hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Legal origins theory
The legal origins theory claims that the two main legal traditions or origins, civil law and common law, crucially shape lawmaking and dispute adjudication and have not been reformed after the initial exogenous transplantation by Europeans. Therefore, they affect economic outcomes to date. According to the evidence reported by the initial proponents of such a theory, countries that received civil law would display today less secure investor rights, stricter regulation, and more inefficient governments and courts than those that inherited common law. These differences would reflect both a stronger historical emphasis of common law on private ordering and the higher adaptability of judge-made law.

Legal origins theory became popular among economists in the late 20th century, at the same time that practitioners of comparative law were largely abandoning taxonomic classifications of legal systems.

Andrei Shleifer
Andrei Shleifer (/ˈʃlaɪfər/ SHLY-fər; born February 20, 1961) is a Russian-American economist and Professor of Economics at Harvard University, where he has taught since 1991. Shleifer was awarded the biennial John Bates Clark Medal in 1999 for his works in three fields: corporate finance (corporate governance, law and finance), the economics of financial markets (deviations from efficient markets), and the economics of transition.

IDEAS/RePEc ranked him as the second top economist in the world in 2011, and the top economist in 2024. He is also listed as #1 on the list of "Most-Cited Scientists in Economics & Business". On Google Scholar, as of 2024 he had over 400,000 citations.
Justice Place
Justice Place (also called the Former Central Government Offices) is an office building complex that serves as the headquarters of the Department of Justice. The complex is located in Central, Hong Kong, occupying the lower level of Government Hill.

The complex formerly housed most of the major offices of the Hong Kong Government. The offices of the government have been relocated to the Main Block of the Central Government Complex in Admiralty.

Antiquities Advisory Board
The Antiquities Advisory Board (AAB) is a statutory body of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region with the responsibility of advising the Antiquities Authority on any matters relating to antiquities and monuments. The AAB was established in 1976 along with the Antiquities and Monuments Office (AMO) when the Antiquities and Monuments Ordinance (Cap. 53) was enacted, and comprises members appointed by the Chief Executive. The corresponding governmental ministry is the Development Bureau, and executive support for the AAB is provided by the AMO which is under the Development Bureau.
Moment (Speed album)
Moment is Japanese J-pop band Speed's greatest hits album following their first album, Starting Over and second album, Rise. Moment was released on 16 December 1998 and contains all the commercially released singles from their first and second albums along with additional tracks. Debuting at number 1 on the Oricon charts and eventually selling 2.32 million copies, Moment is the best-selling album by a female group in Japanese music history.

Speed (Japanese band)
Speed (stylized in all caps) was a Japanese female vocal/dance group comprising Hiroko Shimabukuro, Eriko Imai, Takako Uehara and Hitoe Arakaki. All four members are former students of the Okinawa Actors School which also trained popular artists Namie Amuro and MAX.

Speed made their major label debut on August 5, 1996, and became an immediate success. They would eventually become the most successful girl group anywhere in Asia with sales of over 20 million singles and albums in just three years and eight months. They disbanded on March 31, 2000, to pursue solo careers and to study.

Following their disbandment, the group reunited several times for charity, but on August 20, 2008, they officially announced plans to reunite permanently. They made their comeback on November 12, 2008, with the single "Ashita no Sora."
Steam exploded fiber
Steam exploded fiber is a pulping and extraction technique that has been applied to wood and other fibrous organic material. The resulting fibers can be combined with organic polymers to produce fiber composite materials. Alternatively, the fibers, along with other extracted substances, can be processed chemically or digested to produce ethanol and other useful substances.

Pulp (paper)
Pulp is a fibrous lignocellulosic material prepared by chemically, semi-chemically, or mechanically isolating the cellulosic fibers of wood, fiber crops, waste paper, or rags. Mixed with water and other chemicals or plant-based additives, pulp is the major raw material used in papermaking and the industrial production of other paper products.
Lal-lo
Lal-lo, officially the Municipality of Lal-Lo (Ibanag: Ili nat Lal-lo; Ilocano: Ili ti Lal-lo; Tagalog: Bayan ng Lal-lo), is a municipality in the province of Cagayan, Philippines. According to the 2024 census, it has a population of 48,404 people.

The municipality was formerly known as Municipio de Nueva Segovia and was the seat of the Diocese of Nueva Segovia before it was moved to Vigan in Ilocos Sur during the Spanish colonial period. Despite the name, now (since 1910) the ancient "Nueva Segovia" is part of the Archdiocese of Tuguegarao.

Archdiocese of Tuguegarao
The Archdiocese of Tuguegarao is a Latin Catholic metropolitan archdiocese of the Catholic Church in the Philippines. Tuguegarao is a river delta city that became the center of the archdiocese in the province of Cagayan, on the island of Luzon. Its seat is located at the Saint Peter the Apostle Metropolitan Cathedral.
The Woolpackers
The Woolpackers were an English country rock trio of the 1990s, consisting of Steve Halliwell, Billy Hartman and Alun Lewis, all three of whom were stars of the ITV-produced soap opera Emmerdale, in an attempt to cash in on the popularity of line dancing at the time.

Despite numerous criticisms of their style, the group achieved a hit single with "Hillbilly Rock Hillbilly Roll" in November 1996, reaching number 5 on the UK Singles Chart. The parent album Emmer Dance reached number 26 on the UK Albums Chart a few weeks later. A year later, the single "Line Dance Party" hit number 25 and their second album The Greatest Line Dancing Party reached number 48 in the UK.

Steve Halliwell
Stephen Harold Halliwell (19 March 1946 – 15 December 2023) was an English actor, best known for portraying the role of Zak Dingle in the ITV soap opera Emmerdale, which he played from 1994 until his death in 2023.
John B. Cosgrave
Dr. John B. Cosgrave (born 5 January 1946) is an Irish mathematician specialising in number theory. Born in Bailieborough, County Cavan, he was educated at Royal Holloway College, London, he lectured in Carysfort College (Blackrock, Dublin) and St Patrick's College of Education (Drumcondra).

Carysfort College
Our Lady of Mercy College, Carysfort (commonly known as Carysfort College) was a College of Education in Dublin, Ireland from its foundation in 1877 until its closure in 1988.  Educating primary school teachers, and located in a parkland campus in Blackrock, it was a recognised college of the National University of Ireland from April 1975. The site is now the premises of the Michael Smurfit Graduate Business School, part of University College Dublin.
Tartrazine
Tartrazine is a synthetic lemon yellow azo dye primarily used as a food coloring.  It is also known as E number E102, C.I. 19140, FD&C Yellow 5, Yellow 5 Lake, Acid Yellow 23, Food Yellow 4, and trisodium 1-(4-sulfonatophenyl)-4-(4-sulfonatophenylazo)-5-pyrazolone-3-carboxylate.

Tartrazine is a commonly used coloring agent all over the world, mainly for yellow, and can also be used with brilliant blue FCF (FD&C Blue 1,  E133) or green S (E142) to produce various green shades. It serves as a dye for wool and silks, a colorant in food, drugs and cosmetics and an adsorption-elution indicator for chloride estimations in biochemistry.

Pyrazolone
Pyrazolone is 5-membered heterocycle containing two adjacent nitrogen atoms. It can be viewed as a derivative of pyrazole possessing an additional carbonyl (C=O) group.  Compounds containing this functional group are useful commercially in analgesics and dyes.
Aldergrove, Langley
Aldergrove is a community in the Township of Langley within British Columbia, Canada, approximately 59 km (37 mi) east of Vancouver. The community is urban in nature and, although not incorporated as a town, is often referred to as one. Aldergrove is located at the southeastern edge of both the Township of Langley and the Greater Vancouver metropolitan area, near the western edge of the Abbotsford metropolitan area. It is home to the Lynden–Aldergrove Border Crossing, one of the Lower Mainland's five land border crossings, connecting it with Lynden, Washington.

This is a predominantly agricultural area, with crops including medical cannabis, grown by Canopy Growth Corporation, in the Agricultural Land Reserve (British Columbia) area. This grow operation is the largest federally licensed cannabis facility in the world, with 400,000 sq. ft. (3.7 ha) of growing space and may eventually reach 1.3 million sq. ft. (12 ha).

Lower Mainland
The Lower Mainland is a geographic and cultural region of the mainland coast of the Canadian province of British Columbia that generally comprises the regional districts of Metro Vancouver and the Fraser Valley. Home to approximately 3.05 million people as of the 2021 Canadian census, the Lower Mainland contains sixteen of the province's 30 most populous municipalities and approximately 60% of the province's total population.

The region was historically occupied by the Sto:lo, a Halkomelem-speaking people of the Coast Salish linguistic and cultural grouping.
Mary Christian (politician)
Mary Taylor Christian (August 9, 1924 – November 11, 2019) was an American educator and politician.

Christian was born in Hampton, Virginia and graduated from Phenix High School in Hampton in 1941. She received her bachelor's degree in education in 1955 from Hampton University, and her master's degree in speech and drama from Columbia University in 1960. Christian then received her doctorate degree from Michigan State University in 1968.  Mary T. Christian and her story can be found in the book Hampton University. She started off as a young employee of the laundry department at the school; Christian then moved on to be a typist at the same school.  Later she turned to education and became a teacher, this was encouraged by the people around her.  She could be seen on campus throughout the years because she not only worked there before she became a teacher, but she also went on to study there as well as a becoming a professor at Hampton University.

Phenix High School
Phenix High School was a segregated public school for African Americans, active from 1931 to 1968. It was created by the Hampton Institute, now Hampton University, as a normal school near the town of Hampton and Fort Monroe in Elizabeth City County, Virginia in 1931.
Pursued
Pursued is a 1947 American Neo-western film noir directed by Raoul Walsh with cinematography by James Wong Howe, written by Niven Busch, and starring Teresa Wright and Robert Mitchum. The supporting cast features Judith Anderson, Dean Jagger, Alan Hale Sr., and Harry Carey Jr. The music is by Max Steiner and the picture was shot on location in Gallup, New Mexico.

Niven Busch
Niven Busch (April 26, 1903 – August 25, 1991) was an American novelist and screenwriter of movies such as the acclaimed The Postman Always Rings Twice.  His novels included Duel in the Sun (1944) and California Street (1959).  He was married to actress Teresa Wright for ten years beginning in 1942.
John Pierpont
John Pierpont (April 6, 1785 – August 27, 1866) was an American poet, who was also successively a teacher, lawyer, merchant, and Unitarian minister. His poem The Airs of Palestine made him one of the best-known poets in the U.S. in his day. He was the maternal grandfather of J. P. Morgan.

James Lord Pierpont
James Lord Pierpont (April 25, 1822 – August 5, 1893) was an American composer, songwriter, arranger, organist, and Confederate States soldier. Pierpont wrote and composed "Jingle Bells" in 1857, originally titled "The One Horse Open Sleigh".

Pierpont was born in Boston, Massachusetts, and died in Winter Haven, Florida. Although Pierpont is obscure today, his composition "Jingle Bells" has become synonymous with the Christmas holiday and is one of the most performed and most recognizable songs in the world.
George Washington Birthplace National Monument
The George Washington Birthplace National Monument is a national monument in Westmoreland County, Virginia, at the confluence of Popes Creek and the Potomac River. It commemorates the birthplace location of George Washington, a Founding Father and the first President of the United States, who was born here on February 22, 1732. Washington lived at the residence until age three and later returned to live there as a teenager.

Popes Creek (Virginia)
38°11′29″N 76°54′16″W﻿ / ﻿38.19139°N 76.90444°W﻿ / 38.19139; -76.90444

Pope's Creek is a 5.3-mile-long (8.5 km) tidal tributary of the Potomac River in Westmoreland County, Virginia. The George Washington Birthplace National Monument lies along the north side of Popes Creek. Popes Creek landing is located at 38°11′29″N 76°54′16″W﻿ / ﻿38.19139°N 76.90444°W﻿ / 38.19139; -76.90444.
Taurus Mountains
The Taurus Mountains (Turkish: Toros Dağları or Toroslar; Kurdish: Çiyayên Torosê) are a mountain complex in southern Turkey, separating the Mediterranean coastal region from the central Anatolian Plateau. The system extends along a curve from Lake Eğirdir in the west to the upper reaches of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers in the east. It is a part of the Alpide belt in Eurasia.

Adana Province
Adana Province (Turkish: Adana ili) is a province and metropolitan municipality of Turkey located in central Cilicia. The administrative seat of the province is the city of Adana, home to 78.25% of the residents of the province. Its area is 13,844 km2, and its population is 2,274,106 (2022). It is also closely associated with other Cilician provinces of Mersin, Osmaniye, and (northern) Hatay.
Hammerscale
Hammerscale, also written hammer scale, is a flaky or spheroidal byproduct of the iron forging process (for modern equivalent, see mill scale). Hammerscale is almost universally recovered from archaeological excavations in areas where iron ore was refined and forged. Hammerscale’s magnetic character also aids in its recovery and in mapping larger features by means of magnetic susceptibility surveys. Hammerscale can provide vital information about an archeological site such as the function of the feature.

Forging
Forging is a manufacturing process involving the shaping of metal using localized compressive forces.  The blows are delivered with a hammer (often a power hammer) or a die.  Forging is often classified according to the temperature at which it is performed: cold forging (a type of cold working), warm forging, or hot forging (a type of hot working). For the latter two, the metal is heated, usually in a forge. Forged parts can range in weight from less than a kilogram to hundreds of metric tons. Forging has been done by smiths for millennia; the traditional products were kitchenware, hardware, hand tools, edged weapons, cymbals, and jewellery.

Since the Industrial Revolution, forged parts are widely used in mechanisms and machines wherever a component requires high strength; such forgings usually require further processing (such as machining) to achieve a finished part. Today, forging is a major worldwide industry.
Slovak Resistance Air Force
The Slovak Resistance Air Force (in Slovak: Slovenské povstalecké letectvo) was an Allied air unit which fought against Axis forces in Slovakia and participated in the Slovak National Uprising in August–October 1944.

Letov Š-28
The Letov Š-28 was a Czechoslovak single-engined, two-seat reconnaissance aircraft. It was manufactured by Letov Kbely in a number of versions with different powerplants. The most important version was the Š-328, which was produced in relatively high quantities (412 planes produced).
ChechenAvto
ChechenAvto (Chechen: ChechenAuto) (Russian: Чеченавто) is a Chechen automobile manufacturer based in Argun, Chechen Republic. The Company was originally established as a machine-building plant in 1960 and its acquired its current status in 2008. It was known as Pishchemash until 1991, and was part of the Malyshev Factory industrial group.

The first vehicles came out of the plant in 2009, but it was closed the following year for modernization, with production resuming in 2011. The yearly output was initially projected at 50,000 vehicles, but only 6,700 cars were produced in 2016. In 2014 it was reported that cars produced in the plant have a poor reputation for quality, which is said to be lower compared to AvtoVAZ cars manufactured elsewhere.

AvtoVAZ
AvtoVAZ (Russian: АвтоВАЗ, IPA: [ɐftɐˈvas]) is a Russian state-owned automobile manufacturing company. It was formerly named as VAZ (ВАЗ), an acronym for Volga Automotive Plant in Russian (Во́лжский автомоби́льный заво́д, Volzhskiy avtomobil'nyy zavod). AvtoVAZ is best known for its flagship series of Lada vehicles. In the Soviet Union, its products used various names, including Zhiguli, Oka, and Sputnik, which were phased out in the 1990s and replaced by Lada for the Russian market. From December 2019 to August 2020, AvtoVAZ sold Niva cars with Chevrolet branding.

AvtoVAZ was established in 1966 by the Soviet government as a state-run car manufacturer. It was privatized in the 1990s and was a subsidiary of Renault from October 2016 to May 2022. In May 2022, it was re-acquired by the Russian government. The company is indirectly owned by Russian state enterprises through Lada Auto Holding.
Araucaria
Araucaria ( /ærɔːˈkɛəriə/; original pronunciation: [a.ɾawˈka. ɾja]) is a genus of evergreen coniferous trees in the family Araucariaceae. While today they are largely confined to the Southern Hemisphere, during the Jurassic and Cretaceous they were globally distributed. There are 20 extant species in New Caledonia (where 14 species are endemic, see New Caledonian Araucaria), eastern Australia (including Norfolk Island), New Guinea, Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Uruguay.

The genus is familiar to many people as the genus of the distinctive Chilean pine or monkey-puzzle tree (Araucaria araucana). No distinct vernacular name exists for the genus. Many are called "pine", although they are only distantly related to true pines, in the genus Pinus.

Hypogeal germination
Hypogeal germination (from Ancient Greek ὑπόγειος [hupógeios] 'below ground', from ὑπό [hupó] 'below' and γῆ [gê] 'earth, ground') is a botanical term indicating that the germination of a plant takes place below the ground. An example of a plant with hypogeal germination is the pea (Pisum sativum). The opposite of hypogeal is epigeal (above-ground germination).
Appropriation (By Any Other Name)
"Appropriation (By Any Other Name)" is a 7-inch single and CD release by Sheffield band the Long Blondes. It was released on 13 June 2005 on Angular Records. The song is a homage to Hitchcock's 1958 film Vertigo. it has been said that this song is told from the point of view of Judy, due to lines such as "When I met you, I never wore dresses like that" and "You can't have me, make me act the same".

Lead singer Kate Jackson painted two different portraits for the CD single and 7-inch single. They both depicted Kim Novak's characters Madeleine Elster and Judy Barton. The song was not featured on their debut album Someone to Drive You Home, but the b-side, Lust In The Movies was. Both were featured on the compilation album "Singles". The song was well received by critics.

Singles (The Long Blondes album)
"Singles" is a compilation album released by the Sheffield band The Long Blondes on 8 October 2008 via Angular Records. The 12-track album collates all of the songs from the band's singles prior to their signing to Rough Trade Records in April 2006, released by various independent record labels. The compilation was released on the same day as the band's dissolution, and the album's inlay contained the news.

"Singles" was named the 25th best album of 2008 by Artrocker magazine.
ʻIoane ʻŪkēkē
ʻIoane ʻŪkēkē, born ʻIoane Hohopa (c. 1830s – May 1, 1903), was a kumu hula (master or teacher of hula) and musical performer who organized hula performance during the Hawaiian Kingdom. He organized hula troupes for the court of King Kalākaua and accompanied his group's dances with the ʻūkēkē, a traditional Hawaiian string instrument, which gave him his nickname John or ʻIoane ʻŪkēkē. He was known for his flamboyant way of dress and dubbed the Hawaiian Dandy or Hawaiian Beau Brummel by the local English-language press.

ʻŪkēkē
The ʻūkēkē is a musical bow made of koa wood, 16 to 24 inches long and about 11⁄2 inches wide with two or three strings fastened through and around either end, tuned to an A major triad.  Prior to the introduction of steel strings, gut or sennit (coconut fibre) was used.

The strings were strummed with one hand while the other hand kept the ʻūkēkē in position. The mouth would then act as a resonating chamber.Unlike the African stick zither and Berimbau

The old experts made no sound with the vocal cords, but the mouth acted as a resonance chamber. The resulting sound suggested speech and trained persons could understand. It was sometimes used for love making.

The ʻūkēkē is the only stringed instrument indigenous to Hawaii, with other Hawaiian string instruments like the ukulele and slack-key guitar having been introduced by European sailors and settlers.
WJKP-LD
WJKP-LD (channel 39) is a low-power television station licensed to Corning, New York, United States, serving the Elmira area as an affiliate of MyNetworkTV. It is owned by Coastal Television Broadcasting Company LLC alongside Fox affiliate WYDC (channel 48). The two stations share studios on East Market Street in Downtown Corning; WJKP-LD's transmitter is located on Higman Hill.

In addition to its own low-power digital signal, WJKP-LD also receives full-market over-the-air coverage on WYDC's second digital subchannel. This airs on channel 48.2 from the same Higman Hill transmitter.

Coastal acquired WYDC and WJKP-LD from Waypoint Media on January 4, 2022, as part of a larger transaction that saw nine stations be sold to Coastal for $36.9 million.

Elmira, New York
Elmira (/ɛlˈmaɪrə/) is a city in and the county seat of Chemung County, New York, United States. It is the principal city of the Elmira, New York, metropolitan statistical area, which encompasses Chemung County. The population was 26,523 at the 2020 census, down from 29,200 at the 2010 census, a decline of more than 7 percent.

The City of Elmira is in the south-central part of the county, surrounded on three sides by the Town of Elmira.  It is in the Southern Tier of New York, a short distance north of the Pennsylvania state line.

The city was the site of the Elmira Prison, a prisoner-of-war camp that held over 12,000 captured Confederate soldiers during the American Civil War. Elmira College is located within the city.