hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Galba (gastropod)
Galba is a genus of tiny oxygen breathing freshwater snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Lymnaeidae, the pond snails.

Within the genus, the most widely recognized species is Galba truncatula.

The genus Galba is recognized from the Jurassic to the most recent periods.

Galba truncatula
Galba truncatula (previously: Lymnaea truncatula) is a species of air-breathing freshwater snail, an aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Lymnaeidae, the pond snails.

Galba truncatula is the vector mainly involved in fascioliasis transmission to humans.
Albertson index
The Albertson index (also known as irregularity or Albertson irregularity index) is a graph invariant that measures the irregularity of a graph by summing the imbalances of all its edges. It was introduced by Michael O. Albertson in 1997 as a single parameter to capture how "non-regular" a graph is.

Graph property
In graph theory, a graph property or graph invariant is a property of graphs that depends only on the abstract structure, not on graph representations such as particular labellings or drawings of the graph.
Athboy
Athboy (Irish: Baile Átha Buí, meaning 'town of the yellow ford') is a small agricultural town located in County Meath. The town is located on the Yellow Ford River, in wooded country near the County Westmeath border. It is around 15 km west of Navan and 50 km north-west of Dublin. The town is in a civil parish of the same name.

Navan
Navan (/ˈnævən/ NAV-ən; Irish: An Uaimh [ənˠ ˈuəvʲ], meaning "the Cave") is the county town and largest town of County Meath, Ireland. It is at the confluence of the River Boyne and Blackwater, around 50 km northwest of Dublin. At the 2022 census, it had a population of 33,886, making it the fourteenth largest settlement in all of Ireland. The town is in a civil parish of the same name.
Man Mohan Singh Rai
Lieutenant General Man Mohan Singh Rai, PVSM, AVSM, VSM was the Vice Chief of Army Staff (VCOAS) of the Indian Army and assumed office on 1 August 2015 following the retirement of Lieutenant General Philip Campose. He retired on 31 July 2016 and was succeeded by General Bipin Rawat.

Vishisht Seva Medal
The Vishisht Seva Medal (VSM, lit. 'Distinguished Service Medal') is a decoration of the Indian Armed Forces. It is awarded to recognize "distinguished service of a high order" to all ranks of the Indian Armed Forces.

From 1980, the Yudh Seva Medal was introduced to recognize exceptional services in an operational environment. Since then the VSM has been restricted to non-operational service.
Grave Stele of Dexileos
The Grave Stele of Dexileos is the stele of the tomb of an Athenian cavalryman named Dexileos (Ancient Greek: Δεξίλεως) who died in the Corinthian War against Sparta in 394 BC. The stele is attributed to "The Dexileos Sculptor". Its creation can be dated to 394 BC, based on the inscription on its bottom, which provides the dates of birth and death of Dexileos. The stele is made out of an expensive variety of Pentelic marble and is 1.86 metres (6 ft 1 in) tall. It includes a high relief sculpture depicting a battle scene with an inscription below it. The stele was discovered in 1863 in the family plot of Dexileos at the Dipylon cemetery in the Kerameikos cemetery of Athens. It was found in situ, but moved during World War II, and is now on display in the Kerameikos Museum in Athens.

Kerameikos
Kerameikos (Greek: Κεραμεικός, pronounced [ce.ɾa.miˈkos]) also known by its Latinized form Ceramicus, is an area of Athens, Greece, located to the northwest of the Acropolis, which includes an extensive area both within and outside the ancient city walls, on both sides of the Dipylon Gate and by the banks of the Eridanos River. It was the potters' quarter of the city, from which the English word "ceramic" is derived, and was also the site of an important cemetery and numerous funerary sculptures erected along the Sacred Way, a road from Athens to Eleusis.
Hutton F.C.
Hutton Football Club is a football club based in Hutton, England. They are currently members of the Eastern Counties League Division One South and play at New Lodge, Billericay, groundsharing with Billericay Town.

Billericay Town F.C.
Billericay Town Football Club is a football club based in Billericay, Essex, England. The club are currently members of the Isthmian League Premier Division, the seventh tier of English football, and play at New Lodge. They are the second most successful club in FA Vase history, having won the competition on three occasions.
Jebel Usays inscription
The Jebel Usays inscription (or Jabal Usays, Jabal Says) is a small rock graffito dating to 528 AD, located at the site of Jabal Says, an ancient volcano in the basaltic steppe lands of southern Syria. It is written in the Paleo-Arabic script. Only two other inscriptions written in the Paleo-Arabic scripts are known from Syria: the Zabad inscription, dating to 512, and the Harran inscription dating to 567–568. All three are connected to the Jafnids.

Harran inscription
The Harrān inscription (not to be confused with the Babylonian Harran Stela) is an Arabic-Greek bilingual Christian dedicatory at a martyrium in the Harran village, which is in the city of as-Suwayda (south of Damascus) in Syria. It dates to 567–568.

The inscription has one section in Greek and another in Paleo-Arabic and, while the content between the two overlaps, there are also substantial differences. The use of Arabic in the composition of inscription was probably important to the cultural identity of the authors, as otherwise Greek was the imperial language of the Byzantine Empire which controlled the region at the time.
Wapijanga
Wapijanga was a Tongva village located in what is now Chino Hills, California, between the San Gabriel Mountains and Saddleback Peak. The village was located along Chino Creek, upstream from the village of Pashiinonga. It has been alternatively referred to as Wajijanga and Wapijangna. It was recorded as a large village in San Gabriel Mission records.

Wapijanga was a place of contact between Tongva and Serrano peoples, who primarily lived further east. It was closest situated to the Tongva villages of Pashiinonga (also in the Chino Hills area) and Tooypinga (along San Jose Creek near the grounds of the Los Angeles County Fair).

The village site was submerged by the construction of the Prado Dam in 1941.

Pasinogna, California
Pasinogna (also, Pasinog-na and Passinogna) is a former  Tongva-Gabrieleño Native American settlement in San Bernardino County, California.

This Indian village, identified by name by Hugo Reid in his seminal work on local tribes in 1852, was not, however, specified by location.  It is known that it was located on the Rancho Santa Ana del Chino, in the Chino Hills, near present-day Chino.  Probably, like many other villages, where ranchos were later located, it was in the vicinity of the adobe of the Rancho Santa Ana del Chino, near Chino Creek or its tributary Little Chino Creek. That later creek, with Carbon Canyon to its west, would provide an easy route through the Chino Hills that would connect it to the villages of the coastal plain of what is now Orange County.
Mechelle Lewis
Mechelle Chanai Lewis Freeman (born September 20, 1980) is an American track and field athlete who specializes in the 100 meters and 4 × 100 meter relay. Mechelle, an Oxon Hill, Maryland native, was a 2007 Pan American double silver medalist, 2007 World Champion and 2008 USA Olympian.

Lewis represented the United States at the 2008 Summer Olympic Games in Beijing, China. She competed on the 4 × 100 meter relay together with Angela Williams, Torri Edwards and Lauryn Williams. In their first round heat they were however disqualified and eliminated.

Torri Edwards
Torri Edwards (born January 31, 1977) is an American sprinter. She competes in 100 and 200 meters, winning an Olympic medal in 4 × 100-meter relay in 2000. In 2003, she won six medals in major international competitions, including one World Championship gold. Edwards competed in the 100 m at the 2008 Olympic Games.
Niobocene dichloride
Niobocene dichloride is the organometallic compound with the formula (C5H5)2NbCl2, abbreviated Cp2NbCl2.  This paramagnetic brown solid is a starting reagent for the synthesis of other organoniobium compounds. The compound adopts a pseudotetrahedral structure with two cyclopentadienyl and two chloride substituents attached to the metal.  A variety of similar compounds are known, including Cp2TiCl2.

Titanocene dichloride
Titanocene dichloride is the organotitanium compound with the formula (η5-C5H5)2TiCl2, commonly abbreviated as Cp2TiCl2. This metallocene is a common reagent in organometallic and organic synthesis. It exists as a bright red solid that slowly hydrolyzes in air. It shows antitumour activity and was the first non-platinum complex to undergo clinical trials as a chemotherapy drug.
U.S. Route 25 in North Carolina
U.S. Highway 25 (US 25) is a north–south United States Numbered Highway that runs for 75.4 miles (121.3 km) from the South Carolina state line, near Tuxedo, to the Tennessee state line, near Hot Springs. It is part of the longer US 25, which runs from Brunswick, Georgia, to Covington, Ohio. It is a major north–south route through Western North Carolina.

The route is mostly expressway or freeway grade, except for the section through the city of Asheville, where it follows several city streets. Two short sections are cosigned with Interstate 26 (I-26), and the northernmost 28 miles (45 km) are cosigned with US 70. It originally followed the route of the historic Dixie Highway, though, in several places, it bypasses the original route on new alignments, several of which are now signed as either North Carolina Highway 225 (NC 225), NC 251, or US 25 Business (US 25 Bus.).

North Carolina Highway 251
North Carolina Highway 251 (NC 251) is a north/south state highway in western North Carolina. Its southern terminus at an interchange with U.S. Route 19 (US 19), US 23, and US 70 (future Interstate 26 or I-26) on the border of Asheville and Woodfin. The road largely follows the east bank of the French Broad River until its northern terminus at US 25/US 70 near Marshall in Madison County.
Fitness culture
Fitness culture is a sociocultural phenomenon surrounding exercise and physical fitness. It is usually associated with gym culture, as doing physical exercises in locations such as gyms, wellness centres and health clubs is a popular activity. An international survey found that more than 27% of the world's total adult population attends fitness centres, and that 61% of regular exercisers are currently doing "gym-type" activities. Getting and maintaining physical fitness has been shown to benefit individuals' inner and outer health. Fitness culture has been highly promoted through modern technology and social media platforms.

Exercise
Exercise or working out is physical activity that enhances or maintains fitness and overall health. It is performed for various reasons, including weight loss or maintenance, to aid growth and improve strength, develop muscles and the cardiovascular system, hone athletic skills, improve health, or simply for enjoyment. Many people choose to exercise outdoors where they can congregate in groups, socialize, and improve well-being as well as mental health.

In terms of health benefits, usually, 150 minutes (2 hours and 30 minutes) of moderate-intensity exercise per week is recommended for reducing the risk of health problems. At the same time, even doing a small amount of exercise is healthier than doing none. For people who currently get the smallest amount of physical activity, adding just two or three minutes per day of moderate physical activity could reduce the risk of premature death by 10%.
Harbin Aircraft Industry Group
Harbin Aircraft Industry (Group) Co., Ltd. (HAIG), often shortened to Hafei (Chinese: 哈飞; pinyin: Hāfēi), is an aircraft manufacturing company headquartered in Pingfang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang province, China. It was previously called Harbin Aircraft Manufacturing Corporation (HAMC) in English.

The company was founded in 1952 to manufacture planes for domestic sales, but today it supplies various components for foreign aerospace companies. It is a subsidiary of the Aviation Industry Corporation of China (AVIC).

A former subsidiary of Harbin Aircraft Manufacturing Corporation — Hafei Motor, was one of the major automobile manufactures in China.

Hafei
Hafei, officially Hafei Motor Co., Ltd. (Chinese: 哈飞汽车), is a Chinese automaker currently operating as a subsidiary of Changan Ford, and manufacturing passenger vehicles.

It previously independently manufactured sedans, MPVs, mini vehicles, small trucks, and vans for commercial use.
Tony McConkey
Tony McConkey (born November 21, 1963) is a former elected official in the Maryland House of Delegates. He was first elected in 2002, taking the seat of former Delegate Janet Greenip, who ran for a State Senate seat. He served in District 33, which is located in Anne Arundel County, Maryland. He lost a bid for re-election in 2018 to Democratic challenger Heather Bagnall.

Janet Greenip
Janet Greenip (born August 10, 1947, in Cincinnati, Ohio) is an American former Republican State Senator from Crofton, Maryland, representing District 33 from 2003 through 2009. Before that, she represented District 33 as a State Delegate from 1995 to 2003.
Artificial Selection (album)
Artificial Selection is the eighth studio album by American rock band Dance Gavin Dance, released on June 8, 2018, on Rise Records. It is the follow-up to the band's seventh studio album, Mothership (2016) and is their third consecutive studio release with the same line-up. The album was produced by Kris Crummett, Erik Ron, and Dryw Owens, and was self-produced by Dance Gavin Dance, making it the first release by the band to feature more than one producer.

The album was supported by four singles; "Midnight Crusade", "Son of Robot", "Care", and "Count Bassy". To promote the album, the band toured as support on two of Underoath's 2018 North American tours, embarked on the Artificial Selection Tour, and performed at their own festival SwanFest. On May 31, 2019, the group released an instrumental version of the album to streaming and digital download platforms.

Mothership (Dance Gavin Dance album)
Mothership is the seventh studio album by American rock band Dance Gavin Dance, released on October 7, 2016, on Rise Records. The album serves as a follow-up the group's sixth studio album, Instant Gratification (2015), and is their second consecutive studio release with the same consistent line-up. The album was produced by Kris Crummett. Upon its release, the album sold over 19,000 copies within its first week in retail, debuting at number 13 on the Billboard 200.

The album was supported by four singles; "Chucky Vs. The Giant Tortoise", "Betrayed by the Game", "Young Robot", and "Inspire the Liars". To promote the album, the band embarked on the Mothership Tour, which consisted of two North American legs and one European leg, and toured on the 2017 Vans Warped Tour. On June 28, 2019, the band released an instrumental version of the album to streaming and digital download platforms.
Saudi–Yemen barrier
The Saudi–Yemen barrier (Arabic: الجدار السعودي اليمني) is a physical barrier constructed by Saudi Arabia along part of its 1,800-kilometer (1,100 mi) border with Yemen. It is a structure made of pipeline three metres (10 ft) high filled with concrete, acting as a "security barrier along sections of the now fully demarcated border with Yemen" and fitted with electronic detection equipment.

Construction of the barrier began in September 2003 in order to counter infiltrations and terrorism. When construction of the 75-kilometer (47 mi) barrier by the Saudis began, the Yemeni government strongly objected, stating that it violated a border treaty signed in 2000. Thus, Saudi Arabia agreed to stop construction in February 2004.

Border barrier
A border barrier, border fence or border wall is a separation barrier that runs along or near an international border. Such barriers are typically constructed for border control purposes such as curbing illegal immigration, human trafficking, and smuggling. Some such barriers are constructed for defence or security reasons. In cases of a disputed or unclear border, erecting a barrier can serve as a de facto unilateral consolidation of a territorial claim that can supersede formal delimitation. A border barrier does not usually indicate the location of the actual border, and is usually constructed unilaterally by a country, without the agreement or cooperation of the other country.

Examples of border walls include the ancient Great Wall of China, a series of walls separating China from nomadic empires to the north. The construction of border barriers increased in the early 2000s; half of all the border barriers built since World War II, which ended in 1945, were built after 2000.
Academic grading in Nepal
In Nepal, the grade system is divided into different ways.

The above grading system refers to the Secondary Education Examination (SEE) previously called School leaving Certificate (SLC) examinations when it was implemented, held at the end of at grade 10. It is administered by the Department of Education under the Ministry of Education and Sports, Nepal. Different grading systems are currently being implemented by different universities and education boards.

Secondary Education Examination (Nepal)
Secondary Education Examination (SEE) is the final examination in the secondary school (Grade 10) system of Nepal which is being taken by National Examination Board . National Examination Board upgraded from what was previously known as School Leaving Certificate (SLC).

Every student must take this examination for completing the 10th grade of their study (According to the new Education Act) before they join higher secondary or intermediate level education (12th grade). The SEE examination is said to be scheduled in March of every year. As the new Education Act, 2016 (2073) has been implemented, the SLC examination will be taken place in Grade 12 as a national level examination whereas the examination of Grade 10 will be known as Secondary Education Examination (S.E.E). This new Education Act was implemented from 2017 March with 538,000 students taking it.
Daniel Bonham
Daniel Bonham (born June 3, 1977) is an American politician. A member of the Republican party, he served as a member of the Oregon State Senate from 2023 to 2025, and served as minority leader from 2024 to 2025. He represented the 26th district, encompassing rural Clackamas County and parts of Wasco, Hood River, and east Multnomah Counties making up the Columbia River Gorge. Prior to that, he served as a member of the Oregon House of Representatives from 2017 to 2023, appointed to replace Representative John Huffman after his resignation.

John Huffman (politician)
John E. Huffman (born in 1957 in Missouri) is an American politician, who was a Republican member of the Oregon House of Representatives representing District 59 from his appointment on August 27, 2007 to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of John Dallum, until his own resignation on October 28, 2017 to take a job in the Trump administration.
Channel 21 (German TV network)
Channel 21, originally launched as RTL Shop, is a German cable and satellite tv shopping channel based in Hanover. The channel was launched as part of Europe's largest media company RTL Group (itself ultimately owned by Bertelsmann) and is rebroadcast on more than 20 German-language stations. Channel 21 was launched as RTL Shop on 1 March 2001. Its main competitors are HSE24 (Home Shopping Europe) and QVC.

QVC Germany
QVC Germany is a branch of QVC, a multinational corporation specialising in televised home shopping, originally founded in 1986 by Joseph Segel in West Chester, Pennsylvania. It expanded into Germany in 1996. QVC broadcasts in four major countries to 141 million consumers. The name is an initialism—standing for "Quality, Value, Convenience".

With a market share of 50%, QVC is one of the 10 largest mail-order companies in Germany. QVC is spread over four locations: Düsseldorf in Hafen, with the administration, purchasing and studio; Hückelhoven with the distribution center, Kassel and Bochum with the QVC call center.
Steve Ashton
Steven John Ashton (born February 29, 1956) is a British-born Canadian politician in Manitoba, Canada. He was a long-serving member of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba, and was a long-time cabinet minister in the New Democratic Party governments led by premiers Gary Doer and Greg Selinger. He resigned from cabinet on December 22, 2014 to challenge Selinger for the leadership of the party. Ashton was eliminated from the race, after finishing last on the first ballot at the 2015 NDP leadership convention. Selinger was re-elected party leader on the second ballot. In 2017, Ashton ran for Manitoba NDP leader, losing to Wab Kinew, who became premier in 2023.

Gary Doer
Gary Albert Doer OM (born 31 March 1948) is a former Canadian politician and diplomat from Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. He served as Canada's ambassador to the United States from 19 October 2009, to 3 March 2016. Doer previously served as the 20th premier of Manitoba from 1999 to 2009, leading a New Democratic Party government.

Since the end of his term as envoy to Washington, Doer has taken up a position as senior business advisor with the global law firm Dentons and was retained by the government of Alberta to lobby the Trump administration on the softwood lumber dispute. Doer is a member of the Inter-American Dialogue.
Fiat Barchetta
The Fiat Barchetta (Italian pronunciation: [ˈfiːat barˈketta]; Type 183) is a roadster produced by the Italian manufacturer Fiat from 1995 to 2005. Barchetta in Italian means "little boat", and also denotes a type of open-top sports car body style.

Roadster (car)
A roadster (also spider, spyder) is an open two-seat car with emphasis on sporting appearance or character. Initially an American term for a two-seat car with no weather protection, its usage has spread internationally and has evolved to include two-seat convertibles.

The roadster was also a style of racing car driven in United States Auto Club (USAC) Championship Racing, including the Indianapolis 500, in the 1950s and 1960s. This type of racing car was superseded by rear-mid-engine cars.
Turkish opposition to the Armenian genocide
During the Armenian Genocide, when 1.5 million Armenians were killed between 1915 and 1917, several Turkish civilians, politicians and military leaders refused to participate in the massacres and looting and tried to stop the deportation and massacre of Armenians. Many of these individuals lost their positions or lives as a result of their opposition. Despite individual cases of opposition against the genocide, the extent of public involvement was very high.

Confiscation of Armenian properties in Turkey
The confiscation of Armenian properties by the Ottoman and Turkish governments involved seizure of the assets, properties and land of the country's Armenian community. Starting with the Hamidian massacres and peaking during the Armenian genocide, the confiscation of the Armenian property lasted continuously until 1974. Much of the confiscations during the Armenian genocide were made after the Armenians were deported into the Syrian Desert with the government declaring their goods and assets left behind as "abandoned". Virtually all properties owned by Armenians living in their ancestral homeland in Western Armenia  were confiscated and later distributed among the local Muslim population.

Historians argue that the mass confiscation of Armenian properties was an important factor in forming the economic basis of the Turkish Republic while endowing the Turkish economy with capital. The appropriation led to the formation of a new Turkish bourgeoisie and middle class.