hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Malt tax riots
The malt tax riots were a wave of protest against the extension of the English malt tax to Scotland. The riots began in Hamilton on 23 June 1725 and soon spread throughout the country. The fiercest protests, the Shawfield riots, were in Glasgow, but significant disturbances occurred in Edinburgh, Stirling, Dundee, Ayr, Elgin and Paisley.

The Lord Advocate, Robert Dundas, an opponent of the imposition of the malt tax on Scotland, published an anti-malt tax pamphlet and was sacked. General Wade was appointed to quell the protests and several rioters were killed or transported. However, the British government was forced to make concessions, and the riots led to the establishment of the Board of Trustees for Manufacturers and Fisheries in 1727.

Robert Dundas of Arniston, the Elder
Robert Dundas of Arniston, the elder, 2nd Lord Arniston (1685–1753) was a Scottish lawyer, and Tory politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1722 to 1737. In 1728 he reintroduced into Scottish juries the possible verdicts of guilty or not guilty as against proven or not proven.  He was Lord President of the Court of Session from 1748 to 1753.
Dynasties of ancient Egypt
In ancient Egyptian history, dynasties are a series of rulers sharing a common origin. They are usually, but not always, traditionally divided into 33 pharaonic dynasties; these dynasties are commonly grouped by modern scholars into "kingdoms" and "intermediate periods".

The 31 dynastic divisions come from the 3rd century BC Egyptian priest Manetho, whose history Aegyptiaca was probably written for a Greek-speaking Ptolemaic ruler but survives only in fragments and summaries. While widely used and useful, the system does have its shortcomings. Some dynasties only ruled part of Egypt and existed concurrently with other dynasties based in other cities. Some dynasties like the Abydos Dynasty weren't counted; the 7th might not have existed at all, the 10th seems to be a continuation of the 9th, and there might have been one or several Egyptian dynasties before what is termed the 1st Dynasty.

Periodization of ancient Egypt
The periodization of ancient Egypt is the use of periodization to organize the 3,000-year history of ancient Egypt. The system of 30 dynasties recorded by third-century BC Greek-speaking Egyptian priest Manetho is still in use today; however, the system of "periods" and "kingdoms" used to group the dynasties is of modern origin (19th and 20th centuries CE). The modern system consists of three "Golden Ages" (Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms), interspersed between "intermediate periods" (often, though not always, considered times of crisis or Dark Ages) and early and late periods.
Einsiedel Palace
Einsiedel Palace (German: Schloss Einsiedel) was a Rococo schloss and hunting retreat commissioned by Charles Eugene, Duke of Württemberg. It was constructed between 1767 and 1772. Around 1804, the palace was demolished. It was located at the edge of the Schönbuch forest, north of the village of Kirchentellinsfurt, near Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg in Germany.

Charles Eugene, Duke of Württemberg
Charles Eugene (German: Carl Eugen; 11 February 1728 – 24 October 1793) was the Duke of Württemberg, and the eldest son, and successor, of Charles Alexander; his mother was Princess Marie Auguste of Thurn and Taxis.
Great Linford railway station
Great Linford railway station was a railway station on the Wolverton to Newport Pagnell line. It served the village of Great Linford, Buckinghamshire, which it was located a little to the northeast of. Built next to the Linford Wharf on the Grand Union Canal, the station opened to traffic in 1867. The station consisted of a brick built station building, and single platform. The station did not have a goods yard or sidings.

The last passenger train ran on 5 September 1964: 109  and the last goods train passed through on 22 May 1967. The station building was demolished although the platform remains intact to this day. The trackbed through the station has been converted into a cycle way, forming part of the Milton Keynes redway system.

Great Linford
Great Linford is a historic village, district and wider civil parish in the north of Milton Keynes, England, between Wolverton and Newport Pagnell, and roughly 2 miles (3.2 km) north of Central Milton Keynes.
Squanch Games
Squanch Games (formerly known as Squanchtendo) is an American video game development studio based in Burbank, California. The company was founded by Justin Roiland in August 2016. The studio is most known for developing Accounting (2016), Trover Saves the Universe (2019) and High on Life (2022). The company has offices in Raleigh, North Carolina, and Burbank, California.

High on Life (video game)
High on Life is a 2022 comedic first-person shooter game with action-adventure and Metroidvania elements. It takes place in a science fiction world which features talking guns. It was created, developed and published by Squanch Games. The game was released on December 13, 2022 for Windows, Xbox One and Xbox Series X/S. It was later ported to PlayStation 4 and PlayStation 5 on July 22, 2023, to Nintendo Switch on May 6, 2025, and to Nintendo Switch 2 on August 28, 2025. The game received mixed reviews from critics, who were divided on its humor, while criticizing the technical issues upon launch. A sequel, later titled High on Life 2, was announced on June 9, 2025, and released on February 13, 2026.
2009 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series
The 2009 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series was the 61st season of professional stock car racing in the United States, the 38th modern-era Cup series, and the last Cup season of the 21st century's first decade, the 2000s. The season included 36 races and two exhibition races with the regular season beginning with the Daytona 500 at Daytona International Speedway and ending with the Ford 400 at Homestead-Miami Speedway.  The final ten races were known as 2009 Chase for the Sprint Cup. Rick Hendrick won the Owners' Championship, while Jimmie Johnson won the Drivers' Championship with a fifth-place finish at the final race of the season. Chevrolet won the Manufacturers' Championship with 248 points.

Brian Vickers
Brian Lee Vickers (born October 24, 1983) is an American former professional stock car racing driver. He last drove the No. 14 Chevrolet SS for Stewart–Haas Racing as an interim driver in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series for the injured Tony Stewart. He won the 2003 NASCAR Busch Series championship driving for Hendrick Motorsports. Vickers was also among the first series of full-time drivers for Toyota after the manufacturer first entered the Sprint Cup Series.

Vickers' career has been marred by a series of health issues since 2010 that have included blood clots and heart problems.
The Cedar Tree (musical)
The Cedar Tree is an Australian musical play produced in the wake of the success of Collits' Inn. The 1934 Melbourne production at the Princess Theatre was presented by F. W. Thring and starred Gladys Moncrieff.

Princess Theatre (Melbourne)
The Princess Theatre, originally Princess's Theatre, is a 1452-seat theatre in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Established in 1854 and rebuilt in 1886 to a design by noted Melbourne architect William Pitt, it is the oldest surviving entertainment site on mainland Australia. Built in an elaborate Second Empire style, it reflects the opulence of the "Marvellous Melbourne" boom period, and had a number of innovative features, including state of the art electric stage lighting and the world's first sliding ceiling, which was rolled back on warm nights to give the effect of an open-air theatre.

Located on Spring Street in Melbourne's East End Theatre District, the theatre building is listed by the National Trust of Australia and is on the Victorian Heritage Register.
Raw Force
Raw Force (also known as Kung Fu Cannibals) is a 1982 martial arts action horror film written and directed by Edward D. Murphy. An international co-production of the Philippines and the United States, it stars Cameron Mitchell, Geoff Binney, Jillian Kesner, John Dresden, Jennifer Holmes and Hope Holiday.

Jillian Kesner-Graver
Jillian Kesner-Graver (August 9, 1949 – December 5, 2007), credited onscreen as Jillian Kesner, was an American actress and historian who worked with her husband, Gary Graver, to preserve the work and legacy of director Orson Welles. She was best known as an actress for playing Fonzie's girlfriend, Lorraine, on a 1977 episode of Happy Days.
Pyrex
Pyrex (trademarked as PYREX and pyrex) is a type of borosilicate glass developed by Corning Incorporated in 1908. Pyrex was first introduced to the public in 1915, as a brand of clear, low-thermal-expansion glassware products, whose resistance to chemicals, electricity, and heat made it ideal for laboratory glassware and kitchenware. In the 1930s, Corning expanded the brand to include kitchen products made of soda–lime glass and other materials.

In 1998, Corning Incorporated spun off its kitchenware division, including Pyrex cookware. Currently, Pyrex dishes are manufactured by Corelle Brands in the United States and International Cookware in Europe. Corning Incorporated continues to manufacture Pyrex scientific glassware.

Laboratory glassware
Laboratory glassware is a variety of equipment used in scientific work, traditionally made of glass. Glass may be blown, bent, cut, molded, or formed into many sizes and shapes. It is commonly used in chemistry, biology, and analytical laboratories.  Many laboratories have training programs to demonstrate how glassware is used and to alert first–time users to the safety hazards involved with using glassware.
1988–89 DDR-Oberliga
The 1988–89 DDR-Oberliga was the 40th season of the DDR-Oberliga, the first tier of league football in East Germany.

The league was contested by fourteen teams. Dynamo Dresden won the championship, the club's seventh out of eight East German championships.

Torsten Gütschow of Dynamo Dresden was the league's top scorer with 17 goals, while Andreas Trautmann of Dynamo Dresden took out the seasons East German Footballer of the year award.

On the strength of the 1988–89 title Dynamo Dresden qualified for the 1989–90 European Cup where the club was knocked out by AEK Athens in the first round. Second-placed club BFC Dynamo qualified for the 1989–90 European Cup Winners' Cup as the seasons FDGB-Pokal winners and was knocked out by AS Monaco in the second round. Third-placed FC Karl-Marx-Stadt qualified for the 1989–90 UEFA Cup where it was knocked out by Juventus in the third round while fourth-placed F.C. Hansa Rostock lost to FC Baník Ostrava in the first round.

Torsten Gütschow
Torsten Gütschow (born 28 July 1962) is a German football manager and former player who played as a striker. He is most associated with Dynamo Dresden, with whom he had two successful spells, playing top level football in East Germany and after reunification. In between these he played for three other German clubs, and spent six months with Galatasaray of the Turkish Süper Lig. A strong and instinctive goalscorer, Gütschow was top scorer in each of the last three seasons of the DDR-Oberliga, and was the last East German Footballer of the Year. He won three international caps for East Germany, scoring two goals between 1984 and 1989. Since retiring he has taken up coaching, and has been manager of TuS Heeslingen.
Mobridge Masonic Temple
The Mobridge Masonic Temple in Mobridge, South Dakota is a building from 1923. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.

It was deemed notable as it "is the only known example of Egyptian Revival architecture from the eclectic period in South Dakota. It has many of the elements that are common to this style: battered walls; window enframements that narrow upward; narrow banded reed lotus columns; and a gorge and roll cornice above the entry. All of these create a definite Egyptian appearance."

Mobridge, South Dakota
Mobridge, also known as Kȟowákataŋ Otȟúŋwahe (Lakota: Kȟowákataŋ Otȟúŋwahe; lit. "Over-the-River Town"), is a city in Walworth County, South Dakota, United States. The population was 3,261 according to the 2020 census.
Pragmatic Sanction of 1723
The Pragmatic Sanction of 1723 was a bilateral treaty between the Diet of Hungary and the Hungarian king Charles III by which the Diet recognized the king's daughters (failing which his nieces and sisters) as possible heirs to the throne in return for considerable privileges. It was a protracted affair but had lasting consequences, especially in relation to the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867.

Pragmatic sanction
A pragmatic sanction is a sovereign's solemn decree on a matter of primary importance and has the force of fundamental law. In the late history of the Holy Roman Empire, it referred more specifically to an edict issued by the Emperor.

When used as a proper noun, and the year is not mentioned, it usually refers to the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713, a legal mechanism designed to ensure that the Austrian throne and Habsburg lands would be inherited by Emperor Charles VI's daughter, Maria Theresa.

Pragmatic sanctions tend to be issued at times in which the theoretically ideal situation is untenable, and a change of the rules is called for. In the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713, for example, the edict streamlined the succession laws and reorganized the Habsburg territories into an indivisible entity so that one heir would inherit them.
Nina Mason Pulliam Indianapolis Special Collections Room
The Nina Mason Pulliam Indianapolis Special Collections Room is a special collection of the Indianapolis Public Library in Indianapolis, Indiana, United States.

The collection contains a variety of adult and children's materials, fiction and nonfiction books by local authors, photographs, scrapbooks, typescripts, manuscripts, autographed editions, letters, newspapers, magazines, and regalia. The collection features materials related to Kurt Vonnegut, May Wright Sewall, the Woollen family, James Whitcomb Riley, and Booth Tarkington. It is named for philanthropist Nina Mason Pulliam and is housed on the sixth floor of the Central Library.

Indianapolis Public Library
The Indianapolis Public Library (IndyPL), formerly known as the Indianapolis–Marion County Public Library, is the public library system serving the citizens of Marion County, Indiana, United States and its largest city, Indianapolis. The library was founded in 1873 and has grown to include its flagship Central Library and 24 branch libraries located throughout the county. In 2021, the public library system circulated 7.1 million items and hosted more than 2,500 programs for its 282,000 cardholders.
4-Bromoanisole
4-Bromoanisole is the organobromine compound with the formula CH3OC6H4Br.  It is colorless liquid with a pleasant smell similar to that of anise seed. It is one of three isomers of bromoanisole, the others being 3-bromoanisole and 2-bromoanisole.  It is the precursor to many 4-anisyl derivatives.

2-Bromoanisole
2-Bromoanisole is an organobromide with the formula BrC6H4OCH3.  A colorless liquid, it is one of three isomers of bromoanisole, the others being 3-bromoanisole and 4-bromoanisole. It is a standard coupling partner in metal catalyzed coupling reactions.  These reactions include Heck reactions, Buchwald-Hartwig coupling, Suzuki couplings, and Ullmann condensations.  The corresponding Grignard reagent readily forms.  It is a precursor to o-anisaldehyde.
Hugo Lundevall
Knut Hugo Valfrid Lundevall (7 December 1892 – 16 January 1949) was a Swedish swimmer. He competed in the men's 100 metre backstroke event at the 1912 Summer Olympics.

Born in Estuna, Norrtälje, Lundevall represented SK Neptun.

SK Neptun
Simklubben Neptun, commonly known as SK Neptun, is a Swedish swimming club from Stockholm, active in swimming, diving, water polo, and synchronized swimming. The home pool is Eriksdalsbadet in Stockholm.
Stara Bridge
Stara Bridge is a clapper bridge across the River Lynher in east Cornwall, England, dating to the  Late Middle Ages and now scheduled under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979 as a rare surviving example of such bridge types. The surrounding area is known as Starabridge.

River Lynher
50°22′44″N 4°15′50″W﻿ / ﻿50.379°N 4.264°W﻿ / 50.379; -4.264

The River Lynher (Cornish: Linar) (or St Germans River downstream from its confluence with the Tiddy) flows through east Cornwall, England, and enters the River Tamar at the Hamoaze, which in turn flows into Plymouth Sound.
Tsartlip First Nation
Tsartlip First Nation is a First Nation located on the Saanich Peninsula, in Saanich territory on Vancouver Island.  They are a member of the Sencot'en Alliance fighting for Native rights.  In the 1850s, they were signatories to one of the Douglas Treaties.

The band's reserve and offices are located near and to the north of the town of Brentwood Bay.

Saanich Peninsula
Saanich Peninsula (Straits Salish: W̱SÁNEĆ) is located north of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. It is bounded by Saanich Inlet on the west, Satellite Channel on the north, the small Colburne Passage on the northeast, and Haro Strait on the east. The exact southern boundary of what is referred to as the "Saanich Peninsula" (or simply as "the Peninsula") is somewhat fluid in local parlance.

Surrounded by the Salish Sea, Saanich Peninsula is separated from Saltspring Island by Satellite Channel, Piers Island and Coal Island by Colburne Passage, and James Island by Cordova Passage in Haro Strait.
History Today
History Today is a history magazine. Published monthly in London since January 1951, it presents authoritative history to as wide a public as possible. The magazine covers all periods and geographical regions and publishes articles of traditional narrative history alongside new research and historiography.

Peter Quennell
Sir Peter Courtney Quennell CBE (9 March 1905 – 27 October 1993) was an English biographer, literary historian, editor, essayist, journalist, poet and critic. He wrote extensively on social history. In his Times obituary he was described as "the last genuine example of the English man of letters". Anthony Powell called him "The Last of the Mandarins".
Abu al-Baqa ar-Rundi
Abu Muhammad Salih b. Abi Sharif ar-Rundi (Arabic: أبو البقاء الرندي; 1204–1285) or Abu-l-Tayyib/ Abu-l-Baqa Salih b. Sharif al-Rundi was a poet, writer, and literary critic from al-Andalus who wrote in Arabic. His fame is based on his nuniyya entitled "رثاء الأندلس" Rithaa' ul-Andalus (Elegy for al-Andalus), a poem mourning the Catholic invasion and conquest of al-Andalus.

Ritha' al-Andalus
Rithā’ al-Andalus (Arabic: رثاء الأندلس, variously translated as "An Elegy to al-Andalus" or "Elegy for the fall of al-Andalus"), also known as Lament for the Fall of Seville, is an Arabic qaṣīda nūniyya which is said to have been written by Andalusi poet Abu al-Baqa ar-Rundi in 1267, "on the fate of al-Andalus after the loss, in 664/1266, of several places in the provinces of Murcia and Jerez" to the Christian kingdoms during the Reconquista.

This poem is considered the most significant of a series of poems that were written in the classical tradition of rithā’ (which denotes both lamentation and a literary genre in itself) by Andalusi poets who had been inspired by the Reconquista. Ar-Rundi makes notable use of personification as a rhetorical device.
Globe de Cristal Awards
The Globes de Cristal Awards (English: Crystal Globe Awards) is a set of awards bestowed by members of the French Press Association recognizing excellence in home art and culture. The annual formal ceremony and dinner at which the awards are presented happens each February.

The 1st Globes de Cristal were in 2006 in Paris. The 2014 ceremony was held at Le Lido cabaret on 10 March 2014 and was hosted by Valérie Bénaïm, who is the first woman to host the show, without being a co-host.

Olivia Ruiz
Olivia Blanc (born 1 January 1980), known as Olivia Ruiz, is a French pop singer belonging to the nouvelle chanson genre. She gained fame after reaching the semi-finals of the French Star Academy series in 2001.
Bad to the Bone (George Thorogood and the Destroyers album)
Bad to the Bone is the fifth studio album by American blues rock band George Thorogood and the Destroyers. It was released in 1982 by the label EMI America Records. The album contains the Destroyers' best known song, "Bad to the Bone", and also features Rolling Stones side-man Ian Stewart on piano. The band promoted the album with a worldwide tour; there was also a large marketing campaign by their label.

In the early 1980s, the Destroyers toured with the Rolling Stones and signed with EMI America. Bad to the Bone was recorded in late 1981 and early 1982, and was released on July 26, 1982. The album received positive reviews from critics and sold more than 500,000 copies.

A 25th anniversary edition of the album was announced and released in 2007, featuring a bonus track and 6 re-recordings of songs from the album.

Rounder Records
Rounder Records is an independent record label founded in 1970 in Somerville, Massachusetts, by Marian Leighton Levy, Ken Irwin, and Bill Nowlin. Focused on American roots music, Rounder's catalogue of more than 3000 titles includes records by Alison Krauss and Union Station, George Thorogood, Tony Rice, and Béla Fleck, in addition to re-releases of seminal albums by artists including Carter Family, Jelly Roll Morton, Lead Belly, and Woody Guthrie. "Championing and preserving the music of artists whose music falls outside of the mainstream," Rounder releases have won 54 Grammy Awards representing diverse genres, from bluegrass, folk, reggae, and gospel to pop, rock, Americana, polka, and world music. Acquired by Concord in 2010, Rounder is based in Nashville. In 2016, the founders of Rounder (Levy, Irwin and Nowlin) were inducted into the International Bluegrass Music Hall of Fame.
Street Signs (TV program)
Street Signs was a television business program that originally aired on CNBC, and later aired on CNBC Asia and on CNBC Europe.  Before the Asian version debuted on March 31, 2014, it was broadcast on CNBC at 2:00pm ET.  The CNBC United States version's final episode aired on February 6, 2015, due to Power Lunch returning to a two-hour format.  The European version of Street Signs, which aired in a one-hour format on CNBC Europe, debuted January 4, 2016.

Ron Insana
Ronald G. Insana (born March 31, 1961) is an American finance reporter, author and former hedge fund manager. He presents the Market Score Board Report with Ron Insana radio show, syndicated by Compass, and is a senior analyst and commentator at CNBC. Insana was the Managing Director of Insana Capital Partners from inception to dissolution. He was the anchor of CNBC's Street Signs, which aired on weekdays during stock market hours. Until December 5, 2003, he and Sue Herera co-anchored CNBC's then flagship nightly financial news program, Business Center.

He has been a resident of Tenafly, New Jersey.
Istanbul Archaeology Museums
The Istanbul Archaeology Museums (Turkish: İstanbul Arkeoloji Müzeleri) are a group of three archaeological museums located in the Eminönü quarter of Istanbul, Turkey, near Gülhane Park and Topkapı Palace. These museums house over one million objects from nearly all periods and civilizations in world history.

The Istanbul Archaeology Museums consists of three museums:

Archaeological Museum, located in the main building

Museum of the Ancient Orient

Museum of Islamic Art, housed in the Tiled Kiosk

Sidon
Sidon (/ˈsaɪdən/ SY-dən), or Saida (/ˈsaɪdə, ˈsɑːɪdə/ SY-də, SAH-id-ə; Arabic: صيدا, romanized: Ṣaydā), is the third-largest city in Lebanon. It is located on the Mediterranean coast in the South Governorate, of which it is the capital. Tyre, to the south, and the Lebanese capital of Beirut, to the north, are each about 40 kilometres (25 miles) away. Sidon has a population of about 80,000 within the city limits, while its metropolitan area has more than a quarter-million inhabitants.