hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Euclid's orchard
In mathematics, informally speaking, Euclid's orchard is an array of one-dimensional "trees" of unit height planted at the lattice points in one quadrant of a square lattice. More formally, Euclid's orchard is the set of line segments from (x, y, 0) to (x, y, 1), where x and y are positive integers.

The trees visible from the origin are those at lattice points (x, y, 0), where x and y are coprime, i.e., where the fraction ⁠x/y⁠ is in reduced form. The name Euclid's orchard is derived from the Euclidean algorithm.

If the orchard is projected relative to the origin onto the plane x + y = 1 (or, equivalently, drawn in perspective from a viewpoint at the origin) the tops of the trees form a graph of Thomae's function. The point (x, y, 1) projects to

The solution to the Basel problem can be used to show that the proportion of points in the ⁠⁠ grid that have trees on them is approximately  and that the error of this approximation goes to zero in the limit as n goes to infinity.

Coprime integers
In number theory, two integers a and b are coprime, relatively prime or mutually prime if the only positive integer that is a divisor of both of them is 1. Consequently, any prime number that divides a does not divide b, and vice versa. This is equivalent to their greatest common divisor (GCD) being 1. One says also a is prime to b or a is coprime with b.

The numbers 8 and 9 are coprime, despite the fact that neither—considered individually—is a prime number, since 1 is their only common divisor. On the other hand, 6 and 9 are not coprime, because they are both divisible by 3. The numerator and denominator of a reduced fraction are coprime, by definition.
Tapioca
Tapioca (/ˌtæpiˈoʊkə/; Portuguese: [tapiˈɔkɐ]) is a starch extracted from the tubers of the cassava plant (Manihot esculenta, also known as manioc), a species native to the North and Northeast regions of Brazil, but which is now found in West Africa, Southeast Asia, and elsewhere. It is a perennial shrub adapted to the hot conditions of tropical lowlands. Cassava copes better with poor soils than many other food plants.

Tapioca is a staple food for millions of people in tropical countries. It provides only carbohydrate food value, and is low in protein, vitamins, and minerals. In other countries, it is used as a thickening agent in various manufactured foods.

Bubble tea
Bubble tea (also known as pearl milk tea, bubble milk tea, tapioca milk tea, boba tea, or boba; Chinese: 珍珠奶茶; pinyin: zhēnzhū nǎichá, 波霸奶茶; bōbà nǎichá) is a tea-based drink most often containing chewy tapioca balls, milk, and flavouring. It originated in Taiwan in the 1980s and spread to other countries where there is a large East Asian diaspora population.

Bubble tea is most commonly made with tapioca pearls (also known as "boba" or "balls"), but it can be made with other toppings as well, such as grass jelly, aloe vera, red bean, and popping boba. It has many varieties and flavours, but the two most popular varieties are pearl black milk tea and pearl green milk tea ("pearl" for the tapioca balls at the bottom).
2008 United Nations Climate Change Conference
The 2008 United Nations Climate Change Conference took place at PIF Congress Centre, Poznań International Fair (PIF), in Poznań, Poland, between December 1 and December 12, 2008.  Representatives from over 180 countries attended along with observers from intergovernmental and nongovernmental organizations.

The conference encompassed meetings of several bodies, including the 14th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP 14) and the 4th Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (MOP 4 or CMP 4). Subsidiaries of these bodies also met, including the fourth session of the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action under the Convention (AWG-LCA 4), a resumed session of the Ad HocWorking Group on Further Commitments for Annex I Parties under the Kyoto Protocol (AWG-KP 6), and the twenty-ninth sessions of the Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI 29), and the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA 29).

Poznań International Fair
The Poznań International Fair (PIF, Polish: Międzynarodowe Targi Poznańskie, MTP) is the biggest industrial fair in Poland. It is held on the Poznań fairground in Poland. Poznań International Fair is located in the centre of the city opposite the main railway station – Poznań Główny, in the centre of Poland and in the centre of Europe.

Typically, there are about 13,200 exhibitors including about 3,000 foreign companies from 70 countries of the world participating in 80 trade fair events organized on the grounds of the Poznań fair.

The Poznań-based fair owns the largest exhibition and conference infrastructure in Poland, including 16 high standard air-conditioned halls with a large exhibition area (over 110,000 square metres (1,200,000 sq ft) in exhibition halls and almost 35,000 square metres (380,000 sq ft) on open grounds) and 81 modern conference rooms.
Suzetrigine
Suzetrigine, sold under the brand name Journavx, is an oral medication used for moderate to severe acute pain management in adults. It is a small-molecule non-opioid analgesic that works as a selective inhibitor of Nav1.8-dependent pain-signaling pathways in the peripheral nervous system. Nav1.8 channels are predominantly present in peripheral nociceptive neurons of the dorsal root ganglia. Suzetrigine inhibits pain signals before they reach the central nervous system and has no addictive potential.

The most common adverse reactions include itching, muscle spasms, increased blood level of creatine phosphokinase, and rash.

Suzetrigine was developed by Vertex Pharmaceuticals. It was approved for medical use in the United States on January 30, 2025. Due to Suzetrigine's novel mechanism of action, it is the first medication to be approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the non-opioid class of medications for the treatment of moderate-to-severe acute pain.

Vertex Pharmaceuticals
Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated is an American biopharmaceutical company based in Boston, Massachusetts. It was one of the first biotech firms to use an explicit strategy of rational drug design rather than combinatorial chemistry. It maintains headquarters in Boston, Massachusetts, and three research facilities, in San Diego, California, and Milton Park, Oxfordshire, England.
2010 NCAA Division III men's lacrosse tournament
The 2010 NCAA Division III men's lacrosse tournament was held from May 12 through May 30, 2010. It was the 31st annual Division III NCAA Men's Lacrosse Championship tournament. Sixteen NCAA Division III college men's lacrosse teams met after having played their way through a regular season, and for some, a play-in game to advance to the tournament.

The tournament culminated on Memorial Day weekend at M&T Bank Stadium in Baltimore, Maryland. That venue also hosted the Division I and Division II championships. The Division III championship game took place on May 30, as a doubleheader with the Division II final, and pitted perennial Division III powerhouse Salisbury against final newcomer Tufts University. It was Salisbury's eleventh championship game appearance under head coach Jim Berkman. Tufts controlled the game throughout on its way to upset Salisbury, 9–6. It was Tufts University's first NCAA championship in any sport.

Tufts Jumbos
The Tufts Jumbos are the varsity intercollegiate athletic programs of Tufts University, in Medford, Massachusetts. The Jumbos compete at the NCAA Division III level as a member of the New England Small College Athletic Conference (NESCAC). Like all Division III schools, Tufts does not offer athletic scholarships. Coed and women's sailing are the only Division I sports at the school.

Tufts won the NACDA Directors' Cup in 2021–22 with the most successful athletic programs in NCAA Division III that year.

The University mascot is named for Jumbo the elephant. P.T. Barnum donated this famous circus animal's stuffed hide to Tufts University, where it was displayed at the P.T. Barnum Hall for many years. The hide was destroyed in a fire in April 1975. The salvaged ashes of Jumbo were placed in a peanut butter jar, which continues to serve as a good luck charm for Tufts athletics teams.
Michael Goreseb
Michael Bantu Goreseb (22 April 1955 - 8 August 2022). He was  a Namibian politician.

He was a member of the United Democratic Front, Goreseb and served as a member of the National Assembly of Namibia since the 2004 parliamentary election until his death in 2021.

In the National Assembly, the Erongo Region native has been a member of the Standing Committee on Economics, Natural Resources and Public Administration, as well as the Standing Committee on Human Resources, Social and Community Development. Prior to entering national politics, Goreseb was mayor and town councillor of Usakos, Erongo from 1998 to 2003. In 1994, Goreseb earned a Diploma in Education from Windhoek College of Education.

Usakos
Usakos (English: grab the heel, Otjiherero: Okanduu) is a town on the banks of river Khan, 140 kilometres north-east of Swakopmund in the Erongo Region of Namibia. It is located on the B2 (part of the Trans-Kalahari Corridor), the main road between the Walvis Bay and Johannesburg. The town has 5,094 inhabitants.
Political geography of Nineteen Eighty-Four
In George Orwell's 1949 dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four, the world is divided into three superstates: Oceania, Eurasia and Eastasia, which are all fighting each other in a perpetual war in a disputed area mostly located around the equator. All that Oceania's citizens know about the world is whatever the Party wants them to know, so how the world evolved into the three states is unknown; and it is also unknown to the reader whether they actually exist in the novel's reality, or whether they are a storyline invented by the Party to advance social control. The nations appear to have emerged from nuclear warfare and civil dissolution over 20 years between 1945 and 1965, in a post-war world where totalitarianism becomes the predominant form of ideology, through English Socialism of Oceania, Neo-Bolshevism of Eurasia, and Death-Worship of Eastasia.

Perpetual war
A perpetual war, endless war or forever war is a lasting state of war with no clear conditions that would lead to its conclusion. These wars are usually situations of ongoing tension that may escalate at any moment, similar to the Cold War. From the late 20th century, the concepts have been used to critique the United States Armed Forces interventions in foreign nations and the military–industrial complex such as the Vietnam War and the Soviet-Afghan War, or wars with ambiguous enemies such as the war on terror and war on drugs.
Hiram Meléndez Juarbe
Hiram Meléndez-Juarbe (born in 1976 in San Juan, Puerto Rico) was a member of the Puerto Rico Commission on Civil Rights. He is a Professor and former Associate Dean at the University of Puerto Rico School of Law, where he teaches constitutional law, privacy and technology, copyright and intellectual property topics, cyberlaw, administrative law and seminars on constitutional law and cyberspace. He is founder of the UPR New Technologies, Intellectual Property and Society Clinic and co-legal lead of Creative Commons Puerto Rico. He graduated from the University of Puerto Rico (BA 1997, JD 2000), Harvard University (LL.M. 2002) and New York University (LL.M. 2008, SJD 2013).  He is co-founder of the blawg derechoalderecho.

University of Puerto Rico School of Law
The University of Puerto Rico School of Law  is the law school of the University of Puerto Rico at Río Piedras, the only law school in the University of Puerto Rico System and the only public law school in Puerto Rico. It was founded in 1913 at its present site in Río Piedras, which at the time was an independent municipality and is now part of the City of San Juan. The School of Law has been accredited by the American Bar Association since 1945 and has been a member of the Association of American Law Schools since 1948.
Glaze3D
Glaze3D was a family of graphics cards announced by BitBoys Oy on August 2, 1999, that would have produced substantially better performance than other consumer products available at the time. The family, which would have come in the Glaze3D 1200, Glaze3D 2400 and Glaze3D 4800 models, was supposed to offer full support for DirectX 7, OpenGL 1.2, AGP 4×, 4× anisotropic filtering, full-screen anti-aliasing and a host of other technologies not commonly seen at the time. The 1.5 million gate GPU would have been fabricated by Infineon on a 0.2 μm eDRAM process, later to be reduced to 0.17 μm with a minimum of 9 MB of embedded DRAM and 128 to 512 MB of external SDRAM. The maximum supported video resolution was 2048×1536 pixels.

BitBoys
Bitboys Oy was a hardware development and licensing company based in Finland, founded in 1991 and acquired by ATI Technologies for up to US$44M on May 2, 2006. Until the acquisition, Bitboys had focused on mobile phone gaming, and had developed a large vector graphics-related portfolio.

Bitboys was formed by some of the members of the demogroup Future Crew.

Bitboys became infamous after the 1999 announcement of their Glaze3D series of graphics cards, which later turned out to be vaporware. When Infineon Technologies shut down its embedded DRAM production line, Bitboys quickly transformed from PC desktop graphics chip business to mobile graphics IP business. They could not find another manufacturer capable of producing the part because of the high amount of embedded DRAM used.

After the merger of ATI into the AMD Graphics Product Group, the entire BitBoys Oy team was acquired by Qualcomm on January 22, 2009, following the sale of AMD Imageon intellectual property to Qualcomm.
Lebonya languages
Lebonya is a proposed intermediate group of Bantu languages coded Zone D in Guthrie's classification. There are three branches:

Lengola

Bodo

the Nyali languages

Glottolog 2.3 classifies Bodo instead as one of the Ngendan languages.

Boan languages
Boan (Buan, Ababuan) is a proposed intermediate group of Bantu languages coded Zones C and D in Guthrie's classification. There are three branches:

Komo (D20)

Bali (D20), ?Beeke

Bomokandian (the various Bwa and Biran languages)
Biran (Bira–Amba) (D22, D30)
Homa (Ngenda) (D40)
Lika (D20)
Bati–Angba (Bwa) (C40)

Beeke is an erstwhile member of the Nyali cluster that seems to be closest to Bali.

In the Glottolog 2.3 classification, several additional, poorly attested languages are included as being closest to Homa/Ngenda:

Bali (D20)

Old Bomokandian
Komoic (Biran, incl. Komo)
Middle Bomokandian (Lika & Bati–Angba)
Ngbele–Ngenda
Extreme-north Vestigial-suffix Bantu: Kari, Ngbee, Nyanga-li (Gbati-ri)
Ngendan
Homa, Ngbinda, ?Boguru, ?Bodo (perhaps instead Lebonya)
Nataliya Kotsina
Nataliya Kotsina (born Belarusian: Наталля Коціна; 7 September 1991) is a Belarusian handballer playing in the Turkish Women's Handball Super League for Kastamonu Bld. GSK and the Belarısian national team. The 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in)-tall sportswoman plays in the left wing position.

In January 2015, she transferred from SHC Gorodnichanka Grodno in her country to the Antalya-based Muratpaşa Bld. SK, which play in the Turkish Women's Handball Super League. She took part at the 2015–16 Women's EHF Cup.

Kastamonu Bld. GSK (women's handball)
Kastamonu Bld. GSK (Turkish: Kastamonu Belediyesi Gençlik Spor Kulübü) is the women's handball team of the similarly named club sponsored by the Municipality of Kastamonu, Turkey. The team competes in the Turkish Super League and the 2022–23 Women's EHF Champions League.
Beginning (play)
Beginning is a 2017 play by David Eldridge. The first of a trilogy of plays to look at love and relationships, it is followed by Middle.

A two-hander, the cast featured Justine Mitchell as Laura and Sam Troughton as Danny. Directed by Polly Findlay, the play opened in the Dorfman at the National Theatre in October 2017, where it ran until 14 November 2017, enjoying a sold-out run.

The production transferred to the Ambassadors Theatre in the West End on 23 January 2018, following previews from 15 January. It was scheduled to conclude its limited run on 24 March. Mitchell and Troughton reprised their roles as Laura and Danny respectively.

The play received favourable reviews, gaining five stars from both Dominic Cavendish in The Daily Telegraph and Fiona Mountford in The Evening Standard, and four stars from Phil Willmott on the London Box Office news & reviews section.

Subsequent productions have been put on at the Gate Theatre, Dublin  and the Royal Exchange, Manchester

Polly Findlay
Polly Findlay is an Olivier Award winning British theatre and film director. She has directed eight productions for the National Theatre, and four for the Royal Shakespeare Company, where she is an associate artist. She has also directed numerous productions at the Donmar, the Bridge, and the Almeida.

She directed her first feature film, Midwinter Break, for Film4 and Focus Features, starring Lesley Manville and Ciarán Hinds, which will have a theatrical release in spring 2026. She has written a feature film for BBC Films, which will be shooting in 2026.

She is an honorary fellow of Exeter College, Oxford.
Out Our Way
Out Our Way was an American single-panel comic strip series by Canadian-American comic strip artist J. R. Williams. Distributed by Newspaper Enterprise Association, the cartoon series was noted for its depiction of American rural life and the various activities and regular routines of families in small towns. The panel introduced a cast of continuing characters, including the cowboy Curly and ranch bookkeeper Wes. Out Our Way ran from 1922 to 1977, at its peak appearing in more than 700 newspapers.

Newspaper Enterprise Association
The Newspaper Enterprise Association (NEA) is an editorial column and comic strip newspaper syndication service based in the United States and established in 1902. The oldest syndicate still in operation, the NEA was originally a secondary news service to the Scripps Howard News Service; it later evolved into a general syndicate best known for syndicating the comic strips Alley Oop, Our Boarding House, Freckles and His Friends, The Born Loser, Frank and Ernest, and Captain Easy / Wash Tubbs; in addition to an annual Christmas comic strip. Along with United Feature Syndicate, the NEA was part of United Media from 1978 to 2011, and is now a division of Andrews McMeel Syndication. The NEA once selected college All-America teams, and presented awards in professional football and professional basketball.
City of Paris (Los Angeles)
City of Paris (originally S. Lazard & Co.) was a dry goods store and eventually Los Angeles' first department store, operating from the 1850s through 1897, first as Lazard & Kremer Co., then Lazard & Wolfskill Co., then S. Lazard & Co., then with the store name City of Paris operated by Eugene Meyer & Co., then by Stern, Cahn & Loeb. It should not be confused with the much more famous City of Paris store of San Francisco, or the Ville de Paris department store of Los Angeles, of Mr. A. Fusenot, which was a spinoff of San Francisco's "City of Paris".

City of Paris Dry Goods Co.
The City of Paris Dry Goods Company (later City of Paris) was one of San Francisco's important department stores from 1850 to 1972, located diagonally opposite Union Square. In the mid-20th century, it opened a few branches in other cities of the Bay Area. The main San Francisco store was demolished in 1980 after a lengthy preservation fight to build a new Neiman Marcus, but the store's original rotunda and glass dome were preserved and incorporated into the new design.
Palácio das Indústrias
The Palácio das Indústrias is a historical building in São Paulo, under the protection of the Council for the Defense of Historical, Archaeological, Artistic and Tourist Heritage (CONDEPHAAT).

It was designed by Domiziano Rossi in conjunction with Ramos de Azevedo and Ricardo Severo and is located in the Parque Dom Pedro II. It is a representative of the Eclectic style and was designed for hosting industrial exhibitions.

The first exhibition was held there in 1917. It was converted into a legislative assembly in 1947 and its name was changed to the "Palácio Nove de Julho" (Ninth of July, commemorating the Constitutionalist Revolution). In the 1970s, it also served as the home of the Public Security Secretariat and contained some jail cells.

In 1992, after restorations by the architect Lina Bo Bardi, it served briefly as the City Hall. Since 2009, it has been the home of the Catavento Museum science museum.

Ramos de Azevedo
Francisco de Paula Ramos de Azevedo (8 December 1851 — 13 June 1928) was a Brazilian architect, known for designing various buildings and landmarks in São Paulo, such as the Teatro Municipal, the Mercado Municipal, and the Pinacoteca. He was one of the founders and director of the University of São Paulo's Polytechnical School.
Cy Barger
Eros Bolivar "Cy" Barger (May 18, 1885 – September 23, 1964) was an American right-handed starting pitcher and left-handed batter who played in the American League for the New York Highlanders (1906–07); in the National League with the Brooklyn teams Superbas (1910) and Dodgers (1911–12), and for the Pittsburgh Rebels (1914–15) in the Federal League.

A native of Jamestown, Kentucky, Barger was a dead-ball era pitcher who also played first base and shortstop as well as the outfield. He went to college at Transylvania University and debuted in the majors on August 30, 1906. With the Highlanders, he had a 0–0 record in 11 innings pitched over parts of two seasons.

In 1909, Barger led Rochester to the Eastern League title with 23 wins and minuscule 1.00 earned run average. Again in the majors with the 1910 Superbas, Barger enjoyed a career year with 15 victories and a 2.88 ERA, winning 11 games the following season. With the Rebels, he won 19 games from 1914 to 1915.

Pittsburgh Rebels
The Pittsburgh Rebels were a baseball club based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, from 1913 to 1915. The team was a member of the short-lived Federal League. The team was originally called the Pittsburgh Stogies after an earlier Pittsburgh team that played in the Union Association in 1884, but became known as the Rebels by the end of the 1914 season. The team played all of its home games at Exposition Park, located on Pittsburgh's Northside. The Pittsburgh Pirates of the National League left the stadium for Forbes Field in 1909. After the Rebels left Exposition Park in 1915, the field was demolished and its property became part of the adjacent rail yards.
Austin Dowling
Daniel Austin Dowling (April 6, 1868 – November 29, 1930) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church who served as the second archbishop of what was then the Archdiocese of Saint Paul in Minnesota from 1919 until his death.

Dowling served as the first bishop of the Diocese of Des Moines in Iowa from 1912 to 1919.

Diocese of Des Moines
The Diocese of Des Moines (Latin: Diœcesis Desmoinensis) is a Catholic diocese in southwestern Iowa in the United States. It is a suffragan see in the ecclesiastical province of the metropolitan Archdiocese of Dubuque. The cathedral is St. Ambrose in Des Moines. William Joensen is bishop.
Cellarful of Noise
Cellarful of Noise was a short-lived 1980s rock and new wave pop band featuring Mark Avsec and Kevin Valentine, both members of Donnie Iris and the Cruisers. They released two albums. They also had one song hit the Billboard Hot 100, "Samantha (What You Gonna Do?)", which peaked at #69 in April 1988. They named themselves after Beatles  manager Brian Epstein's biography book of the same name.

Mark Avsec
Mark Avsec (born August 23, 1954) is an American rock keyboardist, songwriter, and producer. He was a member of the funk rock band Wild Cherry.

Avsec was an original member of Donnie Iris & the Cruisers. He wrote or co-wrote all of the band's music, was its sole lyricist, and produced all of its albums.

Since 1995, he has also been a copyright lawyer.