hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Penrose criterion
In plasma physics, the Penrose criterion is a rule for the kinetic stability of a plasma with a given velocity-space distribution function. This criterion can be used to determine that all so-called "single-humped" distributions (those with a single maximum), are kinetically stable. It is not employed in accounting for the electric field. The criterion is named after Oliver Penrose who proposed it in 1960.

Oliver Penrose
Oliver Penrose FRS FRSE (born 6 June 1929) is a British theoretical physicist and emeritus professor at Heriot-Watt University.  His topics of interest include statistical mechanics, phase transitions in metals and the physical chemistry of surfactants. He is known for introducing the concept of off-diagonal long-range order, important to the present understanding of superfluids and superconductors. He is also known for the Penrose criterion in plasma physics.

He was associated with the Open University for seventeen years and was a Professor of Mathematics at Heriot-Watt University in Edinburgh from 1986 until his retirement in 1994.

Penrose has worked in fundamental topics, which include understanding the physical basis for the direction of time and interpretations of quantum mechanics.
Johnson House (Cape Vincent, New York)
Johnson House is a historic home and farm complex located at Cape Vincent in Jefferson County, New York.  The limestone farmhouse was built about 1840 and is a 1+1⁄2-story five-bay structure.  Also on the property is a barn, a shed, and two corn cribs.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.

Cape Vincent, New York
Cape Vincent is a town in Jefferson County, New York, United States. The population was 2,765 at the 2020 census.

The town is in the northwestern part of the county. In the town is a village also called Cape Vincent. Both town and village are northwest of Watertown.
Kurówek Prądzewski
Kurówek Prądzewski [kuˈruvɛk prɔnˈd͡zɛfski] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Rusiec, within Bełchatów County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 6 km (4 mi) north-west of Rusiec, 31 km (19 mi) west of Bełchatów, and 61 km (38 mi) south-west of the regional capital Łódź.

Gmina Rusiec
Gmina Rusiec is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Bełchatów County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the village of Rusiec, which lies approximately 28 kilometres (17 mi) west of Bełchatów and 62 km (39 mi) south-west of the regional capital Łódź.

The gmina covers an area of 99.73 square kilometres (38.5 sq mi), and as of 2023 its total population is 4,798.
Pat Cleary
Pat Cleary (born 15 January 1962) is an Irish retired hurler who played as a right corner-forward for the Offaly senior team.

Cleary made his first appearance for the team during the 1981-82 National Hurling League and became a regular player over the course of the following decade. During that time he won one All-Ireland winner's medal, three Leinster winner's medals and an All-Star award.

At club level Cleary began his career with Ballyskenagh, before later playing with Kilmacud Crokes and Portlaoise. He won numerous county championship winners' medals with the latter two teams.

Ballyskenagh GAA
Ballyskenagh GAA was a Gaelic Athletic Association club located near Roscrea, County Tipperary, Ireland but affiliated to the Offaly County Board. The club was primarily concerned with the game of hurling.
Rock of Ages (video game)
Rock of Ages is a tower defense racing video game developed by ACE Team and published by Atlus USA. It uses the Unreal Engine 3. The game was released for Xbox 360 in August 2011, for Microsoft Windows in September 2011, and for PlayStation 3 in 2012.

ACE Team
ACE Team Software S.A. is a Chilean video game developer based in Santiago. Founded in the late 1990s by brothers Andres, Carlos and Edmundo Bordeu, the company started out by developing total conversions before turning to commercial game development. All operations were halted between 2003 and 2007 while Andres and Carlos were employed by Wanako Games.
Academic Dictionary of Lithuanian
The Academic Dictionary of Lithuanian (Lithuanian: Didysis lietuvių kalbos žodynas or Akademinis lietuvių kalbos žodynas) is a comprehensive thesaurus of the Lithuanian language and one of the most extensive lexicographical works in the world. The 20 volumes encompassing 22,000 pages were published between 1941 and 2002 by the Institute of the Lithuanian Language. An online and a CD version was made available in 2005. It contains about 236,000 headwords, or 500,000 if counting sub-headwords, reflecting modern and historical language both from published texts since the first published book in 1547 until 2001 and recorded from the vernacular. Definitions, usage notes, and examples are given for most words. The entry length varies from one sentence to almost a hundred pages. For example, 46 pages are devoted to 298 different meanings of taisyti (to fix) and its derivatives.

Lemma (morphology)
In morphology and lexicography, a lemma (pl.: lemmas or lemmata) is the canonical form, dictionary form, or citation form of a set of word forms. In English, for example, break, breaks, broke, broken and breaking are forms of the same lexeme, with break as the lemma by which they are indexed. Lexeme, in this context, refers to the set of all the inflected or alternating forms in the paradigm of a single word, and lemma refers to the particular form that is chosen by convention to represent the lexeme. Lemmas have special significance in highly inflected languages such as Arabic, Turkish, and Russian. The process of determining the lemma for a given lexeme is called lemmatisation. The lemma can be viewed as the chief of the principal parts, although lemmatisation is at least partly arbitrary.
Eye Empire
Eye Empire is an American rock band formed in 2009, consisting of Corey Lowery and B.C. Kochmit,  Donald Carpenter, Garrett Whitlock and Dixie Duncan. Will Hunt joined the band in 2010 before departing in 2011, replaced by Ryan Bennett.

The band recorded their debut album Moment of Impact in 2010 featuring contributions from Sevendust members Lajon Witherspoon and Morgan Rose. The album was given a limited release the same year, with a full release planned for 2011. In 2012 the album was released in an expanded edition under the title Impact. In 2013, the band released their second album, Evolve.

Morgan Rose
Morgan Jay Rose (born December 13, 1968) is an American musician, best known for being a founding member of Atlanta-based alternative metal band Sevendust. In addition to being the band's drummer, he contributes a mix of backing and unclean vocals. Outside of Sevendust, Rose has also played drums for Call Me No One and Tommy Lee's Methods of Mayhem, as well as serving as a fill-in drummer for bands such as Korn and Mötley Crüe. Away from his work as a musician, Rose also serves as the Vice President of Imagen Records.
HS3ST3B1
Heparan sulfate glucosamine 3-O-sulfotransferase 3B1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the HS3ST3B1 gene.
Heparan sulfate biosynthetic enzymes are key components in generating myriad distinct heparan sulfate fine structures that carry out multiple biologic activities. The enzyme encoded by this gene is a member of the heparan sulfate biosynthetic enzyme family. It is a type II integral membrane protein  and possesses heparan sulfate glucosaminyl 3-O-sulfotransferase activity ( HS3ST3A1). The Sulfotransferase domain of this enzyme is highly similar to the same domain of heparan sulfate D-glucosaminyl 3-O-sulfotransferase 3A1 and these two enzymes sulfate an identical disaccharide. This gene is widely expressed, with the most abundant expression in liver and placenta.

Sulfotransferase
In biochemistry, sulfotransferases (SULTs) are transferase enzymes that catalyze the transfer of a sulfo group (R−SO−3) from a donor molecule to an acceptor alcohol (R−OH) or amine (R−NH2). The most common sulfo group donor is  3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS). In the case of alcohol as acceptor, the product is a sulfate (R−OSO−3):

whereas an amine leads to a sulfamate (R−NH−SO−3):

Both reactive groups for a sulfonation via sulfotransferases may be part of a protein, lipid, carbohydrate or steroid.
1st & Ten (1984 TV series)
1st & Ten is an American sitcom that aired between December 1984 and January 1991 on the cable television network HBO. Featuring series regulars Delta Burke and veteran Reid Shelton, it was one of cable's first attempts to lure the lucrative sitcom audience away from the then-dominant "Big Three" broadcast television networks, by taking advantage of their freedom to include occasional profanity and nudity.

Shannon Tweed
Shannon Lee Tweed Simmons (born March 10, 1957) is a Canadian model and actress. One of the most successful actresses of mainstream erotica, she is identified with the genre of the erotic thriller cinema. Tweed has appeared in more than 60 films and several television series. She was named Playboy's Playmate of the Year in 1982.

Tweed is also known for Gene Simmons Family Jewels, a reality TV show that portrayed the life of her family from 2006 until 2012. She is married to Gene Simmons, bassist and co-lead singer of the band Kiss; Tweed and Simmons have two children, Nicholas Adam Tweed-Simmons and Sophie Alexandra Tweed-Simmons.
Thommie Bayer
Thommie Bayer (Thomas Bayer-Heer, born 22 April 1953) is a German writer, musician and painter.

Bayer was born in Esslingen am Neckar, near Stuttgart (where he attended school). From 1972 to 1978, he studied at the Stuttgart State Academy of Art and Design.

From 1974, he was a musician, first with the duo Thommie und Tomaske, then with his own band, the Thommie Bayer Band. He often shared the stage with friends Thomas C. Breuer and Bernhard Lassahn. His most successful hit was in 1979 with "Der letzte Cowboy kommt aus Gütersloh".

He continued playing music in the 1980s, having successes with "Alles geregelt" and "Rita", but concentrated on writing.

Esslingen am Neckar
Esslingen am Neckar (German pronunciation: [ˈɛslɪŋən ʔam ˈnɛkaʁ], lit. 'Esslingen on the Neckar'; Alemannic German: Esslenga; until 16 October 1964 officially  Eßlingen am Neckar) is a city in the Stuttgart Region of Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany, seat of the District of Esslingen. Within Baden-Württemberg it is the 10th largest city.

It is located on the river Neckar, about 14 kilometres (9 miles) southeast of Stuttgart city center. The regions surrounding the city of Esslingen are also mostly developed.

Esslingen is first mentioned in written records in the 8th century. From 1181, it was a Free Imperial City. In 1803, the city lost its independence and was incorporated into the Duchy of Württemberg. Industrialization in the 19th century led to economic growth and significantly shaped the city’s development.

The German Timber-Frame Road passes through the city.
History of African Americans in Houston
The African American population in Houston, Texas, has been a significant part of the city's community since its establishment. The Greater Houston area has the largest population of African Americans in Texas and west of the Mississippi River. Black Enterprise has referred to Houston as a Black mecca.

Changing Perspectives
Changing Perspectives: Black-Jewish Relations in Houston during the Civil Rights Era is a 2021 non-fiction book by Allison E. Schottenstein, published by the University of North Texas Press.

The book argues that, in the mid-20th century, during the Civil rights movement, the Jewish population in Houston did not initially strongly, publicly advocate for African-American civil rights, while in other cities Jewish people had done said advocacy. Hollace Ava Weiner of the Fort Worth Jewish Archives stated that many Jewish people in Houston at the time were "affluent" and "insecure", and did not want to face discrimination themselves. Marni Davis of Georgia State University stated that Houstonian Jewish people being of European descent had "general social acceptance and significant upward mobility", and they did not want to lose this. This dynamic changed in the 1960s, when Jewish people publicly asked for secularization of public schools.
M. Fred Bell Speculative Cottage
M. Fred Bell Speculative Cottage is a historic home located at Fulton, Callaway County, Missouri.  It was designed by Fulton architect Morris Frederick Bell and built in 1893, with additions by Bell built in 1907.  It is a one-story, Queen Anne frame cottage with a Bungalow style front porch and rear addition.  It was restored in the 1990s.: 5

The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.

Fulton, Missouri
Fulton is the largest city in and the county seat of Callaway County, Missouri, United States. Located about 22 miles (35 km) northeast of Jefferson City and the Missouri River and 20 miles (32 km) east of Columbia, the city is part of the Jefferson City, Missouri, Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 12,600 at the 2020 census. The city is home to two universities, Westminster College and William Woods University; the Missouri School for the Deaf; the Fulton State Hospital; and the Fulton Reception and Diagnostic Center state prison. Missouri's only nuclear power plant, the Callaway Plant is located 13 miles (21 km) southeast of Fulton.
The Berlin Tapes
The Berlin Tapes is a soundtrack album, credited to Australian rock musician Iva Davies and Icehouse. The record was a collaboration between Davies and classical music composer Max Lambert to accompany the Sydney Dance Company's production of the ballet Berlin, for which Icehouse performed live on stage.

The covers are mostly acoustic, with piano, strings and subtle electronica incorporated into most tracks. The record was initially released as a single or double disc set, with the second disc consisting of instrumental Icehouse tracks performed with the ballet.

A 1996 Japanese re-release included three bonus tracks; a 2002 digitally remastered version with five bonus tracks was released in Australia – this time credited simply to Icehouse.

At the ARIA Music Awards of 1996, the album was nominated for Best Original Soundtrack, Cast or Show Album.

1996 ARIA Music Awards
The 10th Australian Recording Industry Association Music Awards (generally known as the ARIA Music Awards or simply The ARIAs) was held on 30 September 1996 at the Sydney Convention and Exhibition Centre. Presenters distributed 28 awards with the big winner for the year was You Am I gaining six awards.

In addition to previous categories an Outstanding Achievement Award was presented to Silverchair, which acknowledged "[their] conquering world charts with the single 'Tomorrow' and the debut album album frogstomp." A Special Achievement Award was presented to Slim Dusty. The ARIA Hall of Fame inducted: Australian Crawl and Horrie Dargie. Australian Crawl's founding guitarist Brad Robinson, was unable to attend; he was hospitalised with lymphoma (diagnosed three years earlier) and died two weeks after the ceremony. It was also the final Australian performance by INXS with original frontman Michael Hutchence before his death 14 months later.
Cofra Holding
Cofra Holding AG is a privately held company established in 2001 in Zug, Switzerland, to coordinate the global businesses of the Brenninkmeijer family. It is active in the fields of retailing, real estate, asset management, private equity, renewable energy and sustainable food. Cofra is owned and managed by members of the Brenninkmeijer family. Its chairman is Martijn Brenninkmeijer, and the CEO is Boudewijn Beerkens.

C&A
C&A is a multinational chain of retail clothing stores that originated in the Netherlands. It now has European head offices in Vilvoorde, Belgium, and Düsseldorf, Germany. The company operates approximately 1,250 stores in Europe and 330 in Brazil, as well as websites for online shopping. In Brazil, C&A is operated through a joint venture, C&A Modas S.A., which is listed on the B3 stock exchange in São Paulo. It also licenses the C&A name for stores in Mexico and China, which are under different ownership.
Milford Square, Pennsylvania
Milford Square is a census-designated place in Milford Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania, United States.  It is located along PA Route 663 near the borough of Trumbauersville. As of the 2010 census, the population was 897 residents. While the village has a PO Box post office, with the ZIP code of 18935, the surrounding area uses the Quakertown ZIP Code of 18951.

Milford Square is located on Unami Creek, also known as Swamp Creek, which drains into the Perkiomen Creek. It was formerly known as Heistville, named after the Heist family who operated Achey's Mill and lived in, and greatly renovated, the miller's home.

Campbell's Bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988. It is also home to Achey's Bridge, the first concrete-reinforced bridge in America, which was designed by Henry Mercer and now is located on private property.

Pennsylvania Route 663
Pennsylvania Route 663 (PA 663) is a 22.13-mile-long (35.61 km) state highway in Montgomery and Bucks counties in southeast Pennsylvania. Its southern terminus is at PA 100 in the borough of Pottstown and its northern terminus is at PA 309 and PA 313 in the borough of Quakertown, where the road continues eastward as PA 313. Along the way, PA 663 also passes through the borough of Pennsburg. It is known as John Fries Highway between Pennsburg and Quakertown. It has an interchange with Interstate 476 (Pennsylvania Turnpike Northeast Extension) at exit 44 west of Quakertown. The route was assigned in 1930, and it has had several realignments since its commissioning, including two major ones.
With Your Love
"With Your Love" is a song written by Marty Balin, Joey Covington and Vic Smith. The song was first recorded by Jefferson Starship and was the lead single of their 1976 album Spitfire. In the US, the single peaked at number 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 6 on the Adult Contemporary chart. It was also a top-ten hit in Canada.

Marty Balin
Martyn Jerel Buchwald (January 30, 1942 – September 27, 2018), known as Marty Balin (/ˈbælɪn/), was an American singer, songwriter, and musician best known as a member of Jefferson Airplane and Jefferson Starship.
Poison Pen (play)
Poison Pen is a mystery play by the British writer Richard Llewellyn. In a small English village, a series of poison pen letters cause chaos and suspicion.

It premiered at Richmond Theatre before transferring to the West End where it ran for 176 performances between 9 April and 19 September 1938, initially at the Shaftesbury Theatre before moving to the Playhouse Theatre and then the Garrick Theatre. The original West End cast included Roddy Hughes, Walter Fitzgerald, Neville Brook, Jack Allen, Ethel Warwick, Dorothy Black and Margaret Yarde.

Richard Llewellyn
Richard Dafydd Vivian Llewellyn Lloyd (né Richard Herbert Vivian Lloyd; 8 December 1906, London – 30 November 1983, Dublin), known by his pen name Richard Llewellyn (/luˈɛlɪn/ loo-EL-in, Welsh: [ɬəˈwɛlɪn]), was an English novelist of Welsh descent, who is best remembered for his 1939 novel How Green Was My Valley, which chronicles life in a coal mining village in the South Wales Valleys.
David Levy (chess player)
David Neil Laurence Levy (born 14 March 1945) is an International Master of chess who plays for Scotland, and a businessman. He is noted for his involvement with computer chess and artificial intelligence, and as the founder of the Computer Olympiads and the Mind Sports Olympiads. He has written more than 40 books on chess and computers.

Computer Olympiad
The Computer Olympiad is a multi-games event in which computer programs compete against each other. For many games, the Computer Olympiads are an opportunity to claim the "world's best computer player" title. First contested in 1989, the majority of the games are board games but other games such as bridge take place as well. In 2010, several puzzles were included in the competition.
AlkB
AlkB (Alkylation B) is a protein found in E. coli, induced during an adaptive response and involved in the direct reversal of alkylation damage. AlkB specifically removes alkylation damage to single stranded (SS) DNA caused by SN2 type of chemical agents.  It efficiently removes methyl groups from 1-methyl adenines, 3-methyl cytosines in SS DNA.  AlkB is an alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent hydroxylase, a superfamily non-haem iron-containing proteins. It oxidatively demethylates the DNA substrate. Demethylation by AlkB is accompanied with release of CO2, succinate, and formaldehyde.

Adaptive response
The adaptive  response to methylation damage (or the Ada response) is a bacterial DNA damage response pathway induced specifically upon exposure to DNA methylation damage. It is initiated independently of the SOS response. Bacteria such as Escherichia coli exposed to sub-lethal doses of methylation damage activate the Ada response pathway. This enables their survival to subsequent exposure to high doses of the same agent (which are otherwise lethal). The Ada response was first identified in E. coli; however, over the years diverse and widespread Ada response pathways have been identified across bacteria. The pathways typically vary in the domain organization of the regulatory protein that orchestrates the Ada response.
Katara Cultural Village
Katara Cultural Village (Arabic: الحي الثقافي كتارا), also known simply as Katara (Arabic: كتارا), is a cultural and commercial complex in Doha, Qatar, located on the eastern coast between West Bay and the Pearl.

It was soft-opened in October 2010 during the Doha Tribeca Film Festival.

Doha Tribeca Film Festival
The Doha Tribeca Film Festival (DTFF) was an annual five-day film festival that was organised from 2009 to 2012 to promote Arab and international films, and to develop a sustainable film industry in Qatar. One of Qatar's largest entertainment events, it attracted over 50,000 guests in 2010.

The festivals were organised by the Doha Film Institute (DFI), which was founded by Sheikha Al-Mayassa bint Hamad bin Khalifa Al-Thani which implements, consolidates and oversees film initiatives in Qatar. The Festival was launched in 2009 through a cultural partnership between DFI and Tribeca Enterprises. The Festival was led by Abdulaziz bin Khalid Al-Khater, Executive Director of DFI.
Battery Park, Virginia
Battery Park is an unincorporated community in Isle of Wight County, Virginia, United States. Battery Park is located near the confluence of the Pagan River into the James River, 3.3 miles (5.3 km) east-northeast of Smithfield. Battery Park has a post office with ZIP code 23304, which opened on December 28, 1892.

Isle of Wight County, Virginia
Isle of Wight County is a county in the Hampton Roads region of the U.S. state of Virginia. It is named after the Isle of Wight, England, south of the Solent, from where many of its early colonists had come. As of the 2020 census, the population was 38,606. Its county seat is Isle of Wight, an unincorporated community. Isle of Wight County is in the Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC Metropolitan Statistical Area. Its northeastern boundary is on the coast of Hampton Roads waterway.