hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Forecasting complexity
Forecasting complexity is a measure of complexity put forward (under the original name of) by the physicist Peter Grassberger.

It was later renamed "statistical complexity" by James P. Crutchfield and Karl Young.

Peter Grassberger
Peter Grassberger (born 17 May 1940) is a retired professor who worked in statistical and particle physics. He made contributions to chaos theory, where he introduced the idea of correlation dimension, a means of measuring a type of fractal dimension of the strange attractor.
Boreas Pass
Boreas Pass (elevation 11,481 ft (3,499 m)) is a high mountain pass in central Colorado, in the Rocky Mountains of the western United States. The pass is located on the continental divide, at the crest of the Front Range along the border between Park (south) and Summit counties.

Como, Colorado
Como is an unincorporated community in  Park County in the Rocky Mountains of central Colorado, United States. According to the 2010 census, the population of zip code 80432 is 439, including surrounding subdivisions in a 15-mile radius. Metropolitan Como proper usually has a population of 12 to 15 residents, within the Como plat.
Eleventh Hour (American TV series)
Eleventh Hour is an American science-based drama television series, which is based on the 2006 British series of the same name. The series was a joint venture between Jerry Bruckheimer Television, Granada America and Warner Bros. Television. The series ran on CBS for one season from October 9, 2008 to April 2, 2009.

ITV Studios
ITV Studios Limited is a British multinational television media company owned by British television broadcaster ITV plc. It handles production and distribution of programmes broadcast on the ITV network and third-party broadcasters, and is based in 12 countries across 60 production labels, with local production offices in the UK, the US, Belgium, Australia, Germany, the Netherlands, Italy, Israel, France, Spain, and Scandinavia.
Touché Amoré
Touché Amoré is an American post-hardcore band from Los Angeles formed in 2007. Since 2010, the band has consisted of vocalist Jeremy Bolm, guitarists Clayton Stevens and Nick Steinhardt, bassist Tyler Kirby, and drummer Elliot Babin. To date, Touché_Amoré has released six studio albums: ...To the Beat of a Dead Horse in 2009,  Parting the Sea Between Brightness and Me in 2011, Is Survived By in 2013, Stage Four in 2016, Lament in 2020, and Spiral in a Straight Line in 2024.

The band is considered part of the musical movement known as "The Wave",  consisting of American post-hardcore bands that emerged from the late 2000s through early 2010s – among them La Dispute, Defeater, Pianos Become the Teeth, and Make Do and Mend. Pitchfork said the band is "reliably cathartic and anthemic melodic post-hardcore", while Stereogum remarked in 2016 of the band's style: "If arena hardcore existed, this is how it might sound."

Stage Four
Stage Four is the fourth studio album by the American post-hardcore band Touché Amoré. The album was released in the United States and Europe on September 24, 2016, by Epitaph Records. The album's title is in reference to it being the band's fourth album, and due to the central inspiration for most of the album's lyrics being singer Jeremy Bolm's mother, who died of cancer.
ThisFlag Movement
The #ThisFlag movement is a social and political movement stemming from disapproval of the falling economic conditions of Zimbabwe. The name of the hashtag originated from Pastor Evan Mawarire's 2016 online video in which he reflects over the symbolism behind the flag of Zimbabwe. Many people related to the sentiment of the video, sparking thousands of views on his video and followers in Mawarire's calls for peaceful protests against the Mugabe administration.

Evan Mawarire
Evan Mawarire (born 7 March 1977) is a Zimbabwean pastor and democratic activist. He came to prominence during the 2016–17 Zimbabwe protests that challenged the rule of Robert Mugabe’s government. It was reported that Mawarire urged the people of Zimbabwe to remain defiant and refuse to return to work after the protests. In late 2017, it was reported by BBC News that Mawarire was acquitted by a Zimbabwe court where he faced a potential 20-year prison sentence if convicted for allegedly trying to overthrow Robert Mugabe. Thousands turned up at his hearing sparking a spontaneous social movement that challenged corruption, injustice and poverty. On 13 July 2017 at least 150 lawyers stood up in court to represent Mawarire, while thousands amassed outside a Harare courthouse.
Michael Italikos
Michael Italicus or Italikos (Greek: Μιχαήλ Ἰταλικός; fl. 1130–57) was a Byzantine medical instructor (didaskalos iatron) at the Pantokrator hospital that had been established by Emperor John II Komnenos (r. 1118–43) in 1136. Pantokrator was a medical centre, at which Italicus lectured and explained physicians Hippocrates (460–370 BC) and Galen (129–200), and illustrated diseases through patient cases. His pupil Theodore Prodromos described smallpox. Between 1147 and 1166 he served as the Archbishop of Philippopolis.

He wrote a monody on the death of Andronikos, son of Alexios I. He delivered basilikoi logoi (encomia) to the emperors John II and Manuel I.

Plovdiv
Plovdiv (Bulgarian: Пловдив, pronounced [ˈpɫɔvdif]) is the second-largest city in Bulgaria and the most populous city in the Bulgarian part of the historic region of Thrace, located 144 km (93 miles) southeast of the capital Sofia. It had a population of 329,489 as of 2024 and 540,000 in its greater metropolitan area. An important economic, transport, cultural, and educational hub of Bulgaria, Plovdiv was the European Capital of Culture in 1999 and 2019, and joined the UNESCO Global Network of Learning Cities in 2016.
Peter Clarke (courtier)
Major Sir Peter Cecil Clarke, KCVO (1927–2006) was a British Army officer and courtier.

Clarke served in the Army from 1945 to 1964; for the last three years, he was seconded as assistant private secretary to Princess Marina, Duchess of Kent. Between 1964 and 1968, he served as comptroller of her household; he also served as comptroller to Princess Alexandra from 1964 to 1969. He was then Chief Clerk to the Duchy of Lancaster from 1969 to 1992. He was appointed a Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order in the 1992 Birthday Honours, having earlier been appointed a Member Fourth-Class (in 1964) and a Commander (in 1969).

1964 New Year Honours
The New Year Honours 1964 were appointments in many of the Commonwealth realms of Queen Elizabeth II to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by citizens of those countries. They were announced on 1 January 1964 to celebrate the year passed and mark the beginning of 1964.
Obi Egbuna
Obi Benue Egbuna // ⓘ(18 July 1938 – 18 January 2014) was a Nigerian-born novelist, playwright and political activist known for leading the Universal Coloured People's Association (UCPA) and being a member of the British Black Panther Movement (1968–72) during the years when he lived in England, between 1961 and 1973. Egbuna published several texts on Marxist–Black Power, including Destroy This Temple: The Voice of Black Power in Britain (1971) and The ABC of Black Power Thought (1973).

British Black Panthers
The British Black Panthers (BBP) or the British Black Panther movement (BPM) was a Black Power organisation in the United Kingdom that fought for the rights of black people and racial minorities in the country. The BBP were inspired by the US Black Panther Party, though they were unaffiliated with them. The British Panthers adopted the principle of political blackness, which included activists of black as well as South Asian origin. The movement started in 1968 and lasted until around 1973.

The movement reached its pinnacle with the 1970 Mangrove Nine Trial. The trial, involving members of the Panther Movement and other black activists, succeeded in fighting  against police harassment of Frank Crichlow's Mangrove restaurant.
Transarc
Transarc Corporation was a private Pittsburgh-based software company founded in 1989 by Jeffrey Eppinger, Michael L. Kazar,  Alfred Spector, and Dean Thompson of Carnegie Mellon University.

Transarc commercialized the Andrew File System (AFS), now OpenAFS, which was originally developed at Carnegie Mellon.  As a member of the Open Software Foundation (later The Open Group), Transarc developed the DFS distributed filesystem component of the Distributed Computing Environment (DCE) that was sold by Open Group members.  Other products included the distributed transaction processing system Encina (a basis for IBM's UNIX-based CICS products; included in IBM's TXSeries and later WebSphere), and the Solaris binary distribution of the DCE.

Transarc was purchased by IBM in 1994
and became the IBM Transarc Lab in 1999 and then the IBM Pittsburgh Lab in 2001. The lab was closed in 2002.

Encina (software)
Encina was a DCE-based transaction processing system developed by Transarc, which was later acquired by IBM.

Until 2006 it was used as the basis of IBM TXSeries, which is a variant of CICS for non-mainframe platforms.
Makin' Happy
"Makin' Happy" is a song by American singer-songwriter Crystal Waters, released in 1991 by Mercury and A&M Records as the second single from her debut studio album, Surprise (1991). It  was the follow-up to Waters' hugely successful song "Gypsy Woman" and achieved moderate success in European countries. Waters co-wrote it with Neal Conway and Mark Harris, and it was produced by house music production team The Basement Boys. In the US, the song spent one week at number-one on the Billboard Dance Club Songs chart and it also reached the top of the Canadian RPM Dance/Urban chart. In the UK, the single peaked at number 18 on the UK Singles Chart.

Crystal Waters
Crystal Waters (born November 19, 1961) is an American house and dance music singer and songwriter, best known for her 1990s dance hits "Gypsy Woman", "100% Pure Love", and 2007's "Destination Calabria" with Alex Gaudino. All three of her studio albums produced a Top 40 hit on the Billboard Hot 100. In December 2016, Billboard magazine ranked her as one of the most successful dance artists of all time. Her accolades include six ASCAP Songwriter awards, three American Music Award nominations, an MTV Video Music Award nod, four Billboard Music Awards and twelve No. 1 Billboard Dance Chart hits. Her hit song "Gypsy Woman” has been sampled hundreds of times. Though her music sales have yet to be re-certified, Waters has sold over 7 million records worldwide.
Say, Has Anybody Seen My Sweet Gypsy Rose
"Say, Has Anybody Seen My Sweet Gypsy Rose" is a 1973 song by the American pop music group Tony Orlando and Dawn. Written by Irwin Levine and L. Russell Brown, it was included on the group's 1973 album, Dawn's New Ragtime Follies.

L. Russell Brown
Lawrence "Larry" Russell Brown  (born June 29, 1940), known as L. Russell Brown, is an American lyricist and composer.  He is most noted for his songs, co-written with Irwin Levine, "Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree" and "Knock Three Times"—international hits for the 1970s pop music group Tony Orlando and Dawn.  He also co-wrote "C'mon Marianne" for The Four Seasons, and "I Woke Up In Love This Morning" for The Partridge Family in 1971.
Super Eurobeat Presents Ayu-ro Mix
Super Eurobeat Presents Ayu-ro Mix is the second remix album by Japanese singer Ayumi Hamasaki. The album was released on February 16, 2000, and became the second highest selling remix album in Japan of 2000, with 700,000 copies sold. The album became Hamasaki's longest charting remix album with over 31 weeks on the chart. It is the 4th best selling remix album in Japan and also the 7th best selling remix album worldwide of all time.

Bratt Sinclaire
Bratt Sinclaire (born Andrea Leonardi, 26 April 1967) is an Italian Eurobeat/Italo disco producer. He has produced a countless number of tracks for the Super Eurobeat series, the world's longest running series of dance compilation albums. He is the founder and owner of the dance music record label SinclaireStyle and one of the three co-founders of Delta, one of the most known Eurobeat record labels.
James J. Peters VA Medical Center
The James J. Peters VA Medical Center (also known as the Bronx Veterans Hospital) is a US Department of Veterans Affairs hospital complex located at 130 West Kingsbridge Road in West Fordham, Bronx, New York City. The hospital is the headquarters of the Veterans Integrated Service Networks New York/New Jersey VA Health Care Network. This network is also the parent network to VA New York Harbor Healthcare System.

The campus falls under the jurisdiction of the United States Department of Veterans Affairs Police and the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, Office of Inspector General.

United Spinal Association
United Spinal Association is a nonprofit membership, disability-rights and veterans'-service organization, based in Queens, New York.

It was formed in 1946 as Eastern Paralyzed Veterans Association by a group of paralyzed World War II veterans from New York City.

United Spinal Association is recognized by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) as a veterans' service organization; as such, United Spinal Association is authorized to prepare, present and prosecute claims for veterans benefits from the local VA regional-office level to the Supreme Court of the United States. United Spinal Association's veterans service program is entitled VetsFirst.
Ketmen-Töbö
Ketmen-Töbö (Kyrgyz: Кетмен-Төбө) is an urban-type settlement in Jalal-Abad Region of Kyrgyzstan. It is reported that the settlement was established as Alekseevka on own authority of political suspects from Krasnoyarsk of the Russian Empire in 1905. It was recognized by the authorities only in 5-6 years, and the permit to settle was granted. In 1912-1914 the settlement amounted to 124 households.   Administratively, it is part of the city of Kara-Köl. Its population was 2,080 in 2021.

Jalal-Abad Region
Jalal-Abad (/dʒəˈlɑːl əˈbɑːd/; Kyrgyz: [dʒɑˌɫɑɫɑˈbɑt]) is a region (oblus) of Kyrgyzstan. Its capital is Manas. It is surrounded by (clockwise from the north) Talas Region, Chüy Region, Naryn Region, Osh Region, and Uzbekistan. Jalal-Abad Region was established on 21 November 1939. On 27 January 1959 it became a part of Osh Region, but regained its old status as a region on 14 December 1990. Its total area is 32,418 km2 (12,517 sq mi). The resident population of the region was 1,260,617 as of January 2021. The region has a sizeable Uzbek (24.8% in 2009) minority.
Rose Bay High School
Rose Bay High School is a government co-educational comprehensive secondary school located in Rose Bay, a suburb of Hobart, Tasmania, Australia. Established in 1961, the school caters for approximately 650 students from Years 7 to 12. The school is administered by the Tasmanian Department of Education.

In 2020, student enrolments were 678. The school principal is Joel Doyle.

The school has views of the Derwent River, Mount Wellington, the city of Hobart, and the Tasman Bridge.

Rose Bay, Tasmania
Rose Bay is a suburb of the City of Clarence in greater Hobart, capital city of Tasmania, Australia.  Rose Bay is a small suburb, making up only approximately 0.9 square kilometres with nearly one fourth of that area (23.2%) being parkland. At the 2016 Census the suburb recorded a population of 1,102 people.
UGL Rail
UGL Rail (formerly A Goninan & Co (/ɡəˈnɪnən/)) is an Australian rail company specialising in building,  maintaining and refurbishing diesel locomotives, diesel and electric multiple units and freight wagons. It is a subsidiary of UGL and is based in Melbourne, with a staff of 1,200 across Australia and Asia. It operates factories in Broadmeadow (Newcastle), Spotswood and Bassendean. While it used to operate a factory in Taree, the plant was shut down and the equipment sold off.

Light Rail (MTR)
The Light Rail, also known as the Light Rail Transit (LRT) (and formerly known as KCR Light Rail until 2 December 2007), officially the North-West Railway, is a light rail system in Hong Kong, serving the northwestern New Territories, within Tuen Mun District and Yuen Long District. The system operates over 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge track, using 750 V DC overhead power supply. It was once one of four systems comprising the KCR network in Hong Kong, before the MTR–KCR merger in 2007. It has a daily ridership of about 483,000 people. The network is coloured goldenrod on the MTR map.
Salvatore Perugini
Salvatore Perugini (born 6 March 1978 in Benevento) is a former Italian rugby union player. He made his debut for the Italian national team in 2000 against Ireland. Perugini usually played at prop. He previously played for Italian club Calvisano and French side Stade Toulouse.
In April 2010 it was announced he would move to the newly formed Aironi for the 2010/2011 season. 
Perugini was selected to play for the Barbarians when they beat New Zealand in 2009.

Aironi
Aironi Rugby (Italian pronunciation: [aiˈroni], "herons") was an Italian professional rugby union team competing in the Pro12 and the Heineken Cup, representing the Italian regions of Lombardy and Emilia-Romagna. It lost its status as a regional side at the end of the 2011–12 season, as the Italian Rugby Federation revoked its licence for financial reasons. They were replaced by Zebre from the 2012–13 season.
Gustavians
The Gustavians (Swedish: Gustavianerna) were a political faction in the Kingdom of Sweden who supported the absolutist regime of King Gustav III of Sweden, and sought after his assassination in 1792 to uphold his legacy and protect the interests of his descendants of the House of Holstein-Gottorp.

The term can also be used in a looser sense to refer to Swedes generally during the Gustavian era (i.e. the reigns of Gustav III and his son Gustav IV Adolf), in the same way that the word "Victorians" is used of Britons during the reign of Queen Victoria.

Coup of 1809
The Coup of 1809 (Swedish: Statskuppen 1809), also referred to as the Revolution of 1809 (Swedish: Revolutionen 1809), was a Swedish coup d'état on 13 March of that year by a group of noblemen led by Georg Adlersparre, with support from the Western Army. The coup resulted in the deposition of King Gustav IV Adolf and the introduction of a new Instrument of Government. The coup was provoked by the disastrous Finnish War. The leaders of the coup are known in history collectively as 1809 års män ('Men of 1809').

The coup executors convened a parliament or Riksdag, which met on 1 May, and handed over power to it. The Riksdag declared the king deposed and elected his uncle Charles XIII as the new king. In negotiating the new constitution, Charles XIII and subsequent kings were able to retain some measure of absolute power with the Royal Right of Disposal.
Emmausprisen
Emmausprisen is the name of a Norwegian literary award founded in 1998 by the Norsk Forleggersamband and Norsk Bokhandlersamband. It is given to books that "in an outstanding manner convey and confirm the Christian faith and Christian values." Past winners include Johannes Heggland, Peter Halldorf, Edvard Hoem, Max Lucado, Henri Nouwen, Janette Oke, Kirsten Sødal, and Lars Amund Vaage.

Johannes Heggland
Johannes Heggland (29 June 1919 – 24 January 2008) was a Norwegian novelist, short story and children's literature writer, playwright, and elected official with the Centre Party. He is most commonly associated with two of his historic plays Mostraspelet and Håkonarspelet – Kongen med gullhjelmen.
Shy'm
Tamara Marthe (born 28 November 1985), better known as Shy'm /ˈʃaɪm/, is a French singer and actress. She released her first album, Mes fantaisies, in 2006 and has since released six more albums. She had three Platinum albums, including her number-one 2012 album, Caméléon.

Music of France
In France, music reflects a diverse array of styles. In the field of classical music, France has produced several prominent romantic composers, while folk and popular music have seen the rise of the chanson and cabaret style. The oldest playable musical recordings were made in France using the earliest known sound recording device in the world, the phonautograph, which was patented by Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville in 1857. France is also the 5th largest market by value in the world, and its music industry has produced many internationally renowned artists, especially in the nouvelle chanson and electronic music.
Nobel Women's Initiative
The Nobel Women's Initiative is an international advocacy organisation based in Ottawa, Canada. It was created in 2006 by six female winners of the Nobel Peace Prize to support women's groups around the world in campaigning for justice, peace and equality. The six founders are Shirin Ebadi, Wangari Maathai, Rigoberta Menchú, Jody Williams, Mairead Maguire, and Betty Williams. The only other living female Nobel Peace Prize winner, Aung San Suu Kyi, was under house arrest at the time of the initiative's formation. She became an honorary member on her release in 2010. The initiative's first conference, in 2007, focused on women, conflict and security in the Middle East.

The initiative defines "peace" as "the commitment to quality and justice; a democratic world free of physical, economic, cultural, political, religious, sexual and environmental violence and the constant threat of these forms of violence against women—indeed against all of humanity."

Mairead Maguire
Mairead Maguire (born 27 January 1944), also known as Mairead Corrigan Maguire and formerly as Mairéad Corrigan, is a peace activist from Northern Ireland. She co-founded, with Betty Williams and Ciaran McKeown, the Women for Peace, which later became the Community for Peace People, an organization dedicated to encouraging a peaceful resolution of the Troubles in Northern Ireland. Maguire and Williams were awarded the 1976 Nobel Peace Prize.
Henry Lloyd-Hughes
Henry Lloyd-Hughes (born 11 August 1985) is an English actor. His credits include Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2005), Unrelated (2007), The Inbetweeners (2008–2010), Miliband of Brothers (2010), Weekender (2011), Anna Karenina (2012), Parade's End (2012), Indian Summers (2015), Les Misérables (2018),  Killing Eve (2019), The English Game (2020), Ragdoll (2021) and The Irregulars (2021).

Ragdoll (TV series)
Ragdoll is a thriller television series based upon the novel of the same name by Daniel Cole. In the United States, it premiered on AMC+ on November 11, 2021, and in the United Kingdom, it premiered on Alibi on December 6, 2021.
Outat El Haj
Outat El Haj (Arabic: أوطاط الحاج uṭaṭ l-ḥažž) is a town in Boulemane Province, Fès-Meknès, Morocco. According to the 2014 census, it has a population of 16 388. The population consists primarily of Berber tribes from the villages in the middle Atlas mountains (Beni Hayoune, Oulad Ali, Tsiouant...) and Arab tribes from the low lands towards Guercif and Talsint.

Outat el Hadj is well known for its olive tree gardens and its exquisite olive oil.

Boulemane Province
Boulemane Province (Arabic: إقليم بولمان) is a province of Morocco, formerly in the Fès-Boulemane  Region. The Fès-Boulemane region became part of Fès-Meknès September 2015 by merging Fès-Boulemane with the prefecture of Meknès and the provinces of El Hajeb and Ifrane (in Meknès-Tafilalet region) and the provinces of Taounate and Taza (in Taza-Al Hoceima-Taounate region).

Despite being named after Boulemane, the provincial capital is Missour.