hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Pig War (1859)
The Pig War was a confrontation in 1859 between the United States and the United Kingdom over the British–U.S. border in the San Juan Islands, between Vancouver Island (present-day Canada) and the Washington Territory (present-day State of Washington). The Pig War, so called because it was triggered by the shooting of a pig, is also called the Pig Episode, the Pig and Potato War, the San Juan Boundary Dispute, and the Northwestern Boundary Dispute. Despite being referred to as a "war", there were no human casualties on either side.

Henry Martyn Robert
Henry Martyn Robert (May 2, 1837 – May 11, 1923) was an American Army general, engineer, and author. In 1876, Robert published the first edition of his reference manual of parliamentary procedure, Robert's Rules of Order, which even today (150 years later) remains the most common authority on democratic parliamentary procedure in the United States.
Paul Poiret
Alexandre Paul Poiret (French pronunciation: [alɛksɑ̃dʁ pɔl pwaʁe]; 20 April 1879 – 30 April 1944) was a French fashion designer, a master couturier during the first two decades of the 20th century. He was the founder of his namesake haute couture house.

My Blue Notebooks
My Blue Notebooks (Mes cahiers bleus) is a collection of passages from Liane de Pougy's diaries from 1919 to 1941. Pougy was famous in France and internationally for her beauty, her work as a courtesan, stage performer, socialite, and later member of a community of Catholic nuns. The diaries include an unusual array of socialite reporting, descriptions of debauchery, and in the end a desire for sanctity according to Roman Catholic ideals.
No Time for Sergeants (film)
No Time for Sergeants is a 1958 American comedy film based on a play by Ira Levin, which was inspired by the original novel. Directed by Mervyn LeRoy, it stars Andy Griffith and features Myron McCormick, Don Knotts and most of the original Broadway cast, joined by Murray Hamilton and Warner Bros. Pictures contract player Nick Adams.

Murray Hamilton
Murray Hamilton (March 24, 1923 – September 1, 1986) was an American stage, screen and television character actor who appeared in such acclaimed films as The Spirit of St. Louis, Anatomy of a Murder, The Hustler, The Graduate, The Way We Were, Jaws and The Amityville Horror.
The International (esports)
The International (TI) is an annual esports world championship for the five-on-five video game Dota 2. Produced by the game's developer Valve, it serves as the culminating event of the professional Dota 2 season and currently features 16 teams. The International was first held in Germany at the 2011 Gamescom to promote the game's release. It was then held in Seattle, where Valve is headquartered, until it began to be hosted internationally again starting with The International 2018 in Vancouver.

The tournament's prize pool has been crowdfunded via transactions within the game since 2013, with a quarter of all revenue from it directly going towards it. Internationals have the largest single-tournament prize pool of any esport event, with its largest reaching US$40 million in 2021. The most recent champion is Team Falcons, who won The International 2025, with OG, Team Spirit, and Team Liquid each having won two Internationals since its inception.

Team Spirit (esports)
Team Spirit is a European esports organization based in Belgrade. Founded in 2015, the organization currently has teams competing in Counter-Strike 2, Dota 2, Hearthstone, Pubg Mobile and Mobile Legends: Bang Bang. Their Dota 2 squad won two iterations of The International (2021 and 2023), the former event in which the organisation received the largest single prize money payout in esports history at $18 million. In 2022, as a result of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the organization relocated from Moscow to Belgrade, Serbia.
Catumaxomab
Catumaxomab, sold under the brand name Removab among others, is a rat-mouse hybrid monoclonal antibody which is used to treat malignant ascites, a condition occurring in people with metastasizing cancer. It binds to antigens CD3 and EpCAM. It was developed by Fresenius Biotech and Trion Pharma (Germany).

Epithelial cell adhesion molecule
Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), also known as CD326 among other names, is a transmembrane glycoprotein mediating Ca2+-independent homotypic cell–cell adhesion in epithelia. EpCAM is also involved in cell signaling, migration, proliferation, and differentiation. Additionally, EpCAM has oncogenic potential via its capacity to upregulate c-myc, e-fabp, and cyclins A & E. Since EpCAM is expressed exclusively in epithelia and epithelial-derived neoplasms, EpCAM can be used as diagnostic marker for various cancers. It appears to play a role in tumorigenesis and metastasis of carcinomas, so it can also act as a potential prognostic marker and as a potential target for immunotherapeutic strategies.
1906 Costa Rican general election
General elections were held in Costa Rica on 20–22 August 1905 to elect the president and half of the Constitutional Congress. Incumbent president Ascensión Esquivel was ineligible for a second term, endorsing National Party candidate Cleto González Víquez.

The first round of voting was relatively competitive for the period, with four prominent figures contesting the election against the government-backed candidate: former Secretary of the Interior Máximo Fernández Alvarado, former Secretary of the Interior and Police Tobías Zúñiga Castro, former president Bernardo Soto Alfaro, and former Secretary of Justice and Foreign Affairs Ezequiel Gutiérrez Iglesias. Political differences among the candidates were largely personal rather than ideological, as all but Gutiérrez broadly adhered to liberal political positions.

Republican Party (Costa Rica)
The Republican Party (Spanish: Partido Republicano, PR) was a liberal political party in Costa Rica formed in 1897. It emerged from a coalition of political clubs opposed to the re-election of President Rafael Yglesias Castro and became one of the country’s principal political parties during the early 20th century. It officially governed from 1910 to 1917, and 1924 to 1928, with members holding office at various points.

Following an internal split, a successor organization—the National Republican Party—was formed and successfully returned Ricardo Jiménez Oreamuno, one of the original founders of the Republican Party, to the presidency. Most of the party’s remaining supporters subsequently aligned with the new organization. After poor electoral results in the 1934 legislative elections, the Republican Party ceased to operate and effectively dissolved.
Shigeto Ikeda
Shigeto Ikeda (池田 茂人, Ikeda Shigeto, 1925 - 2001) was a Japanese physician, regarded as the "father" of fiberoptic bronchoscopy.

He graduated from Keio University School of Medicine in 1952 and joined the Thoracic Surgery department. In 1966, he developed the first flexible bronchoscope in conjunction with Machida Endoscope Co. Ltd (later taken over by Pentax) and Olympus Optical Co., Ltd. This allowed better visualisation of the upper lobe bronchi than is possible with the rigid bronchoscope. Successive improvements under his supervision included the development of video-bronchoscopy.

His motto was "there is more hope with the bronchoscope".

Bronchoscopy
Bronchoscopy is an endoscopic technique of visualizing the inside of the airways for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. An instrument (bronchoscope) is inserted into the airways, usually through the nose or mouth, or occasionally through a tracheostomy. This allows the practitioner to examine the patient's airways for abnormalities such as foreign bodies, bleeding, tumors, or inflammation. Specimens may be taken from inside the lungs. The construction of bronchoscopes ranges from rigid metal tubes with attached lighting devices to flexible optical fiber instruments with realtime video equipment.
The Women (Boyle novel)
The Women is a 2009 novel by T. C. Boyle. It is a fictional account of American architect Frank Lloyd Wright's life, told through his relationships with four women: the young Montenegrin dancer Olgivanna; Miriam, the "morphine-addicted and obsessive Southern belle"; Mamah, whose life ended in a massacre at Taliesin, the home Wright built for his lovers and wives; and his first wife, Kitty, the mother of six of his children."

Mamah Borthwick
Martha Bouton "Mamah" Borthwick (June 19, 1869 – August 15, 1914) was an American translator who had a romantic relationship with architect Frank Lloyd Wright, which ended when she was murdered. She and Wright were instrumental in bringing the ideas and writings of Swedish feminist Ellen Key to American audiences. Wright built his famous settlement called Taliesin in Wisconsin for her, in part, to shield her from aggressive reporters and the negative public sentiment surrounding their non-married status. Both had left their spouses and children in 1909 in order to live together and were the subject of relentless public censure. In 1914, a member of the staff at Taliesin murdered  Borthwick, her two children and others. Wright was away at the time.
Silang, Cavite
Silang (Tagalog: [ˈsi.lɐŋ]), officially the Municipality of Silang (Filipino: Bayan ng Silang), is a municipality in the province of Cavite, Philippines. According to the 2024 census, it has a population of 313,145 people. Its land area is 209.43 km2 (80.86 sq mi), making it the largest municipality in Cavite.

It is known for its scenic landscapes and rich cultural heritage. Also renowned for its agricultural produce particularly sweet mangoes, which are regarded as some of the best in the country.

Tagaytay
Tagaytay ([tɐgaɪˈtaɪ]), officially the City of Tagaytay (Filipino: Lungsod ng Tagaytay), is a  component city in the province of Cavite, Philippines. According to the 2024 census, it has a population of 87,811 people.

It is one of the country's most popular destinations for domestic tourism because of its scenery and cooler climate provided by its elevation.  Tagaytay overlooks Taal Lake in Batangas and provides views of Taal Volcano Island in the middle of the lake through various vantage points situated in the city.
The Royal Residence
The Royal Residence (Khmer: ព្រះរាជដំណាក់, Preăh Réachôdâmnăk) is a royal villa located in Siem Reap, Cambodia. It serves as the official residence for the King of Cambodia for when he visits Siem Reap.

Official residence
An official residence is a residence designated by an authority and assigned to an official (such as a head of state, head of government, governor, or other senior figures), and may be the same place where the office holder conducts their work functions or lives.
J. Ann Tickner
Judith Ann Tickner (born 1937) is an Anglo-American feminist international relations (IR) theorist. Tickner is a distinguished scholar in residence at the School of International Services, American University, Washington DC.

Feminism in international relations
Feminism is a broad term given to works of those scholars who have sought to bring gender concerns into the academic study of international politics and who have used feminist theory and sometimes queer theory to better understand global politics and international relations as a whole.
Film finance
Film finance is an aspect of film production that occurs during the development stage prior to pre-production, and is concerned with determining the potential value of a proposed film.

In the United States, the value is typically based on a forecast of revenues (generally 10 years for films and 20 years for television shows), beginning with theatrical release, and including DVD sales, and release to cable broadcast television networks both domestic and international and inflight airline licensing.

Residual (entertainment industry)
Residuals are financial compensations that are paid to film or television actors, writers, directors, and others involved in making TV shows and movies in cases of the cable reruns, syndication, DVD release, or licensing to streaming media. Residuals are calculated by producers and studios, and administered by industry trade unions like SAG-AFTRA, the Directors Guild of America, and the Writers Guild of America. The word is typically used in the plural form.
Harry J. Scott
Henry John Athelson Scott (23 July 1901 – 12 January 1978) was founding editor of the Dalesman magazine, in Yorkshire, northern England. He established the journal, originally called The Yorkshire Dalesman, from the front room of his cottage in Clapham, North Yorkshire, in 1939.  He remained editor, then managing director, of The Dalesman and sister magazine Cumbria until his death in 1978, aged 76. In the meantime The Dalesman grew to become Britain's best-selling regional magazine. Scott was also an early BBC royal correspondent. During the late 1930s he described a number of royal visits to the north of England for broadcast on the BBC's Northern Programme. Later in his career he wrote a number of books about his beloved Yorkshire and his business became a prolific publisher of books in the North of England.

Dalesman
Dalesman is a British monthly regional magazine, based in Skipton, serving the English county of Yorkshire. Its first edition was published in March 1939, under the original title of The Yorkshire Dalesman: A Monthly Magazine of Dales' Life and Industry.

Although originally only serving the Yorkshire Dales, the magazine later expanded to cover the whole county of Yorkshire, focusing on the countryside. It is the biggest selling regional consumer magazine in the UK and Yorkshire's best-selling magazine.
Phil Garland
Philip Humphrey Garland QSM (9 February 1942 – 15 March 2017) was a New Zealand folk musician. He was awarded the Queen's Service Medal in the 2014 Queen's Birthday Honours for services to folk music, and was called the "Godfather of New Zealand folk music". He recorded 19 albums, and won the New Zealand Music Awards folk album of the year three times.

Garland died in Hamilton on 15 March 2017, aged 75, and was buried in the Rutherford Street (Woolston) Cemetery, Christchurch.

2014 Birthday Honours (New Zealand)
The 2014 Queen's Birthday Honours in New Zealand, celebrating the official birthday of Queen Elizabeth II, were appointments made by the Queen in her right as Queen of New Zealand, on the advice of the New Zealand government, to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by New Zealanders. They were announced on 2 June 2014.

The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour.
Stargardt disease
Stargardt disease is the most common inherited single-gene retinal disease. In terms of the first description of the disease, it follows an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern, which has been later linked to bi-allelic ABCA4 gene variants (STGD1).
However, there are Stargardt-like diseases with mimicking phenotypes that are referred to as STGD3 and STGD4, and have a autosomal dominant inheritance due to defects with ELOVL4 or PROM1 genes, respectively. It is characterized by macular degeneration that begins in childhood, adolescence or adulthood, resulting in progressive loss of vision.

CD133
CD133 antigen, also known as prominin-1, is a glycoprotein that in humans is encoded by the PROM1 gene. It is a member of pentaspan transmembrane glycoproteins, which specifically localize to cellular protrusions. When embedded in the cell membrane, the membrane topology of prominin-1 is such that the N-terminus extends into the extracellular space and the C-terminus resides in the intracellular compartment. The protein consists of five transmembrane segments, with the first and second segments and the third and fourth segments connected by intracellular loops while the second and third as well as fourth and fifth transmembrane segments are connected by extracellular loops. While the precise function of CD133 remains unknown, it has been proposed that it acts as an organizer of cell membrane topology.
WKMO-FM
WKMO-FM (101.5 FM, "101.5 KMO") is a radio station broadcasting a country music format. Licensed to Vine Grove, Kentucky, United States, the station is currently owned by Elizabethtown CBC, Inc.

In 2022, the station switched from an Adult Contemporary format to its current country format, and also changed its callsign to WKMO-FM, after the previous WKMO was sold to EMF and was changed to be a K-Love affiliate station.

WLEZ (FM)
WLEZ (99.3 FM) is a radio station branded as K-Love, a non-commercial Christian adult contemporary radio station  format. Licensed to Lebanon Junction, Kentucky, United States, the station is currently owned by Educational Media Foundation.
Stefan Bryła
Stefan Władysław Bryła (Polish pronunciation: [ˈstɛfan vwaˈdɨswav ˈbrɨwa]; born 17 August 1886 in Kraków – died 3 December 1943 in Warsaw, Poland) was a Polish construction engineer and welding pioneer. He designed and built the first welded road bridge in the world.

Prudential House
The Prudential House, officially known now as the Hotel Warszawa, is a historic skyscraper hotel in Warsaw, Poland, located on Warsaw Insurgents Square along Świętokrzyska Street. Built between 1931 and 1933 in the Art Deco style, it served as a base for the British Prudential Insurance Company. It was the tallest building in interwar Poland.
Grenzgipfel
The Grenzgipfel (4,618 m) (German for Border Summit) is a peak of Monte Rosa Massif (Pennine Alps), located on the border between Italy and Switzerland.

The Grenzgipfel is the highest summit on the Italian side of the Monte Rosa massif and the highest point of the entire border between Italy and Switzerland; it is also the culminating point of the Italian region of Piedmont and of the Ticino river drainage basin.

The closest locality is Macugnaga, which is located east of the Monte Rosa Massif.

Ticino (river)
The river Ticino (/tɪˈtʃiːnoʊ/ tih-CHEE-noh, Italian: [tiˈtʃiːno]; Lombard: Tesin; French and German: Tessin; Latin: Ticīnus) is the most important perennial left-bank tributary of the Po. It has given its name to the Swiss canton through which its upper portion flows.

It is one of the four major rivers taking their source in the Gotthard region, along with the Rhône, Reuss and Rhine.
The river rises in the Val Bedretto in Switzerland at the frontier between the cantons of Valais and Ticino right below the Nufenen Pass, is fed by the glaciers of the Alps and later flows through Lake Maggiore, which traverses the border to Italy. The Ticino joins the Po a few kilometres downstream (along the Ticino) from Pavia. It is about 248 kilometres (154 mi) long. The stretch of river between Lake Maggiore and the confluence in the Po is included in the Parco naturale lombardo della Valle del Ticino, a Nature reserve included by UNESCO in the World Network of Biosphere Reserves.
Kosaka, Akita
Kosaka (小坂町, Kosaka-machi) is a town located in Kazuno District, Akita Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 March 2023, the town had an estimated population of 4,670 in 2,284 households, and population density of 23 persons per km2. The total area of the town is 201.70 square kilometres (77.88 sq mi). In 2016, Kosaka was selected as one of The Most Beautiful Villages in Japan.

Lake Towada
Lake Towada (十和田湖, Towada-ko) is the largest crater lake in Honshū island, Japan. Located on the border between Aomori and Akita prefectures, it lies 400 meters (1,312 ft) above sea level and is 327 m (1,073 ft) deep, drained by the Oirase River. With a surface area of 61.1 km2 (23.6 sq mi), Towada is Japan's 12th largest lake; its bright blue color is due to its great depth. The lake is roughly circular, with two peninsulas extending from its southern shore approximately one-third into the center of the lake. The lake is a popular tourist destination.
Lamb (Hill novel)
Lamb is a science fiction and horror novel by English novelist Matt Hill. It is his fifth novel and was first published in the United Kingdom in October 2023 by Dead Ink. The novel is set in northern England in the near future. In Hill's entry in The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, author and critic John Clute described Lamb as a teenage boy's "coming-of-age quest" amidst the horrors of a decaying Britain.

Matt Hill (writer)
Matt Hill (born 1984) is an English science fiction and horror writer from Tameside in Manchester, England. He also writes using the pen name M. T. Hill. Hill received a degree in journalism at Cardiff University and currently lives in London where he writes and freelances as a copywriter. He has written five novels and several short stories. Hill's novels The Folded Man and Graft were finalist for the 2014 Dundee International Book Prize, and the 2017 Philip K. Dick Award, respectively.

Hill's novels portrays a dystopian and decaying England set in the near future. British speculative fiction author Nina Allan called Hill "one of the most innovative and outspoken new writers of British science fiction currently on the scene."
Heart Shaped World (Jessica Andrews album)
Heart Shaped World is the debut studio album of American country music singer Jessica Andrews.  It was released on March 23, 1999 by DreamWorks Records, under their DreamWorks Nashville sublabel. It produced four singles on the Hot Country Songs charts: "I Will Be There for You", "You Go First (Do You Wanna Kiss)", "Unbreakable Heart", and "I Do Now". "I Will Be There for You" was also included on the Nashville soundtrack to the 1998 DreamWorks Animation film The Prince of Egypt. "Unbreakable Heart" was originally recorded by Carlene Carter on her 1993 album Little Love Letters.

Little Love Letters
Little Love Letters is the seventh studio album by American country music artist Carlene Carter, released on June 22, 1993. It had one major Billboard Hot Country Songs hit in the No. 3 "Every Little Thing", and two minor ones in the No. 51 "Unbreakable Heart" and No. 50 "I Love You 'Cause I Want To". The album itself rose to No. 35 on the Top Country Albums chart. "Unbreakable Heart" was later covered by Jessica Andrews on her 1999 debut Heart Shaped World, whose version reached No. 24 on the country singles charts.
Phaedon
Phaedon (German: Phädon oder über die Unsterblichkeit der Seele), published in 1767, is a book by the Jewish Enlightenment philosopher Moses Mendelssohn, in which Mendelssohn offers a defense of immortality.

Moses Mendelssohn
Moses Mendelssohn (6 September 1729 – 4 January 1786) was a German-Jewish philosopher and theologian. His writings and ideas on Jews and the Jewish religion and identity were a central element in the development of the Haskalah, or 'Jewish Enlightenment' of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
Born to a poor Jewish family in Dessau, Principality of Anhalt, and originally destined for a rabbinical career, Mendelssohn educated himself in German thought and literature. Through his writings on philosophy and religion he came to be regarded as a leading cultural figure of his time by both Christian and Jewish inhabitants of German-speaking Europe and beyond. His involvement in the Berlin textile industry formed the foundation of his family's wealth.

His descendants include the composers Fanny and Felix Mendelssohn; Felix's son, chemist Paul Mendelssohn Bartholdy; Fanny's grandsons, Paul and Kurt Hensel; and the founders of the Mendelssohn & Co. banking house.