hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Champion of the Raj
Champion of the Raj is a turn-based strategy video game developed by Level 9 Computing and published by Personal Software Services. It was released exclusively in the United Kingdom for the Amiga, Atari ST, and IBM PC compatibles in 1991. It is the thirteenth and final instalment in the Strategic Wargames series. The game revolves around European imperialism and colonialism in India. Six factions–British, French, Mogul, Sikhs, Gurkhas, and Marathas–fight to gain overall control of India.

The core of the gameplay is focused on strategy, in which the player must conquer all territories of India through diplomatic or offensive means. It also contains action sequences, including traditional elephant racing and big-game hunting. Critics praised its colourful graphics and storyline, but strongly disliked the long load times and frequent disk swapping.

Strategy video game
A strategy video game is a video game genre that emphasizes strategic or tactical planning and decision-making, often involving the indirect control of multiple units and the management of limited resources, rather than the quick reflexes typical of action games.

Strategy video games are commonly divided into two main forms: turn-based strategy (TBS), in which players act in discrete turns, and real-time strategy (RTS), in which play proceeds continuously. Many also incorporate elements such as tactics, diplomacy, economics, or exploration.

Electronic strategy games developed in part from earlier non-digital board games and wargames, and scholars note that the definition of “strategy” in games is not entirely uniform across contexts.
Specular holography
Specular holography is a technique for making three dimensional imagery by controlling the motion of specular glints on a two-dimensional surface. The image is made of many specularities and has the appearance of a 3D surface-stippling made of dots of light. Unlike conventional wavefront holograms, specular holograms do not depend on wave optics, photographic media, or lasers.

The principle of operation is purely one of geometric optics: A point light source produces a glint on a curved specular (shiny) surface; this glint appears to travel on the surface as the eye or light source moves.  If that motion is projectively consistent with binocular disparity, the viewer will perceive — via stereopsis — the illusion that the glint occurs at a different depth than the surface that produces it. A specular hologram contains many such curved surfaces, all embedded in a host surface. Each produces a glint and the brain integrates the many 3D cues to perceive a 3D shape.

Specular reflection
Specular reflection, or regular reflection, is the mirror-like reflection of waves, such as light, from a surface.

The law of reflection states that a reflected ray of light emerges from the reflecting surface at the same angle to the surface normal as the incident ray, but on the opposing side of the surface normal. The incident and reflected rays lie in a plane known as the plane of incidence. The angles of the two rays to the normal are known as the angle of incidence and angle of reflection.

The earliest known description of this behavior was recorded by Hero of Alexandria (AD c. 10–70). Later, Alhazen gave a complete statement of the law of reflection. He was first to state that the incident ray, the reflected ray, and the normal to the surface all lie in a same plane perpendicular to reflecting plane.

Specular reflection may be contrasted with diffuse reflection, in which light is scattered away from the surface in a range of directions.
Super High Speed Silver-37
In shogi, Super High Speed Silver-37 or Ultra Quick Right Silver (超速3七銀 or 超速▲3七銀 chōsoku san-nana gin) is a rapid attacking formation used with a Static Rook opening by Black often against White's Cheerful Central Rook. It was developed by then-3-dan Yoshitaka Hoshino, who went on to become the second apprentice professional to win the Masuda Award in 2010.

Black aims to advance their right silver through 37 to 46. White likewise can answer Black's advancing silver by moving their left silver to 44.

Cheerful Central Rook
In shogi, Cheerful Central Rook (ゴキゲン中飛車 gokigen nakabisha, also Gokigen Central Rook or Go-As-You-Please Central Rook) is a type of Central Rook opening in which the Central Rook player's bishop diagonal remains open.

This is a more aggressive strategy since the bishops may be exchanged at any time during the opening. (See: Ranging Rook#Types of Ranging Rook.)

Cheerful Central Rook is played against a Static Rook opponent.
2015 Texas campsite shooting
On November 15, 2015, near Palestine, Texas, United States, 33-year-old William Mitchell Hudson (born July 3, 1982) fatally shot six members of a family who were camping at a local campsite. Armed with both a .22-caliber and a .45-caliber revolver, Hudson reportedly committed the murders because he was unhappy about losing his family's land, which was sold to one of the victims. Hudson was arrested, charged and found guilty of capital murder, and consequently sentenced to death on November 15, 2017.

Capital punishment in Texas
Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the U.S. state of Texas, known as the capital punishment capital, for murder, and participation in a felony resulting in death if committed by an individual who is at least 18 years old.

In 1982, the state became the first jurisdiction in the world to carry out an execution by lethal injection, when it executed Charles Brooks Jr. It was the first execution in the state since 1964.

Texas, which is the second most populous state in the United States, has executed 597 people since the U.S. capital punishment resumption in 1976 (beginning in 1982 with the Brooks execution) to January 28, 2026 (the execution of Charles Victor Thompson)—more than a third of the national total. Even per capita, Texas has the nation's second-highest execution rate, behind only neighboring Oklahoma.
Asiatyrannus
Asiatyrannus (meaning "Asian tyrant") is an extinct genus of tyrannosaurine theropod dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous Nanxiong Formation of China. The genus contains a single species, A. xui, known from a single specimen consisting of a skull and partial postcranial skeleton. Asiatyrannus is notable for its deep-snouted skull and small body size, in contrast to the gracile snout and larger size of the contemporary Qianzhousaurus. It represents the southernmost record of an Asian tyrannosaurid.

Alioramini
Alioramini is a clade of long-snouted tyrannosaurine tyrannosaurid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous epoch. It includes the genera Alioramus and Qianzhousaurus. Although tyrannosaurids are known from a variety of places around the globe, alioramins are restricted to Asia in mostly Maastrichtian strata. Many of the fossils attributed to Alioramini are not from fully developed individuals.
Zeran v. America Online, Inc.
Zeran v. America Online, Inc., 129 F.3d 327 (4th Cir. 1997), is a case in which the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit determined the immunity of Internet service providers for wrongs committed by their users under Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act. The statute states that "No provider or user of an interactive computer service shall be treated as the publisher or speaker of any information provided by another information content provider."

The Fourth Circuit held that plaintiff Kenneth Zeran's claims of malfeasance by America Online were barred by the statute, holding that Section 230 "creates a federal immunity to any cause of action that would make service providers liable for information originating with a third-party user of the service."

United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit
The United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit (in case citations, 4th Cir.) is a federal court located in Richmond, Virginia, with appellate jurisdiction over the district courts in the following districts:

District of Maryland

Eastern District of North Carolina

Middle District of North Carolina

Western District of North Carolina

District of South Carolina

Eastern District of Virginia

Western District of Virginia

Northern District of West Virginia

Southern District of West Virginia

The court is based at the Lewis F. Powell Jr. United States Courthouse in Richmond, Virginia. With 15 authorized judgeships, it is the 4th largest circuit among the 13 United States Courts of Appeals.
Wentworth Chambers
Wentworth Chambers is a barristers' chambers in Sydney, Australia. The chambers was established in 1957 and now comprises 13 sets of autonomous barrister's chambers, the NSW Bar Association and two Supreme Court of New South Wales courts.

New South Wales Bar Association
The New South Wales Bar Association is a professional body of lawyers responsible for the regulation of the legal profession in the state of New South Wales, Australia. The body administers the bar examination in accordance with the Legal Profession Uniform Law.
Miss Grand Guadeloupe
Miss Grand Guadeloupe is a national beauty pageant title awarded to Guadeloupe representatives who competed at the national event, Miss Grand France, or an international stage of Miss Grand International. The title was first awarded in 2013 to a 22-year-old from Le Moule, Orphelie Morti, who then competed in the international event in Thailand. In 2013 and from 2017 to 2019, the right to send Guadeloupe representatives to Miss Grand International belonged to the national pageant of Miss International Guadeloupe, headed by Georges Nandan.

Guadeloupe joined the Miss Grand International pageant four times, but all of its representatives were unplaced.

Miss International Guadeloupe
Miss Univers Guadeloupe (formerly known Miss Guadeloupe International) is a national beauty pageant responsible for selecting Guadeloupe's representatives to international pageants. This pageant is not related to Miss Guadeloupe where the winner traditionally competes at Miss France contest.
Kevin Tamati
Kevin Ronald Tamati (born 21 September 1953) is a New Zealand former rugby league representative player and coach. He played at representative level for New Zealand, New Zealand Māori, Auckland, Central Districts and Wellington, and professionally at club level for Widnes, Warrington and Salford, Chorley Borough in the forwards. He has coached the New Zealand Māori, and professionally for Salford, Chorley Borough/Lancashire Lynx, British Army Rugby League and Whitehaven. He is the cousin of fellow international Howie Tamati.

New Zealand Māori rugby league team
The New Zealand Māori rugby league team is a rugby league representative side made up of New Zealand Māori players.

With some controversy, the team participated in the 2000 World Cup as Aotearoa Māori. The Super League International Board had agreed to give a place in their World Cup to the New Zealand Māori team as they attempted to gain allies during the Super League war. Despite that World Cup not taking place, the Rugby League International Federation repeated the offer for the 2000 World Cup when it replaced the Super League International Board following the end of the dispute.
Nacrite
Nacrite Al2Si2O5(OH)4 is a clay mineral that is polymorphous (or polytypic) with kaolinite. It crystallizes in the monoclinic system. X-ray diffraction analysis is required for positive identification.

Nacrite was first described in 1807 for an occurrence in Saxony, Germany. The name is from nacre in reference to the dull luster of the surface of nacrite masses scattering light with slight iridescences resembling those of the mother of pearls secreted by oysters.

Crystal polymorphism
In crystallography, polymorphism is the phenomenon where a compound or element can crystallize into more than one crystal structure.

The preceding definition has evolved over many years and is still under discussion today. Discussion of the defining characteristics of polymorphism involves distinguishing among types of transitions and structural changes occurring in polymorphism versus those in other phenomena.
Adamstown, New South Wales
Adamstown is a suburb of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia, located 6 kilometres (4 mi) from Newcastle's central business district. It is split between the City of Newcastle and City of Lake Macquarie local government areas.

City of Newcastle
The City of Newcastle is a local government area in the Hunter region of New South Wales, Australia. The City of Newcastle incorporates much of the area of the Newcastle metropolitan area.

The Lord Mayor of the City of Newcastle Council is Councillor Dr. Ross Kerridge, an Independent politician elected under the team campaign banner 'Our Newcastle' at the 2024 New South Wales mayoral elections.
Semantic phonology
Semantic phonology is a model for sign language "phonology" proposed by William Stokoe (1991) It represents a notable departure from the models of the preceding 30 years, which were all based in large part on an earlier model originally called "cherology" but soon re-christened "sign language phonology". This model had also been proposed first by Stokoe.

Under this new model the parameter which under other models is analyzed as handshape is in fact the subject (or, as (Morgan 2009) argues the absolutive—i.e. subject of intransitive verbs and object of transitive verbs) and what is the parameter which is analyzed usually as movement represents the verb. Thus, even lexical signs represent full predications.

The "Semantic Phonology" model has largely been ignored by the mainstream of sign language phonology, which continue to follow a model more in "tune" with generative phonological models which grew out of the same Structuralist tradition as Stokoe's original cherology.

William Stokoe
William Clarence “Bill” Stokoe Jr. (/ˈstoʊkiː/ STOH-kee; July 21, 1919 – April 4, 2000) was an American linguist and a long-time professor at Gallaudet University. His research on American Sign Language (ASL) revolutionized the understanding of ASL in the United States and sign languages throughout the world. Stokoe's work led to a widespread recognition that sign languages are true languages, exhibiting syntax and morphology, and are not only systems of gesture.
1890 Minnesota Secretary of State election
The 1890 Minnesota Secretary of State election was held on November 4, 1890, in order to elect the Secretary of State of Minnesota. Republican nominee Frederick P. Brown defeated Democratic nominee Axel T. Lindholm, Farmers' Alliance nominee Michael F. Wesenberg and Prohibition nominee Hans S. Hilleboe.

Minnesota Secretary of State
The secretary of state of Minnesota is a constitutional officer in the executive branch of government of the U.S. state of Minnesota. Twenty-two individuals have held the office of secretary of state since statehood. The incumbent is Steve Simon, a member of the Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party.
Fritz Kirmse
Fritz Kirmse (born 11 February 1912, date of death unknown) was a German violinist and university lecturer. From 1934 to 1936 he was appointed to the Bayreuth Festival orchestra. From 1937 to 1939 he was first concertmaster of the Orchester des Opernhauses Halle.

Concertmaster
The concertmaster (from the German Konzertmeister), first chair (US) or leader (UK) is the principal first violin player in an orchestra, or the principal clarinetist or oboist in a concert band. After the conductor, the concertmaster is the most significant leader in an orchestra, symphonic band or other musical ensemble.
Tomb of Gül Baba
Gül Baba's tomb (türbe) in Budapest, Hungary, is the northernmost Islamic pilgrimage site in the world. The mausoleum is located in the district of Rózsadomb on Mecset (mosque) Street, a short but steep walk from Margaret Bridge.

Gül Baba was a member of the Bektás Dervish Order, who died in Ottoman Buda in 1541.

Gül Baba
Gül Baba (died 1541), also known as Jafer, was an Ottoman Bektashi dervish poet and companion of Sultan Suleiman I (r. 1520–1566) who took part in a number of campaigns in Europe from the reign of Mehmed II onwards.
Singing Americans
The Singing Americans were a Southern Gospel group based Asheville, NC, until 1980, then  in Maiden, North Carolina.  They brought about popular singers, such as Wayne Maynard (Kingsmen)Mark Flaker (Florida Boys) Ivan Parker (Gold City), Danny Funderburk (the Cathedrals), Clayton Inman (Kingdom Heirs, Won By One, and Triumphant Quartet), David Sutton (Kingdom Heirs and Triumphant Quartet), Michael English (Gaither Vocal Band), Mark Fain (Gold City and Ricky Skaggs & Kentucky Thunder), Taylor Barnes (Gold City), and Jeff Easter (Jeff and Sheri Easter). The group was popular throughout the late 70’s to early 1990s.

Kentucky Thunder
Kentucky Thunder, or Ricky Skaggs and Kentucky Thunder, is the band that plays with American country and bluegrass singer Ricky Skaggs.  Many members of the band have won numerous awards.  Bandleader Ricky Skaggs plays mandolin and is the lead vocalist. The group has won the Instrumental Group of the Year award from the International Bluegrass Music Association multiple times, as well as seven Grammy Awards.
Jamie Coombes
James Timothy Barry Coombes (born 27 May 1996) is a Gibraltarian footballer who currently plays for St Joseph's and the Gibraltar national team. Mainly a striker, he can also play as an attacking midfielder. His cousin is defender Lee Coombes.

Gibraltar national football team
The Gibraltar national football team represents Gibraltar in men's international football competitions, and is controlled by the Gibraltar Football Association. Gibraltar applied for full Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) membership and was accepted by the UEFA Congress in May 2013. It can therefore compete in the UEFA European Championship starting with the 2016 tournament for which the team competed in UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying Group D. On 13 May 2016 Gibraltar became a member of FIFA at the governing body's 66th Congress which was held in Mexico City. Gibraltar is the second smallest UEFA member in terms of population (only San Marino has a smaller population) and the smallest in terms of area.

Despite not being an island, Gibraltar set up its first official side for the football competition at the 1993 Island Games and has been a regular in the tournament, winning the 2007 edition.
Ullathai Allitha
Ullathai Allitha (transl. Pour your heart) is a 1996 Indian Tamil-language romantic comedy film written and directed by Sundar C. The film stars Karthik, Rambha and Goundamani in the lead roles, with Manivannan, Jai Ganesh, Senthil, and Jyothi Meena in supporting roles. It revolves around a man who runs away from home to avoid a forced marriage, but unknowingly falls in love with the same woman.

Ullathai Allitha is heavily based on the Tamil films Sabaash Meena (1958) and Bommalattam (1968), and the Hindi film Andaz Apna Apna (1994). The film was scored by Sirpy, photographed by U. K. Senthil Kumar and edited by B. S. Vasu, with filming taking place predominantly in the Fernhills Palace, Ooty. The film was released on 15 January 1996. It became a major commercial success and had 275 day run at theatres across Tamil Nadu. The film was remade in Telugu as Veedevadandi Babu (1997) and in Kannada as Galate Aliyandru (2000).

Manivannan
Manivannan  (31 July 1953 – 15 June 2013) was an Indian actor, film director, screenwriter, voice artist, playback singer and social activist who worked in Tamil cinema. In a career spanning three decades, he went from being a story and dialogue writer for director Bharathiraja from 1980–82 to a successful director who thrived in experimenting with different genres, before becoming an actor. With over 400 films to his name, Manivannan was one of the most experienced actors in the field and directed exactly 50 films. Manivannan was mainly a supporting actor in films and often played the comedian, supporting character and villainous roles.

He supported various political parties, including the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam and the Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam, both active in the state of Tamil Nadu. He later became affiliated with the Naam Tamilar Katchi. He had also long been a supporter of Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism.
Ibrahim Heski
Ibrahim Heski or Ibrahim Pasha Haski Tello (Kurdish: Biroyê Heskê Têlî; 1877, Diyadin – July 25, 1931, Siah Cheshmeh, Iran) was a Kurdish soldier, politician and president of the Kurdish Republic of Ararat. He was from the Jalali tribe.

Republic of Ararat
The Republic of Ararat, also known as the Kurdish Republic of Ararat, was a self-proclaimed Kurdish state from 1927 to 1931. It was located in the Armenian highlands, centred on Karaköse Province. "Agirî" is the Kurdish name for Ararat.
Caleb Femi
Caleb Femi (born 1990) is a Nigerian-British author, film director, photographer, and former young people's laureate for London. His debut poetry collection, Poor, was awarded a Forward Prize for Poetry.

Forward Prizes for Poetry
The Forward Prizes for Poetry are major British awards for poetry, presented annually at a public ceremony in London. They were founded in 1992 by William Sieghart with the aim of celebrating excellence in poetry and increasing its audience. The prizes do this by identifying and honouring talent: collections published in the UK and Ireland over the course of the previous year are eligible, as are single poems nominated by journal editors or prize organisers. Each year, works shortlisted for the prizes – plus those highly commended by the judges – are collected in the Forward Book of Poetry.

The awards have been sponsored since their inception by the content marketing agency Bookmark, formerly Forward Worldwide. The best first collection prize is sponsored by the estate of Felix Dennis.

The Forward Prizes for Poetry celebrated their 30th anniversary in 2021. In 2023, a new category for outstanding performance of a poem was added to the list of awards.
2011 Nigerian Senate elections in Bauchi State
The 2011 Nigerian Senate election in Bauchi State was held on April 11, 2011, to elect members of the Nigerian Senate to represent Bauchi State. Abdul Ahmed Ningi representing Bauchi Central, Adamu Gumba Ibrahim representing Bauchi South and. Babayo Garba Gamawa representing Bauchi North all won on the platform of People's Democratic Party.

Abdul Ahmed Ningi
Abdul Ahmed Ningi (born April 20, 1960) was a Deputy Majority Leader  of the Nigerian Senate. A member of People's Democratic Party (PDP), he served as a Senator representing Bauchi central senatorial district from  2011 to 2015. Bauchi Central senatorial zone includes the local government areas of Danbam, Darazo, Ganjuwa, Misau, Ningi, and Warji.

Abdul Ningi served as the House Majority Leader of the Nigerian House of Representatives from 2003 to 2007 and has been a member of the House of Representatives from 1999 to 2011. As Deputy Majority Leader, Abdul Ningi was a principal officer of the Nigerian Senate.