hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Virginia State Pharmacy Board v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council
Virginia State Pharmacy Board v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council, 425 U.S. 748 (1976), was a case in which the United States Supreme Court held that a state could not limit pharmacists' right to provide information about prescription drug prices.  This was an important case in determining the application of the First Amendment to commercial speech.

Commercial speech
In law, commercial speech is speech or writing  on behalf of a business with the intent of earning revenue or a profit. It is economic in nature and usually attempts to persuade consumers to purchase the business's product or service. The Supreme Court of the United States defines commercial speech as speech that "proposes a commercial transaction".
Fires on the Plain (novel)
Fires on the Plain (Japanese: 野火 Nobi) is a Yomiuri Prize-winning novel by Ooka Shohei, published in 1951. It describes the experiences of an Imperial Japanese Army soldier in the Philippines, as part of the Battle of Leyte and the Battle of Ormoc Bay, at the end of 1944, towards the final months of World War II.

Battle of Ormoc Bay
The Battle of Ormoc Bay was a series of air-sea battles between Imperial Japan and the United States in the Camotes Sea in the Philippines from 9 November to 21 December 1944, at Ormoc, part of the Battle of Leyte in the Pacific campaign of World War II. The battles resulted from Japanese operations to reinforce and resupply their forces on Leyte and U.S. attempts to interdict them.
Takefu, Fukui
Takefu (武生市, Takefu-shi) was a city located in Fukui Prefecture, Japan. The city was established on April 1, 1948.

As of 2003, the city had an estimated population of 73,662 and a density of 397.49 persons per km2; about half the population lived in the urban center and half spread among smaller towns and tiny villages spread out among agricultural plains and more remote mountainous areas. The total area was 185.32 km2.

On October 1, 2005, Takefu, along with the town of Imadate (from Imadate District), was merged to create the city of Echizen.

Imadate District, Fukui
Imadate (今立郡, Imadate-gun) is a district located in Fukui Prefecture, Japan.

As of October 1, 2005, the district has an estimated population of 3,405 with a density of 17.49 persons per km2. The total area is 194.72 km2.
Dog Meat Records
Dog Meat Records was a record label releasing music from bands in the Australian independent rock music scene in the 1990s. It released music from such artists as Hoss, The Philisteins, Powder Monkeys, Splatterheads and Blues Hangover, including some non-Australian musical acts.

Dog Meat was a continuation of an earlier label, Grown Up Wrong!, which released records, including some by local Melbourne bands in the mid 1980s. Both of these labels were entirely creatively controlled by Dave Laing, from Melbourne. Also, both labels were named after songs, Grown Up Wrong after a Rolling Stones song, and Dog Meat after a Flamin' Groovies song.

In 1993 the label issued a various artists compilation album, Set It on Fire.

Hoss (band)
Hoss are an Australian hard rock band which formed in 1990 by Joel Silbersher on guitar and lead vocals (ex-God), Scott Bailey on bass guitar, Todd McNeair on drums (ex-Seminal Rats), and Michael Weber on lead guitar (ex-Seminal Rats, Slush Puppies). They released five albums, Guzzle (1990), You Get Nothing (April 1992), Bring on the Juice (August 1993), Everyday Lies (November 1995) and Do You Leave Here Often (February 1998). In 1992 McNeair was replaced by Michael Glenn on drums, who was replaced in turn in 1995 by Dean Muller. Michael Weber, who had been replaced in 1992 by Jimmy Sfetsos on guitar.
Rabaul Gurias
The Agmark Rabaul Gurias are a semi professional Papua New Guinean rugby league team from Kokopo, East New Britain Province . They currently compete in the Papua New Guinea National Rugby League Competition. They play their home games at Kalabond Oval at the foot of active volcano Tavurvur. The Franchise is owned by NGIP Agmark Limited and was founded in 1991. The team has won six premierships in 2001, 2003, 2005, 2009, 2012 and 2015. The team has been a competitive team in the semi professional rugby game in Papua New Guinea over the past years and the team has developed professional rugby players who have played for the PNG Hunters like Israel Eliab, Ase Boas, Watson Boas and Wartovo Puara Jr. Former greats include Kumul strongman Lucas Solbat, Michael Marum, Normyle Eremas and  Menzie Yere.

Israel Eliab
Israel Eliab (born 16 January 1991) is a Papua New Guinea professional rugby league footballer who played for the PNG Hunters in the Queensland Cup. A Papua New Guinea international, most notably at the 2013 World Cup.

Eliab previously played for the London Broncos in the Championship.
Shine (Martina McBride album)
Shine is the tenth studio album from American country music singer Martina McBride, released on March 24, 2009 by RCA Nashville. The album spun three Top 20 hits on the Billboard country chart: "Ride" and "Wrong Baby Wrong" both reached #11, and "I Just Call You Mine" peaked at #18. McBride co-produced the album with Dann Huff and co-wrote the track "Sunny Side Up." It is her last studio album released through RCA Records before switching to Republic Nashville.

In November 2009, McBride began the Shine All Night Tour in support of the album.

Ride (Martina McBride song)
"Ride" is a song recorded by American country music artist Martina McBride. The song was written by Michael Davey, Andrew Dorff and Chris Robbins, and produced by McBride and Dann Huff. The song was released as the lead single to her tenth studio album Shine (2009) on November 17, 2008 to country radio by RCA Nashville Records.  The song peaked at number 11 on the US Hot Country Songs and number 82 on the Billboard Hot 100. It was criticized for its message but McBride's performance was praised.
Katrin Klujber
Katrin Klujber (born 21 April 1999) is a Hungarian handballer for Ferencvárosi TC and the Hungarian national team.

In September 2018, she was included by EHF in a list of the twenty best young handballers to watch for the future.

Hungary women's national handball team
The Hungary women's national handball team (Hungarian: magyar női kézilabda-válogatott) is the national team of Hungary. It is governed by the Hungarian Handball Federation (Magyar Kézilabda Szövetség) and takes part in international handball competitions. The team won the World Championship in 1965 and the European Championship in 2000.
Glen Brown
Glenmore Lloyd Brown (1943 or 1944 – 4 October 2019), also known as "God Son" and "The Rhythm Master", was a Jamaican singer, musician, and record producer, working primarily in the genres of reggae and dub.

Sylford Walker
Sylford Walker (born c. 1955) is a Jamaican reggae singer who first recorded in the mid-1970s and, with reissues renewing interest in him, returned to recording and performing in the 21st century. Since year 2025, he with his cousin Rachaad Amjarii collaborates with french Soundation Sound System, operated by selecta Mackafyah. Early 2025, Sylford Walker releases a new LP entitled Good Encouragement featuring 20 tracks on two records, on the label Sunvibes Music.
Maydan, Kyrgyzstan
Maydan (Kyrgyz: Майдан, romanized: Maydan) is a village in Batken Region of Kyrgyzstan. It is part of the Kadamjay District. Its population was 2,168 in 2021.

Nearby towns and villages include Pum (3 km or 2 mi), Austan (3 km or 2 mi) and Kara-Kyshtak (8 km or 5 mi).

Kadamjay District
Kadamjay District (Kyrgyz: Кадамжай району; Russian: Кадамжайский район) is a district in Batken Region, in south-western Kyrgyzstan.
The administrative seat lies at Kadamjay. The district area is 6,146 square kilometres (2,373 sq mi), and its resident population was 201,457 in 2021. The largest town of the district, Kadamjay, is located between the cities of Aydarken (Khaidarkan) and Kyzyl-Kyya.

The district is thought to have the second largest mercury-antimony deposit in the world.
Kadamjay Antimony Factory is one of the biggest factories in Kyrgyzstan. Khaidarkan Mercury Plant, built in 1942, was reported, as of 2005, to produce 300 to 600 metric tons of mercury per year.

The river Shohimardonsoy (Kyrgyz: Шаймерден, romanized: Shaymerden) passes through the town Kadamjay. Other rivers in the district are the Isfayramsay and the Sokh.
Olof Herrlin
Gunnar Olof Johan Herrlin (1914 in Lund, Sweden Archived 2006-11-16 at the Wayback Machine – 1992), was Bishop of Visby from 1962 to 1980. Herrlin was one of the leaders of High Church movement in Church of Sweden.

Diocese of Visby
The Diocese of Visby (Swedish: Visby stift) is a division of the Church of Sweden consisting of the island of Gotland. Its seat is Visby Cathedral located in the largest town on Gotland, Visby.

The Bishop of Visby is also responsible for the episcopal oversight of the Church of Sweden Abroad (SKUT).
Coffin–Siris syndrome
Coffin–Siris syndrome (CSS), first described in 1970 by Dr Grange S. Coffin and Dr E. Siris, is a rare genetic disorder that causes developmental delays and absent fifth finger and toe nails.
There had been 31 reported cases by 1991. The number of occurrences since then has grown and is now reported to be around 200.

The differential includes Nicolaides–Baraitser syndrome.

Nicolaides–Baraitser syndrome
Nicolaides–Baraitser syndrome (NCBRS) is a rare genetic condition caused by de novo missense mutations in the SMARCA2 gene and has only been reported in fewer than 330 cases worldwide. NCBRS is a distinct condition and well recognizable once the symptoms have been identified.

The differential includes Coffin–Siris syndrome.
Johnnie Wade
Johnnie Wade (born 30 March 1932, Bethnal Green, London) is a retired British film and television actor. He played the put upon handyman 'Roger' in the ITV Yorkshire TV comedy series You're Only Young Twice between 1977 and 1981.

Born in Bethnal Green, he was a market trader and became a singer in cabaret and with a band after winning talent contests.
His first television break was in 1960s soap opera Compact as Stan Millet. He then performed in musicals including South Pacific and Guys and Dolls. His other television appearances include The Two Ronnies, Porridge (playing 'Scrounger'), Coronation Street and Z-Cars.

The Two Ronnies
The Two Ronnies is a British television comedy sketch show starring Ronnie Barker and Ronnie Corbett. It was created by Bill Cotton and aired on BBC Television from 10 April 1971 to 25 December 1987.

The usual format included sketches, solo sections, serial stories, and musical finales. Their Four Candles sketch, first broadcast on 18 September 1976, was voted their funniest sketch in a television poll. In 2006, the British public ranked the duo number 6 in ITV's poll of TV's 50 Greatest Stars.
The Voyage of the Poppykettle
The Voyage of the Poppykettle (later re-published as Voyage of Poppykettle) is a 1980 children's book about a group of "hairy Peruvians" setting out from Peru to discover Australia. It was written and illustrated by Robert Ingpen, who also wrote the sequel, The Unchosen Land, and is considered amongst his best-known works.

The story of the Poppykettle was later updated with new material by Michael Lawrence and republished as The Poppykettle Papers in 1999.

The story contains reference to the Geelong Keys.

Robert Ingpen
Robert Roger Ingpen AM, FRSA (born  13 October 1936) is an Australian graphic designer, illustrator, and writer. For his "lasting contribution" as a children's illustrator he received the biennial, international Hans Christian Andersen Medal in 1986.
Cities in Motion Index
The IESE Cities in Motion Index is a study published annually by the business school of the University of Navarra (IESE) that aims to evaluate the development of the world's cities. It assesses several socioeconomic aspects of development, including human capital, social cohesion (which includes employment, female participation in the work force, etc.), governance, sustainable development, mobility and transportation, urban planning, international outreach, and technology. The most recent version, published in 2019, examines 174 cities across 80 countries.

The IESE Cities in Motion is co-directed by professors Pascual Berrone and Joan Enric Ricart.

Pascual Berrone
Pascual Berrone (Mar del Plata, 1975) is a Spanish-Argentine professor, author, and editor. As a member of the faculty at IESE Business School, he holds the Schneider Electric Chair of Sustainability and Business Strategy. He is an author and editor of leading academic journals.
Yemba language
Yɛmba or Yemba, also Yémba or Bamiléké Dschang, is a major Bamileke language in West Region of Cameroon. It was approximately spoken by 500,000 or so people in the country in 2023.

Despite originally being exclusively a spoken language, Yemba writing was developed by Maurice Tadadjeu (co-creator of the General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages) and Steven Bird. Their team developed a small Yemba–French Dictionary covering French translations of over 3,000 Yemba words and expressions. The Mmuock dialect also has a proposed orthography.

West Region (Cameroon)
The West Region (French: Région de l'Ouest) is 14,000 km2 of territory located in the central-western portion of the Republic of Cameroon. It borders the Northwest Region to the northwest, the Adamawa Region to the northeast, the Centre Region to the southeast, the Littoral Region to the southwest, and the Southwest Region to the west. The West Region is the smallest of Cameroon's ten regions in area, yet it has the highest population density.

As home to the enterprising Bamum and Bamileke kingdoms, the West is an economic bright spot and one of Cameroon's more developed regions. This progressive development is tempered by the strong traditional culture that persists among the Bamileke and the province's other major ethnic group, the Bamum (sometimes Bamoum, Bamun, Bamoun).
Haßlach
The Haßlach  (German pronunciation: [ˈhaslax]; alternative spelling: Hasslach) is a river in the Upper Franconian region of Landkreis Kronach in Bavaria, Germany. The 31.2 km long Haßlach flows into the Rodach River in the town of Kronach.

Kronach
Kronach (German pronunciation: [ˈkʁoːnax] ⓘ; East Franconian: Gronich) is a town in Upper Franconia, Germany, located in the Franconian Forest area. It is the capital of the district Kronach.

The town is equipped with a nearly complete city wall and Germany's biggest and most complete early modern fortress, Rosenberg Fortress. The headquarters of German television and AV equipment manufacturer Loewe are located there.
P.A.F. (pickup)
A P.A.F., or simply PAF ("Patent Applied For"), is an early model of the humbucker guitar pickup invented by Seth Lover in 1955, so named for the "Patent Applied For" decal placed on the baseplate of each pickup. Gibson used the P.A.F. on guitars from late 1956 until late 1962, long after the patent was granted. They were replaced by the Patent Number (Pat No) pickup, essentially a refined version of the P.A.F. These were in turn replaced by "T-Top" humbuckers in 1967, and production ended in 1975. Though it was not the first humbucking pickup ever, it was the first to gain widespread use, as the P.A.F.'s hum-free signal, tonal clarity, and touch sensitivity when paired with overdriven amplifiers made the pickups popular with rock and blues guitarists. The P.A.F. is an essential tonal characteristic of the now-famous 1957–1960 Gibson Les Paul Standard guitars, and pickups of this type have gained a large following.

Seth Lover
Seth E. Lover (January 1, 1910, in Kalamazoo, Michigan – January 31, 1997, in Garden Grove, California) was a designer of amplifiers and musical instrument electronics and effects. He is most famous for developing the Gibson humbucker or hum-cancelling electric stringed instrument pickup, most often used on the electric guitar.
Semiz Ali Pasha
Semiz Ali Pasha (Ottoman Turkish: سيمز علي پاشا, Serbo-Croatian: Semiz Ali-Paša) was an Ottoman Bosnian statesman from the Sanjak of Bosnia who served as Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire from 1561 to 1565. He was the beylerbey (governor) of Egypt Eyalet from 1549 to 1553. Semiz Ali Pasha was born in Prača in Bosnia (thus his secondary epithet), and replaced Rüstem Pasha as a Grand Vizier. After palace schooling, he discharged high-level functions along the Ottoman Empire. His epithet "Semiz" means "fat" in Turkish.

In 1561 he negotiated with the ambassador of the Holy Roman Empire, Ogier de Busbecq, on the terms of a peace treaty which was ratified in Vienna in the following year.

Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq
Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq (1522 in Comines – 29 October 1592 in Saint-Germain-sous-Cailly; Latin: Augerius Gislenius Busbequius), sometimes Augier Ghislain de Busbecq, was a 16th-century Flemish writer, herbalist and diplomat in the employ of three generations of Austrian monarchs. He served as ambassador to the Ottoman Empire in Constantinople and in 1581 published a book about his time there, Itinera Constantinopolitanum et Amasianum, re-published in 1595 under the title of Turcicae epistolae or Turkish Letters. His letters also contain the only surviving word list of Crimean Gothic, a Germanic dialect spoken at the time in some isolated regions of Crimea. He is credited with the introduction of tulips into Western Europe and to the origin of their name.
Perlan Project
Perlan Project Inc. is a not-for-profit aeronautical exploration and atmospheric science research organization that utilizes sailplanes (gliders) designed to fly at extremely high altitudes.

On 29 August 2006 Steve Fossett and Einar Enevoldson, the pilots of Perlan Mission I, broke the existing altitude record for gliders by soaring up to 50,671 feet (15,460m) in a standard glider using stratospheric waves of air.

The Fédération Aéronautique Internationale has ratified the altitude record of 22,657 metres (74,334 ft) achieved on 2 September 2018, a substantial improvement over the previous year's best altitude of 15,902 metres (52,172 ft), which was set on 3 September 2017. These flights used the custom designed and built pressurized high-altitude Windward Performance Perlan II glider, sponsored by Airbus. They also collected data about Earth's atmosphere and its ozone layer.

El Calafate
El Calafate, also called Calafate, is a city in the Argentine province of Santa Cruz, in Patagonia. It is located on the southern border of Lago Argentino, in the southwest part of the province (about 320 kilometres (200 mi) northwest of Río Gallegos). It is the seat of government for the Lago Argentino Department within the province. The name of the city is also the name of a small bush, with yellow flowers and dark-blue berries, that is very commonly seen in the region—the calafate (Berberis buxifolia). The word comes from the word calafate, which is Spanish for 'caulk'.

El Calafate is an important tourist destination, serving as the hub for visitors of different parts of Los Glaciares National Park, Perito Moreno Glacier, Cerro Chaltén, and Cerro Torre, in addition to the area surrounding Lago Argentino.
Papists Act 1778
The Papists Act 1778 (18 Geo. 3. c. 60), also known as Sir George Savile's Act, the First Relief Act, or the Catholic Relief Act 1778 is an act of the Parliament of Great Britain and was the first act for Roman Catholic relief. Later in 1778 it was also enacted by the Parliament of Ireland as the Leases for Lives Act 1777 (17 & 18 Geo. 3. c. 49 (I)), also known as Gardiner's Act or the Catholic Relief Act 1777.

Before the act, a number of "Penal laws" had been enacted in Britain, which varied between the jurisdictions from time to time but effectively excluded those known to be Roman Catholics from public life. The timing of the act was partly based on the fact that the Papacy had stopped recognising the Jacobite cause on the death of the "Old Pretender" in 1766, and also the possibility that the ongoing American rebellion of 1775 might inspire a rebellion by Catholics in the Kingdom of Ireland.

Penal law (British)
In English history, the penal laws were a series of laws that sought to enforce the State-decreed religious monopoly of the Church of England and, following the 1688 revolution, of Presbyterianism in Scotland, against the continued existence of illegal and underground communities of Catholics, nonjuring Anglicans, and Protestant nonconformists. The Penal laws also imposed various forfeitures, civil penalties, and civil disabilities upon recusants from mandatory attendance at weekly Sunday services of the Established Church. The penal laws in general were repealed in the early 19th-century due to the successful activism of Daniel O'Connell for Catholic Emancipation. Penal actions are civil in nature and were not English common law.
Malindu Maduranga
Malindu Maduranga (born 11 October 1997) is a Sri Lankan cricketer.He was educated at Mahanama College. He made his first-class debut for Colombo Cricket Club in the 2016–17 Premier League Tournament on 28 January 2017. He made his List A debut for Colombo District in the 2016–17 Districts One Day Tournament on 22 March 2017. He made his Twenty20 debut for Colombo Cricket Club in the 2017–18 SLC Twenty20 Tournament on 1 March 2018. In November 2021, he was selected to play for the Colombo Stars following the players' draft for the 2021 Lanka Premier League.

2017–18 SLC Twenty20 Tournament
The 2017–18 SLC Twenty20 Tournament was a Twenty20 cricket tournament that was held in Sri Lanka. It was played between domestic teams in Sri Lanka, with the tournament starting on 24 February 2018 and concluding on 8 March 2018. The matches were used as preparation for the 2018 Nidahas Trophy.

Following the conclusion of the group stage, Colombo Cricket Club, Tamil Union Cricket and Athletic Club, Sri Lanka Army Sports Club and Nondescripts Cricket Club progressed to the quarterfinals. Nondescripts Cricket Club won the tournament, after they beat Colombo Cricket Club by six runs in the final.

In February 2019, Sri Lanka Cricket named Ruvindu Gunasekara as the tournament's Best Batsman, Lasith Malinga as the Best Bowler and Chaturanga de Silva as the Player of the Tournament.
Casas Bahia
Casas Bahia (English: Bahia Houses) is a Brazilian retail chain specializing in furniture and home appliances. Currently, it is one of the largest retail chain in Brazil, the other being Magazine Luiza and Americanas. It was founded in 1952 in São Caetano do Sul, São Paulo, by Polish immigrant Samuel Klein, who began his career as a peddler selling products to migrant workers from the Brazilian Northeast. Since June 2019, the Klein family own a controlling stake in Via Varejo, which owns the store.

The company's mascot is "Baianinho" (Little Bahian), a toothy little boy wearing a cangaceiro hat, which has been present since 1979. In 2020, the character was redesigned as a modern dark-skinned teenager wearing a baseball cap inscribed with the initial letters "CB," but this redesign received a mixed to negative reception from the public.

São Caetano do Sul
São Caetano do Sul (Brazilian Portuguese: [sɐ̃w kajˈtɐnu du ˈsuw]; "Saint Cajetan of the South"), or simply São Caetano, is a city in São Paulo state in Brazil. It is part of the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo. The population is 161,957 (2020 est.) in an area of 15.33 km2. It is the city with the highest per capita income in Brazil (US$31,322.00 in 2010)

It is intensely conurbated with São Paulo, Santo André and São Bernardo do Campo, causing the physical limits between cities to be lost. São Caetano do Sul, together with Ferraz de Vasconcelos, is one of two cities in the state of São Paulo that are not crossed by any state or federal highway.