hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Undalya, South Australia
Undalya (Postcode: 5451) is a small rural town on the southern edge of the Clare Valley, in the mid north of the state of South Australia. It is located on the Horrocks Highway approximately halfway between the towns of Auburn and Rhynie, at the junction of the River Wakefield and Pine Creek. To the east lies the town of Saddleworth and to the south-west lies the town of Balaklava. The town was officially gazetted as Undalya in 1859.

Auburn, South Australia
Auburn  is a small town in the southern edge of the Clare Valley, in the Mid North of South Australia.

It lies in the northern Mount Lofty Ranges just east of the Skilly Hills. Auburn is bisected by the Wakefield River as it makes its way to the sea at Port Wakefield.

It has strong poetical themes, being named from a poem and the birthplace of a famed poet.
Coniferous resin salve
Spruce resin salve is a traditional wound treatment method that has gained new popularity again after clinical studies in the 21st century. The pure coniferous resin from Norway spruce is antimicrobial against a wide range of bacteria and fungi and positively associates with progressive healing of the wound. The improvement is not limited to the healing of the infected wounds only, suggesting that the resin has positive influences on mechanisms that play a role in wound repair.

Resin
A resin is a solid or highly viscous liquid that can be converted into a polymer. Resins may be biological or synthetic in origin, but are typically harvested from plants. Resins are mixtures of organic compounds insoluble in water, predominantly terpenes. Technically, resins should not be confused with gums, which consist predominantly of water-soluble polysaccharides, although these two terms are often interchangeable in the less formal context. Common resins include pine oleoresins, amber, hashish, frankincense, myrrh and the animal-derived resin, shellac. Resins are used in varnishes, adhesives, food additives, incenses and perfumes.

Resins protect plants from insects and pathogens, and are secreted in response to injury. Resins repel herbivores, insects, and pathogens, while the volatile phenolic compounds may attract benefactors such as predators of insects that attack the plant.
Unionistas de Salamanca CF B
Unionistas de Salamanca Club de Fútbol "B" is a Spanish football club in Salamanca, in the autonomous community of Castile and León. Founded in 2015, they are the reserve team of Unionistas de Salamanca CF, and play in Primera Regional – Group B, holding home games at Campo de Fútbol Municipal Reina Sofía with a 4895-seat capacity.

Unionistas de Salamanca CF
Unionistas de Salamanca Club de Fútbol is a Spanish football club in Salamanca, in the autonomous community of Castile and León. Founded in 2013, the club plays in Primera Federación – Group 1, holding home games at Campo de Fútbol Municipal Reina Sofía with a 4895-seat capacity.
Adou Elenga
Adou Elenga (1926 – 4 August 1981) was a Congolese singer-songwriter, composer and guitarist. Signed on the Ngoma label since 1950, during his musical career, he composed several hits such as "Mokili Ekobaluka", which is his best known. The song is considered by Congolese as a prophecy of their independence. Other hits are "Maria Tchebo", "Pyramide", "Tout Le Monde Samedi Soir". His music was covered by many artists, including Sam Mangwana and Bopol Mansiamina.

Sam Mangwana
Sam Mangwana (born 21 February 1945), is a Congolese-born musician, born to Angolan parents. He was the frontman of his bands Festival des Maquisards and African All Stars. Mangwana was a member of François Luambo Makiadi's seminal band TPOK Jazz, and Tabu Ley Rochereau's bands African Fiesta, African Fiesta National and Afrisa International.
Aftershock
In seismology, an aftershock is a smaller earthquake that follows a larger earthquake, in the same area of the main shock, caused as the displaced crust adjusts to the effects of the main shock. Large earthquakes can have hundreds to thousands of instrumentally detectable aftershocks, which steadily decrease in magnitude and frequency according to a consistent pattern. In some earthquakes the main rupture happens in two or more steps, resulting in multiple main shocks. These are known as doublet earthquakes, and in general can be distinguished from aftershocks in having similar magnitudes and nearly identical seismic waveforms.

Epicenter
The epicenter (/ˈɛpɪˌsɛntər/), epicentre, or epicentrum in seismology is the point on the Earth's surface directly above a hypocenter or focus, the point where an earthquake or an underground explosion originates.
Postmaster General of the United Kingdom
Postmaster General of the United Kingdom was a Cabinet ministerial position in HM Government. Aside from maintaining the postal system, the Telegraph Act 1868 established the Postmaster General's right to exclusively maintain electric telegraphs. This would subsequently extend to telecommunications and broadcasting.

The office was abolished in 1969 by the Post Office Act 1969. A replacement public corporation, governed by a chairman, was established under the name of the Post Office (later subsumed by Royal Mail Group). The cabinet position of Postmaster General was replaced by a Minister of Posts and Telecommunications, with reduced powers, until 1974; most regulatory functions have now been delegated to the Secretary of State for Science, Innovation and Technology and the Secretary of State for Business and Trade.

Secretary of State for Business and Trade
The secretary of state for business and trade (business secretary), is a secretary of state in the Government of the United Kingdom, with responsibility for the Department for Business and Trade. The incumbent is a member of the Cabinet of the United Kingdom.

The incumbent business secretary is Peter Kyle who was appointed by Keir Starmer on 5 September 2025.
The secretary of state is shadowed by the shadow secretary of state for business and trade, currently Andrew Griffith since 2024.
Voxergolide
Voxergolide (INNTooltip International Nonproprietary Name; developmental code name RU-41656) is a dopamine receptor agonist of the ergoline family described as an anti-anoxic and anti-ischemic agent which was never marketed. It acts specifically as a dopamine D2 receptor agonist.

Ergoline
Ergoline is a core structure in many alkaloids and their synthetic derivatives. Ergoline alkaloids were first characterized in ergot. Some of these are implicated in the condition of ergotism, which can take a convulsive form or a gangrenous form. Even so, many ergoline alkaloids have been found to be clinically useful. Annual world production of ergot alkaloids has been estimated at 5,000–8,000 kg of all ergopeptines and 10,000–15,000 kg of lysergic acid, used primarily in the manufacture of semi-synthetic derivatives.

Others, such as lysergic acid diethylamide, better known as LSD, a semi-synthetic derivative, and ergine, a natural derivative found in Argyreia nervosa, Ipomoea tricolor and related species, are known psychedelic substances.
R-27 (air-to-air missile)
The Vympel R-27 (Russian: Вымпел Р-27; NATO reporting name AA-10 Alamo) is a family of air-to-air missiles developed by the Soviet Union during the late Cold War-era. It remains in service with the Russian Aerospace Forces, air forces of the Commonwealth of Independent States and air forces of many other countries as the standard medium-range air-to-air missile despite the development of the more advanced R-77.

The R-27 is manufactured in infrared-homing/IR (R-27T, R-27ET) and  semi-active radar homing/ SARH (R-27R, R-27ER) versions. R-27 family missiles are produced by both Russian and Ukrainian manufacturers. The R-27 missile is carried by the Mikoyan MiG-29 and Sukhoi Su-27, Su-30 and Su-35 family fighters. The R-27 missile is also license-produced in China, though the production license was bought from Ukraine instead of Russia. Plans were made to produce an active radar homing/ ARH version called the R-27EA, but the missile was cancelled in 1989.

R-77
The Vympel NPO R-77 missile (NATO reporting name: AA-12 Adder) is a Russian active radar homing beyond-visual-range air-to-air missile. It is also known by its export designation RVV-AE. It is the Russian counterpart to the American AIM-120 AMRAAM missile.

The R-77 was marked by a severely protracted development. Work began in the 1980s, but was not completed before the Soviet Union fell. For many years, only the RVV-AE model was produced for export customers. Production was further disrupted when the Russo-Ukrainian War resulted in a Ukrainian arms embargo against Russia, severing supply chains. The Russian Aerospace Forces finally entered the R-77-1 (AA-12B) into service in 2015. It was subsequently deployed by Su-35S fighters in Syria on combat air patrols. The export model of the R-77-1 is called RVV-SD.
Coups d'état in Sudan
Since gaining independence in 1956, Sudan has witnessed a protracted series of coups d'état, totalling 20 coup attempts, of which 7 were successful, which places Sudan as the African nation with the most coup attempts and it ranks second globally, just behind Bolivia, which has recorded 23 coup attempts since 1950. This includes the 1958 self coup, the 1985 and 2019 soft coups, and 1957 and 1959 putsch.

In the latest development, the ongoing civil war began on 15 April 2023, involving clashes between the Sudanese Armed Forces and the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces, both factions of the military government, with a focus on Khartoum and the Darfur region.

1985 Sudanese coup d'état
A coup d'état occurred in Sudan on 6 April 1985 when a group of military officers led by the Defense Minister and Armed Forces Commander-in-Chief, Field Marshal Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab, overthrew the government of President Gaafar Nimeiry.
2026 Colombian Women's Football League
The 2026 Colombian Women's Football League (officially known as the Liga Femenina BetPlay DIMAYOR 2026 for sponsorship purposes) is the tenth season of Colombia's women's football league. The season began on 12 February and is scheduled to end in September 2026.

Deportivo Cali are the defending champions, having won the previous edition of the competition.

Colombian Women's Football League
The Liga Femenina Profesional de Fútbol Colombiano (Colombian Professional Women's Football League) or Liga Femenina BetPlay DIMAYOR (sponsored name) is the top level women's football league in Colombia. The first season was held in 2017, with 18 teams taking part. The champion qualifies to the Copa Libertadores Femenina.
SOLRAD 4
SOLRAD 4 (from "solar radiation") was a solar X-rays, ultraviolet, and electronic surveillance satellite. Developed by the United States Navy's 
United States Naval Research Laboratory (USNRL), it was the fourth in both the SOLRAD and the GRAB (Galactic Radiation and Background) programs.

The satellite was to be orbited along with ionospheric study satellite LOFTI-2, the United States Army's range calibration satellite SECOR, Navy surveillance calibration satellite Surcal, and the University of Iowa's Van Allen radiation belts-studying Injun 2 satellite. This unprecedented five-in-one mission, called "Composite 1" and "Buckshot", ended in failure on 24 January 1962 after its Thor-Ablestar's second stage failed to deliver the payloads to orbit.

Galactic Radiation and Background
Galactic Radiation and Background (GRAB) was the first successful United States orbital surveillance program, comprising a series of five Naval Research Laboratory electronic surveillance and solar astronomy satellites, launched from 1960 to 1962. Though only two of the five satellites made it into orbit, they returned a wealth of information on Soviet air defense radar capabilities as well as useful astronomical observations of the Sun.
Fathimath Ibrahim Didi
Princess Fathimath Ibrahim Didi (Dhivehi: ފާޠިމަތު އިބްރާހީމް ދީދީ; 1918 – 5 February 2008) was a member of the royal family of Maldives. She served as the Speaker of the Senate of the Maldives, During the presidency of President Amin Didi, Goma was the first female minister of the Maldives.

Mohamed Amin Didi
Sumuvvul Ameer Mohamed Amin Dhoshimeynaa Kilegefaanu (Dhivehi: ސުމުއްވުލް އަމީރު މުހައްމަދު އަމީން ދޮށިމޭނާ ކިލެގެފާނު; 20 July 1910 – 19 January 1954), popularly known as Mohamed Amin Didi, was a Maldivian politician who served as the first president of the Maldives and as the head of government between 1 January 1953, and 21 August 1953. Amin Didi was also the principal of Majeedhiyya School from 1946 to 1953.

Amin Didi was the leader of the first political party in the Maldives, Rayyithunge Muthagaddim Party. His political program included efforts to modernize the country, including the advancement of women, education in the Maldives, nationalising the fish export industry and an unpopular ban on tobacco smoking.

Amin Didi took office during post World War II period, a time when the country was in widespread famine and exhausted resources.
Dawyck Chapel
Dawyck Chapel, also known as Dalwick Church, is located (NGR NT 16798 34933) within the Parish of Drumelzier in the Scottish Borders area of Scotland. The chapel lies within the Dawyck Botanic Gardens, an outstation or "regional garden" of the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, some eight miles (13 km) south west of Peebles on the B712 and a similar distance south east of Biggar.

Drumelzier
Drumelzier (/drəˈmɛljər/), is a village and civil parish on the B712 in the Tweed Valley in the Scottish Borders.

The area of the village is extensive and includes the settlements of Wrae, Stanhope, Mossfennan and Kingledoors. To the north is Broughton and to the south the road passes Crook Inn to Tweedsmuir. Powsail Burn (also called Drumelzier Burn) runs through Drumelzier to become a tributary of the River Tweed. Stobo Castle hotel and health spa are in the area, as is Dawyck Botanic Garden, one of three "Regional Gardens" of the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh.
Askrigg
Askrigg is a small village and civil parish in Wensleydale in the Yorkshire Dales National Park, part of the county of North Yorkshire, England. The village and its parish are located in Upper Wensleydale, 12 miles (19 km) west of Leyburn, and 5 miles (8 km) east of Hawes. It is 31.4 miles (50.5 km) west of the county town of Northallerton.

Hawes
Hawes is a market town and civil parish in North Yorkshire, England, situated at the head of Wensleydale in the Yorkshire Dales, and historically part of the North Riding of Yorkshire. The parish had a population of 1,137 according to the 2011 census.

The parish of Hawes includes the neighbouring hamlet of Gayle. Hawes lies approximately 31.2 miles (50.2 km) west of the county town of Northallerton. It is renowned as a major producer of Wensleydale cheese.

Hawes is located within the Yorkshire Dales National Park and is a popular tourist destination.

A local non-profit organisation works to secure funding to maintain and reopen community amenities.
Rheinstetten
Rheinstetten (German pronunciation: [ʁaɪnˈʃtɛtn̩] ⓘ; South Franconian: Rhoischdedde) is a town in the west of Baden-Württemberg on the border to Rhineland-Palatinate. It is situated to the south-west of Karlsruhe and belongs to the rural district of Karlsruhe. The city has fewer inhabitants than Bruchsal, Ettlingen, Bretten and Stutensee and is therefore the fifth largest city in the district of Karlsruhe. Since 2005 it has formed part of a regional organization for economy, science, culture and administration, the Technologieregion Karlsruhe.

Rheinstetten was formed in 1975 by a merger of the former municipalities of Forchheim, Morsch and Neuburgweier. In 2000 it received town privileges and became a district seat on 1 January 2005.

Karlsruhe (district)
Karlsruhe is a Landkreis (district) in the northwest of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Neighboring districts are (from north clockwise) Rhein-Neckar, Heilbronn,
Enz, Calw, Rastatt, Germersheim, Rhein-Pfalz-Kreis and the district-free city Speyer. The urban district Karlsruhe (Stadtkreis Karlsruhe), which contains the City of Karlsruhe, is located in the middle of the district, and partially cuts it into a northern and a southern part.
Acraspis quercushirta
Acraspis quercushirta, the jewel oak gall wasp, is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae,
 tribe Cynipini (oak gall wasps), found in North America.

Hosts are white oaks, including bur oak, Gambel oak, Chapman oak, swamp chestnut oak, and chestnut oak.

Gall wasp
Gall wasps, also traditionally called gallflies, or cynipids, are hymenopterans of the family Cynipidae in the wasp superfamily Cynipoidea. Their common name comes from the galls they induce on plants for larval development. About 1,300 species of cynipids are known worldwide, with about 360 species of 36 different genera in Europe and some 800 species in North America. Diplolepididae were traditionally included within the Cynipidae but have since been designated as their own family after some more recent phylogenetic studies.
2024 Hong Kong trade office spy case
On 13 May 2024, the Metropolitan Police of London, United Kingdom, announced three men (Bill Yuen, Peter Wai, and Matthew Trickett) had been charged with national security offences for assisting Hong Kong intelligence service and foreign interference, including spying on Nathan Law and other exiled activists of Hong Kong. Yuen, one of the defendants, is Administrative Manager of Hong Kong Economic and Trade Office in London (HKETO London). The case has prompted condemnations from Chinese and Hong Kong governments.

National Security Act 2023
The National Security Act 2023 (c. 32) is an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which introduced new measures intended to strengthen United Kingdom national security against espionage, interference in the political system, sabotage, and assassination.

In a press release, the government stated that "The new powers will help ensure that the UK remains the hardest operating environment for malign activity undertaken by foreign actors", quoting MI5 Director General, Ken McCallum as saying "The National Security Act is a game changing update to our powers.  We now have a modern set of laws to tackle today’s threats."

The core measures put in place by the act came into force on 20 December 2023 and were described at the time as "the most significant reform of espionage law in a century".

The act repeals and replaces the Official Secrets Act 1911, Official Secrets Act 1920 and Official Secrets Act 1939.
2025–26 Tour de Ski
The 2025–26 Tour de Ski was the 20th edition of the Tour de Ski and part of the 2025–26 FIS Cross-Country World Cup. The World Cup stage event started in Toblach, Italy on 28 December 2025 and concluded with the traditional Final Climb stage in Val di Fiemme, Italy, on 4 January 2026. The tour started in Toblach for the fourth time.

Norwegians Johannes Høsflot Klæbo and retired Therese Johaug were the winners of previous edition.

Johannes Høsflot Klæbo defended the title and reached his fifth overall victory in the Tour de Ski, more than any other skier. American Jessie Diggins won the Tour on the women's field, which was her third title.

2025–26 FIS Cross-Country World Cup
The 2025–26 FIS Cross-Country World Cup, organized by the International Ski Federation (FIS) is the 45th World Cup for men and women as the highest level of international cross-country skiing competitions.

The men's and women's season started on 28 November 2025 in Ruka, Finland and will conclude on 22 March 2026 in Lake Placid, United States.

The season will take a break in February due to the 2026 Winter Olympics in Milan, Italy. This is also the first season since the 2021-22 seasson that both Russian and Belarusian athletes are allowed to participate under certain rules.

Johannes Høsflot Klæbo from Norway and Jessie Diggins from the United States are the reigning champions from the previous season.
Industrial Emissions Directive
The Industrial Emissions Directive (IED) (Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 on industrial emissions (integrated pollution prevention and control)) is a European Union directive which commits European Union member states to control and reduce the impact of industrial emissions on the environment. The directive aims to lower emissions from industrial production through an integrated approach. The directive uses a polluter pays to assign the cost of the updates to the plant. The plan to lower emissions is based on Best available technology to help reach the goals of the directive. The plan allows for flexibility given the best available technology; exemptions to the directive can be granted to firms as well if the cost is greater than the benefit. This directive has been amended with EU Directive 2024/1785.

Polluter pays principle
In environmental law, the polluter pays principle is enacted to make the party responsible for producing pollution responsible for paying for the damage done to the natural environment. This principle has also been used to put the costs of pollution prevention on the polluter.  It is regarded as a regional custom because of the strong support it has received in most Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and European Union countries, and has a strong scientific basis in economics. It is a fundamental principle in US environmental law.
Kenneth Arrow
Kenneth Joseph Arrow (August 23, 1921 – February 21, 2017) was an American economist, mathematician and political theorist. He received the John Bates Clark Medal in 1957, and the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1972, along with John Hicks.

In economics, Arrow was a major figure in postwar neoclassical economic theory. Four of his students (Roger Myerson, Eric Maskin, John Harsanyi, and Michael Spence) went on to become Nobel laureates themselves. His contributions to social choice theory, notably his "impossibility theorem", and his work on general equilibrium analysis are significant. His work in many other areas of economics, including endogenous growth theory and the economics of information, was also foundational.

Eric Maskin
Eric Stark Maskin (born December 12, 1950) is an American economist and mathematician. He was jointly awarded the 2007 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences with Leonid Hurwicz and Roger Myerson "for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory". He is the Adams University Professor and Professor of Economics and Mathematics at Harvard University.

Until 2011, he was the Albert O. Hirschman Professor of Social Science at the Institute for Advanced Study, and a visiting lecturer with the rank of professor at Princeton University.
Indiantown Gap National Cemetery
Indiantown Gap National Cemetery is a United States National Cemetery located in East Hanover Township, in Lebanon County, Pennsylvania. Administered by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, it occupies approximately 677 acres (2.74 km2), and has over 60,000 interments, as of 2021.

United States National Cemetery System
The United States National Cemetery System is a system of 164 military cemeteries in the United States and its territories. The authority to create military burial places came during the American Civil War, in an act passed by the U.S. Congress on July 17, 1862.  By the end of 1862, 12 national cemeteries had been established. Two of the nation's most iconic military cemeteries, Arlington National Cemetery which is under the jurisdiction of the Department of the Army, and Gettysburg National Cemetery, under the jurisdiction of the National Park Service, were established in 1864 and 1863, respectively.