hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Battle of Skaithmuir
The Battle of Skaithmuir was a skirmish of the First War of Scottish Independence. It took place near Coldstream, on the Anglo-Scottish border, in February 1316.  The skirmish was fought between the Scottish captain Sir James Douglas, and an English raiding party from Berwick upon Tweed. The English were having difficulty getting supplies to Berwick after the Scots had won back the surrounding territory and the garrison was facing starvation. Under Edmond Caillou, a Gascon knight, about 80 men set out from Berwick to raid Teviotdale for cattle. Douglas, having been informed that there were fewer in the raiding party, set out to cut them off. Douglas won, and Caillou was killed. Douglas later called it the most difficult fight of his long career. The Scots under Douglas and Thomas Randolph went on to capture Berwick in April 1318.

Coldstream
Coldstream (Scottish Gaelic: An Sruthan Fuar) is a town and civil parish in the Scottish Borders area of Scotland.

A former burgh, Coldstream is the namesake of the Coldstream Guards, a regiment in the British Army, so called because they marched from Coldstream to help restore the British Monarchy in 1660.
Outeniqua Pass
The Outeniqua Pass is a mountain pass in the Western Cape, South Africa, that carries the N9/N12 national road through the Outeniqua Mountains north of George. It connects George and the Garden Route coastal plain with Oudtshoorn and the Little Karoo. It was constructed between 1943 and 1951, replacing the Montagu Pass as the main route from George to the interior.

George, South Africa
George is a city in South Africa, and the second largest city in the Western Cape province. The city is a popular holiday and conference centre, as well as the administrative and commercial hub and the seat of the Garden Route District Municipality. It is named after the British Monarch George III.

The city is situated roughly halfway between Cape Town and Gqeberha (Port Elizabeth) on the Garden Route. It is situated on a 10-kilometre plateau between the Outeniqua Mountains to the north and the Indian Ocean to the south. The former township of Pacaltsdorp, now a fully incorporated suburb, lies to the south.

George is well-known for being the burial place of former South African Prime Minister and President P. W. Botha.
Listed buildings in Borough Green
Borough Green is a village and civil parish in the Tonbridge and Malling district of Kent, England. It contains 12 listed buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England. Of these all 12 are grade II.

This list is based on the information retrieved online from Historic England

.

Borough Green
Borough Green is a civil parish in the borough of Tonbridge and Malling in Kent, England. The central area is situated on the A25 road between Maidstone and Sevenoaks, with the M26 motorway running through the centre dividing Wrotham and Borough Green.
Richard Price (Radnor MP)
Richard Price (1773 – 10 April 1861) was a Tory politician from Wales. He was the member of parliament (MP) for Radnor from 1799 to 1847.

Price was the eldest son Richard Price, a lawyer of Norton Manor, Knighton whose brother was Chase Price, the MP for Radnorshire. He was educated at University College, Oxford.

The Radnor seat was under the patronage of the 5th Earl of Oxford, whose uncle secured the seat for Price when a vacancy arose in 1799. Price developed his own support base, and within ten years was opposing Oxford's interests in Radnor.

He was a largely silent MP, supporting Tory administrations, and by 1832 had spoken in the House of Commons only to oppose parliamentary reform.

He died 10 April 1861, aged 88.

Radnor (UK Parliament constituency)
Radnor or New Radnor (also called the Radnor District of Boroughs or Radnor Boroughs, especially after 1832) was a constituency in Wales between 1542 and 1885; it elected one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the Parliaments of England (1542–1707), Great Britain (1707–1800) and the United Kingdom (1801–1885), by the first past the post electoral system.  In the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885, the division was merged into Radnorshire.

Some very notable politicians represented the constituency in the House of Commons, including Robert Harley, later Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer, Sir George Cornewall Lewis, and the Marquess of Hartington, later 8th Duke of Devonshire.
The Greyhound (play)
The Greyhound is a 1911 play written by Paul Armstrong and Wilson Mizner. It is a melodrama with four acts, six settings, a large cast and fast pacing. The story is episodic, following four criminals working likely victims on an ocean liner, and showing how they are thwarted. Although containing elements of a thriller, comedy dominates, as a glance at names of featured characters suggests. The title comes from the contemporary description of fast transatlantic passenger ships as "ocean greyhounds".

The play was first produced by the Wagenhals & Kemper Company, and staged by Collin Kemper. There was a tryout in Indianapolis during January 1912, followed by an open run in Chicago. The Broadway premiere came during late February 1912. The production ran on Broadway up to June 1912, for over 100 performances.

The play was later adapted for a silent film of the same title in 1914.

Elita Proctor Otis
Elita Proctor Otis (1851 or 1860 – August 10, 1927) was an American actress. She had a long distinguished stage career before her foray into early silent films. In 1909, she may have been the first actress to play Nancy Sikes on screen in a Vitagraph produced version of Oliver Twist.
John Comyn III of Badenoch
John Comyn III of Badenoch, nicknamed the Red (c. 1274 – 10 February 1306), was a leading Scottish baron and magnate who played an important role in the First War of Scottish Independence. He served as Guardian of Scotland after the forced abdication of his uncle, King John Balliol (r. 1292–1296), in 1296, and for a time commanded the defence of Scotland against English attacks. Comyn was stabbed to death by Robert the Bruce before the altar at the church of the Greyfriars at Dumfries.

His father, John Comyn II, known as the Black Comyn, had been one of the competitors for the Crown of Scotland, claiming his descent from King Donald III. His mother was Eleanor Balliol, sister of King John Balliol. He had, moreover, links with the royal house of England: in the early 1290s, he married Joan de Valence, cousin of King Edward I.

First War of Scottish Independence
The First War of Scottish Independence was the first of a series of wars between England and Scotland. It lasted from the English invasion of Scotland in 1296 until the de jure restoration of Scottish independence with the Treaty of Edinburgh–Northampton in 1328. De facto independence was established in 1314 following an English defeat at the Battle of Bannockburn. The wars were caused by the attempts of the English kings to seize territory by claiming sovereignty over Scotland, while the Scots fought to keep both English rule and authority out of Scotland.

The First War of Scottish Independence should not be viewed in isolation from the Gascon War and Franco-Flemish War since Philip IV of France and Edward I of England sought allies in Scotland and Flanders as part of their initial conflict. John Balliol of Scotland allied himself with Philip IV of France in 1295 whilst Guy, Count of Flanders allied himself with Edward I of England.
Edgars Bertuks
Edgars Bertuks (born January 1, 1985, in Alūksne) is a Latvian orienteering competitor and world champion. He won the middle distance at the 2012 World Orienteering Championships in Lausanne, five seconds ahead of silver medalist Valentin Novikov.

Alūksne
Alūksne (German: Marienburgⓘ) is a town on the shores of Lake Alūksne in the Vidzeme region of Latvia near the borders with Estonia and Russia. It is the seat of the Alūksne municipality. Alūksne is the highest city in Latvia, being located in the East Vidzeme Upland at 217 m above sea level.
Crib Goch
Crib Goch is a knife-edged arête in the Snowdonia National Park in Gwynedd, Wales. The name means "red ridge" in Welsh.

The highest point on the arête is 923 metres (3,028 ft) above sea level. All routes which tackle Crib Goch are considered mountaineering routes in winter or scrambles in summer—meaning that they must cross "graded territory" as defined in Steve Ashton's Scrambles in Snowdonia. The easiest of these lines (the ‘bad step’ part of the route) is given a scrambling grade of Grade 1 (the most difficult being Grade 3—routes more difficult than Grade 3 are considered rock climbs).

Scrambling
In mountaineering, scrambling is ascending steep terrain using one's hands to assist in holds and balance. It can be described as being between hiking and rock climbing. "A scramble" is a related term, denoting terrain that could be ascended in this way.

Sure-footedness and a head for heights are essential. Canyoning and stream climbing both involve scrambling.
Jacques Prévert
Jacques Prévert (French: [ʒak pʁevɛʁ]; 4 February 1900 – 11 April 1977) was a French poet and screenwriter. His poems became and remain popular in the French-speaking world, particularly in schools. His best-regarded films formed part of the poetic realist movement, and include Les Enfants du Paradis (1945). He published his first book in 1946.

Ylla
Camilla "Ylla" Koffler (Hungarian: Koffler Kamilla; 16 August 1911 – 30 March 1955) was a Hungarian photographer who specialized in animal photography. At the time of her death she "was generally considered the most proficient animal photographer in the world."
China Gate (1998 film)
China Gate is a 1998 Indian Hindi-language revisionist Western action film directed by Rajkumar Santoshi. It was released on 27 November 1998. China Gate follows the basic storyline of the Seven Samurai. The song "Chamma Chamma" picturised on Urmila Matondkar became a chart buster and was used in Baz Luhrmann's film Moulin Rouge!. The film won Filmfare Award for Best Dialogue.

Rajkumar Santoshi
Rajkumar Santoshi (born 17 July, 1956) is an Indian film director, screenwriter and producer. He is the recipient of several accolades, including four National Awards and five Filmfare Awards. He is best known for his collaboration with Sunny Deol on films including Ghayal (1990), Damini (1993) and  Ghatak (1996).
Linda Smith (comedian)
Linda Helen Smith (29 January 1958 – 27 February 2006) was an English comedian and comedy writer. She appeared regularly on Radio 4 panel games, and was voted "Wittiest Living Person" by listeners in 2002. From 2004 to 2006, she was head of the British Humanist Association.

The News Quiz
The News Quiz is a British topical panel game broadcast on BBC Radio 4. Since launching in 1977, the show, created by John Lloyd from an idea by Nicholas Parsons, has seen several hosts, including Barry Norman, Barry Took, Simon Hoggart, Sandi Toksvig, Miles Jupp and Andy Zaltzman, currently the host since series 103. The show involves four panellists, often comedians or journalists, who answer questions about events of the previous week, often leading to humorous and satirical exchanges. The show was adapted for television in 1981 and has also inspired other shows, such as Have I Got News for You.
Suggestion box
The suggestion box is used for collecting slips of paper with input from customers and patrons of a particular organization. Suggestion boxes may also exist internally, within an organization, such as means for garnering employee opinion.

Issue tracking system
An issue tracking system (also ITS, trouble ticket system, support ticket, request management or incident ticket system) is a computer software package that manages and maintains lists of issues. Issue tracking systems are generally used in collaborative settings, especially in large or distributed collaborations, but can also be employed by individuals as part of a time management or personal productivity regimen. These systems often encompass resource allocation, time accounting, priority management, and oversight workflow in addition to implementing a centralized issue registry.
African Safari World
African Safari World was a proposed amusement park and zoo, to replace the Werribee Open Range Zoo, 32 kilometres (20 mi) southwest of Melbourne, Australia. Warner Village Theme Parks, who already own and operate several properties on the Gold Coast in Queensland, was behind the proposal. The park was scheduled to open in 2010. On 1 June 2008 the Victorian government said it had rejected the proposal, because the cost to taxpayers would have been too great.

Village Roadshow Theme Parks
Village Roadshow Theme Parks is a division of Village Roadshow Limited which operates theme parks and attractions in Australia. The Sydney Attractions Group Pty Ltd was formerly part of Village Roadshow Theme Parks; however, it was sold in 2011 to Merlin Entertainments.
Omar al-Tayib
Lieutenant General Omar Mohamed al-Tayib was a Sudanese soldier and politician.

Al-Tayib was born in 1933 in Al-Zaydab village in Northern Sudan. He was educated at the Military College of Sudan. He was eventually promoted as Lieutenant General of Sudanese Army.

During the Nimeiry era, al-Tayib was one of the Vice Presidents (1981–1982), and then First Vice President (1982–1985) and Nimeiry's powerful head of State Security Organization. Al-Tayib deputized Nimeiry when he was ill. Al-Tayib was also described to be a close friend of Abdul Majid Khalil.

Al-Tayib lost his political power when Nimeiry was ousted in April 1985. Al-Tayib was sentenced to 60 years in prison in 1986 in an allegedly politically motivated trial. He emigrated to Saudi-Arabia at that time, and returned to Sudan in 2000. He died in Cairo in July 2023.

1985 Sudanese coup d'état
A coup d'état occurred in Sudan on 6 April 1985 when a group of military officers led by the Defense Minister and Armed Forces Commander-in-Chief, Field Marshal Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab, overthrew the government of President Gaafar Nimeiry.
Dadhburzmihr
Dadhburzmihr (also spelled Dadmihr or Dazmihr) was the independent ruler (ispahbadh) of Tabaristan. He succeeded his father Farrukhan the Great in 728 and reigned until his death in 740/1. According to the 13-century Iranian historian Ibn Isfandiyar, Dadhburzmihr enjoyed a peaceful reign, facing no invasions from the Arab Caliphate, due to their attention being directed towards local revolts. His 6 year old son, Khurshid succeeded him.

Tabaristan
Tabaristan or Tabarestan (Persian: طبرستان, romanized: Ṭabarestān; Mazanderani: تبرستون, romanized: Tabarestun; from Middle Persian: , Tapur(i)stān) was a mountainous region located on the Caspian coast of northern Iran. It corresponded to the present-day province of Mazandaran, which became the predominant name of the area from the 11th century onwards.
Babia Góra National Park
Babia Góra National Park (Polish: Babiogórski Park Narodowy) is one of 23 national parks in Poland. It is located in the southern part of the country, in Lesser Poland Voivodeship,on the border with Slovakia. The park's headquarters are in Zawoja. A Nature Reserve covering roughly the same area as the modern-day national park was established in 1933, and the national park itself was officially established on October 30, 1954. Since 1976, UNESCO has designated it as a biosphere reserve.

The park covers an area of 33.92 square kilometres (13.10 sq mi), approximately 85% of which is forested. It includes the northern and part of the southern side of the Babia Góra massif. The massif's main peak (known as Diablak), is the highest point of the Orava Beskids mountain range at 1,725 metres (5,659 ft). The Slovak side of the massif is primarily part of the Horná Orava Protected Landscape Area.

Babia Góra
Babia Góra [ˈbabʲa ˈɡura] (in Polish), or Babia hora (in Slovak) is a massif situated on the border between Poland and Slovakia in the Western Beskid Mountains. The name is also applied to the culmination of the massif, Diablak ("Devil's Peak"), which is also the highest peak of this part of the Carpathian Mountains, at 1,725 metres (5,659 ft) above sea level.
Tom Savage (social entrepreneur)
Tom Savage (born 27 July 1979) is a British social entrepreneur, founder of award-winning Blue Ventures and 3Desk.

In 2007, Savage won the Edge Upstart Young Social Entrepreneur of the Year Award and was interviewed in The Guardian. Savage was also cited, as an inspiration to Prime Minister Gordon Brown in his book Britain's Everyday Heroes.

Blue Ventures
Blue Ventures is a charity focused on marine conservation. It is based in the UK.

The organization operates in the Indian Ocean, Southeast Asia, and the Caribbean, with sites in Madagascar, Belize, Indonesia, and Timor-Leste. They also manage projects in Comoros, Kenya, Mozambique, and Tanzania.
Listed buildings in Eckington, Derbyshire
Eckington is a civil parish in the North East Derbyshire district of Derbyshire, England. The parish contains 82 listed buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England. Of these, two are listed at Grade I, the highest of the three grades, two are at Grade II*, the middle grade, and the others are at Grade II, the lowest grade. The parish contains the town of Eckington, the villages of Renishaw, Ridgeway, and Spinkhill, the hamlet of Birley Hay, and the surrounding countryside.  The major building in the parish is the country house, Renishaw Hall, which is listed, together with associated structures and items in its grounds. Most of the other listed buildings are houses, cottages and associated structures, farmhouses and farm buildings.  The rest of the listed buildings include churches, chapels and associated items, a former Sunday school, a former toll house, a public house, a war memorial and two bridges.

Spinkhill
Spinkhill is a small village in North East Derbyshire, England. It is approximately one mile south of the nearest town, Killamarsh, and half a mile north-east of Renishaw.

It is home to the Church of the Immaculate Conception and its associated Catholic Primary School. Spinkhill is also home to Mount St Mary's College, a large private school. The village has historical links to the Roman Catholic Church via the Poles family.

The village has a pub and a café. Other economic activity comes from the several farms situated around the village.

The village has a small bus station and is served by a handful of bus services to Sheffield and Chesterfield via Killamarsh and Renishaw respectively. Spinkhill railway station served the village prior to its permanent closure in 1958.
Myski
Myski (Russian: Мыски; Shor: Томазақ, romanized: Tomazaq) is a town in Kemerovo Oblast, Russia, located at the confluence of the Mras-Su and Tom Rivers, 350 kilometers (220 mi) southeast of Kemerovo. Population:  43,038 (2010 Census); 44,435 (2002 Census); 45,964 (1989 Soviet census).

Mrassu
The Mrassu or Mras-Su (Russian: Мрассу́ or Мрас-Су́, Shor: Прас, Пырас, Пырас-суғ, romanized: Pras, Pıras, Pıras-suğ) is a river in Kemerovo Oblast, Russia. It is a left tributary of the Tom (in the Ob's drainage basin), and has its sources in the Abakan Range. It is 338 kilometres (210 mi) long, with a drainage basin of 8,840 square kilometres (3,410 sq mi). The Mrassu joins the Tom near Myski.

The Mrassu freezes from mid-November to April. The water flow at Myski averages at 155 square meters per second (1668 ft3/sec)  every year with a minimum of 24.4 m3/sec (262 ft3/sec)  in February and a maximum of 694 m3/sec (7470 ft3/sec) in May.
History of Science Society
The History of Science Society (HSS), founded in 1924, is the primary professional society for the academic study of the history of science. The society has over 3,000 members worldwide. It publishes the quarterly journal Isis and the yearly journal Osiris, sponsors the IsisCB: History of Science Index, and holds an annual conference.
As of January 2024, the current president of the HSS is Evelynn M. Hammonds.

Lawrence Joseph Henderson
Lawrence Joseph Henderson (June 3, 1878 – February 10, 1942) was an American physiologist, chemist, biologist, philosopher, and sociologist. He became one of the leading biochemists of the early 20th century. His work contributed to the Henderson–Hasselbalch equation, used to calculate pH as a measure of acidity.
WKBS-TV
WKBS-TV (channel 47) is a religious television station in Altoona, Pennsylvania, United States, owned and operated by Cornerstone Television. The station's transmitter is located in Logan Township.

WKBS-TV operates as a full-time satellite of Cornerstone's flagship station, Greensburg-licensed WPCB-TV (channel 40), whose studios are located in Wall, Pennsylvania. WKBS-TV covers areas of West-Central Pennsylvania that receive a marginal to non-existent over-the-air signal from WPCB-TV, although there is significant overlap between the two stations' contours otherwise. WKBS-TV is a straight simulcast of WPCB-TV; on-air references to WKBS-TV are limited to Federal Communications Commission (FCC)-mandated hourly station identifications during programming. Besides the transmitter, WKBS-TV does not maintain any physical presence in Altoona, and unlike its parent station, it does not broadcast in high definition and has a different subchannel lineup.

Altoona, Pennsylvania
Altoona (/ælˈtuːnə/ al-TOO-nə) is a city in Blair County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 43,963 at the time of the 2020 census. It is the principal city of the Altoona metropolitan area, which includes all of Blair County and was recorded as having a population of 122,823.

Altoona was established in 1849 by the Pennsylvania Railroad. Having grown around the railroad industry, the city has worked to recover from industrial decline and urban decentralization experienced in recent decades. The city is home to the Altoona Curve baseball team of the Eastern League, which is the AA affiliate of the Pittsburgh Pirates Major League Baseball team. They play at Peoples Natural Gas Field in Altoona. The Altoona Symphony Orchestra has called Altoona home since 1928. Prominent landmarks include the Horseshoe Curve, the Railroaders Memorial Museum, the Juniata Shops of the Altoona Works, the Mishler Theatre, the Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament, and the Jaffa Shrine Center.
All (Descendents album)
All is the fourth album by the American punk rock band the Descendents, released in 1987 through SST Records. It was the band's first album with bassist Karl Alvarez and guitarist Stephen Egerton, who brought new songwriting ideas to the group. The album is titled after the concept of "All" invented by drummer Bill Stevenson and friend Pat McCuistion in 1980. Based on the goals of achieving "the total extent" and "to not settle for some, to always go for All", the philosophy was the subject of the one-second title track, the two-second "No, All!", and "All-O-Gistics".

All marked the end of the Descendents' original run. Following two tours of the United States to promote the album, singer Milo Aukerman left the group to pursue a career in biochemistry. The band was relaunched under the new name All, and released eight albums with other singers between 1988 and 1995, before reuniting with Aukerman under the Descendents name.

Descendents
The Descendents are an American punk rock band formed in Manhattan Beach, California, in 1977, by guitarist Frank Navetta, bassist Tony Lombardo and drummer Bill Stevenson as a power pop/surf punk band. In 1979, they enlisted Stevenson's school friend Milo Aukerman as a singer, and reappeared as a melodic hardcore punk band, becoming a major player in the hardcore scene developing in Los Angeles at the time. They have released eight studio albums, three live albums, three compilation albums, and four EPs. Since 1986, the band's lineup has consisted of Aukerman, Stevenson, guitarist Stephen Egerton, and bassist Karl Alvarez.