hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Shafi Shauq
Shafi Shauq (born 18 March 1950) is an Indian poet, writer, and linguist from Indian-administered Kashmir. He is an academic primarily recognized for his work regarding Kashmiri language and literature. His published bibliography includes works in Kashmiri, Urdu, Hindi, and English, focusing on areas such as language documentation, literary analysis, and translation.

Kashmiri language
Kashmiri (English: /kæʃˈmɪəri/ kash-MEER-ee), also known by its endonym Koshur (Kashmiri: کٲشُر (Perso-Arabic, Official Script), pronounced [kəːʃur]), is an Indo-Aryan language of the Dardic branch spoken by around 7 million Kashmiris of the Kashmir region, primarily in the Kashmir Valley and surrounding hills of the Indian-administrated union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, over half the population of that territory. Kashmiri has split ergativity and the unusual verb-second word order.

Since 2020, it has been made an official language of Jammu and Kashmir along with Dogri, Hindi, Urdu and English. Kashmiri is also among the 22 scheduled languages of India.

Kashmiri is spoken by roughly five percent of Pakistani-administrated Azad Kashmir's population.
Ticket exchange
A ticket exchange, also known as a secondary ticket outlet, is a market where tickets are bought and sold. Ticket exchanges allow people to buy and sell tickets online. Typically, ticket exchanges are used by individuals wanting to buy or resell tickets from other individuals rather than from the event the ticket is for. Originally, this industry was dominated by street-based touts working outside large events and venues, buying tickets cheaply from people who had spares and selling them on to last-minute buyers. While some street touts may still exist, the advent of the internet has transformed the practice. Secondary markets today are predominantly online. There are two niches of ticket exchanges, also called secondary marketplaces: event tickets and travel reservations.

Tout
A tout is any person who solicits business or employment in a persistent and annoying manner (generally equivalent to a solicitor or barker in American English, or a spruiker in Australian English).

An example would be a person who frequents heavily touristed areas and presents himself as a tour guide (particularly towards those who do not speak the local language) but operates on behalf of local bars, restaurants, or hotels, being paid to direct tourists towards certain establishments.
California School of Professional Psychology
The California School of Professional Psychology (CSPP) was founded in 1969 by the California Psychological Association. It is part of the for-profit Alliant International University where each campus's Clinical Psychology Psy.D. and Ph.D. program is individually accredited by the American Psychological Association. The school has trained approximately half of the licensed psychologists in California.

The school has degree programs in clinical psychology, marriage and family therapy, clinical counseling, Organizational Psychology, and psychopharmacology at campuses in San Francisco, Los Angeles, San Diego, Fresno, Sacramento, and Irvine, and abroad in Tokyo, Hong Kong and Mexico City. CSPP is one of a handful of APA- accredited schools that also offered a clinical doctoral respecialization in professional psychology.

Doctor of Psychology
The Doctor of Psychology (Psy.D. or D.Psych.) is a professional doctoral degree intended to prepare graduates for careers that apply scientific knowledge of psychology and deliver empirically based service to individuals, groups and organizations. Earning the degree was originally completed through one of two established training models for clinical psychology. However, Psy.D. programs are no longer limited to clinical psychology as several universities and professional schools have begun to award professional doctorates in business psychology, organizational development, forensic psychology, counseling psychology, and school psychology.
Seyhan
Seyhan is a district-municipality in the Adana Province of Turkey. Its area is 444 km2, and its population is 795,012 (2022). It forms the core of the Adana urban area. Seyhan is home to 35 percent of the residents of Adana Province and almost half of the residents of the city of Adana. It is the fifth most populous metropolitan district in Turkey.

Seyhan is the first settlement area of Adana and currently the administrative, business and cultural center of the city. It includes the historical neighbourhood of Tepebağ, and the landmarks such as Büyüksaat, Ulu Camii, Ramazanoğlu Hall and Sabancı Merkez Camii. Adana Center for Arts and Culture, Sabancı Cultural Center, Seyhan Cultural Center and Metropolitan Theatre are also located in the district.  The district gets its name from the river that forms the east border.

Adana Province
Adana Province (Turkish: Adana ili) is a province and metropolitan municipality of Turkey located in central Cilicia. The administrative seat of the province is the city of Adana, home to 78.25% of the residents of the province. Its area is 13,844 km2, and its population is 2,274,106 (2022). It is also closely associated with other Cilician provinces of Mersin, Osmaniye, and (northern) Hatay.
History of Target Corporation
The history of Target Corporation, an American general merchandise retailer, first began in 1902 by George Dayton. The company was originally named Goodfellow Dry Goods in June 1902 before being renamed the Dayton's Dry Goods Company in 1903 and later the Dayton Company in 1910. The first Target store opened in Roseville, Minnesota, in 1962, while the parent company was renamed the Dayton Corporation in 1967. It became the Dayton-Hudson Corporation after merging with the J.L. Hudson Company in 1969 and held ownership of several department store chains including Dayton's, Hudson's, Marshall Field's, and Mervyn's. In 2000, the Dayton-Hudson Corporation was renamed to Target Corporation.

Roseville, Minnesota
Roseville is a city in Ramsey County, Minnesota, United States. It is one of two Twin Cities suburbs that border both Saint Paul and Minneapolis (Lauderdale is the other). The population was 36,254 at the 2020 census.
Maurice Edu
Maurice Edu (born April 18, 1986) is an American soccer commentator and former professional player.

Edu was the first overall pick in the 2007 MLS SuperDraft and won the MLS Rookie of the Year Award with Toronto. His performances for Toronto earned him international call ups to the United States national team and the attention of clubs in Europe.

He signed with Rangers, winning the Scottish Premier League three times. Following Rangers' financial problems, he joined Stoke City; however, failing to make an impact, he spent time on loan with Turkey's Bursaspor before returning to MLS with Philadelphia Union.

He currently commentates for MLS Season Pass on Apple TV, as well as Fox Sports' coverage of the 2022 FIFA World Cup. He also has worked on Atlanta United's local TV broadcasts.

MLS Young Player of the Year Award
The MLS Young Player of the Year Award (known as the Rookie of the Year Award from 1996 to 2019) is an annual award given to the top player in Major League Soccer under the age of 22.

The award was initially awarded to a rookie, or a player who no prior professional experience, usually to players that had previously played in MLS youth team academies or played college soccer. This practice is fairly common in other American sports leagues, such as the MLB Rookie of the Year (baseball), NASCAR Rookie of the Year (motorsports), NFL Rookie of the Year Award (American football), the Eddie Gottlieb Trophy (basketball), and the Calder Memorial Trophy (ice hockey).

In 2020, MLS replaced the Rookie of the Year Award with the MLS Young Player of the Year Award, given to the best player in the league aged 22 and under, regardless of prior professional playing experience.
Lindheim Castle
Lindheim Castle (German: Burg Lindheim) is a former medieval castle in Lindheim, in the municipality of Altenstadt, Wetteraukreis county, in the German state of Hesse. In the Middle Ages the castle became a large joint inheritance or Ganerbschaft of lesser noble families, who were an important local power in the eastern Wetterau. In 1697, stately home, Schloss Lindheim, was built. Only a few remnants of both buildings have survived today.

Ganerbschaft
A Ganerbschaft (plural: Ganerbschaften in German), according to old German inheritance law, was a joint family estate, mainly land, over which the co-heirs (Ganerben) only had rights in common. In modern German legal parlance it corresponds to a "community of joint ownership" (Gesamthandsgemeinschaft or Gemeinschaft zur gesamten Hand).
Webb Dock
Webb Dock is a port facility at Fishermans Bend in Melbourne, Victoria constructed progressively from 1960, by dredging and land fill at the mouth of the Yarra River. It includes roll-on/roll-off facilities handling motor vehicle import and export and break bulk commodities and a container terminal. The dock is named after John Percival Webb OBE, a former Melbourne Harbor Trust commissioner.

Roll-on/roll-off
Roll-on/roll-off (RORO or ro-ro) ships are cargo ships designed to carry wheeled cargo, such as cars, motorcycles, trucks, semi-trailer trucks, buses, trailers, and railroad cars, that are driven on and off the ship on their own wheels or using a platform vehicle, such as a self-propelled modular transporter. This is in contrast to lift-on/lift-off (LoLo) vessels, which use a crane to load and unload cargo.

RORO vessels have either built-in or shore-based ramps or ferry slips that allow the cargo to be efficiently rolled on and off the vessel when in port. While smaller ferries that operate across rivers and other short distances often have built-in ramps, the term RORO is generally reserved for large seagoing vessels. The ramps and doors may be located in the stern, bow, or sides, or any combination thereof.
Pantera Sureña
Lidia Hortencia Rangel Ávalos (born December 29, 1955) is a Mexican former professional wrestler, more commonly known under the ring name Pantera Sureña (Spanish for "Southern Panther"). She has also worked as the enmascarada ("masked") wrestling characters La Galáctica, La Galáctica 2000, Lady Discovery and Lady Metal during her career. Her career began in 1969 and stretched until 2008 where she worked her last match.

As Pantera Sureña, Rangel started her career as a luchadora enmascarada, but lost her mask to Lola González in 1977. Her stints as La Galáctica, La Galáctica 2000, Lady Discovery and Lady Metal were all under a mask and only confirmed to be Rangel later in her career. In her almost 40-year career she has won the Distrito Federal Women's Championship, the UWA World Women's Championship, and the Mexican National Women's Tag Team Championship with Martha Villalobos in Mexico, as well as being the only luchadora to win the WWWA World Singles Championship in Japan.

WWWA World Single Championship
The WWWA World Single Championship (WWWA世界シングル王座, WWWA sekai shinguru ōza) was the top singles women's professional wrestling championship in All Japan Women's Pro-Wrestling (AJW) from 1970 until it closed in 2006. It was also known in Pro Wrestling Illustrated and other London Publishing wrestling magazines as the All-Japan Women's International Championship. The title was descended from the original Women's World Championship, which Mildred Burke won in 1937.

On September 2, 2017, the title was revived for one day by former AJW wrestlers Kumiko Maekawa, Manami Toyota, Nanae Takahashi and Yumiko Hotta at an independent event produced by Hotta. The soon-to-retire Toyota then defeated Hotta and was awarded the title belt.
Patroclus (admiral)
Patroclus (Ancient Greek: Πάτροκλος), also spelled Patroklos, was a leading official and admiral of the Ptolemaic Kingdom. He is best known for his activity during the Chremonidean War (267–261 BC), when he commanded the navy sent to Greece by Ptolemy II. His early career is obscure, but it must have been distinguished enough for him to rise to the chief priesthood of Alexander and the Theoi Adelphoi in 271/270 BC. After the outbreak of the Chremonidean War, he led a diplomatic and military expedition to the Aegean Sea that expanded Ptolemaic control by establishing bases at Crete, Ceos, Thera, Attica and the Argolid. From these bases he tried, without much success, to aid the Athenians against Antigonus II Gonatas, King of Macedon. He may have been the defeated Ptolemaic commander at the Battle of Cos, which marked the end of Ptolemaic thalassocracy.

Ptolemaic cult of Alexander the Great
The Ptolemaic cult of Alexander the Great was an imperial cult in ancient Egypt during the Hellenistic period (323–31 BC), promoted by the Ptolemaic dynasty. The core of the cult was the worship of the deified conqueror-king Alexander the Great, which eventually formed the basis for the ruler cult of the Ptolemies themselves. The head priest of the imperial cult was the chief priest in the Ptolemaic Kingdom.
Wild Earth (video game)
Wild Earth is a safari video game and motion simulator ride by Super X Studios. The player photographs 30 types of animals as a photojournalist in Serengeti National Park. Released in 2006, it was first released as an online video game in France on March 17, and in North America on April 24. Akella published the game for Microsoft Windows as Safari Photo Africa: Wild Earth on September 18, and Ubisoft published it as Wild Earth: Photo Safari in November, while Empire Interactive published it under their Xplosiv banner as Wild Earth: Africa on April 5, 2007. Majesco later published a Wii version, Wild Earth: African Safari, in 2008. The game was also installed as a motion simulator ride in multiple American zoos. It won several awards including the grand prize at the 2003 Independent Games Festival.

Simulator ride
Simulator rides are a type of amusement park or fairground ride, where the audience is shown a movie while their seats move to correspond to the action on screen.

There are many types but they fall into the heading of entertainment unlike the ones used for training.  Simulator rides work by showing a film and moving at the same time.  This information is fixed and cannot be changed without rewriting the ride's firmware.
Mendhar Tehsil
Mendhar is a Sub Division (administrative district) in the Poonch district of the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir. It is located in the foothills of Pir Panjal range within the Himalayas. The Mendhar Tehsil headquarters is in Mendhar town. It is located 60 km (37 mi) south of the Poonch City, the district headquarters and 210 km (130 mi) from the state winter capital Jammu. It has a total area of 425 km2.

Poonch (town)
Poonch (or Punch), (called Prunts in the Kashmiri, Gojri & Pahari languages) is a town and the administrative headquarters of the Poonch district, of the Indian-administered union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, which is part of the larger disputed territory of Kashmir. It is located near the Line of Control – the de facto border in the disputed region. Poonch shares a de facto border with the Poonch district of the Pakistan-administered, self-governing territory of Azad Kashmir.
Michaelbrent Collings
Michaelbrent Collings is an American horror novelist. He wrote the screenplays for two horror films: Barricade (2012) and Darkroom (2013). He has self-published many novels, with three of his novels being finalists for the Bram Stoker Award in 2016 and 2025, three being finalists for the Whitney Awards in 2014 (Mystery/Suspense), 2017 (Young Adult Speculative), and 2024 (Middle Grade), and two being finalists for the Dragon Award, both for Best Horror, in 2020 and 2021.

Whitney Awards
The Whitney Awards are awards given annually for novels by LDS authors.  Established in 2007, they are named after Orson F. Whitney, a prominent early member of the LDS Church. There are several categories for which novels may be nominated. The Whitney Awards are a semi-independent non-profit organization affiliated with the LDStorymakers, a guild for LDS authors.
Lower Hael Wood
Lower Hael Wood is a semi-ancient woodland and Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), noted for its biological characteristics, in Monmouthshire, south east Wales. It is part of the wider Hael Woods complex. The wood is on the side of the River Wye which is the border between Wales and England.

River Wye
The River Wye (/waɪ/; Welsh: Afon Gwy [ɡʊɨ̯]) is the fourth-longest river in the UK, stretching some 250 kilometres (155 miles) from its source on Plynlimon in Mid Wales to the Severn Estuary.  The lower reaches of the river form part of the border between England and Wales. The Wye Valley (lower part) is designated a National Landscape (formerly an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty). The Wye is important for nature conservation and recreation, but is affected by pollution.
Kiço Mustaqi
Kiço Mustaqi (22 March 1938 – 24 January 2019)  was a former Albanian general and politician of the Albanian Party of Labour. He served as Chief of the General Staff of Albanian People's Army, the last Minister of Defence of the communist era in Albania, and was a member of the Politburo.

Politburo of the Party of Labour of Albania
The Politburo (Albanian: Byroja politike) was the leading organ of the Party of Labour of Albania. It comprised key government ministers and Central Committee secretaries and served as the main administrative and policy-making body, convening on a weekly basis.

The following is the composition of the Politburo that would be formed after every Congress of the Party. The politburo for the 1941–48 period is not included.
TBST
In molecular biology, TBST (or TTBS) is a mixture of tris-buffered saline (TBS) (a buffer solution) and Polysorbate 20 (a polysorbate-type nonionic surfactant). Polysorbate 20 is also known as Tween 20, a commercial brand name. It is a common detergent used in many buffers for washing nitrocellulose membrane in western blotting and microtiter plate wells in ELISA assays. Tris is a buffer that maintains a pH of 7–9.2.

Polysorbate 20
Polysorbate 20 (common commercial brand names include Kolliphor PS 20, Scattics, Alkest TW 20, Tween 20, and Kotilen-20) is a polysorbate-type nonionic surfactant formed by the ethoxylation of sorbitan monolaurate. Its stability and relative nontoxicity allows it to be used as a detergent and emulsifier in a number of domestic, scientific, and pharmacological applications. As the name implies, the ethoxylation process leaves the molecule with 20 repeat units of polyethylene glycol; in practice these are distributed across 4 different chains, leading to a commercial product containing a range of chemical species.
South Sweden
South Sweden (Swedish: Sydsverige) is a subdivision of Sweden as defined by the Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS). It is classified as a NUTS-1 statistical region of Sweden. It encompasses an area of 13,968 km2 (5,393 sq mi), and is the second smallest sub-division in Sweden. It incorporates two counties–Blekinge and Skåne.

Administrative divisions of Sweden
There are several series of subdivisions of Sweden.

Judiciary
Supreme Court (Högsta Domstolen), Supreme Administrative Court (Högsta förvaltningsdomstolen)
Courts of appeal (hovrätter), administrative courts of appeal (kammarrätter) (and historically: lagsagor)
District courts (tingsrätter), county administrative courts (länsrätter)

Central executive
Cabinet of Sweden, Government agencies in Sweden
County administrative boards of Sweden

Local government
Regions of Sweden (regioner) - there are 21
Municipalities of Sweden (kommuner) - there are 290
City districts of Sweden (stadsdelar or stadsdelsnämndsområden)

Ecclesiastically
Church of Sweden
Dioceses (stift)
Kontrakt
Pastorat
Parishes (församlingar)

Historically
Lands of Sweden
Provinces of Sweden
Hundreds of Sweden
Socknar (both parishes and rural municipalities)

Proposed
Regions of Sweden
Henry T. Brown
Henry T. Brown (June 16, 1932 – February 13, 2020) was a chemical engineer and the first African American to earn a BS degree in chemical engineering at the University of Cincinnati. Brown was the first African American to enroll in UC's Co-Op program at a time where racial segregation in the U.S was palpably real. He became the first African American director of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers in 1983. He was also the first African American to serve as town government official in both Metuchen, New Jersey and Weston, Massachusetts.

American Institute of Chemical Engineers
The American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) is a professional organization for chemical engineers. AIChE was established in 1908 to distinguish chemical engineers as professionals independent of chemists and mechanical engineers.

By 2024, AIChE had over 60,000 members from over 110 countries  (sources vary). There are over 350 active student chapters at universities worldwide. Student chapters aim to provide networking opportunities in academia and industry as well as increase student involvement locally and nationally.
Abelian integral
In mathematics, an abelian integral, named after the Norwegian mathematician Niels Henrik Abel, is an integral in the complex plane of the form

where  is an arbitrary rational function of the two variables  and , which are related by the equation

where  is an irreducible polynomial in ,

whose coefficients ,  are rational functions of . The value of an abelian integral depends not only on the integration limits, but also on the path along which the integral is taken; it is thus a multivalued function of .

Abelian integrals are natural generalizations of elliptic integrals, which arise when

where  is a polynomial of degree 3 or 4. Another special case of an abelian integral is a hyperelliptic integral, where , in the formula above, is a polynomial of degree greater than 4.

Rational function
In mathematics, a rational function is any function that can be defined by a rational fraction, which is an algebraic fraction such that both the numerator and the denominator are polynomials. The coefficients of the polynomials need not be rational numbers; they may be taken in any field K. In this case, one speaks of a rational function and a rational fraction over K. The values of the variables may be taken in any field L containing K. Then the domain of the function is the set of the values of the variables for which the denominator is not zero, and the codomain is L.

The set of rational functions over a field K is a field, the field of fractions of the ring of the polynomial functions over K.
Nasion
The nasion  (UK: /ˈneɪziən/ NAY-zee-ən, US: /ˈneɪziɒn/ NAY-zee-on) is the most anterior point of the frontonasal suture that joins the nasal part of the frontal bone and the nasal bones. It marks the midpoint at the intersection of the frontonasal suture with the internasal suture joining the nasal bones. It is  visible on the face as a distinctly depressed area directly between the eyes, just superior to the bridge of the nose. It is a cephalometric landmark that is just below the glabella.

Nasal bone
The nasal bones are two small oblong bones, varying in size and form in different individuals; they are placed side by side at the middle and upper part of the face and by their junction, form the bridge of the upper one third of the nose.

Each has two surfaces and four borders.