hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Discrete Poisson equation
In mathematics, the discrete Poisson equation is the finite difference analog of the Poisson equation. In it, the discrete Laplace operator takes the place of the Laplace operator. The discrete Poisson equation is frequently used in numerical analysis as a stand-in for the continuous Poisson equation, although it is also studied in its own right as a topic in discrete mathematics.

Poisson's equation
Poisson's equation is an elliptic partial differential equation of broad utility in theoretical physics. For example, the solution to Poisson's equation is the potential field caused by a given electric charge or mass density distribution; with the potential field known, one can then calculate the corresponding electrostatic or gravitational (force) field. It is a generalization of Laplace's equation, which is also frequently seen in physics.  The equation is named after French mathematician and physicist Siméon Denis Poisson who published it in 1823.
Makanda, Illinois
Makanda (/mə.ˈkæn.də/ muh-KAN-duh) is a village in Jackson County, Illinois, United States. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 547, down from 561 in 2010. In the early 20th Century it used the slogan "Star of Egypt."

Makanda is part of the Carbondale, Illinois Micropolitan Statistical Area.

Carbondale, Illinois
Carbondale is a city in Jackson County, Illinois, United States, within the Southern Illinois region informally known as "Little Egypt". As of the 2020 census, the city had a population of 25,083, making it the most populous city in Southern Illinois outside the Metro East region of Greater St. Louis.

Carbondale was established in 1853 and developed as a crossroads of the railroad industry. Today, the major roadways of Illinois Route 13 and U.S. Route 51 intersect in the city. The city is located 96 miles (154 km) southeast of St. Louis on the northern edge of the Shawnee National Forest. It is the home of the main campus of Southern Illinois University.
Xue Muqiao
Xue Muqiao (Chinese: 薛暮桥; pinyin: Xuē Mùqiáo; 25 October 1904 – 22 July 2005) was an eminent Chinese economist and politician. He was instrumental in introducing and implementing economic reforms that transformed China into a socialist market economy by participating in the development of the ideological concept of a primary stage of socialism.

Xue was born in Wuxi, Jiangsu Province as Xue Yulin (薛雨林). He served as the director of the National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China in the 1950s. He was a fellow of Chinese Academy of Sciences and a member of the Chinese Communist Party. In 2005, Xue received the first Outstanding Achievement Award of Economics in China.

Primary stage of socialism
The primary stage of socialism (sometimes referred to as the preliminary stage of socialism), introduced into official discourse by Mao Zedong as the initial stage of socialism, is a sub-theory of Chinese Marxist thought which explains why capitalist techniques are used in the Chinese economy. It maintains that China is in the first stage of building a communist society, in a stage where there is private ownership.
Big Tree (Kiowa leader)
Á:dàuiétd̶è or Big Tree (ca. 1850–1929), was a noted Kiowa warrior and chief. He was a loyal follower of the fighting chiefs party (led by Satank, Satanta, and Guipago), and conducted frequent raids upon other tribes and white settlers, often being associated with Tsen-tainte ("White Horse").

Born in Kiowa territory (possibly present-day Oklahoma), Big Tree, along with the Kiowa, was forced onto a reservation at Fort Sill in the Indian Territory by the Medicine Lodge Treaty Council in 1867. He began leading raids against white settlers near the reservation and across the Red River in northern Texas. In 1870, Big Tree purportedly led a raid on Fort Sill in Indian Territory, but gained his notoriety from the Warren Wagon Train raid the following year. Big Tree was arrested days later, along with Satanta and Satank, and tried for murder in Jacksboro, Texas. They were the first American Indian chiefs to be tried in civil court.

Fort Sill
Fort Sill is a major United States Army post north of Lawton, Oklahoma, approximately 85 miles (137 km) southwest of Oklahoma City, established in 1869 during the Indian Wars. It covers almost 94,000 acres (38,000 ha) in southwestern Oklahoma and serves as headquarters of the U.S. Army Fires Center of Excellence. The installation is a Basic Combat Training facility, training over 20,000 personnel annually in field artillery, air defense artillery, and electronic warfare.

Fort Sill has participated in every major U.S. conflict since its founding, evolving from a frontier cavalry outpost to a modern training hub. It houses key units including the United States Army Field Artillery School, 75th Field Artillery Brigade (United States), and the 31st Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States). The post also supports a United States Marine Corps detachment for joint artillery training.
Finn Tearney
Finn Tearney (born 27 September 1990) is a tennis player from New Zealand.

Tearney has a career high ATP singles ranking of No. 356 achieved on 10 October 2016 and a career high ATP doubles ranking of No. 402 achieved on 8 February 2016.

He has won two ITF Futures singles titles and six ITF Futures doubles titles.

Tearney made his ATP main draw debut at the 2015 Heineken Open, where he received a wildcard into the doubles competition, partnering Wesley Whitehouse. He made his ATP singles main draw debut at the 2016 ASB Classic.

He has become very much a part-time player on the professional circuit as he continues his academic career at Durham University in England, but returned to New Zealand in December 2018 to successfully defend his New Zealand title.

2016 ASB Classic
36°51′13″S 174°46′25″E﻿ / ﻿36.853742°S 174.773507°E﻿ / -36.853742; 174.773507

The 2016 Auckland Open, also known by its sponsored name ASB Classic, was a joint 2016 ATP World Tour and 2016 WTA Tour tennis tournament. Played on outdoor hard courts, it was the 31st edition of the women's event, and the 40th edition of the men's event. It took place at the ASB Tennis Centre in Auckland, New Zealand, from 4 to 9 January 2016 for the women, and from 11 to 16 January 2016 for the men.
Decent Days and Nights
"Decent Days and Nights" is the 2nd single by the Futureheads from their album The Futureheads. The remix of the song by Shy Child was released as a vinyl split single by Oxfam with the Black Strobe remix of Bloc Party's song 'Like Eating Glass' included. The song was included on the soundtrack of Burnout 3: Takedown.

The Futureheads
The Futureheads are an English post-punk band from Sunderland, formed in 2000. The band consists of Ross Millard (vocals and guitar), David "Jaff" Craig (vocals and bass guitar) and brothers Barry Hyde (vocals and guitar) and Dave Hyde (drums). Their name comes from the title of the Flaming Lips album Hit to Death in the Future Head. The band's influences include new wave and post-punk bands such as Gang of Four, Devo, XTC, Wire and Fugazi.
Wade Stadium
Wade Stadium is a baseball park located near the intersection of Grand Avenue and 34th Avenue West in the West Duluth neighborhood of Duluth, Minnesota. The stadium was built in 1941 and holds 4,200 people. It is the home of the Duluth Huskies of the Northwoods League and The College of St. Scholastica baseball team who have won 19 straight Upper Midwest Athletic Conference (UMAC) regular season and 18 straight post-season titles. "The Wade", as it is sometimes called by fans, was also the home of the Duluth–Superior Dukes of the reincarnated Northern League from 1993 until 2002, and the home of Dukes of the original Northern League from 1941 until 1970. One of a dying breed of Works Progress Administration (WPA) constructed stadiums, "The Wade" is noted for its short distances (especially from home plate to center field), its high fences, and the cool, damp weather generated by nearby Lake Superior.

Duluth–Superior Dukes
The Duluth–Superior Dukes were a professional baseball team based in Duluth, Minnesota. The Dukes were a charter member of the modern Northern League, which started play in 1993. The Dukes played their home games at Wade Stadium. After the 2002 season, the Dukes were moved to Kansas City where they were renamed the T-Bones.
WNTB
WNTB (93.7 FM) is an American radio station. Licensed to Topsail Beach, North Carolina, US, it serves the Wilmington, North Carolina area.

The 93.7 frequency was previously home to WBNE ("The Bone"), later at 103.7 FM.

From 2007 to 2020 WNTB simulcast WLTT, later WUDE. The Big Talker was a Fox News Radio affiliate. WNTB and WLTT 106.3 FM, Bolivia, simulcast to five counties in southeastern North Carolina as part of the Sea-Comm Media station group.

The station was owned by Sea-Comm, Inc.

WILT (FM)
WILT (103.7 MHz, "Sunny 103.7") is an FM radio station licensed to Wrightsville Beach, North Carolina, United States. The station serves the Wilmington area. The station is currently owned by Capitol Broadcasting Company, Inc., through licensee Sunrise Broadcasting, LLC.
Mike Affarano
Michael Affarano (born June 9, 1962) is an American professional stock car racing driver and race team owner. As a driver, he last competed part-time in the NASCAR Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series for his own team, Mike Affarano Motorsports. He has also competed and fielded a team in the ARCA Racing Series.

Mike Affarano Motorsports
Mike Affarano Motorsports with Roger Carter was an American professional stock car racing team that competed in the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series, fielding the No. TBA Chevrolet Silverado for TBA, and previously with Jake Griffin, John Provenzano, Tim Viens, and team owner Mike Affarano. The team has also competed in the ARCA Menards Series and the NASCAR Xfinity Series in the past. They also field a Pro Cup Series team for Emily Cook and in go-karts with Affarano's twin sons Kyle and Zach.
Frederick Banister
Frederick Dale Banister MICE (15 March 1823 – 22 December 1897), was an English civil engineer, best known for his 35 years as the Chief Engineer of the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway (LB&SCR).

Hove
Hove (/hoʊv/ HOHV) is a seaside town in East Sussex, England. Alongside Brighton, it is one of the two main parts of the city of Brighton and Hove.

Originally a fishing village surrounded by open farmland, it grew rapidly in the 19th century in response to the development of its eastern neighbour Brighton; by the Victorian era it was a fully developed town with borough status. Neighbouring parishes such as Aldrington and Hangleton were annexed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The neighbouring urban district of Portslade was merged with Hove in 1974. In 1997, as part of local government reform, the borough merged with Brighton to form the Borough of Brighton and Hove; this unitary authority was granted city status in 2000.
Manchu Wok
Manchu Wok Inc. is a Canadian fast food restaurant chain that specializes in Chinese fusion cuisine. The brand operates 57 locations across eight Canadian provinces and 13 in the US. The chain operates in shopping malls, airports and some US military installations. It is owned by Canada-based MTY Food Group.

Despite the chain's name, the menu does not feature any dishes from traditional Manchurian cuisine and instead serves mostly American Chinese cuisine and Canadian Chinese cuisine.

American Chinese cuisine
American Chinese cuisine, also known as Sino–American cuisine and often referred to in American English as simply Chinese food, is a style of Chinese cuisine developed by Chinese Americans. The dishes served in North American Chinese restaurants are modified to suit customers' tastes and are often quite different from styles common in China. By the late 20th century, it was recognized as one of the many regional styles of Chinese cuisine.
Godfrey Winham
Godfrey Winham (11 December 1934 – 26 April 1975) was an English-born music theorist and composer of contemporary classical music who moved to the United States.

While in the UK, Winham studied with Hans Keller, and contributed brief reviews and structural summaries of new works to The Music Review.

In 1956 he married the singer and contemporary music specialist Bethany Beardslee. He received his B.A. (1956), M.F.A. (1958), and Ph.D. (1965) all at Princeton University and remained there after his graduation as a lecturer and research associate in the field of computer-generated electronic sound. During the 1960s he was an influential figure in American music theory circles, even though his list of publications was not extensive. His large collection of mostly unpublished documents and papers is held at Princeton University.

Bethany Beardslee
Bethany Beardslee (born December 25, 1925) is an American soprano. She is particularly noted for her collaborations with major 20th-century composers, such as Igor Stravinsky, Milton Babbitt, Pierre Boulez, George Perle, Sir Peter Maxwell Davies and her performances of great contemporary classical music by Arnold Schoenberg, Alban Berg, Anton Webern. Her legacy amongst mid-century composers was as a "composer's singer"—for her commitment to the highest art of new music. Milton Babbitt said of her "She manages to learn music no one else in the world can. She can work, work, work." In a 1961 interview for Newsweek, Beardslee flaunted her unflinching repertoire and disdain for commercialism: "I don't think in terms of the public... Music is for the musicians. If the public wants to come along and study it, fine. I don't go and try to tell a scientist his business because I don't know anything about it. Music is just the same way. Music is not entertainment."
Blue finch
The blue finch or yellow-billed blue finch (Rhopospina caerulescens) is a species of small bird. Although it was long classified in the bunting family Emberizidae, or the cardinal family Cardinalidae, more recent molecular studies have shown it fits comfortably in the Thraupini tribe within the family Thraupidae.

It is found in Brazil and northeastern Bolivia, where its natural habitat is dry savanna. It is becoming rare due to habitat loss.

Tanager
The tanagers (singular /ˈtænədʒər/) comprise the bird family Thraupidae, in the order Passeriformes. The family has a Neotropical distribution and is the second-largest family of birds. It represents about 4% of all avian species and 12% of the Neotropical birds.

Traditionally, the family contained around 240 species of mostly brightly colored fruit-eating birds. As more of these birds were studied using modern molecular techniques, it became apparent that the traditional families were not monophyletic. Euphonia and Chlorophonia, which were once considered part of the tanager family, are now treated as members of the Fringillidae, in their own subfamily (Euphoniinae). Likewise, the genera Piranga (which includes the scarlet tanager, summer tanager, and western tanager), Chlorothraupis, and Habia appear to be members of the family Cardinalidae, and have been reassigned to that family by the American Ornithological Society.
Yoshitomo Tokugawa
Yoshitomo Tokugawa (徳川 慶朝, Tokugawa Yoshitomo; February 1, 1950 – September 25, 2017) was the 4th-generation head of the Tokugawa Yoshinobu-ke, the branch of the Tokugawa line started by the last Shōgun Tokugawa Yoshinobu.

Tokugawa clan
The Tokugawa clan (徳川氏, Tokugawa-shi, Tokugawa-uji; Japanese pronunciation: [to.kɯꜜ.ɡa.wa, -ŋa.wa, -kɯ.ɡa.waꜜ.ɕi, -ŋa.waꜜ-]) is a Japanese samurai clan and dynasty which produced the Tokugawa shoguns who ruled Japan from 1603 to 1868 during the Edo period. It was formerly a powerful daimyō family. They nominally descended from Emperor Seiwa (850–880) and were a branch of the Minamoto clan (Seiwa Genji) through the Matsudaira clan. The early history of the clan remains a mystery. Nominally, the Matsudaira clan is said to be descended from the Nitta clan, a branch of the Minamoto clan, but this is considered to be untrue or unlikely.
Riccardo Tisci
Riccardo Tisci (Italian pronunciation: [rikˈkardo ˈtiʃʃi]; born 1974) is an Italian fashion designer.

He studied in Italy at the Design Istituto d’Arte Applicata in Cantù until the age of 17, and then graduated from London's Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design in 1999.

In 2005, Tisci was creative director for Givenchy women's haute couture and ready-to-wear lines. In May 2008, he was additionally menswear and accessories designer of the Givenchy men's division. In March 2018, he was appointed chief creative officer of Burberry, succeeding Christopher Bailey.

Central Saint Martins
Central Saint Martins is a constituent college of the University of the Arts London, a public art university in London, England. The college offers full-time courses at foundation, undergraduate and postgraduate levels, and a variety of short and summer courses.

It was formerly known as Central Saint Martins College of Arts and Design, and before that as Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design.
Live 1975–85
Live/1975–85 is a live album by Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band, consisting of 40 tracks recorded at various concerts between 1975 and 1985, and released as a box set through Columbia Records on November 10, 1986. It broke the record for advance orders and based on Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) certifications, is the second-best-selling live album in the US. Rolling Stone hailed it as "an embarrassment of riches", while The New York Times said it was "an unprecedented event in popular recording" and "monumental".

War (The Temptations song)
"War" is a counterculture-era soul song written by Norman Whitfield and Barrett Strong for the Motown label in 1969. Whitfield first produced the song – a self-evident anti-Vietnam War statement – with the Temptations as the original vocalists. After Motown began receiving repeated requests to release "War" as a single, Whitfield re-recorded the song with Edwin Starr as the vocalist, with the label deciding to withhold the Temptations' version from single release so as not to alienate that group's more conservative fans. Starr's version of "War" was a No. 1 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1970, and is not only the most successful and well-known record of his career, but it is also one of the most popular protest songs ever recorded. It was one of 161 songs on the no-play list issued by Clear Channel following the events of September 11, 2001.
Ammonia Avenue
Ammonia Avenue is the seventh studio album by the British progressive rock band the Alan Parsons Project, released in February 1984 by Arista Records. The Phil Spector-influenced "Don't Answer Me" was the album's lead single, and it reached the Top 15 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and Mainstream Rock Tracks charts, as well as the fourth position on the Adult Contemporary chart. The single also reached the Top 10 in several countries, including Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands, and Switzerland.

"Prime Time" was the album's second single and reached No. 34 on the US Billboard Hot 100. "You Don't Believe" had previously appeared on The Best of the Alan Parsons Project and was issued as that album's first single in November 1983, reaching No. 54 in the US and No. 43 in Canada.

Ammonia Avenue is one of the band's biggest-selling albums, carrying an RIAA certification of gold and reaching the Top 10 in a number of countries.

Don't Answer Me
"Don't Answer Me" is a 1984 song by the Alan Parsons Project from the album Ammonia Avenue. It reached number 15 on the Billboard charts in the United States and was the final Billboard Top 20 hit for the group. It also reached number 58 in the United Kingdom, the group's highest chart placing in their native country. The music video was rendered in comic book style, with art and animation by Michael Kaluta.
Jasiowa Huta
Jasiowa Huta [jaˈɕɔva ˈxuta] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nowa Karczma, within Kościerzyna County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland.

For details of the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

Gmina Nowa Karczma
Gmina Nowa Karczma (Kashubian: Nowô Karczma) is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Kościerzyna County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. Its seat is the village of Nowa Karczma, which lies approximately 15 kilometres (9 mi) east of Kościerzyna and 39 km (24 mi) south-west of the regional capital Gdańsk.

The gmina covers an area of 113.33 square kilometres (43.8 sq mi), and as of 2022 its total population is 7,149.

The gmina contains part of the protected area called Kashubian Landscape Park.
Hadley, Pennsylvania
Hadley is an unincorporated community in Mercer County, Pennsylvania, United States. The community is situated along Pennsylvania Route 358, 12.9 miles (20.8 km) north of Mercer.

Hadley has a post office, which uses ZIP code 16130.

Mercer County, Pennsylvania
Mercer County is a county in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. As of the 2020 census, the population was 110,652. Its county seat is Mercer, and its largest city is Hermitage. The county is part of the Northwest Pennsylvania region of the state.

Mercer County compromises the Hermitage, PA Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is included in the Greater Pittsburgh area.
Pequabuck River
The Pequabuck River is a river, approximately 19 miles (30.6 km) in length, which rises in Litchfield County, Connecticut, and courses through neighboring Hartford County before emptying into the Farmington River in Farmington.  The river has played a crucial role in the development of Plainville, Connecticut, in particular.  The river's lower drainage basin consists of industrial and urban areas, and effluents from these areas pollute the river's waters. The Pequabuck drove a water wheel that provided 8 horsepower to the Upper Lock Shop in Plymouth, Connecticut, a facility which would eventually become the Lewis Lock Company in 1851 and, finally, the once-renowned Eagle Lock Company.: 55  The river banks were historically the site of one of United States' first malleable iron-producing units, known as Malleable Iron Works (later Andrew Terry and Company).: 88

Eagle Lock Company
The Eagle Lock Company (established 1833) was, at one time, the largest trunk and cabinet lock maker in the world. It was based in Terryville, Connecticut. The Eagle Lock Company was at the forefront of padlock security at the time.
Who's That Knocking at My Door
Who's That Knocking at My Door, originally titled I Call First, is a 1967 American independent drama film written and directed by Martin Scorsese which stars Harvey Keitel and Zina Bethune. It was Scorsese's feature film directorial debut and Keitel's debut as an actor. The story follows Italian-American J.R. (Keitel) as he struggles to accept the secret revealed by his independent and free-spirited girlfriend (Bethune).

This film was a nominee at the 1967 Chicago Film Festival.

1967 in film
The year 1967 in film involved some significant events. It is widely considered one of the most ground-breaking years in American cinema, with "revolutionary" films highlighting the shift towards forward thinking European standards at the time, including: Bonnie and Clyde, The Graduate, Guess Who's Coming to Dinner, Cool Hand Luke, The Dirty Dozen, In Cold Blood, In the Heat of the Night, The Jungle Book and You Only Live Twice.