hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Similarity invariance
In linear algebra, similarity invariance is a property exhibited by a function whose value is unchanged under similarities of its domain.  That is,  is invariant under similarities if  where  is a matrix similar to A.  Examples of such functions include the trace, determinant, characteristic polynomial, and the minimal polynomial.

A more colloquial phrase that means the same thing as similarity invariance is "basis independence", since a matrix can be regarded as a linear operator, written in a certain basis, and the same operator in a new basis is related to one in the old basis by the conjugation , where  is the transformation matrix to the new basis.

Trace (linear algebra)
In linear algebra, the trace of a square matrix A, denoted tr(A), is the sum of the elements on its main diagonal, . It is only defined for a square matrix (n × n).

The trace of a matrix is the sum of its eigenvalues (counted with multiplicities). Also, tr(AB) = tr(BA) for any matrices A and B of the same size. Thus, similar matrices have the same trace. As a consequence, one can define the trace of a linear operator mapping a finite-dimensional vector space into itself, since all matrices describing such an operator with respect to a basis are similar.

The trace is related to the derivative of the determinant (see Jacobi's formula).
Carlos Pinto (journalist)
Carlos Pinto (born May 12, 1959) is a popular Chilean journalist, writer and television presenter. In 1984, he and Santiago Pavlovic began an investigative program called Informe Especial which airs in TVN. He is the father of the football player Sebastián Pinto. It was the driver of the reality The game of fear of TVN, which was taken off the air shortly after due to poor ratings.

In the mid-1990s Carlos Pinto's new program, Mea Culpa, became the most popular true crime shows on Chilean TV history. The show catapulted Pinto's career and today his other shows also have had great success:

Mea Culpa, true crime movie-like interactments, featuring cases that had its share of spotlight back in the day;

El Día Menos Pensado ("The Least Expected Day"), it focuses on true paranormal experiences;

El Cuento del Tío ("Uncle's Tale"), a show that deals with financial deception stories.

Books: "El Silencio de los Malditos" (2018) and "El Jardín de los Inocentes".

Mea Culpa (Chilean TV series)
Mea culpa is a Chilean television series broadcast by Televisión Nacional de Chile in prime time, hosted by journalist Carlos Pinto. He recreates with actors the crimes that have shocked Chilean public opinion in a trustworthy way, which, in its original broadcasts, earned him a large audience in his country of origin. Its first broadcast was on June 2, 1993, presented by journalist Cecilia Serrano. The main music at the beginning of the program was composed by Edgardo Riquelme in 1993 who also composed certain themes used as incidental music in some chapters.

Given its graphic dramatization of murders, rapes or other crimes that endanger human life, this series is exclusively for adults.

After twelve years of the last episode issued, on October 21, 2021 a new season premiered, replicating the success of its broadcasts in the 90s and 2000s. The new episodes of 2021 have been promoted as 'Mea Culpa: El Regreso' (Mea Culpa returns, in Spanish).
Toftir
Toftir (Danish: Tofte) is a village in Nes Municipality on the island of Eysturoy, in the Faroe Islands. It is part of a chain of villages stretching over a distance of 10 kilometers on the east side of Skálafjørður (fjord) on Eysturoy island. The highest hill in Toftir, called Húkslond, is 129 meters high, and Nes Municipality is the only area in the Faroes which has no mountains above 200 meters.

The Lake Toftir area was the first area in the Faroe Islands to become a Nature reserve in the 1980s, and in 2006 Nes Municipality, in cooperation with neighbouring Runavík Municipality, joined a network of local authorities in the Nordic countries working to halt the loss of biodiversity in their local areas.

Lake Toftir
Lake Toftir (Faroese: Toftavatn) is a lake on the island of Eysturoy in the Faroe Islands.

Lake Toftir is located between the villages of Toftir and Rituvík. It is the fourth-largest natural lake in the Faroe Islands and it measures 51 hectares (130 acres). The lake is noted for its rich bird life.
Pmset
On Apple computers, pmset is a command line utility to manipulate power management settings under the Darwin and macOS operating systems. It can assign sleep settings, schedule sleep and wake times, and display power information.

Power management
Power management is a feature of some electrical appliances, especially copiers, computers, computer CPUs, computer GPUs and computer peripherals such as monitors and printers, that turns off the power or switches the system to a low-power state when inactive. In computing this is known as PC power management and is built around a standard called ACPI which superseded
APM. All recent computers have ACPI support.
2006 Winter Olympics
The 2006 Winter Olympics (Italian: 2006 Olimpiadi invernali), officially the XX Olympic Winter Games (Italian: XX Giochi olimpici invernali) and also known as Torino 2006, were a winter multi-sport event held from 10 to 26 February in Turin, Italy. Turin was selected as the host city for the 2006 Games in June 1999.

This marked the second time Italy had hosted the Winter Olympics, the first being in 1956 in Cortina d'Ampezzo, and the third would be the 2026 Winter Olympics in Milan and Cortina d'Ampezzo which was 20 years after the 2006 event. Italy had also hosted the Summer Olympics in 1960 in Rome.

Sweden at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Sweden sent 112 athletes to the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin trying to win their first gold medal since the 1994 Olympics in Lillehammer. A total of 99 athletes were selected, and they competed in nine of the fifteen Winter Olympic sports. When the medals were summed up, Sweden had managed seven gold medals, two silver and five bronze, making it Sweden's best result ever in the Winter Olympics in terms of both medals and gold medals earned, and gave Sweden a 6th place in the medal table.

Sweden won gold medals in five different Winter Olympic sports, shattering the previous record of two.
Änglamark
"Änglamark" is a Swedish  song composed and written by Evert Taube for the movie The Apple War (Äppelkriget) in 1971. The song is sung in the movie's opening and ending credits by the composer's son, Sven-Bertil Taube. Instrumental variations of the song are used as a leitmotif throughout the movie.

The original recording by Sven-Bertil Taube was on the Svensktoppen "Top 10" for 16 weeks in 1972. In 2021, the song charted at number 18 on Sverigetopplistan's Heatseeker chart.

Evert Taube
Axel Evert Taube (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈěːvɛʈ ˈʈoːb] ⓘ; 12 March 1890 – 31 January 1976) was a Swedish singer, composer, and writer. He is widely regarded as one of Sweden's most respected musicians and the foremost troubadour of the Swedish ballad tradition in the 20th century.
Rev. Dr. Elbert S. Porter House
Rev. Dr. Elbert S. Porter House, also known as "Oakledge", is a historic home located at Claverack in Columbia County, New York.  It was built in 1846, and is a Greek Revival–style residence.  It is a 2-story, three-by-two-bay, side entry frame dwelling with a single-storied square-columned porch spanning the facade.  The 2-story main block is flanked by small single-story wings.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.

Claverack, New York
Claverack is a town in Columbia County, New York, United States.  The population was 6,058 at the 2020 census. The town name in English was derived from the Dutch word Klaverakker, meaning "Clover Fields" or "Clover Reach". In 1705, a Dutch tenant farmer made the first discovery of a mastodon tooth here.

The town is centrally located in Columbia County, east of the city of Hudson.
Convent Taiping
Convent Taiping  is an all-girls school located on Convent Lane in Kota, Taiping. The primary school is one of the 40 Convent primary schools in Malaysia, while the secondary school is one of 30 Convent secondary schools in Malaysia.

Taiping, Perak
Taiping (Malay: [taipeŋ]) is a city located in Larut, Matang and Selama District, in the state of Perak, Malaysia. It is located approximately 48 km (30 mi) northwest of Ipoh, the capital of Perak, and 78 km (48 mi) southeast of George Town, Penang. With a population of 245,182 (in 2013), it is the second largest city in Perak after Ipoh, the state capital.

Taiping took over Kuala Kangsar's role as the state capital from 1876 to 1937, but was then replaced by Ipoh. Its growth slowed after that, but in recent years the town has been developing rapidly again. Perak State Museum is located in the town.

Taiping also receives some limelight for being the wettest town in Peninsular Malaysia. Its average annual rainfall of about 2757mm of precipitation has led to fertile flora and rain trees in the Taiping Lake Gardens.

Taiping was ranked in the Top 3 Sustainable Cities in the world.
All Eyez
"All Eyez" is a song by American rapper The Game featuring Jeremih; it was released on June 20, 2016, by Blood Money Entertainment, Fifth Amendment and Entertainment One Music. It is the first single off of his album, 1992. The song is produced by Scott Storch and Diego Ave.

1992 (album)
1992 is the eighth studio album by American rapper the Game. It was released on October 14, 2016, by Blood Money Entertainment, Fifth Amendment Entertainment, and eOne Music. The album features two guest appearances by R&B singer Jeremih and by Jason Derulo, as well as uncredited appearances by Osbe Chill, Lorine Chia and Sonyae Elise.
Grasshoppers (Cavallette)
Grasshoppers (Cavallette) is an Italian animated short by Bruno Bozzetto which condenses the whole of human civilization into 9 minutes, focusing primarily on the human race's predilection for warfare and the vanity of war. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film in 1990, but lost to Aardman's Creature Comforts.

Bruno Bozzetto
Bruno Bozzetto (born 3 March 1938) is an Italian cartoonist, animator and film director. He is known for his political and satirical productions. He created his first animated short, "Tapum! the weapons' story" in 1958 at the age of 20. His most famous character, a hapless little man named "Signor Rossi" (English: Mr. Rossi), has been featured in many animated shorts as well as starring in three feature films: Mr. Rossi Looks for Happiness (1976), Mr. Rossi's Dreams (1977), and Mr. Rossi's Vacation (1977).
Karl Albiker
Karl Albiker (16 September 1878 – 26 February 1961) was a German sculptor, lithographer and teacher of fine arts.  Albiker studied with Auguste Rodin in Paris.  From 1919 to 1945 he was a professor at the Dresden Academy of Fine Arts.  His monumental statues, like those of Georg Kolbe, reflected National Socialist heroic realism.  Albiker created the relay racers for Berlin's Reich Sports Field and various war monuments, including those in Karlsruhe, Freiburg im Breisgau, and Greiz.

Villa Romana Prize
The Villa Romana Prize, German: Villa-Romana-Preis, is an art prize awarded by the Deutscher Künstlerbund. It was established in 1905 and is the oldest German art award. The prize consists of a one-year artistic residence in the Villa Romana, a nineteenth-century villa on the Via Senese in the southern outskirts of Florence, in Tuscany in central Italy.

Max Klinger, who in 1903 had become vice-president of the Deutscher Künstlerbund, established the Villa Romana as a study centre for artists in 1905. He had bought it that year for 60,000 gold lire. The prize was first awarded in that year also.

Among the many recipients of the award are Max Beckmann (1906), Ernst Barlach (1909), Joseph Fassbender (1929), Gerhard Marcks, Toni Stadler (1937), Walter Stöhrer (1978), and Georg Baselitz (1965).
Milton State Park
Milton State Park is an 82-acre (33 ha) Pennsylvania state park in the borough of Milton in Northumberland County, Pennsylvania in the United States. The park is on Montgomery Island in the West Branch Susquehanna River, just east of the village of West Milton in Union County. Milton State Park is on Pennsylvania Route 642.

West Milton, Pennsylvania
West Milton is a census-designated place located in Kelly and White Deer Townships in Union County in the state of Pennsylvania. The community is located directly across the West Branch Susquehanna River from the borough of Milton which is located in Northumberland County, from which West Milton derived its name. West Milton is located along U.S. Route 15, a few miles south of the community of New Columbia. Between Milton and West Milton, in the river is Montgomery Island where Milton State Park is located. As of the 2010 census the population was 900 residents.
Edgerley (Oakland, New York)
Edgerley is a historic home and residential complex located at Oakland in Livingston County, New York. The 1+1⁄2-story original house was built in 1828 and is a rare example of Tidewater architecture in upstate New York with Roman Classic massing and Greek Revival detailing. Attached to it are a stucco addition from the 1870s and a stucco addition with garage from the 1930s. Also on the property is a guest cottage known as "Box Hill", a barn constructed about 1830, and several smaller outbuildings.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.

Portage, New York
Portage is a town in the southwest corner of Livingston County, New York, United States. The town is at the south end of Letchworth State Park. The name of the town stems from the need to portage (carry) canoes around the falls of the Genesee River. The population of Portage was 884 at the 2010 census.
South African type MP1 tender
The South African type MP1 tender was a steam locomotive tender.

The Type MP1 tender first entered service in 1912, as tenders to the Class 12 4-8-2 Mountain type steam locomotives which were acquired by the South African Railways in that year.

South African Class MJ 2-6-6-0
The South African Railways Class MJ 2-6-6-0 of 1914 was a class of articulated steam locomotives.

Between 1914 and 1921, the South African Railways placed eighteen Class MJ Mallet articulated compound steam locomotives with a 2-6-6-0 wheel arrangement in branch line service.
Coral Gold Cup
/Ladbrokes Trophy

The Coral Gold Cup is a Premier Handicap National Hunt steeplechase in Great Britain which is open to horses aged four years or older. It is run at Newbury over a distance of about 3 miles and 2 furlongs (3 miles, 1 furlong and 214 yards, or 5,225 metres), and during its running there are twenty-one fences to be jumped. It is a handicap race, and it is scheduled to take place each year in late November or early December.

National Hunt racing
National Hunt Racing, also known as Jump Racing, is a form of horse racing particular to many European countries, including, but not limited to:  France, Great Britain and Ireland. Jump Racing requires horses to jump over fences and ditches.

In the UK, National Hunt Racing is divided into two major distinct branches: Hurdling and Steeplechase, as well as flat races called “Bumpers”. Hurdling involves horses jumping over Hurdles, while Steeplechase involves the horses jumping over a variety of different obstacles that includes fences, water jump or an open ditch. Some of the biggest National Hunt events of the year in the UK are the Grand National and the Cheltenham Gold Cup.
Dmenin
Dmenin [ˈdmɛnin] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kodrąb, within Radomsko County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 9 km (5.6 mi) east of Radomsko and 80 km (50 mi) south of the regional capital Łódź.

Gmina Kodrąb
Gmina Kodrąb is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Radomsko County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the village of Kodrąb, which lies approximately 13 kilometres (8 mi) east of Radomsko and 77 km (48 mi) south of the regional capital Łódź.

The gmina covers an area of 105.79 square kilometres (40.8 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 4,732.
Îlot Saint-Michel
Îlot Saint-Michel (Saint Michael Island; Breton: Enez Sant Mikel) is an uninhabited island in the English Channel off the coast of Brittany in Côtes-d'Armor, France, near the resort of Sables-d'Or-les-Pins. It is part of the commune of Erquy and is accessible by foot during low tide.

Located on the island is a small chapel, La Chapelle Saint-Michel de Rochecoul. The late 19th-century chapel replaced earlier structures that have been on the island since the Middle Ages, and was completely renovated in the 21st century. The chapel is a place of pilgrimage for locals each 29 September for the Feast day of Saint Michael.

Erquy
Erquy (French pronunciation: [ɛʁki]; Breton: Erge-ar-Mor; Gallo: Erqi) is a commune in the Côtes-d'Armor department of Brittany in northwestern France.

Erquy is located in a cove of the Penthièvre coast bordered by cape Erquy on one side and a volcanic rock formation called pointe de la Heussaye on the other.
Its harbour shelters a flotilla of about 80 trawlers, earning the town a reputation as the scallop "capital". The shellfish are collected in the Saint-Brieuc bay.

It is a popular summar destination, known for its  ten fine sand beaches and pink sandstone houses.

Erquy claims to be the inspiration behind the village of the Asterix comics, which is situated in roughly the same place in ancient Armorica (now Brittany); this would make the villagers likely Coriosolites, a tribe who lived in that area.
Andrew Epstein
Andrew Epstein (born January 14, 1996) is an American former college soccer player who last played for Stanford University. Epstein won the 2016 NCAA Division I Men's Soccer Tournament Most Outstanding Player Defensive MVP Award when the program won the 2016 NCAA Division I Men's Soccer Championship Game. He majored in Electrical Engineering, and was known for his strong efforts on group projects.

NCAA Division I Men's Soccer Tournament Most Outstanding Player
At the conclusion of the NCAA Division I Men's Soccer Tournament (the "College Cup" tournaments), United Soccer Coaches selects two Most Outstanding Players: one for the Offensive Most Outstanding Player and the Defensive Most Outstanding Player. The MOP need not be, but is often a member of the Championship team.
Turn It Loose
"Turn it Loose" is a song written by Craig Bickhardt, Don Schlitz and Brent Maher, and recorded by American country music duo The Judds.  It was released in January 1988 as the fourth single from the album Heartland.  The song was their eleventh number one country single.  The single went to number one for one week and spent a total of twelve weeks on the country chart.

Craig Bickhardt
Craig William Bickhardt (born September 7, 1954) is an American country music singer and songwriter. His musical career includes co-writing credits for the Judds, Steve Wariner, Kathy Mattea and others. He was also a member of S-K-B, formerly S-K-O, after Paul Overstreet exited the band. He has released six studio albums and one live album of his own.
Askia Isma'il
Askia Ismail was the sixth ruler of the Songhai Empire from 1537 – 1539, and fourth from the Askia dynasty. He was the son of Askia Mohammad I, the founder of the Askia dynasty, and Maryam Daabu, a member of the Malian royal family captured in 1501.

Askiya dynasty
The Askiya dynasty, also known as the Askia dynasty, ruled the Songhai Empire at the height of that state's power. It was founded in 1493 by Askia Mohammad I, a general of the Songhai Empire who usurped the Sonni dynasty. The Askiya ruled from Gao over the vast Songhai Empire until its defeat by a Saadi invasion force in 1591. After the defeat, the dynasty moved south back to its homeland and created several smaller kingdoms in what is today Songhai in south-western Niger and further south in the Dendi.
Buckeye Township, Illinois
Buckeye Township is located in Stephenson County, Illinois. As of the 2010 census, its population was 1,359 and it contained 596 housing units. The communities of Cedarville, Red Oak, Buena Vista, Afolkey and Buckhorn Corners are located in the township.

Stephenson County, Illinois
Stephenson County is a county located in the U.S. state of Illinois. According to the 2020 United States census, it had a population of 44,630. Its county seat is Freeport. Stephenson County is included in the Freeport, IL Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Rockford-Freeport-Rochelle, IL Combined Statistical Area.
Daivathinte Swantham Cleetus
Daivathinte Swantham Cleetus is a 2013 Malayalam-language action comedy film directed by debutante director Marthandan and scripted by Benny P Nayarambalam. Set against the backdrop of theatre, Mammootty plays the title role of Cleetus, a theatre artiste and a gangster. Siddique, Suraj Venjaramoodu, and Honey Rose play other prominent roles in the film. It was released on 12 September 2013.

Honey Rose
Honey Rose (born 5 September 1991) is an Indian actress who mainly acts in Malayalam films. She has also appeared in a few Tamil, Kannada and Telugu films. She made her acting debut with the 2005 Malayalam film Boyy Friennd. Her breakthrough role came in 2012 with Trivandrum Lodge.
Jeffrey Daniel
Jeffrey Glen Daniel (born August 24, 1955) is an American dancer, singer, songwriter, and choreographer, and a founding member of the R&B vocal group Shalamar. In Nigeria, he is best known as a judge on the first three seasons of Nigerian Idol.

A Night to Remember (Shalamar song)
"A Night to Remember" is a song by the American R&B group Shalamar. It was released in 1982 as the second single from their sixth studio album, Friends. The song was written by Nidra Beard of Dynasty, Dana Meyers and Charmaine Sylvers of the Sylvers. Jody Watley and Howard Hewett share lead vocals on the song.
Ben Aris
Benjamin Patrick Aris (16 March 1937 – 4 September 2003) was an English actor who was best known for his parts in Hi-de-Hi! and To the Manor Born, and was also very active on stage. He was often cast as an eccentric, upper-class or upper-middle class man.

Savage Messiah (1972 film)
Savage Messiah is a 1972 British biographical drama film of the life of French sculptor Henri Gaudier-Brzeska, made by Russ-Arts and distributed by MGM. It was directed and produced by Ken Russell, with Harry Benn as associate producer, from a screenplay by Christopher Logue, based on the 1931 book Savage Messiah by H. S. Ede. Much of the content of Ede's book came from letters sent between Henri Gaudier-Brzeska and his lover Sophie Brzeska.
Australian Rosny Children's Choir
The Australian Rosny Children's Choir is a children's choir based in Rosny, Tasmania, known for its distinctive choral repertoire, contributions to cultural diplomacy, and its role in developing young Tasmanian musicians.

Established in 1967 by the accomplished choral director and piano teacher Jennifer Filby, the choir initially performed locally but quickly gained national and international acclaim. Over three decades under Filby’s leadership, the choir performed widely, collaborated with symphony orchestras, commissioned new Australian works, and undertook international tours that established its reputation as one of Australia’s premier children’s choirs. At its peak in the 1980s, the organisation included approximately 160 children in its training, performance, and touring divisions.

Rosny, Tasmania
Rosny is a suburb of the City of Clarence, part of the greater Hobart area, Tasmania, Australia. It is located on the eastern shore of the Derwent River, between the suburbs of Montagu Bay and Rosny Park, approximately 4 kilometres from Hobart's centre. Rosny is the residential part of its commercial namesake Rosny Park.

Rosny is a scenic, quiet residential area, with sweeping views of the Derwent River and its estuary, the Tasman Bridge and Mount Wellington, and looks directly across the river to the CBD of Hobart.  It is located on a narrow peninsula which juts out from the eastern shore at Rosny Point and climbs the rising slopes of Rosny Hill.