hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Cut point
In topology, a cut-point is a point of a connected space such that its removal causes the resulting space to be disconnected. If removal of a point doesn't result in disconnected spaces, this point is called a non-cut point.

For example, every point of a line is a cut-point, while no point of a circle is a cut-point.

Cut-points are useful to determine whether two connected spaces are homeomorphic by counting the number of cut-points in each space. If two spaces have different number of cut-points, they are not homeomorphic. A classic example is using cut-points to show that lines and circles are not homeomorphic.

Cut-points are also useful in the characterization of topological continua, a class of spaces which combine the properties of compactness and connectedness and include many familiar spaces such as the unit interval, the circle, and the torus.

Connected space
In topology and related branches of mathematics, a connected space is a topological space that cannot be represented as the union of two or more disjoint non-empty open subsets. Connectedness is one of the principal topological properties that distinguish topological spaces.

A subset of a topological space  is a connected set if it is a connected space when viewed as a subspace of .

Some related but stronger conditions are path connected, simply connected, and -connected. Another related notion is locally connected, which neither implies nor follows from connectedness.
Association for Plant Breeding for the Benefit of Society
The Association for Plant Breeding for the Benefit of Society (APBREBES) is an international non-governmental organization founded in 2009 as a network to advocate on issues related to plant breeders' rights, peasants and farmers’ rights, food sovereignty, and the sustainable management of agricultural biodiversity. APBREBES has the status of observer to the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV).

International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (also known as ITPGRFA, International Seed Treaty or Plant Treaty) is a comprehensive international agreement in harmony with the Convention on Biological Diversity, which aims at guaranteeing food security through the conservation, exchange and sustainable use of the world's plant genetic resources for food and agriculture (PGRFA), the fair and equitable benefit sharing arising from its use, as well as the recognition of farmers' rights. It was signed in 2001 in Madrid, and entered into force on 29 June 2004.
Fuse (video game)
Fuse is a four-player cooperative third-person shooter video game developed by Insomniac Games and published by Electronic Arts for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360. The game was announced as Overstrike before it was rebranded in August 2012. It was released on May 28, 2013 in North America, May 30, 2013 in Australia and on May 31, 2013 in Europe. Fuse was both a critical and commercial failure for Electronic Arts.

Cooperative video game
A cooperative video game, often abbreviated as co-op video game, is a video game that allows players to work together as teammates, usually against one or more non-player character opponents (PvE). Co-op games can be played locally using one or multiple input controllers or over a network via local area networks, wide area networks, or the Internet.

Co-op gameplay has gained popularity as controller and networking technology has developed. On PCs, consoles and mobile devices, cooperative games have become increasingly common, and many genres of games—including shooter games, sports games, real-time strategy games, and massively multiplayer online games—include co-op modes.

In 2025, cooperative games (specifically non-MMO games such as Lethal Company, R.E.P.O. and PEAK) gained the derogatory slang term Friendslop, coined alongside the complementary term "Friendfarming".
Dominique Magnan
Dominique Magnan (1731–1796), a learned French abbot of the Trinità dei Monti convent, of the Order of Minims, in Rome, who was deeply involved in the intellectual life of his community during the second half of the 18th century.

Trinità dei Monti
The Church of Santissima Trinità dei Monti, often called simply Trinità dei Monti (French: La Trinité-des-Monts), is a Roman Catholic late Renaissance titular church, part of a  monastery complex in Rome. It is best known for its position above the Spanish Steps which lead down to the famous Piazza di Spagna. The church is entrusted to the Emmanuel Community, and is one of the five Francophone Catholic churches in Rome.
Bruthen
Bruthen is a town located alongside the Tambo River between Bairnsdale and Ensay on the Great Alpine Road in East Gippsland, Victoria, Australia. At the 2016 census, Bruthen had a population of 814. Bruthen is 26 km (16 mi) east of Bairnsdale and 311 km (193 mi) east of the state capital Melbourne.

Bairnsdale
Bairnsdale (locally /ˈbɛərnzdeɪl/) (Ganai: Wy-yung) is a city in East Gippsland, Victoria, Australia, situated in a region traditionally inhabited by the Tatungalung clan of the Gunaikurnai people. The estimated population of the Bairnsdale urban area was 17,666 at June 2023. The city serves as a major regional centre of eastern Victoria, alongside Traralgon and Sale, acting as the commercial hub for the East Gippsland region and the seat of local government for the Shire of East Gippsland. Bairnsdale was first proclaimed as a shire on 16 July 1868 and later elevated to city status on 14 July 1990.
Baliram Sukur Jadhav
Baliram Sukur Jadhav (born 2 June 1956) is an Indian politician. He represented Palghar (Lok Sabha constituency) in the 15th Lok Sabha and he is a member of the Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi political party, headed by Hitendra Thakur.

Hitendra Thakur
Hitendra Vishnu Thakur (born 3 October 1961) is an Indian politician from Virar, Maharashtra, India. He is the president of Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi, political party in the Vasai-Virar region of Maharashtra, India. He was the Member of Legislative Assembly (MLA) for Vasai (Vidhan Sabha constituency) in Palghar district of Maharashtra. His family controls the Viva Group of Companies and Viva Trust which owns the Viva College located in Virar.
Myrtle Point, Oregon
Myrtle Point is a city in Coos County, Oregon, United States, established in 1887. The population was 2,475 at the 2020 census. Located in the Coquille River Valley, Myrtle Point is part of the Coos Bay/North Bend/Charleston Metropolitan Statistical Area, which consists of all of Coos County.

Coos Bay, Oregon
Coos Bay (Coos: Atsiixis) is a city located in Coos County, Oregon, United States, where the Coos River enters Coos Bay on the Pacific Ocean. It shares Coos Bay with the adjacent city of North Bend. Together, they are often referred to as one entity called either Coos Bay-North Bend or Oregon's Bay Area. Coos Bay's population as of the 2020 census was 15,985 residents, making it the most populous city on the Oregon Coast. Oregon's Bay Area is estimated to be home to 32,308 (Coos Bay Census County Division).
Joseph Bowie
Joseph Bowie (born October 17, 1953) is an American jazz trombonist and vocalist. The brother of trumpeter Lester Bowie, Joseph is known for leading the jazz-punk group Defunkt and for membership in the Ethnic Heritage Ensemble.

Lester Bowie
Lester Bowie (October 11, 1941 – November 8, 1999) was an American jazz trumpet player and composer. He was a member of the Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians and co-founded the Art Ensemble of Chicago.
Routing number (Canada)
A routing number is the term for bank codes in Canada. Routing numbers consist of eight numerical digits with a dash between the fifth and sixth digit for paper financial documents encoded with magnetic ink character recognition and nine numerical digits without dashes for electronic funds transfers. Routing numbers are regulated by Payments Canada, formerly known as the Canadian Payments Association, to allow easy identification of the branch location and financial institution associated with an account.

Magnetic ink character recognition
Magnetic ink character recognition code, known in short as MICR code, is a character recognition technology used mainly by the banking industry to streamline the processing and clearance of cheques and other documents. MICR encoding, called the MICR line, is at the bottom of cheques and other vouchers and typically includes the document-type indicator, bank code, bank account number, cheque number, cheque amount (usually added after a cheque is presented for payment), and a control indicator. The format for the bank code and bank account number is country-specific.

The technology allows MICR readers to scan and read the information directly into a data-collection device. Unlike barcode and similar technologies, MICR characters can be read easily by humans. MICR encoded documents can be processed much faster and more accurately than conventional OCR encoded documents.
Rikkyo University
Rikkyo University (立教大学, Rikkyō daigaku), also known as Saint Paul's University, is a private university, in Ikebukuro, Tokyo, Japan.

Rikkyo is one of the five MARCH universities, the group of private universities in the Kanto region, together with Meiji, Aoyama Gakuin, Chuo, and Hosei.
Rikkyo is known as one of the six leading universities in the field of sports in Tokyo (東京六大学 "Big Six" — Rikkyo University, University of Tokyo, Keio University, Waseda University, Meiji University, and Hosei University).

The university is the largest Anglican Christian affiliated university in Japan. The university is involved in numerous international programmes and projects. Rikkyo maintains contact with more than 140 educational institutions abroad for the purpose of exchanging lecturers, students and projects. With more than 700 students from outside Japan, the institution has 20,000 students, and 2,700 teachers and staff members.

Hosei University
Hosei University (法政大学, Hōsei Daigaku; lit. University of Law and Politics) formerly known as Tokyo University of Law (東京法学社, Tokyo Hogakusha) is a research university in Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan. Hosei University and four other private universities in Tokyo are collectively known as MARCH.

The university is also a member of the Tokyo Big6 (東京六大学, Tokyo Roku Daigaku), which refers to six universities in Tokyo known for their historic rivalry in baseball. The Tokyo Big6 Baseball League was established in 1925. The league is known for players who go on to have careers in Japan's professional baseball leagues.

Hosei University is a member of the Top Global University Project (Top Type), funded by the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) in 2014. This program supports universities aiming to enhance their global competitiveness and internationalization.
New York, Ukraine
New York or Niu-York is a rural settlement in Bakhmut Raion, Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine. It is located on the left-bank of the Kryvyi Torets River, about six kilometres (3.7 mi) south of Toretsk, and 38 kilometres (24 mi) north-northeast of Donetsk. From 1951 to 2021, the settlement was named Novhorodske. The settlement has been under Russian occupation since the end of September 2024.

New York is administratively designated to Toretsk urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine with its center in the city of Toretsk, that is located about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) north of New York. Population: 9,735 (2022 estimate).

Toretsk urban hromada
Toretsk urban hromada (Ukrainian: Торецька міська громада) is a hromada of Ukraine, located in Bakhmut Raion, Donetsk Oblast. Its administrative center is the city Toretsk.

It has an area of 67.5 square kilometres (26.1 sq mi) and a population of 66,369, as of 2020.

The hromada contains 19 settlements: 2 cities (Toretsk and Zalizne), 2 villages (Leonidivka and Yuriivka), and 15 rural settlements:
Bernard Harrison (sportsman)
Bernard Reginald Stanhope Harrison (28 September 1934 – 18 March 2006) was an English sportsman who played first-class cricket for Hampshire and professional football as outside right with Crystal Palace, Southampton and Exeter City; for Crystal Palace, he would make over a hundred appearances. As a cricketer he was an opening batsman who was a member of the Hampshire side which won their first County Championship in 1961. He played for Hampshire between 1957 and 1962, though his appearances were limited by the presence of the opening pair of Jimmy Gray and Roy Marshall. After the conclusion of his sporting career, he became a schoolteacher and cricket statistician.

Jimmy Gray (English cricketer)
James 'Jimmy' Roy Gray (19 May 1926 – 31 October 2016) was an English first-class cricketer who played as an all-rounder for Hampshire. After beginning his sporting career as a footballer on the books of Arsenal, Gray decided to pursue a career as a professional cricketer. He debuted for Hampshire in 1948, and from 1954 he would form one of the most successful opening partnerships in county cricket with the West Indian Roy Marshall, one which was to last for twelve years. He was a member of the Hampshire side which won their first County Championship in 1961. For Hampshire, Gray made 453 first-class appearances and scored 22,450 runs, placing him fourth amongst Hampshire's all-time highest runscorers in first-class cricket. As a right-arm medium bowler, he would take 451 wickets for Hampshire. Following his retirement in 1966, Gray taught at an independent school in Romsey, and later served as chairman of the Hampshire cricket committee into the 1990s.
Boris Gregorka
Boris Gregorka (2 August 1906 – 19 March 2001) was a Slovenian gymnast, competing for Yugoslavia. He won a bronze medal at the 1928 Summer Olympics. After retiring from competitive career, he was the coach of a double Olympic gold medallist Miroslav Cerar.

Miroslav Cerar (gymnast)
Miroslav Cerar (Slovene pronunciation: [ˈmíːrɔslaw ˈtsɛ̀ːrar]; born 28 October 1939) is a Yugoslav former gymnast and lawyer of Slovene ethnicity who won the pommel horse event at the 1964 and 1968 Summer Olympics. He is also a four-time World champion and a ten-time European champion.

Domestically, Cerar won 13 national all-around titles and was chosen eight times as Yugoslavia's Athlete of the Year. He was awarded the Silver Olympic Order by the International Olympic Committee. He is a co-founder of the Olympic Committee of Slovenia and a member of the executive committee of the European Fair Play Movement.
Stefano Famiglietti
Stefano V. Famiglietti is an American lawyer and politician serving as a member of the Rhode Island Senate from the 4th district since 2025. A Democrat, he won a special election to fill the seat following incumbent Dominick J. Ruggerio's death. He previously served on the North Providence City Council from 2018 until 2025.

Dominick J. Ruggerio
Dominick J. Ruggerio (December 19, 1948 – April 21, 2025) was an American politician who was a Democratic member and president of the Rhode Island Senate, representing the 4th District from 1985. A member of the Senate since 1985, he was previously elected Majority Leader on November 10, 2010, having won election to his 14th term in the Senate on November 2, 2010. Ruggerio served as President of the Senate from 2017 until his death in 2025.
Robert Anderson (Revolutionary War)
Robert Anderson (November 15, 1741 – January 9, 1813) was a politician, militia officer, and surveyor from South Carolina. He was a lifelong friend of General Andrew Pickens. Anderson, South Carolina, Anderson County, South Carolina, and the ghost town of Andersonville are named for him.

Andrew Pickens (congressman)
Andrew Pickens (September 13, 1739 – August 11, 1817) was a militia leader in the American Revolution. A planter and slaveowner, he developed his Hopewell plantation on the east side of the Keowee River across from the Cherokee town of Isunigu (Seneca) in western South Carolina. He was elected as a member of the United States House of Representatives from western South Carolina. Several treaties with the Cherokee were negotiated and signed at his plantation of Hopewell.
Church of Saint Lazarus, Lima
The Church of Saint Lazarus (Spanish: Iglesia de San Lázaro) is a Catholic church in Rímac District, part of the Historic Centre of Lima, Peru. Built in 1586, it was the first church built in the area. Since then it has been rebuilt several times after the damage left by the various earthquakes in Peru. It is located on block five of Jirón Trujillo, at the intersection with Francisco Pizarro Avenue.

Up until the 19th century, the church gave the neighbourhood of San Lázaro its name, until it separated from Lima District as the district of Rímac.

Rímac District
Rímac (pronunciation: [ˈri.mak]) is a district of Lima, Peru. It is one of the oldest parts of the city, and was formally made into a district in 1920. Due to its age, vestiges of the city's Spanish era remain today in the district's Monumental Zone, the old quarter that's part of the Cultural heritage of Peru since 1972, and a World Heritage Site since 1988 as part of the Historic Centre of Lima.
Christopher Dale Flannery
Christopher Dale Flannery, nicknamed "Mr Rent-a-Kill" (born 1948 – disappeared 9 May 1985) is alleged to have been an Australian contract killer. Growing up in a working-class background in a culture that was suspicious of police, after leaving Melbourne he entered a life of crime and gang warfare that ended with his disappearance.

Contract killing
Contract killing, sometimes known as murder-for-hire, is a form of murder or assassination in which one party employs another party to extrajudicially kill a targeted person or people via an illegal agreement that involves some form of compensation, monetary or otherwise. An act of contract killing is also known colloquially as a hit, and the person performing the killing (i.e. the contract killer or "contractor") is known as the hitman or (as borrowed from Spanish) sicario.

Organized crime gangs and syndicates sometimes employ dedicated members or associates as contractors (each known as an enforcer) to perform targeted assassination, lynching, maiming or other acts of violence, typically for purposes such as turf war, feud, extortion or as a form of political violence to terrorize dissidents or to demoralize other groups.
Parliament of Ravennika (1209)
The First Parliament of Ravennika was convened in May 1209 by Latin Emperor Henry of Flanders in the town of Ravennika in Central Greece in an attempt to resolve the rebellion of the Lombard barons of the Kingdom of Thessalonica.

Kingdom of Thessalonica
The Kingdom of Thessalonica (Greek: Βασίλειον τῆς Θεσσαλονίκης, romanized: Vasílion tis Thessaloníkis) was a short-lived Crusader State established as a vassal of the Latin Empire following the Fourth Crusade. It was formed from the partition of Byzantine lands in today's territory of Northern Greece with Thessaloniki as its capital. The kingdom faced continual pressure from neighboring powers and it collapsed after being conquered by the Despotate of Epirus in 1224.
Johno Johnson
John Richard "Johno" Johnson GCSG (26 July 1930 – 9 August 2017) was an Australian trade unionist and politician who served as a member of the New South Wales Legislative Council from 1976 to 2001. He held the presidency of the Legislative Council from 1978 to 1991, making him one of the longest-serving Presidents in the chamber's history, and was the first elected President to be voted out of office. Federal Labor leader Bill Shorten described him as "the heart, soul and sinews of NSW Labor", and former Prime Minister Paul Keating called him "a true prince of the Labor movement."

President of the New South Wales Legislative Council
The President of the New South Wales Legislative Council is the presiding officer of the upper house of the Parliament of New South Wales, the Legislative Council. The presiding officer of the lower house is the speaker of the Legislative Assembly. The role of President has generally been a partisan office, filled by the governing party of the time. As of May 2023, the president is Ben Franklin.
Abdullah Ali Shah
Syed Abdullah Ali Shah (Urdu: سید عبد الله على لکیاری شاہ, 11 December 1934 – 14 April 2007) was a Pakistani politician and lawyer who served as chief minister of the Sindh province of Pakistan from 1993 to 1996.

Chief Minister of Sindh
The chief minister of Sindh (Sindhi: وزيراعلي, Urdu: وزیر اعلىٰ—Wazīr-e Aʿlá) is the elected head of government of Sindh and serves alongside the Chief Secretary.  is the vacant Chief Minister of Sindh,

The chief minister is the head of the provincial government alongside the Chief Secretary. The Chief Minister of Sindh is elected by the Provincial Assembly of Sindh and is the leader of the provincial Legislature. The office of Chief Minister is located in Karachi, the capital of the Sindh province and is known as the CM Secretariat.
Novoslobodskaya
Novoslobodskaya (Russian: Новослобо́дская) is a Moscow Metro station in the Tverskoy District of the Central Administrative Okrug, Moscow. It is on the Koltsevaya Line, between Belorusskaya and Prospekt Mira stations.

The station was opened on 30 January 1952 as part of the "Kurskaya" — "Belorusskaya" section. The station is the latest work for the metro architect Alexey Dushkin and a designated cultural heritage site. Since 1988, it has had a transition to the station "Mendeleyevskaya" Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya line, becoming the last station of the Koltsevaya Line to receive a transfer.

Between November 2020 and March 2022, Novoslobodskaya was closed for reconstruction.

Kurskaya (Koltsevaya line)
Kurskaya (Russian: Ку́рская) is a Moscow Metro station in the Basmanny District, Central Administrative Okrug, Moscow. It is on the Koltsevaya line, between Komsomolskaya and Taganskaya stations, and opened on 1 January 1950.
Mercedes Jijón
María de las Mercedes Jijón de Vivanco y Chiriboga (b. 25 March 1811, Otavalo – d. 4 June 1878, Quito) was the first First Lady of Ecuador, serving in that capacity twice alongside her husband, Juan José Flores.

First ladies and gentlemen of Ecuador
First ladies and gentlemen of Ecuador are the wives and husbands of the presidents of Ecuador. There has been only one first gentleman of Ecuador to date, Eduardo Peña Triviño, the husband of former acting president Rosalía Arteaga Serrano.
Schweizer cargo glider designs
The Schweizer cargo glider designs were a series of design proposals made to the United States Army Air Forces by the Schweizer Aircraft Corporation of Elmira, New York during the Second World War. None of the designs was accepted by the USAAF and no cargo gliders were built by Schweizer during the war.

The four designs proposed are of note due to having been assigned Schweizer model numbers. Due to the lack of production of these designs, Schweizer concentrated on designing and building the TG-2 and TG-3 training gliders instead. When the training glider contracts were completed Schweizer turned to subcontract work for other aircraft manufacturers. This trend continued after the war when Schweizer would increasingly turn to subcontract work to supplement the small amount of revenue realized from designing and building gliders.

Schweizer SGS 2-8
The Schweizer SGS 2-8 is an American two-seat, mid-wing, strut-braced, training glider built by Schweizer Aircraft of Elmira, New York.

The 2-8 was originally known simply as "The Schweizer Two-Place" when it first flew in June 1938. When World War II started, the 2-8 became a military trainer for the US Army, Navy and Marines and all existing aircraft were drafted into military service. After the war they were sold as surplus and quickly became sought after in civil soaring for their structural strength, lightness and their rugged all-metal design. The 2-8 became one of the most popular post war trainers in the United States.