hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Algerian mandole
The Algerian mandole (mandol, mondol) is a steel-string fretted instrument resembling an elongated mandolin, widely used in Algerian music such as Chaabi, Kabyle music and Nuubaat (Andalusian classical music).

The name can cause confusion, as "mandole" is a French word for mandola, the instrument from which the Algerian mandole developed. The Algerian mandole is not however a mandola, but a mandocello sized instrument.

The instrument has also been called a "mandoluth" when describing the instrument played by the Algerian-French musician, Hakim Hamadouche. However, the luthier for one of Hakim's instruments describes it as a mondole.

Mandola
The mandola (US and Canada) or tenor mandola (Ireland and UK) is a fretted, stringed musical instrument. It is to the mandolin what the viola is to the violin: the four double courses of strings tuned in fifths to the same pitches as the viola (C3-G3-D4-A4), a fifth lower than a mandolin. The mandola, though now rarer, is an ancestor of the mandolin. (The word mandolin means little mandola.)
United States Porpoise-class submarine
The Porpoise class were submarines built for the United States Navy in the late 1930s, and incorporated a number of modern features that would make them the basis for the subsequent Salmon, Sargo, Tambor, Gato, Balao, and Tench classes. In some references, the Porpoises are called the "P" class.

Sargo-class submarine
The Sargo-class submarines were among the first United States submarines to be sent into action after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, starting war patrols the day after the attack, having been deployed to the Philippines in late 1941.  Similar to the previous Salmon class, they were built between 1937 and 1939. With a top speed of 21 knots, a range of 11,000 nautical miles (20,000 km) (allowing patrols in Japanese home waters), and a reliable propulsion plant, along with the Salmons they were an important step in the development of a true fleet submarine. In some references, the Salmons and Sargos are called the "New S Class", 1st and 2nd Groups.

The Sargo-class submarine USS Swordfish (SS-193) had the distinction of being the first US Navy submarine to sink a Japanese ship in World War II.
Sustainable cemetery
A sustainable cemetery is a space that is designed to hold the remains of those who have died without causing unnecessary damage to the environment. Historically, most human burial methods do not cause negative effects to the planet, but embalming practices, cemetery maintenance, and the use of non-biodegradable materials popular today have proven to cause long lasting negative impacts to the environments and wildlife surrounding burial sites. Sustainable burial practices include eliminating the use of harmful chemicals and non-biodegradable materials, limiting over-consumption of natural materials, and promoting the natural decomposition of the body. Examples of sustainable burial methods can include green burials, alkaline hydrolysis, human composting, and sky burials.

Natural burial
Natural burial is the interment of the body of a dead person in the soil or a body of water in a manner that does not inhibit decomposition but allows the body to be naturally recycled. It is an alternative to burial methods and funerary customs.

The body may be prepared without chemical preservatives or disinfectants, such as embalming fluid, which are designed to inhibit the microbial decomposers that break the body down. It may be buried in a biodegradable coffin, casket, or shroud. The grave does not use a burial vault or outer burial container that would prevent the body's contact with soil. The grave should be shallow enough to allow microbial activity similar to that found in composting.

Natural burial grounds have been used throughout human history and are used in many countries.
Flag (linear algebra)
In mathematics, particularly in linear algebra, a flag is an increasing sequence of subspaces of a finite-dimensional vector space V. Here "increasing" means each is a proper subspace of the next (see filtration):

The term flag is motivated by a particular example resembling a flag: the zero point, a line, and a plane correspond to a nail, a staff, and a sheet of fabric.

If we write that dimVi = di then we have

where n is the dimension of V (assumed to be finite). Hence, we must have k ≤ n. A flag is called a complete flag if di = i for all i, otherwise it is called a partial flag.

A partial flag can be obtained from a complete flag by deleting some of the subspaces. Conversely, any partial flag can be completed (in many different ways) by inserting suitable subspaces.

The signature of the flag is the sequence (d1, ..., dk).

Dimension (vector space)
In mathematics, the dimension of a vector space V is the cardinality (i.e., the number of vectors) of a basis of V over its base field. It is sometimes called Hamel dimension (after Georg Hamel) or algebraic dimension to distinguish it from other types of dimension.

For every vector space there exists a basis, and all bases of a vector space have equal cardinality; as a result, the dimension of a vector space is uniquely defined. We say  is finite-dimensional if the dimension of  is finite, and infinite-dimensional if its dimension is infinite.

The dimension of the vector space  over the field  can be written as  or as  read "dimension of  over ". When  can be inferred from context,  is typically written.
Heterochrony
In evolutionary developmental biology, heterochrony is any genetically controlled difference in the timing, rate, or duration of a developmental process in an organism compared to its ancestors or other organisms. This leads to changes in the size, shape, characteristics and even presence of certain organs and features. It is contrasted with heterotopy, a change in spatial positioning of some process in the embryo, which can also create morphological innovation. Heterochrony can be divided into intraspecific heterochrony, variation within a species, and interspecific heterochrony, phylogenetic variation, i.e. variation of a descendant species with respect to an ancestral species.

These changes all affect the start, end, rate or time span of a particular developmental process. The concept of heterochrony was introduced by Ernst Haeckel in 1875 and given its modern sense by Gavin de Beer in 1930.

Developmental biology
Developmental biology is the scientific study of the processes by which animals and plants grow and develop. The field of developmental biology is further defined by its study of phenomena such as regeneration, asexual reproduction, metamorphosis, and the growth and differentiation of stem cells within the adult organism.
Juju
Juju (also styled or romanized as ju-ju) is a spiritual belief system and group of associated practices incorporating the use of ritual  objects, such as amulets and spells, affiliated with religious observances in central West Africa, namely by the people of Nigeria, Benin, Togo, Cameroon and Ghana. The term has been applied to traditional Western African religions, which incorporated the use of objects such as amulets, and spells into spiritual practices. In a general sense, the term "juju" can be used to refer to magical properties dealing with luck, whether good or bad. The name is also associated with the music genre, Jùjú as well as a slang term for the energy of something or someone.

African traditional religions
The beliefs and practices of African people are highly diverse, and include various ethnic religions. Generally, these traditions are oral rather than scriptural and are passed down from one generation to another through narratives, songs, myths, and festivals. They include beliefs in spirits and higher and lower gods, sometimes including a supreme being, as well as the veneration of the dead, use of magic, and traditional African medicine. Most religions can be described as animistic with various polytheistic and pantheistic aspects. The role of humanity is generally seen as one of harmonizing nature with the supernatural.
Korea Open (tennis)
The Korea Open (Korean: 코리아오픈테니스대회) is a professional tennis tournament held in Seoul, South Korea. The women's edition started in 2004 as a WTA International tournament and is played at the Seoul Olympic Park Tennis Center on outdoor hardcourts.  The event was a WTA 500-level in 2024 and in 2025. It returned to its previous WTA 250-level in 2026. In 2022 a men's ATP Tour 250 event was also held.

WTA 500 tournaments
WTA 500 tournaments is a category of tennis tournaments in the Women's Tennis Association tour, implemented since the reorganization of the schedule in 2021.

At their introduction in 2021, WTA 500 tournaments' prize money was approximately $500,000. Since then, prize money awarded by WTA 500 events has grown less uniform, with one tournament's prize money rising to as much as $1.5 million.

The ranking points awarded to the winners of these tournaments are 500. This compares to 2,000 points for winning a Grand Slam tournament ("major"), up to 1,500 points for winning the WTA Finals, 1000 points for winning a WTA 1000 tournament, and 250 for winning a WTA 250 tournament.
Polymorphism (computer science)
In programming language theory and type theory, polymorphism allows a value or variable to have more than one type and allows a given operation to be performed on values of more than one type.

In object-oriented programming, polymorphism is the provision of one interface to entities of different data types.  The concept is borrowed from a principle in biology in which an organism or species can have many different forms or stages.

The most commonly recognized major forms of polymorphism are:

Ad hoc polymorphism: defines a common interface for an arbitrary set of individually specified types.

Parametric polymorphism: does not specify concrete types and instead uses abstract symbols that can substitute for any type.

Subtyping (also called subtype polymorphism or inclusion polymorphism): when a name denotes instances of many different classes related by a common superclass.

Data type
In computer science and computer programming, a data type (or simply type) is a collection or grouping of data values, usually specified by a set of possible values, a set of allowed operations on these values, and/or a representation of these values as machine types. A data type specification in a program constrains the possible values that an expression, such as a variable or a function call, might take. On literal data, it tells the compiler or interpreter how the programmer intends to use the data. Most programming languages support basic data types of integer numbers (of varying sizes), floating-point numbers (which approximate real numbers), characters and Booleans.
Bechtolsheim
Bechtolsheim (Literally Bechtol's Home) is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Alzey-Worms district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the Verbandsgemeinde of Alzey-Land, whose seat is in Alzey.

Alzey
Alzey (German pronunciation: [ˈaltsaɪ] ⓘ) is a Verband-free town – one belonging to no Verbandsgemeinde – in the Alzey-Worms district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is the fifth-largest town in Rhenish Hesse, after Mainz, Worms, Ingelheim am Rhein and Bingen.

Alzey is one of the Nibelungenstädte – towns associated with the Nibelungenlied – because it is represented in this work by the character Volker von Alzey. Hence, Alzey is also known as Volkerstadt.
KLGR-FM
KLGR-FM (97.7 MHz) is a commercial radio station licensed to Redwood Falls, Minnesota, and known as "97.7 Jack FM".  The station broadcasts an adult hits radio format and is owned by Connoisseur Media, through licensee Alpha 3E Licensee LLC.

KLGR-FM is an affiliate of the Jack FM national radio network.  It does not use DJs.  Instead, the voice of "Jack" makes station announcements and adds quips between songs.

Jack FM
Jack FM is a radio network brand that is licensed by Sparknet Communications, with the exception of the European Union where it is licensed by Oxis Media. It plays an adult hits format, in most cases not using DJs.
Curtiss King
Dwan Howard, better known by his stage name Curtiss King, is an American hip hop recording artist and record producer based out of the Inland Empire in California. Signed to independent label Black Cloud Music, King is also known for his productions credits with artists such as Murs, Noa James, Ab-Soul, Glasses Malone, Mack 10 and more.

Mack 10
Dedrick D'Mon Rolison (born August 9, 1971), better known by his stage name Mack 10, is an American rapper, songwriter, record producer, and record executive. He was a member of hip hop supergroup Westside Connection along with WC and Ice Cube and has sold nearly 11 million records between his solo and group works. His stage name is a reference to the Ingram MAC-10 submachine gun. As a record executive, Mack 10 is the founder and CEO of Hoo-Bangin' Records.
Salford Central railway station
Salford Central railway station is in the city of Salford, Greater Manchester, England, close to Spinningfields and Deansgate. It is served by trains to and from Manchester Victoria, towards Rochdale and Wigan Wallgate.

Wigan Wallgate railway station
Wigan Wallgate is one of two railway stations serving the town centre of Wigan, in Greater Manchester, England; the other is Wigan North Western, which is 100 metres (110 yd) away across the street named Wallgate. The station serves two routes: the Manchester-Southport Line and the Manchester-Kirkby Line. It is sited 16 miles (26 km) down the line from Manchester Victoria, via Atherton. The station is managed by Northern Trains, which also operates all trains serving it.
Bit Agusi
Bit Agusi or Bit Agushi (also written Bet Agus) was an ancient Neo-Hittite state of the Arameans in the northern Levant during the Iron Age. The state-kingdom of Bit Agusi was established in the early 9th century BC by Gusi of Yakhan. Bit Agusi included the cities of Nampigi (Nampigu), Arpad in modern Syria, and, in its later history, Aleppo. Arpad was its capital. At its maximum extent, the state-kingdom of Bit Agusi covered the A'zaz area in the north to Hamath in the south.

Hama
Hama (Arabic: حَمَاة Ḥamāh, [ħaˈmaː]) is a city on the banks of the Orontes River in west-central Syria. It is located 213 kilometres (132 mi) north of Damascus and 46 km (29 mi) north of Homs. It is the provincial capital of the Hama Governorate, which is the only Governorate with no land borders with any foreign countries. With a population of 996,000 (2023 census), Hama is one of the four largest cities in Syria, with Damascus, Aleppo and Homs. Hama is known for its cheese-making tradition, notably reflected in a signature local dessert Halawet el Jibn.

The city is renowned for its seventeen norias used for watering the gardens, which are claimed to date back to 1100 BC. Though historically used for irrigation, the norias are used purely for show today and currently serve no direct purpose, being used as a tourist attraction and a symbol of the city, also this city is popular in protest during the assad regime (ex: Yalla Erhal Ya Bashar (song)
Northern Police District
The Northern Police District (NPD) is a police district command under the National Capital Region Police Office (NCRPO) of the Philippine National Police (PNP) serves the cities named Caloocan, Malabon, Navotas, Valenzuela as its law enforcement agency. The headquarters located at Caloocan.

National Capital Region Police Office
The National Capital Region Police Office (NCRPO) is a regional unit of the Philippine National Police (PNP) that has jurisdiction over Metro Manila, also known as the National Capital Region. It is headquartered in Camp Bagong Diwa.
Paropsis
Paropsis is a genus of Chrysomelidae, commonly referred to as tortoise beetles, which includes over 70 described species. Their small size, bright colours and patterns, and roughly hemispherical shape cause them to be mistaken for beetles in the family Coccinellidae (ladybirds).
They are distributed across Australia, New Zealand and Papua New Guinea. Some species, Paropsis atomaria in particular, have been introduced to the United States in California with first official documented sightings in 2022. They primarily feed on Eucalyptus but there are a few that feed on Baeckea, Kunzea and Leptospermum. Species within this genus are noted as pests. For example, Paropsis charybdis is a pest of Eucalyptus in New Zealand.

Paropsis atomaria
Paropsis atomaria is a common leaf beetle in the subfamily Chrysomelinae. The specific name, atomaria, translates to mean "speckled" or "freckled". This species is found across eastern Australia from Adelaide to Brisbane. P. atomaria typically produces two generations during the summer across most of its range. A female can lay up to 600 eggs, which are deposited at the tip of a leaf or twig. While not all Paropsis species are pests, P. atomaria is one of the few paropsines that may become a pest of plantation trees. This species has also been introduced to the west coast of North America.
2025 Motocross des Nations
The 2025 Motocross des Nations was a Motocross race held on 4 and 5 October 2025 at Ironman Raceway.

This was the first time that the track near Crawfordsville, Indiana held the event and the sixth time that the event took place in the United States.

Australia went into the event as the reigning champions, after taking their first victory at the 2024 edition. Fielding the same team from the previous edition, the Australians were able to successfully defend their title.

2024 Motocross des Nations
The 2024 Motocross des Nations was a motocross race held on 5 and 6 October 2024 at Matterley Basin, United Kingdom. This was the third time that the event was held at this track.

France went into the event as the defending champions after winning their seventh title in 2023. Australia took their first title in the history of the event with the team of Hunter Lawrence, Kyle Webster and Jett Lawrence.
Ray Hrstich
Dick Hrstich (10 August 1920 – 12 February 2000) was a Yugoslavian/New Zealand professional wrestler, known by his ring names Ray Hrstich and Ray Gordon, who competed in the former Yugoslavia (his native country), New Zealand, Canada, and the United States during the late 1950s and 60s. He was among the first New Zealanders to travel to the US and, like his fellow countrymen Pat O'Connor and Abe Jacobs, became a major star with the National Wrestling Alliance during the Television-era.

He won the NWA New Zealand Heavyweight Championship in 1958 and, later in the US, held the NWA Central States Heavyweight Championship, NWA Iowa Heavyweight Championship, and the NWA Americas 6-Man Tag Team Championship with Apache Bull Ramos and Mike Riker. Hrstich is credited, along with Bobby Graham and "Killer" Buddy Austin, as the trainer of 8-time NWA World Heavyweight Champion Harley Race. In 2009, Fight Times Magazine ranked Hrstich No. 10 in a top ten list of New Zealand's greatest wrestlers.

Harley Race
Harley Leland Race (April 11, 1943 – August 1, 2019) was an American professional wrestler, professional wrestling promoter, and trainer.

Race wrestled in the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA), the American Wrestling Association (AWA), the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE), and World Championship Wrestling (WCW). He was a nine-time world champion, having won the WWA World Heavyweight Championship once and the NWA World Heavyweight Championship eight times, and was the first NWA United States Heavyweight Champion.

Race is one of six men to have been inducted into each of the WWE Hall of Fame, the NWA Hall of Fame, the WCW Hall of Fame, the Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame, and the Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame.
David Packard
David Packard (/ˈpækərd/ PAK-ərd; September 7, 1912 – March 26, 1996) was an American electrical engineer and co-founder, with Bill Hewlett, of Hewlett-Packard (1939), serving as president (1947–64), CEO (1964–68), and chairman of the board (1964–68, 1972–93) of HP.  He served as U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense from 1969 to 1971 during the Nixon administration.  Packard served as president of the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USU) from 1976 to 1981 and chairman of its board of regents from 1973 to 1982.
He was a  member of the Trilateral Commission.  Packard was the recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1988 and is noted for many technological innovations and philanthropic endeavors.

United States Deputy Secretary of Defense
The deputy secretary of defense (acronym: DepSecDef) who is secondarily but informally titled the deputy secretary of war (DepSecWar), is a statutory office (10 U.S.C. § 132) and the second-highest-ranking official in the Department of Defense of the United States of America.

The deputy secretary is the principal civilian deputy to the secretary of defense, and is appointed by the president, with the advice and consent of the Senate. The deputy secretary, by statute, is designated as the DoD chief management officer and must be a civilian, at least seven years removed from service as a commissioned officer on active-duty at the date of appointment.
Penn Valley, California
Penn Valley is a census-designated place (CDP) in Nevada County, California. The population was 1,593 at the 2020 census, down from 1,621 at the 2010 census. The large Lake Wildwood master-planned community, although a separate CDP, has a Penn Valley postal address, and is sometimes considered part of the general Penn Valley community.

Lake Wildwood, California
Lake Wildwood is a census-designated place (CDP) in Nevada County, California, United States. The population was 5,158 at the 2020 census, up from 4,991 at the 2010 census.

Lake Wildwood is mainly a gated community and news about the CDP is published in a twice a month newspaper, The Wildwood Independent. Local businesses and residences are listed in the annual "Penn Valley Area Directory" published by "Pine Tree Press".
Michael Hopkins (architect)
Sir Michael John Hopkins CBE RA (7 May 1935 – 17 June 2023) was an English architect.

The RIBA Royal Gold Medal-winning architect founded Hopkins Architects with his wife Patty and was widely regarded as among the greatest of contemporary British architectural figures. Michael, alongside Patty, was part of a small group of leading British architects who were regarded as the founders of the "High-Tech" architectural movement (the other four included Richard Rogers, Norman Foster, Nicholas Grimshaw and Terry Farrell).

Richard Rogers
Richard George Rogers, Baron Rogers of Riverside (23 July 1933 – 18 December 2021) was a British-Italian architect noted for his modernist and constructivist designs in high-tech architecture. He was the founder at Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners, previously known as the Richard Rogers Partnership, until June 2020. After Rogers' retirement and death, the firm rebranded to simply RSHP on 30 June 2022.

Rogers was perhaps best known for his work on the Pompidou Centre in Paris, the Lloyd's building and Millennium Dome, both in London, the Senedd building, in Cardiff, and the European Court of Human Rights building, in Strasbourg. He was awarded the RIBA Gold Medal, the Thomas Jefferson Medal, the RIBA Stirling Prize, the Minerva Medal, and the 2007 Pritzker Prize.