hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
William Raymond Lee
William Raymond Lee (August 15, 1807 – December 26, 1891) was an officer in the Union Army during the American Civil War. He was born in Salem, Massachusetts. His father was also named William Raymond Lee and his mother was Hannah Lee (née Tracy). He married Helen Maria Amory and had 3 children: Elizabeth Amory (b. 1843), Arthur Tracy (1844–1870) and Robert Ives (b. 1846). He served as colonel of the 20th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment and led it during the Battle of Antietam. A veteran of several major battles, Lee suffered a mental break down the morning after Antietam and abandoned his regiment. According to a subordinate, Lee was found a few weeks later “without a cent in his pocket, without anything to eat, without having changed his clothes for 4 weeks, during all which time he had this terrible diarrhea…. He was just like a little child wandering away from home.” After the war ended he was brevetted brigadier general.

20th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment
The 20th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, also known as the "Harvard Regiment", was a regiment of infantry in the American Civil War. The regiment was so nicknamed because the officers of the 20th were young Harvard graduates. In addition, some, but not all, of the private soldiers had attended Harvard. The 20th was organized at Camp Meigs in Readville, August 29 to September 4, 1861. After training they left Massachusetts for Washington, D. C., September 4. They would fight until the war's conclusion being mustered out on July 16 and discharged July 28, 1865. Fogel et al's Union Army Data urban sample suggests perhaps as many as two-thirds of the regiment's enlisted were immigrants with Irish immigrants making up half of the regiment's total.
EFI Automotive
EFI Automotive, previously Electricfil, is a French manufacturer of automotive engines and powertrain sensors. The company is headquartered in Beynost, France, and has factories in Joinville (France), China (Wuhan), Turkey (Istanbul) and the United States (Elkmont, Alabama).

Elkmont, Alabama
Elkmont is a town in north central Limestone County, Alabama, United States, and is included in the Huntsville-Decatur Combined Statistical Area. As of the 2020 census, Elkmont had a population of 411.
Money Isn't Everything (1918 film)
Money Isn't Everything is a 1918 silent comedy drama feature film directed by Edward Sloman and starring Margarita Fischer. The film was based on an original  story by Frederick J. Jackson, and the scenario was written by William Parker. The film was produced by American Film Company and distributed by Pathe Exchange.

Frederick J. Jackson
Frederick J. Jackson, also known professionally as Fred Jackson and Frederick Jackson and under the pseudonym Victor Thorne, (September 21, 1886 – May 22, 1953) was an American author, playwright, screenwriter, novelist, and producer for both stage and film. A prolific writer of short stories and serialized novels, most of his non-theatre works were published in pulp magazines such as Detective Story Magazine and Argosy. Many of these stories were adapted into films by other writers.

Jackson was also a productive screenwriter, penning more than 50 films between 1912 and 1946. He was the author of more than sixty plays. Over a forty-year span, a dozen of his plays were produced on Broadway, and he also had several other plays produced in London's West End. Many of his plays were turned into films; usually by other screenwriters.
HMS Minotaur (1863)
HMS Minotaur was the lead ship of the Minotaur-class armoured frigates built for the Royal Navy during the 1860s. Minotaur took nearly four years between her launching and commissioning because she was used for evaluations of her armament and different sailing rigs.

The ship spent the bulk of her active career as flagship of the Channel Squadron, including during Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee Fleet Review in 1887. She became a training ship in 1893 and was then hulked in 1905 when she became part of the training school at Harwich. Minotaur was renamed several times before being sold for scrap in 1922 and broken up the following year.

Fleet review
A fleet review or naval review is an event where a gathering of ships from a particular navy is paraded and reviewed by an incumbent head of state and/or other official civilian and military dignitaries. A number of national navies continue to hold fleet reviews. Fleet reviews may also include participants and warships from multiple navies.
Ten Novels and Their Authors
Ten Novels and Their Authors (originally published as Great Novelists and Their Novels) is a 1948 work of literary criticism by William Somerset Maugham. Maugham collects together what he considers to have been the ten greatest novels and writes about the books and the authors. The ten novels are:

The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling by Henry Fielding (1749)

Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen (1813)

The Red and the Black by Stendhal (1830)

Le Père Goriot by Honoré de Balzac (1835)

David Copperfield by Charles Dickens (1849)

Madame Bovary by Gustave Flaubert (1856)

Moby-Dick by Herman Melville (1851)

Wuthering Heights by Emily Brontë (1847)

The Brothers Karamazov by Dostoevsky (1880)

War and Peace by Tolstoy (1869)

This book was originally a series of magazine articles commissioned by Redbook.

The Brothers Karamazov
The Brothers Karamazov (Russian: Братья Карамазовы, romanized: Brat'ya Karamazovy, IPA: [ˈbratʲjə kərɐˈmazəvɨ]), also translated as The Karamazov Brothers, is the sixteenth and final novel by Russian author Fyodor Dostoevsky. Dostoevsky spent nearly two years writing The Brothers Karamazov, which was published as a serial in The Russian Messenger from January 1879 to November 1880. Dostoevsky died less than four months after its publication. It has been acclaimed as one of the supreme achievements in world literature.

Set in 19th-century Russia, The Brothers Karamazov is a passionate philosophical novel that discusses questions of God, free will, and morality. It has also been described as a theological drama dealing with problems of faith, doubt, and reason in the context of a modernizing Russia, with a plot that revolves around the subject of patricide. Dostoevsky composed much of the novel in Staraya Russa, which inspired the main setting.
Elizabeth Eleanor Field
Elizabeth Eleanor Field was a British chemist and the Head of Chemistry at Royal Holloway College for two decades. She is also noted as one of the nineteen signatories of the 1904 petition which aimed to grant women the status of Fellows of the Chemical Society.

1904 petition to the Chemical Society
The 1904 petition to the Chemical Society was a petition written by 19 female chemists setting out the reasons why they should be afforded the status of Fellow of the Chemical Society. The petition is of importance as it eventually led to the admission of women as Fellows of the Society (one of the Societies that amalgamated to become the Royal Society of Chemistry), as well as identifying prominent female chemists working in Britain at this time.
Tarzzan
Lee Chae-won (Korean: 이채원; born September 27, 2002), also known as Tarzzan, is a South Korean model, rapper, and dancer. He first competed as a professional dancer at the Seoul International Dance Competition in 2017 and later became the first Korean male dancer to win consecutive gold medals at the 49th and 50th Dong‑A International Contemporary Dance Competition in 2019 and 2020. He debuted as a model at the 2022 F/W Seoul Fashion Week and is currently active as a member of AllDay Project, a co-ed group under The Black Label.

Korea National University of Arts
Korea National University of Arts (Korean: 한국예술종합학교) is a national university in Seoul, South Korea. Korea National University of Arts was established in 1993 by the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism as the only national university of arts with an aim to serve as a leading institution which cultivates artists. It has 26 departments in six schools: Schools of Music, Drama, Film, TV & Multimedia, Dance, Visual Arts, and Korean Traditional Arts.
Foxley River, Prince Edward Island
Foxley River is a Canadian rural community in Prince County, Prince Edward Island.

It name is believed to be derived from a local river which was named by Samuel Holland in 1765 for Henry Fox (1705–1774), the 1st Baron Holland of Foxley. The river flows northwest into Cascumpec Bay.

Most of the early settlers to this community were from Ireland and the family names in the community today reflect this heritage.  Fishing and mixed farming are the main economic activities in the community. There are two churches in Foxley River: St. Brigid's Roman Catholic Church and St Peter's Anglican Church.

St. Brigid's Church, Prince Edward Island
46°41′33.17″N 64°0′43.24″W﻿ / ﻿46.6925472°N 64.0120111°W﻿ / 46.6925472; -64.0120111﻿ (Foxley River)

St. Brigid's Church is a Roman Catholic church in Foxley River, PEI, Canada. It is part of the Roman Catholic diocese of Charlottetown
Earl McDonald
Earl McDonald (October 2, 1885 – April 28, 1949) was an American singer and jug blower, noted as a pioneer in creating and recording jug band music.

He was born in Louisville, Kentucky. He formed his first jug band in 1902 and toured widely, performing in New York City and Chicago by 1914. Later he established the Original Louisville Jug Band and the Old Southern Jug Band, which recorded in 1924 with the singer Sara Martin and the fiddle player Clifford Hayes, joining with Hayes to form the Dixieland Jug Blowers for recordings. In the 1920s and early 1930s, he performed regularly with his band, the Ballard Chefs, on radio station WHAS, helping to popularize jug band music, and made over 40 recordings.

McDonald died in Louisville in 1949 and was buried in an unmarked grave. A gravestone was provided in 2009 at the instigation of supporters of the annual Jug Band Jubilee.

Jug band
A jug band is a band employing a jug player and a lineup of players of other instruments, both conventional and homemade. The homemade instruments are most often ordinary objects adapted to or modified for making sound, like the washtub bass, washboard, spoons, bones, stovepipe, jew's harp, and comb and tissue paper. The term 'jug band' is loosely used to mean any ensemble that incorporates homemade instruments, but those without a jug player are more accurately termed skiffle bands, spasm bands, or juke (or jook) bands (see juke joint).
Triangulaire
The Indian Ocean Games Triangulaire was a triangulaire, or tournament between three association football national teams, between Mauritius, Réunion, and Madagascar. It was the predecessor to the Indian Ocean Island Games.

Mauritius national football team
The Mauritius national football team (Morisyen: Lekip nasional foutborl Moris), nicknamed Club M and Les Dodos (The Dodos), is the national team of Mauritius. They are overseen by the Mauritius Football Association, which is a member of FIFA, the Confederation of African Football (CAF), and the Council of Southern Africa Football Associations (COSAFA). The head coach is Guillaume Moullec.

Their most significant achievements are qualification for the 1974 African Cup of Nations, and winning the Indian Ocean Island Games football tournament in 1985 and 2003. They have also been a finalist in this competition in 1990, 2011 and 2019.
Medical Area Total Energy Plant
The Medical Area Total Energy Plant, in Boston, Massachusetts, is a gas-fired co-generation power plant providing steam, chilled water, and electricity to the Longwood Medical Area.

Proposed in 1974 and completed in 1986, the facility encountered fierce community opposition and cost $350 million‍—‌$310 million more than the originally projected $40 million.

Longwood Medical and Academic Area
The Longwood Medical and Academic Area, also known as Longwood Medical Area, LMA, or simply Longwood, is a medical campus in Boston, Massachusetts. Flanking Longwood Avenue, LMA is adjacent to the Fenway–Kenmore, Audubon Circle, and Mission Hill neighborhoods, as well as the town of Brookline.

The campus houses several schools associated with Harvard University, including Harvard Medical School, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard's teaching hospitals, and several institutions not formally affiliated with Harvard. Long known as a global center of research, institutions in the Longwood Medical Area secured over $1.2 billion in NIH funds in 2018, which exceeds NIH funding received by 44 states.
2020 Lithuanian Football Cup
The 2020 Lithuanian Football Cup was a single elimination association football tournament and the 32rd edition of the Lithuanian annual football knock-out tournament. The official name of thecompetition was  Hegelmann LFF Cup  for sponsorship reasons.

The tournament was scheduled to start in April 2020. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the start was postponed to mid-June.

A total of 33 A Lyga, LFF I Lyga and II Lyga teams participated in the tournament, reserve teams are not allowed to participate in the cup competition. The A Lyga teams joined the tournament in the round of 16. Due to the postponed start, the teams of lower divisions were not invited to participate this year in order to shorten the length of the competition.

FK Panevėžys defeated defending champions FK Sūduva 5–4 on penalties in the final and have qualified for the first qualifying round of the 2020–21 UEFA Europa League.

FK Sūduva
FK Sūduva is a Lithuanian professional football club based in the city of Marijampolė. Founded in 1942, the club competes in the TOPLYGA, the top flight of Lithuanian football.

The club has been playing in the A Lyga since 2002. In 2006, the club won its first trophy – the Lithuanian Cup, a feat they repeated in 2009. In 2017, Sūduva won the A Lyga for the first time in its history, and repeated the triumph in 2018 and 2019.

The team's colours are white and red. The club plays at Marijampolė Arena in Marijampolė (capacity 6,250).
Fairphone
Fairphone is a Dutch electronics manufacturer that designs and produces smartphones and headphones. It aims to minimise the ethical and environmental impact of its devices by using recycled, fairtrade and conflict-free materials, maintaining fair labor conditions throughout its workforce and suppliers, and enabling users to easily repair their devices through modular design and by providing replacement parts. As of June 2025, the company's most recent smartphone is the Fairphone 6, a highly modular and easily repairable device for which it plans to provide seven years of Android OS updates and eight years of security patches, as well as a  five-year warranty.

Fairphone has been dubbed "the most ethical smartphone in the world", scoring 98 out of 100 possible points by the British magazine Ethical Consumer.

Modular design
Modular design, or modularity in design, is a design principle that subdivides a system into smaller parts called modules (such as modular process skids), which can be independently created, modified, replaced, or exchanged with other modules or between different systems.
Colorado State Highway 392
State Highway 392 (SH 392) is a 45.33 mi (73.0 km) state highway in Larimer and Weld counties in Colorado, United States, that connects U.S. Route 287 (US 287) on the southern edge of Fort Collins with Colorado State Highway 14 (SH 14) in Briggsdale.

Weld County, Colorado
Weld County is a county located in the U.S. state of Colorado. As of the 2020 census, the population was 328,981. The county seat is Greeley. Weld County comprises the Greeley, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is included in the Denver–Aurora, CO Combined Statistical Area.
Mahakaran metro station
Mahakaran (also known as New Mahakaran) (both names are officially correct), is a metro station on Green Line of Kolkata Metro, located in B.B.D. Bagh. There are many British heritage buildings near the station with the Lal Dighi adjoining it. The tracks leaving the station towards Howrah go underneath the Hooghly River through the biggest underwater metro tunnel of India. The station was completed and opened on 6 March 2024. The station, though comparing without platform screen doors, may look similar to any Blue Line underground station, but it is actually very different as it is designed with world class facilities and murals that pay tribute to the locality and Indian freedom fighters. The nearest railway station is B.B.D. Bagh railway station. Just before the tunnel enters the underwater segment, lies a ventilation shaft on the Kolkata bank of Hooghly River, which is the deepest of its kind in India, at 44 metres (144 ft) below ground level.

East–West Metro Tunnel
East–West Metro Tunnel is an underwater river tunnel of Kolkata Metro in Kolkata, West Bengal. The river tunnel is constructed underneath Hooghly River. It is the biggest underwater river tunnel of India, which is made for metro rail service. The East–West Metro Tunnel length is 10.8 km (6.7 mi) and width is 5.5 metres (18 ft 1 in). A 520 m (1,706 ft 0 in) stretch of the tracks goes through a tunnel under the Hooghly River. The roof of the tunnel is about 30 metres (98 ft 5 in) from the ground level. The tunnel was completed in 2021. The tunnel is used by Green Line, also known as East–West Metro Line, for metro rail service by Kolkata Metro Rail Corporation and it was constructed by Afcons Infrastructure.
Howdy Doody
Howdy Doody is an American children's television program (with circus and Western frontier themes) that was created and produced by Victor F. Campbell and E. Roger Muir. It was broadcast on the NBC television network in the United States from December 27, 1947, until September 24, 1960. It was a pioneer of children's programming and set the pattern for many similar shows. One of the first television series produced at NBC in Rockefeller Center, in Studio 3A, it pioneered color production in 1956 and NBC (then owned by RCA Television) used the show to promote color television sets in the late 1950s.

Wonder Bread
Wonder Bread is an American brand of sliced bread. Established in Indianapolis, Indiana, in 1921, it was one of the first companies to sell sliced bread nationwide by 1930. The brand is currently owned by Flowers Foods in the United States.
Crap Towns
Crap Towns: The 50 Worst Places to Live in the UK, Crap Towns II: The Nation Decides, and Crap Towns Returns: Back by Unpopular Demand, are a series of books edited by Sam Jordison and Dan Kieran, in association with UK quarterly The Idler; in which towns in the United Kingdom were nominated by visitors to The Idler website for their "crapness", with the results being published in The Idler and in the books. A sister publication, Crap Jobs, was created by similar means, and Crap Holidays was published in October 2006. In June 2012, the editors announced that they were gathering nominations for a third edition of Crap Towns (published 2013).

The Idler (1993)
The Idler is a bi-monthly magazine, devoted to its ethos of 'idling'. Founded in 1993 by Tom Hodgkinson and Gavin Pretor-Pinney, the publication's intention is to improve public perception of idling.

The magazine combines the aesthetics of 1990s slacker culture and pre–Industrial Revolution idealism. The title comes from a series of essays by Samuel Johnson, published in 1758–59.
Ipswich engine shed
Ipswich engine shed was an engine shed located in Ipswich, Suffolk on the Great Eastern Main Line. It was located just south of Stoke tunnel and the current Ipswich railway station. Locomotives accessed the site from Halifax Junction which was also the junction for the Griffin Wharf branch of Ipswich docks. The depot opened in 1846 and closed in 1968 although the site remained in railway use for a further thirty years.

In British Railways days it was allocated the code 32B.

Motive power depot
A motive power depot (MPD) or locomotive depot, or traction maintenance depot (TMD), is where  locomotives are usually housed, repaired and maintained. They were originally known as "running sheds", "engine sheds" or just "sheds". Facilities are provided for refuelling and the replenishing of water, lubricating oil and grease and, for steam engines, the disposal of ash. There are often workshops for day-to-day repairs and maintenance, but locomotive building and major overhauls are usually carried out at locomotive works. (Note: In American English, the term depot is used to refer to passenger stations or goods (freight) facilities, not to vehicle maintenance facilities.)
Matubhuiyan Union
Matubhuiyan (Bengali: মাতুভূঁইয়া ইউনিয়ন) is a union parishad under Daganbhuiyan Upazila, Feni District, Chittagong Division, Bangladesh. It was established in 1959.

Matubhuiyan Union has a total area of 2,702 acres (1,093 ha).
The Chotta Feni River flows south through the union. Matubhuiyan Union is divided into 10 mauzas: Ashrafpur, Dakshin Dharmmapur, Dakshin Lalpur, Krishna Rampur, Maheshpur, Mamarizpur, Paschim Hirapur, Ramanandapur, Salamnagar (Lakhanpur), and Uttar Alipur.

Daganbhuiyan Upazila
Daganbhuiyan (Bengali: দাগনভূঁইয়া, officially spelled: দাগনভূঞা) is an upazila (sub-district) of Feni District in the division of Chittagong, Bangladesh. It consists of one municipality and eight union parishads.
Alan Fitzgerald
Francis Alan Fitzgerald (born July 16, 1949) is an American musician. A multi-instrumentalist, he is best known as the second bassist of Montrose and as keyboardist for Night Ranger. He has also performed with Gamma, and former Montrose bandmate Sammy Hagar. Fitzgerald also worked as an offstage keyboard player with Van Halen, during their concerts from 1991 until 2004, 2007, 2012.

Montrose (band)
Montrose was an American hard rock band formed in 1973 and named after guitarist and founder Ronnie Montrose. The band's original lineup featured lead vocalist and frontman Sammy Hagar, who would later find success as a solo artist and as singer of Van Halen. Completing the original line-up were bassist Bill Church and drummer Denny Carmassi. The band experienced moderate success before disbanding in early 1977. The 1973 debut album Montrose eventually proved to be an international sleeper hit, selling in excess of one million copies and attaining platinum status in 1986.
Alte Waage (Leipzig)
The Alte Waage, in English: Old Weigh House, is a building that stands on the north side of the Markt of the German city of Leipzig, on the corner with Katharinenstrasse. Originally, it was built in 1555 under the direction of the mayor and builder Hieronymus Lotter (1497–1580) and the executive master builder Paul Speck († 1557). It is an example of the Saxon Renaissance.

Markt (Leipzig)
The Markt (lit.: market) is a square of about 1 ha (2.5 acres) in Leipzig's district of Mitte (neighborhood Zentrum), Germany. It is considered the center of the city. The Old Town Hall stands on it, which demonstrates its particular historical importance. The square was named Platz des Friedens (lit.: Peace Square) from 1950 to 1954. Its paving is a listed heritage monument.
Tukey lambda distribution
Formalized by John Tukey, the Tukey lambda distribution is a continuous, symmetric probability distribution defined in terms of its quantile function. It is typically used to identify an appropriate distribution (see the comments below) and not used in statistical models directly.

The Tukey lambda distribution has a single shape parameter, λ, and as with other probability distributions, it can be transformed with a location parameter, μ, and a scale parameter, σ. Since the general form of probability distribution can be expressed in terms of the standard distribution, the subsequent formulas are given for the standard form of the function.

Quantile function
In probability and statistics, a probability distribution's quantile function is the inverse of its cumulative distribution function. That is, the quantile function of a distribution  is the function  such that  for any random variable  and probability .

The quantile function is also called the percentile function (after the percentile), percent-point function, inverse cumulative distribution function or inverse distribution function.