hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Deditio
In ancient Rome, deditio was the surrender of an enemy community, resulting in the annexation of its territory. The people of the community became peregrini dediticii, free noncitizens under Roman rule.

The Augustan-era historian Livy narrates an early example of deditio from Rome's semilegendary Regal period, when Tarquinius Priscus defeated the Collatini. When asked "Do you surrender yourselves and the people of Collatia, city (urbs), lands (agri), water (aqua), boundary marks (termini), shrines (delubra), utensils (utensilia), and all appurtenances divine and human (divina humanque omnnia), into my power (dicio) and that of the Roman people?" the Collatini replied in the affirmative. Although Rome claimed rights to the lands and property of the defeated, restitution might be made to some individuals or to the conquered people as a whole. Those who had surrendered (dediticii) under these terms were not to be enslaved, as war captives were by custom.

Jus gentium
In Roman law and legal traditions influenced by it, ius gentium or jus gentium (Latin for "law of nations" or "law of peoples") is the law that applies to all gentes ("peoples" or "nations"). It was an early form of international law, comprising not a body of statute law or legal code, but the customary law thought to be held in common by all in "reasoned compliance with standards of international conduct".

Ius gentium was regarded as a form of ius naturale, or natural law. Unlike ius civile, it applied to all persons and not only Roman citizens, as the rules of ius gentium could be derived from natural reason as innate in all of mankind.

Following the Christianization of the Roman Empire, canon law also contributed to the European ius gentium. By the 16th century, the shared concept of the ius gentium disintegrated as individual European nations developed distinct bodies of law, the authority of the Pope declined, and colonialism created subject nations outside the West.
Kichepo people
The Kichepo are a Surmic ethnic group of Greater Pibor Administrative Area, South Sudan and the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region of Ethiopia.  They speak Kichepo, a dialect of Kacipo-Balesi, which is part of the Surmic language family. The population of this group is above 10,000.

Baale language
The Baale language, Baleesi or Baalesi is a Surmic language spoken by the Baale or Zilmamo people of Ethiopia, and by the Kachepo of South Sudan. It is a member of the southwest branch of the Surmic cluster; the self-name of the language and the community is Suri, which is the same as that of the Suri language, evoking an ethnonym that embraces the Tirma, Chai (or T'id), and Baale communities, although linguistically the languages of these communities are different. There are currently 9,000 native speakers of Baleesi, 5,000 in South Sudan and 4,100 in Ethiopia; almost all of these are monolingual.

Yigezu (2005) notes that although Baale is genetically a Southwest Surmic language, it has taken on many features of Southeast Surmic languages due to heavy contact.
Ships (Where Were You)
"Ships (Where Were You)" is a song by Scottish rock band Big Country, written by Stuart Adamson (lyrics, music) and Bruce Watson (music). The song was originally recorded for and included on the band's fifth studio album No Place Like Home (1991). It was then re-recorded for their following album, The Buffalo Skinners (1993), and released as the album's second single on 19 April 1993. "Ships (Where Were You)" reached number 29 in the UK Singles Chart and remained in the top 75 for three weeks.

Big Country
Big Country is a Scottish rock band formed in Dunfermline, Fife, in 1981 by lead singer and guitarist Stuart Adamson (formerly of the Skids), guitarist Bruce Watson, bassist Tony Butler and drummer Mark Brzezicki. Their debut album The Crossing (1983) reached No. 3 in the UK and delivered their only U.S. Top 40 hit, “In a Big Country”. Follow‑ups Steeltown (1984) and The Seer (1986) also landed in the UK top ten, with The Seer producing the Irish No. 1 hit “Look Away” and featuring a collaboration with Kate Bush on its title track.

After Adamson’s death by suicide in December 2001, the classic lineup disbanded. Surviving members reunited in 2007 for anniversary tours, later joined by singer Mike Peters and changing bassists, culminating in the 2013 album The Journey, their first new studio release in 14 years.
The Twelve (poem)
The Twelve (Russian: Двена́дцать, romanized: Dvenádtsat) is a controversial long poem by Aleksandr Blok. Written early in 1918, the poem was one of the first poetic responses to the October Revolution of 1917.

Alexander Blok
Alexander Alexandrovich Blok (Russian: Алекса́ндр Алекса́ндрович Бло́к, IPA: [ɐlʲɪˈksandr ɐlʲɪˈksandrəvʲɪtɕ ˈblok] ⓘ; 28 November [O.S. 16 November] 1880 – 7 August 1921) was the most well-known Russian lyrical poet during the Silver Age of Russian Poetry.
Muskegon Lake
Muskegon Lake is a 4,150-acre (16.8 km2) fresh-water lake in Muskegon County, Michigan, USA.  Located in the lower peninsula at the mouth of the Muskegon River, Muskegon Lake forms a 12-square-mile (31 km2) broad harbor along the eastern shoreline of Lake Michigan, approximately 2.5 miles (4.0 km) wide by 5.5 miles (8.9 km) long.

Muskegon County, Michigan
Muskegon County (/məˈskiːɡən/ mə-SKEE-gən) is a county in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of 2020, the population was 175,824. The county seat is Muskegon.

Muskegon County comprises the Muskegon, MI Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is part of the larger Grand Rapids-Kentwood-Muskegon, MI Combined Statistical Area.
Honour killing in Pakistan
Honour killings in Pakistan are known locally as karo-kari (Urdu: کاروکاری). According to the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan, over 470 cases of honour killings were reported in Pakistan in 2021. But human rights defenders estimate that around 1,000 women are murdered in the name of honour every year. An honour killing is the murder of a member of a social group by other members, due to the belief the victim has brought dishonour upon the family or community. The death of the victim is viewed as a way to restore the reputation and honour of the family.

It is likely that honour killing has been a practice in Pakistan for many years, and, despite recent legal reforms, it remains a common practice in Pakistan today. Both international and Pakistani activists and activist groups are pushing for an end to the practice, although some say that change will not truly happen unless the general public chooses to condemn the practice.

Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoy
Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoy (Urdu: شرمین عبید چنائے; born November 12, 1978) is a Pakistani journalist, filmmaker and political activist known for her work in films that highlight gender inequality against women. She is the recipient of seven Emmy Awards and two Academy Awards.
Lim Ji-sub
Lim Ji-sub (Korean: 임지섭; born 12 November 1998) is a South Korean actor under Fantagio. He debuted as an actor in the web series Do With All Your Heart Today (2019), and made his musical debut in Dear Evan Hansen (2024). He is best known for his roles in the BL film The Eighth Sense (2023) and TVING series Study Group (2025). He has made short appearances in several works, such as Love Revolution as Cho Seung-min and Sisyphus: The Myth as Ma Young-seok.

Sisyphus: The Myth
Sisyphus: The Myth (Korean: 시지프스: the myth) is a 2021 South Korean television series starring Cho Seung-woo and Park Shin-hye. Labeled as "JTBC's 10th Anniversary Special Drama", it aired on JTBC from February 17 to April 8, 2021; each episode was released on Netflix in South Korea and internationally after its television broadcast every Wednesday and Thursday at 21:00 (KST).
Lincoln Fitzgerald
Lincoln Fitzgerald (October 21, 1892 – April 18, 1981) was an American casino owner who operated three casinos in Nevada. He previously operated gambling establishments in Michigan, but in 1946 he moved to Reno, Nevada and opened The Nevada Club. In 1949, he survived a murder attempt in his garage. In 1976, he opened the largest of his casinos, the 16-story Fitzgeralds Casino & Hotel, Reno.

After his death a hoard of his belongings was discovered in a warehouse, which included casino chips and some 100,000 American silver dollars. The entire collection was purchased by famous coin dealer Ron Gillio, who named it the Fitzgerald Hoard.

Whitney Peak Hotel
Whitney Peak Hotel (formerly Fitzgeralds Reno and CommRow) is a hotel and former casino located in Downtown Reno, Nevada.  It is owned and operated by DRW Holdings LLC, and is affiliated with the Tapestry Collection by Hilton.
Vasily Goncharov
Vasily Mikhailovich Goncharov (Russian: Василий Михайлович Гончаров) (1861 – 23 August 1915) was a Russian film director and screenwriter, one of the pioneers of the film industry in the Russian Empire, who directed an early Russian feature film Defence of Sevastopol.

Defence of Sevastopol
Defence of Sevastopol (Russian: Оборона Севастополя, or Воскресший Севастополь) is a 1911 historical war film about the Siege of Sevastopol during the Crimean War and one of the most important films in the history of Russian cinema and cinema in general. It was the first feature film made in the Russian Empire and it premiered on 26 October at the Livadia Palace of Tsar Nicolas II. It was also the first film in the world recorded using two cameras. The film was also notable for using special "sound effects" (gun and cannon fire) and for using the actual war veterans as consultants.
Ole Bie
Ole Bie (February 7, 1733 – May 18, 1805) was the head of the Danish colony Serampore (under the jurisdiction of Tranquebar) in Bengal, India, for 30 years. The Lutheran Church in Serampore was built under Ole Bie's leadership, marking the beginning of a cultural renaissance in Serampore.

Serampore
Serampore (also known as Serampur, Srirampur, Srirampore, Shreerampur, Shreerampore, Shrirampur or Shrirampore) is a city in Hooghly district of the Indian state of West Bengal. It serves as the headquarters of the Srirampore subdivision and is part of the area covered by Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority (KMDA). Located on the west bank of the Hooghly River, it was a pre-colonial city that was part of Danish India under the name Frederiknagore from 1755 to 1845.
Made-Up Lovesong 43
"Made-Up Lovesong #43" is a song by Guillemots, from their album, Through the Windowpane. It was released as a single; their first to be chart-eligible, reaching number 23 in the UK Singles Chart. An older version of the song appears on I Saw Such Things in My Sleep EP and From the Cliffs.

Through the Windowpane
Through the Windowpane is the debut full-length album from the British indie rock band Guillemots. It was released on 10 July 2006 in the United Kingdom and reached number 17 in the UK Album Chart. The album was highly anticipated following the strength of the singles "Trains to Brazil" and "Made-Up Lovesong #43". It was nominated for the 2006 Mercury Music Prize. The band released the final single from the album, a re-recording of "Annie, Let's Not Wait", on 15 January 2007.
Kiermuszyny Wielkie
Kiermuszyny Wielkie [kʲɛrmuˈʂɨnɨ ˈvjɛlkʲɛ] is an abandoned settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Banie Mazurskie, within Gołdap County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia.

Gmina Banie Mazurskie
Gmina Banie Mazurskie is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Gołdap County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, on the border with Russia. Its seat is the village of Banie Mazurskie, which lies approximately 20 kilometres (12 mi) south-west of Gołdap and 113 km (70 mi) north-east of the regional capital Olsztyn.

The gmina covers an area of 205.02 square kilometres (79.2 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 3,920.
1979 Prince Edward Island general election
The 1979 Prince Edward Island general election was held on April 23, 1979.

The election was held just one year after the 1978 election, which featured a 17–15 split in MLAs in the legislature. Following the resignation of former premier Alex Campbell from his seat, the legislature was in a 15–15 tie in voting members (the Liberal Speaker, Russell Perry, could not cast active votes in his role), the new Premier Bennett Campbell decided to call an election in an effort to regain his lost majority. The gambit failed, and instead the Progressive Conservatives led by Angus MacLean formed a strong majority government.

The campaign was the first to feature a female party leader running in PEI, with Doreen Sark serving as interim leader of the NDP. The campaign was also the only one in which the "Draft Beer Party of PEI" ran, with one candidate in 5th Queens.

Doreen Sark
Doreen Sark is a former Canadian politician who served as the interim leader of the Prince Edward Island New Democratic Party from 1979 to 1981. During the 1979 provincial election, she led the party and became the first woman ever to lead a political party in the province during an election campaign.
Pfarrer Braun
Pfarrer Braun is a German television series. It is based on the character of Father Brown, originally created by G. K. Chesterton. The last episode of the series (Brauns Heimkehr) was produced in 2013 and aired on March 20, 2014. The reason for discontinuing the series was star Ottfried Fischer's advancing health problems, as the production company announced in May 2013.

Ottfried Fischer
Ottfried Fischer (German: [ˈɔtˌfʁiːt ˈfɪʃɐ]; born 7 November 1953) is a retired German actor and Kabarett artist best known for his role as Benno Berghammer in the popular German TV series Der Bulle von Tölz. He is a supporter of the Social Democratic Party of Germany.
Ron Galella
Ronald Edward Galella (January 10, 1931 – April 30, 2022) was an American photographer, known as a pioneer paparazzo. Dubbed "Paparazzo Extraordinaire" by Newsweek and "the Godfather of the U.S. paparazzi culture" by Time magazine and Vanity Fair, he is regarded by Harper's Bazaar as "arguably the most controversial paparazzo of all time".  He photographed many celebrities out of the public eye and gained notice for his feuds with some of them, including Jacqueline Onassis and Marlon Brando. Despite the numerous controversies and claims of stalking, Galella's work was praised and exhibited in art galleries worldwide.

During his career, Galella took more than three million photographs of public figures.

Paparazzi
Paparazzi (singular form paparazzo) are independent photographers who take pictures of high-profile people, such as actors, musicians, athletes, politicians, and other celebrities who go about their daily life routines. Paparazzi are often known for their relentless pursuit of celebrities, often using telephoto lenses and electronic flashes, or even following them in vehicles to capture personal, unflattering, or private moments. The photographs taken by paparazzi are commonly sold to tabloids, gossip magazines, and websites, where they are published to attract attention and increase sales. This type of invasive photography is often controversial because it can violate the privacy of the subjects involved.
Jersey Flegg Cup
The Jersey Flegg Cup is a junior rugby league competition played in New South Wales, Australia, contested among teams made up of players aged 21 or under. The competition is administered by the New South Wales Rugby League (NSWRL), and is named for Eastern Suburbs foundation player and prominent administrator of the game, Harry "Jersey" Flegg.

Jersey Flegg
Harry "Jersey" Flegg (6 April 1878 in Bolton, Lancashire – 23 August 1960 in North Sydney, New South Wales) was an English-Australian rugby league player and administrator, who was a leading figure in the birth of the sport in Australia.

Flegg emigrated to Australia at an early age. He received his nickname 'Jersey' while still at school, after a meeting with the New South Wales (NSW) Governor of the time, Lord Jersey, who had bright red hair, similar to his own.
1967 Minnesota Twins season
The 1967 Minnesota Twins season  was the 7th season for the Minnesota Twins franchise in the Twin Cities of Minnesota, their 7th season at Metropolitan Stadium and the 67th overall in the American League.

The Twins finished 91–71, tied for second in the American League with the Detroit Tigers. The Twins had a one-game lead on the Red Sox with two games remaining in Boston, but lost both games. A total of 1,483,547 fans attended Twins games, the second highest total in the American League.

1967 Detroit Tigers season
The 1967 Detroit Tigers season was the team's 67th season and the 56th season at Tiger Stadium. The team finished tied for second in the American League with the Minnesota Twins with 91 wins and 71 losses, one game behind the AL pennant-winning Boston Red Sox.

The season is notable as during the middle of the 1967 season, a number of home games were cancelled due to the 1967 Detroit riot; this would be the last time a game would be cancelled due to rioting, until the 1992 LA Dodgers had their games cancelled due to the 1992 riots.
Johnny Eager
Johnny Eager is a 1942 American film noir directed by Mervyn LeRoy and starring Robert Taylor, Lana Turner, and Van Heflin. The film follows a paroled criminal who meets and falls in love with a young sociology student who is the stepdaughter of the district attorney who imprisoned him. Robert Sterling, Patricia Dane, and Glenda Farrell appear in supporting roles.

Released in January 1942, Johnny Eager was a box-office hit for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, grossing $2.6 million. Heflin won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in the film. The film was one of many spoofed in Dead Men Don't Wear Plaid (1982).

Glenda Farrell
Glenda Farrell (June 30, 1904 – May 1, 1971) was an American actress. Farrell personified the smart and sassy, wisecracking blonde of the Classic Hollywood films. Her career spanned more than 50 years, and she appeared in numerous Broadway plays, films and television series. She won an Emmy Award in 1963 for Outstanding Supporting Actress for her performance as Martha Morrison in the medical drama television series Ben Casey.

Farrell began acting on stage as a child and continued with various theatre companies and on Broadway before signing with Warner Bros. A signature 1930s Warner Bros. star, Farrell appeared in films such as Little Caesar (1931), I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang (1932), Mystery of the Wax Museum (1933) and Lady for a Day (1933). After leaving Warner Bros. in 1939, Farrell remained active in film, television and theatre throughout the rest of her career.
Church of St John of Beverley, Whatton
52°56′57″N 00°53′36″W﻿ / ﻿52.94917°N 0.89333°W﻿ / 52.94917; -0.89333

Christianity portal

The Church of St John of Beverley, Whatton is a parish church in the Church of England in Whatton-in-the-Vale, Nottinghamshire, dedicated to St John of Beverley. The church is Grade II* listed by the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport.

Whatton-in-the-Vale
Whatton-in-the-Vale is a village and civil parish in the Rushcliffe district, in the county of Nottinghamshire, England. It lies in the Vale of Belvoir, with the River Smite to the west and a subsidiary, the River Whipling to the east, mainly north of the trunk A52 road, 12 miles (19 km) east of Nottingham. The parish had a population of 843 at the 2011 census, increasing to 874 at the 2021 census.
Walking on Air (1936 film)
Walking on Air is a 1936 American comedy film starring Gene Raymond and Ann Sothern, with a supporting cast which includes Jessie Ralph and Henry Stephenson.  It was directed by Joseph Santley using a screenplay by Bert Kalmar, Harry Ruby, Viola Brothers Shore, and Rian James, based on the short story, "Count Pete", written by Francis M. Cockrell. Produced by RKO Radio Pictures, they released the film on September 11, 1936.

Harry Ruby
Harry Rubenstein (January 27, 1895 – February 23, 1974), known professionally as Harry Ruby, was an American pianist, composer, songwriter and screenwriter, who was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1970. He was married to silent film actress Eileen Percy.
Berenice Quezada
Berenice Xuyami Quezada Herrera (born 28 September 1993) is a Nicaraguan model and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss Nicaragua 2017 and represented Nicaragua at the Miss Universe 2017 pageant.

In the 2021 Nicaraguan general election, Quezada was the running mate of Oscar Sobalvarro, presidential candidate for the Citizens for Liberty (CxL) party. However on August 3, she was placed under house arrest and barred from running.

Miss Nicaragua
Miss Nicaragua was a Nicaraguan beauty pageant. It was held from 1955 until 2023, when the organization cancelled it for political reasons.

Since 2024, Miss Universe Nicaragua selects the Nicaraguan's official representative to Miss Universe.
Dean Kenny
Dean Julian Kenny (born 22 May 1961) is a former New Zealand rugby union player. A halfback, Kenny represented Otago at a provincial level, and was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, in 1986. He played three matches for the All Blacks on their tour of France that year, but did not play in any tests.

Dean Kenny qualified as a chiropractor but lost his registration in 2018 after facing charges in the North Shore District Court. These charges relating to false treatment claims made to ACC between March and July 2016.

Otago Rugby Football Union
The Otago Rugby Football Union is the official governing body of rugby union for the Otago region of New Zealand. The union is based in the city of Dunedin, and its home ground is Forsyth Barr Stadium. The top representative team competes in the ITM Cup, New Zealand's top provincial competition. The union was to have been liquidated in March 2012. However a deal involving the Dunedin City Council allowed it to keep operating. Otago have won the Ranfurly Shield on eight occasions (1935, 1938, 1947, 1957, 2013, 2018, 2020 and 2025). They were the National provincial championship winners in 1991 and 1998. They have a proud record playing international teams, having defeated South Africa and the British and Irish Lions.
Bolton Wanderers F.C. Reserves and Academy
Bolton Wanderers B team play their home games at the Eddie Davies Academy in Bolton.

Notable graduates of the squad include former captain Kevin Nolan, Republic of Ireland international Joey O'Brien and eventual first team regulars such as Nicky Hunt, Ricardo Vaz-Te, Josh Vela, Zach Clough, and Rob Holding.

Of the current squad, graduate Max Conway has featured most often at senior level, whilst Luke Hutchinson, Sam Inwood, Conor Lewis, Sonny Sharples-Ahmed, Max Conway, David Abimbola, Daeshon Lawrence, Harrison Rice, Oliver Smith, Sean Hogan, Harley Irwin, and Tobias Ritchie have also made appearances for the first team squad.

Sonny Sharples-Ahmed
Sonny Sharples-Ahmed (born 24 March 2005) is a footballer who plays as a midfielder for National League North club Spennymoor Town, on loan from EFL League One club Bolton Wanderers. Born in England, he represents Egypt at youth level.
Mantzavineika
Mantzavineika or Mantzavinaiika (Greek: Μαντζαβινέικα or Μαντζαβιναίικα) is an old neighbourhood in the eastern part of the city of Patras northeast of the Roman Odeon of Patras.  The origin of the name comes from the family of Patras "Mantzavini" (Μαντζαβίνη) which lived in Sotiradi and Pantokratoros Streets.  The family descended from the village of Mantzavinata in which is now in the municipality of Lixouri in the Kefalonia prefecture.

Mantzavinata
Mantzavinata (Greek: Μαντζαβινάτα Italian: Mangiavinata ) is a village in the southwest of Kefalonia island, 4 km southwest of Lixouri on the Paliki peninsula. Mantzavinata is famous for its wines, a wine festival is held each August in Mantzavinata.