hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Gelişen, Derecik
Gelişen (Kurdish: Gerdî Şapatan) is a village in Derecik District in Hakkâri Province in Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Gerdî tribe and had a population of 4,134 in 2023.

The village has the nine hamlets of Adıgüzel, Aralık (Parewê), Beğendik, Karakoç (Sunê), Koryürek (Bêgijnê), Kütüklu (Zewyarezi), Mordağ (Dêrkê), Suçıktı (Bêlutyan) and Toklu attached to it.

Derecik District
Derecik District is a district in Hakkâri Province in Turkey. The district was created from Şemdinli in 2018 and has four villages. The district had a population of 25,907 in 2023. Its area is 435 km2.

The district is populated by Kurds of the Gerdî tribe with the Begzade tribe present in one village.

It borders the Erbil Governorate of Kurdistan Region in Iraq to the south and the local Gerdî tribe shares closer traditions and customs with the Gerdî Kurds residing on the Iraqi side than the Kurds of Yüksekova and Hakkâri.
Neil Thrasher
Joe Neil Thrasher Jr. (born July 13, 1965) is an American country music singer and songwriter. Between 1995 and 1997, he and Kelly Shiver comprised the duo Thrasher Shiver, which recorded a studio album for Asylum Records in 1996 and charted two singles on the Billboard country charts in early 1997.

Although Thrasher Shiver has not been active since 1997, Thrasher has written several singles for other country music artists, such as Jason Aldean, Rascal Flatts, Kenny Chesney, Diamond Rio, and Montgomery Gentry. Thrasher has also received an ASCAP Songwriter of the Year award in 2004.

Take Me There (Rascal Flatts song)
"Take Me There" is a song recorded by American country music group Rascal Flatts.  It was released in July 2007 as the first single from their album Still Feels Good.  The song became their eighth number-one hit on the Hot Country Songs Chart the week of September 22, 2007.
Judson Sapp
Judson Sapp is an American politician. He serves as a Republican member for the 20th district of the Florida House of Representatives.

He was a candidate for Florida's 3rd congressional district in the 2018 and 2020 elections.

Florida's 20th House of Representatives district
Florida's 20th House District elects one member of the Florida House of Representatives. It has been represented by Judson Sapp since 2024.

The district covers all of Putnam County and parts of Clay County, Marion County, and St. Johns County.
Philip of Montfort, Lord of Castres
Philip ΙΙ of Montfort (died 24 September 1270) was a French nobleman, Count of Squillace in Italy from 1266/68, then Lord of Castres in 1270. He was the son of Philip I of Monfort, Lord of Tyre and Eleonore of Courtenay. His coat-of-arms was Gules, a lion rampant double queued argent, a label of four points azure (or ... rampant queue forche ...).

Counts of Castres
Castres-en-Albigenses was a dependence of the Viscount of Albi. The Viscounts of Albi granted Castres a city charter establishing a commune with the city, headed by consuls. During the Albigensian Crusade, the city quickly surrendered to Simon de Montfort, who gave it to his brother Guy de Montfort.
Zahme Sau
Zahme Sau (Lit. tame sow; generally known in English as "Tame Boar") was a night fighter interception tactic conceived by Viktor von Loßberg and introduced by the German Luftwaffe in 1943. As a raid approached, the fighters were scrambled and collected to orbit one of several radio beacons throughout Germany, ready to be directed en masse into the bomber stream by running commentaries from the Jagddivision.  Once in the stream, fighters made radar contact with bombers, and attacked them for as long as they had fuel and ammunition.

Viktor von Loßberg
Viktor von Loßberg (14 March 1904 – 24 May 1983) was a German air officer during World War II. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross of Nazi Germany. Loßberg was instrumental in conceiving the concept of Zahme Sau ("Tame boar"), a night fighter tactic of the Luftwaffe.
(White Man) In Hammersmith Palais
"(White Man) In Hammersmith Palais" is a song by the English punk rock band the Clash. It was originally released as a 7-inch single, with the B-side "The Prisoner", on 16 June 1978 through CBS Records.

Produced by The Clash and engineered by Simon Humphries, the song was recorded for (but not included on) the group's second studio album Give 'Em Enough Rope; it was later featured on the American version of their debut studio album, The Clash, between the single version of "White Riot" and "London's Burning".

Joe Strummer
John Graham Mellor (21 August 1952 – 22 December 2002), known professionally as Joe Strummer, was a British musician. He was the co-founder, lyricist, rhythm guitarist, and lead vocalist of punk rock band the Clash.

Strummer's other career highlights included stints with the 101ers, the Latino Rockabilly War, the Mescaleros and the Pogues, as well as solo music, acting, scoring television shows and films, and hosting the BBC Radio show London Calling. Strummer and the Clash were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in January 2003. In his remembrance, Strummer's friends and family established The Joe Strummer Foundation (initially known as Strummerville), a non-profit organisation that gives opportunities to musicians and supports projects around the world that create empowerment through music.
Westown
Westown is a suburb of New Plymouth, in the western North Island of New Zealand. It is located to the southwest of the city centre and west of Frankleigh Park.

Taranaki Base Hospital lies between Westown and Lynmouth. Yarrow Stadium is a rugby union ground in Westown.

Taranaki District Health Board
The Taranaki District Health Board (Taranaki DHB or TDHB) was a district health board which provided healthcare to the Taranaki region of New Zealand. In July 2022, the Taranaki DHB was merged into the national health service Te Whatu Ora (Health New Zealand).
Jamie Davis (actor)
Jamie Davis (born 18 April 1981) is an English actor and writer. He is known for his roles as Harley Lawson in the ITV drama Footballers' Wives (2004–2005) and its spin-off Extra Time (2005), Leon Taylor in the Sky One series Hex (2004–2005), and Max Walker in the BBC medical soap Casualty (2013–2018). He wrote the miniseries You & Me.

Hex (TV series)
Hex was a British television programme developed by Shine TV and airing on Sky One. The story was set in a remote English boarding school with a mysterious past. Series one explored the supernatural relationship between a fallen angel named Azazeal and a student called Cassie who is also a witch. In the second series, the story centred on 500-year-old anointed one Ella Dee, and Azazeal's son Malachi. Both series of the show were released on Region 2 DVD, with the first series released on Region 1 DVD in June 2007.

The show was cancelled in April 2006 after the end of the second series.
Mandela: The Authorised Biography
Mandela: The Authorised Biography is a study of Nelson Mandela, the former President of South Africa, by the British journalist Anthony Sampson.

Sampson's book was published in 1999, five years after Mandela's autobiography, Long Walk to Freedom.  The book was one of the first to examine such issues as Winnie Mandela's crimes, and State President Frederik Willem de Klerk's suspected attempts to use the security forces to derail peace talks.

Goodbye Bafana
Goodbye Bafana, or The Color of Freedom (US), is a 2007 drama film, directed by Bille August, about the relationship between Nelson Mandela (Dennis Haysbert) and James Gregory (Joseph Fiennes), his censor officer and prison guard, based on Gregory's book Goodbye Bafana: Nelson Mandela, My Prisoner, My Friend. The film also explores the relationship of James Gregory and his wife as their life changes while Mandela is under Gregory's watch.

Bafana means 'boys'. Gregory lived on a farm and had a black friend when he was a child, which explains his ability  to speak Xhosa.
Virginia Frederick
Virginia Fiester Frederick (née Heise) (December 24, 1916 – May 30, 2010) was an American politician.

Born in Rock Island, Illinois. Frederick received her bachelor's degree from University of Iowa. She lived in Lake Forest, Illinois. Frederick served in the Illinois House of Representatives from 1979 to 1995 and was a Republican.

Rock Island, Illinois
Rock Island is a city in Rock Island County, Illinois, United States, and its county seat. The population was 37,108 at the 2020 census. Located at the confluence of the Rock and Mississippi rivers, it is one of the Quad Cities along with neighboring Moline and East Moline in Illinois and the cities of Davenport and Bettendorf in Iowa. The Quad Cities metropolitan area had a population of 384,324 in 2020.

The city is home to Rock Island Arsenal, the largest government-owned weapons manufacturing arsenal in the United States, which employs 6,000 people. The original Rock Island, from which the city name is derived, is now called Arsenal Island.
Gamebook
A gamebook is a work of printed fiction that allows the reader to participate in the story by making choices. The narrative branches along various paths, typically through the use of numbered paragraphs or pages. Each narrative typically does not follow paragraphs in a linear or ordered fashion. Gamebooks are sometimes called choose your own adventure books or CYOA (after the influential Choose Your Own Adventure series originally published by US company Bantam Books) or pick-a-paths. Gamebooks influenced hypertext fiction.

Production of new gamebooks in the West decreased dramatically during the 1990s as choice-based stories have moved away from print-based media, although the format may be experiencing a resurgence on mobile and ebook platforms. Such digital gamebooks are considered interactive fiction or visual novels.

Tunnels & Trolls
Tunnels & Trolls (abbreviated T&T) is a fantasy role-playing game designed by Ken St. Andre and first published in 1975 by Flying Buffalo. The second modern role-playing game published, it was written by Ken St. Andre to be a more accessible alternative to Dungeons & Dragons and is suitable for solitaire, group, and play-by-mail gameplay.
Student Volunteer Forces
Student Volunteer Forces (Korean: 학도의용군) or Student Volunteer Troops (학도의용대), also known as Student Volunteer Soldiers (학도의용병) or simply Student Soldiers (학도병), were students that fought against the North Korean forces and Chinese forces on behalf of South Korea during the Korean War.

Students volunteered or were conscripted into the Republic of Korea Armed Forces as emergency troops to fight against North Korea's invasion of South Korea, which almost overran the country. The student volunteer troops were demobilized when South Korean and United Nations forces secured the 38th parallel in March 1951, when most of them returned to their education and some enlisted in the ROK Army.

Battle of Jangsari
The Battle of Jangsari (Korean: 장사리전투; Hanja: 長沙里戰鬪; RR: Jangsari Jeaontu) or Operation Jangsa Landing (장사상륙작전; 長沙上陸作戰; Jangsa Sangnyuk Jakjeon) was an amphibious invasion and a battle of the Korean War. The official report name for the operation was 'Operational Order 174' (작전명령 174호).
French ship Séduisant (1783)
Séduisant was a  74-gun ship of the line of the French Navy, lead ship of  her class.

She was renamed Pelletier on 30 September 1793, in honour of Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau. Under Savary, she was one of the last ships of the line at the Glorious First of June.

On 30 May 1795 her name was changed back to Séduisant. She sank accidentally on 16 December 1796 while leaving Brest for the Expédition d'Irlande. Out of 600 crew and 610 soldiers, only 60 survived. Other sources speak of 650–680 survivors.
The wreck was rediscovered in 1986.

Louis-Michel le Peletier, marquis de Saint-Fargeau
Louis-Michel le Peletier, Marquis of Saint-Fargeau (French pronunciation: [lwi miʃɛl lə pɛltje]; sometimes spelled Lepeletier; 29 May 1760 – 20 January 1793) was a French politician, nobleman, Freemason and martyr of the French Revolution.
Blankenfelde station
Blankenfelde station is on the Berlin–Dresden railway in the locality of Blankenfelde in the municipality of Blankenfelde-Mahlow in the district of Teltow-Fläming in the German state of Brandenburg. The station consists of two sections that are structurally separate from each other. One section is located just south of the Karl-Marx-Straße level crossing and consists of an island platform for regional and long-distance services. The other section lies north of Karl-Marx-Straße and is the southern terminus of Berlin S-Bahn line S2. On the official S-Bahn maps its name is styled Blankenfelde (Kr. Teltow-Fläming) to avoid possible confusion with Blankenfelde locality in the Pankow district in northern Berlin.

Berlin–Dresden railway
The Berlin–Dresden railway is a double track, electrified main line railway in the German states of Berlin, Brandenburg and Saxony, which was originally built and operated by the Berlin-Dresden Railway Company (Berlin-Dresdener Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft). It runs from Berlin through the southern Teltow countryside and then between Lower Lusatia and Fläming Heath through Elsterwerda and the Großenhainer Pflege countryside to Dresden.

Upgrades completed in December 2017 enabled maximum speeds of 160 km/h (99 mph). The traditional route through the southern suburbs of Berlin was reopened for long-distance trains in December 2025. Work is under way to allow speeds of 200 km/h (120 mph) on parts of the line.
Fredric Andersson
Fredric Leif Olof Andersson (born October 13, 1988) is a Swedish former professional ice hockey player.

Andersson formerly played with Södertälje SK and Modo Hockey in the Elitserien. He has also appeared in the top tier SHL with Linköpings HC and Örebro HK.

Andersson captained IF Björklöven in the HockeyAllsvenskan (Allsv) for seven seasons before ending his 19 year professional playing career with Danish club, Frederikshavn White Hawks of the Metal Ligaen in 2024–25 season.

IF Björklöven
IF Björklöven (often simply referred to as Löven) is a Swedish professional ice hockey club in Umeå, Västerbotten, in northern Sweden. The club is currently playing in the second-tier league HockeyAllsvenskan as of the 2024-25 season, but has played 15 seasons in the top Swedish league Elitserien (1976–77, 1978–79 to 1988–89, 1993–94, 1998–99 and 2000–01, becoming national champions in 1987).
Silberhorn (New Zealand)
Silberhorn (Māori: Rangirua) is the fifth highest peak in New Zealand, rising to 3,300 metres (10,800 ft). It is located in the Southern Alps on the south ridge of Mount Tasman (3,497 m). Its name, "silver horn" in German, was probably given by William Spotswood Green in 1882 after its resemblance to Silberhorn in the Swiss Alps. Its Māori name, Rangirua, literally translates to 'second sky' (rangi: sky; rua: two). The first ascent of Silberhorn was in 1895 by Edward FitzGerald and his guide Matthias Zurbriggen.

Edward FitzGerald (mountaineer)
Edward Arthur FitzGerald (10 May 1871 – 2 January 1931) was an American mountaineer and soldier, best known for leading the expedition which made the first ascent of Aconcagua, the highest mountain in the Americas, in 1897.
Bun'yō Ishikawa
Bun'yō Ishikawa (石川 文洋, Ishikawa Bun'yō; born March 10, 1938) is a Japanese photographer.

Ishikawa was stationed in Saigon and covered the Vietnam War as a photojournalist from 1964 to 1968.  He worked as a staff photographer for Asahi Shimbun from 1969 to 1984. After 1984 he worked as a freelance photographer. After 1984, Ishikawa continued to photograph in conflict zones around the world but also is known for photographs of daily life, portraits, and Ryukyu Dance.

In 1998, Ishikawa donated about 250 photographs with a focus on the Vietnam War to become part of a permanent exhibition at the Vietnam War Remnants Museum in Ho Chi Minh City.  Ishikawa donated about 270 photographs to the Okinawa City "Material Culture after World War II" exhibition room to become a permanent exhibition.

War Remnants Museum
The War Remnants Museum (Vietnamese: Bảo tàng chứng tích chiến tranh, IPA: [ɓâw tàŋ cɯ̌ŋ tǐʲc cǐən ʈ͡ʂāɲ]) is a war museum at 28 Võ Văn Tần Street, Xuân Hòa, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. It contains exhibits relating to the First Indochina War and the Vietnam War.
Cornwall Brothers' Store
Cornwall Brothers' Store is a historic commercial building located at Alexandria Bay in Jefferson County, New York. It was built in 1866 and is a massive 2- to 2+1⁄2-story, three-by-seven-bay, structure built of coursed rubble stone. It was originally built as a store, but since the 1930s has been used for a variety of federal purposes, including the Alexandria Bay Post Office, the U.S. Customs and Immigration offices, and U.S. Coast Guard offices.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.

The building now serves as a non-profit museum showcasing Alexandria Bay and North Country NY history. Entry is free to the public.

Alexandria Bay, New York
Alexandria Bay is a village in Jefferson County, New York, United States, within the town of Alexandria. It is located in the Thousand Islands region of northern New York. The population of the village was 1,078 at the 2010 United States census. It lies near the Thousand Islands Border Crossing  of Canada and the United States.
Republican Party of New Mexico
The Republican Party of New Mexico is the affiliate of the United States Republican Party in New Mexico. It is headquartered in Albuquerque and led by chairperson Amy Barela, vice chair Hessel Yntema, secretary Kathleen Apodaca, and treasurer Kim Skaggs. It currently has weak electoral power in the state, holding no statewide or federally elected offices, and having minorities in both houses of the New Mexico legislature.

It is the primary opposition to the Democratic Party of New Mexico. The party has provided 12 of the 31 governors of New Mexico, including three since the 1990s (Susana Martinez, Gary Johnson, and Garrey Carruthers). Other key Republican figures in New Mexico's history include Lew Wallace, José Francisco Chaves, Miguel Antonio Otero, Elfego Baca, Octaviano Ambrosio Larrazolo, and Edwin L. Mechem.

Octaviano Ambrosio Larrazolo
Octaviano Ambrosio Larrazolo Corral (December 7, 1859 – April 7, 1930) was a Mexican-born American lawyer and politician who served as the fourth governor of New Mexico and as a United States senator from New Mexico, the first Hispanic American to hold that role.
Will Davies (rugby union)
William Davies (14 February 1906 – 5 October 1975), known more commonly as "Sgili", was a Wales international rugby union player who played club rugby for Swansea. He won four caps for Wales and was part of the Welsh side that faced the touring South Africans in 1931.

Davies was originally a rugby scrum-half and centre, before moving into the forward, and eventually settling as a flanker. He faced the South Africans twice during their 1931 tour of Britain, once with Wales and once with Swansea. In the Swansea game, Davies set up his team's only score when he snapped up a loose ball, that broke loose after a South African tackle. He punted the ball forward for Claude Davey to beat the covering Springbok players to collect it and score a try.

1931–32 South Africa rugby union tour of Britain and Ireland
The 1931–32 South Africa tour of Britain and Ireland was a collection of friendly rugby union games undertaken by the South Africa national team against the four British Home Nation teams. The tour also took in several matches against British and Irish club, county and invitational teams. This was the fourth South Africa tour and the third tour of the Northern Hemisphere.

The tour was extremely successful for the South Africans, as the team only lost a single match. In the tests played the team beat all four home nations. The only team to beat the Springboks was the invitational East Midlands county team. The final tour record saw 26 matches played, with South Africa winning 23, losing one and drawing two.
Richard Daugherty
Richard Deo Daugherty (March 31, 1922 – February 22, 2014) was an American archaeologist and professor, who led the excavation of the Ozette Indian Village Archeological Site in Washington state during the 1970s. The Ozette Indian Village, which was buried and preserved in a mudslide in the 1700s, has been called "the most significant archaeological dig of the 20th century" in the Pacific Northwest. Daugherty collaborated closely with the Makah during the dig, which uncovered more than 55,000 artifacts.

Leslie E. Wildesen
Leslie E. Wildesen (1944 – 2014) was an American archaeologist best known for her work in policy-making. As the first woman archaeologist in the United States Forest Service and the first regional archaeologist in the Pacific Northwest, she wrote the first guidebook used by a government agency for the management of cultural resources. Throughout her career, she made great strides in public involvement in archaeology, collaboration with Native American tribes, protection of Native American burials, and environmental policy implementation. She developed numerous training programs regarding the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and environmental law.
Mississippi statistical areas
The U.S. State of Mississippi currently has 27 statistical areas that have been delineated by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). On February 21, 2026, the OMB delineated six combined statistical areas, four metropolitan statistical areas, and 18 micropolitan statistical areas in Mississippi. As of 2023, the most populous statistical area in the state is Jackson-Vicksburg-Brookhaven, MS CSA, comprising the metro area of its capital and largest city, Jackson.

Jackson–Vicksburg–Brookhaven combined statistical area
The Jackson–Vicksburg–Brookhaven, MS Combined Statistical Area is made up of eight counties in central Mississippi and consists of the Jackson Metropolitan Statistical Area, the Brookhaven, MS Micropolitan Statistical Area, the Vicksburg micropolitan area, and the Yazoo City Micropolitan Statistical Area. The 2010 census placed the Jackson–Vicksburg–Brookhaven CSA population at 650,764, although as of 2019, it's estimated to have increased to 666,318.
Middletown, Maryland
Middletown is a town in Frederick County, Maryland, United States. As of the 2020 census, Middletown had a population of 4,943. Located in the Middletown Valley that stretches between the Catoctin Mountains on the east and South Mountain on the west, the town reportedly gained its name from its location midway between those ranges.

South Mountain (Maryland and Pennsylvania)
South Mountain is the northern extension of the Blue Ridge Mountain range into Maryland and Pennsylvania. From the Potomac River near Knoxville, Maryland in the south to Dillsburg, Pennsylvania in York County, Pennsylvania in the north, the 70-mile-long (110 km) range separates the Hagerstown and Cumberland valleys from the Piedmont regions of the two states.

The Appalachian Trail follows the crest of the mountain through Maryland and a portion of Pennsylvania.
Normal modal logic
In logic, a normal modal logic is a set L of modal formulas such that L contains:

All propositional tautologies;

All instances of the Kripke schema:

and it is closed under:

Detachment rule (modus ponens):  implies ;

Necessitation rule:  implies .

The smallest logic satisfying the above conditions is called K. Most modal logics commonly used nowadays (in terms of having philosophical motivations), e.g. C. I. Lewis's S4 and S5, are normal (and hence are extensions of K). However a number of deontic and epistemic logics, for example, are non-normal, often because they give up the Kripke schema.

Every normal modal logic is regular and hence classical.

C. I. Lewis
Clarence Irving Lewis (April 12, 1883 – February 3, 1964) was an American academic philosopher. He is considered the progenitor of modern modal logic and the founder of conceptual pragmatism. First a noted logician, he later branched into epistemology, and during the last 20 years of his life, he wrote much on ethics.  The New York Times memorialized him as "a leading authority on symbolic logic and on the philosophic concepts of knowledge and value." He coined the term "Qualia" as used in philosophy, linguistics, and cognitive sciences.