hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
End of history
The end of history is a political and philosophical concept that supposes that a particular political, economic, or social system may develop that would constitute the end-point of humanity's sociocultural evolution and the final form of human government. A variety of authors have argued that a particular system is the "end of history" including Thomas More in Utopia (1516), Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Vladimir Solovyov, Alexandre Kojève, and Francis Fukuyama in the 1992 book The End of History and the Last Man.

Alexandre Kojève
Alexandre Kojève (born Aleksandr Vladimirovich Kozhevnikov; 28 April 1902 – 4 June 1968) was a Russian-born French philosopher and international civil servant whose philosophical seminars had some influence on 20th-century French philosophy, particularly via his integration of Hegelian concepts into twentieth-century continental philosophy.
Karol Mason
Karol Virginia Mason is an American attorney, government appointee, and academic administrator, serving as the fifth president of John Jay College of Criminal Justice since August 2017. Formerly, she was an Assistant Attorney General in charge of the Office of Justice Programs in the Obama Administration.

John Jay College of Criminal Justice
The John Jay College of Criminal Justice (John Jay) is a public college focused on criminal justice and located in New York City. It is a senior college of the City University of New York (CUNY). John Jay was founded as the only liberal arts college with a criminal justice and forensic focus in the United States.
Spath Peninsula
Spath Peninsula (64°21′S 56°55′W﻿ / ﻿64.350°S 56.917°W﻿ / -64.350; -56.917) is an ice-free peninsula, 4.0 mi (6.5 km), forming the northeast extremity of Snow Hill Island. Historic Nordenskjold's Hut, Antarctic Historic Site #28, is located on the west coast of the peninsula. The Karlsen Cliffs form the peninsula's northwest coast. Wickens Gully, a water-cut ravine, cuts into clay-rich rocks on the peninsula's east side.

The peninsula has several distinct hills on it. Thyasira Hill is a distinctive hill within a group of smaller hills rising to about 60 m (200 ft) tall, 250–300 m (820–980 ft) south of Nordenskjold's Hut. Tesore Hill rises about 160 m (520 ft) high on the east side of the peninsula.

Snow Hill Island
Snow Hill Island is an almost completely snowcapped island, 33 km (21 mi) long and 12 km (7.5 mi) wide, lying off the east coast of the Antarctic Peninsula. It is separated from James Ross Island to the north-east by Admiralty Sound and from Seymour Island to the north by Picnic Passage. It is one of several islands around the peninsula known as Graham Land, which is closer to Chile, Argentina and South America than any other part of the Antarctic continent.
Cynthia Stone Creem
Cynthia Stone Creem (born September 17, 1942) is an American politician who serves as a member of the Massachusetts Senate for the Norfolk and Middlesex district. Formerly called the 1st Middlesex and Norfolk district, her constituency includes Brookline, Wellesley, and her hometown of Newton. A member of the Democratic Party, Creem was first elected in 1999 and has served as Majority Leader since 2018. Prior to serving in the Massachusetts legislature, she was an attorney who served on the Massachusetts Governor's Council and the Newton Board of Aldermen.

In late 2011, Creem considered running for Congress in Massachusetts's 4th congressional district to replace retiring Rep. Barney Frank, but decided to remain in the Massachusetts Senate. The seat was ultimately won by Joe Kennedy III.

Newton, Massachusetts
Newton is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States. It is located roughly 8 miles (13 km) west of Downtown Boston, and comprises a patchwork of thirteen villages. The city borders Boston to the northeast and southeast (via the neighborhoods of Brighton and West Roxbury), Brookline to the east, Watertown and Waltham to the north, and Weston, Wellesley, and Needham to the west. At the 2020 U.S. census, the population of Newton was 88,923.

Newton is home to the Charles River, Crystal Lake, and Heartbreak Hill, among other landmarks. It is served by several streets and highways (including Route 9, Hammond Pond Parkway, and the Mass Pike), as well as the Green Line D branch run by the MBTA.

Historically, the area that is now Newton was settled in 1639, and was originally first part of Cambridge (then called "the newe towne"). It split from Cambridge in 1681, and became known by its present name of Newton in 1766. It then became a city in 1874.
Western School Corporation
Western School Corporation is a public school district which serves Russiaville, Alto, New London, West Middleton, and southwestern Kokomo in Howard County, Indiana.  The district spans the Howard County townships of Harrison, Honey Creek and Monroe, and the school buildings themselves straddle Harrison and Monroe.

WSC's high school gained national attention in the mid-1980s. When one of the students at the junior high, a hemophiliac Ryan White had been diagnosed with AIDS and recovering from an opportunistic infection (viral pneumonia), the school decided that White was ineligible to attend school out of fear the disease could spread. White was forced to take many of his eighth grade classes by speakerphone until a prolonged court battle overturned Western School Corporation's decision.

Russiaville, Indiana
Russiaville (/ˈruːʃəvɪl/) is a town in Honey Creek Township, Howard County, Indiana, United States. As of the 2020 census, Russiaville had a population of 1,319. It is part of the Kokomo Metropolitan Statistical Area. Russiaville was incorporated sometime between the 1860 and 1870 US Census.
One More Day (album)
One More Day is the sixth studio album by American country music band Diamond Rio. It was released in 2001. Although its lead-off single "Stuff" peaked at #36 on the Hot Country Songs charts, the title track, "One More Day", became popular on radio after the death of Dale Earnhardt, Sr., and went on to become a Number One country hit. Also released from this album were "Sweet Summer" and "That's Just That". "I'm Trying" was previously recorded by Kevin Sharp on his 1998 album Love Is, and later by Martina McBride on her 2009 album Shine.

Sweet Summer
"Sweet Summer" is a song written by Neil Thrasher and Michael Dulaney, and recorded by American country musicgroup Diamond Rio. It was released in May 2001 as the third single from the album One More Day. It peaked at No. 18 in the United States and it also peaked at No. 4 on the U.S. Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100.
1953 Canada Cup
The 1953 Canada Cup took place June 2–3 at the Beaconsfield Golf Club in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It was the first Canada Cup event, which became the World Cup in 1967. The tournament was a 36-hole stroke play team event with 7 teams. Each team consisted of two players from a country, except that South African Bobby Locke and Englishman Harry Weetman played as a team. The combined score of each team determined the team results. Play was in pairs, two players from different countries. The Argentine team of Antonio Cerdá and Roberto De Vicenzo won by ten strokes over the Canadian team of Bill Kerr and Stan Leonard. Antonio Cerdá had the lowest individual score. The tournament was sponsored by John Jay Hopkins.

The second Hopkins Trophy match between the United States and Canada was played on the same course from June 5–7. This match was also sponsored by Hopkins and resulted in a 27–18 win for the American team. Bobby Locke and Peter Thomson played for the Canadian team.

Roberto De Vicenzo
Roberto De Vicenzo (14 April 1923 – 1 June 2017) was a professional golfer from Argentina. He won a record 229 professional tournaments worldwide during his career, including seven on the PGA Tour and most famously the 1967 Open Championship. He is also remembered for signing an incorrect scorecard that kept him out of a playoff for the 1968 Masters Tournament.
Dymock railway station
Dymock railway station was a stop on the former Ledbury and Gloucester Railway. It opened in 1885 and served the Gloucestershire village of Dymock. It had a passing loop, as well as a goods shed and goods yard.  It was closed for passengers in 1959 but remained open for freight traffic until 1964 when the line was closed.

Ledbury and Gloucester Railway
The Ledbury and Gloucester Railway, (also known as the Daffodil Line), was a railway line in Herefordshire and Gloucestershire, England, running between Ledbury and Gloucester. It opened in 1885 and closed in 1964.
Dodge Nitro
The Dodge Nitro is a compact SUV manufactured and marketed by Dodge for model years 2007–2012 across a single generation — as a close variant of the second-generation Jeep Liberty. Both vehicles use a composite unitized construction integrating the body structure with full-length frame rails.

The Nitro entered production in August 2006 aside the Liberty at the Toledo North Assembly Plant in Toledo, Ohio and was offered in a single, four-door body configuration. Like the Liberty, it was manufactured in RHD and LHD configurations, and marketed globally. Sales commenced in September 2006 for model year 2007 in rear-wheel drive or optional and part-time four-wheel drive. Approximately 200,000 Nitro models were manufactured before production ended in December 2011.

Toledo Complex
The Toledo Assembly Complex is a 312-acre (126 ha) automotive manufacturing facility in Toledo, Ohio. It currently houses a 3,640,000 sq ft (338,000 m2) factory owned by Stellantis North America. Originally established as an assembly plant by Willys-Overland in 1910, the complex has been a central hub for Jeep vehicle production since the 1940s. The site is divided into two primary facilities: Toledo North and Toledo South, with the latter encompassing the former Stickney and Parkway plants.
Wolfgang Grams
Wolfgang Werner 'Gaks' Grams (6 March 1953 – 27 June 1993) was a member of the Red Army Faction (RAF), a German far-left terrorist organization. Grams went underground in 1984 and subsequently belonged to the command level of the RAF's third generation. During an attempt to arrest him by GSG 9, the counter‑terrorism unit of the Federal Border Guard (Bundesgrenzschutz, BGS), in Bad Kleinen, he was shot and, according to the findings of the Staatsanwaltschaft Schwerin (public prosecutor's office in Schwerin)—reviewed multiple times by the courts—died by suicide. The exact circumstances of his death remain disputed. Within parts of the political left, the view persists that Grams was deliberately killed by officers involved in the operation.

Bad Kleinen
Bad Kleinen (until 1915 Kleinen) is a municipality in the Nordwestmecklenburg district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. It is located on the north bank of the Schweriner See. Bad Kleinen is part of the Hamburg Metropolitan Region.
Hardness
In materials science, hardness (antonym: softness) is a measure of the resistance to localized plastic deformation, such as an indentation (over an area) or a scratch (linear), induced mechanically either by pressing or abrasion. In general, different materials differ in their hardness; for example hard metals such as titanium and beryllium are harder than soft metals such as sodium and metallic tin, or wood and common plastics. Macroscopic hardness is generally characterized by strong intermolecular bonds, but the behavior of solid materials under force is complex; therefore, hardness can be measured in different ways, such as scratch hardness, indentation hardness, and rebound hardness. Hardness is dependent on ductility, elastic stiffness, plasticity, strain, strength, toughness, viscoelasticity, and viscosity. Common examples of hard matter are ceramics, concrete, certain metals, and superhard materials, which can be contrasted with soft matter.

Work hardening
Work hardening, also known as strain hardening, is the process by which a material's load-bearing capacity (strength) increases during plastic (permanent) deformation. This characteristic is what sets ductile materials apart from brittle materials. Work hardening may be desirable, undesirable, or inconsequential, depending on the application.

This strengthening occurs because of dislocation movements and dislocation generation within the crystal structure of the material. Many non-brittle metals with a reasonably high melting point as well as several polymers can be strengthened in this fashion. Alloys not amenable to heat treatment, including low-carbon steel, are often work-hardened. Some materials cannot be work-hardened at low temperatures, such as indium, however others can be strengthened only via work hardening, such as pure copper and aluminum.
Of an Age
Of an Age is a 2022 Australian romantic drama film written and directed by Goran Stolevski. The film stars Elias Anton as Kol, a Serbian immigrant in Australia who enters a brief but intense romance with Adam (Thom Green), the brother of his ballroom dance partner Ebony (Hattie Hook).

The film premiered on 4 August 2022 at the Melbourne International Film Festival. It was subsequently screened at CinefestOZ, where it was the winner of the Best Film Award. Of an Age was released in the United States by Focus Features on 17 February 2023, and later in Australia by Roadshow Films on 23 March 2023.

CinefestOZ
CinefestOZ is an annual film festival that takes place over five days in the South West region of Western Australia. IndigifestOZ is a section of the festival devoted to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander filmmakers. The CinefestOZ Film Prize of A$100,000 is the richest film prize in the country.
Atif Ali Khan
Atif Ali Khan (11 February 1986) is a Pakistani-born cricketer who played for the United Arab Emirates national cricket team. He made his List A debut for the United Arab Emirates cricket team in their three-match series against Oman in October 2016. He made his Twenty20 International (T20I) debut against Afghanistan on 16 December 2016.

Afghan cricket team in the United Arab Emirates in 2016–17
The Afghanistan cricket team toured the United Arab Emirates to play the United Arab Emirates cricket team in December 2016. The tour consisted of three Twenty20 International (T20I) matches. The first two matches were close contests. Afghanistan won the series 3–0.
Hector St Clair
Hector Alfred Tompins (21 May? - December 1932) professionally known as Hector St. Clair, was an English comedian and musician who came to Australia with the J.C Williamson Theatre company in 1921 and stayed there for the rest of his career, he was also a talented violinist He appeared in the film Prehistoric Hayseeds (1923). He also performed at the Prince Edward Theatre in Sydney, Australia on June 24, 1927. St. Clair had his own troupe called "The Ambassadors" and was known for his catchphrase "Isn't it awful", he appeared in both variety and musical comedy and also featured on radio. other than Williamson's he also toured with company's of Benjamin Fuller, the Tivoli circuit, George Marlow and Connors and Paul amongst numerous others, he died of lung cancer in December 1932.

Prehistoric Hayseeds
Prehistoric Hayseeds is a 1923 Australian film comedy that was written, produced, and directed by Beaumont Smith. It is the sixth in his series about the rural family the Hayseeds and concerns their discovery of a lost tribe.

It is considered a lost film.
Deadroses
Deadroses (stylized in all lowercase) is the debut studio album by American singer Blackbear. It was released on February 14, 2015, as the first release by his independent record label Beartrap following the EP The Afterglow. The album includes guest appearances from G-Eazy and Devon Baldwin. It was preceded by the singles "Idfc", "4U", and "Dirty Laundry". The title track "Deadroses" was released as a promotional single. A deluxe edition of the album including the EP Dead, containing acoustic tracks from Deadroses, was sold as a limited edition two-disc set during 2015 and 2016.

The album peaked at 37 on the Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart and was certified gold by the RIAA on June 30, 2022.

Blackbear (musician)
Matthew Tyler Musto (born November 27, 1990), known professionally as Blackbear (stylized in all lowercase), is an American musician, singer, songwriter, and record producer. He has released six studio albums, six EPs, one mixtape and two collaborative albums. Musto is also a member of the alternative hip-hop duo Mansionz with singer Mike Posner.
Borger Gassers
The Borger Gassers were a minor league baseball team that operated in the West Texas–New Mexico League between 1939 and 1954 with a break from 1943 to 1945 due to World War II. The Borger Gassers disbanded on July 16, 1954.

West Texas–New Mexico League
The West Texas–New Mexico League was a minor league baseball league that operated from 1937 through 1955, with a hiatus from 1943 to 1945 during World War II. The league started as a Class D level league, upgraded to Class C in 1946 and then a final advancement to Class B level status in 1955. League franchises were based exclusively in New Mexico and Texas.
Tate County School District
The Tate County School District is a public school district based in Tate County, Mississippi, United States.

The district serves the town of Coldwater; the census-designated places of Arkabutla, Independence, and Strayhorn; and the unincorporated community of Sarah, as well as most rural areas in Tate County.

"The Tate County School District exists to educate all students to be college and career ready, and to develop a lifelong love for learning."

Sarah, Mississippi
Sarah is an unincorporated community in Tate County, Mississippi, United States. Sarah is located approximately 5 miles (8.0 km) south of Savage and 3 miles (4.8 km) north of Askew along Mississippi Highway 3.

Although an unincorporated community, Sarah has a post office and a zip code of 38665.
Ronan Ryan
Ronan Ryan is an Irish-American businessperson. He is the president of IEX, the Investor's Exchange, and an electronic trading expert. As a founding member of IEX, Ryan was a central character featured in Michael Lewis’ Flash Boys: A Wall Street Revolt. Irish America magazine named Ryan to its 2014 and 2015 Wall Street 50 list.

IEX
The Investors Exchange (IEX; also known as the IEX Exchange) is a stock exchange in the United States. It was founded in 2012 in order to mitigate the effects of high-frequency trading (HFT). IEX was launched as a national securities exchange in September 2016. On October 24, 2017, it received regulatory approval from the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to list companies. IEX listed its first public company, Interactive Brokers, on October 5, 2018. The exchange said that companies would be able to list for free for the first five years, before a flat annual rate of $50,000. On September 23, 2019, it announced it was leaving its listing business.

In September 2019, IEX announced that its co-founder and COO, John Schwall, would retire from the company by the end of 2019.

The genesis and early days of the exchange are chronicled in the 2014 book Flash Boys: A Wall Street Revolt by Michael Lewis.
Transfiguration Church, Pyatigorsk
The Transfiguration Church (Russian: Храм Преображения Господня) Is a Catholic church in the city of Pyatigorsk (Stavropol Krai) in southern Russia, built in the 1840s. it depends on the Diocese of Saratov and is in Anisimov street.

The church is built in the neoclassical style, and is registered in the list of cultural heritage.

Diocese of Saint Clement at Saratov
The Diocese of Saint Clement at Saratov (Latin: Dioecesis Saratoviensis Sancti Clementis) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Catholic Church in Russia. The diocese's episcopal see is located in the city of Saratov. The Diocese of Saint Clement at Saratov is a suffragan diocese in the ecclesiastical province of the metropolitan Mother of God at Moscow.
1918 South Australian state election
State elections were held in South Australia on 6 April 1918. All 46 seats in the South Australian House of Assembly were up for election. The incumbent Liberal Union government led by Premier of South Australia Archibald Peake defeated the opposition Australian Labor Party led by Leader of the Opposition Andrew Kirkpatrick. Each district elected multiple members, with voters casting multiple votes.

The 1918 election was the first at which any women stood as candidates. Selina Siggins (Adelaide) and Jeanne Young (Sturt) both ran unsuccessfully as independents.

Selina Siggins
Selina Sarah Elizabeth Siggins (née Charters, previously Anderson; 12 May 1878 – 30 November 1964) was an Australian political activist who became the first woman to stand for the Australian House of Representatives. She ran as an independent at the 1903 federal election, the first at which women were eligible to be candidates. Although she spent most of her life in New South Wales, in 1918 she also became one of the first two women to stand for the Parliament of South Australia. Siggins was introduced to politics through her involvement in the labour movement, and initially supported the Labor Party. She eventually fell out with the party over its refusal to endorse her as a candidate. Her final run for parliament came at the 1922 federal election, where she became the first woman to stand for the Country Party.
Kurnatowszczyzna
Kurnatowszczyzna [kurnatɔfʂˈt͡ʂɨzna] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sidra, within Sokółka County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland.

In 1975–1998, the town belonged administratively to the Białystok Province.

Gmina Sidra
Gmina Sidra is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Sokółka County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. Its seat is the village of Sidra, which lies approximately 18 kilometres (11 mi) north of Sokółka and 52 km (32 mi) north of the regional capital Białystok.

The gmina covers an area of 173.96 square kilometres (67.2 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 3,916.
DJ Fresh (South African DJ)
Thato Sikwane (born 15 October 1972), better known by his stage name DJ Fresh, is a Motswana disk jockey, producer and entrepreneur based in Johannesburg, South Africa. He is most well-known for his career on 5FM and Metro FM.

Sikwane known for hosting YFM  Radio station in Johannesburg, South Africa. During the 1990s, he released a series of South African house music records, mostly named Fresh House Flava. Different volumes of the compilations were released.

5FM
5FM is a South African FM radio station forming part of the South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC), South Africa's public broadcaster. 5FM follows a Top 40 music format aimed at a youth market, together with news and sports coverage.

Originally named Radio 5, the station was re-branded as "5FM" in 1992, and has as its current logo a red "5" and superscripted "FM" within a circle and the words "The Power of" inscribed along the upper periphery of the circle.

The station is currently managed by Masixole Mdingane, Business Unit Manager of the PCS Combo (Good Hope FM & 5FM).
Chauncey Thomas
Chauncey Thomas (August 13, 1813, in Damascus, Wayne County, Pennsylvania – October 5, 1882, in Shohola Glen, Pike County, Pennsylvania) was businessman and bridge builder, best known for his role in the original construction and multiple reconstructions of the Barryville–Shohola Bridge over the Delaware River, and as the father of Rear Admiral and Commander in Chief of the Pacific Fleet, Chauncey Thomas Jr., USN.

Chauncey Thomas Jr.
Chauncey Thomas Jr. (27 April 1850 – 9 May 1919) was a rear admiral of the United States Navy. The son of Chauncey Thomas, a farmer and entrepreneur, who built four bridges across the Delaware River at Shohola Glen, Pennsylvania, Thomas Jr., graduated from the United States Naval Academy third in the class of 1871. He was the Commander of the United States Pacific Fleet when he retired in 1912. He died at the age of 69 at his home in Pacific Grove, California.