hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Pseudo-polynomial time
In computational complexity theory, a numeric algorithm runs in pseudo-polynomial time if its running time is bounded from above by a polynomial function of the two variables: the numeric value of the input (the largest integer present in the input) and the length of the input (the number of bits required to represent it).

In general, the numeric value of the input is exponential in the input length, which is why a pseudo-polynomial time algorithm does not necessarily run in polynomial time with respect to the input length.

An NP-complete problem with known pseudo-polynomial time algorithms is called weakly NP-complete.
An NP-complete problem is called strongly NP-complete if it is proven that it cannot be solved by a  pseudo-polynomial time algorithm unless P = NP. The strong/weak kinds of NP-hardness are defined analogously.

NP-hardness
In computational complexity theory, a computational problem H is called NP-hard if, for  every problem L which can be solved in non-deterministic polynomial-time, there is a polynomial-time reduction from L to H. That is, assuming a solution for H takes 1 unit time, H's solution can be used to solve L in polynomial time. As a consequence, finding a polynomial time algorithm to solve a single NP-hard problem would give polynomial time algorithms for all the problems in the complexity class NP. As it is suspected, but unproven, that P≠NP, it is unlikely that any polynomial-time algorithms for NP-hard problems exist.

A simple example of an NP-hard problem is the subset sum problem.

Informally, if H is NP-hard, then it is at least as difficult to solve as the problems in NP. However, the opposite direction is not true: some problems are undecidable, and therefore even more difficult to solve than all problems in NP, but they are provably not NP-hard (unless P=NP).
Western saloon
A Western saloon is a kind of bar particular to the Old West. Saloons served customers such as fur trappers, cowboys, soldiers, lumberjacks, businessmen, lawmen, outlaws, miners, and gamblers. A saloon might also be known as a "watering trough, bughouse, shebang, cantina, grogshop, and gin mill". The first saloon was established at Brown's Hole, Wyoming, in 1822, to serve fur trappers.

By 1880, the growth of saloons was in full swing. In Leavenworth, Kansas, there were "about 150 saloons and four wholesale liquor houses". Some saloons in the Old West were little more than casinos, brothels, and opium dens.

Bar (establishment)
A bar, also known as a saloon, a tavern or tippling house, or sometimes as a pub or club, is a retail business that serves alcoholic beverages, such as beer, wine, liquor, cocktails, and other beverages such as mineral water and soft drinks. Bars often also sell snack foods, such as chips (crisps) or peanuts, for consumption on their premises. Some types of bars, such as pubs, may also serve food from a restaurant menu. The term "bar" refers both to the countertop where drinks are prepared and served and also by extension to the entirety of the establishment in which the bar is located.

The term derives from the metal or wooden bar (barrier) that is often located along the length of the "bar". Over many years, heights of bars were lowered, and high stools added, and the brass bar remains today.
Yuanshuai
Yuánshuài (simplified Chinese: 元帅; traditional Chinese: 元帥; lit. 'Chief commander') was a Chinese military rank that corresponds to a marshal in other nations. It was given to distinguished generals during China's dynastic and republican periods. A higher level rank of dayuanshuai, which corresponds to generalissimo was awarded to Chiang Kai Shek of the Republic of China. It was also proposed for Mao Zedong on the mainland, but he ultimately never accepted it.

Dayuanshuai
Dàyuánshuài (simplified Chinese: 大元帅; traditional Chinese: 大元帥; lit. 'Great chief commander') was a Chinese military rank, usually translated as grand marshal.

During the early Republic of China, the rank of "grand marshal of the army and navy" (陸海軍大元帥; 陆海军大元帅; lùhǎijūn dàyuánshuài) was assumed by Yuan Shikai in 1913, Sun Yat-sen in 1917 and Zhang Zuolin in 1927.

The rank was replaced by the Nationalist government with the "general special class" or "generalissimo" (特級上將; 特级上将; tèjí shàngjiàng) and awarded to Chiang Kai-shek in 1935.

The rank of "grand marshal of the People's Republic of China" (中华人民共和国大元帅; Zhōnghuá rénmín gònghéguó dàyuánshuài) was proposed after the establishment of the People's Republic for Mao Zedong, but was refused by Mao.
Anredera
Anredera is a genus of plants native to Latin America, the West Indies, Texas, and Florida. Some are naturalized in other regions (notably Mediterranean region and on various oceanic islands). Most of them evergreen vines of dry scrubland and thickets. Members of the genus are commonly known as Madeira vines. At least one species, A. cordifolia, bears edible roots or tubers and leaves similar to those of Basella alba. The same species has become an invasive plant in many tropical and subtropical regions outside its natural range.

Anredera cordifolia
Anredera cordifolia, commonly known as the Madeira vine or mignonette vine, is a South American species of ornamental succulent vine of the family Basellaceae. The combination of fleshy leaves and thick aerial tubers makes this a very heavy vine. It smothers trees and other vegetation it grows on and can easily break branches and bring down entire trees on its own. Other names include lamb's tail and potato vine.
Jimpul
Jimpul (other names also include Jumbul, Mandau Pasir, Parang Djimpul, Parang Jimpul) is a traditional weapon of the Sea Dayak and Kenyah people from Borneo. It is often thought that the Parang Jimpul may be considered as a hybrid between the Mandau and Langgai Tinggang. The Parang Jimpul is an intermediary form between the Mandau and the Langgai Tinggang dating from c. 1870-c. 1885.

Langgai tinggang
A Langgai tinggang (other names include langgi tinggang, mandau langgi tinggan) is a traditional sword of the Sea Dayak people, originating from Borneo. The name "langgai tinggang" means "the longest tail-feather of a hornbill".
Nigel Strutt
Sir Nigel Edward Strutt DL TD (18 January 1916 – 28 January 2004) was the chairman of the Strutt & Parker (Farms) Ltd firm of agricultural property consultants, land agents and farm managers.  He farmed 22,500 acres (91 km2) in Essex and Suffolk.  He was a Deputy Lieutenant for Essex from 1954, and High Sheriff of Essex in 1966. He was offered of a peerage but declined it, as had his great-great-grandfather, Joseph Holden Strutt.

Joseph Strutt (MP)
Joseph Holden Strutt (21 November 1758 – 11/18 February 1845), was a British soldier and long-standing Member of Parliament. He served in the Army and achieved the rank of colonel, and also sat as Member of Parliament for Maldon from 1790 to 1826 and for Okehampton from 1826 to 1830.
Heteroperipatus
Heteroperipatus is a genus of Central American velvet worms in the Peripatidae family. The number of legs in this genus varies within species as well as among species and ranges from 26 pairs (in H. clarki) to 32 pairs (in H. engelhardi). This genus is viviparous, with mothers supplying nourishment to their embryos through a placenta.

Heteroperipatus engelhardi
Heteroperipatus engelhardi is a species of velvet worm in the Peripatidae family. Males of this species have 27 or 28 pairs of legs; females have 31 or 32 leg pairs. Females range from 24.5 mm to 52 mm in length; males range from 12 mm to 25 mm in length. The type locality is in El Salvador.
Illinois Route 153
Illinois Route 153 is a north–south state road in southern Illinois. It runs from Illinois Route 154 in Eden to Illinois Route 15 in rural Washington County. This is a distance of 18.35 miles (29.53 km).

Illinois Route 15
Illinois Route 15 (IL 15) is a 149.64-mile-long (240.82 km) east–west highway in southern Illinois with its western terminus at Illinois Route 3, U.S. Route 40, I-55, and I-64, and its eastern terminus at Wabash River at the Illinois/Indiana Border where it meets State Road 64.
Joanna of Aragon, Queen of Naples
Joanna of Aragon (Spanish: Juana, Italian: Giovanna; 16 June 1455 – 9 January 1517) was Queen of Naples as the second wife of King Ferdinand I. She served as regent (General Lieutenant) of Naples between the abdication and flight of her husband's son Alfonso II on 22 February 1495 until the formal succession of Alfonso's son, Ferdinand II.

Born in Barcelona, Joanna was the second child of King John II of Aragon by his second wife, Juana Enríquez de Córdoba, and his youngest legitimate child.

Ferdinand II of Naples
Ferdinand II (Italian: Ferdinando II, known also as Ferrante II and Ferrandino; 26 June 1467 – 7 September 1496) was King of Naples from 1495 to 1496. He was the son of Alfonso II of Naples and the grandson of Ferrante I of Naples.

At the start of the Italian Wars in 1495, Alfonso abdicated in favor of his son, Ferdinand, when a French army led by Charles VIII threatened Naples. Unable to effectively defend the city, Ferdinand fled with a small retinue to the island of Ischia. Charles quickly occupied the city, then split his army, leaving half of it to garrison Naples, and taking the other half to return home.

By May 1495, with fresh troops and the support of Aragon allies, Ferdinand returned to the peninsula and with the assistance of the Spanish general Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba, expelled French soldiers from the entire kingdom. He died soon thereafter on 7 September 1496 and was succeeded by his uncle, Frederick.
Pakistan Youth Hostels Association
The Pakistan Youth Hostels Association is a non-profit, non-political, voluntary national organization providing hostelling services in Pakistan. It is financed by the Pakistan Youth Hostels Association Trust and by the Government of Pakistan. PYHA is a member of Hostelling International and now operates 16 hostels all over the country. The head office is in Islamabad, the capital of Pakistan and four new hostels are under construction in Karachi, Gilgit and Jamshoro. It is registered under the Societies' Act 1860 and is recognized by the Government of Pakistan as a national organization for promoting youth hostelling in the country. It is governed by its Constitution. The current Chairman of the organization is Mr Wasim Sajjad.

Hostelling International
Hostelling International (HI) is a non-governmental, not-for-profit organisation working with UNESCO and the World Tourism Organisation UNWTO. Formerly known as the International Youth Hostel Federation, Hostelling International has 60 member associations operating over 2,650 hostels around the world.
Framsden
Framsden is a village and civil parish located around 10 miles (16 km) north of Ipswich and 3 miles (5 km) south of the small market town of Debenham in the English county of Suffolk. The total population of Framsden in the census of 2001 was 299, with 125 households, 52 people under 16 years, 201 of working age and 46 over 65 years, increasing to a population of 357 in 137 households at the 2011 Census.

Debenham
Debenham is a village and civil parish located 11 miles (18 km) north of Ipswich  in the Mid Suffolk district of Suffolk, England. The River Deben rises in the parish, and flows along a prolonged ford through the village.
Nathaniel Kaz
Nathaniel Kaz (March 9, 1917 - December 13, 2010) was an American sculptor who was born in New York City. His parents were musicians and moved to Detroit when Kaz was young.  It was in Detroit when he began his art studies with Samuel Cashwan.  After moving to New York, Kaz continued his studies at the Art Students League where he was trained by George Bridgman and William Zorach. In 1988 he was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate member and became a full Academician in 1991. His son Eric Kaz is a musician and songwriter.

William Zorach
William Zorach (February 28, 1889 – November 15, 1966) was an American sculptor, painter, printmaker, and writer. He won the Logan Medal of the Arts in 1927. He was at the forefront of American artists embracing cubism.

He was the husband of Marguerite Thompson Zorach and father of Dahlov Ipcar, both artists in their own right.
Synod Hall, Townsville
Synod Hall is a heritage-listed Anglican church hall at 36 Cleveland Terrace, Townsville CBD, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1897 to 1898. It is also known as Jubilee Hall and Parish Room. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.

Townsville City, Queensland
Townsville City is a coastal suburb at the centre of the City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, the suburb of Townsville City had a population of 2,945 people.

It is the city's central business district and a major hub for businesses of all sectors in the Northern Australia region.
Jota Quest
Jota Quest is a Brazilian pop rock band. The band was founded in 1993 in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais as J. Quest, but due to trademark issues with Hanna-Barbera, they renamed themselves Jota Quest (jota being the Portuguese name for the letter j). The band members include: Rogério Flausino (vocals), Marco Túlio Lara (guitar), Márcio Buzelin (keyboards), PJ (bass) and Paulinho Fonseca (drums). Jota Quest initially stood apart from Minas Gerais' musical tradition by garnering national success with pop rock and blue-eyed soul-tinged pop. Eventually the band exposed its Clube da Esquina influences, including collaborations with Minas Gerais exponents Paulinho Pedra Azul and Milton Nascimento in Oxigenio as well as jams with 14 Bis and a collaboration with Roberto Carlos over his hit single "Alem do Horizonte". Jota Quest sold over 4,000,000 copies in Brazil, Latin America and Portugal.

Milton Nascimento
Milton Silva Campos do Nascimento (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈmiwtõ ˈsiwvɐ ˈkɐ̃pus du nasiˈmẽtu]; born October 26, 1942), also known as Bituca, is a Brazilian singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist.

Nascimento has recorded 32 studio albums and has won five Grammy Awards, including Best World Music Album for his album Nascimento in 1998, and twelve Brazilian Music Awards. He has collaborated with various artists including Björk, Pat Metheny, Caetano Veloso, and Elis Regina.
Limerick W.F.C.
Limerick Women's Football Club was an Irish association football club based in Limerick. It is the women's section of Limerick F.C. Their senior women's team made their debut in the Women's National League in 2018. However the club has been organising women's teams, often in conjunction with the Limerick Women's & Schoolgirls' Soccer League, since at least 1973. Limerick have been credited as the inaugural winners of both the Ladies League of Ireland and the FAI Women's Cup. Ladies team was dissolved after financial collapse of Limerick F.C. main division.

Limerick F.C.
Limerick Football Club was an association football club based in Limerick, Ireland who played in the League of Ireland and currently have teams competing in the underage National League of Ireland.

The first Limerick Football Club was founded in 1937 and has had a number of guises through its history, known at different times as Limerick, Limerick United, Limerick City and Limerick 37. Each manifestation of the club was the sole representative of senior football in Limerick city between 1937 and 2020.

Limerick won the League of Ireland title twice, in the 1959–60 and 1979–80 seasons, and the FAI Cup twice, in 1971 and 1982. They also won the League of Ireland Cup three times, 1975–76, 1992–93 and 2001–02. The club competed in European competitions on six occasions.
Streets (London) Act 1766
The Streets (London) Act 1766 was an act of the Parliament of Great Britain extended previous road repair and maintenance acts, including the Kensington, Chelsea and Fulham Roads (Tolls) Act 1725 (12 Geo. 1. c. 37) and Kensington, Chelsea and Fulham Roads (Toll Continuance) Act 1740 (14 Geo. 2. c. 16), to cover the roads Clarges Street to Hyde Park Corner and from Park Lane to Hertford Street, under the management of the Commissioners responsible for paving, cleaning, and lighting Westminster.

Kensington, Chelsea and Fulham Roads (Toll Continuance) Act 1740
The Kensington, Chelsea and Fulham Roads (Toll Continuance) Act 1740 (14 Geo. 2. c. 16) is a act of the Parliament of Great Britain that extended by 21-years the Kensington, Chelsea and Fulham Roads (Tolls) Act 1725 (12 Geo. 1. c. 37) for the charging of tolls at turnpikes along specified roads in the parishes of Kensington, Chelsea and Fulham in the county of Middlesex.

The act became obsolete in 1747, and although the act it extended was repealed by the Statute Law (Repeals) Act 2013, as of 2025, the act remains in force in Great Britain.
Calypso (electronic ticketing system)
Calypso is an international electronic ticketing standard for microprocessor contactless smart cards, originally designed by a group of transit operators from 11 countries including Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Latvia, México, Portugal and others. It ensures multi-sources of compatible products, and allows for interoperability between several transport operators in the same area.

Contactless smart card
A contactless smart card is a contactless credential whose dimensions are credit card size. Its embedded integrated circuits can store (and sometimes process) data and communicate with a terminal via NFC. Commonplace uses include transit tickets, bank cards and passports.

There are two broad categories of contactless smart cards. Memory cards contain non-volatile memory storage components, and perhaps some specific security logic. Contactless smart cards contain read-only RFID called CSN (Card Serial Number) or UID, and a re-writeable smart card microchip that can be transcribed via radio waves.
Pierre de Boissat
Pierre de Boissat (1603 in Vienne, Isère – 28 March 1662) was a soldier, writer, poet and translator.

Knight and Count Palatine, Boissat began his career in the military. He was one of the first members of the Académie française, and first to occupy the Academy's seat 31 in 1634.  Boissat translated Les fables d'Esope Phrygien, illustrées de Discours moraux, philosophiques et politiques, published in 1633 by his friend Jean Baudoin, used by Jean de La Fontaine. He is also attributed with Une Morale chrétienne and Une Histoire négropontique. His home, l'hôtel Pierre de Boissat, on rue des Orfèvres in Vienne, département Isère  (France) exists today as an historic monument.

Jean de La Fontaine
Jean de La Fontaine (UK: /ˌlæ fɒnˈtɛn, -ˈteɪn/, US: /ˌlɑː fɒnˈteɪn, lə -, ˌlɑː foʊnˈtɛn/; French: [ʒɑ̃ d(ə) la fɔ̃tɛn]; 8 July 1621 – 13 April 1695) was a French fabulist and one of the most widely read French poets of the 17th century. He is known above all for his Fables, which provided a model for subsequent fabulists across Europe and numerous alternative versions in France, as well as in French regional languages.

After a long period of royal suspicion, he was admitted to the Académie Française and his reputation in France has never faded since. Evidence of this is found in the many pictures and statues of the writer, later depictions on medals, coins and postage stamps.
Richard Lonergan
Richard Joseph "Peg Leg" Lonergan (January 16, 1900 - December 26, 1925) was an American underworld figure and labor racketeer. He was a high-ranking member and the final leader of the White Hand Gang. He succeeded Bill Lovett after his murder in 1923 and, under his leadership, led a two-year campaign against Frankie Yale over the New York waterfront until he and five of his lieutenants were killed in South Brooklyn during a Christmas Day celebration at the Adonis Social Club in 1925.

Joe Adonis
Joseph Anthony Doto (born Giuseppe Antonio Doto, Italian: [dʒuˈzɛppe anˈtɔːnjo ˈdɔːto]; November 22, 1902 – November 26, 1971), known as Joe Adonis, was an Italian-American mobster who was an important participant in the formation of the modern Cosa Nostra crime families in New York City and the National Crime Syndicate. Doto became a powerful caporegime in the Luciano crime family.
Sir Thomas Hislop, 1st Baronet
Sir Thomas Hislop, 1st Baronet, GCB (5 July 1764 – 3 May 1843) was a senior British Army officer of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Serving exclusively in colonial campaigns, Hislop fought in the West Indies between 1796 and 1810 and subsequently in India, where he was a senior commander during the Third Anglo-Maratha War. Although his ability as a general was praised, Hislop came under criticism in Parliament for his heavy reprisals against forces of the Maratha Empire, particularly at Talnar, where he ordered the execution of over 300 men. He was also known for financial profligacy, losing large sums of money investing unsuccessfully in the Americas. Despite these problems, Hislop was later made a baronet and a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath, serving in his retirement as an equerry to Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge.

Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge
Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge (Adolphus Frederick; 24 February 1774 – 8 July 1850) was the tenth child and seventh son of King George III of the United Kingdom and Queen Charlotte. He held the title of Duke of Cambridge from 1801 until his death.  From 1816 to 1837, he served as Viceroy of the Kingdom of Hanover on behalf of his elder brothers King George IV and King William IV.

Adolphus married Princess Augusta of Hesse-Kassel in 1818, with whom he had three children: Prince George, Duke of Cambridge, Princess Augusta of Cambridge and Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge. He was the maternal grandfather of Princess Victoria Mary of Teck, later Queen Mary, who became consort to King George V.
Billingshurst
Billingshurst is a large village and civil parish in the Horsham District of West Sussex, England. The village lies on the A29 road (the Roman Stane Street) at its crossroads with the A272, 6 miles (10 km) south-west of Horsham and 5.5 miles (9 km) north-east of Pulborough.

The civil parish has a land area of 7,952 acres (3,218 hectares) and at the 2001 census had 2,677 households and a population of 6,531 people, which increased to 8,232 at the 2011 census. In the 2021 census, the population grew to 9,127.

Pulborough
Pulborough is a village and civil parish in the Horsham district of West Sussex, England, with some 5,000 inhabitants. It is located almost centrally within West Sussex and is 42 miles (68 km) south west of London. It is at the junction of the north–south A29 and the east–west A283 roads.

The village is near the confluence of the River Arun and the River Rother, on the Stane Street Roman road from London to Chichester.  It looks southwards over the broad flood plain of the tidal Arun to a backdrop of the South Downs. It is on the northern boundary of the newly established South Downs National Park.

The parish covers an area of 5,183 acres (2,098 hectares). The twelfth-century parish church is dedicated to St Mary. In the 2001 census there were 4,685 people living in 1,976 households of whom 2,333 were economically active. At the 2011 census the population of Bignor was included and the total population was 5,206.
Pinoy Big Brother: Season 2
The second season of the reality game show Pinoy Big Brother aired on ABS-CBN for 126 days from February 25 to June 30, 2007.

This season is the second civilian season and fourth season overall to air on the network. This season broke the previous season's record of fourteen days, which was the longest stay of housemates inside the house until it was broken by the next civilian season by only seven days.

The season was won by Beatriz Saw, who garnered over 1.5 million votes, or about 30.29% of total votes cast during the open voting, which started on June 17, 2007. This is also the record-breaking highest total of actual votes in the history of Pinoy Big Brother and other all text-based votes reality programs in the Philippines as of now.

Pinoy Big Brother: Season 1
The first season of the reality game show Pinoy Big Brother premiered on the ABS-CBN network on August 21, 2005 and ran for 112 days until December 10, 2005.

Nene Tamayo was named the show's first ever Big Winner over Jayson Gainza and two other finalists, Cassandra Ponti and Uma Khouny.