hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Carbothermic reaction
Carbothermic reactions involve the reduction of substances, often metal oxides (O2-), using carbon (C) as the reducing agent. The reduction is usually conducted in the electric arc furnace or reverberatory furnace, depending on the metal ore. These chemical reactions are usually conducted at temperatures of several hundred degrees Celsius. Such processes are applied for production of the elemental forms of many elements. The ability of metals to participate in carbothermic reactions can be predicted from Ellingham diagrams.

Carbothermal reactions produce carbon monoxide (CO) and sometimes carbon dioxide (CO2).  The facility of these conversions is attributable to the entropy of reaction: two solids, the metal oxide (and flux) and carbon, are converted to a new solid (metal) and a gas (COx), the latter having high entropy.

Chloride process
The chloride process is used to separate titanium from its ores. The goal of the process is to win high purity titanium dioxide from ores such as ilmenite (FeTiO3) and rutile (TiO2).  The strategy exploits the volatility of TiCl4, which is readily purified and converted to the dioxide.  Millions of tons of TiO2 are produced annually by this process, mainly for use as white pigments.  As of 2017, the chloride process is used alongside the older sulfate process, which relies on hot sulfuric acid to extract iron and other impurities from ores.: 15
Dragutin Franasović
Dragutin Franasović (Serbian Cyrillic: Драгутин Франасовић), was a Serbian army general and politician who held the post of Minister of Defence and Minister of Foreign Affairs. In 1899 he succeeded General Stevan Zdravković as president of The Red Cross of Serbia, a post he held until the beginning of the Great War when Milos Borisavljevic took over. Franasović also served as the Chancellor of the Royal Orders from 1903 to 1905.

Stevan Zdravković
Stevan Zdravković (Zivica, Principality of Serbia, 16 April 1835 - Belgrade, Kingdom of Serbia, 4 August 1900) was a Serbian general, professor and chief of the Serbian Military Academy in Belgrade, Minister of Public Works and State Adviser.

Zdravković was also a regular member of the Committee for Natural and Mathematical Sciences since 24 January 1871 and the Committee for the Dissemination of Science and Literature to the People since 1883; Secretary of the Committee for Natural and Mathematical Sciences (1881–1883); and honorary member since November 15, 1892. He also served as the 6th Dean of the Academic Board of the Military Academy in Serbia from 1880 to 1887. In 1897 he was named president of The Red Cross of Serbia, a post he held until 1899 when he was succeeded by Dragutin Franasović.

A year before the start of Serbian Wars for Independence, Zdravković held the rank of lieutenant colonel at the Serbian General Staff Headquarters and was Ranko Alimpić's subordinate.
Manathile Oru Paattu
Manathile Oru Paattu (transl. A song in heart) is a 1995 Indian Tamil-language romantic drama film directed by Gnanamozhi in his debut. The film stars Vignesh, Saradha Preetha and Sukran, with Raghuvaran, Vinu Chakravarthy, Vennira Aadai Moorthy, Chinni Jayanth and Sangeeta playing supporting roles. It was released on 3 March 1995.

Sangeeta (Telugu actress)
Sangeeta is an Indian actress who has predominantly worked in Telugu films, alongside Tamil, Kannada and Malayalam films. She has appeared with leading actors like Sivaji Ganesan, Rajinikanth, Kamal Haasan and Chiranjeevi. In the late 1990s she started appearing as a character artist. She has appeared in over 500 films in various south Indian languages.
Ralph II of the Vexin
Ralph II (died 943) was a French Count of the Vexin, Amiens and Valois from 926 to 943.

He was the son of Ralph I de Gouy, Count of Ostrevent, Vexin, Amiens and Valois. He married a woman named Liutgarde but died without issue.

He built the fortress of Crépy-en-Valois. In 941, Eudes de Vermandois, Count of Vienne, captured Amiens. Ralph attacked him to retake the city, but he was killed during a battle. According to other sources, he tried to take advantage of the death of Count Herbert II of Vermandois to seize Saint-Quentin, but was killed by Herbert's son Adalbert, Castellan of Ribemont.

His widow remarried to Galéran I of Meulan, Viscount of Meulan. In 944, Eudes was chased from Amiens by royal troops. A few years later, Walter, Ralph's brother, reunited the three counties.

Ralph inspired the Chanson de Geste hero Raoul de Cambrai.

Counts and dukes of Valois
The Valois (UK: /ˈvælwɑː/ VAL-wah, also US: /vælˈwɑː, vɑːlˈwɑː/ va(h)l-WAH, French: [valwa]; originally Pagus Valensis) was a region in the valley of the Oise river in Picardy in the north of France. It was a fief in West Francia and subsequently the Kingdom of France until its counts furnished a line of kings, the House of Valois, to succeed the House of Capet in 1328. It was, along with the counties of Beauvais, the Vexin, Vermandois, and Laon, part of the "Oise line" of fiefdoms which were held often by one individual or an individual family as a string of defences against Viking assault on Paris.

The medieval county and duchy of Valois was located in northern France. It was included in the northeastern part of the government of Île-de-France, while being part of the province of Picardy. Its capital was Crépy-en-Valois.
Tyro, Virginia
Tyro is an unincorporated community in Nelson County, Virginia, United States.  It was among the communities severely affected by flash flooding from Hurricane Camille in 1969.

It was named from the English word tyro, which also means "beginner" or "novice".

Pharsalia and the Tyro Mill are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Nelson County, Virginia
Nelson County is a county located in the Commonwealth of Virginia, in the United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 14,775. Its county seat is Lovingston. Nelson County is part of the Charlottesville metropolitan area.
Animal rights and punk subculture
Animal rights are closely associated with two ideologies of the punk subculture: anarcho-punk and straight edge. This association dates back to the 1980s and has been expressed in areas that include song lyrics, benefit concerts for animal rights organisations, and militant actions of activists influenced by punk music. Among the latter, Rod Coronado, Peter Daniel Young and members of SHAC are notable. This issue spread into various punk rock and hardcore subgenres, e.g. crust punk, metalcore and grindcore, eventually becoming a distinctive feature of punk culture.

The inculcation of some concepts and practices related to animal rights in the collective consciousness has been substantially pioneered and influenced by the punk movement. This association continues on into the 21st century, as evinced by the prominence of international vegan punk events such as Ieperfest in Belgium, Fluff Fest in Czech Republic, and Verdurada in Brazil.

Earth Crisis
Earth Crisis is an American metallic hardcore band from Syracuse, New York, active from 1989 until 2001, reuniting in 2007. Since 1993, the band's longest-tenured members include vocalist Karl Buechner, lead guitarist Scott Crouse, bassist Ian Edwards, and drummer Dennis Merrick. Their third and current rhythm guitarist Erick Edwards joined the band in 1998.

The band has released eight full-length studio albums and four studio EPs, among other releases. The band is known for supporting animal rights, promoting a straight edge and vegan lifestyle, and addressing further social and political issues. Earth Crisis is considered a crucial developer and influence for both the metalcore genre and vegan straight edge movement. Tom Connick of NME conferred the title of "the ultimate in vegan-straight edge hardcore" on Earth Crisis.
The Red Robe
The Red Robe sometimes translated as The Red Dress (French: La robe rouge) is a 1933 French drama film directed by Jean de Marguenat and starring Constant Remy, Suzanne Rissler and Marcelle Praince. It is based on a 1900 play by Eugène Brieux. The film's sets were designed by the art director Aimé Bazin.

Aimé Bazin
Aimé Bazin (1904-1984) was a French art director. He was educated at the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts before entering the film industry. He worked on more than forty productions during his career.
Mabrya coccinea
Mabrya coccinea is a mat-forming herbaceous perennial native to the Mexican state of Coahuila. It has red tubular flowers. It was first described by Ivan M. Johnston in 1950 in the genus Maurandya and transferred to Mabrya by Wayne J. Elisens in 1985. The epithet coccinea means red.

Maurandya
Maurandya is a genus of flowering plants in the family Plantaginaceae,  native to Mexico and the south west United States (from California to central Texas). They sprawl or climb by means of twining leaf stalks. One of the four species, Maurandya barclayana, is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant.

The generic name is often misspelt as Maurandia. Two of its species have at times been placed in the genera Epixiphium and Maurandella.
Shah Ahmad Hasan
Shah Ahmad Hasan (Bengali: শাহ আহমদ হাসান), was a Bangladeshi Islamic scholar and educationist. He was an early student of Al-Jamiatul Ahlia Darul Ulum Moinul Islam in Hathazari. Hasan established Al-Jameatul Arabiatul Islamia Ziri, which was the second Qawmi madrasa of Bangladesh.

Al-Jameatul Arabiatul Islamia Ziri
Al-Jameatul Arabiatul Islamia Ziri, commonly known as Ziri madrasa, is a Qawmi madrasa located in southeastern Bangladesh, founded in 1910 by Shah Ahmad Hasan. Situated in Ziri Union of Patiya Upazila, Chittagong, it is one of the oldest and third-largest institutions in the Qawmi madrasa framework. The institution introduced Dawra-e-Hadith—the highest level of traditional Islamic studies in the Qawmi curriculum—in 1920, initially under the leadership of Abdul Wadud Sandapi, who served as the first Sheikh al-Hadith. The madrasa was led by its founder for nearly six decades, and the current Director-General is Khubayb bin Tayyab. Musa Sandapi currently serves as the Sheikh al-Hadith.
Howard Griffiths (scientist)
Howard Griffiths is a physiological ecologist. He is professor of plant ecology in the Department of Plant Sciences at the University of Cambridge, and a Fellow of Clare College, Cambridge. He formerly worked for the University of Dundee in the Department of Biological Sciences. He applies molecular biology techniques and physiology to investigate the regulation of photosynthesis and plant water-use efficiency.

Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge
52°12′10″N 0°07′17″E﻿ / ﻿52.202896°N 0.12150384°E﻿ / 52.202896; 0.12150384

The Department of Plant Sciences is a department of the University of Cambridge that conducts research and teaching in plant sciences. It was established in 1904, although the university has had a professor of botany since 1724.
Adelaide Entertainment Centre
The Adelaide Entertainment Centre (AEC) is an indoor arena located in Adelaide. It is used for sporting and entertainment events. It is the principal venue for concerts, events and attractions for audiences between 1,000 and 11,300.

It is located on Port Road in the suburb of Hindmarsh, just north-west of the Adelaide city centre. With modern architecture and acoustics, function rooms and catering, the Adelaide Entertainment Centre provides a live entertainment venue for hundreds of thousands of people each year.

In 2010 the Adelaide Entertainment Centre completed a $52 million redevelopment with a new entry and theatre complex.

2024 Suncorp Super Netball season
The 2024 Suncorp Super Netball season was the eighth season of the premier netball league in Australia. The season commenced on Saturday 13 April and concluded with the Grand Final on Saturday 3 August at the Adelaide Entertainment Centre. The defending premiers were the Adelaide Thunderbirds, who successfully defended their title after defeating the Melbourne Vixens in the Grand Final.

This was the first season to feature the Melbourne Mavericks, who replaced the Collingwood Magpies at the conclusion of the 2023 season.
4th channel Ostankino
Ostankino 4th Channel (Russian: 4-й канал Останкино, romanized: 4-y kanal Ostankino) was a Russian state television channel. It was owned by the Russian government through the Ostankino State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company. It broadcast from April 13, 1992, to January 17, 1994. The editorial offices and studios of the television and radio company, from which it broadcast on Ostankino 4th Channel, were located in the Ostankino Technical Center.

Ostankino Technical Center
Ostankino Television Technical Center (Russian: Телевизионный технический центр Оста́нкино им. 50-летия Октября) is a television studio and technical center in Moscow, Russia for Channel One Russia. The center provides ongoing technical support to multiple broadcasters in the country.
Aveiro (Assembly of the Republic constituency)
Aveiro is one of the 22 multi-member constituencies of the Assembly of the Republic, the national legislature of Portugal. The constituency was established in 1976 when the Assembly of the Republic was established by the constitution following the restoration of democracy. It is conterminous with the district of Aveiro. The constituency currently elects 16 of the 230 members of the Assembly of the Republic using the closed party-list proportional representation electoral system. At the 2024 legislative election it had 642,086 registered electors.

Cláudia Cruz Santos
Cláudia Cruz Santos (born 25 January 1971, Aveiro, Portugal) is a Portuguese academic and politician. As a member of the Portuguese Socialist Party (PS), she has been a deputy in the Portuguese Assembly of the Republic since 2019.
Florida State Road 656
State Road 656 (SR 656), also known as 17th Street, is a two-mile-long (3.2 km) state road in Indian River County, extending from U.S. Route 1 (US 1) to SR A1A mostly inside the city limits of Vero Beach.  It is the southernmost of two crossings in Vero Beach between the mainland and the barrier island, with the other being at State Road 60 1.4 miles (2.3 km) to the north.

Vero Beach, Florida
Vero Beach is a city in and the county seat of Indian River County, Florida, United States. According to the 2020 census, the city had a population of 16,354. Nicknamed "The Hibiscus City", Vero is situated about 85 miles (137 km) southeast of Orlando along the Indian River Lagoon and the Atlantic Ocean on Florida's Treasure Coast. Because it is located about 65 miles (105 km) north of West Palm Beach at the northern end of the South Florida region, the city has adopted two similar mottos "The Gateway to the Tropics" and "Where the Tropics Begin".

Vero Beach was named the 7th Best Small Beach Town in Florida by Southern Living Magazine in 2023. The main roadways in the city are U.S. Route 1, Florida State Road A1A, and Florida State Road 60 (20th Street), which has its eastern terminus at Sexton Plaza in the city.
Pauktaw
Pauktaw (Burmese: ပေါက်တောမြို့) is the principal town of Pauktaw Township in Sittwe District in Rakhine State, Myanmar (Burma).

On 16 November 2023 the town was briefly captured by the Arakan Army (AA) during the ongoing civil war, following the resumption of hostilities after the ceasefire between the AA and the Tatmadaw military junta broke down. Following heavy bombardment by air and sea, the military retook the town a day later. However, the AA again captured the town on 24 January 2024.

Pauktaw Township
Pauktaw Township (Burmese: ပေါက်တောမြို့နယ်) is a township of Sittwe District in the Rakhine State of Myanmar. The principal town is Pauktaw which has changed hands between the Arakan Army (AA) and the Tatmadaw military junta during the ongoing civil war. The town of Pauktaw was under the AA's control as of January 2024.
Alexander Singer
Alexander Singer (18 April 1928 – 28 December 2020) was an American director. He began his career behind the camera in 1951 as a cinematographer on the short documentary Day of the Fight, directed by his high-school friend Stanley Kubrick. Singer turned to directing a decade later with the film A Cold Wind in August.

Although he directed other films, such as the Lee Van Cleef Western Captain Apache (1971), and Glass Houses (1972) with a screenplay was written by him and his Judith Singer.

The television series to which Singer directed include Dr. Kildare, The F.B.I., Mission: Impossible, Alias Smith and Jones, Nakia, Police Woman, Cagney & Lacey, MacGyver, Murder She Wrote, six episodes of The Monkees, and three Star Trek series: The Next Generation, Deep Space Nine, and Voyager.

Glass Houses (1972 film)
Glass Houses is a 1972 American drama-romance film released by Columbia Pictures in 1972, but it was filmed in 1970. It is of interest in film history because of the credentials of its key personnel.

Glass Houses was directed by Alexander Singer, notable for his work on the Star Trek series Star Trek: The Next Generation. It was one of the early screen appearances of actress Jennifer O'Neill, best known for her role in Summer of '42 (1972).

Glass Houses cinematography was by cinematographer George J. Folsey, whose credits include films such as Meet Me In St. Louis (1944) and Seven Brides For Seven Brothers (1954). The score was composed by David Raksin, famous for his musical score in Laura (1944).
John Carney Agricultural Complex
John Carney Agricultural Complex is a historic farm complex located at Greenville, New Castle County, Delaware.  The complex includes three contributing buildings and four contributing structures. Since 1997, it has been part of Brandywine Creek State Park, although it is not open to the public.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.

Greenville, Delaware
Greenville is a bedroom community in New Castle County, Delaware, United States, and a suburb of Wilmington. The population was 2,326 at the 2010 census. For statistical purposes, the United States Census Bureau has defined Greenville as a census-designated place (CDP). The community is also home to the private residence of Joe Biden, the 46th president of the United States, and many Du Pont family descendants.
Kusal Maduranga
Kusal Maduranga (born 18 August 1993; Sinhala: කුසල් මධුරංග) is an actor in Sri Lankan cinema, theatre and television, who began his television career with his role in the television series, Paara Dige in 2021. He won the Most Popular Actor Award at Raigam Tele'es, in 2022.

Raigam Tele'es
Raigam Tele'es (Sinhala: රයිගම් ටෙලි සම්මාන) is an award bestowed to distinguished individuals involved with Sri Lanka's television screen, each year by the Kingdom of Raigam, Sri Lanka, in recognition of the various contributions made by them to the Sri Lankan teledrama industry, television programs, and media sector in the preceding year. The Raigam Tele'es is one of the most popular television program events in Sri Lanka. The awards were first introduced in 2005 and have been continuously undertaken with one interruption in 2021.
Perazhagan
Perazhagan (pronounced [peːɾaɻaɡan] transl. Handsome man) is a 2004 Indian Tamil-language comedy drama film directed by Sasi Shanker and produced by AVM Productions. It is a remake of the director's 2002 Malayalam film Kunjikoonan which itself was adapted from the play Vikalanga Varsham by Benny P. Nayarambalam. The film stars Suriya and Jyothika, each in dual roles, while Vivek, Manorama, Bobby, Thalaivasal Vijay, and Devan play supporting roles. The music was composed by Yuvan Shankar Raja with cinematography by R. Rathnavelu and editing by Anthony. The film released on 7 May 2004. For his performance, Suriya won the Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil and Jyothika won the Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actress.

Sasi Shanker
Sasi Shanker (1957 – 10 August 2016) was an Indian film director. He directed a total of twelve films including ten Malayalam films and two Tamil films. He won the National Film Award for Best Film on Other Social Issues in 1993 for his directorial debut film Naaraayam.
Sona Akhundova-Garayeva
Sona Iskander gizi Akhundova-Garayeva (Azerbaijani: Sona xanım İsgəndər bəy qızı Axundov; 16 October 1898 – 19 October 1971) was an Azerbaijani poet and one of the first women in Azerbaijan to receive higher education. She was a mother of composer Gara Garayev and doctor Mursal Garayev.

Mursal Garayev
Mursal Garayev (Azerbaijani: Mürsəl Qarayev; 4 November 1919 – 26 September 1975) was a Soviet surgeon, doctor of sciences in medicine, chief surgeon of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Azerbaijan SSR.
Orlando Ortiz Chevres
Orlando Ortiz Chevres (born April 21, 1978) is a Puerto Rican politician and the current mayor of Naranjito. Ortiz is affiliated with the New Progressive Party (PNP) and has served as mayor since 2009.

Graduated from Francisco Morales high school in Naranjito. In 2003 he obtained a master's degree in administration and human resources from the Interamerican University of Puerto Rico.

Ortiz is also serves in the Puerto Rico National Guard since 2005. In February 2020 he obtained the certification in "Financial Management Technician 36b" at Fort Knox, Kentucky, US, where he specialized in finance.

Naranjito, Puerto Rico
Naranjito (Spanish pronunciation: [naɾaŋˈxito]) is a town and municipality of Puerto Rico located in the central region of the island, south of Toa Alta; north of Barranquitas and Comerío; east of Corozal; and west of Bayamón. Naranjito is spread over 7 barrios and Naranjito Pueblo (the downtown area and the administrative center). It is part of the San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Chappaqua Orchestra
The Chappaqua Orchestra was founded in 1958 by Boris Koutzen and other musicians from the NBC Symphony who were residents of Chappaqua, New York, and neighboring towns in Westchester County. It annually presented a season of orchestral and chamber concerts.  Conductor Andrew Litton's first conducting directorship was with the Chappaqua Orchestra, and the orchestra was also conducted by Norman Leyden, Wolfgang Schanzer, Jesse Levine, James Sadewhite, and Michael Jeffrey Shapiro.

The orchestra has premiered and commissioned works from composers such as Paul Creston, John Corigliano, Lowell Liebermann, Michael Jeffrey Shapiro, Emily Wong, and David Macdonald.  Soloists such as Vanessa L. Williams, Ruth Laredo, Joseph Fuchs, Kikuei Ikeda, Jerome Rose, Jon Manasse, Tim Fain, and others have appeared with the orchestra.  Michael Jeffrey Shapiro was the orchestra's last Music Director and Conductor.

Ruth Laredo
Ruth Laredo (November 20, 1937 – May 25, 2005) was an American classical pianist.

Laredo became known in the 1970s in particular for her premiere recordings of the 10 sonatas of Scriabin and the complete solo piano works of Rachmaninoff, for her Ravel recordings and, in the last sixteen and a half years before her death, for her series in the Metropolitan Museum of Art “Concerts with Commentary”. She was often referred to as "America's First Lady of the Piano".
Oconto Log Drivers
The Oconto Log Drivers were a minor league baseball team based in Oconto, Wisconsin and Oconto County, Wisconsin. The "Log Drivers" played as members of the 1891 independent Wisconsin State League, finishing the season in last place in their only season of minor league play.

Despite their last place finish, twelve members of the Oconto team roster played major league baseball. Moses Fleetwood Walker was noted to have played for Oconto in 1891, his final season as a player.

Oconto, Wisconsin
Oconto is a city and county seat of Oconto County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 4,609 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Green Bay metropolitan area. The city is located partially within the town of Oconto.