hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Duchy of Mantua
The Duchy of Mantua (Italian: Ducato di Mantova; Lombard: Ducaa de Mantua) was a duchy in Lombardy, northern Italy. Its first duke was Federico II Gonzaga, member of the House of Gonzaga that ruled Mantua since 1328. In 1531, the duchy also acquired the March of Montferrat, thanks to the marriage between Gonzaga and Margaret Paleologa, Marchioness of Montferrat.

The duchy's historic power and influence under the Gonzaga family made it one of the main artistic, cultural, and especially musical hubs of Northern Italy and the country as a whole. Mantua also had one of the most splendid courts of Italy and Europe in the fifteenth, sixteenth, and early seventeenth centuries.

In 1708, after the death of Ferdinando Carlo Gonzaga, the last heir of the Gonzaga family, the duchy was partitioned. The domains were divided between the House of Savoy, that obtained the remaining half of Montferrat, and the House of Habsburg, that obtained the city of Mantua itself.

Federico II Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua
Federico II of Gonzaga (17 May 1500 – 28 August 1540) was the ruler of the Italian city of Mantua (first as Marquis, later as Duke) from 1519 until his death. He was also Marquis of Montferrat from 1536.
Jõgeva County
Jõgeva County (Estonian: Jõgeva maakond or Jõgevamaa) is one of 15 counties of Estonia. It is located in the eastern part of the country, and it borders Ida-Viru County to the northeast, Lake Peipus to the east, Tartu County to the south, Viljandi County to the southwest, Järva County to the northwest, and Lääne-Viru County to the north.

Counties of Estonia
The counties of Estonia (maakond) are the state administrative subdivisions of Estonia. Estonian territory is composed of 15 counties, including 13 on the mainland and 2 on islands. County governments (maavalitsus) were abolished at the end of 2017, with their duties split between state authorities and local governments, and nowadays counties have no noteworthy independent competences. Counties are composed of municipalities of two types: urban municipalities or towns (linn), and rural municipalities or parishes (vald), which are by law required to cooperate in development of their county.
LaVell Edwards
Reuben LaVell Edwards (October 11, 1930 – December 29, 2016) was an American college football head coach for Brigham Young University (BYU). With 257 career victories, he ranks as one of the most successful college football coaches of all time. Among his many notable accomplishments, Edwards guided BYU to a national championship in 1984 and coached Heisman Trophy winner Ty Detmer in 1990.

Edwards played football for Utah State University and earned a master's degree at the University of Utah prior to coaching at BYU, where he also earned his doctorate.

Ty Detmer
Ty Hubert Detmer (born October 30, 1967) is an American former professional football player who was a quarterback in the National Football League (NFL). He won the Heisman Trophy, Maxwell Award, and Davey O'Brien Award in 1990 while playing college football for the BYU Cougars. Detmer broke numerous National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) records with BYU and was twice recognized as a consensus All-American. A late-round pick in the 1992 NFL draft, Detmer played for six NFL teams over 14 seasons, mostly in a backup role. He is currently the athletic director at American Leadership Academy – Gilbert North High School in Gilbert, Arizona.

After his playing career, Detmer became a coach. He was the offensive coordinator at BYU from 2015 to 2017. He is the older brother of former NFL quarterback Koy Detmer.
2015 SportsCar Grand Prix
The 2015 Mobil 1 SportsCar Grand Prix presented by Hawk Performance was a professional sports car racing event held at Canadian Tire Motorsport Park near Bowmanville, Ontario on July 12, 2015. The race was the seventh round of the 2015 United SportsCar Championship season and the event marked the 30th IMSA sanctioned sports car race held at the facility.

2015 United SportsCar Championship
The 2015 United SportsCar Championship (known for sponsorship reasons as the 2015 Tudor United SportsCar Championship) was the second season of the International Motor Sports Association's United SportsCar Championship and the last to be held under that name. It was also the 45th overall season of the IMSA GT championship tracing its lineage to the 1971 IMSA season. It began on January 24 with the 24 Hours of Daytona. and ended on October 3 at Petit Le Mans.
J Records
J Records was an American record label owned and operated by Bertelsmann Music Group until it was transferred to Sony Music Entertainment when they acquired all of BMG's record labels in late 2008 at the end of their merger. It was distributed through the RCA Music Group. The label was founded in 2000 by Clive Davis and was dissolved into RCA Records in 2011.

Bertelsmann Music Group
Bertelsmann Music Group (BMG) was a division of a German media company Bertelsmann before its relaunch and completion of sale of the majority of its assets to Sony Corporation of America on 1 October 2008.

Although it was established in 1987, the music company was formed as RCA/Ariola International in 1985 as a joint venture to combine the music label activities of RCA's RCA Records division and Bertelsmann's Ariola Records and its associated labels which include Arista Records. It consisted of the BMG Music Publishing company, the world's third largest music publisher and the world's largest independent music publisher and (since August 2004) the 50% share of the joint venture with Sony Music, which established the German American Sony BMG from 2004 to 2008.
Metamfepramone
Metamfepramone (INN; also known as dimepropion (BAN), dimethylcathinone, and dimethylpropion) is a stimulant drug of the phenethylamine, and cathinone chemical classes. Dimethylcathinone was evaluated as an appetite suppressant and for the treatment of hypotension, but was never widely marketed.

It was used as a recreational drug in Israel under the name rakefet, but was made illegal in 2006.

Metamfepramone is metabolized to produce N-methylpseudoephedrine and methcathinone. It has also been found to be about 1.6 times less potent than methcathinone, making it roughly equipotent to cathinone itself.

Substituted cathinone
Substituted cathinones, or simply cathinones, which include some stimulants and entactogens, are derivatives of cathinone. They feature a phenethylamine core with an alkyl group attached to the alpha carbon, and a ketone group attached to the beta carbon, along with additional substitutions. Cathinone occurs naturally in the plant khat whose leaves are chewed as a recreational drug.

Substituted cathinones act as monoamine releasing agents and/or monoamine reuptake inhibitors, including of norepinephrine, dopamine, and/or serotonin. In contrast to substituted amphetamines, most substituted cathinones do not act as agonists of the human trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1). This may potentiate their stimulating and addictive effects. In addition, β-keto-substituted phenethylamines, such as βk-2C-B, appear to show dramatically reduced potency and efficacy as serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonists compared to their non-β-keto-substituted counterparts.
Crustospathula
Crustospathula is a genus of five species of crustose lichens in the family Malmideaceae. They are characterized by their stalked and sometimes branched cartilaginous soredia and Bacidia-like apothecia.

Bacidia
Bacidia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Ramalinaceae. These lichens are characterised by their crustose growth form, distinctive club-shaped reproductive structures called apothecia that contain long, needle-like spores, and their symbiotic partnership with green algae. Bacidia species typically grow on various substrates including tree bark, rock surfaces, and occasionally soil, and are distinguished from related genera by their specific spore characteristics and internal structures.
Uncertainty budget
The uncertainty budget is an aid for specifying measurement uncertainty. Individual measurement uncertainty factors are summarised, usually in tabular form, to form the measurement uncertainty budget.

Following the description of the measurement procedure and the model equation, the knowledge of all input variables (values, distribution function, standard uncertainties) can be illustrated in the uncertainty budget. From this, it is possible to determine the result value and its standard uncertainty–the expansion factor and the specification of the expanded measurement uncertainty. For a series of measurements (continually sampled measurement sequences), two cases must be distinguished: constant measurement uncertainty and changeable measurement.

Uncertainty
Uncertainty or incertitude refers to situations involving imperfect or unknown information. It applies to predictions of future events, to physical measurements that are already made, or to the unknown, and is particularly relevant for decision-making. Uncertainty arises in partially observable or stochastic or complex or dynamic environments, as well as due to ignorance, indolence, or both. It arises in any number of fields, including insurance, philosophy, physics, statistics, economics, entrepreneurship, finance, medicine, psychology, sociology, engineering, metrology, meteorology, ecology and information science.
Bluetile Lounge
Bluetile Lounge is an Australian slowcore band, formed in Perth, Western Australia in 1991. After releasing their debut full-length album, Lowercase, in 1995, Bluetile Lounge signed to the American independent label Smells Like Records, which released the band's second LP, Half-Cut, in 1998.

Attracting little attention in their home city, Bluetile Lounge gained a cult following overseas, partly due to acclaim from international acts such as Low and Sonic Youth. Since entering hiatus in 1998, Bluetile Lounge's profile continued to grow through websites such as Tumblr and Last.fm, and their two albums have been ranked among the best of the slowcore genre.

The band reformed in 2021. Following the addition of their back-catalog to streaming services that same year, both original LPs were reissued in 2022. In November 2025, the band announced a reunion show for April 2026, to be held at Melbourne's Brunswick Ballroom.

Low (band)
Low was an American indie rock band from Duluth, Minnesota, formed in 1993 by the husband and wife duo of Alan Sparhawk (guitar and vocals) and Mimi Parker (drums and vocals). The band was a trio from 1993 to 2020, having featured four different bassists. Their early music was pioneering in the slowcore genre, usually featuring quiet harmony vocals, a melancholy mood, and very slow tempos compared to other styles of rock and roll. However, Low's sound gradually developed over time to touch on other influences. Low disbanded following the death of Parker in 2022.
Antecedent (behavioral psychology)
An antecedent is a stimulus that cues an organism to perform a learned behavior. When an organism perceives an antecedent stimulus, it behaves in a way that maximizes reinforcing consequences and minimizes punishing consequences. This might be part of complex, interpersonal communication.

The definition of antecedent is a preceding event or a cause – in this case it is the event that causes the learned behavior to happen.

Operant conditioning
Operant conditioning, also called instrumental conditioning, is a learning process in which voluntary behaviors are modified by association with the addition (or removal) of reward or aversive stimuli. The frequency or duration of the behavior may increase through reinforcement or decrease through punishment or extinction.
Warikahnite
Warikahnite is a rare zinc arsenate mineral of the triclinic crystal system with Hermann-Mauguin notation 1, belonging to the space group P1.  It occurs in the Tsumeb mine in Namibia on corroded tennantite in the second oxidation zone under hydrothermal conditions in a dolomite-hosted polymetallic ore deposit.  It is associated with adamite, stranskiite, koritnigite, claudetite, tsumcorite, and ludlockite. The origin of discovery was in a dolomite ore formation within an oxidized hydrothermal zone, in the E9 pillar, 31st level of the Tsumeb Mine in Namibia, Southwest Africa. It has also been found at Lavrion, Greece and Plaka, Greece as microscopic white needles.

Adamite
Adamite is a zinc arsenate hydroxide mineral, Zn2AsO4OH. It is a mineral that typically occurs in the oxidized or weathered zone above zinc ore occurrences. Pure adamite is colorless, but usually it possess yellow color due to Fe compounds admixture. Tints of green also occur and are connected with copper substitutions in the mineral structure. Olivenite is a copper arsenate that is isostructural with adamite and there is considerable substitution between zinc and copper resulting in an intermediate called cuproadamite. Zincolivenite is an intermediate mineral with formula CuZn(AsO4)(OH). Manganese, cobalt, and nickel also substitute in the structure. Tarbuttite is an analogous zinc phosphate.
Hank Henshaw
Hank Henshaw is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics, also known by the name Cyborg Superman. Created by writer-artist Dan Jurgens, the character originally appeared primarily as an enemy of Superman, and beginning with a 2007 storyline, he was developed into an enemy of the Green Lantern Corps.

In 2011, IGN ranked him #33 of the "Top 100 Comic Book Villains".

Green Lantern Corps
The Green Lantern Corps is a law enforcement agency appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. Co-created by writer John Broome and artist Gil Kane, the organization first appeared along with member Hal Jordan in Showcase #22 in 1959.

The agency patrols the farthest reaches of the DC Universe at the behest of the Guardians, a race of immortals residing on the planet Oa. According to DC continuity, the Green Lantern Corps have been in existence for three billion years. Currently operating amongst the 3600 "sectors" of the universe, there are 7204 members (known commonly as Green Lanterns). Each Green Lantern is given a power ring, a tool granting the use of incredible abilities that are directed by the wearer's own willpower.
Romualdo Pacheco
José Antonio Romualdo Pacheco (October 31, 1831 – January 23, 1899) was a Californio statesman and diplomat. He is best known as the only Hispanic person to serve as governor of California since the American Conquest of California, and as the first Latino to represent a state in the U.S. Congress. A Republican, Pacheco was elected and appointed to various state, federal, and diplomatic offices throughout his more than thirty-year career, including serving as a California State Treasurer, California State Senator, and three terms in the U.S. House of Representatives. He was elected California Lieutenant Governor in 1871, then became governor when elected governor Newton Booth ran successfully for election to the U.S. Senate in 1875. Pacheco served the remainder of Booth's term as governor, becoming the 12th governor of California, but did not run for election to that office. Pacheco was the first U.S. governor of California to be born in California.

California State Treasurer
The state treasurer of California is a constitutional officer in the executive branch of the government of the U.S. state of California. The incumbent treasurer, Democrat Fiona Ma, is the 34th individual to have held the office since statehood. The state treasurer's main office is located in the Jesse M. Unruh State Office Building in Sacramento.
Xennials
Xennials, also called Xillenials, are the micro-generation of people born in the Western World on the cusp of the Generation X and Millennial demographic cohorts.

Many researchers and popular media use birth years from 1977 to 1983, though some extend this further in either direction. Xennials are described as having had an analog childhood and a digital young adulthood. Xennials are almost exclusively the children of baby boomers and came of age during a rapidly changing period that was the 1990s.

In 2020, Xennial was added to the Oxford Dictionary of English. It was added to the Oxford English Dictionary in 2021:

Xennial, n. and adj.: "A person born between the late 1970s and early 1980s, after (or towards the end of) Generation X and before (or at the beginning of) the millennial generation, and typically regarded as exhibiting characteristics of both of these generations"

Cusper
A cusper is a person born near the end of one generation or the beginning of another. While the precise birth years defining when generations start and end vary, people born in these circumstances tend to have a mix of characteristics common to their adjacent generations and do not closely resemble those born in the middle of their adjacent generations. Generational profiles are built based on people born in the middle of a generation rather than those on the tails of a generation. Generations may overlap by five to eight years. As such, many people identify with aspects of at least two generations.
Old St Patrick's Church, Brandon
St Patrick's Catholic Church is a heritage-listed former Roman Catholic church at 27 Spiller Street, Brandon, Shire of Burdekin, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1910. It is also known as Burdekin Academy of Dance. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.

Shire of Burdekin
The Shire of Burdekin is a local government area located in North Queensland, Australia in the Dry Tropics region. The district is located between Townsville and Bowen in the delta of the Burdekin River. The shire covers an area of 5,044 square kilometres (1,947 sq mi).
It has existed as a local government entity since 1888. In the 2021 census, the Shire of Burdekin had a population of 16,692 people.
Boston School of Occupational Therapy
The Boston School of Occupational Therapy (BSOT) is an American college offering academic degree programs in occupational therapy. Now formally known as the Tufts University Department of Occupational Therapy, but often still referred to as Tufts University – Boston School of Occupational Therapy, it exists within the Tufts University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences and offers graduate degrees. The Boston School of Occupational Therapy was founded in 1918 during World War I at the request of William C. Gorgas, the Surgeon General of the United States Army, and became affiliated to Tufts University in 1945. It is one of the top-ranked occupational therapy programs in the nation.

Unlike most of Tufts University, which is located in Medford, Massachusetts, the school was long located in Boston. However it moved to the Tufts campus area in 1982.

Tufts University School of Arts and Sciences
The School of Arts and Sciences (A&S) is a school of Tufts University, a private research university in Medford and Somerville, Massachusetts. It is the largest of the eight schools and colleges that comprise the university. Together with the School of Engineering, it offers undergraduate and graduate degrees in the liberal arts, sciences, and engineering. The two schools occupy the university's main campus in Medford and Somerville, Massachusetts and share many administrative functions including undergraduate admissions, student affairs, library, and information technology services. The two schools form the Faculty of Arts, Sciences, and Engineering (AS&E), a deliberative body under the chairmanship of the president of the university. Currently, the School of Arts and Sciences employs approximately 540 faculty members (of whom 330 are full-time). There are over 4,300 full-time undergraduates and 1700 graduate and professional students.
Battle of Zhmerynka
The Battle of Zhmerynka (December 1917 — March 1918) — battle between the Ukrainian People's Army, Austro-Hungarian forces and Red Army. A detachment of the Free Cossacks led by Pavlo Skoropadskyi from the 2nd Guard Corps of the Red Army took part in the battle. Pavlo Skoropadsky managed to drive the Bolsheviks out of Zhmerynka and force them to retreat from the Right Bank Ukraine,and on March 1st,1918 the Central Powers took Kyiv.

Zhmerynka
Zhmerynka (Ukrainian: Жмеринка, IPA: [ˈʒmɛrɪnkɐ] ⓘ) is a city in Vinnytsia Oblast, central Ukraine. It serves as the administrative center of Zhmerynka Raion within the oblast. Population: 33,754 (2022 estimate). It is located in the historic region of Podolia.
Jump into the Fire
"Jump into the Fire" is a song by American singer-songwriter Harry Nilsson from his 1971 album Nilsson Schmilsson. It was also issued as the album's second single, after "Without You", and peaked at number 27 on America's Billboard Hot 100 chart and number 16 in Canada.

Written by Nilsson, the song is in the hard rock style and marked a departure from his previous work. 
The recording was produced by Richard Perry and includes a segment where the bass player, Herbie Flowers, audibly detunes his instrument. "Jump into the Fire" gained further recognition following its inclusion as the soundtrack to a pivotal scene in Martin Scorsese's 1990 gangster thriller Goodfellas. Nilsson performs the song in the 1974 Apple film Son of Dracula, which stars Nilsson in the lead as Count Downe. And it is featured in the 2015 film A Bigger Splash starring Ralph Fiennes and Tilda Swinton, and in episode 4 of the 2021 BBC/Netflix series The Serpent.

Without You (Badfinger song)
"Without You" is a song written by Pete Ham and Tom Evans of Welsh rock group Badfinger, and first released on their 1970 album No Dice. The power ballad has been recorded by over 180 artists, and versions released as singles by Harry Nilsson (1971) and Mariah Carey (1994) became international number one hits. The Nilsson version was included in 2021's Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. Paul McCartney once described it as "the killer song of all time".

In 1972, writers Ham and Evans received the British Academy's Ivor Novello Award for Best Song Musically and Lyrically.
Evening in Ukraine
Evening in Ukraine is a painting by artist Arkhip Kuindzhi, painted in 1878 (and partially revised in 1901). The painting is part of the collection of the Russian Museum, in Saint Petersburg (inv. Zh-4190).

Russian Museum
The State Russian Museum (Russian: Государственный Русский музей), formerly known as the Russian Museum of His Imperial Majesty Alexander III (Russian: Русский Музей Императора Александра III), on Arts Square  in Saint Petersburg, is the world's largest depository of Russian fine art. It is also one of the largest art museums in the world with a total area over 30 hectares. In 2022 it attracted  2,651,688  visitors, ranking twelfth on list of most-visited art museums in the world.
Quantum jump method
The quantum jump method, also known as the Monte Carlo wave function (MCWF) is a technique in computational physics used for simulating open quantum systems and quantum dissipation. The quantum jump method was developed by Dalibard, Castin and Mølmer at a similar time to the similar method known as Quantum Trajectory Theory developed by Carmichael. Other contemporaneous works on wave-function-based Monte Carlo approaches to open quantum systems include those of Dum, Zoller and Ritsch and Hegerfeldt and Wilser.

Monte Carlo method
Monte Carlo methods, also called the Monte Carlo experiments or Monte Carlo simulations, are a broad class of computational algorithms based on repeated random sampling for obtaining numerical results. The underlying concept is to use randomness to solve deterministic problems.

Monte Carlo methods are mainly used in three distinct problem classes: optimization, numerical integration, and non-uniform random variate generation, available for modeling phenomena with significant input uncertainties, e.g. risk assessments for nuclear power plants. Monte Carlo methods are often implemented using computer simulations. They can provide approximate solutions to problems too complex for mathematical analysis.