hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Plural quantification
In mathematics and logic, plural quantification is the theory that an individual variable x may take on plural, as well as singular, values. As well as substituting individual objects such as Alice, the number 1, the tallest building in London etc. for x, we may substitute both Alice and Bob, or all the numbers between 0 and 10, or all the buildings in London over 20 stories.

The point of the theory is to give first-order logic the power of set theory, but without any "existential commitment" to such objects as sets.  The classic expositions are Boolos 1984 and Lewis 1991.

Nonfirstorderizability
In formal logic, nonfirstorderizability is the inability of a natural-language statement to be adequately captured by a formula of first-order logic.  Specifically, a statement is nonfirstorderizable if there is no formula of first-order logic which is true in a model if and only if the statement holds in that model. Nonfirstorderizable statements are sometimes presented as evidence that first-order logic is not adequate to capture the nuances of meaning in natural language.

The term was coined by George Boolos in his paper "To Be is to Be a Value of a Variable (or to Be Some Values of Some Variables)".
Willard Van Orman Quine argued that such sentences call for second-order symbolization, which can be interpreted as plural quantification over the same domain as first-order quantifiers use, without postulation of distinct "second-order objects" (properties, sets, etc.).
André Pichot
André Maurice Louis Pichot (15 September 1950 in Gevrey-Chambertin – 2 February 2025 in Strasbourg) was a French researcher and historian of science at the French National Centre for Scientific Research.

Pichot was a researcher in Epistemology and History of Science, based at CNRS in Strasbourg. He was a pupil of Georges Canguilhem. He is known in France for his critical writings on issues related to genetics, in particular the influence modern biology has had on ideologies supporting eugenics.

He was the author of Pure Society: From Darwin to Hitler, a book about the history of eugenics.

Gevrey-Chambertin
Gevrey-Chambertin (French pronunciation: [ʒəvʁɛ ʃɑ̃bɛʁtɛ̃]) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department of France in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

It lies 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) south of Dijon. This touristy, winemaking village is situated on the Route des Grands Crus in the Côte de Nuits. The village is noted for the Grand cru Burgundy wine that is produced from its vineyards, the most famous of which is Chambertin.
Oyster River High School
Oyster River High School (ORHS), part of the Oyster River Cooperative School District (ORCSD), is a public high school located in Durham, New Hampshire, United States, with an enrollment of nearly 800 students. It serves Durham and the neighboring communities of Lee, and Madbury. The high school opened, and the first graduating class was in 1956. Dean Sackett was the Chairman of the School Board, Arthur E. Toll was the Superintendent of Schools, John H. Day was Principal, and George W. Pasichuke was the Associate Principal. The school yearbook is named Trion, named by Margaret Campbell in a school-wide contest. The high school moved to its present site on October 22, 1964.

In 2004 the school underwent a major renovation and expansion to its facilities, including a new gym, theater, classroom wing, and science wing, costing over $22 million.

Oyster River Cooperative School District
Oyster River Cooperative School District (ORCSD) is a public school district in Durham, New Hampshire, United States, serving the towns of Durham, Lee, Madbury, and Barrington. Durham is home to the main campus of the University of New Hampshire. One of the first cooperative school districts established in the state of New Hampshire in 1954, ORCSD has a history of progressive educational philosophy, including heterogenous grouping and differentiated instruction. Serving around 2,200 students, the district consists of 2 elementary schools (one each in Lee and Madbury), a middle school, and a high school.  It has its own school administrative unit (SAU 5), with its own superintendent.
Ferdinando Monfardini
Ferdinando Monfardini (born 20 November 1984 in Isola della Scala) is an Italian former race car driver. He raced in the 2005 and 2006 GP2 Series seasons, having previously raced in the Formula 3000 series which it replaced.

2006 GP2 Series
The 2006 GP2 Series season was the second season of the Formula One feeder championship GP2 Series. The season began at Circuit de Valencia, Spain on 8 April 2006 and ended in Monza, Italy on 10 September 2006. The championship was won by ART Grand Prix driver Lewis Hamilton, over Piquet Sports driver Nelson Piquet Jr.
Aeri de Montserrat
The Aeri de Montserrat (Catalan pronunciation: [əˈɛɾi ðə munsəˈrat]) is an aerial cable car which provides one of the means of access to the Montserrat mountain and abbey. It can be found 1 hour from the city of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.

The cable car is operated by a separate company than the rack railroad and funiculars, and is not coordinated with them.

The line runs from the monastery to the station of Montserrat-Aeri, on the Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat de Catalunya (FGC) line from Barcelona-Plaça d'Espanya station to Manresa. The FGC operates the Montserrat Rack Railway, which provides an alternative access to the mountain and abbey, and two funicular railways on the mountain, the Funicular de Sant Joan and the Funicular de Santa Cova.

The cable car was engineered by Adolf Bleichert who had previously designed the Predigtstuhl Cable Car in Bad Reichenhall, Germany.

Montserrat Rack Railway
The Montserrat Rack Railway (Spanish and Catalan: Cremallera de Montserrat, IPA: [kɾəməˈʎeɾə ðə munsəˈrat]) is a mountain railway line north-west of Barcelona in  Catalonia. The line runs from Monistrol de Montserrat to the mountain-top monastery of Montserrat.

The line is 5 km (3.1 mi) long and has a rail gauge of 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in). The first 1 km (0.6 mi) of the line, between Monistrol FGC station and the only intermediate station at Monistrol Vila, is operated by conventional adhesion. The remainder of the line is operated as a rack railway using the Abt system, overcoming a height difference of 550 m (1,804 ft) with a maximum gradient of 15.6%. The line is electrified with an overhead supply at 1500 V DC.

The line is operated by the Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat de Catalunya (FGC).
Ysgol Bryn Elian
Ysgol Bryn Elian is an 11–18 English-medium co-educational comprehensive school on Windsor Drive in Old Colwyn.  Along with Eirias High School and Coleg Llandrillo (which is sixth-form-level only) it serves the state secondary education sector in the Colwyn Bay area. The school has been in existence since the 1970s, when it was initially created as a secondary modern school to accept those unable to get into the town's grammar school, Eirias High School. In the mid-seventies, the Secretary of State for Education ordered both schools to become comprehensives.

Colwyn Bay
Colwyn Bay (/ˈkɒlwɪn/; Welsh: Bae Colwyn [ˈbai ˈkɔlʊɨn] ⓘ) is a town, community and seaside resort in Conwy County Borough on the north coast of Wales overlooking the Irish Sea. It lies within the historic county boundaries of Denbighshire. At the 2021 census, the community had a population of 10,576, and the built up area had a population of 29,275. According to the tourist board, it is renowned for its 3 mile long sandy beach which has been enhanced with millions of tonnes of sand, so therefore 'man-made' and its permanently available irrespective of the tides.
Jagdschloss radar
Jagdschloss, officially the FuG 404, was the designation of a German early warning and battle control radar developed just prior to the start of World War II. Although it was built in limited numbers, Jagdschloss is historically important as the first radar system to feature a plan position indicator display, or "PPI". In Germany this type of display was referred to as "Panorama". It is named for Jagdschloss, a hunting lodge.

Plan position indicator
A plan position indicator (PPI) is a type of radar display that represents the radar antenna in the center of the display, with the distance from it and height above ground drawn as concentric circles. As the radar antenna rotates, a radial trace on the PPI sweeps in unison with it about the center point. It is the most common type of radar display.
Push the Beat for This Jam (The Second Chapter)
Push the Beat for This Jam (The Second Chapter), alternatively titled Push the Beat for This Jam (The Singles '98–'02) in the UK and Australia and Pushing the Beat (The Best of Scooter) in the US, is the second singles compilation from the German techno band Scooter, released on 7 January 2002. It collects all the singles from 1998 to 2002 including the hit single "Ramp! (The Logical Song)" plus three new tracks "Habanera", "No Pain, No Gain", "Loud and Clear", some live tracks, B-sides and remixes. The title is a lyric from the single "Call Me Mañana". The song "Habanera" was also scheduled to be released as a single but there is only a promo release as it was dropped in favour of a new song, "Nessaja".

The Logical Song
"The Logical Song" is a song by British rock group Supertramp that was released as the lead single from their album Breakfast in America in March 1979. It was written primarily by the band's frontman Roger Hodgson, who based the lyrics on his experiences being sent away to boarding school for ten years. The song became Supertramp's biggest hit, rising to No. 7 in the United Kingdom and No. 6 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart. In 2001, a cover version by the band Scooter returned the song to the top 10 in several European countries.
Champaran, Chhattisgarh
Champaran or Champaranya, formerly known as Champajhar, named after forests of Champa flowers which are extinct from here, is a village in the Raipur District in the state of Chhattisgarh, India, which lies about 60 km from the state capital of Raipur via Arang and 30 km from Mahasamund via Bamhani, Tila.

It is famous because it is the birth place of Vallabhacharya, the reformer and founder of the Vallabh sect.

A temple has been constructed in his honour. Near this is a temple of Champeshwar Mahadeva. There are two Baithaks of Vallabhacharya's Chaurasi Bethak here.

The village is identified with Champaranya forest

Raipur district
Raipur district is a district in the Chhattisgarh state of India. Its administrative headquarters is the city of Raipur. The district is rich in mineral resources and there are many wildlife sanctuaries. With a population of 2 million, it is the most populous district of Chhattisgarh.
Action of 18 February 1639
The action of 18 February 1639 was a naval battle of the Eighty Years' War fought off Dunkirk between a Dutch fleet under the command of Admiral Maarten Tromp and the Spanish Dunkirk Squadron under Miguel de Horna. Horna, who had orders to join with his ships Admiral Antonio de Oquendo's fleet at A Coruña, escorted at the same time a transport convoy carrying 2,000 Walloon soldiers to Spain, where they were needed. The attempt to exit Dunkirk was done in sight of the Dutch blockading squadron of Maarten Tromp. A 4-hour battle ensued and Horna was forced to retreat into Dunkirk leaving behind two of his galleons, whilst another ran aground. Despite his success in stopping the sortie, many of Tromp's ships suffered heavy damage, and the Dutch Admiral was forced to abandon the blockade. Therefore, De Horna, after repairing his squadron, was able to accomplish his mission.

Miguel de Horna
Miguel de Horna was a 17th-century Spanish admiral, originally from Navarre in Northern Spain. Active during the Eighty Years War, in 1636 he was appointed commander of the Armada of Flanders; based in Dunkirk, it was the most effective Spanish naval unit, operating primarily against Dutch merchant convoys. These included the Battle off Lizard Point in February 1637, when he sank three Dutch escorts and captured 14 merchant ships, and the action of 18 February 1639. He was also present at the Battle of the Downs in October 1639, when he was one of the few commanders to break through and reach Dunkirk.
North-West T-way
The North-West T-way is a continuous series of bus-only lanes and bus roadways between Parramatta, Blacktown and Rouse Hill in Western Sydney. Opened in stages between March and November 2007, the 24 km (14.9 mi) T-way was the second bus rapid transit route to be built in Sydney after the Liverpool–Parramatta T-way.

Kings Langley, New South Wales
Kings Langley is a suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Kings Langley is located 28.3 kilometres north-west in a straight line from the Sydney central business district in the local government area of Blacktown City council.

The suburb extends from the south-west of Vardys Road and Sunnyholt Road, with the north-east adjacent the Glenwood, Bella Vista and Baulkham Hills areas.

Homely, a real estate website, gave an overall score of 9.4/10 and ranked it the 14th-best suburb in Sydney.
Free Fall in Crimson
Free Fall in Crimson (1981) is the nineteenth novel in the Travis McGee series by John D. MacDonald. In the plot McGee sets out to investigate the death of an ailing millionaire, and encounters a motorcycle gang, pornographic movie-makers, and balloonists. The book also revives the character of Lysa Dean from The Quick Red Fox, an early novel in the series. In the finale, McGee's longtime friend Meyer is terrified into submission by the main villain and judges himself a failure because his inaction almost led to disaster. This moral dilemma is resolved in the next novel, Cinnamon Skin.

Travis McGee
Travis McGee is a fictional character, created by American mystery writer John D. MacDonald. McGee is neither a police officer nor a private investigator; instead, he is a self-described "salvage consultant" who recovers others' property for a fee of 50 percent. McGee appeared in 21 novels, from The Deep Blue Good-by, first published in 1964, to The Lonely Silver Rain in 1985. In 1980, the McGee novel The Green Ripper won a National Book Award in a one-year Mystery category. All 21 books have the theme of a color in the title, one of the earliest examples of detective/mystery fiction series to have a 'title theme' (e.g., the first nine novels by Ellery Queen, the Sue Grafton 'alphabet' series; Janet Evanovich's 'number' series of Stephanie Plum books, etc.).
2005 Tour de Georgia
The 2005 Tour de Georgia was the third annual bicycle road racing event held in the state of Georgia, United States. The six-day, six stage 550 mile (1033.4 km) race was held April 19 through April 24, 2005 with the overall title and yellow jersey won by Tom Danielson of the Discovery Channel. However, Danielson in 2012, was disqualified due to doping, along with a number of other riders. This left the first non-disqualified rider as Floyd Landis.

New Zealander Greg Henderson (Health Net Pro Cycling Team Presented by Maxxis) claimed the points jersey for sprinters, while Discovery Channel's José Luis Rubiera won the King of the Mountains competition for climbers. Trent Lowe (Jittery Joe's–Kalahari) won the Best Young Rider (blue jersey) competition.

Greg Henderson
Gregory Henderson (born 10 September 1976) is a New Zealand former professional track and road racing cyclist, who rode professionally between 2002 and 2017. His career includes winning the 15-kilometre (9.3-mile) scratch race at the 2004 world championships and, in road cycling, winning the points competition at the Tour de Georgia in 2005 and 2008.

Henderson rode in five Olympic Games and completed 11 Grand Tours. He also competed in four Commonwealth Games and was a four-time medallist, including winning gold in the points race in 2002. During an important part of his career, he served as André Greipel's main lead-out man, and they were colleagues at both T-Mobile Team and later Lotto–Soudal.

In addition to 17 New Zealand track and road titles and eight World Cup track golds, Henderson has been New Zealand Track Cyclist of the Year (2001, 2002, 2003) and Athlete of the Year, Otago, New Zealand (2001, 2002, 2003).
Cloquet Fire
The Cloquet Fire (/kloʊˈkeɪ/ kloh-KAY)  was an immense forest fire in northern Minnesota, United States, in October 1918, caused by sparks on the local railroads amid dry conditions. The fire left much of western Carlton County devastated, mostly affecting Moose Lake, Cloquet, and Kettle River. Cloquet was hardest hit by the fires; it was the worst natural disaster in Minnesota history in terms of the number of casualties in a single day. It is also the third-deadliest wildfire in recorded history, behind the Peshtigo fire of 1871 and a 1936 wildfire that occurred in Kursha-2.

In total, 453 people died and 52,000 people were injured or displaced. Thirty-eight communities were destroyed, with 250,000 acres (100,000 ha) burned, and $73 million ($1.526 billion in 2024 United States dollars) in property damage; $13 million in federal aid was disbursed.

Cloquet, Minnesota
Cloquet (/kloʊˈkeɪ/ ⓘ kloh-KAY, Ojibwe: Mookomaan-Onigamiing) is a city in Carlton County, Minnesota, United States, at the junction of Interstate 35 and Minnesota State Highway 33. Part of the city lies within the Fond du Lac Indian Reservation and serves as one of the reservation's three administrative centers. The population was 12,568 at the 2020 census.
New Year Sprint
The New Year Sprint (formerly known as the Powderhall Gift) is a handicap sprint race for professional and amateur athletes that takes place each year in Edinburgh, Scotland. The sprint race is one of the original events of this type in the world, tracing its history back to 1870 and has been held continuously since 1870.

Eric Cumming
Eric James Cumming (23 December 1923 – 23 February 1964) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Footscray in the Victorian Football League (VFL) and a professional sprinter during the late 1940s and early 1950's.
Jendrassik Cs-1
The Jendrassik Cs-1 was the world's first working turboprop engine. It was designed by Hungarian engineer György Jendrassik in 1937, and was intended to power a Hungarian twin-engine heavy fighter, the RMI-1.

Turboprop
A turboprop is a gas-turbine engine that drives an aircraft propeller.

A turboprop consists of an intake, reduction gearbox, compressor, combustor, turbine, and a propelling nozzle. Air enters the intake and is compressed by the compressor. Jet fuel is then added to the compressed air in the combustor, where the fuel-air mixture then combusts. The hot combustion gases expand through the turbine stages, generating power at the point of exhaust. Some of the power generated by the turbine is used to drive the compressor and electric generator. The gases are then exhausted from the turbine. In contrast to a turbojet or turbofan, the engine's exhaust gases do not provide enough power to create a major portion of the total thrust, since almost all of the engine's power is used to drive the propeller.
Gorilla Ship
Gorilla Ship is a 1932 American pre-Code drama film directed by Frank Strayer from an original screenplay by George Waggner. Starring Ralph Ince, Vera Reynolds, and Reed Howes, the film was produced by Ralph M. Like, Ltd. and distributed by Mayfair Pictures. It was released on June 11, 1932.

Frank R. Strayer
Frank Raymond Strayer (September 21, 1891 – February 3, 1964) was an actor, film writer, director and producer. He was active from the mid-1920s until the early 1950s. He directed a series of 14 Blondie! (1938) movies as well.
Simone da Orsenigo
Simone da Orsenigo was an Italian architect and builder of the 14th century.  Hailing from Lombardy, he was most likely a native of Orsenigo, near Como.  Orsenigo is remembered mostly for his work on the Cathedral of Milan in 1387, he originally built the Cathedral from brick in the Lombard Style but other styles were added by later architects.   On a 1387 list of masters working on the Duomo, his name comes immediately after that of Marco da Campione, who headed the associates.  On it,  Orsenigo is called an engineer (Insegnerius).

Another master with the same name, Paolino Orsenigo, was also employed at the cathedral - in 1400 - as master of the scaffolding.

Milan Cathedral
Milan Cathedral (Italian: Duomo di Milano [ˈdwɔːmo di miˈlaːno]; Milanese: Domm de Milan [ˈdɔm de miˈlãː]), or Metropolitan Cathedral-Basilica of the Nativity of Saint Mary (Italian: Cattedrale Metropolitana della Natività della Beata Vergine Maria), is the cathedral church of Milan, Lombardy, Italy. Dedicated to the Nativity of St. Mary (Santa Maria Nascente), it is the seat of the Archbishop of Milan, currently Archbishop Mario Delpini.

The cathedral took nearly six centuries to complete: construction began in 1386, and the final details were completed in 1965. It is the largest church in the Italian Republic—the larger St. Peter's Basilica is in the State of Vatican City, a sovereign state—and one of the largest in the world.
Sinai–Ruelle–Bowen measure
In the mathematical discipline of ergodic theory, a Sinai–Ruelle–Bowen (SRB) measure is an invariant measure that behaves similarly to, but is not an ergodic measure. In order to be ergodic, the time average would need to equal the space average for almost all initial states , with  being the phase space. For an SRB measure , it suffices that the ergodicity condition be valid for initial states in a set  of positive Lebesgue measure.

The initial ideas pertaining to SRB measures were introduced by Yakov Sinai, David Ruelle and Rufus Bowen in the less general area of Anosov diffeomorphisms and axiom A attractors.

Yakov Sinai
Yakov Grigorevich Sinai (Russian: Я́ков Григо́рьевич Сина́й; born September 21, 1935) is a Russian–American mathematician known for his work on dynamical systems.   He contributed to the modern metric theory of dynamical systems and connected the world of deterministic (dynamical) systems with the world of probabilistic (stochastic) systems.  He has also worked on mathematical physics and probability theory.  His efforts have provided the groundwork for advances in the physical sciences.

Sinai has won several awards, including the Nemmers Prize, the Wolf Prize in Mathematics and the Abel Prize. He has served as professor of mathematics at Princeton University since 1993 and holds the position of Senior Researcher at the Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics in Moscow, Russia.
Mark I Perceptron
The Mark I Perceptron was a pioneering supervised image classification learning system developed by Frank Rosenblatt in 1958. It was the first implementation of an artificial intelligence (AI) machine. It differs from the Perceptron which is a software architecture proposed in 1943 by Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts, which was also employed in Mark I, and enhancements of which have continued to be an integral part of cutting edge AI technologies like the Transformer.

Frank Rosenblatt
Frank Rosenblatt (July 11, 1928 – July 11, 1971) was an American psychologist notable in the field of artificial intelligence. He is sometimes called the father of deep learning for his pioneering work on artificial neural networks.
Gauntlet (Micro Power video game)
Gauntlet is a clone of Defender written by Chris Terran published in the UK by Micro Power. Described as "a very competent implementation of one of the most popular arcade games", it was initially released for the Acorn Electron, and later made available for the BBC Micro, with an Amstrad CPC version arriving in 1985.

Micro Power
Micro Power was a British company established in the early 1980s by former accountant Bob Simpson. The company was best known as a video game publisher, originally under the name Program Power. It also sold many types of computer hardware and software (both its own and third-party) through its Leeds 'showroom' or via mail order.