hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Middlesex Militia
The Middlesex Militia was an auxiliary military force in the county of Middlesex in South East England. From their formal organisation as Trained Bands, in 1572 and their service during the Armada Crisis and in the English Civil War, the Militia regiments of Middlesex served during times of international tension and all of Britain's major wars. By 1853 there were five regiments in the county. They provided internal security and home defence but sometimes operated further afield, including France and the Mediterranean, relieving regular troops from routine garrison duties, and acting as a source of trained officers and men for the Regular Army. Some of the infantry battalions went on active service during the Second Boer War and all served as Special Reserve training units in World War I. After 1921 the militia had only a shadowy existence until its final abolition in 1953.

Trained band
Trained bands were companies of part-time militia in England, Wales and the Americas. First organized in the 16th century and dissolved in the 18th. The term was used after this time to describe the London militia.

In England and Wales, organised by county, they were supposed to drill on a regular basis, although this was rarely the case in practice. The regular army was formed from the Trained Bands in the event of war, though the inability or unwillingness of many of the bands to serve outside of their home regions often left the army short on manpower compared to the paper strength implied by the Trained Bands rolls. They later became common in the American colonies, where they are normally referred to as Trainbands. Similar organisations include the Dutch Schutterij, and the Swiss militia, elements of which remain in existence today.
Glen Adam
Glen N. J. Adam (born 22 May 1959 in New Zealand) was an association football player who represented New Zealand gaining 16 A-International caps between 1978 and 1984, scoring one goal.

He was a member the All Whites squad at the 1982 FIFA World Cup in Spain, where they lost all 3 group games to Scotland, USSR and Brazil.

New Zealand men's national football team
The New Zealand men's national football team (Māori: Tīma hoka a-motu o Aotearoa) represents New Zealand in men's international football competitions. The team is governed by the governing body for football in New Zealand, New Zealand Football (NZF), which is currently a member of FIFA and the Oceania Football Confederation (OFC). The team's official nickname is the All Whites (Māori: Ōmā [ɔːmaː]).

The team represented New Zealand at the FIFA World Cup tournaments in 1982 and 2010, and are set to appear in the 2026 FIFA World Cup. It also participated in the FIFA Confederations Cup in 1999, 2003, 2009, and 2017. New Zealand is a six-time OFC Nations Cup champion. New Zealand was the only unbeaten country in the 2010 FIFA World Cup, drawing all three group stage games; nevertheless, they were eliminated in the group stage.
Rhizoplast
The rhizoplast (also known as internal flagellar root, fibrous root or cross-banded root) is an organelle present in a variety of flagellates, including ochrophyte and chlorophyte algae and some fungi. This term is used for a variety of striated, fibrous root-like structures that attach to the basal bodies (kinetosome) of the flagella and end in some other organelle. In the strictest sense, the term refers specifically to a type of root (known as system II fiber) that is composed of contractile microfibrils of centrin and connects directly to the surface of the cell nucleus.

Ochrophyte
Ochrophytes, also known as heterokontophytes or stramenochromes, are a phylum of algae. They are the photosynthetic stramenopiles, a group of eukaryotes, organisms with a cell nucleus, characterized by the presence of two unequal flagella, one of which has tripartite hairs called mastigonemes. In particular, they are characterized by photosynthetic organelles or plastids enclosed by four membranes, with membrane-bound compartments called thylakoids organized in piles of three, chlorophyll a and c as their photosynthetic pigments, and additional pigments such as β-carotene and xanthophylls. Ochrophytes are one of the most diverse lineages of eukaryotes, containing ecologically important algae such as brown algae and diatoms. They are classified either as phylum Ochrophyta, Heterokontophyta or as subphylum Ochrophytina within phylum Gyrista. Their plastids are of red algal origin.
2008–2009 Chile listeriosis outbreak
The 2008–2009 Chile listeriosis outbreak was an epidemic outbreak of listeriosis in that country, caused by the species Listeria monocytogenes, which spread mainly through foods of animal origin, such as cecina, sausages, cheese and other dairy products. As of August 2009, 164 cases had been recorded, with a total of 16 deaths, among whom different strains of the bacterium were detected.

While in 2008 the outbreak was restricted to the Santiago Metropolitan Region, where the strain called "clone 009" predominated, in 2009 it spread to the regions of Valparaíso, O'Higgins, Maule, Biobío and Araucanía, through a different strain, called "clone 001".

O'Higgins Region
The Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins Region (Spanish: Región del Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins, pronounced [liβeɾtaˈðoɾ xeneˈɾal βeɾˈnaɾðo oˈçiɣins]), often shortened to O'Higgins Region (Spanish: Región de O'Higgins), is one of Chile's 16 first order administrative divisions. It is subdivided into three provinces. It is named in honour of Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme, one of Chile's founding fathers.

The Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins Region is bordered to the west by the Pacific Ocean, to the east by the Republic of Argentina, to the north by the Valparaíso and Santiago Metropolitan Regions, and to the south by the Maule Region. It extends approximately between the parallels of 33° 51' and 35° 01' south latitude, and between the meridian of 70° 02' west longitude and the Pacific Ocean.

The capital and largest city of the region is Rancagua. The second major town is San Fernando.
USS Carl M. Levin
USS Carl M. Levin (DDG-120) is an Arleigh Burke-class (Flight IIA Technology Insertion) Aegis guided missile destroyer. The ship is named for Carl Levin, a former United States Senator and Chairman of the United States Senate Committee on Armed Services.

Aegis Combat System
The Aegis Combat System is an American integrated naval weapons system, which uses computers and radars to track and guide weapons to destroy enemy targets. It was developed by the Missile and Surface Radar Division of RCA, and it is now produced by Lockheed Martin.

Initially used by the United States Navy, Aegis is now used also by the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force, Spanish Navy, Royal Norwegian Navy, Republic of Korea Navy, and Royal Australian Navy, and is planned for use by the Royal Canadian Navy. As of 2022, a total of 110 Aegis-equipped ships have been deployed, and 71 more are planned (see operators).

Aegis BMD (Ballistic Missile Defense) capabilities are being developed as part of the NATO missile defense system.
Patrick Tiernan
Patrick Tiernan (born 11 September 1994) is an Australian long-distance runner. While competing for Villanova University, he won the 2016 NCAA Division I Cross Country Championships. He has represented Australia in several global competitions, including the 2016, 2020 and 2024 Olympics. He held the Australian record in the 10000 m from 2020 to 2022. Tiernan competes professionally for Puma.

2016 NCAA Division I cross country championships
The 2016 NCAA Division I Cross Country Championships were the 78th NCAA Men's Division I Cross Country Championship and the 36th NCAA Women's Division I Cross Country Championship to determine the national champions of men's and women's NCAA Division I collegiate cross country running. They were hosted by Indiana State University at the LaVern Gibson Cross Country Course in Terre Haute, Indiana on November 19, 2016. Four different championships will be contested: men's and women's individual and team championships.
Ghetto (Akon song)
"Ghetto" is a song by Senegalese-American singer-songwriter Akon from his debut studio album, Trouble. The single was released on December 21, 2004, exclusively in Latin America and certain countries of Europe. The single peaked at #92 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100. Akon describes the meaning of the song, reflected in the song's lyrics, as "a description of the cycle of poverty experienced by those living in poor, inner-city areas". Additionally, it describes the physical and psychological oppression with which these residents must deal on a regular basis.

Trouble (Akon album)
Trouble is the debut studio album by Senegalese-American singer-songwriter Akon, released on June 29, 2004. The album contains Akon's worldwide hit single, "Lonely", which was his commercial breakthrough. However, the release of "Locked Up" propelled Akon to sign a record deal. "Gunshot (Fiesta Riddim)" was released as promotional single on May 11, 2004. The album performed well in the United Kingdom where it peaked at No. 1 on the UK Album Chart. Trouble sold 25,000 copies in the first week, and certified 2× Platinum by the RIAA in the United States and has sold 1.6 million copies.
Nick Taylor (footballer)
Nicolas Doeung Taylor (Khmer: នីកូឡាស ឌឿង ថៃល័រ; born 2 September 1998) is a professional footballer who plays as a winger for Thai League 1 club PT Prachuap. Born in the United States, he represents the Cambodia national team.

Cambodia national football team
The Cambodia national football team (Khmer: ក្រុមបាល់ទាត់ជម្រើសជាតិកម្ពុជា, Krŏm Băltoăt Chômreus Chéatĕ Kâmpŭchéa) is the men's national football team that represents Cambodia in association football. It is affiliated with the Asian Football Confederation (AFC) and the regional ASEAN Football Federation (AFF). The team was founded in 1954 and is administered by the Football Federation of Cambodia (FFC).
Abeba Birhane
Abeba Birhane is an Ethiopian-born cognitive scientist who works at the intersection of complex adaptive systems, machine learning, algorithmic bias, and critical race studies. Birhane's work with Vinay Prabhu uncovered that large-scale image datasets commonly used to develop AI systems, including ImageNet and 80 Million Tiny Images, carried racist and misogynistic labels and offensive images. She has been recognized by VentureBeat as a top innovator in computer vision and named as one of the 100 most influential persons in AI 2023 by TIME magazine.

VentureBeat
VentureBeat is an American technology website headquartered in San Francisco, California. VentureBeat is a tech news source that publishes news, analysis, long-form features, interviews, and videos. The VentureBeat company was founded in 2006 by Matt Marshall, an ex-correspondent for The Mercury News.
Armando de Sequeira Romeu
Armando Antonio de Sequeira Romeu (13 September 1937 – 29 January 2023) was a Cuban-American multi-instrumentalist, composer, arranger, and bandleader, and a member of the Romeu music family. Active across Cuba's jazz, pop, and cinematic scenes, he collaborated with Nat King Cole, Chucho Valdés, and Paquito D'Rivera, bridging classical tradition and modern Cuban jazz. His work extended to radio, television, and the ICAIC, making him a figure in Cuba's 20th-century cultural landscape.

Chucho Valdés
Dionisio Jesús Valdés Rodríguez, better known as Chucho (born October 9, 1941), is a Cuban pianist, bandleader, composer and arranger whose career spans over 50 years. An original member of the Orquesta Cubana de Música Moderna, in 1973 he founded the group Irakere, one of Cuba's best-known Latin jazz bands.

Both his father, Bebo Valdés, and his son, Chuchito, are pianists as well. As a solo artist, he has won seven Grammy Awards and four Latin Grammy Awards.
1979 Kano State gubernatorial election
The 1979 Kano State gubernatorial election occurred on July 28, 1979. People's Redemption Party (PRP) candidate Abubakar Rimi won the election.

Abubakar Rimi was elected the PRP Deputy National Secretary in December 1978 at Lagos. He became the gubernatorial candidate of the party on June 25, 1979.

People's Redemption Party
The People's Redemption Party is a social democratic political party in Nigeria. The Second Republic reincarnation of the Northern Elements Progressive Union and the Fourth Republican reincarnation of a similar namesake, the party was created by the supporters of Mallam Aminu Kano after his withdrawal from the National Party of Nigeria. Established in 1978, it is the longest surviving political party in Nigeria's history.

The original party was banned after the 1983 military coup led by General Muhammadu Buhari. In the Fourth Republic, the party with the same name resurfaced under the leadership of Abdulkadir Balarabe Musa but could not gather the same level of support as its Second Republic namesake.
The Narrows (Zion National Park)
The Narrows is the narrowest section of Zion Canyon in Zion National Park, Utah, United States. Situated on the North Fork of the Virgin River and upstream of the main canyon, The Narrows is one of the premier hikes in the park and on the Colorado Plateau. The Narrows refers to both the 3.6-mile (5.8 km) bottom-up hike from the Temple of Sinawava to Big Springs, as well as the 16-mile (26 km) top-down hike from Chamberlain's Ranch back to the Temple of Sinawava.

Virgin River
The Virgin River is a tributary of the Colorado River in the U.S. states of Utah, Nevada, and Arizona. The river is about 162 miles (261 km) long. It was designated Utah's first wild and scenic river in 2009, during the centennial celebration of Zion National Park.
Nicholas Allard
Nicholas W. Allard (born October 4, 1952) is an American attorney and founding Dean of the Jacksonville University College of Law. He is largely known for his articles surrounding the need to attract new generations of people to the legal profession by dismantling economic barriers regarding legal education, his extensive work in government affairs, and his articles surrounding the fate of the legal profession with regard to artificial intelligence.

Jacksonville University
Jacksonville University (JU) is a private university in Jacksonville, Florida, United States. Located in the city's Arlington district, the school was founded in 1934 as a two-year college and was known as Jacksonville Junior College until September 5, 1956, when it shifted focus to building four-year university degree programs and later graduated its first four-year degree candidates as Jacksonville University in June 1959.

The university is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS). JU's student body currently represents more than 40 U.S. states and approximately 45 countries around the world. As a Division I institution, it fields 18 varsity athletics teams, known as the JU Dolphins, as well as intramural sports and clubs. Among the top majors declared by JU students are aviation management, biology, nursing, business, and marine science.
La magicienne
La magicienne (The Sorceress) is a grand opera in five acts composed by Fromental Halévy. The libretto by Jules-Henri Vernoy de Saint-Georges is based on stories surrounding the European folk figure Melusine, especially Coudrette's 15th-century Roman de Mélusine. The opera premiered on 17 March 1858 at the Théâtre de l'Académie Impériale de Musique in Paris. It had a mixed reception and after its initial run of 45 performances was not heard again until it was revived in a heavily cut concert version performed in Montpellier in 2011.

Grand opera
Grand opera is a genre of 19th-century opera generally in four or five acts, characterized by large-scale casts and orchestras. The original productions consisted of spectacular design and stage effects with plots normally based on or around dramatic historic events. The term is particularly applied (sometimes specifically used in its French-language equivalent grand opéra, pronounced [ɡʁɑ̃t‿ɔpeʁa]) to certain productions of the Paris Opéra from the late 1820s to around 1860; 'grand opéra' has sometimes been used to denote the Paris Opéra itself.

The term 'grand opera' is also used in a broader application in respect of contemporary or later works of similar monumental proportions from France, Germany, Italy, and other countries.

It may also be used colloquially in an imprecise sense to refer to 'serious opera without spoken dialogue'.
Bras d'Henri
The Bras d'Henri is a tributary of the Beaurivage River which is a tributary of the west bank of the Chaudière River (slope of the south bank of the Saint-Laurent). It flows in the municipality of Saint-Elzéar, Saint-Bernard, Saint-Narcisse-de-Beaurivage, in the Saint-Étienne-de-Lauzon sector of the city of Lévis and Saint-Gilles, in the Lotbinière Regional County Municipality, in the administrative region of Chaudière-Appalaches, in Quebec, in Canada.

Chaudière River
The Chaudière River (French pronunciation: [ʃodjɛʁ]; French for "Cauldron" or "Boiler"; Abenaki: Kik8ntekw) is a 185-kilometre-long (115 mi) river with its source near the Town of Lac-Mégantic, in southeast Quebec, Canada. From its source Lake Mégantic in the Estrie region, it runs northwards to flow into the St. Lawrence River opposite Quebec City.
Andrew Bailey (politician)
Andrew Bailey (born 1981) is an American attorney and politician who has served as a Co-Deputy Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation since 2025. A member of the Republican Party, he served as Missouri Attorney General from 2023 to 2025.

During his tenure as attorney general, Bailey adopted hardline conservative positions. He refused to release prisoners after overturned convictions, attempted unsuccessfully to restrict gender-affirming care, battled initiatives that restored access to abortion in Missouri, and staunchly defended Donald Trump over his legal problems. Bailey was announced as co-deputy director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation on August 18, 2025 and was sworn on September 15.

Abortion in Missouri
Abortion in Missouri is legal up to the point of fetal viability as a result of 2024 Missouri Amendment 3, which took effect in December 2024 after narrowly passing in the November 5 general election. Legal challenges to allow access are ongoing, and clinics were able to open on February 15, 2025.

At least one clinic in Kansas City and St. Louis is providing abortions. A clinic in Columbia opened up in March 2025.

In 2014, a poll by the Pew Research Center found that 45% of Missouri adults said that abortion should be legal vs. 50% that believe it should be illegal in all or most cases and 5% that do not know. The 2023 American Values Atlas reported that, in their most recent survey, 55% of Missourians said that abortion should be legal in all or most cases.
Copeland, Florida
Copeland is an unincorporated community located in eastern Collier County, Florida, United States. It lies at the junction of State Road 29 and Janes Memorial Scenic Drive (County Road 837).  Copeland lies along the western border of the Big Cypress National Preserve, and wedged beside the Fakahatchee Strand Preserve State Park to the east. The hamlet of Jerome is a few miles to the north, while Carnestown lies a few miles to the south at the intersection of State Road 29 and U.S. Route 41. Copeland is part of the Naples–Marco Island Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Tamiami Trail
The Tamiami Trail (/ˈtæmiˌæmi/) is the southernmost 284 miles (457 km) of U.S. Highway 41 (US 41) from State Road 60 (SR 60) in Tampa to US 1 in Miami. A portion of the road is officially State Road 90 (SR 90), but not signposted as such.

The 163-mile (262 km) north–south section (unsignposted SR 45) extends to Naples, whereupon it becomes an east–west road (unsignposted SR 90) crossing the Everglades (and forming part of the northern border of Everglades National Park). It becomes Southwest 8th Street in Miami-Dade County, famously known as Calle Ocho through the Little Havana neighborhood of Miami (and site of the eponymous annual festival), before ending east of Miami Avenue as Southeast 8th Street at Brickell Avenue in Brickell, Downtown Miami.
Flipism
Flipism, sometimes spelled "flippism", is a personal philosophy under which decisions are made by flipping a coin. It originally appeared in the Donald Duck Disney comic "Flip Decision" by Carl Barks, published in 1953. Barks called a practitioner of "flipism" a "flippist".

An actual coin is not necessary: dice or another random generator may be used for decision making.

Flipism can be seen as a normative decision theory, although it does not fulfill the criteria of rationality.

Decision theory
Decision theory or the theory of rational choice is a branch of probability, economics, and analytic philosophy that uses expected utility and probability to model how individuals would behave rationally under uncertainty. It differs from the cognitive and behavioral sciences in that it is mainly prescriptive and concerned with identifying optimal decisions for a rational agent, rather than describing how people actually make decisions. Despite this, the field is important to the study of real human behavior by social scientists, as it lays the foundations to mathematically model and analyze individuals in fields such as sociology, economics, criminology, cognitive science, moral philosophy and political science.
Benedetto Luperti
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type        = Bishop
| honorific-prefix = Most Reverend
| name        = Benedetto Luperti
| title       = Bishop of Cagli
| other_names = 
| image       = 
| image_size  = 
| alt         =
| caption     = 
| church      = Catholic Church
| archdiocese = 
| diocese     = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Cagli-Pergola[|Diocese of Cagli]]
| see         = 
| term        = 1694–1709
| predecessor = Giulio Giacomo Castellani
| successor   = Alfonso De' Bellincini

| ordination     = 
| ordained_by    = 
| consecration   = 25 April 1694
| consecrated_by = Michelangelo Mattei
| cardinal       =
| created_cardinal_by = 
| rank           = 

| birth_date    = 1629
| birth_place   = Cagli, Italy
| death_date    = 23 September 1709
| death_place   = Cagli, Italy
| previous_post = 
| nationality   = 
| religion      =
| ethnicity     =
}}

Benedetto Luperti (1629 – 23 September 1709) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Cagli (1694–1709).

Michelangelo Mattei
Michelangelo Mattei or Michael Angelus Matthaeius (8 May 1628 – 22 December 1699) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Titular Patriarch of Antioch (1693–1699) and Titular Archbishop of Hadrianopolis in Haemimonto (1689–1693).
Oranit
Oranit (Hebrew: אֳרָנִית) is an Israeli settlement and local council located in the Seam Zone of the West Bank, abutting and crossing the Green Line. It is surrounded by Horshim forest to the west, Rosh HaAyin and Kfar Qasim to the southwest, Sha'arei Tikva to the east, and Khirbet Abu Salman to the northeast. In 2023 it had a population of 10,055.

The international community considers Israeli settlements illegal under international law, though Israel disputes this.

Kafr Qasim
Kafr Qasim (Arabic: كفر قاسم, Hebrew: כַּפְר קָאסִם), also spelled as Kafr Qassem, Kufur Kassem, Kfar Kassem and Kafar Kassem, is an Arab city in Israel.  It is located about 20 km (12 mi) east of Tel Aviv, on the Israeli side of the Green Line separating Israel and the West Bank, in the southern portion of the "Little Triangle" of Arab-Israeli towns and villages. In 2023 its population was 27,121. The town was the site of the Kafr Qasim massacre, in which the Israel Border Police killed 49 civilians on October 29, 1956. On February 12, 2008, Israeli Minister of the Interior Meir Sheetrit declared Kafr Qasim a city in a ceremony held at the town.
Anne Moffat
Anne Moffat (born 30 March 1958) is a Scottish Labour Party politician who was the Member of Parliament (MP) for East Lothian from 2001 to 2010.  She was deselected by her Constituency Labour Party and replaced by Fiona O'Donnell.

Deselection of Labour MPs
Deselection in the UK Labour Party is the process by which support for an MP is withdrawn by their local party meaning that the MP is unable to stand in a forthcoming general election with the support of the party.