hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Christopher Freeman
Christopher Freeman (11 September 1921 – 16 August 2010) was a British economist, recognised as one of the founders of the post-war school of Innovation Studies. He played a lead role in the development of the neo-Schumpeterian tradition focusing on the crucial role of innovation for economic development and of scientific and technological activities for well-being.

Neo-Schumpeterian economics
Neo-Schumpeterian economics is a school of thought that places technological innovation at the core of economic growth and transformation processes. It is inspired by the work of Joseph Schumpeter, who coined the term creative destruction for the continuous introduction of technological change that drives growth by replacing old, less productive structures with new, more productive ones. Where Schumpeter  explained the innovation drive by an exogenous factor called entrepreneurial spirits, neo-Schumpeterian economists refer to endogenous factors such as science and technology policies and corporate strategies of research and development to explain innovation. Neo-Schumpeterian economics is a form of evolutionary economics and is closely related to innovation studies.
Trezzo Tinella
Trezzo Tinella is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cuneo in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 50 kilometres (31 mi) southeast of Turin and about 50 kilometres northeast of Cuneo. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 350 and an area of 10.4 square kilometres (4.0 sq mi).

The small and affable commune of Trezzo Tinella is located high in the Langa region. It occupies a very large territory situated at different elevations from 304 to 712 metres (997 to 2,336 ft) above sea level. At the centre of the commune is a church and the town hall. There was once a castle, the final tower of the castle collapsed in 1969. There was also a nursery and school which was closed in 1986.  Trezzo Tinella has dairy farms, vineyards, hazelnut groves and houses. A number of the buildings date back to Roman Times and the names derive from this era.

Trezzo Tinella borders the following municipalities: Alba, Borgomale, Castino, Mango, Neviglie, and Treiso.

Province of Cuneo
The province of Cuneo (Italian: provincia di Cuneo; Piedmontese: provincia ëd Coni) is a province in the Piedmont region of Italy. To the west, it borders the French region of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (departments of Alpes-Maritimes, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence and Hautes-Alpes), to the north the Metropolitan City of Turin, to the east the province of Asti and to the south the Ligurian provinces of Savona and Imperia. It is also known as la Provincia Granda (Piedmontese for 'The Big Province'), because it is the largest province in Piedmont and the fourth-largest in Italy (following Sassari, South Tyrol and Foggia). Briga Marittima and Tenda were part of this province before their cession to France in 1947.
New Indian Model School
New Indian Model School, Dubai is an Indian School in the United Arab Emirates. It was established in 1980 and is located in Al Garhoud, Dubai, United Arab Emirates. It is also known as N.I.Model School or NIMS Dubai. The school was founded by (Dr.) M. K. Kamaluddin Haji, to provide affordable, modern education to the Indian community. The school was inaugurated on 1 May 1980 by H.E. Rashid Abdulla Thaha, Deputy Minister of Education, in the presence of C. H. Mohammed Koya, the then Chief Minister of Kerala and Muthu Venkataramanan IFS, the then Consul General of India. The school now caters for the educational needs of around seven thousand children. School provides multiple activities like athletics, games such as Cricket, Volleyball, Football and Basketball. The School has been rewarded with many good and outstanding features by KHDA.

Al Garhoud
Al Garhoud (Arabic: ٱلْقَرْهُوْد, Al-Qarhūd), or simply Garhoud, is a commercial and residential zone in Dubai, the U.A.E. It is bounded by Port Saeed to the west, Umm Ramool to the east, Dubai International Airport to the north and Al Kheeran to the south.
NS Intercity Materieel
The Intercity Materieel or ICM (lit. transl. Intercity Material – transl. Intercity Rolling Stock) is an electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated by the Nederlandse Spoorwegen in the Netherlands. The train received the nickname Koploper, because it had a so-called "walk through head". After these trains were modernized, the "walk through heads" were removed. The modernized train sets are referred to as Intercity Materieel Modern (ICMm).

The prototypes were built in 1976, with full-scale production lasting from 1983 to 1994 by Talbot. The first train sets came into service in 1977. The trains run daily on the Dutch rail network and, together with the VIRM, form the most important equipment on services connecting the Randstad with the rest of the country.

Nederlandse Spoorwegen
Nederlandse Spoorwegen ([ˈneːdərlɑntsə ˈspoːrˌʋeːɣə(n)] ⓘ, lit. 'Dutch Railways', NS [ɛnˈɛs] ⓘ) is the principal passenger railway operator in the Netherlands. It is a Dutch state-owned company founded in 1938.

The rail infrastructure is maintained by network manager ProRail, which was split off from NS in 2003. Freight operator NS Cargo merged with DB Cargo in 2000. NS runs 4,800 scheduled domestic trains a day, serving 1.1 million passengers. The NS also provides international rail services from the Netherlands to other European destinations and carries out concessions on some foreign rail markets through its subsidiary Abellio.
1926 Padang Panjang earthquakes
West Sumatra, Dutch East Indies (today Indonesia) was struck by an earthquake doublet on June 28, 1926. The first earthquake occurred at 10:23 local time, with an estimated magnitude of 6.7 on the surface-wave magnitude scale with an intensity of IX (Violent) on the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale. Less than three hours later, a second earthquake occurred with a magnitude of 6.4 Ms  although it appears to have been less damaging. The first earthquake killed 354 people, with later shocks killing a total of 57 according to local records.

Great Sumatran fault
The Great Sumatran fault, also known as Semangko fault, is a large strike-slip fault running the entire length of the island of Sumatra.  This Indonesian island is located in a highly seismic area of the world, including a subduction zone off the west coast of the island.

The Great Sumatran fault zone accommodates most of the strike-slip motion associated with the oblique convergence between the Indo-Australian plate and Eurasian plate The fault ends in the north near the city of Banda Aceh, which was devastated in the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake.
Plymouth Notch Cemetery
The Plymouth Notch Cemetery in Plymouth Notch, Vermont, is noted as the burial place for 30th President of the United States Calvin Coolidge, as well as his wife Grace, children (Calvin Coolidge, Jr. 1908–1924, John Coolidge 1906–2000), and other members of the Coolidge family.

Other notable burials include Howard E. Armstrong, who served as Secretary of State of Vermont from 1949 to 1965, and abolitionist Achsa W. Sprague.

Plymouth Notch, Vermont
Plymouth Notch is an unincorporated community in the town of Plymouth, Windsor County, Vermont, United States. All or most of the village is included in the Calvin Coolidge Homestead District, a National Historic Landmark.
Milan Stamatović
Milan Stamatović (Serbian Cyrillic: Милан Стаматовић, pronounced [mǐlan stǎmatoʋit͜ɕ]; born 24 May 1960) is a Serbian politician who has been the president of the municipality of Čajetina since 2004. He was an independent candidate in the 2017 Serbian presidential election. Since 2017, he has led the Healthy Serbia party.

Serbian People's Party (2014)
The Serbian People's Party (Serbian: Српска народна партија, romanized: Srpska narodna partija, abbr. SNP) is a right-wing populist and national-conservative political party in Serbia. It was formed in 2014 by former members of the Democratic Party of Serbia and is currently led by Nenad Popović.
Mathematical Programming
Mathematical Programming is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that was established in 1971 and is published by Springer Science+Business Media. It is the official journal of the Mathematical Optimization Society and consists of two series: A and B. The "A" series contains general publications, the "B" series focuses on topical mathematical programming areas. The editor-in-chief of Series A is Jon Lee (U Michigan); for Series B this is Sven Leyffer (Argonne).

Sven Leyffer
Sven Leyffer is an American computational mathematician specializing in nonlinear optimization. He is a Senior Computational Mathematician in the Laboratory for Applied Mathematics, Numerical Software, and Statistics at Argonne National Laboratory.
Oklahoma State Highway 5
State Highway 5 (SH-5 or OK-5) is the name assigned to two distinct state highways in the U.S state of Oklahoma. One runs for 20.42 miles (32.86 km) through extreme southwestern Oklahoma, passing through Harmon and Jackson Counties. The other is 98.2 miles (158.0 km) long and runs through southwest Oklahoma, connecting US-283 south of Altus to US-70 at Waurika.

Jackson County, Oklahoma
Jackson County is a county located in the southwestern corner of the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of the 2020 census, the population was 24,785. Its county seat is Altus. According to the Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture, the county was named for two historical figures: President Andrew Jackson and Confederate General Stonewall Jackson. One source states that the county was named only for the former president, while an earlier source states it was named only for General Stonewall Jackson. Jackson County comprises the Altus, OK micropolitan statistical area.
Daniel Cady Eaton
Daniel Cady Eaton (September 12, 1834 – June 29, 1895) was an American botanist and author.  After studies at the Rensselaer Institute in Troy and  Russell's military school in New Haven, he gained his bachelor's degree at Yale College, then went on to Harvard University, where he studied with Asa Gray. He then went to Yale University's Sheffield Scientific School in 1864, where he was a botany professor: 8  and herbarium curator. With William Gilson Farlow and Charles Lewis Anderson he issued the exsiccata series Algae exsiccatae Americae Borealis (1877-1889). Eaton is the grandson of Amos Eaton.

He also worked in Utah, contributing to the US-Mexican Boundary Survey, and various geological surveys.

Charles Lewis Anderson
Charles Lewis Anderson (1827–1910) was an American medical doctor who, in addition to the practice of medicine, made important contributions to fields of natural history, especially botany. Educated in Indiana, he spent most of his professional life in the upper Midwest and West (Hennepin Co., Minnesota; Carson City, NV; and Santa Cruz, CA). Many plants collected by him were subsequently named in his honor.  He wrote about local natural history, and actively engaged in public service in places where he resided.
Murray Bridge Training Area
The  Murray Bridge Training Area (also called Murray Bridge Army Training Area) is an Australian Army training area located in South Australia in the locality of Burdett about 7 kilometres (4.3 miles) east of the city of Murray Bridge and about 70 kilometres (43 miles) east of the centre of the city of Adelaide.  The training area was established prior to 1970.  As of 2011, the training area contained shooting ranges for use with small arms for distances up to 800 metres (2,600 feet), space for the training of subunits from Australian Army units located within South Australia and support facilities such as a “vehicle maintenance compound.”  An area of about 71 hectares (180 acres) within the training area was developed as an artificial wetland in 1992 for the purpose of treating effluent that would otherwise have been discharged into the Murray River.  This wetland has been listed as a wetland of national importance since at least 1995.

Burdett, South Australia
Burdett is a locality in South Australia located on the eastern side (left bank) of the Murray River about 3.5 kilometres (2.2 miles) to the east of the city of Murray Bridge and about 74 kilometres (46 miles) east south-east of the Adelaide city centre.  Its name is derived from the Hundred of Burdett.

While the name has been "long established," Burdett's current boundaries were established in 2000.  The land within Burdett is used for agricultural purposes with the exception of the Australian Army field training area, the Murray Bridge Training Area, which occupies about 42 square kilometres (16 square miles) of land at the locality's southern boundary.  The Karoonda Highway passes through the locality on its way to Loxton.    Burdett is located within the federal Division of Barker, the electoral district of Hammond and the local government areas of the Mid Murray Council and the Rural City of Murray Bridge.
Anjarle
Anjarle is a village in Dapoli taluka, Ratnagiri district, Maharashtra India. It is a small port located near the mouth of Jog river, about 4 mi (6.4 km) south of Aade and 2 mi (3.2 km) north of Suvarnadurga. The nearest railway station is Khed, 31 mi (50 km) to the southeast.

Apart from the nearby Ganapati temple which is known as Kadyavarcha Ganpati, Anjarle is known for its unspoiled beach. Tourism facilities are limited.

Dapoli
Dapoli is a Village and taluka in the Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra, India. It lies 215 km (134 mi) south of the state capital of Mumbai. The town is also known as Camp Dapoli, as the British had set their camps here. Many high-ranking British officers' graves are found in this town. There is also an abandoned church from the time of the British Raj. Dapoli was administered by a Municipal Council.
Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia
The Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia is the state parliament (Landtag) of the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia, which convenes in the state capital of Düsseldorf, in the eastern part of the district of Hafen. The parliament is the central legislative body in the political system of North Rhine-Westphalia. In addition to the passage of laws, its most important tasks are the election of the Minister-President of the state and the administration of the government. The current government is a coalition of the CDU and the Greens, supporting the cabinet of Minister-President Hendrik Wüst since June 2022.

The most recent state election took place on 15 May 2022.

Hendrik Wüst
Hendrik Josef Wüst (born 19 July 1975) is a German politician serving as Minister-President of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia since 2021. He is a member of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU). In October 2021, he succeeded Armin Laschet as state chairman of his party. Under Wüst's leadership, his party won the highest vote share in the 2022 North Rhine-Westphalia state election.
Interlochen, Michigan
Interlochen (/ˈɪntərlɒkən/ IN-tər-lok-ən) is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Grand Traverse County in the U.S. state of Michigan. At the 2020 census, the population was 694, up from 583 at the 2010 census.  The community is located within Green Lake Township, and is home to a post office operating with ZIP Code 49643.

The community is home to the Interlochen Center for the Arts and also contains Interlochen State Park between the shores of Duck Lake and Green Lake. Interlochen is a designated Michigan State Historic Site.

Green Lake (Grand Traverse County, Michigan)
Green Lake (also known as Lake Wahbekanetta) is a large lake in the Lower Peninsula of the U.S. state of Michigan. Located within Grand Traverse County, Green Lake is one of two lakes the forms the isthmus of Interlochen, the other being Duck Lake. Green Lake is the primary source of the Betsie River, which flows west into Benzie County to Lake Michigan.

Green Lake is primarily within the eponymous Green Lake Township, although a small portion extends south into Grant Township. Green Lake is about 10 miles (16 km) southwest of Traverse City.

Between Green Lake and Duck Lake are Interlochen State Park and Interlochen Center for the Arts, a prestigious boarding school.
Ongarue River
The Ongarue River is a river of the  Manawatū-Whanganui region of New Zealand's North Island. A major tributary of the Whanganui River, it flows west then south from its sources on Pureora and north of the Hauhungaroa Range, northwest of Lake Taupō, before reaching the Whanganui River at the town of Taumarunui. The valley is followed by State Highway 4, from near Ongarue, and by the North Island Main Trunk railway for about 30 km (19 mi), from near Waimiha.

Tributaries of the Ongarue include the Maramataha and Taringamotu Rivers and the Mangakahu Stream.

The maximum flow in the river is about 570 cubic metres per second (1,200,000 cu ft/min).

Kayaks can navigate up to Waimiha, except in a narrow gorge near Paraketu and shallow rapids below Taringamotu.

Taumarunui
Taumarunui is a town in the King Country of the central North Island of New Zealand. It is on an alluvial plain set within rugged terrain on the upper reaches of the Whanganui River, 65 km south of Te Kūiti and 55 km west of Tūrangi. It is under the jurisdiction of Ruapehu District and Manawatū-Whanganui region.

It has a population of 4,940 as of June 2025, and is the largest centre for a considerable distance in any direction. It is on State Highway 4 and the North Island Main Trunk railway.
A. P. Byrne
Alfred Patrick Byrne (12 June 1913 – 26 July 1952) was an Irish politician. A clerk by profession, he was elected to Dáil Éireann as an Independent Teachta Dála (TD) for Dublin North-West at the 1937 general election. He was re-elected at the 1938 and 1943 general elections but lost his seat at the 1944 general election. He re-gained his seat at the 1948 general election and was re-elected at the 1951 general election. He died in 1952 and the subsequent by-election on 12 November 1952 was won by his brother Thomas Byrne.

His father Alfie Byrne was an MP, TD, Senator and Lord Mayor of Dublin. Another brother Patrick Byrne was also a TD.

Dublin North-West
Dublin North-West is a parliamentary constituency in Dublin City represented in Dáil Éireann, the lower house of the Irish parliament or Oireachtas. The constituency elects three deputies (Teachtaí Dála, commonly known as TDs) on the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote (PR-STV).
Reigate St Mary's School
Reigate St Mary's Preparatory and Choir School is a mixed private prep and choir school in Reigate, Surrey, England.

The school was established in 1949 to serve as the choir school of St Mary's Church, and still has that function. In 2003 it became affiliated to Reigate Grammar School and serves as its junior school, with some three-quarters of children leaving the school going on to RGS.

John Whitworth (musician)
John Anthony Whitworth (27 December 1921 – 11 July 2013) was an English countertenor, organist, and teacher of music. He was a lay vicar at Westminster Abbey and a professor at the Guildhall School of Music.
Miscarriage of justice
A miscarriage of justice occurs when an unfair outcome occurs in a criminal or civil proceeding. Examples of miscarriage of justice include conviction of an innocent person, error of impunity, sentencing disparity, and delayed justice.

Innocent people have sometimes ended up in prison for years before their conviction has eventually been overturned. They may be exonerated if new evidence comes to light or it is determined that the police or prosecutor committed some kind of misconduct at the original trial. In some jurisdictions this leads to the payment of compensation.

Academic studies have found that the main factors contributing to miscarriages of justice are: eyewitness misidentification; faulty forensic analysis; false confessions by vulnerable suspects; perjury and lies stated by witnesses; misconduct by police, prosecutors or judges; and/or ineffective assistance of counsel (e.g., inadequate defense strategies by the defendant's or respondent's legal team).

Police misconduct
Police misconduct is inappropriate conduct and illegal actions taken by police officers in connection with their official duties. Types of misconduct include among others: sexual offences, coerced false confession, intimidation, false arrest, false imprisonment, falsification of evidence, spoliation of evidence, police perjury, witness tampering, police brutality, police corruption, racial profiling, unwarranted surveillance, unwarranted searches, and unwarranted seizure of property.
STX16
Syntaxin-16 (STX16) is a part of a protein family group called SNARE proteins (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment proteins). SNARE proteins can generally be classified into two types: v-SNAREs(vesicle-SNAREs), which are embedded in the membranes of transport vesicles as they form, and t-SNAREs (target-SNAREs), which are located on the target membranes, such as those found at nerve terminals. STX16 is considered to be a t-SNARE, making it a key protein that makes membrane fusion happen.

Pseudohypoparathyroidism
Pseudohypoparathyroidism is a rare autosomal dominant genetic condition associated primarily with resistance to the parathyroid hormone. Those with the condition have a low serum calcium and high phosphate, but the parathyroid hormone level (PTH) is inappropriately high (due to the low level of calcium in the blood). Its pathogenesis has been linked to dysfunctional G proteins (in particular, Gs alpha subunit). Pseudohypoparathyroidism is a very rare disorder, with estimated prevalence between 0.3 and 1.1 cases per 100,000 population depending on geographic location.
Daniel J. Donahoe House
The Daniel J. Donahoe House is a historic residence in Ponca City, Oklahoma. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The house was designed by Solomon Layton and constructed by O.F. Keck in 1910.

It was deemed a "fine example" of Craftsman architecture.

Solomon Andrew Layton
Solomon Andrew Layton (July 22, 1864 – February 6, 1943) was an American architect who designed over 100 public buildings in the Oklahoma City, Oklahoma area and was part of the Layton & Forsyth firm. Layton headed partnerships in Oklahoma  from 1902 to 1943; his works included the Canadian County Jail in El Reno, Oklahoma State Capitol, sixteen Oklahoma courthouses, and several buildings on the University of Oklahoma campus. Layton had a considerable influence on the area's architecture, and he became known as the "dean of Oklahoma City architecture".
2013 Mississippi State Bulldogs football team
The 2013 Mississippi State Bulldogs football team represented Mississippi State University in the 2013 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The team was coached by Dan Mullen, who was in fifth season with Mississippi State in the 2013 season. The Bulldogs played their home games at Davis Wade Stadium in Starkville, Mississippi, and competed in the Western Division of the Southeastern Conference (SEC).

SEC TV
SEC TV (formerly SEC Network) was a syndicated package featuring live broadcasts of college football and basketball events from the Southeastern Conference. It was owned and operated by ESPN Regional Television and shown in more than 50 percent of households in the United States, mostly Southeastern United States markets. SEC TV's football games typically aired in the noon eastern slot that was former home to the Jefferson-Pilot/Raycom Sports SEC game of the week. Games were shown locally on broadcast stations, regional sports networks, as well as on ESPN GamePlan, ESPN Full Court, and WatchESPN.

SEC TV was replaced with a 24-hour cable network devoted to the conference, also named SEC Network, after the 2013–14 college sports season. The new SEC Network would assume the duty of broadcasting football games in the "early" window used by SEC TV.