hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Space
Space is a three-dimensional continuum containing positions and directions. In classical physics, physical space is often conceived in three linear dimensions. Modern physicists usually consider it, with time, to be part of a boundless four-dimensional continuum known as spacetime. The concept of space is considered to be of fundamental importance to an understanding of the physical universe. However, disagreement continues between philosophers over whether it is itself an entity, a relationship between entities, or part of a conceptual framework.

In the 19th and 20th centuries mathematicians began to examine geometries that are non-Euclidean, in which space is conceived as curved, rather than flat, as in the Euclidean space. According to Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity, space around gravitational fields deviates from Euclidean space. Experimental tests of general relativity have confirmed that non-Euclidean geometries provide a better model for the shape of space.

Non-Euclidean geometry
In mathematics, non-Euclidean geometry consists of two geometries based on axioms closely related to those that specify Euclidean geometry. As Euclidean geometry lies at the intersection of metric geometry and affine geometry, non-Euclidean geometry arises by either replacing the parallel postulate with an alternative, or consideration of quadratic forms other than the definite quadratic forms associated with metric geometry. In the former case, one obtains hyperbolic geometry and elliptic geometry, the traditional non-Euclidean geometries. When isotropic quadratic forms are admitted, then there are affine planes associated with the planar algebras, which give rise to kinematic geometries that have also been called non-Euclidean geometry.
The Voice of Steel
Holos stali (Ukrainian: Голос сталі [ˈɦɔlos ˈstɑl⁽ʲ⁾i]; English: The Voice of Steel) is an album by the Ukrainian black metal band Nokturnal Mortum, released in December 2009. The album was mixed at M.A.R.T. Studio, Kharkiv, during August and October 2009. Mastering took place in the Mana Recording Studios, Florida, in November 2009. The album was remixed and remastered in 2014 through Heritage Records.

Nokturnal Mortum
Nokturnal Mortum are a Ukrainian black metal band from Kharkiv. They were one of the founders of the Ukrainian black metal scene. They are also often considered pioneers in the early National Socialist black metal ("NSBM") scene,
but the band has denied any association with the scene.
Yaakov Israel Ifargan
Yaakov Israel Ifargan (Hebrew: יעקב ישראל איפרגן; born 1966), also known as the "X-ray" (Hebrew: ha-Rentgen), is an Israeli Kabbalist rabbi and spiritual adviser who operates in Netivot, a town in southern Israel. He is known among his followers for his supposed healing and prognostic powers.

Netivot
Netivot (Hebrew: נתיבות, lit. 'Paths') is a city located in the Southern District of Israel, located 8 miles (13 kilometers) southeast of Sderot and 19 miles (31 kilometers) northwest of Beersheba. In 2023 it had a population of 52,877.
Michael Reilly (Wisconsin politician)
Michael Kieran Reilly (July 15, 1869 – October 14, 1944) was an Irish American lawyer and Democratic politician from Fond du Lac, Wisconsin.  He served six full terms and one partial term in the U.S. House of Representatives, representing Wisconsin's 6th congressional district from 1913 to 1917, and from December 1930 to January 1939.  Earlier in his career, he served as district attorney of Fond du Lac County and city attorney of Fond du Lac.

Fond du Lac, Wisconsin
Fond du Lac (/ˈfɒndəlæk/ ⓘ) is a city in Fond du Lac County, Wisconsin, United States, and its county seat. It is at the southern end of Lake Winnebago and had a population of 44,678 at the 2020 census. The city forms the core of the Fond du Lac metropolitan statistical area, which includes all of Fond du Lac County and had 104,154 residents in 2020.
Hermann Minkowski
Hermann Minkowski (22 June 1864 – 12 January 1909) was a mathematician and professor at the University of Königsberg, ETH Zürich, and the University of Göttingen, described variously as German, Polish, Lithuanian-German, or Russian. He created and developed the geometry of numbers and elements of convex geometry, and used geometrical methods to solve problems in number theory, mathematical physics, and the theory of relativity.

Minkowski is perhaps best known for his foundational work describing space and time as a four-dimensional space, now known as "Minkowski spacetime", which facilitated geometric interpretations of Albert Einstein's special theory of relativity (1905).

Mathematical physics
Mathematical physics is the development of mathematical methods for application to problems in physics. The Journal of Mathematical Physics defines the field as "the application of mathematics to problems in physics and the development of mathematical methods suitable for such applications and for the formulation of physical theories". An alternative definition would also include those mathematics that are inspired by physics, known as physical mathematics.
Jordi Benito
Jordi Benito i Verdaguer (1951, in Granollers – December 9, 2008 in Barcelona) was a Catalan artist. He is known as an artist for his actions, installations and performances of a radical and unparalleled savagery that developed especially during the 70s and 80s. However, he also conducted a side task a designer, interior designer and furniture maker who, in collaboration with artisans, served following the family tradition, as his father was a cabinetmaker.

Granollers
Granollers (Catalan: [ɡɾənuˈʎes]; Spanish: [ɡɾanoˈʝers] ⓘ) is a city in central Catalonia, about 30 kilometres north-east of Barcelona. It is the capital and most densely populated city in the comarca of Vallès Oriental.

Granollers is now a bustling business centre, having grown from a town dominated by Catalonia's textile industry that was prominent during the 19th century. However, in the southern portion of the municipality, the Palou area retains the agricultural characteristics of the past.

Granollers forms a conurbation with Canovelles, Les Franqueses del Vallès and the district of La Torreta in La Roca del Vallès. The city is crossed by the Congost river,  a tributary of the Besòs. It is considered to be the other jewel of the Barcelona metropolitan area. It is around 25 km north-east of the centre of Barcelona.
Osaka-jō Hall
Osaka-jo Hall (大阪城ホール, Ōsaka-jō Hōru) is a multi-purpose arena located in the Kyōbashi area of Osaka, Japan. The hall opened in 1983 and can seat up to 16,000 people. Built on a site area of 36,351 square meters (391,280 ft2), part of its form uses stone walls, modeled after those of Osaka Castle and it won the Osaka Urban Scenery Architects Prize Special Award in 1984.

It is used for some sports, such as judo championships and wrestling matches such as those for the New Japan Pro-Wrestling's annual NJPW Dominion event. The venue has also been used for The New Beginning in Osaka in 2020, New Japan Cup finals in 2020 and 2022, and Castle Attack in 2021. The venue is popular for concerts, with many native and international pop and rock music artists.

Every December, approximately 10,000 people come to the arena to participate in a performance of Beethoven's Symphony No. 9.

The New Beginning in Osaka (2020)
The New Beginning in Osaka (2020) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event, promoted by New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW). It took place on February 9, 2020 at the Osaka-jō Hall in Osaka, Japan.
Ambedkar Stadium
Dr. Ambedkar Stadium is a football stadium in New Delhi, India. The stadium is named after Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, social reformer and architect of the Indian Constitution. It was earlier known as Corporation Stadium. It has held competitions like the Delhi Football League, the DCM Trophy, the Subroto Cup and the Durand Cup. It houses offices of the Football Delhi. It was renovated and reopened in 2007 and has a listed capacity of 35,000. The stadium has hosted international football finals such as the 2007 and 2009 Nehru Cup.

In October 2022, the I-League side Rajasthan United announced that they will use Ambedkar Stadium as home ground due to unavailability of prominent stadium in their state.

2009 Nehru Cup
The 2009 Nehru Cup International Football Tournament also known as the ONGC Nehru Cup due to the competition's sponsorship by ONGC, was the 14th edition of the Nehru Cup a friendly tournament organized by the All India Football Federation (AIFF).

The 14th edition of the Nehru Cup International Football Tournament was played in the round-robin league format and the final was held on 31 August. Along with the host nation India, Sri Lanka, Lebanon, Syria and Kyrgyzstan competed in the 15-day tournament at the Ambedkar Stadium in New Delhi .

The total prize money for this tournament was $100,000. The champion team took away a prize of $40,000, the runners-up received $20,000 while the third place team got $10,000.  The Man of the Match received $500 and the winning team of every match received $2000.

All games of the tournament was broadcast live by Zee Sports.
Nalchik
Nalchik (Russian: Нальчик, IPA: [ˈnalʲtɕɪk]; Kabardian: НалщӀэч, romanized: Nalṣ̂ăčʼ [naːɮɕʼakʲ]; Karachay-Balkar: Нальчик or Налчыкъ, romanized: Nalçik or Nalçıq [naltʃɯk]) is the capital city of Kabardino-Balkaria, Russia, situated at an altitude of 550 meters (1,800 ft) in the foothills of the Caucasus Mountains; about 100 kilometers (62 mi) northwest of Beslan (Beslan is in the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania). It covers an area of 131 square kilometers (51 sq mi). Population: 247,054 (2021 census); 240,203 (2010 census); 274,974 (2002 census); 234,547 (1989 Soviet census).

Kabardino-Balkaria
Kabardino-Balkaria (Russian: Кабарди́но-Балка́рия), officially the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, is a republic of Russia located in the North Caucasus. As of the 2021 Census, its population was 904,200. Its capital is Nalchik. The area contains the highest mountain in Europe,  Mount Elbrus, at 5,642 m (18,510 ft). Mount Elbrus has 22 glaciers that feed three rivers — Baksan, Malka and Kuban. The mountain is covered with snow year-round.
Pelham, Tennessee
Pelham is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Grundy County, Tennessee, United States. As of the 2010 census, its population was 403. Pelham is located at the junction of U.S. Route 41, State Route 2, and State Route 50 near the base of the Cumberland Plateau, 5.35 miles (8.61 km) north-northwest of Monteagle. Pelham has a post office with ZIP code 37366, which opened on April 4, 1832.

The community is believed to have been named for a family of early settlers. There is a school in Pelham. It is Pelham Elementary school.

Tennessee State Route 2
State Route 2 (SR 2) is a 197-mile-long (317 km) west–to–east state highway in the U.S. state of Tennessee. It begins in Murfreesboro, in Rutherford County, and ends near Farragut in Loudon County. The route is both a primary and secondary route. Most of the route is unsigned.

It travels southeast from Rutherford County toward Chattanooga and then northeast from there to Loudon County. As nearly the entire route travels concurrent with U.S. Highways, the designation "Tennessee State Route 2" is seldomly used by the general public. The only exception would be a small portion of the route that runs parallel to Interstate 24 (I-24) near Kimball. This portion has been removed from the U.S. Highway system and is no longer part of U.S. Route 41 (US 41); but the highway still exists and is in use. This is the only section of SR 2 with its own route signed (shown as a secondary state route).
Théophile Gautier
Pierre Jules Théophile Gautier (US: /ɡoʊˈtjeɪ/ goh-TYAY; French: [pjɛʁ ʒyl teɔfil ɡotje]; 30 August 1811 – 23 October 1872) was a French poet, dramatist, novelist, journalist, and art and literary critic.

While an ardent defender of Romanticism, Gautier's work is difficult to classify and remains a point of reference for many subsequent literary traditions such as Parnassianism, Symbolism, Decadence and Modernism. He was widely esteemed by writers as disparate as Balzac, Baudelaire, the Goncourt brothers, Flaubert, Pound, Eliot, James, Proust and Wilde.

Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts
Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts (SNBA; French: [sɔsjete nɑsjɔnal dɛ boz‿aʁ]; English: National Society of Fine Arts) was the term under which two groups of French artists united, the first for some exhibitions in the early 1860s, the second since 1890 for annual exhibitions.
Troy, Virginia
Troy is an unincorporated community in Fluvanna County, Virginia, United States. It lies just west of U.S. Route 15, between Zion Crossroads to the north and the county seat of Palmyra to the south. Troy's existence was defined by the Virginia Air Line Railway, which operated from 1908 to 1975. In 1998, the Virginia Department of Corrections opened the Fluvanna Correctional Center for Women in the area.

Fluvanna County, Virginia
Fluvanna County is a United States county centrally located in the Piedmont region of the Commonwealth of Virginia.  Part of the Charlottesville Metropolitan Statistical Area, Fluvanna's population, as of the 2020 census, was 27,249. The county seat is Palmyra, while the most populous community is the census designated place of Lake Monticello.
Montana Historical Society
The Montana Historical Society (MHS) is a historical society located in the U.S. state of Montana that acts to preserve historical resources important to the understanding of Montana history. The society provides services through six operational programs: Administration, Research Center, Museum, Publications, Historic Preservation, and Education. It is governed by a 15-member Board of Trustees, appointed by the governor, which hires the director of the society and sets policy for the agency. Founded in 1865, it is one of the oldest such institutions in the Western United States.

K. Ross Toole
Kenneth Ross Toole (August 8, 1920 – August 13, 1981) was an American historian, author, and educator who specialized in the history of Montana.  Perhaps the best-known and most influential of the state's twentieth-century historians, Toole served as director of the state's historical society, authored several noted volumes of state history and social commentary, and was a popular professor at the University of Montana for 16 years.  He supported environmental protection for Montana's resources, and voiced strong support for labor unions and farmers over big business, especially targeting the railroad and mining industries.  These views frequently came into conflict with those of the Anaconda Copper Company and some Montana politicians, most notably Governor J. Hugo Aronson (served 1953–1961).  Toole's views on the role of corporate dominance in Montana history were often controversial, and have been hotly debated by historians.
Consort Zhou (Cheng)
Consort Zhou (周貴人, personal name unknown) (died 16 April 363) was a Chinese imperial consort during the Jin Dynasty (266–420). She was a concubine of Emperor Cheng. She was favored by him, and they had two sons – Sima Pi (later Emperor Ai) and Sima Yi (later Emperor Fei). After Emperor Ai became emperor in July 361, succeeding his cousin Emperor Mu, he honored her with the title "Consort Dowager" (皇太妃) on 26 March 362, but never honored her as empress dowager (as that position was held by Emperor Mu's mother Empress Dowager Chu). She died in April 363 and was buried with great honors, but not with honors of an empress, as she was never one.

Emperor Ai of Jin
Emperor Ai of Jin (simplified Chinese: 晋哀帝; traditional Chinese: 晉哀帝; pinyin: Jìn Aī Dì; Wade–Giles: Chin Ai-ti; 341 – March 30, 365), personal name Sima Pi (司馬丕), courtesy name Qianling (千齡), was an emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty.  During his brief reign, the actual powers were largely in the hands of his granduncle Sima Yu the Prince of Kuaiji, and the paramount general Huan Wen.  According to historical accounts, he had an obsession with immortality, which resulted in his death, brought about as a result of poisoning by pills given to him by magicians in 364 and in 365.
7 Day Sunday
7 Day Sunday (7 Day Saturday in 2013) is a British comedy radio talk show hosted by Al Murray on BBC Radio 5 Live. Broadcast weekly on Sunday mornings, the show takes an irreverent look at the topical news stories of the past seven days.

Originally presented by Chris Addison: he was joined by regular guests Sarah Millican and Andy Zaltzman, and a fourth special guest each episode. It premièred in January 2010 to mixed reviews. It returned for a second series in September 2010. Al Murray served as host for the last five episodes of the second series, joined by regular guests Rebecca Front and Joe Wilkinson. The show returned for a third series in January 2012 with Murray hosting alongside Andy Zaltzman and Rebecca Front as the regular guests. A fourth series followed from September 2012.

Sarah Millican
Sarah Jane Millican (née King; born 29 May 1975) is an English comedian. Millican won the comedy award for Best Newcomer at the 2008 Edinburgh Festival Fringe. In February 2013 she was listed as one of the 100 most powerful women in the United Kingdom by Radio 4's Woman's Hour; in the same year, she married fellow comedian Gary Delaney. Her first book, How to Be Champion, was published in 2017. Among her accolades are two Chortle Awards, a British Comedy Award and two BAFTA nominations.
Jacmel
Jacmel (French pronunciation: [ʒakmɛl] ⓘ; Haitian Creole: Jakmèl) is a commune in southern Haiti previously founded by the Spanish in 1504 before the relocation of dominicans to the eastern side of the island after the Devastation of Osorio and repopulated by the French in 1698. It is the capital of the department of Sud-Est, 24 miles (39 km) southwest of Port-au-Prince across the Tiburon Peninsula, and had a population of 221,965 at the 2024 Census. The town's name is derived from its indigenous Taíno name of Yaquimel. In 1925, Jacmel was dubbed as the "City of Light," becoming the first in the Caribbean to have electricity.

The city is known for its well-preserved Gingerbread houses built in the early 19th century. The town has been tentatively accepted as a World Heritage Site. It sustained damage in the 2010 Haiti earthquake.

Jacmel is home to the country's leading film school, the Ciné Institute.

Ciné Institute
Ciné Institute is a film school in Jacmel, Haiti, which grew out of the Jacmel Film Festival in 2008. It is the first and only film school in Haiti founded by David Belle. The college offers a free two-year tuition made possible by private donors. The school encourages professionals, filmmakers, business people and artists from other mediums to come visit and perform workshops (called "master classes") within its weekly schedule; time slots that are pre-reserved in its curriculum. Some notable attendees include, Paul Haggis, Jonathan Demme, Ben Stiller, Susan Sarandon and Edwidge Danticat.
Estonian Navy
The Estonian Navy (Estonian: Merevägi) are the unified naval forces among the Estonian Defence Forces.

With only six commissioned ships and displacement well under 10,000 tonnes (3,633.5 tonnes as of February 2026), the Estonian navy is one of the smallest navies in the world. Its ship prefix is EML (Eesti Mereväe Laev/Estonian Navy Ship). The Estonian Navy has participated numerous times in NATO's naval joint-exercises.

Police and Border Guard Board
The Police and Border Guard Board (Estonian: Politsei- ja Piirivalveamet) is a unified national governmental agency within the Estonian Ministry of Interior and is responsible for law enforcement and internal security in the Republic of Estonia.

The main tasks of the agency are to ensure and protect the integrity of the Estonian state and, since May 1, 2004, also the European Union border within the territories of the Republic of Estonia; to secure the state borders and the European Union outer border within the territories of the Republic of Estonia, to monitor and identify citizenship, along with handling the documentation, to preserve law and civil order within the borders of the Republic of Estonia and to detect and prevent crime.
No Doy
No Doy is the first commercial release by the American jam band moe. through a major label, Sony Music Entertainment. "Spine of a Dog" is a re-recording of a song that originally appeared on the first moe. album, Fatboy (with an a cappella intro) and "St. Augustine" is a re-recording of the song from Headseed (with much more prominent slide guitar). Several of the songs on this album, including "Buster", "Rebubula", "Moth", and "32 Things" have gone on to become cornerstones of the band's live-set rotation.

Moe (band)
Moe (stylized as moe.) is an American jam rock band, formed at the University at Buffalo in 1989. The band members are Rob Derhak (bass, vocals), Al Schnier (guitar, vocals, keyboard), Chuck Garvey (guitar, vocals), Vinnie Amico (drums), Jim Loughlin (percussion) and Nate Wilson (keyboard).

The band's first record, Fatboy (1992), established the band as a favorite of the 1990s jam band and improvisational rock scene, which grew in popularity with the rise of bands such as Phish and Widespread Panic.

Moe toured with the Furthur Festival in 1997, appeared at Woodstock '99, played Summerstage at the Rumsey Playfield in Central Park, opened for The Allman Brothers and The Who, performed at Radio City Music Hall on New Year's Eve 2006 and returned there for New Year's Eve 2007. They have also performed at Bonnaroo Music Festival five times (2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, and 2009).
Island whistler
The island whistler (Pachycephala phaionota) is a species of bird in the family Pachycephalidae native to the Moluccas and islands of Western New Guinea. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and subtropical or tropical mangrove forests.

The island whistler was originally described in the genus Myiolestes (a synonym for Colluricincla).

Shrikethrush
A shrikethrush, also spelled shrike-thrush, is any one of eleven species of songbird that is a member of the genus Colluricincla. They have nondescript, predominantly brown or grey, plumage, but are accomplished singers, their calls described as "strong, mellow and beautiful". Shrikethrushes are generally insectivorous, though have been recorded eating molluscs and berries. They build cup-shaped nests in the forks of trees.
Latitude
In geography, latitude is a geographic coordinate that specifies the north-south position of a point on the surface of the Earth or another celestial body. Latitude is given as an angle that ranges from −90° at the south pole to 90° at the north pole, with 0° at the Equator. Lines of constant latitude, or parallels, run east-west as circles parallel to the equator. Latitude and longitude are used together as a coordinate pair to specify a location on the surface of the Earth.

On its own, the term latitude normally refers to the geodetic latitude as defined below. Briefly, the geodetic latitude of a point is the angle formed between the vector perpendicular (or normal) to the ellipsoidal surface from the point, and the plane of the equator.

Zenith
The zenith (UK: /ˈzɛnɪθ/, US: /ˈziː-/) is the imaginary point on the celestial sphere directly "above" a particular location. "Above" means in the vertical direction (plumb line) opposite to the gravity direction at that location (nadir). The zenith is the "highest" point on the celestial sphere. The direction opposite of the zenith is the nadir.