hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
European Society for the Study of English
Founded in 1990 in Rome, the European Society for the Study of English (ESSE) is an organization for university teachers and researchers in English Studies, including literature, linguistics, and cultural studies, throughout Europe. It is an association (Verein) conformable to articles 60ff of the Swiss Civil Code (ZGB) with its seat in Basle. Currently, ESSE has 33 national associations and, according to the November 2021 membership lists, there are 7,590 members of ESSE. ESSE is a member of The International Federation for Modern Languages and Literatures (FILLM). As of 2025, the President of ESSE is Prof. Lieven Buysse of KU Leuven, Belgium.

International Federation for Modern Languages and Literatures
The International Federation for Modern Languages and Literatures (FILLM, from the French: Fédération Internationale des Langues et Littératures Modernes) is an international academic organisation for scholarship in the field of languages and literatures.

FILLM is an umbrella organisation and its members are other academic organisations. In September 2016, the federation had fourteen member associations. As of August 2025, the federation has 19 members and 2 affiliates.
No. 30 Squadron RAF
No. 30 Squadron is a squadron of the Royal Air Force which operates the Airbus A400M Atlas transport aircraft and is based at RAF Brize Norton, Oxfordshire.

The squadron was first formed as a unit of the Royal Flying Corps in 1915, serving through the rest of the First World War in Egypt and Mesopotamia, carrying out reconnaissance, bombing and air-to-air combat duties. After the end of the war, the squadron continued to serve in Iraq, attacking rebels against the British rule in Iraq and later rebels against the Iraqi government.

Hawker Hart
The Hawker Hart is a British two-seater biplane light bomber aircraft that saw service with the Royal Air Force (RAF). It was designed during the 1920s by Sydney Camm and manufactured by Hawker Aircraft. The Hart was a prominent British aircraft in the inter-war period, but was obsolete and already side-lined for newer monoplane aircraft designs by the start of the Second World War, playing only minor roles in the conflict before being retired.

Several major variants of the Hart were developed, including a navalised version for the Royal Navy's aircraft carriers. The Hart was also operated by foreign nations, including Sweden, Yugoslavia, Estonia, South Africa, and Canada.
Arthur Horace Walker
Rear-Admiral Arthur Horace Walker, OBE (17 August 1881 – 3 July 1947) was a British Royal Navy officer who was a Director of Torpedoes and Mining from 1926 to 1929, and a senior naval officer at Hong Kong from 1930 to 1932.

Department of the Director of Underwater Weapons Materials
The Department of the Director of Underwater Weapons Materials originally known as the Torpedo Department was a former department of the British Department of Admiralty from 1917 to 1958 when it became the Underwater Weapons Division of the Weapons Department.
The Sandwich Man (1966 film)
The Sandwich Man is a 1966 British comedy film directed by Robert Hartford-Davis starring Michael Bentine, with support from a cast of British character actors including Dora Bryan, Harry H. Corbett, Bernard Cribbins, Diana Dors, Norman Wisdom, Terry-Thomas and Ian Hendry. It was written by Hartford-Davis and Bentine. The movie was an unsuccessful attempt to turn Bentine into a film star.

Diana Dors
Diana Dors (born Diana Mary Fluck; 23 October 1931 – 4 May 1984) was an English actress and singer.

Dors came to public notice as a blonde bombshell, much in the style of Americans Marilyn Monroe, Jayne Mansfield, and Mamie Van Doren. Dors was promoted by her first husband, Dennis Hamilton, mostly in sex film-comedies and risqué modelling. After it was revealed that Hamilton had been defrauding her, she continued to play up to her established image, and she made tabloid headlines with the parties reportedly held at her house. Later, she showed talent as a performer on TV, in recordings, and in cabaret, and gained new public popularity as a regular chat-show guest. She also gave well-regarded film performances at different points in her career.

According to film critic David Thomson, "Dors represented that period between the end of the war and the coming of Lady Chatterley in paperback, a time when sexuality was naughty, repressed, and fit to burst."
Reddish South railway station
Reddish South railway station is a stop on the Stockport–Stalybridge line. It is one of two serving the town of Reddish, in Greater Manchester, England; the other is Reddish North. The station is one of the quietest on the British railway network; it was used by only 26 passengers in 2013/14. It has been served by parliamentary services since May 1992, in order to avoid a formal proceeding to close the line; however, the line is used regularly for freight traffic and empty stock transfers.

Reddish
Reddish is an area of the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport, Greater Manchester, England; it lies 4.6 miles (7.4 km) south-east of Manchester city centre. At the 2011 census, the population was 28,052. Historically part of Lancashire, Reddish grew rapidly in the Industrial Revolution and still retains landmarks from that period, such as Houldsworth Mill, a former textile mill. Reddish Vale is a country park.
Nuan
Nuan (Chinese: 暖; pinyin: Nuǎn) is a 2003 Chinese film directed by Huo Jianqi. The film won the Grand Prix at the 16th Tokyo International Film Festival. The film is an adaptation of author Mo Yan's short story, The White Dog and the Swing. The film is set in Maoyuan, a small and ancient village in Jiangxi.
Nuan's production was delayed by the outbreak of SARS in 2002–2003, making it miss a planned debut at the Venice Film Festival that September.

Huo Jianqi
Huo Jianqi (Chinese: 霍建起; born January 20, 1958) is a Chinese film director. Like the cinematographer turned director Gu Changwei, Huo Jianqi began his cinematic career in the art department. Nearly all of Huo's films have been written by his wife and collaborator, Qiu Shi, who works under the name "Si Wu." Unlike many of his contemporaries (and predecessors), Huo rarely has had issues with the Chinese government regarding his films, leading some western critics to label him the "darling director of China's film bureaucracy."
Lashly Mountains
The Lashly Mountains (77°54′S 159°33′E﻿ / ﻿77.900°S 159.550°E﻿ / -77.900; 159.550﻿ (Lashly Mountains)) are a small group of mountains, the most prominent at 2,550 metres (8,370 ft) being Mount Crean, standing south of the head of Taylor Glacier and west of Lashly Glacier, in Victoria Land, Antarctica.

Taylor Glacier
The Taylor Glacier (77°44′S 162°10′E﻿ / ﻿77.733°S 162.167°E﻿ / -77.733; 162.167﻿ (Taylor Glacier)) is a glacier in Antarctica about 35 nautical miles (65 km; 40 mi) long, flowing from the plateau of Victoria Land into the western end of Taylor Valley, north of the Kukri Hills.
It flows to the south of the Asgard Range. The middle part of the glacier is bounded on the north by the Inland Forts and on the south by Beacon Valley.
Robert V. Denney Federal Building
The Robert V. Denney Federal Building and Courthouse is a modern, five-story steel structure in Lincoln, Nebraska. The building is named after the late U.S. District Court judge and U.S. House of Representatives member. The U.S. Department of Agriculture, judiciary, and district courts serve as the building's primary tenants.

Robert V. Denney
Robert Vernon Denney (April 11, 1916 – June 26, 1981) was an American politician and judge who served in the United States House of Representatives for Nebraska's 1st congressional district and federal judge of the United States District Court for the District of Nebraska. He was a member of the Republican Party.
SS Southern Cross (1886)
SS Southern Cross was a steam-powered sealing vessel that operated primarily in Norway and Newfoundland.

She was lost at sea returning from the seal hunt on March 31, 1914, killing all 174 men aboard in the same storm that killed 78 crewmen from the SS Newfoundland, a collective tragedy that became known as the "1914 Newfoundland Sealing Disaster".

Colin Archer
Colin Archer (22 July 1832 – 8 February 1921) was a Norwegian naval architect and shipbuilder known for his seaworthy pilot and rescue boats and the larger sailing and polar ships. His most famous ship is the Fram, used for both Fridtjof Nansen's and Roald Amundsen's polar expeditions.

He was born at Tollerodden in Larvik, Norway, where he also had his own house built and his boatyard.
Upside potential ratio
The upside-potential ratio is a measure of a return of an investment asset relative to the minimal acceptable return. The measurement allows a firm or individual to choose investments which have had relatively good upside performance, per unit of downside risk.

where the returns  have been put into increasing order. Here  is the probability of the return  and  which occurs at   is the minimal acceptable return.  In the secondary formula  and .

The upside-potential ratio may also be expressed as a ratio of partial moments since  is the first upper moment and  is the second lower partial moment.

The measure was developed by Frank A. Sortino.

Moment (mathematics)
Moments of a function in mathematics are certain quantitative measures related to the shape of the function's graph. For example, if the function represents mass density, then the zeroth moment is the total mass, the first moment (normalized by total mass) is the center of mass, and the second moment is the moment of inertia. If the function is a probability distribution, then the first moment is the expected value, the second central moment is the variance, the third standardized moment is the skewness, and the fourth standardized moment is the kurtosis.

For a distribution of mass or probability on a bounded interval, the collection of all the moments (of all orders, from 0 to ∞) uniquely determines the distribution (Hausdorff moment problem). The same is not true on unbounded intervals (Hamburger moment problem).

In the mid-nineteenth century, Pafnuty Chebyshev became the first person to think systematically in terms of the moments of random variables.
Weatherford Public Schools
Weatherford Public Schools is a public school district based in Weatherford, Oklahoma, United States.

In addition to the city of Weatherford, the district also serves rural areas in southeastern Custer and northeastern Washita counties.

The mascot for Weatherford Public Schools is the Eagle.

Weatherford, Oklahoma
Weatherford is a city in Custer County, Oklahoma, United States. The population was 12,076 at the time of the 2020 census, a gain of about 11.5% over the 10,833 figure from the 2010 census. Route 66 follows Main Street through the city. The Stafford Air & Space Museum honors astronaut Thomas P. Stafford.
Chao Phraya Sky Park
Chao Phraya Sky Park (Thai: สวนลอยฟ้าเจ้าพระยา) is an elevated, linear park in Bangkok, built on the central viaduct that used to be the structure of the failed Lavalin Skytrain project. The path, which is about 280 m (918.6 ft) in length, was designed by Urban Design and Development Center, Chulalongkorn University, and opened in June 2020. The Sky Park is considered the first sky park in Southeast Asia.

Urban Design and Development Center
The Urban Design and Development Center (UddC; Thai: ศูนย์ออกแบบและพัฒนาเมือง) is a research center at Chulalongkorn University in Bangkok, Thailand, established to manage urban regeneration and restoration projects.
Homoeomeria (philosophy)
Homoeomeria was a doctrine in the philosophy of the ancient Greek Anaxagoras, as claimed by the Roman atomist Lucretius. It was assumed that the atoms constituting a substance must themselves have the salient observed properties of that substance: so atoms of water would be wet, atoms of iron would be hard, atoms of wool would be soft, etc. This doctrine depends on the fallacy of division.

Professor Fleeming Jenkin wrote that: "we may with the exercise of a good deal of fancy see in the doctrine of homoeomeria, which taught that all things contained the materials of everything else in a latent state, a foreshadowing of the chemical theory which proves that our bodies are made of the same chemical materials as peas, cabbages, &c., but it requires an elastic imagination to link the old and new creed together."

Fallacy of division
The fallacy of division is an informal fallacy that occurs when one reasons that something that is true for a whole must also be true of all or some of its parts.

An example:

The second grade in Jefferson Elementary eats a lot of ice cream

Carlos is a second-grader in Jefferson Elementary

Therefore, Carlos eats a lot of ice cream

The converse of this fallacy is the fallacy of composition, which arises when one fallaciously attributes a property of some part of a thing to the thing as a whole.

If a system as a whole has some property that none of its constituents has (or perhaps, it has it but not as a result of some constituents having that property), this is sometimes called an emergent property of the system.

The term mereological fallacy refers to approximately the same incorrect inference that properties of a whole are also properties of its parts.
Lake Zerrouka
Lake Zerrouka is a Moroccan lake situated within the boundaries of the Tizguite commune in Ifrane Province, approximately 1 km (0.62 mi) away from Ifrane. The lake is a popular destination for tourists from various Moroccan towns, offering opportunities for recreation and fishing. The lake is divided into two distinct sections, designated as Lake Zerrouka 1 and Lake Zerrouka 2.

The lake is also a habitat for a variety of bird species, both migratory and resident, including Rock dove, Eurasian collared dove, Common sandpiper, Little egret, Grey heron, Gadwall, Common pochard, Great crested grebe. Additionally, Lake Zerrouka is home to a diverse range of fish species, such as carp, common roach, pike, and rainbow trout. Due to the lake's biodiversity, it is considered a protected area, though since 2023 it has been host to the invasive species Ferrissia californica.

Ifrane Province
Ifrane (Arabic: افران) is a province in the Moroccan region of Fès-Meknès. Its population in 2013 was 156,038

The major cities and towns are:

Ain Leuh

Azrou

Had Oued Ifrane

Ifrane

Sidi Addi

Timahdite
By the Sword Divided
By the Sword Divided is a British television series produced by the BBC between 1983 and 1985.

The series, created by John Hawkesworth, was a historical drama set during the mid-17th century, dealing with the impact of the English Civil War on the fictional Lacey family, made up of both Royalist and Parliamentarian supporters.

It follows the family as it is torn apart by the conflicting and changing loyalties of the war, as families were during that time, and the defeat of the Royalist forces at the end of the First English Civil War. Series two covers the second and third civil wars and the eventual Restoration of the Monarchy. The last episodes see the surviving members of the family (from both sides of the divide) witness the arrival of King Charles II on a visit to the ancestral Lacey home.

John Hawkesworth (producer)
John Stanley Hawkesworth (7 December 1920 – 30 September 2003) was an English television and film producer and screenwriter, best known for his work on the period drama Upstairs, Downstairs and the Granada Television adaptation of Sherlock Holmes.
Claudia Emerson
Claudia Emerson (January 13, 1957 – December 4, 2014) was an American poet. She won the 2006 Pulitzer Prize for Poetry for her  collection Late Wife, and was named the Poet Laureate of Virginia by Governor Tim Kaine in 2008.

University of Mary Washington
University of Mary Washington (UMW) is a public liberal arts university in Fredericksburg, Virginia. Established in 1908 as the State Normal and Industrial School for Women at Fredericksburg, the institution later became known as Fredericksburg Teachers College, and was named Mary Washington College in 1938 after Mary Ball Washington, mother of the first president of the United States, George Washington. The General Assembly of Virginia changed the college's name to University of Mary Washington in 2004 to reflect the addition of graduate and professional programs to the central undergraduate curriculum, as well as the establishment of more than one campus. The university offers more than 60 graduate and undergraduate degree programs in three colleges: Arts and Sciences, Business, and Education.
Gordon Sondland
Gordon David Sondland (born July 16, 1957) is an American businessman and former diplomat who served as the United States ambassador to the European Union from 2018 to 2020, and was a central figure in the 2019 Trump–Ukraine scandal; leading to the first impeachment of Donald Trump. In November 2019, he testified as a witness at the impeachment inquiry against Donald Trump. After refusing to resign, Sondland was fired by Trump on February 7, 2020, two days after the conclusion of Trump's impeachment trial. A lifetime member of the Council on Foreign Relations, he is the founder and chairman of Provenance Hotels.

Fiona Hill (presidential advisor)
Fiona Hill CMG (born 1965) is a British-American academic, foreign affairs advisor and author, who since 2023 has served as Chancellor of Durham University.

Appointed a defence adviser upon Labour's election to Government in July 2024, Hill was formerly an official at the U.S. National Security Council, specializing in Russian and European affairs. She was a witness in the November 2019 House hearings regarding the impeachment inquiry during the first impeachment of Donald Trump.

Hill read Russian at the University of St Andrews (graduating MA), then pursued postgraduate studies in History at Harvard University (taking a PhD in 1998), before being elected a Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution in Washington.
Bielefeld Opera
The Bielefeld Opera is the venue of Städtische Bühnen Bielefeld (Municipal stages Bielefeld) in Bielefeld, Germany. It is a Dreisparten Haus (three-department house), offering plays, music (opera, musical theatre), and ballet. The main performance venue is the Stadttheater am Niederwall (Municipal Theatre at the Lower Wall), built in 1904 and extensively renovated from 2004 to 2006. It is the largest theater in East Westphalia, offering 500 performances annually. It is under the direction of Michael Heicks; its resident orchestra is the 72-member Bielefeld Philharmonic Orchestra that also performs symphonic concerts at the Rudolf-Oetker-Halle.

Julietta
Julietta is an opera by Bohuslav Martinů, who also wrote the libretto, in French, based on the play Juliette ou la Clé des songes (Juliette, or The Key of Dreams) by the French author Georges Neveux. A libretto in Czech was later prepared for its premiere which took place at the Prague National Theatre on 16 March 1938. Julietta has become widely considered as Martinů's masterpiece.
Joe Spooner
Joe Spooner (born 31 October 1973) is a New Zealand sailor who has competed in the Volvo Ocean Race and multiple America's Cups.

Spooner attended Saint Kentigern College and sailed with Alfa Romeo I. Spooner began his career in the Finn.

He sailed on Team News Corp during the 2001–02 Volvo Ocean Race.

Joe joined Team New Zealand and was part of their unsuccessful 2003 America's Cup campaign. He then joined Oracle Racing in 2007, and was part of their race team for the 2010 and 2013 America's Cup winning campaigns.

2007 Louis Vuitton Cup
The 2007 Louis Vuitton Cup held in Valencia, Spain, from April 16 to June 6 was the event used to select the challenger for the 2007 America's Cup.  Eleven potential challengers competed in the competition which consisted of two round robins, two semi-finals and a final.  The winner was Emirates Team New Zealand, who challenged the defender Alinghi in June 2007 for the America's Cup.
The Maltese Bippy
The Maltese Bippy is a 1969 comedy horror film, directed by Norman Panama and released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The film is a vehicle for comedy team Dan Rowan and Dick Martin, who had recently found fame in their television show Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In. "Bippy" is a catchphrase from their show.

In the film, two sexploitation producers are suspects in a murder investigation. One of them considers himself a werewolf, and suspects that his monstrous alter ego performed the murder.

Dan Rowan
Daniel Hale Rowan (July 22, 1922 – September 22, 1987) was an American actor and comedian. He was featured in the television show Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In, in which he played straight man to Dick Martin and won the 1969 Emmy for Outstanding Variety or Musical Series.
Pueblo West, Colorado
Pueblo West is a census-designated place (CDP) in and governed by Pueblo County, Colorado, United States. The CDP is part of the Pueblo, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population of the Pueblo West CDP was 33,086 according to the United States Census 2020. The Pueblo West Metropolitan District provides services. The Pueblo post office (Zip Code 81007) serves Pueblo West postal addresses.

U.S. Route 50 in Colorado
U.S. Route 50 (US 50) is a part of the U.S. Highway System that travels from West Sacramento, California, to Ocean City, Maryland. In the U.S. state of Colorado, US 50 is a major highway crossing through the lower midsection of the state. It connects the Western Slope with the lower Front Range. The highway serves the areas of Pueblo and Grand Junction as well as many other smaller areas along its corridor. The long-term project to widen the highway from two lanes to a four lane expressway between Grand Junction and Montrose was completed in January 2005. Only about 25% of the remainder of US 50 in Colorado is four lane highway.
Alabama State Route 148
State Route 148 (SR 148) is a 20.025-mile (32.227 km) state highway that serves as an east–west connector between Sylacauga and Millersville through Clay and Talladega counties. SR 148 intersects SR 21 at its western terminus and SR 9 at its eastern terminus.

Talladega County, Alabama
Talladega County is one of sixty-seven counties in the U.S. state of Alabama, located in its east-central portion. As of the 2020 census, the population was 82,149. Its county seat is Talladega.

Talladega County is included in the Talladega-Sylacauga, AL Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Birmingham-Cullman-Talladega, AL Combined Statistical Area.
Ben Bolt, Texas
Ben Bolt is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in south central Jim Wells County, Texas, United States, 7 miles (11 km) south of Alice on U.S. Route 281. It was first listed as a CDP in the 2020 census, with a population of 1,662.

Jim Wells County, Texas
Jim Wells County is a county  in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2020 census, its population was 38,891. Its county seat is Alice. The county was founded in 1911 and is named for James B. Wells Jr. (1850–1923), for three decades a judge and Democratic Party political boss in South Texas.

Jim Wells County comprises the Alice, Texas micropolitan statistical area, which is included in the Corpus Christi-Kingsville-Alice combined statistical area.