hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Publicia gens
The gens Publicia (Pūblicia), occasionally found as Poblicia or Poplicia, was a plebeian family at ancient Rome.  Members of this gens are first mentioned in history during the period following the First Punic War, and the only one to achieve the consulship was Marcus Publicius Malleolus in 232 BC.

Marcus Publicius Malleolus
Marcus Publicius Malleolus was a Roman statesman who served as Consul.

He built, with his brother, a temple dedicated to the goddess Flora and instituted the Floralia. He was elected Consul in 232 BC with Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. They served during a transition period between the First and the Second Punic War.
Semovente da 75/18
The Semovente da 75/18 was an Italian self-propelled gun of the Second World War. It was built by mounting the 75 mm Obice da 75/18 modello 34 mountain gun on the chassis of a M13/40, M14/41 or M15/42 tank. The first 60 were built using the M13/40 chassis and a subsequent 162 were built on the M14/41 chassis from 1941 to 1943.  A total of 190 were built using the M42 chassis before the armistice and an additional 55 were built afterwards. The Semovente da 75/18 was intended to be an interim vehicle until the heavier P40 tank could be available.

M15/42 tank
The Carro Armato M15/42 was the last Italian medium tank produced during World War II. It was based on the earlier M13/40 and M14/41 medium tanks, and was built with the lessons from the North African Campaign in mind. The tank was meant to be a stopgap until the heavier P26/40 tank could be produced in numbers.: 14  It did not serve in North Africa, the theatre in which it was intended to operate, but served in Italy and in Yugoslavia with the German Wehrmacht.
Ourense (Parliament of Galicia constituency)
Ourense (Spanish: Orense) is one of the four constituencies (Spanish: circunscripciones) represented in the Parliament of Galicia, the regional legislature of the autonomous community of Galicia. The constituency currently elects 14 deputies. Its boundaries correspond to those of the Spanish province of Ourense. The electoral system uses the D'Hondt method and closed-list proportional representation, with a minimum threshold of five percent.

Province of Ourense
Ourense (Galician: [owˈɾɛnsɪ]; Spanish: Orense [oˈɾense]) is a province of Spain, in the southeastern part of the autonomous community of Galicia. It is bordered by the provinces of Pontevedra to the west, Lugo to the north, León and Zamora, (which both belong to Castile and León) to the east, and by Portugal to the south. With an area of 7,278 square kilometres, it is the only landlocked province in Galicia. The provincial capital, Ourense, is the largest population centre, with the rest of the province being predominantly rural. It has 92 municipalities totalling 304,467 inhabitants.
Viktor Balikhin (architect)
Viktor Stepanovich Balikhin (Russian: Виктор Степанович Балихин, 1893–1953) was a Russian avant-garde architect. He taught at the VKhUTEMAS and was one of the founders of the Association of New Architects (ASNOVA), whose members included Nikolai Ladovsky, Konstantin Melnikov, and El Lissitzky.

Nikolai Ladovsky
Nikolai Alexandrovich Ladovsky (Russian: Николай Александрович Ладовский; 15 January 1881 – 18 October 1941) was a Russian avant-garde architect and educator, leader of the rationalist movement in 1920s architecture, an approach emphasizing human perception of space and shape. Ladovsky is known as the founder of modern Soviet and Russian schools of architectural training; his classes of 1920–1932 in VKhUTEMAS shaped the generation of Soviet architects active throughout the period of Stalinist architecture and subsequent decades.
Bulat Darbekov
Bulat Kerimzhanovich Darbekov (born October 21, 1957) is a retired Kazakh general. He served as the First Deputy Minister of Defense and the Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Kazakhstan from 2003 to 2007. He was also the Chief of the Joint Staff of the Collective Security Treaty Organization from 2004 to 2005.

Chief of the General Staff (Kazakhstan)
The Chief of the General Staff of the Kazakh Armed Forces is the professional head and the highest-ranking officer of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The armed forces were established in the summer of 1992 and the position of the chief of the general staff was created in November that same year, two days after the general staff of the national army was established.
AH11
Asian Highway 11 (AH11) is a road in the Asian Highway Network running 1567 km from Vientiane, Laos to Sihanoukville, Cambodia connecting AH12 to AH1 and continuing to Gulf of Thailand. This international highway connects capitals of Laos and Cambodia.

AH1
Asian Highway 1 (AH1) is the longest east–west route of the Asian Highway Network, running 20,557 km (12,774 mi) from Tokyo, Japan via the Korean Peninsula (South Korea and North Korea), China (Mainland China and Hong Kong), Mainland Southeast Asia (Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, and Myanmar), the South Asia (India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan), and the Iranian Plateau (Afghanistan and Iran) to the international border between Turkey and Bulgaria west of Istanbul where it joins European route E80, running all the way to Lisbon, Portugal.
2011–12 Anaheim Ducks season
The 2011–12 Anaheim Ducks season was the 19th season of operation (18th season of play) for the National Hockey League (NHL) franchise. Their first game of the season was held on October 7, 2011, against the Buffalo Sabres in Helsinki, Finland. The Ducks had a disappointing season compared to 2010–11, struggling in the first half of the season and digging a hole that was too deep to climb out of despite a second-half resurgence. 2011–12 marked the second playoff miss for the Ducks in three seasons. The Ducks ultimately finished the season in 13th place in the Western Conference with a 34–36–12 record.

2010–11 Anaheim Ducks season
The 2010–11 Anaheim Ducks season was the 18th season of operation for the National Hockey League (NHL) franchise. After a disappointing previous season, the Ducks attempted to win the Stanley Cup for the second time in franchise history. They were ultimately defeated by the Nashville Predators in the first round of the playoffs.
Ganeshanathan Jeganathan
Ganeshanathan Jeganathan (born 28 October 1956, in Thondaimanaru) was a political writer and one of the members of former Tamil militant organization Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization (TELO). He was arrested and sentenced to death and was killed in the 1983 Welikada prison massacre during the Black July riots in Sri Lanka, along with the TELO leaders Nadarajah Thangathurai & Selvarajah Yogachandran.

Thangadurai (Tamil militant)
Nadarajah Thangavelu (Tamil: நடராசா தங்கவேல்; died 25 July 1983; commonly known by the nom-de-guerre Thangadurai) was a Sri Lankan Tamil rebel and one of the founders of the Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization, a separatist Tamil militant organisation in Sri Lanka.
Uruguay Sevens
The Uruguay Sevens, branded as Seven Punta, is an annual international rugby sevens tournament. Currently held in the capital Montevideo, it was hosted as the Punta del Este Sevens in the resort city of the same name for three decades from 1989 onwards. The tournament retains that history in its branding.

The event was formerly part of the IRB Sevens World Series for the inaugural season in 2000. In recent years it has been part of the Sudamérica Sevens Series and the World Sevens Challenger Series.

The tournament is organised by the Old Boys Club, usually in January or February. It attracts the participation of clubs from Uruguay and neighboring countries such as Argentina, as well as selected provincial and national teams.

Internationally, it is the highest profile Uruguayan rugby event, and has attracted players of the calibre of Jonah Lomu in the past, as well as teams like Fiji, Argentina, New Zealand, Samoa and Belgium Barbarians

Sudamérica Rugby Sevens
Sudamérica Rugby Sevens, previously known as the CONSUR Sevens, is an annual rugby sevens tournament for national teams organized by Sudamérica Rugby. It was contested since 2006, and became a multi-tournament circuit starting with the 2017 incarnation.
Free State of Bottleneck
The Free State of Bottleneck (German: Freistaat Flaschenhals) was a short-lived quasi-state that existed from 10 January 1919 until 25 February 1923. It was formed from part of the Prussian province of Hesse-Nassau as a consequence of the occupation of the Rhineland following World War I. The Bottleneck is now part of the German states of Hesse and Rhineland-Palatinate.

Province of Hesse-Nassau
The Province of Hesse-Nassau (German: Provinz Hessen-Nassau) was a province of the Kingdom of Prussia from 1868 to 1918, then a province of the Free State of Prussia until 1944.

The Prussian province was officially formed in 1868 by a Royal Decree of 7 December 1868, which merged the two administrative districts of Kassel and Wiesbaden; however, it had already come into being through the annexations of Hesse-Kassel, Nassau, and Frankfurt in 1866 and was organized by decrees of March 1867 (concerning the municipal constitutions).
Orunyege-Ntogoro
Orunyege-Ntogoro, also known as Orunyege or Entogoro, is a traditional courtship dance performed by the Batooro and Banyoro communities of western Uganda. The dance holds significant cultural importance in both the Bunyoro and Tooro kingdoms, serving as a primary method for young adults to select potential marriage partners and express courtship intentions, as well as during weddings, initiation ceremonies, and social gatherings.

The name "Entogoro" derives from the distinctive pod rattles called ebinyege in the Rutooro language, which male dancers tie to their legs to create rhythmic accompaniment during performances whereas Orunyege/ Ntogoro are names associated with the dance. These rattles, along with rings (entogoro), are essential elements that distinguish this dance form from other Ugandan traditional dances.

Tooro Kingdom
The Tooro Kingdom is a Bantu kingdom located within the borders of Uganda. The current Omukama of Tooro is King Oyo Nyimba Kabamba Iguru Rukidi IV. King Oyo Nyimba Kabamba Iguru Rukidi IV took to the throne of Tooro kingdom in 1995 at the age of just three years, after the death of his father Omukama Patrick David Matthew Kaboyo Rwamuhokya Olimi III on August 26, 1995, at the age of 50.

The people native to the kingdom are the Batooro, and their language is likewise called Rutooro. The Batooro and Banyoro speak closely related languages, Rutooro and Runyoro, and share many other similar cultural traits. The Batooro live on Uganda's western border, south of Lake Albert.
Belgian Railways Class 08
The AM/MS08 series is a three-part electric multiple unit of the Siemens type Desiro Main Line (Desiro ML), a so-called lightweight train with a low-floor section for regional passenger transport and local passenger transport for the National Railway Company of Belgium(SNCB/NMBS). They were originally intended for the Brussels Regional Express Network but have been deployed on L (local), S-train and IC (InterCity) train services across Belgium.

Siemens Desiro
The Siemens Desiro (/ˈdɛziroʊ/, /dɛˈziːroʊ/, German pronunciation: [ˈdɛziʁoː]) is a family of diesel or electric multiple unit passenger trains developed by Siemens Mobility, a division of the German Siemens AG conglomerate. The main variants are the Desiro Classic, Desiro ML, Desiro UK and the later Desiro City, Desiro HC and Desiro RUS. The trains are mostly used for commuter and regional services, and their rapid acceleration makes them suitable for services with short distances between stations. The design is flexible, and has become common in many European countries.
Sheikhan principality
The Daseni Principality (Kurdish: میرگەها داسنیا, Mīrgaha Dāsiniyyā), also known as the Shaykhan (or Sheikhan) Principality, was a semi-autonomous Yezidi Kurdish Emirate, centered around the Sheikhan region (including the Yezidi holy site of Lalish). Established by the Daseni tribe around 906 following a rebellion against Hamdanid authority, it existed until 1832, when it was conquered by the Soran Emirate under Muhammad Kor, a campaign that culminated in widespread massacres and the execution of the last Daseni ruler, Ali Beg.

Soran Emirate
Soran Emirate (Kurdish: میرنشینی سۆران) was a medieval Kurdish emirate established before the conquest of Kurdistan by Ottoman Empire in 1514 and later revived by Emir Kor centered in Rawandiz from 1816 to 1836. Kor was ousted in an offensive by the Ottomans.
Tracey Mann
Tracey Robert Mann (born December 17, 1976) is an American businessman and politician who has served as the U.S. representative from Kansas's 1st congressional district since 2021. The district, popularly known as "the Big First," includes parts of 63 counties in central and western Kansas and is the seventh-largest district in the nation that does not cover an entire state.

Mann served as the 50th lieutenant governor of Kansas from 2018 to 2019. He was appointed by Governor Jeff Colyer in February 2018, after Colyer ascended from the lieutenant governorship upon Sam Brownback's resignation.

Jeff Colyer
Jeffrey William Colyer (born June 3, 1960) is an American surgeon and politician who was the 47th governor of Kansas from 2018 to 2019. A member of the Republican Party, he was the 49th lieutenant governor of Kansas from 2011 to 2018. Colyer served in the Kansas House of Representatives from 2007 to 2009 and the Kansas Senate from 2009 to 2011. He assumed the governorship when Sam Brownback resigned to become United States Ambassador-at-Large for International Religious Freedom. Colyer ran for a full term as governor in 2018, but narrowly lost the Republican primary to Kansas secretary of state Kris Kobach, who in turn lost the general election to Democratic nominee Laura Kelly.
Shamshad Ahmad
Shamshad Ahmad (Urdu: شمشاد احمد) (born 10 December 1941) is a veteran Pakistani diplomat, international relations expert and an author who served in BPS-22 grade as the Foreign Secretary of Pakistan from 1997 to 2000. He also served as the Permanent Representative of Pakistan to the United Nations between 2000 till 2002. Shamshad Ahmad also was the Pakistan's ambassador to South Korea and Iran.

He currently writes a weekly column for English daily The News International (newspaper). Before that, he was a regular contributor to The Nation (Pakistan) (newspaper). He also writes occasionally for the Dawn (newspaper) and The Express Tribune (newspaper) – all of them Pakistani newspapers.

Permanent Representative of Pakistan to the United Nations
The Permanent Representative of Pakistan to the United Nations (Urdu: اقوام متحدہ میں پاکستان کا مستقل مندوب) is Pakistan's diplomatic representative to the United Nations (UN). The permanent Representative (UN ambassador) is the head of Permanent Mission of Pakistan to the United Nations in New York, there is another Pakistani Mission based at the United Nations Office at Geneva, Switzerland.

The mission is usually headed by a career foreign service officer, but has historically been led by an eminent personalities from business, media, law and other areas and are usually political appointees. The current holder of the position is Asim Iftikhar Ahmed; prominent previous holders include Munir Akram, Dr. Maleeha Lodhi, Masood Khan and Muhammad Zafarullah Khan.
Aidan Knight
Aidan Knight (born October 23, 1986) is a Canadian singer-songwriter from Victoria, British Columbia. He has also performed and recorded with The Zolas, Hannah Georgas, Dan Mangan, Karkwa, Jeremy Fisher, and We Are the City. Knight has released four studio albums and toured internationally.

Dan Mangan
Daniel Mangan (born April 28, 1983) is a Canadian musician. He has won two Juno awards and has toured extensively throughout North America, Europe and Australia, having released 5 studio LPs and numerous EPs and singles. He has scored for feature film, as well as television for Netflix and AMC. He is also a co-founder of Side Door, a marketplace platform connecting artists with alternative venue spaces for in-person & online shows.
Kacey Jones
Gail Zeiler (April 27, 1950 – September 1, 2016), known professionally as Kacey Jones, was an American singer-songwriter, producer and humorist. After co-writing the Mickey Gilley hit "I'm the One Mama Warned You About" (credited as Gayle Zeiler), she found success as a performer through the band Ethel & The Shameless Hussies, with whom she released her first album. Later, in 1997, she released her first solo album, Men Are Some of My Favorite People, through Curb Records, before founding her own label, IGO Records, co-founding the Kinkajou Records label with Kinky Friedman and creating two publishing houses—Zamalama Music and Mamalama Music. Since her first solo album, Jones released eight albums and produced music for both the theatrical comedy Nipples to the Wind and the movie (and TV series) Sordid Lives.

Kinky Friedman
Richard Samet "Kinky" Friedman (November 1, 1944 – June 27, 2024) was an American singer, songwriter, novelist, humorist, politician, and columnist for Texas Monthly, who styled himself in the mold of popular American satirists Will Rogers and Mark Twain.

Friedman was one of two independent candidates in the 2006 Texas gubernatorial election. Receiving 12.6% of the vote, Friedman placed fourth in the six-person race.
Pinamar Partido
Pinamar Partido is a partido on the Atlantic coast of Buenos Aires Province in Argentina. It limits with La Costa Partido to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the route 11/Interbalnearia to the west, and Villa Gesell Partido to the south.

The provincial subdivision has a population of about 20,000 inhabitants in an area of 63 km2 (24 sq mi), and its capital city is Pinamar, which is around 349 km (217 mi) from Buenos Aires.

The Pinamar Partido was created on July 1, 1978, through Decree/Law 9.024/78 promulgated by the Provincial Government. Until then, the city of Pinamar had been part of General Madariaga Partido.

Villa Gesell Partido
Villa Gesell Partido is a partido on the Atlantic Coast of Buenos Aires Province in Argentina.

The provincial subdivision has a population of about 24,282 inhabitants in an area of 285 km2 (110 sq mi), and its capital city is Villa Gesell, which is around 380 km (240 mi) from Buenos Aires.
Biological patents in the United States
As with all utility patents in the United States, a biological patent provides the patent holder with the right to exclude others from making, using, selling, or importing the claimed invention or discovery in biology for a limited period of time - for patents filed after 1998, 20 years from the filing date.

Until recently, natural biological substances themselves could be patented (apart from any associated process or usage) in the United States if they were sufficiently "isolated" from their naturally occurring states. Prominent historical examples of such patents on isolated products of nature include adrenaline, insulin, vitamin B12, and gene patents. However, the US Supreme Court ruled in 2013 that mere isolation by itself is not sufficient for something to be deemed inventive subject matter.

Biological patent
A biological patent is a patent on an invention in the field of biology that by law allows the patent holder to exclude others from making, using, selling, or importing the protected invention for a limited period of time. The scope and reach of biological patents vary among jurisdictions, and may include biological technology and products, genetically modified organisms and genetic material. The applicability of patents to substances and processes wholly or partially natural in origin is a subject of debate.
Alfons d'Aragó
Alfons d'Aragó or Alfonso de Aragón y Sánchez (Valencia, 1455 – Tarragona, 26 August 1514) was Bishop of Tortosa (1475–1512), President of the Generalitat de Catalunya (1500–1503) and Archbishop of Tarragona (1513–1514).

Archdiocese of Tarragona
The Archdiocese of Tarragona (Latin: Archidioecesis Tarraconensis) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory located in north-eastern Spain, in the province of Tarragona, part of the autonomous community of Catalonia.   The incumbent Metropolitan Archbishop also bears the title Primate of Spain  and heads the ecclesiastical province of Tarragona, having Metropolitan authority over the suffragan dioceses of Girona, Lleida, Solsona, Tortosa, Urgell and Vic.

The archdiocese, created in Roman times, was reestablished in 1118 after the Muslim occupation.
Al-Layth
Al-Layth ibn Ali ibn al-Layth (died 928) was amir of the Saffarid amirate from 909 until 910. He was the son of Ali ibn al-Layth and nephew of the first two Saffarid rulers, Ya'qub ibn al-Layth and Amr ibn al-Layth.

Amr ibn al-Layth
Amr ibn al-Layth or Amr-i Laith Saffari (Persian: عمرو لیث صفاری) was the second ruler of the Saffarid dynasty of Iran from 879 to 901. He was the son of a whitesmith and the younger brother of the dynasty's founder, Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar.
NCI Metathesaurus
The NCI Metathesaurus is product of the US National Cancer Institute's Enterprise Vocabulary Service, a collaborative effort of the NCI Center for Bioinformatics  and the NCI Office of Communications. The NCI Metathesaurus is based on NLM's Unified Medical Language System Metathesaurus supplemented with additional cancer-centric vocabulary.

The public version of the NCI Metathesaurus currently contains all public domain vocabularies from the National Library of Medicine's UMLS Metathesaurus, as well as a growing number of NCI-specific vocabularies developed by the National Cancer Institute.

The public version of the NCI Metathesaurus also contains proprietary vocabularies.  Certain vocabularies, such as ICD-10 and ICD-O-3, are made available, by permission, for non-commercial use only.  Others, specifically MedDRA, are made available subject to license restrictions.

Unified Medical Language System
The Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) is a compendium of many controlled vocabularies in the biomedical sciences (created 1986). It provides a mapping structure among these vocabularies and thus allows one to translate among the various terminology systems; it may also be viewed as a comprehensive thesaurus and ontology of biomedical concepts. UMLS further provides facilities for natural language processing. It is intended to be used mainly by developers of systems in medical informatics.

UMLS consists of Knowledge Sources (databases) and a set of software tools.

The UMLS was designed and is maintained by the US National Library of Medicine, is updated quarterly and may be used for free. The project was initiated in 1986 by Donald A.B. Lindberg, M.D., then Director of the Library of Medicine, and directed by Betsy Humphreys.
Halcott Mountain
Halcott Mountain is one of the Catskill Mountains of the U.S. state of New York. It is mostly located in Greene County, with some of its lower slopes in Delaware and Ulster counties. Its exact summit elevation has not been officially determined, but the highest contour line on the mountain is 3,520 feet (1,070 m). It is one of the peaks on the divide between the Delaware and Hudson watersheds.

As one of the Catskill High Peaks above 3,500 feet (1,100 m) in elevation, a successful ascent of Halcott is required for peakbaggers seeking to join the Catskill Mountain 3500 Club. It is on public land, part of the Catskill Park Forest Preserve, but has no trail. Hikers bushwhack through the relatively open woods to sign the canister at the summit and prove their climb. It is considered one of the easiest of the 13 trailless High Peaks.

Catskill High Peaks
The Catskill High Peaks are all of the mountains in New York's Catskill Mountains above 3,500 ft (1,067 m) in elevation whose summits are separated either by one-half mile (0.8 km) or a vertical drop of at least 250 ft (76.2 m) between it and the next nearest separate summit. By usual standards, these mountains are rather low and rounded, and mostly covered by vegetation.

Unlike the Adirondack High Peaks, those in the Catskills are more evenly distributed around the eastern half of the range instead of being confined to one small area. All except Bearpen and Vly lie within the Catskill Park Blue Line.