hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Bondi accretion
In astrophysics, the Bondi accretion, named after Hermann Bondi, is spherical accretion onto a compact object traveling through the interstellar medium. It is generally used in the context of neutron star and black hole accretion. To achieve an approximate form of the Bondi accretion rate, accretion is assumed to occur at a rate

.

where:

is the ambient density

is the object's velocity  or the sound speed  in the surrounding medium if

is the Bondi radius, defined as .

The Bondi radius comes from setting escape velocity equal to the sound speed and solving for radius. It represents the boundary between subsonic and supersonic infall. Substituting the Bondi radius in the above equation yields:

.

These are only scaling relations rather than rigorous definitions. A more complete solution can be found in Bondi's original work and two other papers.

Hermann Bondi
Sir Hermann Bondi KCB FRS (1 November 1919 – 10 September 2005) was an Austrian-British mathematician and cosmologist.

He is best known for developing the steady state model of the universe with Fred Hoyle and Thomas Gold as an alternative to the Big Bang theory. He contributed to the theory of general relativity, and was the first to analyze the inertial and gravitational interaction of negative mass and the first to explicate correctly the nature of gravitational waves.  In his 1990 autobiography, Bondi regarded the 1962 work on gravitational waves as his "best scientific work".: 79
Players Tour Championship 2011/2012
The Players Tour Championship 2011/2012 was a series of snooker tournaments which started on 18 June 2011 and ended on 18 March 2012 with events held in England and Europe. European events were no longer called Euro Players Tour Championship (EPTC) and were included alongside other PTC events. The twelve regular events were minor-ranking events, which were concluded with the Finals.

Players Tour Championship
The Players Tour Championship was a series of snooker tournaments comprising some minor-ranking events played in Europe, and an Asian leg comprising some minor-ranking events in Asia. The series concluded with a Grand Final, where qualification was based on performance in the other PTC events, and had the status of a full ranking tournament. Each regular event lasted for at least three days, with qualifying days for amateurs should the event be oversubscribed. Each event costs £100 to enter, and Main Tour players can gain ranking points in the events.
If God Had Curves
If God Had Curves is the fourth album by David Usher, released in 2005. The album includes the first single, "Love Will Save the Day", as well as 10 other new songs. Guest musicians on the album include Bruce Cockburn and Tegan Quin. The album debuted at #12 on the Canadian Albums Chart.

David Usher
David Usher (born April 24, 1966) is a Canadian musician, best-selling author, keynote speaker, and activist best known as the front man for the band Moist. He has also released a number of solo albums. He is the founder of Reimagine AI, an artificial intelligence creative studio.
Bangladesh women's national under-19 volleyball team
The Bangladesh women's national under-19 volleyball team represents Bangladesh in women's under-19 volleyball events, it is controlled and managed by the Bangladesh Volleyball Federation that is a member of Asian volleyball body Asian Volleyball Confederation (AVC) and the international volleyball body government the Fédération Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB).

Bangladesh Volleyball Federation
The Bangladesh Volleyball Federation is the national federation for volleyball and is responsible for governing the sport in Bangladesh. Mr. Faruque Hassan is the president and Bimal Ghosh Bhulu is the general secretary of the federation (Ad Hoc Committee) 2025.

The federation also runs many national and international tournaments.
1842 Newcastle-under-Lyme by-election
The 1842 Newcastle-under-Lyme by-election of 14 June 1842 was caused by the voiding of the election in 1841 of the Liberal John Quincey Harris, on the grounds of bribery by his agents. Harris, who had not been proved personally cognisant of the bribery, offered himself for reelection against the Conservative candidate John Campbell Colquhoun. The Conservatives publicly proclaimed before the poll their case that Harris was to be barred from re-standing.

John Quincey Harris
John Quincey Harris (1815 – 3 August 1846) was a British Whig politician.

Harris was elected a Whig Member of Parliament for Newcastle-under-Lyme at the 1841 general election but was unseated via election petition on 11 May 1842 due to bribery by his agent. While he stood again at the resulting by-election, and topped the poll, he was again unseated by election petition due to bribery, and his Conservative rival John Campbell Colquhoun was declared elected in his place.
Jihad Coordination
Jihad Coordination (Arabic: تنسيق الجهاد, romanized: Tansiqiyat al-Jihad) (also commonly translated as al-Jihad Coordination) is a Salafist jihadist militant group in Idlib Governorate, Syria during the Syrian civil war. The group  has been led by Abu al-Abd Ashidaa since it formed.

Abu al-Abd Ashidaa
Abu al-Abd Ashidaa is a Syrian rebel commander, Aleppo native, and former head of the Aleppo-based Army of Aleppo rebel coalition that included several Syrian rebel groups including various Free Syrian Army factions as well as Ahrar al-Sham and the Levant Front.
Muhammad ibn Wasil
Muhammad bin Wasil ibn Ibrahim al-Tamimi (Arabic: محمد بن واصل بن إبراهيم التميمي) (also known as al-Hanzali) was a military adventurer who seized control of the Abbasid province of Fars in 870. He intermittently ruled over Fars until 876, when he was captured and imprisoned by Ya'qub ibn al-Layth, the Saffarid emir of Sistan.

Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar
Ya'qub ibn al-Layth Saffar (Persian: یعقوب لیث صفاری, romanized: Ya'qub-e Leys-e Saffari; 25 October 840 – 5 June 879), was a coppersmith and the founder of the Saffarid dynasty of Sistan, with its capital at Zarang (a city now in south-western Afghanistan). Under his military leadership, he conquered much of the eastern portions of Greater Iran consisting of modern-day Iran, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan as well as portions of western Pakistan and a small part of Iraq. He was succeeded by his brother, Amr ibn al-Layth.
Epicanthoplasty
Epicanthoplasty is a rare eye surgery to modify the epicanthal folds. It can be a challenging procedure because the epicanthal folds overlay the lacrimal canaliculi (tear drainage canals).
Although an epicanthic fold can also be associated with a less prominent upper eyelid crease (a feature commonly termed "single eyelids" as opposed to "double eyelids"), the two features are distinct; a person may have both epicanthal folds and an upper eyelid crease, one and not the other, or neither. Single eyelids are reshaped using East Asian blepharoplasty.

Epicanthoplasty may leave visible post-surgical scar lines. A common corrective technique involves using Z-plasty.

Eye surgery
Eye surgery, also known as ophthalmic surgery or ocular surgery, is surgery performed on the eye or its adnexa. Eye surgery is part of ophthalmology and is performed by an ophthalmologist or eye surgeon. The eye is a fragile organ, and requires due care before, during, and after a surgical procedure to minimize or prevent further damage. An eye surgeon is responsible for selecting the appropriate surgical procedure for the patient, and for taking the necessary safety precautions. Mentions of eye surgery can be found in several ancient texts dating back as early as 1800 BC, with cataract treatment starting in the fifth century BC. It continues to be a widely practiced class of surgery, with various techniques having been developed for treating eye problems.
Sigrid van Aken
Sigrid van Aken (born March 1, 1970, Amsterdam) is the chief executive officer of Postcode Lottery Group, recognized as the world's third largest private charity donor, after the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the Wellcome Trust. The Postcode Lottery Group has raised 15 billion euros for charities.

Postcode Lottery Group
The Postcode Lottery Group is a Dutch international social enterprise, 100% owned by a non-profit foundation. The group establishes and manages charitable lotteries worldwide to raise funds for social organisations working in areas such as culture, nature, environmental and animal protection, health, human rights, and development aid. The Postcode Lottery Group is reported as the world's third-largest private charity donor, after the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the Wellcome Trust.
St Patrick's Church, Hove
St Patrick's Church is an Anglican church in Hove, in the English city of Brighton and Hove.  Situated on a narrow site at 3 Cambridge Road, off Western Road close to the boundary with Brighton, it is still in use as a place of worship. Since 1985 St Pat's developed a special ministry with homeless people, setting up a night shelter and a homeless hostel. In 2012, St Patrick's night shelter was closed. The homeless hostel continues to operate under new management, and is currently run by Riverside Housing Association. The church closed as a parish in 2015, and was then entrusted by the Bishop of Chichester to the Chemin Neuf Community under a Bishop's Mission Order. The leader of the Chemin Neuf Mission at St Patrick's is currently the Revd Tim Watson.

Hove
Hove (/hoʊv/ HOHV) is a seaside town in East Sussex, England. Alongside Brighton, it is one of the two main parts of the city of Brighton and Hove.

Originally a fishing village surrounded by open farmland, it grew rapidly in the 19th century in response to the development of its eastern neighbour Brighton; by the Victorian era it was a fully developed town with borough status. Neighbouring parishes such as Aldrington and Hangleton were annexed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The neighbouring urban district of Portslade was merged with Hove in 1974. In 1997, as part of local government reform, the borough merged with Brighton to form the Borough of Brighton and Hove; this unitary authority was granted city status in 2000.
Robbins Reef Light
The Robbins Reef Light Station is a sparkplug lighthouse located off Constable Hook in Bayonne, Hudson County, New Jersey, United States, along the west side of Main Channel, Upper New York Bay. The tower and integral keepers quarters were built in 1883. It replaced an octagonal granite tower built in 1839. The U.S. Coast Guard owned and operated the light station until the 2000s.

Constable Hook
Constable Hook is a cape on the north side of the outlet of Kill van Kull into Upper New York Bay in Bayonne, New Jersey.
The cape has long been an important site of marine transfer operations in the Port of New York and New Jersey. Just offshore, Robbins Reef Light guides harbor traffic. Since the late 20th century, brownfields have been repurposed for recreational and commercial uses.

Historically, the name Constable Hook was used more broadly, synonymous with Bergen Point as defining the southern extent of Bergen Neck and of Bergen Township when established in 1693. On March 15, 1861, the New Jersey Legislature approved unification of Constable Hook along with Bergen Point, Centerville, and Salterville into the Township of Bayonne. Three weeks later, the Charter for the City of Bayonne was signed by Governor Charles S. Olden.
Rossgarten
Rossgarten (German: Roßgarten) was a quarter of northeastern Königsberg, Germany. It was also occasionally known as Altrossgarten (Altroßgarten) to differentiate it from Neurossgarten in northwestern Königsberg. Its territory is now part of the Leningradsky District of Kaliningrad, Russia.

Rizhskoye
Rizhskoye (Russian: Рижское) is part of the Leningradsky District in northern Kaliningrad, Russia. It was formerly known by its German language name Kalthof as first a suburb of and then a quarter of Königsberg, Germany.
Curtis Blaydes
Curtis Lionell Blaydes (born February 18, 1991) is an American professional mixed martial artist. He currently competes in the Heavyweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). A professional since 2014, Blaydes formerly competed for the Resurrection Fighting Alliance (RFA). As of June 24, 2025, he is #4 in the UFC heavyweight rankings.

Harper College
William Rainey Harper College is a public community college in Palatine, Illinois. It was established by referendum in 1965 and opened in September 1967. It is named for William Rainey Harper, a pioneer in the junior college movement in the United States and the first president of the University of Chicago.
Mirza Mehdi Khan Astarabadi
Mirza Mehdi Khan Astarabadi (Persian: میرزا مهدی خان استرآبادی), also known by his title of Monshi-ol-Mamalek (منشی الممالک), was the chief secretary, historian, biographer, advisor, strategist, friend and confidant of Nader Shah (r. 1736–1747). He wrote and accepted the different decisions and files related to the Empire.

Gorgan
Gorgan (Persian: گرگان; [ɡoɾˈɡɒːn] ⓘ) is a city in the Central District of Gorgan County, Golestan province, Iran, serving as capital of the province, the county, and the district. It lies approximately 400 km (250 mi) to the northeast of the national capital Tehran, and some 30 km (19 mi) away from the Caspian Sea.
Hertz (crater)
Hertz is a lunar impact crater that lies on the far side of the Moon, just behind the eastern limb. Due to libration this feature can sometimes be observed from the Earth under favorable lighting conditions. It is located to the west-southwest of the larger crater Fleming and north-northeast of the smaller Moiseev. Moiseev is joined to Hertz by the satellite crater Moiseev Z, and the three form a short crater chain.

This is a somewhat worn crater formation with a wide inner wall. There is a pear-shaped crater along the northern inner wall. The interior floor is relatively featureless, with only a small ridge offset to the southwest of the midpoint.

The crater was named after the German physicist Heinrich Rudolf Hertz in 1961. Prior to that, this crater was known as Crater 200.

Heinrich Hertz
Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (/hɜːrts/ hurts; German: [hɛʁts] ⓘ; 22 February 1857 – 1 January 1894) was a German physicist who first conclusively proved the existence of the electromagnetic waves proposed by James Clerk Maxwell's equations of electromagnetism.
Kagwahiva language
Kawahíva (Kawahíb, Kagwahib) is a Tupi–Guarani dialect cluster of Brazil.

The Tenharim (self-designation, Pyri 'near, together'), Parintintín, Jiahúi, Amondawa, Karipúna, Uru-eu-wau-wau (self-designation Jupaú), Piripkúra, Júma, and Capivarí all call themselves Kawahíva. Their speech is mutually intelligible, and also similar with other languages or dialects now extinct. The closest Tupí-Guaraní language seems to be Apiaká, formerly spoken in Mato Grosso.

Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau dialect
Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau (Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau: Jupaú) is one of the eight varieties of the Kagwahiva language, a Tupi–Guarani language, Subgroup VI. The name is also spelled Uru-Eu-Uau-Uau, Eru-Eu-Wau-Wau and Ureuwawau, and is sometimes known simply as Kagwahiva.
Marlen
Marlen, feminine: Marlena  (portmanteau of Marx + Lenin) is a Russian  given name of Soviet origin. Notable people with the name include:

It may also be a feminine given name, a variant of Marlene, Marleen.

Marlen Aimanov, Kazakh football player

Marlen Chow, Nicaraguan feminist and sociologist

Marlen Esparza, American professional boxer

Marlen Haushofer (1920–1970), Austrian writer

Marlen Khutsiev, Georgia-born Soviet and Russian filmmaker

Marlena Rakhlina (1925–2010) Soviet Russian and Ukrainian poet and translator

Marlen Papava, Soviet sports shooter

Marlen Reusser, Swiss racing cyclist

Marlen Spindler (1931–2003), Russian painter

Marlen Zmorka (born 1993), Ukrainian racing cyclist

Marlene (given name)
Marlene is a German feminine given name. It is derived from Maria combined with Magdalene. It was popularized by actress and singer Marlene Dietrich. It also came into wider use in the 1940s due to the popular song Lili Marlene. The traditional German pronunciation is mar-LAY-nuh. The North American English pronunciation of the name is mar-LEEN. Phonetic variants include Marlena and Marleen.
Kill (Cannibal Corpse album)
Kill is the tenth studio album by American death metal band Cannibal Corpse, released on March 21, 2006, through Metal Blade Records. This release marks the return of guitarist Rob Barrett, who had previously played on The Bleeding and Vile. The European version of the album comes with a live DVD filmed in Strasbourg in 2004 called Hammer Smashed Laiterie. The album was produced at Mana Recording Studios by Hate Eternal and future Cannibal Corpse guitarist Erik Rutan. It is also the first album in which the band tuned down to G♯ standard.

Music videos were produced for the tracks "Make Them Suffer" and "Death Walking Terror".

In the week following its release, Kill became the second Cannibal Corpse album to make an appearance on the Billboard 200 chart, debuting at number 170. It is considered an essential album in the band's discography. The track "Make Them Suffer" has become a fan favorite, and is also considered by Loudwire to be among their greatest songs.

Pat O'Brien (guitarist)
Pat O'Brien (born May 17, 1965) is an American musician best known as the former lead guitarist for death metal band Cannibal Corpse. He is also a former member of heavy metal band Nevermore, a former live guitarist for Slayer, and is currently the lead guitarist for Exhorder.
Francisco Cerro Chaves
Francisco Cerro Chaves (born 18 October 1957) is a Spanish prelate, theologian, and philosopher of the Catholic Church who has been Metropolitan Archbishop of Toledo since February 2020. He has been a bishop since 2007 and was Bishop of Coria-Caceres from 2007 to 2019.

Archdiocese of Toledo
The Archdiocese of Toledo (Latin: Archidioecesis Metropolitae Toletana) is a Latin Church archdiocese of the Catholic Church located in Spain. They are also the Primates of Spain. It was, according to tradition, established in the 1st century by James the Great and was elevated to an archdiocese in 313 after the Edict of Milan. The incumbent Metropolitan Archbishop also bears the title Primate of Spain and since 1937 the title General Vicar of the Armies (but the pastoral care for the Spanish armed forces is now provided, since 1986, by the Military Archbishopric of Spain)
Silver needle noodles
Silver needle noodle (simplified Chinese: 银针粉; traditional Chinese: 銀針粉; pinyin: yín zhēn fěn), rat noodle (老鼠粉; lǎo shǔ fěn), bee tai bak (simplified Chinese: 米筛目; traditional Chinese: 米篩目; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bí-thai-ba̍k), runny nose vermicelli (Chinese: 鼻涕嘜; Jyutping: bei6 tai3 mak1)  or lot (Khmer: លត),  giam ee (เกี้ยมอี๋) is a variety of Chinese noodle. The noodles are short, about 5 cm long and 5 mm in diameter, and white semi-transparent in colour.  The noodles are available in many Chinese markets in Chinese populated areas such as Hong Kong, Taiwan, Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam and Singapore.

Chinese Indonesian cuisine
Chinese Indonesian cuisine (Indonesian: Masakan Tionghoa-Indonesia, simplified Chinese: 印尼中华料理; traditional Chinese: 印尼中華料理; pinyin: yìnní zhōnghuá liàolǐ or (Ìn-nî) Tn̂g-lâng-chia̍k (印尼唐人食) is characterized by the mixture of Chinese with local Indonesian style. Chinese Indonesians, mostly descendant of Han, Hokkien and Hakka people, brought their legacy of Chinese cuisine, and modified some of the dishes with the addition of Indonesian ingredients, such as kecap manis (sweet soy sauce), palm sugar, peanut sauce, chili, santan (coconut milk) and local spices to form a hybrid Chinese-Indonesian cuisine. Some of the dishes and cakes share the same style as in Malaysia and Singapore, known as Nyonya cuisine by the Peranakan.
East Gojjam Zone
East Gojjam (Amharic: ምሥራቅ ጎጃም), also called Misraq Gojjam, is one of Zones in Amhara Region of Ethiopia. Its capital is Debre Markos. East Gojjam is named after the former province of Gojjam.

East Gojjam is bordered on the south by the Oromia Region, on the west by West Gojjam, on the north by South Gondar, and on the east by South Wollo; the bend of the Abay River defines the Zone's northern, eastern and southern boundaries. Its highest point is Mount Choqa (also known as Mount Birhan). Towns and cities in East Gojjam include Bichena, Debre Marqos, Debre Werq, and Mota.

This Zone was selected by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development in 2004 as one of the several areas for voluntary resettlement for farmers from overpopulated areas; no specific woredas in this Zone were identified in this program. East Gojjam became the new home for a total of 20,000 heads of households and 80,000 total family members.

Gojjam
Gojjam (Amharic: ጎጃም gōjjām, originally ጐዛም gʷazzam, later ጐዣም gʷažžām, ጎዣም gōžžām) is a historical provincial kingdom in northwestern Ethiopia, with its capital city at Debre Markos.

During the 18th century, Gojjam's western neighbors were Agawmeder in the southwest and Qwara in the northwest. Agawmeder, never an organized political entity, was gradually absorbed by Gojjam until it reached west to the Sultanate of Gubba; Juan Maria Schuver noted in his journeys in Agawmeder (September 1882) that in three prior months, "the Abyssinians considerably advanced their frontier towards the West, effacing what was left of the independent regions." Gubba acknowledged its dependence to Emperor Menelik II in 1898, but by 1942 was absorbed into Gojjam. Dek Island in Lake Tana was administratively part of Gojjam until 1987.
The capital city is Bahir Dar.
Roy Wallis
Roy Wallis (1945–1990) was a sociologist and Dean of the Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences at the Queen's University Belfast. He is mostly known for his creation of the seven signs that differentiate a religious congregation from a sectarian church, which he created while researching the Church of Scientology. He introduced the distinction between world-affirming and world-rejecting new religious movements.

After publishing his book The Road to Total Freedom (1976), an  analysis of the sociology of Scientology, he was harassed by the church both legally and personally. Forged letters, apparently from Wallis, were sent to his colleagues.

Sect
A sect is a subgroup of a religious, political, or philosophical belief system, typically emerging as an offshoot of a larger organization. Originally, the term referred specifically to religious groups that had separated from a main body, but it can now apply to any group that diverges from a larger organization to follow a distinct set of beliefs and practices. Sects often form when there is a perception of heresy either within the subgroup or from the larger group.

In an Indian context, sect refers to an organized tradition.
Moka Range
The Moka Range is a mountain range in Mauritius. It contains two of Mauritius's three tallest peaks, Pieter Both and Le Pouce. It was formed from a basalt lava dome ten million years ago. The Moka Range forms a semicircle around the capital of Mauritius, Port Louis.

Le Pouce
Le Pouce (French: [lə pus]; English: "The Thumb") is the third highest mountain in Mauritius, at 812 meters (2664 feet). Only Piton de la Petite Rivière Noire (828 m) and Pieter Both (820 m) are taller. It is named Le Pouce because of the thumb-shaped peak of the mountain. It can be viewed from the capital of Mauritius, Port Louis, and is a popular hike for the view of the city. The mountain is in the Moka Range and is closest to the village of La Laura-Malenga in the Moka District. Charles Darwin ascended the mountain on 2 May 1836.