hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Star coloring
In the mathematical field of graph theory, a star coloring of a graph G is a (proper) vertex coloring in which every path on four vertices uses at least three distinct colors. Equivalently, in a star coloring, the induced subgraphs formed by the vertices of any two colors has connected components that are star graphs. Star coloring has been introduced by Grünbaum (1973). The star chromatic number ⁠⁠ of G is the fewest colors needed to star color G.

Star (graph theory)
In graph theory, the star Sk is the complete bipartite graph K1, k, that is, it is a tree with one internal node and k leaves.  Alternatively, some authors define Sk to be the tree of order k with maximum diameter 2, in which case a star of k > 2 has k − 1 leaves.

A star with 3 edges is called a claw.

The star Sk is edge-graceful when k is even and not when k is odd. It is an edge-transitive matchstick graph, and has diameter 2 (when k > 1), girth  (it has no cycles), chromatic index k, and chromatic number 2 (when k > 0). Additionally, the star has large automorphism group, namely, the symmetric group on k letters.

Stars may also be described as the only connected graphs in which at most one vertex has degree greater than one.
Winterbourne Bassett Stone Circle
51°28′43″N 1°51′59″W﻿ / ﻿51.4785°N 1.86649°W﻿ / 51.4785; -1.86649
Winterbourne Bassett Stone Circle is the remains of a stone circle near the village of Winterbourne Bassett in Wiltshire, South West England. Investigations in the 18th and 19th centuries found evidence of an outer and inner ring, and a single central stone; today six stones are visible although none remain upright.

Winterbourne Bassett
Winterbourne Bassett is a small village and civil parish in Wiltshire, England, about 6 miles (10 km) southwest of Swindon and 7 miles (11 km) northwest of Marlborough.

The village lies just west of the A4361 road between Swindon and Devizes, about 3 miles (5 km) north of Avebury. The minor road through the village continues west to Clyffe Pypard. The parish shares a grouped parish council with the neighbouring parish of Broad Hinton.
Ipswich Supercars round
The Ipswich Super 440 (known for sponsorship reasons as the Century Batteries Ipswich Super 440) is the current name for the annual motor racing event for Supercars, held at Queensland Raceway near Ipswich, Queensland. The event has been a semi-regular part of the Supercars Championship—and its previous incarnations, the Shell Championship Series and V8 Supercars Championship—from 1999, with a hiatus between 2020 and 2024.

Ipswich, Queensland
Ipswich (/ˈɪpswɪtʃ/ ⓘ) is an urban centre within the City of Ipswich in South East Queensland, Australia. Situated on the Bremer River, it is approximately 40 km (25 mi) west of the Brisbane central business district. Ipswich is renowned for its architectural, natural and cultural heritage, and the city preserves and operates from many of its historical buildings, with more than 6000 heritage-listed sites and over 500 parks. Ipswich was founded in 1827 as a mining settlement, and soon developed into a major commercial and population centre. The suburb of the same name serves as the city's central business district. In the 2021 census, the population of the urban area of Ipswich was 115,913 people.
Pierre-Hugues Herbert
Pierre-Hugues Herbert (French pronunciation: [pjɛʁ yɡ ɛʁbɛʁ]; born 18 March 1991) is a French professional tennis player. In doubles, he has completed the Career Grand Slam with titles at the 2015 US Open, the 2016 Wimbledon Championships, the 2018 French Open, the 2021 French Open, and the 2019 Australian Open partnering Nicolas Mahut. His career-high doubles ranking is world No. 2 achieved on 11 July 2016. The pair have also claimed seven ATP Tour Masters 1000 titles and ATP Finals titles in 2019 and 2021. In singles, Herbert has reached four ATP career finals and achieved his career-high singles ranking of world No. 36 on 11 February 2019.

2018 French Open – Men's doubles
Pierre-Hugues Herbert and Nicolas Mahut won the men's doubles tennis title at the 2018 French Open, defeating Oliver Marach and Mate Pavić in the final, 6–2, 7–6(7–4). Herbert and Mahut were the third all-French team to reach the French Open men's doubles final in six years.

Ryan Harrison and Michael Venus were the defending champions, but they chose not to compete together this year. Harrison played alongside Vasek Pospisil, but lost in the first round to Federico Delbonis and Benoît Paire. Venus teamed up with Raven Klaasen, but lost in the third round to Nikola Mektić and Alexander Peya.

Pavić retained the ATP no. 1 doubles ranking when fellow contenders John Peers, Łukasz Kubot and Mike Bryan all lost before the semifinals.

Bob Bryan withdrew from the tournament with a right hip injury, ending a streak of 76 consecutive Grand Slam events played alongside his brother Mike as a team. 2017 US Open title holder, Horia Tecău, missed his first Grand Slam in 10 years with injury.
Spencer Miller
Spencer Miller is a professional rugby league footballer who has played as a second-row or loose forward in the 2000s and the 2010s. He has played at representative level for Scotland, and at club level for Whitehaven.

Whitehaven R.L.F.C.
Whitehaven R.L.F.C. is a professional rugby league club, from Whitehaven, Cumbria. They currently play in League One following relegation from the Championship in 2024. They currently play their games at the Recreation Ground (known locally as the Recre).

Their nicknames are 'Haven' or the 'Marras' (a local dialect word for 'mates'). Their mascot is a lion called "Pride". Between 1997 and 2003 they were known as Whitehaven Warriors.

Their local rivals are Workington Town.
Ghukas Chubaryan
Ghukas Chubaryan (Armenian: Ղուկաս Չուբարյան; 1923 – March 23, 2009) was a prominent Armenian sculptor, People's Artist of Armenia. He authored numerous works that later became symbols of the Armenian capital.

Chubaryan became famous in 1968, after his basalt statue of Mesrop Mashtots was located in front of the Matenadaran.

One of the most important Armenian artists in the post-Stalin Soviet period, Chubaryan also made the prominent decorative ornaments on the government building in the 1950s and the facade of Yerevan Opera House in 1980s. He is also known as the sculptor of Hovhannes Tumanyan (monuments in Tumanyan's birthplace Dsegh, Armenia and in the front of Tumanyan's museum, Yerevan) and Alexander Spendiaryan monuments (Opera House square and in the front of Musical school named after Alexander Spendiaryan, Yerevan).

Mesrop Mashtots
Mesrop Mashtots (listenⓘ; Armenian: Մեսրոպ Մաշտոց, romanized: Mesrop Maštoc' 362 – 17 February 440 AD) was an  Armenian linguist, composer, theologian, statesman, and hymnologist. He is venerated as a saint in the Armenian Apostolic Church.

He is best known for inventing the Armenian alphabet c. 405 AD, which was a fundamental step in strengthening Armenian national identity. He is also considered to be the creator of the Caucasian Albanian and, possibly, the Georgian script, though it is disputed.
Agni IPS
Agni IPS is a 1997 Indian Kannada-language action film directed by Anand P. Raju, written by R. Selvaraj and produced by Rockline Venkatesh. The film stars Saikumar and Ranjitha, with B. Saroja Devi playing a supporting role. The film has musical score by Ram Chakravarthy, and the cinematography was by J. G. Krishna.

P. Sai Kumar
Pudipeddi Sai Kumar (born 27 July 1960) is an Indian actor, dubbing artist, and television presenter who works primarily in Telugu and Kannada cinema. He has received three Filmfare Awards, two Nandi Awards, and two South Indian International Movie Awards (SIIMA). His performance in Prasthanam (2010) was included in the "100 Greatest Performances of the Decade" by Film Companion. In addition to acting, he has worked extensively as a dubbing artist.
Battle of Nashville
The Battle of Nashville was a two-day battle in the Franklin-Nashville Campaign that represented the end of large-scale fighting west of the coastal states in the American Civil War. It was fought at Nashville, Tennessee, on December 15–16, 1864, between the Confederate Army of Tennessee under Lieutenant General John Bell Hood and the Union Army of the Cumberland (Dept. of the Cumberland) (AoC) under Major General George H. Thomas. In one of the largest victories achieved by the Union army during the war, Thomas attacked and routed Hood's army, largely destroying it as an effective fighting force.

Alexander P. Stewart
Alexander Peter Stewart (October 2, 1821 – August 30, 1908) was a Confederate military officer during the American Civil War and a college professor. He fought in many of the most significant battles in the Western Theater of the war and briefly took command of the Army of Tennessee in 1865.
Hiroshi Matsumoto (engineer)
Hiroshi Matsumoto (松本 紘, Matsumoto Hiroshi; November 17, 1942 – June 15, 2025) was a Japanese engineer and atmospheric scientist. He was the president of Kyoto University until August 2014, and then served as the president of RIKEN until March 2022. He was a member of the Japanese government's committee on space policy. He had a Doctorate in Engineering (1973, Kyoto University). He was born in Zhangjiakou, China.

His research centered on plasma in the geomagnetosphere and cosmosphere. He developed the KEMPO (Kyoto university ElectroMagnetic Particle) code to reproduce the dynamics of the physical processes of space plasma. He led the plasma wave Geotail observations, and helped elucidate mechanisms of excitation, such as electrostatic solitary waves. He also worked on studies for the practical application of microwave power transmission in space. Matsumoto died on June 15, 2025, at the age of 82.

Riken
Riken (Japanese: 理研; English: /ˈrɪkɛn/; stylized in all caps as RIKEN) is a national scientific research institute in Japan. Founded in 1917, it now has about 3,000 scientists on seven campuses across Japan, including the main site at Wakō, Saitama Prefecture, on the outskirts of Tokyo. Riken is a Designated National Research and Development Institute, and was formerly an Independent Administrative Institution.

Riken conducts research in various fields of science, including physics, chemistry, biology, genomics, medical science, engineering, high-performance computing and computational science, and ranging from basic research to practical applications with 485 partners worldwide. It is almost entirely funded by the Japanese government, with an annual budget of ¥100 billion (US$750 million) in FY2023.
Ferdausi Rahman
Ferdausi Rahman (née Begum; born 28 June 1941) is a Bangladeshi playback singer. She sang some popular film songs for Pakistani films also in the 1960s especially working with the music composer Robin Ghosh in film Chakori released in 1967. She was awarded Ekushey Padak in 1977 and Independence Day Award in 1995 by the government of Bangladesh. She also got the 2015 Bangladesh National Film Award for Lifetime Achievement. She remains the only female to receive the Bangladesh National Film Award for Best Music Director, for the film Megher Onek Rong (1976).

Megher Onek Rong
Megher Onek Rong (Bengali: মেঘের অনেক রং) is a Bangladeshi Bengali film directed by Harunur Rashid based on Bangladesh Liberation war.
This film got National Film Awards in five categories including Best Film, Best Director, Best Child Artist, Best Music Director, and Best Cinematography.
New York's 38th State Senate district
New York's 38th State Senate district is one of 63 districts in the New York State Senate. It is currently  represented by Republican Bill Weber since 2023. It was previously represented Democrat Elijah Reichlin-Melnick since 2021, succeeding fellow Democrat and former IDC member David Carlucci, who waged an unsuccessful run for Congress.

Bill Weber (New York politician)
William J. Weber Jr. is an American politician serving as a member of the New York State Senate from the 38th District since 2023. Weber, a Republican, defeated incumbent Democrat Elijah Reichlin-Melnick in the 2022 election, and beat Reichlin-Melnick again in 2024, by nearly triple the margin of his 2022 victory.

Weber graduated from Pace University in 1991 with a degree in public accountancy. Prior to his election to the Senate, Weber was the chief financial officer of a family-run business.
Justus Möser
Justus Möser (14 December 1720 – 8 January 1794) was a German jurist, social theorist, and conservative commentator best known for his innovative history of Osnabrück which stressed social and cultural themes. Möser is generally seen as the founder of German Conservatism

Conservatism in Germany
Conservatism in Germany (German: Konservatismus) has encompassed a wide range of theories and ideologies in the last three hundred years, but most historical conservative theories supported the monarchical/hierarchical political structure.
Caventou (crater)
Caventou is a tiny lunar impact crater located in the western part of the Mare Imbrium. It is a circular, cup-shaped formation surrounded by the lunar mare. It was named after French chemist Joseph B. Caventou in 1976. Prior to that, it had the designation La Hire D, being associated with the mountain Mons La Hire to the southeast.

Joseph Bienaimé Caventou
Joseph Bienaimé Caventou (French pronunciation: [ʒozɛf bjɛ̃nɛme kavɑ̃tu]; 30 June 1795 – 5 May 1877) was a French pharmacist. He was a professor at the École de Pharmacie (School of Pharmacy) in Paris. He collaborated with Pierre-Joseph Pelletier in a Parisian laboratory located behind an apothecary. He was a pioneer in the use of mild solvents to isolate a number of active ingredients from plants, making a study of alkaloids from vegetables. Among their successes were the isolation of the following compounds:

Quinine sulfate later proved to be an important remedy for the disease malaria. Quinine is the active anti-malarial ingredient in the bark of cinchona tree.

Neither of the partners chose to patent their discovery of this compound, releasing it for everybody to use. In 1823 they discovered nitrogen in alkaloid compounds. Other compounds they discovered include colchicine and veratrine.

The crater Caventou on the Moon is named after him.
Simon of Kalocsa
Simon was a prelate of foreign origin in the Kingdom of Hungary in the first half of the 12th century. He was bishop of Pécs from around 1108 until 1135 at the latest, and archbishop of Kalocsa and Bács between around 1135 and 1142. His command of Greek is well attested in the sources.

Archdiocese of Kalocsa–Kecskemét
The Archdiocese of Kalocsa–Kecskemét (Hungarian: Kalocsa–Kecskeméti Főegyházmegye, Latin: Archidioecesis Colocensis–Kecskemetensis) is a Latin Church archdiocese of the Catholic Church in Hungary. The diocese is the metropolitan of the Diocese of Pécs and the Diocese of Szeged–Csanád. Its patron saint is Saint Paul. The current archbishop is Balázs Bábel, who was appointed in 1999.
Portland, Guadeloupe
Portland is a settlement in Guadeloupe in the commune of Le Moule, on the island of Grande-Terre.  It is located to the east of Guillocheau and Laureal, and to the west of Dubedou and Zevallos; Conchou is to its north.

Le Moule
Le Moule (French pronunciation: [lə mul]; Guadeloupean Creole: Moul) is the sixth-largest commune in the French overseas department of Guadeloupe. It is located on the northeast side of the island of Grande-Terre.
Karpos
In Roman and Greek mythology, Carpus (/ˈkɑːrpɒs/; Ancient Greek: Καρπός, romanized: Karpos, lit. 'fruit') is a minor character, son of Zephyrus the west wind-god. Carpus drowned in a river, causing his distressed lover Kalamos to end his life as well.

Nonnus
Nonnus of Panopolis (Ancient Greek: Νόννος ὁ Πανοπολίτης, Nónnos ho Panopolítēs, fl. 5th century AD) was the most notable Greek epic poet of the Imperial Roman era. He was a native of Panopolis (Akhmim) in the Egyptian Thebaid and probably lived in the 5th century AD. He is known as the composer of the Dionysiaca, an epic tale of the god Dionysus, and of the Metabole, a paraphrase of the Gospel of John. The epic Dionysiaca describes the life of Dionysus, his expedition to India, and his triumphant return. It was written in Homeric Greek and in dactylic hexameter, and it consists of 48 books at 20,426 lines.
Perimele
In Greek mythology, Perimele or Perimela (Ancient Greek: Περιμήλη) is the name of three mythical personages:

Perimele, daughter of Amythaon. She and Antion, son of Periphas, were the possible parents of Ixion.

Perimele, daughter of Admetus and Alcestis, mother of Magnes by Argus (son of Phrixus and Chalciope).

Perimele, daughter of Hippodamas, who was loved by Achelous and lay with him secretly. When her father discovered that, he pushed her off a cliff into the sea. Achelous kept her floating on the waves for a while, imploring Poseidon to help her. The sea god transformed her into an island which bore her name, one of the Echinades.

Alcestis
In Greek mythology, Alcestis (/ælˈsɛstɪs/; Ancient Greek: Ἄλκηστις, Álkēstis) or Alceste, was a princess of Iolcus known for her love of her husband. Her life story was described by Pseudo-Apollodorus in his Bibliotheca, and a version of her death and return from the dead was also popularized by Euripides' tragedy Alcestis.
Vladimir Engelgardt
Vladimir Aleksandrovich Engelgardt (Russian: Владимир Александрович Энгельгардт) (December 3, 1894, in Moscow – July 10, 1984, in Moscow) was a Soviet biochemist, academician of the Soviet Academy of Medical Sciences (1944), academician of the Soviet Academy of Sciences (1953), and Hero of Socialist Labor (1969). He was the founder and the first director of the Institute of Molecular Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (later renamed the Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology in his honor).

Vladimir Engelgardt is considered to be one of the founders of molecular biology in the Soviet Union.: 52–6

Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology
The Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology (EIMB) (Russian: Институт молекулярной биологии имени В. А. Энгельгардта РАН) is a research institute located in Moscow, Russia. The Institute is included in the Branch of Biological Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences and has the status of a State non-commercial organization.
Félicité (2017 film)
Félicité is a 2017 Senegalese drama film set in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and directed by Alain Gomis. It was selected to compete for the Golden Bear in the main competition section of the 67th Berlin International Film Festival. At Berlin, the film won the Jury Grand Prix award. At the 2017 Africa Movie Academy Awards, it won six awards which is the highest for a film in the history of the award ceremony, including categories for best film, best actress, best supporting actor, best editing, best soundtrack and best film in an African language.

It was selected as the Senegalese entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 90th Academy Awards, making the December shortlist. It was the first time Senegal had sent a film for consideration for the Best Foreign Language film. It also won the 2017 Film Award of the Council of Europe.

Film Award of the Council of Europe
The Council of Europe Film Award (FACE) is presented at the Istanbul International Film Festival by the Council of Europe to the director whose entry to the festival raises public awareness and interest in human rights issues and promotes a better understanding of their significance.
Our Lady of Lourdes Church, Hednesford
Our Lady of Lourdes Church is the Roman Catholic parish church and shrine of Hednesford in Cannock Chase, Staffordshire, England. A Grade II listed building, it was built in 1928–34 together with a Lourdes grotto and is a diocesan shrine and pilgrimage church.

Lourdes grotto
A Lourdes grotto is a replica of the grotto where the Lourdes apparitions occurred in 1858, in the town of Lourdes in France, now part of the sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes. Some Lourdes grottos are almost identical reproductions of the scene of the apparitions, with statues of Our Lady of Lourdes and Bernadette Soubirous in a natural or artificial cave, while others may differ from the original in size, shape or style.
Hina Shah
Hina Shah is an Indian entrepreneur who awards, including the Stree Shakti Award which was awarded by Pratibha Patil the President of India for her contribution in the field of economic development, the Bharat Jyoti Award, the Titan Be More Legend title, and the Best Project Award from the Project Management Institute.

Nari Shakti Puraskar
The Nari Shakti Puraskar (lit. 'Woman Power Award') is an annual award given by the Ministry of Women and Child Development of the Government of India to individual women or to institutions that work towards the cause of women empowerment. It is presented by the president of India on International Women's Day (8 March) at Rashtrapati Bhavan in New Delhi. The award was instituted in 1999 under the title of Stree Shakti Puraskar (lit. 'Woman Power Award'), renamed and reorganised in 2015. It is awarded in six institutional and two individual categories, which carry a cash prize of 200,000 and 100,000 rupees, respectively.
French military mission to Japan (1867–1868)
The French military mission of 1867 to 1868 was one of the first foreign military training missions to Japan, and the first sent by France. The mission was formed by emperor Napoléon III following a request from the Tokugawa shogunate through its emissary to Europe, Shibata Takenaka, with the goal of modernizing the Japanese military.

Shibata was already negotiating the final details of the French support for the construction of the Yokosuka Shipyard, and had additionally requested both the United Kingdom and France to send a military mission for training in Western warfare. The United Kingdom provided support to the Bakufu naval forces through the Tracey Mission.  The French foreign minister Drouyn de Lhuys transmitted the agreement of the French government to provide training to the Shōgun's land-based armed forces.

Shibata Takenaka
Shibata Takenaka (柴田 剛中, February 27, 1823 – August 24, 1877) was an emissary for Japan who visited France in 1865 to help prepare for the construction of the Yokosuka arsenal with French support. Also known as Shibata Sadataro (柴田 貞太郎) as well as "Shadow" because of his reconnaissance work.
Orphans in Need
Orphans in Need is a British charity dedicated to improving and empowering the lives of vulnerable orphans and widows. A UK based organisation, they operate throughout the world supporting 12,000 orphans in 14 countries.

In 2015, Orphans in Need won the British Muslim Awards Muslim Charity of the Year Award for its work in the field of humanitarian relief. This was recognised at a gala event in Birmingham.

English cricketer Moeen Ali supports the charity and works as their Global Ambassador. He helped it raise £260,000 for an orphanage during an event at the Institute of Directors in Pall Mall, London.

Lord Sheikh is a patron of Orphans in Need, along with his ex-wife Shaida Sheikh, and attend a number of events in this capacity throughout the year.

Moeen Ali
Moeen Munir Ali OBE (born 18 June 1987) is an English cricketer, who was formerly vice-captain of England in limited overs cricket. He played for England cricket team between 2014 and 2024. In domestic cricket he represents Yorkshire , having previously played for Worcestershire and Warwickshire. He has also played in multiple Twenty20 leagues.

Ali made his debuts in all three formats in 2014. He was part of the England teams that won the 2019 Cricket World Cup and 2022 T20 World Cup.

On 7 June 2023, Ali announced he was coming out of retirement for England Test team following an injury to first choice spinner Jack Leach, just ahead of the 2023 Ashes Series. He fully retired from Test cricket at the end of the Ashes series. He finally announced his international retirement on 8 September 2024.