hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Eschenmoser fragmentation
The Eschenmoser fragmentation, first published in 1967, is the chemical reaction of α,β-epoxyketones (1) with aryl sulfonylhydrazines (2) to give alkynes (3) and carbonyl compounds (4). The reaction is named after the Swiss chemist Albert Eschenmoser, who devised it in collaboration with an industrial research group of Günther Ohloff, and applied it to the production of muscone and related macrocyclic musks. The reaction is also sometimes known as the Eschenmoser–Ohloff fragmentation or the Eschenmoser–Tanabe fragmentation as Masato Tanabe independently published an article on the reaction the same year.  The general formula of the fragmentation using p-toluenesulfonylhydrazide is:

Several examples exist in the literature, and the reaction is also carried out on industrial scale.

Albert Eschenmoser
Albert Jakob Eschenmoser (5 August 1925 – 14 July 2023) was a Swiss organic chemist, best known for his work on the synthesis of complex heterocyclic natural compounds, most notably vitamin B12. In addition to his significant contributions to the field of organic synthesis, Eschenmoser pioneered work in the Origins of Life (OoL) field with work on the synthetic pathways of artificial nucleic acids. Before retiring in 2009, Eschenmoser held tenured teaching positions at the ETH Zurich and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology at The Scripps Research Institute in La Jolla, California as well as visiting professorships at the University of Chicago, Cambridge University, and Harvard.
Litice nad Orlicí
Litice nad Orlicí (German: Lititz an der Adler) is a village and administrative part of Záchlumí in Ústí nad Orlicí District in the Pardubice Region of the Czech Republic.

History of the village is bound together with the history of Litice Castle.

50°05′09″N 16°21′06″E﻿ / ﻿50.08583°N 16.35167°E﻿ / 50.08583; 16.35167

Pardubice Region
Pardubice Region (Czech: Pardubický kraj) is an administrative unit (Czech: kraj) of the Czech Republic, located mainly in the eastern part of its historical region of Bohemia, with a small part in northwestern Moravia. It is named after its capital Pardubice. As an administrative unit, Pardubice Region has existed three times in the course of history. It was established for the first time in 1850, and extended from Český Brod to the Bohemian-Moravian border. In its second existence, it was one of 19 regions as they were set between 1949 and 1960. After 1960, Pardubice became the capital of Pardubice district, which was part of the Eastern Bohemian Region (capital Hradec Králové). The Pardubice Region, as it is now, was reestablished in 2000.
Phosphatidic acid
Phosphatidic acids are anionic phospholipids important to cell signaling and direct activation of lipid-gated ion channels. Hydrolysis of phosphatidic acid gives rise to one molecule each of glycerol and phosphoric acid and two molecules of fatty acids. They constitute about 0.25% of phospholipids in the bilayer.

Choline
Choline is a cation with the chemical formula [(CH3)3NCH2CH2OH]+. Choline forms various salts, such as choline chloride and choline bitartrate. An essential nutrient for animals, it is a structural component of phospholipids and cell membranes.

Choline is used to synthesize acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter involved in muscle control and numerous functions of the nervous system. Choline is involved in early development of the brain, gene expression, cell membrane signaling, and brain metabolism.

Although humans synthesize choline in the liver, the amount produced naturally is insufficient to meet cellular functions, requiring that some choline be obtained from foods or dietary supplements. Foods rich in choline include meats, poultry, eggs, and other animal-based products, cruciferous vegetables, beans, nuts, and whole grains. Choline is present in breast milk and is commonly added as an ingredient to baby foods.
Panade à Champignac
Panade à Champignac is the nineteenth album of the Spirou et Fantasio series. The story, written and drawn by Franquin, was serialised along with Bravo les Brothers in Spirou magazine before publication as a hardcover album in 1969.

André Franquin
André Franquin (French: [fʁɑ̃kɛ̃]; 3 January 1924 – 5 January 1997) was an influential Belgian comics artist, whose best-known creations are Gaston and Marsupilami. He also produced the Spirou et Fantasio comic strip from 1946 to 1968, a period seen by many as the series' golden age.
National Association of School Superintendents
The National Association of School Superintendents (NASS), is a professional organization of school superintendents in the United States. It was founded in 2009, with headquarters in Burlingame, California 94010. NASS's members are superintendents and CEO-level equivalents from school districts in every state and region of the country.

Since January 2016, NASS has been operated through a partnership with the Association of California School Administrators, which is headquartered in Sacramento, CA 95814.

Superintendent (education)
In the American education system, a superintendent or superintendent of schools is an administrator of a school district, a local government body overseeing public schools. All school principals in a respective school district report to the superintendent.

The role and powers of the superintendent vary among areas according to Sharp and Walter, a popularly held opinion is that "the most important role of the board of education is to hire its superintendent."
Immigrants (2008 film)
Immigrants (Hungarian title: Immigrants - Jóska menni Amerika) is a 2008 adult animated comedy film directed by Gábor Csupó. It is also known as L.A. Dolce Vita or Immigrants: L.A. Dolce Vita. It is the fifth and (to date) final feature-length film from the studio Klasky Csupo, and the first and only feature-length animated movie that was directed by Csupo. It is also the only Klasky Csupo film without Paramount Pictures or Nickelodeon's involvement.

The characters and storyline in this film were the basis for a new animated series for Spike TV, which was scheduled to debut in August 2004. However, despite scheduling a two-hour marathon for the series premiere and ordering an additional six episodes, the series never aired due to the decline of animation programming on Spike TV. It was later compiled into a film and released in Hungary on October 30, 2008.

In America, the film was released on Region 1 DVD in 2009 by Echo Bridge Home Entertainment.

Gábor Csupó
Gábor Csupó (/ˌɡɑːbɔːr ˈtʃuːpoʊ/ GAH-bor CHOO-poh, Hungarian: [ˈɡaːbor ˈtʃupoː]; born September 29, 1952) is a Hungarian animator, writer, director, producer and graphic designer. He is co-founder of the animation studio Klasky Csupo, which produced the first three years of The Simpsons, as well as episodes of Rugrats, The Wild Thornberrys, Duckman, Stressed Eric, Rocket Power, As Told by Ginger,  and Aaahh!!! Real Monsters.
Tony Michaelides
Anthony Michaelides (born 1953 in Fallowfield, Manchester, England) is a British former music industry executive, known for working as a promotions executive in the music industry handling radio and TV promotions for over 30 years. In 1980, Michaelides was responsible for arranging the first televised performance outside of Ireland by U2. His clients have included U2, The Police, Peter Gabriel, David Bowie, The Stone Roses, Bob Marley, Depeche Mode, Massive Attack, New Order, Bryan Adams, Dave Matthews, The Carpenters, Matchbox Twenty, Pixies, Take That and many more.

Fallowfield
Fallowfield is a bustling area of Manchester with a population of 14,869 at the 2021 census. Historically in Lancashire, it lies 3 miles (5 km) south of Manchester city centre and is bisected east–west by Wilbraham Road and north–south by Wilmslow Road. The former Fallowfield Loop railway line, now a shared use path, follows a route nearly parallel with the east–west main road (Moseley Road/Wilbraham Road).

The area has a large student population. The University of Manchester's main accommodation complex – the Fallowfield Campus – occupies a large area in the north; this is adjacent to the university's Owens Park halls of residence and the Firs Botanical Grounds. In the northwest of the suburb is Platt Fields Park, which is formed from part of the land that once belonged to the Platts of Platt Hall.
1903 Home Nations Championship
The 1903 Home Nations Championship was the twenty first series of the rugby union Home Nations Championship. Six matches were played between 10th January and 21st March. It was contested by England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales.

Harry Corley
Harry Cecil Corley (15 August 1878 – February 1936), also known as Harry Hegarty Corley was an Irish sportsman and sport official. Corley played both cricket and rugby union at an international level, and later in his life became a rugby referee.
Lycodon
Lycodon is a genus of snakes, commonly known as wolf snakes, in the subfamily Colubrinae of the family Colubridae.The Neo-Latin name Lycodon is derived from the Greek words λύκος (lykos) meaning wolf and οδόν (odon) meaning tooth, and refers to the fang-like anterior maxillary and mandibular teeth. The species in the genus Lycodon are nonvenomous, but many members strongly resemble the venomous kraits (genus Bungarus) in appearance, an example of Batesian mimicry.

Colubridae
Colubridae (/kəˈluːbrɪdiː/, commonly known as colubrids /ˈkɒljʊbrɪdz/, from Latin: coluber, 'snake') is a family of snakes. With 249 genera, it is the largest snake family. The earliest fossil species of the family date back to the Late Eocene epoch, with earlier origins suspected. Colubrid snakes are found on every continent except Antarctica.
Arthur Penrhyn Stanley
Arthur Penrhyn Stanley, FRS (13 December 1815 – 18 July 1881) known as Dean Stanley, was an English Anglican priest and ecclesiastical historian. He was Dean of Westminster from 1864 to 1881. His position was that of a Broad Churchman and he was the author of a number of works on Church History. He was a co-founder of the Palestine Exploration Fund.

Palestine Exploration Fund
The Palestine Exploration Fund is a British society based in London. It was founded in 1865, shortly after the completion of the Ordnance Survey of Jerusalem by Royal Engineers of the War Department. The Fund is the oldest known organization in the world created specifically for the study of the Levant region, also known as Palestine. Often simply known as the PEF, its initial objective was to carry out surveys of the topography and ethnography of Ottoman Palestine – producing the PEF Survey of Palestine. Its remit was considered to fall between an expeditionary survey and military intelligence gathering. There was also strong religious interest from Christians; William Thomson, Archbishop of York, was the first president of the PEF.

As a result, the PEF had a complex relationship with Corps of Royal Engineers of the War Department. The PEF members sent back reports to the UK on the need to salvage and modernise the Levant region.
Minamiechizen, Fukui
Minamiechizen (南越前町, Minamiechizen-chō) is a town located in Fukui Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 July 2018,  the town had an estimated population of 10,745 in 3,470 households and a population density of 31 persons per km². The total area of the town was  343.69 square kilometres (132.70 sq mi).

Echizen-Kaga Kaigan Quasi-National Park
Echizen-Kaga Kaigan Quasi-National Park (越前加賀海岸国定公園, Echizen-Kaga Kaigan Kokutei Kōen) is a quasi-national park on the coast of Fukui and Ishikawa prefectures in Japan, established in 1968. It is rated a protected landscape (category Ib) according to the IUCN.
Like all Quasi-National Parks in Japan, Echizen-Kaga Kaigan Quasi-National Park is managed by the local prefectural governments.
Papá soltero
Papá soltero (Single Father) is a Mexican television comedy series produced by Luis de Llano Macedo from 1987 to 1994. It starred singer César Costa as well as actors Gerardo Quiroz, Edith Márquez and Luis Mario Quiroz, Jorge Pablo Carrillo.

César Costa
César Roel Schreurs, best known as César Costa, is a Mexican actor and rock-and-roll singer.

Costa was born in Colonia Condesa of the Mexican capital. He studied elementary and Junior Highschool at the German College and Law at the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM).
A. S. A. Harrison
Susan Harrison (1948 – 14 April 2013) was a Canadian writer and artist who published under the name A. S. A. Harrison. She  lived in Toronto and was married to visual artist John Massey.

Harrison made a name for herself with performance art in the late 1960s, collaborating with Margaret Dragu. She worked as a typesetter for Toronto publications, and published several works of non-fiction.

Her only novel, The Silent Wife, published in June 2013, was met with positive reviews. The domestic noir  psychological thriller tells the story of the slow murderous disintegration of a marriage. Shortly before the novel's publication, Harrison died of cancer, aged 65.

John Massey (artist)
John Massey (born July 6, 1950) is a Canadian artist from Toronto, Canada. Since the 1980s, Massey's installations, sculptures, and films have established him as one of Canada's prominent contemporary artists. Massey combines conventional photography with computer manipulation. In his photograph and video projects he uses minimal effects to create works that inhabit a middle ground between the depicted and the created. His works are widely exhibited and are in many private and public collections, including the Art Gallery of Ontario, the Stedelijk Museum in Amsterdam, the Fonds National dâ Art Contemporain, Paris, and the Ydessa Hendeles Art Foundation. In 2006, Massey's work was included in the exhibition "Beyond Cinema: The Art of Projection" at the Hamburger Bahnhof in Berlin. In 2014, his works were included in the Montreal Biennale. He was awarded the Gershon Iskowitz Award for lifetime achievement in 2001.
Fools (song)
"Fools" is a song by German synth-pop band Alphaville, released in July 1994, by WEA, as the first single from their fourth album, Prostitute (1994). It was written by Marian Gold, Bernhard Lloyd and Ricky Echolette, and produced by the band. The single became a top-40 hit in Finland and a top-70 hit in the band's native Germany. "Fools" is also their fourteenth single overall and the last Alphaville single to chart in any country until "I Die for You Today" in 2011.

Alphaville (band)
Alphaville is a German synth-pop band formed in Münster in 1982. They gained popularity in the 1980s. The group was founded by singer Marian Gold and musicians Bernhard Lloyd and Frank Mertens. They achieved chart success with the singles "Forever Young", "Big in Japan", "Sounds Like a Melody", "The Jet Set", and "Dance with Me". Gold remains the only continuous original member of Alphaville. They took their name from Jean-Luc Godard's 1965 film Alphaville.
Musée des Merveilles
Musée des Merveilles in Tende, France is a museum that documents stone age and other historic artefacts from the Mercantour National Park. It opened in 1996. There is notably a large collection of real and reproduced petroglyphs from the surroundings of the nearby Bégo Mountain.

The museum's name comes from the nearby Vallée des Merveilles.

Mercantour National Park
Mercantour National Park (French: Parc national du Mercantour) a French national park located in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence and Alpes-Maritimes departments. Since it was created in 1979, the park has proven popular, with 800,000 visitors annually enjoying the 600 km (372 mi) of marked footpaths and visiting its villages.
Β-Leucine
β-Leucine (beta-leucine) is a beta amino acid and positional isomer of L-leucine which is naturally produced in humans via the metabolism of L-leucine by the enzyme leucine 2,3-aminomutase. In cobalamin (vitamin B12) deficient individuals, plasma concentrations of β-leucine are elevated.

Beta-peptide
Beta-peptides (β-peptides)  are peptides derived from β-amino acids, in which the amino group is attached to the β-carbon (i.e. the carbon two atoms away from the carboxylate group). The parent β-amino acid is β-alanine (H2NCH2CH2CO2H), a common natural substance, but most examples feature substituents in place of one or more C-H bonds. β-peptides usually do not occur in nature. β-Peptide-based antibiotics are being explored as ways of evading antibiotic resistance. Early studies in this field were published in 1996 by the group of Dieter Seebach and that of Samuel Gellman.
Hemrin Dam
The Hemrin Dam is a dam on the Diyala River 100 km northeast of Baghdad, Iraq. The main purpose of the dam is flood control, irrigation and hydroelectric generation. Its power station has a 50 MW capacity. The dam and the attached power house were built in years 1976-1981 by the then Yugoslav company GIK Hidrogradnja (of Sarajevo, now Bosnia-Herzegovina). All the equipment (gates, turbines, generators) were also supplied by the then-Yugoslav companies.

A large archaeological salvage operation was undertaken to excavate archaeological sites that were at risk of flooding once the reservoir (now Hamrin Lake) would start to fill. Sites that were excavated as part of this operation included Tell Madhur, Tell Suleimah, Tell Rashid, Tell Saadiya, Tell Yelkhi, and Tell Abada. One member of the team was the former director of the Iraq Museum, Nawala Al-Mutawalli.

Tell Rashid
Tell Rashid is a tell, or archaeological settlement mound, in Diyala Governorate, Iraq. The site lies in the foothills of the Zagros Mountains, some 12 km (7.5 mi) south of Tell Abada, another Ubaid period site. It measures 54 by 30 m and extends 2.5 m above the surrounding plain. Tell Rashid was excavated for a single season in 1978 under the direction of Sabah Abboud Jasim as part of the archaeological salvage work being done for the construction of the Hemrin Dam. The excavation trench reached a depth of 5 m, at which point virgin soil (undisturbed by human activity) was reached. Four different occupation levels were recognised, all dating to the Ubaid period.
Down to Earth (Jimmy Buffett album)
Down to Earth is the debut studio album by American popular music singer-songwriter Jimmy Buffett. It was produced by Travis Turk and was released on August 11, 1970 on Andy Williams's Barnaby Records label as Z 30093. A compact disc was released by Varèse Sarabande in June 1998.

Andy Williams
Howard Andrew Williams (December 3, 1927 – September 25, 2012) was an American singer. He recorded 43 albums in his career, of which 15 have been gold certified and three platinum certified. He was also nominated for six Grammy Awards. He hosted the Andy Williams Show, a television variety show, from 1962 to 1971, along with numerous TV specials. The Andy Williams Show won three Emmy Awards. He sold more than 45 million records worldwide, including more than 10 million certified units in the United States.

Williams was active in the music industry for over 70 years until his death in September 2012 from bladder cancer, at the age of 84.
Lectoure
Lectoure (French pronunciation: [lɛktuʁ]; Gascon: Leitora [lejˈtuɾɔ]; Latin Lactora) is a commune in the Gers department in the Occitanie region in southwestern France.

It is located 32 km (20 mi) north of Auch, the capital of the department, 30 km (19 mi) south of Agen and approximately 76 km (47 mi) northwest of Toulouse.

In 1473, the seneschal, the crown's agent of order, was created for the county of Armagnac. The building out of which the seneschal operated, Seneschalcy of Armagnac, was built in the commune of Lectoure. The position/building remained active until the French Revolution, in which it was abolished and abandoned by 1835.

Seneschalcy of Armagnac
Sénéchaussée d'Armagnac was a main sénéchaussée created in 1473, with its seat in the town of Lectoure (Gers) and a territory larger than the province of Armagnac. Most of the territory is located in the present-day department of Gers and a small part in Landes and Lot-et-Garonne.
Sterkfontein Dam
The Sterkfontein Dam, located just outside the town of Harrismith, in the Free State, province of South Africa, is part of the Tugela-Vaal Water Project and the Drakensberg Pumped Storage Scheme, and located on the Nuwejaarspruit, a tributary of the Wilge River in the upper catchment area of the Vaal River. It is the second highest dam wall in South Africa and its highest earth fill dam.

Harrismith
Harrismith is a large town in the Free State province of South Africa. It was named for Sir Harry Smith, a 19th-century British governor and high commissioner of the Cape Colony. It is situated by the Wilge River, alongside the N3 highway, about midway between Johannesburg, about 275 km to the north-west, and Durban to the south-east. The town is located at the junction of the N5 highway, which continues westward towards the provincial capital Bloemfontein, some 340 km to the south-west. This important crossroads in South Africa's land trade routes is surrounded by mesas and buttes. It is located at the base of one of these called Platberg (i.e. "flat / flat-topped mountain" in Afrikaans).

The municipality was placed under administration in 2018 after then-mayor Vusi Tshabalala was removed from office on the basis of corruption allegations. Being situated halfway between Johannesburg and Durban, the town is generally very busy, especially the N3 freeway that runs past the town.
Sepoy Lines Constituency
Sepoy Lines Constituency was a constituency in Singapore. It used to exist from 1959 to 1976, whereby it consists of Singapore General Hospital. Wee Toon Boon was a member of parliament for the constituency until 1976.

Wee Toon Boon
Wee Toon Boon (Chinese: 黄循文; pinyin: Huáng Xúnwén; 25 September 1929 – 26 May 2013) was a Singaporean politician and Member of Parliament for Sepoy Lines Constituency from 1965 to 1976. A member of the People's Action Party, he also served as Minister of State for Defence and Minister of State for the Environment. In September 1975, he was found guilty of corruption and sentenced to four years and six months in prison, which was reduced to 18 months upon appeal.
Peter Ciavaglia
Peter Anthony Ciavaglia (born July 15, 1969) is an American former professional ice hockey center. After graduating from Nichols School in Buffalo in 1987, Peter was selected in that year's NHL Entry Draft by the Calgary Flames. Deciding to take the college route, he played four seasons at Harvard University, where he was part of the 1989 national championship team, and eventually played in five games in the National Hockey League with the Buffalo Sabres between 1991 and 1993. He spent most of his professional career, which lasted from 1991 to 2000, in the International Hockey League with the Detroit Vipers.

Nichols School
Nichols School is a private, non-denominational, co-educational college-preparatory day school in Buffalo, New York, United States. The average enrollment is 565 students with an average Upper School grade/class size of 100 students. The average classroom size is 14 students.
Béhanzin
Gbehanzin, also known as Béhanzin (c. 1845 – 10 December 1906), is considered the eleventh (if Adandozan is not counted) King of Dahomey, modern-day Republic of Benin.  Upon taking the throne, he changed his name from Kondo.

Following his father Glele's suicide, Béhanzin ascended the throne in January 1890 and ruled until 1894, when he was defeated by the French in the Second Franco-Dahomean War and exiled to Martinique.  Béhanzin was Dahomey's last independent ruler established through traditional power structures. He led the resistance to French colonization of his kingdom, during the Dahomey Wars.

Abomey
Abomey, or Agbome, [a.bɔ.mɛ] is the capital of the Zou Department of Benin. The commune of Abomey covers an area of 142 square kilometres and, as of 2025, it has a population of 96,974 people.

Abomey houses the Royal Palaces of Abomey, a collection of small traditional houses that were inhabited by the Kings of Dahomey from 1600 to 1900, and which were designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1985.