hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
English articles
The articles in English are the definite article the and the indefinite article a (which takes the alternate form an when followed by a vowel sound). They are the two most common determiners. The definite article is the default determiner when the speaker believes that the listener knows the identity of a common noun's referent (because it is obvious, because it is common knowledge, or because it was mentioned in the same sentence or an earlier sentence). The indefinite article is the default determiner for other singular, countable, common nouns, while no determiner is the default for other common nouns. Other determiners are used to add semantic information such as amount (many, a few), proximity (this, those), or possession (my, the government's).

A
A, or a, is the first letter and the first vowel letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, and others worldwide. Its name in English is a (pronounced /ˈeɪ/ ⓘ AY), plural aes.

It is similar in shape to the Ancient Greek letter alpha, from which it derives. The uppercase version consists of the two slanting sides of a triangle, crossed in the middle by a horizontal bar. The lowercase version is often written in one of two forms: the double-storey |a| and single-storey |ɑ|. The latter form is commonly used in handwriting and fonts based on it, especially fonts intended to be read by children, and is also found in italic type.
Markov brothers' inequality
In mathematics, the Markov brothers' inequality is an inequality, proved in the 1890s by brothers Andrey Markov and Vladimir Markov, two Russian mathematicians. This inequality bounds the maximum of the derivatives of a polynomial on an interval in terms of the maximum of the polynomial. For k = 1 it was proved by Andrey Markov, and for k = 2, 3, ... by his brother Vladimir Markov.

Vladimir Markov (mathematician)
Vladimir Andreyevich Markov (Russian: Влади́мир Андре́евич Ма́рков; May 8, 1871 – January 18, 1897) was a Russian mathematician, known for proving the Markov brothers' inequality with his older brother Andrey Markov. He died of tuberculosis at the age of 25.
Niram Marum Ulagil
Niram Marum Ulagil (transl. In a world of changing colors) is a 2025 Indian Tamil-language drama film written and directed by Britto JB in his directorial debut, starring Bharathiraja, Natty Subramaniam, Rio Raj and Sandy in the lead roles and  produced by Signature Productionz and GS Cinema International.

Niram Marum Ulagil was released in theatres on 7 March 2025.

Sandy (choreographer)
Santhosh Kumar (born 5 July 1986), known professionally as Sandy, is an Indian actor and choreographer  who works in Tamil and Malayalam films and television. He starred in films such as Leo (2023), Niram Marum Ulagil (2025) and Lokah Chapter 1: Chandra (2025).

Sandy gained popularity in Tamil films for his dance choreography in "Pathala Pathala" and "Monica", and special appearance songs in films like Love Today. In 2019, Sandy participated as a contestant on the reality television show Bigg Boss 3 and emerged as the runner-up.
Altai Krai
Altai Krai (Russian: Алтайский край, IPA: [ɐlˈtajskʲɪj kraj]) is a federal subject of Russia (a krai). It borders, clockwise from the west, Kazakhstan (East Kazakhstan Region, Abai Region and Pavlodar Region), Novosibirsk and Kemerovo, and the Altai Republic. Its administrative centre is the city of Barnaul. As of the 2021 Census, the population of the krai was 2,163,693.

Abai Region
Abai Region (Kazakh: Абай облысы, romanized: Abai oblysy, pronounced [ɑˈbɑj wobləˈsə]) is a region of Kazakhstan. President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev announced on 16 March 2022 that the region would be created. The area split off from East Kazakhstan Region when Tokayev's bill came into force on 8 June 2022. The administrative center of the region is Semey, until 2007 known as "Semipalatinsk". Its borders roughly correspond to the old Semipalatinsk Region which was abolished in 1997 and merged with East Kazakhstan Region.
Radomyśl, Drawsko County
Radomyśl [raˈdɔmɨɕl] (German: Friedrichshof) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wierzchowo, within Drawsko County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately 6 km (4 mi) west of Wierzchowo, 17 km (11 mi) south-east of Drawsko Pomorskie, and 96 km (60 mi) east of the regional capital Szczecin.

The village has a population of 130.

Gmina Wierzchowo
Gmina Wierzchowo is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Drawsko County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. Its seat is the village of Wierzchowo, which lies approximately 22 kilometres (14 mi) east of Drawsko Pomorskie and 101 km (63 mi) east of the regional capital Szczecin.

The gmina covers an area of 229.25 square kilometres (88.5 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 4,489.
Julia Elena Fortún
Julia Elena Fortún Melgarejo (9 October 1929 – 5 December 2016) was a Bolivian historian, anthropologist, folklorist, and ethnomusicologist, pioneer in this last field in her country. She was born in the city of Sucre but lived in La Paz for most of her life.

She obtained an anthropology degree in Buenos Aires, Argentina, and her doctorate in history in the Universidad Central de Madrid in Spain. Back in Bolivia, Fortún studied music in the Academia Eduardo Berdecio and subsequently in the Conservatorio Nacional de Música in the city of La Paz. She died on 5 December 2016 at the age of 87.

In June 1973 she participated in the Primer Congreso del Hombre Andino held in northern Chile. There she coordinated alongside Oreste Plath the symposium on "Basic problems of the study of Andean folklore". However, the 1973 Chilean coup d'état on September 11 hindered the publication of the conference proceedings.

Primer Congreso del Hombre Andino
Primer Congreso del Hombre Andino (First Conference of the Andean Man) was an academic conference in northern Chile organized by the northern branch of the University of Chile in June 1973. Its subject was the Indigenous societies of the Andean world, be these modern, historical or archaeological. The conference was an important milestone in the development of Andean studies including Andean archaeology and for Chile it marked the maturation of academic studies carried out by scholars based in its northern cities.
Commemorative Air Force
The Commemorative Air Force (CAF), formerly known as the Confederate Air Force, is an American non-profit organization based in Dallas, Texas, that preserves and shows historical aircraft at airshows, primarily in the U.S. and Canada.

The CAF has about 13,000 members, more than 70 chapters, and more than 170 aircraft, including the world's largest collection of airworthy warbirds.

Falcon Field (Arizona)
Falcon Field (IATA: MSC, ICAO: KFFZ, FAA LID: FFZ) is in an airport located in Maricopa County, Arizona. It was originally built 6 miles (5.2 nmi; 9.7 km) northeast of Mesa, which later included, and owns it. The National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017–2021 categorized it as a reliever airport. Scheduled service to Bullhead City on Western Express Air ended in January 2007.

Most U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, but Falcon Field is FFZ to the FAA and MSC to the IATA.
NBL Finals
The National Basketball League (NBL) Finals is a tournament held at the end of each NBL season to determine the league champions.

The top six teams qualify for the finals based on their regular season performance. The current Finals format consists of four rounds: two sudden-death play-in games, followed by the best-of-three Semifinals and the best-of-five Grand Final series.

National Basketball League (Australia)
The National Basketball League (NBL) is a men's professional basketball league in Australasia, currently composed of ten teams: nine in Australia and one in New Zealand. It is the premier professional men's basketball league in Australia and New Zealand. The league was played in the Australian winter until 1998 when it switched to summer seasons beginning with the 1998–99 season. The NBL's regular season runs from September to February, with each team playing 33 games. The league's finals extends into March to April, culminating with the Championship grand final series.
El alma no tiene color
El alma no tiene color (International Title: A Soul Without Prejudice) is a Mexican telenovela produced by Juan Osorio for Televisa in 1997. It is based on an original story by Alberto Gómez, inspired by the 1948 Mexican film Angelitos negros.

On Monday, June 23, 1997, Canal de las Estrellas started broadcasting El alma no tiene color weekdays at 5:00pm, replacing Los hijos de nadie. The last episode was broadcast on Friday, November 7, 1997 with Huracán replacing it the following Monday.

Laura Flores, Arturo Peniche and Celia Cruz starred as protagonists, while Lorena Rojas, Claudia Islas, Ofelia Guilmáin, Rafael Rojas, and Carlos Cámara starred as antagonists.

Rafael Rojas (actor)
Rafael Humberto Rojas Morales (born on 16 April 1961, in San José, Costa Rica) is a Costa Rican former male fashion model and actor. He is known for his work in telenovelas, theater, and Mexican cinema.
Cold Start (military doctrine)
Cold Start is a military doctrine that was developed by the Indian Armed Forces for use in a possible war with Pakistan. It involves the various branches of India's military conducting offensive operations as part of unified battlegroups. The doctrine is intended to allow India's conventional forces to perform holding attacks to prevent a nuclear retaliation from Pakistan in case of a conflict. The first Integrated Battle Group has been structured as of August 2019.

XVII Corps (India)
XVII Corps is the first mountain strike corps of India which has been built as a quick reaction force and as well as counter offensive force against China along LAC. Its headquarters are located at Panagarh in West Bengal under Eastern Command. It is also known as Brahmastra Corps.
Jakarta–Serpong Toll Road
The Jakarta–Serpong Toll Road, also known as Ulujami–Serpong Toll Road, is a controlled-access toll road connecting South Jakarta and South Tangerang (mainly BSD City and Bintaro Jaya) in the province of Banten, Indonesia. Operated by Jasa Marga and Nusantara Infrastructure, this toll road is connected to the Jakarta Outer Ring Road in Ulujami and Petukangan areas.

Bintaro Jaya
Bintaro Jaya is a planned township located in Greater Jakarta, Indonesia. It is developed by PT Jaya Real Property Tbk (formerly PT Bintaro Jaya). The development of the township began within South Jakarta in 1979 and is expanded further to South Tangerang in Banten province. The township is built as a satellite city for Jakarta, with a total land area of about 1000 hectares. The name Bintaro is derived from the Bintaro Village, which also takes the name of Bintaro plant (Cerbera manghas), whereas Jaya came from the name of the developer. Bintaro Jaya along with Bumi Serpong Damai (BSD) is one of the largest township in Indonesia.
Lobbes
Lobbes (French pronunciation: [lɔb] ⓘ; Walloon: Lôbe) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Hainaut, Belgium.

On 1 January 2006 Lobbes had a total population of 5,499. The total area is 32.08 km2 which gives a population density of 171 inhabitants per km2.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Bienne-lez-Happart, Lobbes, Mont-Sainte-Geneviève, and Sars-la-Buissière.

The town grew up round Lobbes Abbey, a religious house established here in about 650.

The tramway of the ASVi runs through Lobbes.

Mont-Sainte-Geneviève
50°22′20″N 4°14′11″E﻿ / ﻿50.372347°N 4.236503°E﻿ / 50.372347; 4.236503

Mont-Sainte-Geneviève (French pronunciation: [mɔ̃ sɛ̃t ʒənvjɛv]; Walloon: Mont-Sinte-Djenvire) is a village of Wallonia and a district in the municipality of Lobbes, located in the province of Hainaut, Belgium.
1113–1115 Balearic Islands expedition
In 1114, an expedition to the Balearic Islands, then a Muslim taifa, was launched in the form of a Crusade. Founded on a treaty of 1113 between the Republic of Pisa and Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona, the expedition had the support of Pope Paschal II and the participation of many lords of Catalonia and Occitania, as well as contingents from northern and central Italy, Sardinia, and Corsica. The Crusaders were perhaps inspired by the Norwegian king Sigurd I's attack on Formentera in 1108 or 1109 during the Norwegian Crusade. The expedition ended in 1115 in the conquest of the Balearics, but only until the next year. The main source for the event is the Pisan Liber maiolichinus, completed by 1125.

Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona
Ramon Berenguer III the Great (11 November 1082 – 23 January or 19 July 1131) was the count of Barcelona, Girona, and Ausona from 1086 (jointly with Berenguer Ramon II and solely from 1097), Besalú from 1111, Cerdanya from 1117, and count of Provence in the Holy Roman Empire, from 1112, all until his death in Barcelona in 1131. As Ramon Berenguer I, he was Count of Provence in right of his wife.
Polikarpov I-153
The Polikarpov I-153 Chaika (Russian: Чайка, lit. 'gull') is a late 1930s Soviet sesquiplane fighter. Developed from the I-15 with a retractable undercarriage, the I-153  fought in the Soviet-Japanese combats in Mongolia and was one of the major Soviet fighter types in the early years of the Second World War. Three I-153s are still in flying condition. The I-153 is powered by the Shvetsov M-62 radial engine.

ShKAS machine gun
The ShKAS (Shpitalny-Komaritski Aviatsionny Skorostrelny, Shpitalny-Komaritski rapid fire for aircraft; Russian: ШКАС - Шпитального-Комарицкого Авиационный Скорострельный) is a 7.62 mm calibre machine gun widely used by Soviet aircraft in the 1930s and during World War II. The ShKAS had the highest rate of fire of any aircraft machine gun in general service during WWII, around 1800 RPM. It was designed by Boris Shpitalniy and Irinarkh Komaritsky and entered production in 1934. ShKAS was used in the majority of Soviet fighters and bombers and served as the basis for the ShVAK cannon.
BNXT League Coach of the Year
The BNXT League Coach of the Year award is given annually at the end of the regular season of the BNXT League, which is the highest professional basketball league in Belgium and the Netherlands. This award is given to the coach who has achieved the most outstanding results with the talent at his disposal. This award will be given to both a Belgian and a Dutch coach.

The current award, given by the BNXT League, began when the BNTX League started (with the 2021–22 season).

Beginning with the 2024–25 season, only one coach of the year have been announced each year instead of two separate coaches from both countries.

BNXT League
The BNXT League is a professional basketball league in Belgium and the Netherlands. The league is the first tier in both the Dutch and Belgian system, replacing the DBL and PBL. The inaugural season was the 2021–22 season, which started in September 2021.
Allegany, Oregon
Allegany is an unincorporated community in Coos County, Oregon, United States. It lies at the upstream end of the Millicoma River, where the East Fork Millicoma River and West Fork Millicoma River join to form the main stem, a short tributary of the Coos River. Oregon Route 241 passes through Allegany. The community borders the Elliott State Forest.

The Golden and Silver Falls State Natural Area is a state park northeast of Allegany. It features two 100-foot (30 m) waterfalls in an old-growth forest setting.

West Fork Millicoma River
The West Fork Millicoma River is a tributary, about 34 miles (55 km) long, of the Millicoma River in the U.S. state of Oregon. Rising in northeastern Coos County near the Douglas County line, it flows generally southwest through the Elliott State Forest of the Southern Oregon Coast Range to the community of Allegany. There it joins the East Fork Millicoma River to form the Millicoma. In turn, the Millicoma, which is only about 9 miles (14 km) long, joins the South Fork Coos River to form the Coos River. The Coos River, itself only about 5 miles (8 km) long, empties into the eastern end of Coos Bay, which connects to the Pacific Ocean.
Michael Considine
Michael Patrick Considine (c. 26 January 1885 – 2 November 1959) was an Irish-born Australian politician and unionist. He represented the seat of Barrier in the House of Representatives from 1917 to 1922. A controversial figure, Considine was pressured to resign from the Australian Labor Party (ALP). He won in 1919 as an independent before joining the Socialist Labor Party in 1920, but his seat was abolished for the 1922 election and he was defeated in an attempt to transfer to the seat of Darling.

Socialist Labor Party (Australia)
The Socialist Labor Party was a socialist political party of Australia that existed from 1901 to the 1970s. Originally formed as the Australian Socialist League in 1887, it had members such as George Black, New South Wales Premier William Holman and Prime Minister Billy Hughes.
Monzo
Monzo Bank Limited, trading as Monzo (/ˈmɒnzoʊ/), is a British online bank based in London. Monzo launched as part of a wave of app-based challenger banks entering the UK market.

Originally operating through a mobile app and a prepaid debit card, in April 2017 its UK banking licence restrictions were lifted, enabling it to offer a full current account. As of August 2025, Monzo reported having more than 12.5 million personal banking customers. Their most recent financial results, issued in June 2025, showed an annual net profit of £94.5 million (an increase from the £8.7 million in the previous year) on revenue of £1.2B.

Gina Miller
Gina Nadira Miller (née Singh; born 19 April 1965) is a Guyanese-British business owner and activist who initiated the 2016 R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union court case against the British government over its authority to implement Brexit without approval from Parliament. In September 2019, she successfully challenged the government's prorogation of Parliament, formally supported in the legal proceedings by the former prime minister Sir John Major and the shadow attorney general, Shami Chakrabarti. She founded the True and Fair Campaign in 2012, calling for an end to financial misconduct in the investment and pension industries. Miller was a candidate in the 2025 University of Cambridge Chancellor election.
Chinese classic herbal formula
Chinese classic herbal formulas (simplified Chinese: 经方; traditional Chinese: 經方) are combinations of herbs used in Chinese herbology for supposed greater efficiency in comparison to individual herbs. They are the basic herbal formulas that students of Traditional Chinese medicine learn. Later these students will adapt these classic formulas to match the needs of each patient.

Chinese patent medicine
Chinese patent medicine (CPM, simplified Chinese: 科学中药; traditional Chinese: 科學中藥; pinyin: kēxúe zhōngyào; lit. 'scientific Chinese medicine' or simplified Chinese: 中成药; traditional Chinese: 中成藥; pinyin: zhōngchéngyào; lit. 'pre-made Chinese medicine') are herbal medicines in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), modernized into a ready-to-use form such as tablets, oral solutions or dry suspensions, as opposed to herbs that require cooking (hot water extraction).
Ready for Love (film)
Ready for Love is a 1934 American romantic comedy film directed by Marion Gering and presented by Adolph Zukor for Paramount Pictures. It stars  Richard Arlen, Ida Lupino, and Marjorie Rambeau. It is inspired by the play The Whipping by Eulalie Spence, based on the 1930 novel The Whipping by Roy Flanagan. The film is about school runaway Marigold Tate (Ida Lupino) who "journeys to her retired aunt's home where she soon faces small-town bigotry", and falls in love with handsome newspaper editor Julian Barrow (Richard Arlen).

The film marks the first appearance of Terry, the Cairn Terrier who would go on to appear as Toto in The Wizard of Oz (1939).

Eulalie Spence
Eulalie Spence (June 11, 1894 – March 7, 1981) was a writer, teacher, director, actress and playwright from the British West Indies. She was an influential member of the Harlem Renaissance, writing fourteen plays, at least five of which were published. Spence, who described herself as a "folk dramatist" who made plays for fun and entertainment, was considered one of the most experienced female playwrights before the 1950s, and received more recognition than other black playwrights of the Harlem Renaissance period, winning several competitions. She presented several plays with W.E.B. Du Bois's Krigwa Players, of which she was a member from 1926 to 1928. Spence was also a mentor to theatrical producer Joseph Papp, founder of The Public Theater and the accompanying festival currently known as Shakespeare in the Park.
Among Friends (Cedar Walton album)
Among Friends is a live album by American jazz pianist Cedar Walton recorded in 1982 at Keystone Korner in San Francisco at the same series of concerts that produced Bobby Hutcherson's Farewell Keystone and first released on the Theresa label in 1989. As the album was the final release on the Theresa label so the 1992 Evidence CD received greater distribution.

Keystone Korner
The Keystone Korner was a jazz club in the North Beach neighborhood of San Francisco, California, which opened in 1970 and continued operation until 1983. Many live recordings were made at the club. In the 1970s, Jessica Williams was the house pianist for a number of years.
Trial court
A trial court or court of first instance is a court having original jurisdiction, in which trials take place. Appeals from the decisions of trial courts are usually heard by higher courts with the power of appellate review (appellate courts). Most appellate courts do not have the authority to hear testimony or take evidence, but instead rule solely on matters of law.

In the trial court, evidence and testimony are admitted under the rules of evidence established by applicable procedural law and determinations called findings of fact are made based on the evidence. The court, presided over by one or more judges, makes findings of law based upon the applicable law. In most common law jurisdictions, the trial court often sits with a jury and one judge; in such jury trials, the jury acts as trier of fact. In some cases, the judge or judges act as triers of both fact and law, by either statute, custom, or agreement of the parties; this is referred to as a bench trial.

Original jurisdiction
In common law legal systems, original jurisdiction of a court is the power to hear a case for the first time, as opposed to appellate jurisdiction, when a higher court has the power to review a lower court's decision.
U.S. and Japan Mutual Defense Assistance Agreement
The U.S. and Japan Mutual Defense Assistance Agreement was signed on March 8, 1954, in Tokyo between John Allison of the United States and Katsuo Okazaki of Japan. The accord contained eleven articles and seven amendments (or annexes). The agreement dictated that both the United States and Japan support each other militarily. Specifically, it permitted the United States to station its troops on Japanese soil in order to maintain security in the region. Moreover, Japan was obligated to take responsibility in protecting itself and was permitted to rearm for defensive purposes only. Ultimately, the agreement was ratified on May 1, 1954.

Katsuo Okazaki
Katsuo Okazaki (岡崎 勝男, Okazaki Katsuo; 10 July 1897 – 10 October 1965) was a Japanese diplomat, politician and sportsman.  He served as the Japanese foreign minister in the 1950s. He was also the final – and only Japanese – chairman of the Shanghai Municipal Council.