hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Sapient paradox
The sapient paradox is a question that can be formulated as "why there was such a long gap between emergence of genetically and anatomically modern humans and the development of complex behaviors?" Homo sapiens emerged as a species somewhere between 60,000 and 100,000 (or even 200,000) years ago, but the behaviour that is associated with modern humans began to emerge and accelerate only 10,000 years ago. The question was first formulated by archaeologist Colin Renfrew in 1996.

Colin Renfrew
Andrew Colin Renfrew, Baron Renfrew of Kaimsthorn, FBA, FSA, Hon FSA Scot (25 July 1937 – 24 November 2024) was a British archaeologist, paleolinguist and Conservative peer noted for his work on radiocarbon dating, the prehistory of languages, archaeogenetics, neuroarchaeology, and the prevention of looting at archaeological sites.

Renfrew was also the Disney Professor of Archaeology at the University of Cambridge and Director of the McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, and was a Senior Fellow of the McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.
Darius Victor
Darius Vito Victor (born 6 March 1994) is a Liberian former professional American football running back. He played college football at Towson University. Victor was named 2022 Offensive Player of the Year of the United States Football League (USFL) as a member of the New Jersey Generals.

Towson Tigers football
The Towson Tigers football team represents Towson University in the sport of American football. The Tigers compete in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision (FCS) as a member of the Coastal Athletic Association (CAA). The Tigers are currently coached by Pete Shinnick. Their home games are played at Johnny Unitas Stadium in Towson, Maryland.
Kreamer, Pennsylvania
Kreamer is a census-designated place (CDP) in Middlecreek Township, Snyder County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 773 at the 2000 census.

In May 2019, Wood-Mode, a major local employer, shut down its cabinetmaking operation in Kreamer. Press reports indicated the unexpected closing of the county's largest single employer cost nine-hundred people their jobs.

In August 2019, Bill French purchased the assets of Wood-Mode, creating the company Wood-Mode LLC. By September 2022, there was 550 people employed at the company.

Snyder County, Pennsylvania
Snyder County is a county in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. As of the 2020 census, the population was 39,736. The county seat is Middleburg. Snyder County was formed in 1855 from parts of Union County. The county is part of the Central Pennsylvania region of the state.

Snyder County comprises the Selinsgrove, PA Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Bloomsburg-Berwick-Sunbury, PA Combined Statistical Area.
Treaty of Cazola
The Treaty of Cazola (or Cazorla) was signed in 1179 in Soria between Alfonso II of Aragon and Alfonso VIII of Castile. The pact divided Andalusia into separate zones of conquest for the two kingdoms, so that the work of the Reconquista would not be stymied by internecine feuding over spoils among the Christians. Aragon was given the places of Xàtiva, Denia, and Biar, from Biar to Calpe towards Valencia. Castile had all the lands on the other side of Biar. Compared with the earlier Treaty of Tudilén, Aragon had lost the right of annexing Murcia. The agreement further stipulated that it was to be held in perpetuity and upheld by the successors of both Alfonsos. This was reinforced with a clause stating that neither king could give up his part or diminish the part of the other, nor could any obstacle be put in the way by either king of the conquest by his counterpart of his rightful division. The subsequent breach of the treaty by both parties led to the Treaty of Almizra in 1244.

Alfonso VIII of Castile
Alfonso VIII (11 November 1155 – 5 October 1214), called the Noble (El Noble) or the one of Las Navas (el de las Navas), was King of Castile from 1158 to his death and King of Toledo. After having suffered a great defeat with his own army at Alarcos against the Almohads in 1195, he led the coalition of Christian princes and foreign crusaders who broke the power of the Almohads in the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212, an event which marked the arrival of a tide of Christian supremacy on the Iberian Peninsula.

His reign saw the domination of Castile over León and, by his alliance with Aragon, he drew those two spheres of Christian Iberia into close connection.
Robert Giles (civil servant)
Robert Giles CIE JP (27 September 1846 – 17 March 1928) was a British civil servant in colonial Bombay.

Giles was born in Grimsthorpe, the son of Archdeacon John Douglas Giles, Canon of Lincoln and Rector of Willoughby, and Sarah Elizabeth (née Allen). His brother Edward Giles CIE was also a civil servant.

Giles was a career civil servant who was stationed only in Sind.
He attended Durham Grammar School and St. John's College, Cambridge, earning his B.A. in 1869 and M.A. in 1874. He was appointed to the Sind Commission in 1868. He worked for the Bombay Revenue Survey, and was Deputy Collector, Deputy Superintendent of Police, and Educational Inspector. He served as the Chief Commissioner of Sind from 1900 to 1902. He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire in the 1899 Birthday Honours.

He retired in April 1902 and returned to live in Midhurst, Sussex, where he was JP for West Sussex. He died in Monte Carlo, aged 81.

John Giles (priest)
Archdeacon  John Douglas Giles  (28 November 1812 – 5 February 1867) was an Anglican priest who was Archdeacon of Stow from 1862 until his death.

Giles was born in  Wedmore  and educated at Corpus Christi College, Oxford.  He held livings at Swinstead, Belleau and Willoughby.

In 1845, he married Sarah Elizabeth Allen. They had at least seven children, including civil servants Robert Giles CIE JP and Edward Giles CIE who both served in British India.

He died in Willoughby, aged 54.
Father Brown (2013 TV series)
Father Brown is a British period detective television series loosely based on the Father Brown short stories by G. K. Chesterton, starring Mark Williams as the titular crime-solving Catholic priest. Broadcast began on BBC One on 14 January 2013. In April 2023 the BBC confirmed that filming had begun on an 11th series, for broadcast in January 2024, and also confirmed the return of Lorna Watson as Sister Boniface. The commissioning of series 12 and 13 was confirmed in April 2024.

Blockley
Blockley is a village, civil parish and ecclesiastical parish in the Cotswold district of Gloucestershire, England, about 3 miles (5 km) northwest of Moreton-in-Marsh. Until 1931 Blockley was an exclave of Worcestershire.

The civil and ecclesiastical parish boundaries are roughly coterminous, and include the hamlets of Draycott, Paxford and Aston Magna, the residential development at Northwick and the deserted hamlets of Upton and Upper Ditchford.

Blockley village is on Blockley Brook, a tributary of Knee Brook. Knee Brook forms the northeastern boundary of the parish and is a tributary of the River Stour.
Monster (ride)
The Monster is an amusement ride model manufactured by Eyerly Aircraft Company. The ride spins while moving up and down at a slow pace. Each car spins independently while large connecting arms move up and down in a circular motion. Riders may experience the feeling of weightlessness when going in the air and coming back down to ground level.

Eyerly Aircraft Company
Eyerly Aircraft Company was an amusement ride manufacturing company in Salem, Oregon, founded by Lee Eyerly in 1930. The company originally intended to design flight simulators for the aircraft industry but shifted to amusement rides after an early simulator, called Orientator, became a popular pay-per-ride attraction with the public. The company manufactured rides until 1985 and went bankrupt in 1990, following a fatal accident in 1988  on a ride built by the company.
Le Marchant Barracks
Le Marchant Barracks is a former military installation in Devizes, Wiltshire, England. The site is within the town's built-up area but within Bishops Cannings parish, on London Road about 1 mile (1.6 km) north-east of the centre of the town.

Wessex Regiment
The Wessex Regiment was a Territorial Army infantry regiment of the British Army, in existence from 1967 to 1995. Initially consisting of a singular battalion, the regiment was later expanded to also have a second.
Basketball Finland
Basketball Finland (Finnish: Suomen Koripalloliitto ry, Swedish: Finska Basketbollförbund) is the governing body of Basketball in Finland. It was founded and became members of FIBA in 1939.

Basketball Finland operates the Finland men's national team and Finland women's national team. They organize national competitions in Finland, for both the men's and women's senior teams and also the youth national basketball teams. They also organize the Helsinki Basketball Academy.

The top professional league in Finland is Korisliiga.

HBA-Märsky
HBA-Märsky is a Finnish basketball club, administrated by the Helsinki Basketball Academy. Their home arena is in URHEA Campus in Mäkelänrinne, Vallila, Helsinki, which also serves as the National Olympic Training Center.
Spring Valley Presbyterian Church
The Spring Valley Presbyterian Church, also known as the Zena Church, in the community of Zena, is a Presbyterian congregation approximately 10 miles northwest of Salem, Oregon, United States.

According to a commemorative plaque in front of the church, it was built in 1859 with volunteer labor. The lumber came by boat on the Willamette River to the community of Lincoln, while the bell came from England via Cape Horn.

Directly adjacent to the church is a small cemetery of approximately 100 headstones. Sunday church services and private weddings are still held at Spring Valley. Local families continue to bury their dead in the cemetery.

The church was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.

Zena, Oregon
Zena, Oregon is a former community (now considered a ghost town) approximately 10 miles (16 km) northwest of Salem, Oregon, United States, in Polk County. The community was established in 1858, originally called "Spring Valley". It was renamed "Zena" by Daniel Jackson Cooper and his brother Jacob Calvin Cooper, pioneers from Missouri. In 1866, they built a store and located the post office there, renaming the community in tribute to their wives, Arvazena Spilman Cooper and Melzena Spilman Cooper, who were sisters. Zena is home to the historic Spring Valley Presbyterian Church. The 1992 novel, The Road to Zena by Joel Redon, is set in Zena and nearby Lincoln.
1991 Indian general election
General elections were held in India on 20 May, 12 June and 15 June 1991 to elect the members of the 10th Lok Sabha, although they were delayed until 19 February 1992 in Punjab.

No party won a majority in the Lok Sabha, resulting in the Indian National Congress (Indira) forming a minority government under new Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao with the support of other parties. The government survived  28 July 1993 no confidence vote in controversial circumstances by bribing MPs from the Janata Dal and the Jharkhand Mukti Morcha.

Elections were not held for the six seats allocated to Jammu and Kashmir, nor for two seats in Bihar and one in Uttar Pradesh. Similarly, elections were also delayed in Punjab. Voter turnout was 57%, the lowest to date in an Indian general election.

Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
Jharkhand Mukti Morcha (JMM; lit. 'Jharkhand Liberation Front') is a political party in the Indian state of Jharkhand, founded by Binod Bihari Mahato, Shibu Soren, and A. K. Roy. Hemant Soren is the president of the JMM. JMM is also an influential political party in the state of Odisha and parts of neighbouring states. Its election symbol in Jharkhand is the Bow and Arrow.

The party was officially created on the birthday of Birsa Munda, the 19th-century tribal warrior of Jharkhand, who fought against the British rule in present-day Jharkhand. The State of Jharkhand also came into existence on Birsa Munda's birthday in 2000.
Clause
In language, a clause is a constituent or phrase that comprises a semantic predicand (expressed or not) and a semantic predicate. A typical clause consists of a subject and a syntactic predicate, the latter typically a verb phrase composed of a verb with or without any objects and other modifiers. However, the subject is sometimes unexpressed if it is easily deducible from the context, especially in null-subject languages but also in other languages, including instances of the imperative mood in English.

A complete simple sentence contains a single clause with a finite verb. Complex sentences contain at least one clause subordinated to (dependent on) an independent clause (one that could stand alone as a simple sentence), which may be co-ordinated with other independents with or without dependents. Some dependent clauses are non-finite, i.e. they do not contain any element/verb marking a specific tense.

Predicate (grammar)
The term predicate is used in two ways in linguistics and its subfields. The first defines a predicate as everything in a standard declarative sentence except the subject, and the other defines it as only the main content verb or associated predicative expression of a clause. Thus, by the first definition, the predicate of the sentence Frank likes cake is likes cake, while by the second definition, it is only the content verb likes, and Frank and cake are the arguments of this predicate. The conflict between these two definitions can lead to confusion.
Hear the Silence
Hear the Silence is a 2003 British semi-fictional drama television film based on the discredited idea of a potential link between the MMR vaccine and autism. By then, a contentious issue, the supposed connection originated in a paper by Andrew Wakefield published in 1998. The film was directed by Tim Fywell, written by Timothy Prager, and debuted on 15 December 2003 at 9 pm on the British network Five. Produced on a budget of £1 million, it stars Hugh Bonneville as Wakefield and Juliet Stevenson as Christine Shields, a fictional mother who discovers the possible MMR-autism link when her son is diagnosed as autistic.

Timothy Prager
Timothy "Tim" Prager, is a British television and film writer.

A graduate of Dartmouth College in the United States and the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art, he was an assistant director at the Old Vic Company under Timothy West. He wrote (with composer Geoff Morrow) and directed Spin of the Wheel, which opened at the Comedy theatre in London in 1987, giving Maria Friedman her West End debut.
Download (game show)
Download is an Australian children's game show which aired on the Nine Network from 2000 until 2002. Scott McRae hosted the first two seasons of the show in 2000–2001; he was replaced by Nathan Lloyd for the third season in 2001–2002, while Emily Jade O'Keefe hosted the fourth season of the show (which aired in mid-2002). The co-host for the fourth season was Miss Bytes (shown on TV in the studio).

Scott McRae
Scott McRae is an Australian actor and TV host. McRae graduated from the Sydney Acting School in 1991 and soon got the role of James Newman on E Street, featuring on the series for two years. In 1993 he toured as Rum Tum Tugger in the musical Cats. after which he took over as host of Vidiot for the third season in 1994. In 1995-96 he played the lead in the stage adaptation of Lockie Leonard, Human Torpedo and in December 1995 he played Ned Kelly in the pantomime Santa Meets the Bushrangers. Hosting roles on Now You See It and Download followed. In 2011 he created the stage show Stevie: The Life and Music of Stevie Wright and The Easybeats with which he toured for many years.
USS Barnett
USS Barnett (APA-5) was a McCawley-class attack transport that served with the US Navy during World War II.

Barnett was launched in 1928 as the passenger ship Santa Maria by the Furness Shipbuilding Company of Haverton-on-Tees, England for the Grace Line. The ship was purchased by the Navy 11 August 1940 and commissioned 25 September 1940.

Attack transport
Attack transport is a United States Navy ship classification for a variant of ocean-going troopship adapted to transporting invasion forces ashore.  Unlike standard troopships – often drafted from the merchant fleet – that rely on either a quay or tenders, attack transports carry their own fleet of landing craft, such as the landing craft, vehicle, personnel (LCVP) or Higgins boat.

They are not to be confused with landing ships, which beach themselves to bring their troops directly ashore, or their general British equivalent, the landing ship, infantry.

A total of 388 APA (troop) and AKA (cargo) attack transports were built for service in World War II in at least fifteen classes.  Depending on class they were armed with one or two 5-inch guns and a variety of 40 mm and 20 mm anti-aircraft weapons.

By the late 1960s, 41 of these ships were redesignated with the hull symbol (LPA) landing platform, amphibious, but they all retained their names and hull numbers.
The Pick of Destiny
The Pick of Destiny is the second studio album and the soundtrack for the feature film of the same name by American comedy rock band Tenacious D. The album was released on November 14, 2006, through Epic Records, and debuted at number 8 on the Billboard 200.

The Pick of Destiny is the band's first studio release in five years, following up their self-titled debut album in 2001. The album was produced by the Dust Brothers' John King, and includes appearances by Meat Loaf, Ronnie James Dio, and Dave Grohl. Another album, More Rocktastic Music from the Film, contains some small excerpts of the official score that the soundtrack excludes.

Kyle Gass
Kyle Richard Gass (born July 14, 1960) is an American musician, actor and comedian, best known for being a member of Tenacious D, a Grammy-winning comedy band. He is also a member of Trainwreck and the Kyle Gass Band.
Don Gordon (actor)
Don Gordon (born Donald Walter Guadagno; November 13, 1926 – April 24, 2017) was an American film and television actor.  His most notable film roles were those in which he appeared alongside his friend Steve McQueen: Bullitt (1968), Papillon (1973) and The Towering Inferno (1974). Between the first and the last of those films he appeared in The Gamblers (1970), WUSA (1970), Cannon for Cordoba (1970), The Last Movie (1971), Z.P.G. (1972), Fuzz (1972), Slaughter (1972), The Mack (1973),  
The Education of Sonny Carson (1974) and Omen III: The Final Conflict (1981) as the ill-fated assistant to protagonist Damien Thorn.

Z.P.G.
Z.P.G. (short for "Zero Population Growth") is a 1972 British-American dystopian science fiction film directed by Michael Campus and starring Oliver Reed and Geraldine Chaplin. It was inspired by the best-selling 1968 non-fiction book The Population Bomb, by Paul R. Ehrlich. The film concerns an overpopulated future Earth whose world government executes those who violate a 30-year ban on having children. Filmed in Denmark, the film is almost entirely set-bound featuring art direction designed to reflect a bleak, oppressive future.
Polyisobutene
Polyisobutene (polyisobutylene) is a class of organic polymers prepared by polymerization of isobutene. The polymers often have the formula Me3C[CH2CMe2]nH (Me = CH3). They are typically colorless gummy solids.

Cationic polymerization, initiated with a strong Brønsted or Lewis acid, is the typical method for its production. The molecular weight (MW) of the resulting polymer determines the applications. Low MW polyisobutene, a mixture of oligomers with Mns of about 500, is used as plasticizers.  Medium and high MW polyisobutenes, with Mn ≥ 20,000, are components of commercial adhesives.

Cationic polymerization
In polymer chemistry, cationic polymerization is a type of chain growth polymerization in which a cationic initiator transfers charge to a monomer, which then becomes reactive. This reactive monomer goes on to react similarly with other monomers to form a polymer.
The types of monomers necessary for cationic polymerization are limited to alkenes with electron-donating substituents and heterocycles. Similar to anionic polymerization reactions, cationic polymerization reactions are very sensitive to the type of solvent used. Specifically, the ability of a solvent to form free ions will dictate the reactivity of the propagating cationic chain.
Cationic polymerization is used in the production of polyisobutylene (used in inner tubes) and poly(N-vinylcarbazole) (PVK).
Costco Wholesale Corp. v. Omega, S. A.
Omega S. A. v. Costco Wholesale Corp., 541 F.3d 982 (9th Cir. 2008), was a case decided by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals that held that in copyright law, the first-sale doctrine does not act as a defense to claims of infringing distribution and importation for unauthorized sale of authentic, imported watches that bore a design registered in the Copyright Office. It is contrasted with Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

First-sale doctrine
The first-sale doctrine (also sometimes referred to as the "right of first sale" or the "first sale rule") is a legal concept that limits the rights of an intellectual property owner to control resale of products embodying its intellectual property. The doctrine enables the distribution chain of copyrighted products, library lending, giving, video rentals and secondary markets for copyrighted works (for example, enabling individuals to sell their legally purchased books or CDs to others). In trademark law, this same doctrine enables reselling of trademarked products after the trademark holder puts the products on the market. In the case of patented products, the doctrine allows resale of patented products without any control from the patent holder.  The first sale doctrine does not apply to patented processes, which are instead governed by the patent exhaustion doctrine.
Pontiac Firebird
The Pontiac Firebird is an American automobile built and produced by Pontiac from the 1967 to 2002 model years. Designed as a pony car to compete with the Ford Mustang, it was introduced on February 23, 1967, five months after GM's Chevrolet division's platform-sharing Camaro. This also coincided with the release of the 1967 Mercury Cougar, Ford's upscale, platform-sharing version of the Mustang.
The name "Firebird" was also previously used by GM for the General Motors Firebird series of concept cars in the 1950s.

General Motors Firebird
The General Motors Firebird comprises a quartet of prototype cars that General Motors (GM) engineered for the 1953, 1956, and 1959 Motorama auto shows. The cars' designers, headed by Harley Earl, took Earl's inspiration from the innovations in fighter aircraft design at the time. General Motors never intended the cars for production, but rather to showcase the extremes in technology and design that the company was able to achieve.

GM preserved the prototype cars at the GM Heritage Center in Sterling Heights, Michigan. Models of the cars are in the permanent collection of the Henry Ford Museum in Dearborn, and the cars still make regular appearances at car shows.

The tradition of offering prototype vehicles continued with the Pontiac Banshee series. From 1967 to 2002, the Pontiac division of GM marketed its Firebird line of pony cars, which had no direct relation to these series of Firebird concept cars.
9 (Public Image Ltd album)
9 is the seventh studio album by Public Image Ltd, but their ninth full-length release including the live albums Paris au Printemps and Live in Tokyo. It was released in the US on 8 May 1989 on the Virgin Records label, and on 30 May 1989 in the UK.

Bruce Smith (musician)
Bruce Neal Smith (born 14 December 1960 in California) is an American musician best known as the drummer for post-punk band The Pop Group. He has also been a member of The Slits and the New Age Steppers and performed with Public Image Ltd from 1986 to 1992, and then from 2009 to 2025.  He was raised and educated in Bristol, England and was once married to Neneh Cherry.