hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
HPO formalism
The history projection operator (HPO) formalism is an approach to temporal quantum logic developed by Chris Isham. It deals with the logical structure of quantum mechanical propositions asserted at different points in time.

Temporal logic
In logic, temporal logic is any system of rules and symbolism for representing, and reasoning about, propositions qualified in terms of time (for example, "I am always hungry", "I will eventually be hungry", or "I will be hungry until I eat something"). It is sometimes also used to refer to tense logic, a modal logic-based system of temporal logic introduced by Arthur Prior in the late 1950s, with important contributions by Hans Kamp. It has been further developed by computer scientists, notably Amir Pnueli, and logicians.

Temporal logic has found an important application in formal verification, where it is used to state requirements of hardware or software systems. For instance, one may wish to say that whenever a request is made, access to a resource is eventually granted, but it is never granted to two requestors simultaneously. Such a statement can conveniently be expressed in a temporal logic.
Boikivske Raion
Boikivske Raion (Ukrainian: Бойківський район) or Telmanove Raion (Ukrainian: Тельманівський район, romanized: Telmanivskyi raion) was one of the administrative raions (a district) of Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine from 1934 until 2020. The administrative center of the raion was located in the urban-type settlement of Boikivske, also known as Telmanove. The last estimate of the raion population, reported by the Ukrainian government, was 13,773 (2020 est.).

Since 2014, much of the area of the raion has been controlled by the Donetsk People's Republic (DPR), a Russia-supported breakaway state (later explicitly and illegally annexed by Russia).

Boykos
The Boykos or Boikos (Rusyn: бойки; Ukrainian: бойки, romanized: boiky; Polish: Bojkowie; Slovak: Pujďáci), or simply Highlanders (Ukrainian: верховинці, romanized: verkhovyntsi; Rusyn: ґоралы, romanized: goraly), are an ethnolinguistic group located in the Carpathian Mountains of Ukraine, Slovakia, Hungary, and Poland. Along with the neighbouring Lemkos and Hutsuls, the Boykos are considered a sub-group of Rusyns and speak a distinct East Slavic dialect. Within Ukraine, the Boykos and other Rusyns are seen as a sub-group of ethnic Ukrainians. Boykos differ from their neighbors in dialect, dress, folk architecture, and customs.
Kralev Dvor
Kralev Dvor (Bulgarian: Кралев двор) is a 2,680 m high peak in the Pirin mountain range, south-western Bulgaria. It is located on the southern part of the main mountain ridge. It is a pyramidal peak formed by cirque erosion by the glaciers in the cirques of Demir Kapia, Kralev Dvor and Belemeto. Seen from Tevnoto Lake, it has a triangular shape leaning in north-northwestern direction. To the north is located another massive pyramid-shaped summit, Momin Dvor (2,723 m). The two peaks are connected via an easily accessible saddle on the main path between the Bezbog refuge and Tevnoto Lake shelter. To the south the Kamenitsa secondary ridge stems from the main mountain ridge with the summits of Malka Kamenitsa and Kamenitsa Peak (2,822 m).

Malokamenishki Lakes
Malokamenishki Lakes (Bulgarian: Малокаменишки езера), also known as Belemetski Lakes (Белеметски езера), are a group of 34 glacial lakes situated southwest of the main ridge of Pirin mountain range in Bulgaria. They are the source area of the river Mozgovitsa, one of the tributaries of the Sandanska Bistritsa of the Struma river basin. The lake group is located in the Belemeto cirque, flanked by the main mountain ridge and the secondary ridges of Kamenitsa and Mozgovitsa, crowned by the summits of Kamenitsa Peak (2,822 m), Kralev Dvor (2,680 m), Momin Dvor (2,723 m) and Valyavishki Chukar (2,664 m).
So You Want to Lead a Band
So You Want to Lead a Band is a half-hour television variety show hosted by Sammy Kaye. It was also known as The Sammy Kaye Show, The Sammy Kaye Variety Show, Sammy Kaye's Music from Manhattan, and Music from Manhattan.

Sammy Kaye
Sammy Kaye (born Samuel Zarnocay Jr.; March 13, 1910 – June 2, 1987) was an American bandleader and songwriter, whose tag line, "Swing and Sway with Sammy Kaye", became one of the most famous of the Big Band Era. The expression springs from his first hit single in 1937, "Swing and Sway" (U.S. no. 15). He was the first to record and release the standard "Blueberry Hill" in 1940. During World War II, he co-wrote and recorded the anthemic "Remember Pearl Harbor" (U.S. No. 3). He was the first to record and release the no. 1 song "Daddy" in 1941. His final number one hit was "Harbor Lights in 1950.
RER D
RER D is one of the five lines in the Réseau Express Régional (English: Regional Express Network), a hybrid commuter rail and rapid transit system serving Paris and its suburbs. The 190-kilometre (120 mi) line crosses the region from north to south, with all trains serving a group of stations in central Paris, before branching out towards the ends of the line.

The line connects Creil in the north to Melun and Malesherbes in the south, passing through the heart of Paris. Line D also links Gare du Nord with Gare de Lyon via Châtelet-Les Halles.

Opened in stages from 1987 to 1996, it is the longest RER line by distance, and the busiest SNCF line in France, carrying up to 615,000 passengers and operating 466 trains each working day.

Almost all of the line is located in the Île-de-France region, that is, within the jurisdiction of the Île-de-France Mobilités, but some of the branch lines at the north and south of the line are outside the region.

SNCF Class Z 20500
The SNCF Class Z 20500 is a double-deck, dual-voltage electric multiple unit trainset that are operated by SNCF on the Réseau Express Régional (RER), a hybrid suburban commuter and rapid transit system and the Transilien, a suburban commuter rail system, both serving Paris and its Île-de-France suburbs.

The 200 trains were built by a consortium of French manufacturer Alstom (then known as GEC Alsthom), ANF Industrie (which would be purchased by Bombardier in 1989 before the end of the deliveries), and Compagnie industrielle de matériel de transport (CIMT). The final assembly of the trains took place between 1988 and 1998.

They are part of the Z 2N series of trainsets, which were continuously improved over several generations.
Spektrum Flyers
Spektrum Flyers was a short-lived ice hockey team from Oslo, Norway. A merger between Manglerud Star and Furuset, it played the 1994–95 and 1995–96 seasons in Eliteserien, the premier ice hockey league in Norway, with home games at Oslo Spektrum. The team relocated to Bergen after two seasons.

EliteHockey Ligaen
EliteHockey Ligaen (EHL) is the premier Norwegian ice hockey league, organised by the Norwegian Ice Hockey Association. It comprises 10 clubs and works on the premise of promotion and relegation, in which the two teams who placed last must play the top two teams from First Division (the league ranked immediately below) for the rights to play in the next Eliteserie season.

Teams from the EHL can participate in the IIHF's annual Champions Hockey League (CHL), competing for the European Trophy. Participation is based on the strength of the various leagues in Europe (excluding the European/Asian Kontinental Hockey League). Going into the 2022–23 CHL season, the EHL was ranked 11th among leagues in Europe, allowing them to send their top team to compete in the CHL.
1996–97 Boston College Eagles men's basketball team
The 1996–97 Boston College Eagles men's basketball team represented Boston College as members of the Big East Conference during the 1996–97 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The team was led by 11th-year head coach Jim O'Brien and played their home games at the Silvio O. Conte Forum in Boston, Massachusetts.

After finishing tied atop the Big East regular season standings, the Eagles won the Big East tournament to receive an automatic bid to the NCAA tournament as No. 5 seed in the West region. After defeating a game Valparaiso team in the opening round, the Eagles were eliminated in overtime by Saint Joseph's, 81–77, in the round of 32.

1996–97 Valparaiso Crusaders men's basketball team
The 1996–97 Valparaiso Crusaders men's basketball team represented Valparaiso University during the 1996–97 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Crusaders, led by ninth-year head coach Homer Drew, played their home games at the Athletics–Recreation Center as members of the Mid-Continent Conference. The Crusaders won Mid-Con regular season and tournament titles, and received an automatic bid to the NCAA tournament as No. 12 seed in the West region. In the opening round, Valpo was beaten by No. 5 seed Boston College, 73–66. The team finished with a record of 24–7 (13–3 Mid-Con).
Hammering Man
Hammering Man is a series of monumental kinetic sculptures by Jonathan Borofsky.  The two-dimensional painted steel sculptures were designed at different scales (from approximately 12 feet to 49 feet high), were painted black, and depict a man with a motorized arm and hammer movement to symbolize workers throughout the world.  They were structurally engineered by Leslie E. Robertson Associates (LERA).

Borofsky has stated that "The Hammering Man is a worker. The Hammering Man celebrates the worker. He or she is the village craftsman, the South African coal miner, the computer operator, the farmer or the aerospace worker-the people who produce the commodities on which we depend."

Seattle Art Museum
The Seattle Art Museum (commonly known as SAM) is an art museum located in Seattle, Washington, United States. The museum operates three major facilities: its main museum in downtown Seattle; the Seattle Asian Art Museum in Volunteer Park, Capitol Hill; and Olympic Sculpture Park on the central Seattle waterfront, which opened in 2007.
Battalion Wars
Battalion Wars, released as Assault!! Famicom Wars in Japan, is a 2005 real-time tactics game developed by Kuju London and published by Nintendo for the GameCube. The player controls a vast array of units ranging from infantry, armoured divisions and aircraft, completing missions through a mixture of unit management and strategic planning. In the game's story, the player operates as a commander of a battalion, who initially take part in a conflict between two nations that culminates in an eventual alliance between them, in response to a surprise attack by a third nation.

The game received generally favourable reviews upon release, and led to the creation of a sequel, entitled Battalion Wars 2, for the Wii in 2007.

Kuju (company)
Kuju Entertainment Ltd. was a British video game developer. It is a successor to Simis, which was formed in 1989 and purchased by Eidos Interactive in 1995. Kuju was formed in 1998 in Shalford, Surrey, England, after a management buyout of Simis from Eidos. Kuju merged with Curve Games in 2016.

Kuju released titles across different devices, ranging from Art Academy on the Nintendo DS, The Lord of the Rings: Aragorn's Quest and Battalion Wars 2 for the Wii, and an Xbox One title, Powerstar Golf.
A Word for Nature
A Word for Nature is a 1798 comedy play by the British writer Richard Cumberland. It is also known by the alternative title of The Passive Husband.

The original Drury Lane cast included James Aickin as Lord Glenadry, Richard Suett as Sir Toby Truckle, William Barrymore as Clifton, John Bannister as Leonard, Robert Palmer as Starling, William Dowton as Runic and Jane Pope as Lady Truckle.

William Barrymore (stage actor)
William Barrymore (c. 1759–1830) was a British stage actor. Originally from Taunton, he was part of a company of strolling players in the West Country, and was acting at Plymouth in 1780. He first appeared at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane in 1782, under the management of Richard Sheridan, and became a long-standing member of the company. He is also the namesake of the famed Barrymore family.
Cerano
Cerano (Sciarön in lombard) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Novara in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 90 kilometres (56 mi) northeast of Turin and about 14 kilometres (9 mi) southeast of Novara.

Cerano borders the following municipalities: Abbiategrasso, Boffalora sopra Ticino, Cassolnovo, Magenta, Robecco sul Naviglio, Sozzago, and Trecate.

The Renaissance painter Giovanni Battista Crespi is known as il Cerano because he resided here.

Giovanni Battista Crespi
Giovanni Battista Crespi (23 December 1573 – 23 October 1632), called Il Cerano, was an Italian painter, sculptor, and architect. He is one of the most prominent of the Milanese artists of the early 17th century whose work represents a transitional phase between Mannerism and Baroque. He was highly esteemed in his day and patronized by the Fabbrica of Milan Cathedral, the civic authorities and highly distinguished private patrons, such as the Borromeo and Gonzaga families and the House of Savoy.
Charles Barry
Sir Charles Barry FRS RA (23 May 1795 – 12 May 1860) was an English architect best known for his role in the rebuilding of the Palace of Westminster (also known as the Houses of Parliament) in London during the mid-19th century, but also responsible for numerous other buildings and gardens. He is known for his major contribution to the use of Italianate architecture in Britain, especially the use of the Palazzo as basis for the design of country houses, city mansions and public buildings. He also developed the Italian Renaissance garden style for the many gardens he designed around country houses.

All Saints' Church, Stand
All Saints' Church or Stand Church is an active Anglican parish church in Stand, Whitefield, Greater Manchester, England.  It is in the deanery of Radcliffe and Prestwich, the archdeaconry of Bolton, and the diocese of Manchester.  The church is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I-listed building.  It was a Commissioners' church, having received a grant towards its construction from the Church Building Commission.  The church is a tall building, standing on high ground, and is constructed on a platform.
Saba University School of Medicine
Saba University School of Medicine (SUSOM) is a private medical school located on the island of Saba, a special municipality of the Netherlands in the Caribbean. SUSOM offers an accredited 4-year Doctor of Medicine (MD) program. It is owned by Global University Systems, which also owns Medical University of the Americas and St. Matthew's University. Saba and MUA are sister schools because they share the same curriculum.

Saba (island)
Saba is a Caribbean island and the smallest special municipality (officially "public body") of the Netherlands. It consists largely of the dormant volcano Mount Scenery, which at 870 metres (2,854.3 ft) is the highest point of the entire Kingdom of the Netherlands. The island lies in the northern Leeward Islands portion of the West Indies, southeast of the Virgin Islands. Together with Bonaire and Sint Eustatius it forms the Caribbean Netherlands, also known as the BES islands.

Saba has a land area of 13 square kilometres (5.0 sq mi). The population was 2,158 in January 2025, with a population density of 147 inhabitants per square kilometre (380/sq mi). It is the smallest territory by permanent population in the Americas. Its towns and major settlements are The Bottom (the capital), Windwardside, Zion's Hill, and St. Johns.
2014 NHL entry draft
The 2014 NHL entry draft was the 52nd entry draft for the National Hockey League. It was held on June 27–28, 2014, at the Wells Fargo Center in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The top three selections were Aaron Ekblad by the Florida Panthers, Sam Reinhart by the Buffalo Sabres, and Leon Draisaitl by the Edmonton Oilers. This draft featured the first selection of a player from Oceania with Australian Nathan Walker being selected by the Washington Capitals in the third round.

As of 2025 there are 58 active NHL players from this draft.

Minnesota Wild
The Minnesota Wild are a professional ice hockey team based in Saint Paul, Minnesota. The Wild compete in the National Hockey League (NHL) as a member of the Central Division in the Western Conference. The team plays its home games at the Grand Casino Arena, and is owned by Craig Leipold. The Wild are affiliated with the Iowa Wild of the American Hockey League (AHL) and the Iowa Heartlanders of the ECHL.

The Wild were founded on June 25, 1997, and began play in the 2000–01 season. The team was founded following the departure of the Minnesota North Stars, who were based in Minnesota from 1967 to 1993, when they relocated to Dallas, Texas, and became the Dallas Stars. The Wild made their first Stanley Cup playoffs appearance in 2003, making a surprise run to the Western Conference finals, but ultimately losing to the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim. The team have appeared in the playoffs a total of 14 times, and have won one division championship, in 2008.
Curonians
The Kursenieki are also sometimes known as Curonians.

The Curonians (Latvian: kurši; Lithuanian: kuršiai)  or Kurs (obsolete) were a medieval Baltic tribe living on the shores of the Baltic Sea in the 5th–16th centuries, in what are now western parts of Latvia and Lithuania. They eventually merged with other Baltic tribes contributing to the ethnogenesis of present-day Latvians and Lithuanians.  Curonians gave their name to the region of Courland (Kurzeme), Kuršėnai town, Curonian spit and many other localities. They spoke the Curonian language.

Kuršėnai
Kuršėnai (pronunciationⓘ; Samogitian: Koršienā) is a city in northwestern Lithuania, Šiauliai County, Šiauliai district municipality. It is the twenty-fifth largest city in Lithuania. According to the 2023 estimate, it had 10,651 residents.
Bel-Air, Makati
Bel-Air refers to both a private subdivision, a gated community and a barangay in Makati, Philippines. To the north  the village itself is bound by Kalayaan Avenue, Anza, Orion, Mercedes and Amapola Streets. Estrella Street on the northeast, Epifanio de los Santos Avenue on the southeast, Jupiter Street on the southwest and Nicanor Garcia Street (formerly Reposo) on the northwest. It encompasses a total land area of 171.2 hectares (423 acres) and is shaped roughly like a tobacco pipe.

Bel-Air Village was developed in four phases. The village is managed by the Bel-Air Village Association (BAVA). There are 950 lots, thirty-two streets and two well-developed parks in Phases 2 and 3, each with covered badminton/basketball courts. Makati Avenue separates Phase 2 from the rest of the subdivision.

Aside from Bel-Air Village, the barangay includes Ayala North, Gil Puyat Avenue (Buendia Avenue), the Ayala Triangle and the entire Salcedo Village of the Makati Central Business District.

Ayala Triangle Gardens
14°33′23″N 121°1′25″E﻿ / ﻿14.55639°N 121.02361°E﻿ / 14.55639; 121.02361

The Ayala Triangle Gardens is a 2-hectare (4.9-acre) landscaped urban park in Makati, Metro Manila, Philippines. It is a triangular public garden and courtyard in the center of the Makati Central Business District. It was named after its owner and developer Ayala Land, and opened to the public in November 19, 2009. Inspired by Hyde Park in London, the park, which is dotted with palms, acacia trees, and tropical foliage, is considered to be one of the largest "green" areas in Makati.

The Triangle has become a focal point for social events in the business district, and is popular at  Christmas for its extravagant light-and-sound display. It is also home to the Tower One and Exchange Plaza and the Makati Stock Exchange Building, as well as Helm, the Philippines' first and only two-Michelin-starred restaurant, and the old Nielson Tower, which houses a fine dining restaurant called Blackbird.
Harold Gould
Harold Vernon Goldstein (December 10, 1923 – September 11, 2010), better known as Harold Gould, was an American character actor. He appeared as Martin Morgenstern on the sitcom Rhoda (1974–78) and Miles Webber on the sitcom The Golden Girls (1985–92). A five-time Emmy Award nominee, Gould acted in film and television for nearly 50 years, appearing in more than 300 television shows, 20 major motion pictures, and over 100 stage plays. He was known for playing elegant, well-dressed men (as in The Sting), and he regularly played Jewish characters and grandfather-type figures on television and in film.

The Skin of Our Teeth
The Skin of Our Teeth is a play by Thornton Wilder that won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama. It opened on October 15, 1942, at the Shubert Theatre in New Haven, Connecticut, before moving to the Plymouth Theatre on Broadway on November 18, 1942. It was produced by Michael Myerberg and directed by Elia Kazan with costumes by Mary Percy Schenck. The play is a three-part allegory about the life of mankind, centering on the Antrobus family of the fictional town of Excelsior, New Jersey. The epic comedy-drama is noted as among the most heterodox of classic American comedies, as it breaks nearly every established convention of theatrical performances that was in effect when Wilder wrote it.

The phrase used as the title comes from the King James Bible, Job 19:20: "My bone cleaveth to my skin and to my flesh, and I am escaped with the skin of my teeth."
Nicholas I, Duke of Lorraine
Nicholas of Anjou (July 1448 – 27 July 1473) was the son of John II, Duke of Lorraine and Marie de Bourbon.

Nicholas was born and died in Nancy.  He succeeded his father in 1470 as Duke of Lorraine, and assumed the titles of Marquis of Pont-à-Mousson, Duke of Calabria, and Prince of Girona, as heir apparent of Bar, Naples, and Aragon respectively.

He was engaged to Anne of France, Viscountess of Thouars, and used her title, but he did not marry her and had only one illegitimate daughter, Marguerite, wife of John IV of Chabannes, Count of Dammartin (d. 1503).

Some said he had been poisoned by agents of King Louis XI of France to prevent his marriage to Mary of Burgundy.

On his death the Duchy of Lorraine went to his aunt Yolande.

Marie de Bourbon, Duchess of Calabria
Marie de Bourbon (1428 – 7 July 1448) was a French noblewoman. She was the eldest daughter of Charles I, Duke of Bourbon and Agnes of Burgundy, and married John II, who was styled Duke of Calabria and acceded to the title of Duke of Lorraine after Marie's death. Marie was thus styled Duchess of Calabria.

The marriage contract was signed in April 1438, however, the ceremony took place around 1444 when she was older and would be able to consummate the marriage. Marie and John had five children:

Isabelle (1445–1445)

Jean (1445–1471)

René (1446–1446)

Marie (1447–1447)

Nicholas (1448–1473)

Marie died in childbirth on 7 July, 1448, and was buried at Meurthe-et-Moselle Lorraine, France.
Battle of Chantilly
The Battle of Chantilly (or Ox Hill, the Confederate name) took place on September 1, 1862, in Fairfax County, Virginia, as the concluding battle of the Northern Virginia Campaign of the American Civil War. Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson's corps of the Army of Northern Virginia attempted to cut off the line of retreat of the Union Army of Virginia following the Second Battle of Bull Run, but was attacked by two Union divisions. During the ensuing battle, Union division commanders Isaac Stevens and Philip Kearny were both killed, but the Union attack halted Jackson's advance.

U.S. Route 50 in Virginia
U.S. Route 50 (US 50) is a transcontinental highway which stretches from Ocean City, Maryland to West Sacramento, California. In the U.S. state of Virginia, US 50 extends 86 miles (138 km) from the border with Washington, D.C. at a Potomac River crossing at Rosslyn in Arlington County to the West Virginia state line near Gore in Frederick County.