to be the progenitors of the Georgian royal Bagrationi dynasty.
Karen National Army
The Karen National Army, (Burmese: ကရင်အမျိုးသားတပ်မတော်; abbreviated KNA) formerly the Karen Border Guard Force (Karen BGF), is a primarily Karen Buddhist ethnic army active in Kayin State, Myanmar, which split off from the Myanmar Army in January 2024. The KNA was formed as the Democratic Karen Buddhist Army (DKBA) in December 1994 after the insurgent group split off of the Karen National Liberation Army. Shortly after, the DKBA signed a ceasefire agreement with the Myanmar Army, officially joining the army as the Karen Border Guard Force (Karen BGF) alongside the Karen Peace Force in 2009. In January 2024, after intensified rebel operations throughout Myanmar, the Karen BGF began distancing itself from the ruling military junta, eventually splitting off from the Army and rebranding themselves the "Karen National Army" by April. They completed this transition on 1 January, 2026.

Karen National Liberation Army
The Karen National Liberation Army (Burmese: ကရင်အမျိုးသား လွတ်မြောက်ရေးတပ်မတော်; abbreviated KNLA) is the military branch of the Karen National Union (KNU), which campaigns for the self-determination of the Karen people of Myanmar (formerly Burma). The KNLA has been fighting the Burmese government since 1960s as part of the Karen conflict, which has been ongoing since 1949.

The KNLA was reported to have had a strength of approximately 10,000 in 1970, 20,000 in 1980, 3,000 in 2001, 5,000 in 2006, 6,000 in 2012, and 7,000 in 2014. As of early 2021, the KNLA is estimated to have around 15,000 troops. The army is divided into seven brigades and a 'Special Force' reserved for special operations.
Witarina Harris
Witarina Te Miriarangi Parewahaika Harris QSM (née Mitchell; 15 May 1906 – 10 June 2007) was a New Zealand film actress, Māori language advocate, entertainer and public servant. She featured in the 1929 Universal Pictures silent film Under the Southern Cross as the heroine Princess Miro in her only film credit.

Harris worked for politician Āpirana Ngata as a secretary and helped to establish Wellington's Ngāti Pōneke Young Maori Club as a recreational and educational club for Māori people and the Māori Women's Welfare League. Late in her life, she promoted Māori cinema around the world and a documentary and film about her were broadcast.

King's Service Medal
The King's Service Medal (created as the Queen's Service Medal in 1975 and renamed in 2024) is a medal awarded by the government of New Zealand to recognise and reward volunteer service to the community and also public service in elected or appointed public office. It was established in 1975 and is related to the King's Service Order. The QSM replaced the Imperial Service Medal as an award of New Zealand.

On 3 May 2024, the Queen's Service Medal was renamed to the King's Service Medal by Royal Warrant. Recipients of the Queen's Service Medal from 1975 until May 2024 will continue to use the 'QSM' postnominal letters with recipients of the King's Service Medal from June 2024 using the postnominal letters 'KSM'.
Peck
A peck is an imperial and United States customary unit of dry volume, equivalent to 8 dry quarts or 16 dry pints. An imperial peck is equivalent to 9.09218 liters and a US customary peck is equivalent to 8.80976754172 liters. Four pecks make a bushel. Although the peck is no longer widely used, some produce, such as apples, are still often sold by the peck in the U.S. (although it is obsolete in the UK, found only in the old nursery rhyme "Peter Piper" and in the Bible – e.g., Matthew 5:15 in some older translations).

Bushel
A bushel (abbreviation: bsh. or bu.) is an imperial and US customary unit of volume, based upon an earlier measure of dry capacity. The old bushel was used mostly for agricultural products, such as wheat: in modern usage, the volume is nominal, with bushels denoting a mass defined differently for each commodity.

The name "bushel" is also used to translate similar units in other measurement systems.
Uffington, Lincolnshire
Uffington is a village and civil parish in the South Kesteven district of Lincolnshire, England. The population of the civil parish at the 2011 census was 686. It is in the valley of the River Welland, between Stamford and The Deepings.

Stamford, Lincolnshire
Stamford is a market town and civil parish in the South Kesteven district of Lincolnshire, England. The population at the 2011 census was 19,701 and estimated at 20,645 in 2019. The town has 17th- and 18th-century stone buildings, older timber-framed buildings and five medieval parish churches.

Stamford is a frequent film location. In 2013 it was rated a top place to live in a survey by The Sunday Times. Its name has been passed on to Stamford, Connecticut, founded in 1641.
William Miller (criminal)
William "Billy the Killer" Miller (1906 – April 16, 1931) was an American bank robber and Depression-era outlaw. In his brief criminal career, he committed numerous bank heists in Michigan, Ohio, Kentucky and Oklahoma, and teamed up with George Birdwell and Pretty Boy Floyd during the early 1930s.

Pretty Boy Floyd
Charles Arthur Floyd (February 3, 1904 – October 22, 1934), nicknamed Pretty Boy Floyd, was an American bank robber. He operated in the West and Central states, and his criminal exploits gained widespread press coverage in the 1930s. He was seen positively by the public because, during robberies, he burned mortgage documents, freeing many people from their debts. He was pursued and killed by a group of Bureau of Investigation (BOI, later renamed FBI) agents led by Melvin Purvis. Historians have speculated as to which officers were at the event, but accounts document that local officers Robert "Pete" Pyle and George Curran were present at his fatal shooting and also at his embalming. Floyd has continued to be a familiar figure in American popular culture, sometimes seen as notorious, other times portrayed as a tragic figure, even a victim of the hard times of the Great Depression in the United States. Floyd is viewed by many as a prime example of a real life anti-hero.
Sensitivity analysis
Sensitivity analysis is the study of how the uncertainty in the output of a mathematical model or system (numerical or otherwise) can be divided and allocated to different sources of uncertainty in its inputs. This involves estimating sensitivity indices that quantify the influence of an input or group of inputs on the output. A related practice is uncertainty analysis, which has a greater focus on uncertainty quantification and propagation of uncertainty; ideally, uncertainty and sensitivity analysis should be run in tandem.

Uncertainty quantification
Uncertainty quantification (UQ) is the science of quantitative characterization and estimation of uncertainties in both computational and real world applications. It tries to determine how likely certain outcomes are if some aspects of the system are not exactly known. An example would be to predict the acceleration of a human body in a head-on crash with another car: even if the speed was exactly known, small differences in the manufacturing of individual cars, how tightly every bolt has been tightened, etc., will lead to different results that can only be predicted in a statistical sense.

Many problems in the natural sciences and engineering are also rife with sources of uncertainty. Computer experiments on computer simulations are the most common approach to study problems in uncertainty quantification.
Bohemian Revolt
The Bohemian Revolt (German: Böhmischer Aufstand; Czech: České stavovské povstání; 1618–1620) was an uprising of the Bohemian estates against the rule of the Habsburg dynasty that began the Thirty Years' War. It was caused by both religious and power disputes. The estates were almost entirely Protestant, mostly Utraquist Hussite but there was also a substantial German population that endorsed Lutheranism. The dispute culminated after several battles in the final Battle of White Mountain, where the estates suffered a decisive defeat. This started re-Catholisation of the Czech lands, but also expanded the scope of the Thirty Years' War by drawing Denmark and Sweden into it. The conflict spread to the rest of Europe and devastated vast areas of Central Europe, including the Czech lands, which were particularly stricken by its violent atrocities.

Battle of White Mountain
The Battle of White Mountain was fought on 8 November 1620 outside Prague in the early stages of the Thirty Years' War. An army backing Frederick V led by Christian of Anhalt was defeated by forces supporting his rival Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor, under Bucquoy and Count Tilly.

Imperial forces entered Prague on 9 November and Frederick fled into Silesia.
SacAnime
SacAnime is a tri-annual three-day anime convention held at the SAFE Credit Union Convention Center and Memorial Auditorium in Sacramento, California. The convention's sister events include SacAnime Roseville, the Sacramento Comic, Toy and Anime Show (Sac-Con), and Bak-Anime.

Sacramento Convention Center Complex
The Sacramento Convention Center Complex is a complex of entertainment venues and a convention center located in downtown Sacramento, California. The complex consists of the SAFE Credit Union Performing Arts Center (formerly Community Center Theater), the Sacramento Memorial Auditorium, and the Jean Runyon Little Theater.
IQ Analytics
IQ Analytics is a member company of AIM listed recruitment organisation the InterQuest Group.

Formerly known as Intelect, IQ Analytics joined the InterQuest Group in 2007. IQ Analytics are a specialist analytics focused recruitment organisation with offices in London and Manchester. Though the majority of their business is based in the UK, they also place a significant amount of their focus on clients within the US market.

InterQuest Group Ltd
InterQuest Group Ltd is a recruitment business that specialises within high growth areas of the new digital economy – information security, analytics, digital, telecom and technology. InterQuest Group operates across all industry sectors with a particular focus on financial markets, public sector and professional services.

The InterQuest Group has its head office in Salford, with additional offices throughout the UK. In December 2013 the London Stock Exchange listed the InterQuest Group amongst its "1000 Companies to inspire Britain".
High-definition video
High-definition video (HD video) is video of higher resolution and quality than standard-definition. While there is no standardized meaning for high-definition, generally any video image with considerably more than 480 vertical scan lines (North America) or 576 vertical lines (Europe) is considered high-definition. 480 scan lines is generally the minimum even though the majority of systems greatly exceed that. Images of standard resolution captured at high frame rate (60 frames/second North America, 50 FPS Europe), by a high-speed camera may be considered high-definition in some contexts. Some television series shot on high-definition video are made to look as if they have been shot on film, a technique which is often known as filmizing.

Standard-definition television
Standard-definition television (SDTV; also standard definition or SD) is a digital television system that uses a resolution that is not considered to be either high or enhanced definition. Standard refers to offering a similar resolution to the analog broadcast systems used when it was introduced.