hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Rouletabille at Krupp's
Rouletabille at Krupp's (French: Rouletabille chez Krupp) is a 1917 French thriller novel by the French writer Gaston Leroux. It is the fifth in his series of novels featuring the fictional detective Joseph Rouletabille.

Joseph Rouletabille
Joseph Rouletabille (French pronunciation: [ʒozɛf ʁultabij]) is a fictional character created by Gaston Leroux, a French writer and journalist. Rouletabille is an amateur sleuth featured in several novels and other works, often presented as a more capable thinker than the police.

Rouletabille (literally roule ta bille, or "Roll your marble") is French slang  for "globetrotter", one who has been around the world and seen it all. The meaning was later expanded to that of a cool-headed, unfazeable, or nonchalant person.
Tinsley Viaduct
Tinsley Viaduct is a two-tier road bridge in Sheffield, England; it was the first of its kind in the United Kingdom. It carries the M1 and the A631 for a distance of 3,389 feet (1,033 m) over the Don Valley, from Tinsley to Wincobank, also crossing the Sheffield Canal, the Midland Main Line and the former South Yorkshire Railway line from Tinsley Junction to Rotherham Central. The Supertram route to Meadowhall runs below part of the viaduct on the trackbed of the South Yorkshire Railway line to Barnsley.

River Don, Yorkshire
The River Don (also called River Dun in some stretches) is a river in South Yorkshire and the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It rises in the Pennines, west of Dunford Bridge, and flows for 69 miles (111 km) eastwards, through the Don Valley, via Penistone, Sheffield, Rotherham, Mexborough, Conisbrough, Doncaster and Stainforth. It originally joined the Trent, but was re-engineered by Cornelius Vermuyden as the Dutch River in the 1620s, and now joins the River Ouse at Goole. Don Valley is a UK parliamentary constituency near the Doncaster stretch of the river.
Nello Cassata Ethnohistory Museum
The Nello Cassata Ethnohistory Museum (Italian: Museo etnostorico Nello Cassata) is a museum located in Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto, Sicily, Italy.

It stands on an area of 1,500 square meters (0.37 acres) which includes a two-floor manor house (the family's country residence) dating back to the late 19th century.

The building has an old barrel-vaulted palmento (a building for wine pressing) on the ground floor, a front door with relief decorations depicting scenes of rural life, an atrium paved in local stone, nineteenth-century lights set in the midst of a typical Sicilian garden.

The museum is run by the "Oikos" European Institute of Ethnology, a non-profit organization with about thirty employees.

Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto
Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto (Italian: [bartʃelˈloːna ˈpottso di ˈɡɔtto]; Sicilian: Baccialona Pizzaottu) is a town and municipality in the Metropolitan City of Messina in the autonomous island region of Sicily in Italy, 40 kilometres (25 mi) west of Messina. As of 2025, with a population of 39,778, it is the 2nd-largest municipality in the metropolitan city.
Rayapudi
Rayapudi is a neighbourhood and a part of Urban Notified Area of Amaravati, the state capital of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It was a village in Thullur mandal of in Guntur district, prior to its denotification as gram panchayat.

Thullur mandal
Thullur mandal is one of the 18 mandals in Guntur district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is under the administration of Guntur Revenue Division and the headquarters are located at Thullur. The mandal is situated on the banks of Krishna River, bounded by Amaravathi, Tadikonda, Tadepalle and Mangalagiri mandals. The mandal is also a part of the new capital city of Andhra Pradesh to be developed. 18 villages from the mandal fall under the jurisdiction of Andhra Pradesh Capital City.
Ximenynic acid
Ximenynic acid is trans-11-octadecen-9-ynoic acid, a long-chain acetylenic fatty acid.

It was discovered in the fruit kernels of three species of South American plants in the genus Ximenia, after which it is named. and found to have the formula C18H30O2.

It can be extracted from the fruit kernels of the Santalum obtusifolium (Sandalwood) and the Australian sandalwood Santalum spicatum

It is also found in seed oil of other plants in the Santalaceae family, including the native cherry Exocarpos cupressiformis and sweet quandong Santalum acuminatum.

Santalum spicatum
Santalum spicatum, the Australian sandalwood, also Waang and other names (Noongar) and Dutjahn (Martu), is a tree native to semi-arid areas at the edge of Southwest Australia, in the state of Western Australia. It is also found in South Australia, where it is protected and listed as a vulnerable species. It is traded as sandalwood, and its sandalwood oil has been used as an aromatic and a food source over history. S. spicatum is one of four Santalum species occurring in Australia.
Republic of Mahabad
The Republic of Mahabad, also referred to as the Republic of Kurdistan (Kurdish: کۆماری کوردستان, romanized: Komarî Kurdistan; Persian: جمهوری مهاباد, romanized: Jomhuriye Mahâbâd), was a short-lived Kurdish self-governing unrecognized state in present-day Iran, from 22 January to 15 December 1946. The Republic of Mahabad, a puppet state of the Soviet Union, arose in northwestern Iran alongside the Azerbaijan People's Government, a similarly short-lived and unrecognized Soviet puppet state.

The state encompassed a small territory, including Mahabad, the capital of the short-lived republic, and the adjacent cities of Bukan, Oshnavieh, Piranshahr and Naghadeh. The republic also claimed three cities—Urmia, Khoy and Salmas—held by the Azerbaijan People's Government.

Oshnavieh
Oshnavieh (Persian: اشنويه) is a city in the Central District of Oshnavieh County, West Azerbaijan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district.

Oshnavieh County is bordered by Naqadeh County to the east, by Piranshahr County to the south, by Urmia County to the north, and by Iraqi Kurdistan Province to the west.
White squall
A white squall is a sudden and violent windstorm at sea which is not accompanied by the black clouds generally characteristic of a squall. It manifests as a sudden increase in wind velocity in tropical and sub-tropical waters, and may be a microburst. The name refers to the white-capped waves and broken water, its meager warning to any unlucky seaman caught in its path.  A white squall was allegedly behind the sinking of the brigantine Albatross on May 2, 1961 although, in fact, there were a number of traditional line squalls all around and a microburst was very unlikely. White squalls are rare at sea, but common on the Great Lakes of North America.

Squall
A squall is a sudden, sharp increase in wind speed lasting minutes, as opposed to a wind gust, which lasts for only seconds. They are usually associated with active weather, such as rain showers, thunderstorms, or heavy snow. Squalls refer to the increase of the sustained winds over that time interval, as there may be higher gusts during a squall event. They usually occur in a region of strong sinking air or cooling in the mid-atmosphere. These force strong localized upward motions at the leading edge of the region of cooling, which then enhances local downward motions just in its wake.
Intellectual Ventures
Intellectual Ventures is an American private equity company that centers on the development and licensing of intellectual property.  Intellectual Ventures is one of the top-five owners of U.S. patents, as of 2011.  Its business model focuses on buying patents and aggregating those patents into a large patent portfolio and licensing these patents to third parties. The company has been described as the country's largest and most notorious patent trolling company, the ultimate patent troll, and the most hated company in tech.

In 2009, the firm launched a prototyping and research laboratory,  Intellectual Ventures Lab, which attracted media controversy when the book SuperFreakonomics described its ideas for reducing global climate change. The firm also collaborates on humanitarian projects through its Global Good program.

SuperFreakonomics
SuperFreakonomics: Global Cooling, Patriotic Prostitutes, and Why Suicide Bombers Should Buy Life Insurance is the second non-fiction book by University of Chicago economist Steven Levitt and The New York Times journalist Stephen J. Dubner, released in early October 2009 in Europe and on October 20, 2009 in the United States. It is a sequel to Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything.
Dominic Littlewood
Dominic Littlewood (born 29 March 1965), is a British television journalist and television presenter who specialises in consumer protection. He has appeared on the BBC and Channel 5, presenting programmes such as Fake Britain, Cowboy Builders, Saints and Scroungers and Don't Get Done, Get Dom.

Don't Get Done, Get Dom
Don't Get Done, Get Dom is a British consumer rights television series. The show is named for its presenter Dominic Littlewood. Each series is transmitted, usually daily during daytime, on BBC One and repeated on BBC Two in the UK. During Series 7 it is co-presented by Rani Price.

Series nine premiered on 4 May 2015 and ended on 29 May 2015, lasting a total of 4 weeks and 20 episodes.

In September 2015, it was announced series nine would be the last.
Much Ado About Nothing
Much Ado About Nothing is a comedy by William Shakespeare thought to have been written in 1598 and 1599. The play was included in the First Folio, published in 1623.

The play is set in Messina and revolves around two romantic pairings that emerge when a group of soldiers arrive in the town. The first, between Claudio and Hero, is nearly scuppered by the accusations of the villain, Don John. The second, between Claudio's friend Benedick and Hero's cousin Beatrice, takes centre stage as the play continues, with both characters' wit and banter providing much of the humour.

Through "noting" (sounding like "nothing" and meaning gossip, rumour, overhearing), Benedick and Beatrice are tricked into confessing their love for each other, and Claudio is tricked into believing that Hero is not a maiden (virgin). The title's play on words references the secrets and trickery that form the backbone of the play's comedy, intrigue, and action.

Kenny Leon
Kenny Leon is an American director and actor. He is notable for his extensive work on Broadway and television as well as in regional theater. He has received a Tony Award and a Drama League Award as well as nominations for three Primetime Emmy Awards and a Drama Desk Award.

Leon won the Tony Award for Best Direction of a Play for A Raisin in the Sun (2014). He was Tony-nominated for Fences (2010) and A Soldier's Play (2019). He has also directed notable productions of Radio Golf (2007), Topdog/Underdog (2022), Purlie Victorious (2023) and Our Town (2024). He received Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Hairspray Live! (2017), American Son (2019), and Robin Roberts Presents: Mahalia (2021).
Klyuchevskaya Sopka
Klyuchevskaya Sopka (Russian: Ключевская сопка; also known as Klyuchevskoi, Russian: Ключевской) is an active stratovolcano, the highest mountain of Siberia and the highest active volcano of Eurasia. Its steep, symmetrical cone rises roughly 100 kilometres (60 mi) inland from the Bering Sea. The volcano is part of the Volcanoes of Kamchatka UNESCO World Heritage Site. Klyuchevskaya Sopka is ranked 15th in the world by topographic isolation.

Klyuchevskaya appeared 7,000 years ago. Its first recorded eruption occurred in 1697, and it has been almost continuously active ever since, as have many of its neighboring volcanoes. It was first climbed in 1788 by Daniel Gauss and two other members of the Billings Expedition. No other ascents were recorded until 1931, when several climbers were killed by flying lava on the descent. As similar dangers still exist today, few ascents are made.

Topographic isolation
The topographic isolation of a summit is the minimum horizontal distance to a point of equal elevation, representing a radius of dominance in which the peak is the highest point.  It can be calculated for small hills and islands as well as for major mountain peaks and can even be calculated for submarine summits.  Mount Everest, the highest point on Earth, has an undefined isolation, since there are no higher points to reference.

Because topographic isolation can be difficult to determine, a common approximation is the distance to a peak called the nearest higher neighbour (NHN).
Elisabeth of Courtenay
Elisabeth of Courtenay (French: Elisabeth de Courtenay; c. 1199 –1269) was an Empress consort of Bulgaria, the daughter of Peter II of Courtenay and Yolanda of Flanders.

Elisabeth married tsar Boril of Bulgaria (died 1218), Walter of Bar-sur-Seine (died 1219) and then Eudes I Lord of Montaigu.
Elisabeth and Eudes had:

Alexandre of Montagu, (1221–1249)

Guillaume I, Lord of Montaigu, (1222–1300)

Phillipe of Montagu, Lord of Chagny (born 1227) married Flore d'Antigny. Had a daughter Jeanne of Montagu.

Gaucher of Montagu, Lord of Jambles, (born 1230)

Eudes of Montagu, (born 1231)

Unnamed daughter, (died young)

Unnamed daughter, (died young)

Marguerite, Lady of Villeneuve, (born 1232)

Milo IV, lord of Le Puiset
Milo IV, also Milon du Puiset (died 18 August 1219), was a French crusader from Champagne. His parents were Hugh IV of Le Puiset and Petronilla, countess of Bar-sur-Seine.

Milo was Seigneur du Puiset, Vicomte de Chartres from 1190, and Count of Bar-sur-Seine from 1189. He spent most of his life devoted to military affairs, being involved in the siege of Rouen in 1204, and the sieges of Béziers and Carcasonne during the Albigensian Crusade. Milo and his son Walter (Gaucher) were both killed in the fighting at siege of Damietta of the Fifth Crusade in 1219. He was the last of the Counts of Bar-sur-Seine of his line. After his death the County of Bar-sur-Seine was absorbed into the County of Champagne.
David Bivin
David N. Bivin (Hebrew: דוד ביווין; born July 20, 1939, in Cleveland, Oklahoma) is an Israeli-American biblical scholar, member of the Jerusalem School of Synoptic Research. His role at the Jerusalem School involves publishing the journal Jerusalem Perspective and organizing seminars.

Jerusalem School of Synoptic Research
The Jerusalem School of Synoptic Research is a consortium of Jewish and Christian scholars that study the Synoptic Gospels in light of the historic, linguistic and cultural milieu of Jesus.  The beginnings of the collegial relationships that formed the Jerusalem School of Synoptic Research can be traced back to David Flusser and Robert L. Lindsey in the 1960s.
Brilliant (band)
Brilliant were a British pop/rock group active in the 1980s. Although not commercially successful and mauled by the critics, they remain notable because of the personnel involved – Martin Glover a.k.a. Youth of Killing Joke and subsequently a top producer/remixer; Jimmy Cauty, later to find fame and fortune as one half of the KLF; and (prior to the band signing with WEA) Ben Watkins a.k.a. Juno Reactor. Equally notable was their management (David Balfe), their record company A&R manager (Bill Drummond, the other member of the KLF), and songwriting and production team (Mike Stock, Matt Aitken and Pete Waterman known as Stock Aitken Waterman).

David Balfe
David Balfe (born 1958) is an English musician and record company executive, most notable for playing keyboards with the Teardrop Explodes, founding the Zoo and Food independent record labels, signing Blur and for being the subject of their first number one hit, "Country House".
Music by Prudence
Music by Prudence is a 2010 short documentary film directed by Roger Ross Williams. It tells the story of the then 24-year-old Zimbabwean singer-songwriter Prudence Mabhena, and follows her transcendence from a world of hatred and superstition into one of music, love, and possibilities.

Music by Prudence won the 2009 Academy Award for Best Documentary (Short Subject) at the 82nd Academy Awards. The film premiered on HBO on 12 May 2010.

Prudence Mabhena
Prudence Mabhena is a Zimbabwean singer. Prudence Mabhena was born with Arthrogryposis, and was severely disabled. The society she was born into considers disabilities to carry the taint of witchcraft. Because of this, she was abandoned by her family. As a result, she was raised by her maternal grandmother who sang to her while working on her farm. She later attended King George VI School for the disabled in Bulawayo.
Helms Bakery
Helms Bakery was an industrial bakery on the border of Los Angeles and Culver City, in Southern California, that operated from 1931 to 1969. Currently the buildings have been adapted for use as retail shops, restaurants, and furniture showrooms; the complex is part of what is now called the Helms Design District.

Culver City, California
Culver City is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 40,779. It is mostly surrounded by Los Angeles, but also shares a border with the unincorporated area of Ladera Heights to the east. The city was named after Harry Culver who incorporated it in 1917.

In the 1920s, Culver City became a center for film and later television production. It was best known as the home of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer studios from 1924 to 1986. From 1932 to 1986, it was the headquarters for the Hughes Aircraft Company. National Public Radio West and Sony Pictures Entertainment have headquarters in the city. It has been described as a "largely idyllic...peaceful, semi-suburban community with a relatively low crime rate and high quality of life" best known for its "parks, studio lots, and breakfast burritos".
Museum of Ancient Greek Technology
The Museum of Ancient Greek Technology "Kostas Kotsanas" is a private museum focused on ancient Greek technology and other cultural achievements of ancient Greece. It has four permanent annexes in Athens, Ancient Olympia, Katakolo and Heraklion and it is famous for its travelling exhibitions, domestically and abroad. In 2019 it has been nominated as “European Museum of the Year” by the European Museum Forum. It is also a member of International Council of Museums (ICOM).

Katakolo
Katakolo (Greek: Κατάκολο) is a seaside village in the municipality of Pyrgos in western Elis, Greece. It is situated on a headland overlooking the Ionian Sea and separating the Gulf of Kyparissia from the rest of the Ionian. It is 11 km (6.8 mi) west of Pyrgos. The small village of Agios Andreas, which in ancient times was the natural harbour for Ancient Olympia, lies northwest of Katakolo.
A Single Man
A Single Man is a 2009 American period romantic drama film based on the 1964 novel by Christopher Isherwood. The directorial debut of fashion designer Tom Ford, the film stars Colin Firth, who was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor for his portrayal of George Falconer, a depressed gay British university professor living in Southern California in 1962.

The film premiered on September 11, 2009, at the 66th Venice International Film Festival, where Firth won the Volpi Cup for Best Actor, and went on the film festival circuit. After it screened at the 34th Toronto International Film Festival, The Weinstein Company picked it up for distribution in the United States and Germany. An initial limited run in the United States commenced on December 11, 2009, to qualify it for the 82nd Academy Awards with a wider release in early 2010.

2009 Toronto International Film Festival
The 34th annual Toronto International Film Festival (TIFF) was held in Toronto, Ontario, Canada between September 10 and September 19, 2009. The opening night gala presented the Charles Darwin biography Creation. The Young Victoria, based on the early years of Queen Victoria, closed the festival on September 19.
Thủ Đức district
Thủ Đức is a former urban district (quận) in the northeast of Hồ Chí Minh City, Vietnam. In 1997, the southern part of Thủ Đức was divided to become District 2 and District 9. In 2010, the district had a population of 455,899. It covered an area of 48 km2.

Thủ Đức district was merged with District 2 and District 9 again to become Thủ Đức City in January 2021, by Standing Committee of the National Assembly's approval.

Thủ Đức
Thủ Đức (IPA: [tʰu˨˩˦:ɗɨk˧˥]) is a former sub-municipality in Ho Chi Minh City of the Southeast region of Vietnam.

Thủ Đức ceased to exist as a municipal city on 1 July 2025, following the elimination of district level units in Vietnam.
Daniel McFadden
Daniel Little McFadden (born July 29, 1937) is an American econometrician who shared the 2000 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences with James Heckman. McFadden's share of the prize was "for his development of theory and methods for analyzing discrete choice". He is the Presidential Professor of Health Economics at the University of Southern California and Professor of the Graduate School at University of California, Berkeley.

Choice modelling
Choice modelling attempts to model the decision process of an individual or segment via revealed preferences or stated preferences made in a particular context or contexts. Typically, it attempts to use discrete choices (A over B; B over A, B & C) in order to infer positions of the items (A, B and C) on some relevant latent scale (typically "utility" in economics and various related fields). Indeed many alternative models exist in econometrics, marketing, sociometrics and other fields, including utility maximization, optimization applied to consumer theory, and a plethora of other identification strategies which may be more or less accurate depending on the data, sample, hypothesis and the particular decision being modelled. In addition, choice modelling is regarded as the most suitable method for estimating consumers' willingness to pay for quality improvements in multiple dimensions.
Rational reciprocity law
In number theory, a rational reciprocity law is a reciprocity law involving residue symbols that are related by a factor of +1 or –1 rather than a general root of unity.

As an example, there are rational biquadratic and octic reciprocity laws.  Define the symbol (x|p)k to be +1 if x is a k-th power modulo the prime p and -1 otherwise.

Let p and q be distinct primes congruent to 1 modulo 4, such that (p|q)2 = (q|p)2 = +1.  Let p = a2 + b2 and q = A2 + B2 with aA odd.  Then

If in addition p and q are congruent to 1 modulo 8, let p = c2 + 2d2 and q = C2 + 2D2.  Then

Octic reciprocity
In number theory, octic reciprocity is a reciprocity law relating the residues of 8th powers modulo primes, analogous to the law of quadratic reciprocity, cubic reciprocity, and quartic reciprocity.

There is a rational reciprocity law for 8th powers, due to Williams.  Define the symbol  to be +1 if x is a k-th power modulo the prime p and -1 otherwise.  Let p and q be distinct primes congruent to 1 modulo 8, such that   Let p = a2 + b2 = c2 + 2d2 and q = A2 + B2 = C2 + 2D2, with aA odd.  Then
Central Command (Israel)
The Central Command (Hebrew: פיקוד מרכז, Pikud Merkaz), often abbreviated to Pakmaz (פקמ"ז), is a regional command of the Israel Defense Forces. It is responsible for the units and brigades located in the West Bank (under the West Bank Division), Jerusalem, the Sharon, Gush Dan, and the Shephelah.

The commander of the central command is the one who is authorized to declare new cities in the Judea and Samaria Area.

Judea and Samaria Area
31°45′N 35°00′E﻿ / ﻿31.750°N 35.000°E﻿ / 31.750; 35.000

The Judea and Samaria Area (Hebrew: אֵזוֹר יְהוּדָה וְשׁוֹמְרוֹן, romanized: Ezor Yehuda VeShomron; Arabic: يهودا والسامرة, romanized: Yahūda wa-s-Sāmara) is an administrative division used by Israel to refer to the entire West Bank, which has been occupied by Israel since 1967, but excludes East Jerusalem (see Jerusalem Law). Its area is split into 165 Palestinian "islands" that are under total or partial civil administration by the Palestinian National Authority (PNA), and a contiguous territory of Area C containing 230 Israeli settlements into which Israeli law is "pipelined".

While the area is widely recognized internationally as a part of Palestine, some Israeli authorities group it together with the districts of Israel proper, largely for statistical purposes.