hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Umpolung
In organic chemistry, umpolung (German: [ˈʔʊmˌpoːlʊŋ]) or polarity inversion is the chemical modification of a functional group with the aim of the reversal of polarity of that group. This modification allows secondary reactions of this functional group that would otherwise not be possible.  The concept was introduced by D. Seebach (hence the German word umpolung for reversed polarity) and E.J. Corey. Polarity analysis during retrosynthetic analysis tells a chemist when umpolung tactics are required to synthesize a target molecule.

Dieter Seebach
Dieter Seebach is a German chemist known for his synthesis of biopolymers and dendrimers, and for his contributions to stereochemistry. He was born on 31 October 1937 in Karlsruhe. He studied chemistry at the University of Karlsruhe (TH) under the supervision of Rudolf Criegee and at Harvard University with Elias Corey finishing in 1969. After his habilitation he became professor for organic chemistry at the University of Giessen. After six years he was appointed professor at the ETH Zurich where he worked until he retired in 2003.
Köşkmedrese
Köşkmedrese is a khanqah located on Mount Köşk to the southeast of the city of Kayseri in central Turkey. According to the inscriptions on the building that ceased to exist, it was built by Eretna in memory of his consort Suli Pasha in 1339. Although originally a khanqah, it was later known and used as a madrasa. Köşkmedrese is the burial site for Eretna, his consort Suli Pasha, his son and successor Ghiyāth al-Dīn Muḥammad I, and grandson and the later successor ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn 'Ali. The name Kālūyān, possibly an Armenian architect, appears on the building.

Ali of the Eretnids
Ala al-Din Ali (January 1353 – August 1380) was the third Sultan of the Eretnids ruling from 1366 until his death. He inherited the throne at a very early age and was removed from administrative matters. He was characterized as particularly keen on personal pleasures, which later discredited his authority. During his rule, emirs under the Eretnids enjoyed considerable autonomy, and the state continued to shrink as neighboring powers captured several towns. The capital, Kayseri, temporarily came under Karamanid control. Kadi Burhan al-Din rose to power as the new vizier and  dispatched Ali to lead several campaigns, most of which were unsuccessful. Ali died of the plague in Kazova in an expedition to subdue Shadgeldi, the emir of Amasya.
67th New York State Legislature
The 67th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 2 to May 7, 1844, during the second year of William C. Bouck's governorship, in Albany.

Henry A. Foster
Henry Allen Foster (May 7, 1800 – May 11, 1889) was an American lawyer and politician from New York. He served one term in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1837 to 1839 and was briefly a United States senator  from 1844 to 1845.
Allan H. Mogensen
Allan Herbert Mogensen, known as Mogy, (May 12, 1901 – March 1989) was an American industrial engineer, and industry consultant, and an authority in the field of work simplification and office management. He is noted for popularizing flowcharts in the 1930s, and is remembered as "father of work simplification"

Flowchart
A flowchart is a type of diagram that represents a workflow or process. A flowchart can also be defined as a diagrammatic representation of an algorithm, a step-by-step approach to solving a task.

The flowchart shows the steps as boxes of various kinds, and their order by connecting the boxes with arrows. This diagrammatic representation illustrates a solution model to a given problem. Flowcharts are used in analyzing, designing, documenting or managing a process or program in various fields.
Neeli Zinda Hai
Neeli Zinda Hai (Urdu: نیلی زندہ ہے, lit. 'Neeli is Alive') is a Pakistani supernatural horror drama series, directed by Qasim Ali Mureed, and written by Adeel Razzaq. It features Urwa Hocane, Mohib Mirza, and Sonia Mishal in lead roles. It premiered on ARY Digital on 20 May 2021.

Adeel Razzaq
Adeel Razzaq is a Pakistani writer. He is best known for his debut drama series Muqaddas (2015) and Deewana (2016), both aired on Hum TV. He received his first Best TV Writer nomination at 15th Lux Style Awards for Muqaddas. He is the head of content on Larachi Entertainment and a freelance writer at Geo Entertainment.
Cosford, Warwickshire
Cosford is a small hamlet and civil parish in the Rugby borough of Warwickshire, England. it is located 2,1/2 miles north of Rugby, just west of the River Swift, a tributary of the River Avon, and slightly south of the M6 Motorway. It has been a civil parish since 1866. It was formerly part of the parish of Newbold-on-Avon. In the 2021 census the parish had a population of 24.

Cosford is a shrunken medieval village and earthworks are still visible of the former buildings, which have been listed as a scheduled monument since 1970. The village was not mentioned specifically in the Domesday Book. A chapel is believed to have existed in the village, but its exact location is not known. The still existing hamlet of Cosford consists of a single street with a few houses and farmsteads around Cosford Hall Farm.

River Swift
The River Swift is a 14-mile (23 km) long tributary of the River Avon that rises in south Leicestershire, and flows through the town of Lutterworth before joining the Avon at its confluence at Rugby in Warwickshire in the English Midlands.
Mount Morris Dam
The Mount Morris Dam is a concrete gravity dry dam on the Genesee River. It is located at the northern end of Letchworth State Park, south of Rochester, New York in the towns of Leicester and Mount Morris in Livingston County, New York. It is the largest dam of its type east of the Mississippi River and its purpose is to mitigate downstream flooding between Mount Morris and Lake Ontario.

Mount Morris, New York
Mount Morris is a town in Livingston County, New York, United States. The population was 4,465 at the 2010 census. The town and village were named after Robert Morris, an 18th-century slave trader and Founding Father of the United States.

The town of Mount Morris has a village also called Mount Morris. The town is on the western border of the county and is home to part of Letchworth State Park.
Jean-Pierre Denis
Jean-Pierre Denis (French pronunciation: [ʒɑ̃ pjɛʁ dəni]; born 29 March 1946) is a French film director and screenwriter. He has directed seven films since 1980. His directorial debut Adrien's Story won the Caméra d'Or at the 1980 Cannes Film Festival. His film Field of Honor was entered into the 1987 Cannes Film Festival.

1980 Cannes Film Festival
The 33rd Cannes Film Festival took place from 9 and 23 May 1980. American actor Kirk Douglas served as jury president for the main competition. During the festival the showing of Andrei Tarkovsky's film Stalker was notoriously interrupted by an electricians strike.

The Palme d'Or, the festival's top prize, was jointly awarded to All That Jazz by Bob Fosse and Kagemusha by Akira Kurosawa.

The festival opened with Fantastica by Gilles Carle, and closed with I'm Photogenic by Dino Risi.
Tomball Memorial High School
Tomball Memorial High School (TMHS) is a senior high school in unincorporated Harris County, Texas, United States, south of the city of Tomball and in the Houston metropolitan area. It is a part of the Tomball Independent School District (TISD), and is the district's second high school. It is by Northpointe Lane and Northpointe Boulevard.

Tomball, Texas
Tomball (/ˈtɒmbɔːl/ TOM-bawl) is a city in Harris County in the U.S. state of Texas, a part of the Houston metropolitan area. The population was 12,341 at the 2020 U.S. census. In 1907, the community of Peck was renamed Tomball for local congressman Thomas Henry Ball, who had a major role in the development of the Port of Houston.
Johanna Maria
Johanna Maria is a town and resort in Suriname, located in the Coronie District.  Its population at the 2012 census was 648. The town is named after the cotton plantation Johanna Maria founded in 1801 which was owned by Johanna Maria Christina van Onna from 1863 onwards. The coast line is subject to flooding and erosion caused by the degradation of the mangrove forests. Plans have been drawn up to construct a 12 kilometre long dike near the coast.

Johanna Maria has a school, and clinic, but the area from Clyde to Burnside has no electricity, or telephone. In 1970 the Krioro Masanga was built in Johanna Maria, a multi purpose information and recreation building with a theatre and a library.

Coronie District
Coronie is a district of Suriname, situated on the coast. Coronie's capital city is Totness. The district border the Atlantic Ocean to the north, the Surinamese district of Saramacca to the east, the Surinamese district of Sipaliwini to the south and the Surinamese district of Nickerie to the west. The district is served by the Totness Airstrip.

The district has a population of 3,391 and an area of 3,902 km2, making it the least-populated district of Suriname.
Passu
Passu (Urdu: پسو) is a small village in the Gojal valley of Upper Hunza in the Gilgit Baltistan region of Northern Pakistan. Located along the Karakoram Highway, Passu is a tourist destination. The village is known for its landscapes and views of the 7,478-meter (24,534 ft) Passu Sar mountain, the Passu Glacier, Batura glacier and the Passu Cathedral (Tupopdan) 6,106 m (20,033 ft).

Karakoram Highway
The Karakoram Highway (Urdu: شاہراہ قراقرم, Śāhirāh-i Qarāquram), also known as the KKH, National Highway 35 (Urdu: قومی شاہراہ ۳۵), N-35, and the China–Pakistan Friendship Highway, is a 1,300 km (810 mi) national highway which extends from Hasan Abdal in the Punjab province of Pakistan to the Khunjerab Pass in Gilgit-Baltistan, where it crosses into China and becomes China National Highway 314.

The highway connects the Pakistani provinces of Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa plus Gilgit-Baltistan with China's Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. The highway is a popular tourist attraction and is one of the highest paved roads in the world, passing through the Karakoram mountain range, at  at maximum elevation of 4,714 m (15,466 ft) near Khunjerab Pass. Due to its high elevation and the difficult conditions under which it was constructed, it is often referred to as the Eighth Wonder of the World. The highway is also a part of the Asian Highway AH4.
Kitlope River
The Kitlope River is a river in the Kitimat Ranges in the North Coast of British Columbia, Canada, flowing north for 100 km (62 mi), into the head of the Gardner Canal to the south of the smelter town of Kitimat. It is named for the Gitlope group of Haisla, now part of the Haisla Nation government and community at Kitamaat Village near Kitimat.  The name is a Tsimshian language reference to the people, who call themselves Henaksiala, and means "people of the rocks" or "people of the opening in the mountains".  The Haisla language name for the river is Xesduwaxwsdu.

The term "the Kitlope" may refer also to the basin of the Kitlope, including the basins of its tributaries.  The area has been the scene of protracted conservationist vs. resource extraction controversy since the 1970s and is now the Kitlope Heritage Conservancy, a protected area managed by BC Parks.

The Kitlope Indian Reserve No. 16 is located at the river's mouth.

Gardner Canal
The Gardner Canal is one of the principal inlets of the British Columbia Coast. Technically a side-inlet of the larger Douglas Channel, the Gardner Canal is still 90 km (56 mi) in length in its own right; total length of the waterways converging on the Douglas Channel is 320 km (200 mi) making it one of the largest fjord-complexes in the world.
Lupe Valdez
Guadalupe Valdez (born October 11, 1947) is an American law enforcement official who served as the sheriff of Dallas County, Texas, from 2005 to 2017, and was the Democratic nominee for Governor of Texas in the 2018 gubernatorial election, losing to Republican incumbent Greg Abbott.

Dallas County, Texas
Dallas County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2020 census, the population was 2,613,539, and was estimated to be 2,656,028 in 2024, making it the second-most populous county in Texas and the eighth-most populous county in the United States. Its county seat is Dallas, the third-most populous city in Texas and the ninth-most populous city in the United States. The county was founded on March 30, 1846 and was possibly named for George Mifflin Dallas, the 11th Vice President of the United States under U.S. President James K. Polk. Dallas County is included in the eleven-county Dallas–Fort Worth–Arlington metropolitan statistical area, which is the fourth-most populous metropolitan area in the United States.

Municipal expansion within Dallas County has blurred the geographic lines between cities and between neighboring counties.
John Main
John Douglas Main, OSB, (21 January 1926 – 30 December 1982) was a Roman Catholic priest and Benedictine monk who presented a way of Christian meditation which used a prayer-phrase or mantra. In 1975, Main began Christian meditation groups which met at Ealing Abbey, his monastery in West London, England, and, later, in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. These were the origins of the ecumenical network of Christian meditation groups which have become the World Community for Christian Meditation (WCCM).

Christian meditation
Christian meditation is a form of prayer in which a structured attempt is made to become aware of and reflect upon the revelations of God. The word meditation comes from the Latin word meditārī, which has a range of meanings including to reflect on, to study, and to practice. Christian meditation is the process of deliberately focusing on specific thoughts (such as a Bible passage) and reflecting on their meaning in the context of the love of God.

Christian meditation aims to heighten the personal relationship based on the love of God that marks Christian communion. Both in Eastern and Western Christianity meditation is the middle level in a broad three-stage characterization of prayer: it involves more reflection than first level vocal prayer, but is more structured than the multiple layers of contemplative prayer. Teachings in both the Eastern and Western Christian churches have emphasized the use of Christian meditation as an element in increasing one's knowledge of Christ.
1999–2000 Azadegan League
The 1999–2000 Azadegan League was the ninth season of Iran's premiere professional football league at the time, the Azadegan League. Persepolis became the league champions.

The following are the final results of the Azadegan League's 1999–2000 football season.

Azadegan League
The Azadegan League (Persian: ليگ آزادگان, Lig-e Âzâdegân), also known as  League 1 (Persian: لیگ یک, Lig-e Yek), is the second highest division of professional football in Iran. It was the top-level football league in Iran from its foundation in 1991 until 2001, when the Persian Gulf Pro League was established.

Azadegan League operates on a system of promotion and relegation. Each year, the top finishing teams in the Azadegan League are promoted to the Persian Gulf Pro League, and the lowest finishing teams are relegated to League 2.

Since 2016, the league comprises 18 teams. The winner and the runner-up of the Azadegan League are automatically promoted to the Persian Gulf Pro League. The bottom three teams in the league are relegated to League 2. In the past, the format and number of teams were changed for various times.
Daniel Bell-Drummond
Daniel James Bell-Drummond (born 4 August 1993) is an English professional cricketer, who plays for Kent County Cricket Club. He has represented England at youth level and has played for the England Lions cricket team at senior level.

Primarily a batsman, Bell-Drummond, made his senior cricket debut in 2011. In October 2023 he was appointed as Kent's club captain, replacing Sam Billings who had resigned the role at the end of the 2023 season.

Kent County Cricket Club in 2019
In 2019 Kent County Cricket Club competed in Division One of the County Championship after gaining promotion in the 2018 season, the Royal London One-Day Cup and the 2019 t20 Blast.

The season was the third in charge for head coach, and former player, Matthew Walker. Sam Billings retained the club captaincy that he was first awarded in 2018. With Billings and vice-captain Joe Denly playing in the Indian Premier League, which ran until 5 May, Heino Kuhn was announced as interim captain for the early part of the season. Following an injury to Billings in April, Denly and Kuhn captained the team during the first half of the season, with Kuhn standing in as captain in June and July to allow Denly to focus on his batting following a period of poor form.
La Cité-Limoilou
La Cité-Limoilou (French pronunciation: [la site limwalu]) is the central borough of Quebec City, the oldest (in terms of architecture), and the most populous, comprising 19.73% of the city's total population.  As an administrative division, it is very new, having only been formed on November 1, 2009, from the former boroughs of La Cité and Limoilou.

Saint-Charles River (Quebec City)
The Saint-Charles River (Wendat: Akiawenrahk) is the main watercourse crossing Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.

The surface of the Saint-Charles River (except the rapids areas) is generally frozen from the beginning of December to the end of March; however, safe circulation on the ice is generally done from the end of December to the beginning of March. The water level of the river varies with the seasons and the precipitation; the spring flood occurs in March or April.
United States at the Hopman Cup
The United States has appeared at the Hopman Cup from the 2nd staging of the event in 1990. The United States has appeared in twelve Hopman Cup finals and have a record six victories. It is one of two countries to successfully defend the title (alongside Switzerland) and holds the record for consecutive final appearances at four.

Hopman Cup
The Hopman Cup is an international tennis tournament that plays mixed teams (one male and one female) on a country-by-country basis. It was first held in Perth, Western Australia each year from 1989 to 2019, played on indoor hardcourt, before being replaced on the calendar in 2020 by the now defunct ATP Cup, which was in turn replaced by the United Cup. The tournament was played in an eight-team format, with the exception for the years 1990-1995, with twelve teams competing. It returned in July 2023 in Nice, France and was played on outdoor clay, with six teams invited to participate. This continued in 2025, with the tournament being held in Bari, Italy on hard courts.
Luis Carlos Sarmiento
Luis Carlos Sarmiento Angulo (born 27 January 1933) is a Colombian billionaire businessman and banker. His fortune derives primarily from the banking conglomerate Grupo Aval, of which he is the majority shareholder and chairman. For many years, he has been the wealthiest person in Colombia, according to Forbes and Bloomberg. As of December 2025, Forbes estimated his net worth at US$9.8 billion. He is the 9th wealthiest person in Latin America.

Grupo Aval
Grupo Aval is a Colombian holding company engaged in a wide variety of financial activities, including banking, telecommunications and real estate; in Colombia and Central America. Grupo Aval is controlled by Luis Carlos Sarmiento (estimated net worth of U$11,9 billion), who indirectly owns around 80 percent of its shares.
Outskirts (film)
Outskirts (Russian: Окра́ина, meaning "fringe" or "periphery"), also known in English as The Patriots or by the transliterated Russian title Okraina, is a 1933 Soviet film directed by Boris Barnet.

Outskirts is said to have the distinction to be the only Soviet-era film, before World War II, to deal exclusively with World War I.

Cinema of the Soviet Union
The cinema of the Soviet Union includes films produced by the constituent republics of the Soviet Union reflecting elements of their pre-Soviet culture, language and history, albeit they were all regulated by the central government in Moscow. Most prolific in their republican films, after the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, were Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Ukraine, and, to a lesser degree, Lithuania, Belarus and Moldavia. At the same time, the nation's film industry, which was fully nationalized throughout most of the country's history, was guided by philosophies and laws propounded by the monopoly Soviet Communist Party which introduced a new view on the cinema, socialist realism, which was different from the one before or after the existence of the Soviet Union.
Joliet Public Schools District 86
Joliet Public Schools District 86 is an elementary and middle school district headquartered in Joliet, Illinois.

The district includes central portions of Joliet, as well as Ingalls Park and Ridgewood and portions of Preston Heights and Rockdale.

In 2009, almost 63% of the district's students were classified as low income, compared to 23.4% of Will County students overall.

The district feeds into Joliet Township High School District 204.

Ridgewood, Illinois
Ridgewood is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Will County, Illinois, United States. It is northwest of the center of the county, bordered to the east and west by the city of Joliet. U.S. Route 30 runs along the southern edge of the CDP, leading west 2 miles (3 km) to the center of Joliet and east 3 miles (5 km) to Interstate 80.

Ridgewood was first listed as a CDP prior to the 2020 census.

Pace provides bus service on Route 508 connecting Ridgewood to downtown Joliet and other destinations.
Flowering Locus C
Flowering Locus C  (FLC) is a MADS-box gene that in late-flowering ecotypes of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana is responsible for vernalization. In a new seedling FLC is expressed, which prevents flowering. Upon exposure to cold, less FLC is expressed (to a degree depending on the amount of cold), and flowering becomes possible. FLC is extensively regulated through epigenetic modifications and transcriptional control.

The expression of FLC is affected by other genes including FLK, FCA and VERNALIZATION2 (VRN2).

Wild Arabidopsis plants have different alleles for the FLC gene, which correspond to ecotypes which either (a) flower rapidly and produce a number of generations during one summer (summer-annual), or (b) flower only after vernalization (winter-annual or late-flowering). This kind of variation can also be provided by variation in the FRIGIDA (FRI) gene.

MADS-box
The MADS box is a conserved sequence motif. The genes which contain this motif are called the MADS-box gene family. The MADS box encodes the DNA-binding MADS domain. The MADS domain binds to DNA sequences of high similarity to the motif CC[A/T]6GG termed the CArG-box. MADS-domain proteins are generally transcription factors.  The length of the MADS-box reported by various researchers varies somewhat, but typical lengths are in the range of 168 to 180 base pairs, i.e. the encoded MADS domain has a length of 56 to 60 amino acids. There is evidence that the MADS domain evolved from a sequence stretch of a type II topoisomerase in a common ancestor of all extant eukaryotes.