hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Flame test
A flame test is a relatively quick test for the presence of some elements in a sample.  The technique is archaic and of questionable reliability, but once was a component of qualitative inorganic analysis. The phenomenon is related to pyrotechnics and atomic emission spectroscopy.  The color of the flames is understood through the principles of atomic electron transition and photoemission, where varying elements require distinct energy levels (photons) for electron transitions.

Qualitative inorganic analysis
Classical qualitative inorganic analysis is a method of analytical chemistry which seeks to find the elemental composition of inorganic compounds. It is mainly focused on detecting ions in an aqueous solution, therefore materials in other forms may need to be brought to this state before using standard methods. The solution is then treated with various reagents to test for reactions characteristic of certain ions, which may cause color change, precipitation and other visible changes. Qualitative inorganic analysis was universally taught in most universities until the 1980's either in Inorganic chemistry or in Analytical chemistry classes. Since then, it has disappeared even the curricula of  Chemistry majors, due to its limited use by Chemistry professionals.

Qualitative inorganic analysis is a different branch or method of analytical chemistry which seeks to establish the elemental composition of inorganic compounds by using various analytical methods.
Alfred P. Boller
Alfred Pancoast Boller (February 23, 1840 – December 9, 1912) was a civil engineer and bridge designer. He was the chief engineer on several bridge building projects during the late 1800 and early 1900s. Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in the United States, Boller graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia and from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, New York. He co-founded an engineering company, Boller & Hodge, along with Henry Wilson Hodge that was based in New York City. Boller designed the third Market Street Bridge in Williamsport, Pennsylvania, several swing bridges over the Harlem River in New York City and the East Haddam Swing Bridge in Connecticut. He was also the chief engineer of Manhattan's elevated railroads.

Carl E. Stotz Memorial Little League Bridge
The Carl E. Stotz Memorial Little League Bridge, formerly known as the Market Street Bridge, carries approximately 27,700 vehicles a day on U.S. Route 15 over the West Branch Susquehanna River between Williamsport and South Williamsport in Lycoming County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is the seventh bridge on the site and was built at a cost of over $60,000,000.

In October 2007 the new northbound bridge over the river and the new "direct connect" single-point urban interchange with Interstate 180 was completed and opened to traffic. The overall project, which included the reconstruction of Via Bella, was completed in summer 2008.
Loafers Glory, North Carolina
Loafers Glory is an unincorporated community in Mitchell County, North Carolina, United States.  Located at the intersection of NC 226 and NC 226A, along the banks of the North Toe River; 2.5 miles (4.0 km) west of Bakersville.

It was named for the idle, or loafing, men who were a fixture at the town's general store, while they waited for their corn to be ground at the Old Masters Mill.

North Carolina Highway 226A
North Carolina Highway 226A (NC 226A) is an alternate state highway in the U.S. state of North Carolina.  Signed along two segments that branch from NC 226:  The first connecting the community of Little Switzerland; the second as a bypass west of Bakersville.  It is also distinctive as being one of two alternate state routes in North Carolina, the other being NC 268A.
Yenangyaung Township
Yenangyaung Township (Burmese: ရေနံချောင်းမြို့နယ်) is a township of Chauk District in the Magway Region of Myanmar. Yenangyaung is bordered on the south by Magway, on the east by Natmauk, on the north by Chauk, on the northeast by Kyaukpadaung and on the west by the Ayeyarwady River. The principal town is Yenangyaung.

20°27′00″N 94°52′00″E﻿ / ﻿20.4500°N 94.8667°E﻿ / 20.4500; 94.8667

Kyaukpadaung Township
Kyaukpadaung Township is a township of Nyaung-U District (until 2014, part of Myingyan District) in Mandalay Region of Burma (Myanmar). Its administrative seat is the town of Kyaukpadaung. Important towns include Popaywa and Seiktein (Seikhtain).
Wakabayashi Yasushi
Wakabayashi Yasushi (若林泰志) is a Japanese designer, known as the creator of the first Kaomoji. He used (^_^) to replicate a facial expression. Despite not creating the design until 1986, a number of years after the American Scott Fahlman, it is believed that the concepts evolved completely independently of each other. This is despite them both using ASCII characters.

It kickstarted a movement in Japan, which later spread to other parts of the world. It was frequently used in anime in the 90s and 2000s.

His design and the impression that Kaomoji had on Japanese culture, also lead to a rise in other Asian countries creating their own versions based on Yasushi's concept. Keurim mal in South Korea in the 1990s is one such example.

Kaomoji
Kaomoji are Japanese emoticons that use combinations of text characters to represent facial expressions and emotions. They first appeared in Japan during the 1980s, offering a distinctive way to convey tone and mood in digital communication. Common examples include:

(^ω^) – expresses happiness or excitement

( ͡o╭╮ ͡o) – conveys sadness or disappointment

Kaomoji developed independently around the same time that sideways emoticons (or smileys) began appearing in the United States, such as:

:) or :-) – happy

:( or :-( – unhappy

Unlike Western emoticons, which are typically viewed sideways, kaomoji are meant to be read upright and often make use of a wider variety of characters. They are considered a precursor to modern emoji, which also originated in Japan.
The Eerie Mr. Murphy
The Eerie Mr. Murphy is a collection of science fiction, fantasy and horror stories by author Howard Wandrei. It was released in 2003 by Fedogan & Bremer in an edition of 1,100 copies of which 100 were signed by the editor, D. H. Olson and released in a slipcase with a chapbook of correspondence and diary entries.  Many of the stories originally appeared in the magazines Esquire, Weird Tales, Astounding Stories, Spicy Mystery Stories, Speed Mystery, Unknown, Astounding Stories and The Minnesota Quarterly.  The book also includes a collection of Wandrei's drawings.

Howard Wandrei
Howard Elmer Wandrei (24 September 1909 – 5 September 1956) was a United States artist and writer. He wrote over 200 stories that appeared in the magazines Weird Tales, Astounding, Esquire, Black Mask and others. Wandrei wrote under his own name and as by Robert Coley and H.W. Guernsey.

Wandrei is better remembered for his illustrations, many of which were included in the books of his brother, Donald Wandrei.

Several collections of Wandrei's stories were announced as forthcoming from Arkham House but were not published by Arkham House.

Fedogan & Bremer has published several collections of Wandrei's stories using some of the same titles as the proposed Arkham House publications.

A photograph of Howard Wandrei can be found at:
Fair Haven Beach State Park
Fair Haven Beach State Park is a 1,141-acre (4.62 km2) state park on the southeastern shore of Lake Ontario in upstate New York. It is located on the east side of Little Sodus Bay in the town of Sterling in Cayuga County, northeast of the village of Fair Haven. The southern part of the park is sometimes called Fair Haven State Park.

The park covers shoreline bluffs, sandy beaches and adjoining hilly woodlands. Inland, the park includes Sterling Pond and Sterling Creek.

Sterling, New York
Sterling is a town in Cayuga County, New York, United States. The population was 3,040 at the 2010 census. Located on the shore of Lake Ontario, the town is named after William Alexander, Lord Stirling, an American general of the Revolutionary War.
Alternative versions of Superman
The character of Superman was created by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster, and has been continually published in a variety of DC Comics book titles since its premiere in 1938. There have been several versions of Superman over the years, both as the main hero in the stories as well as several alternative versions.

Daily Planet
The Daily Planet is a fictional newspaper appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics, commonly in association with Superman. The newspaper was first mentioned in Action Comics #9 (November 13, 1939) – Underworld Politics, War on Crime. The Daily Planet building's distinguishing feature is the enormous globe that sits on top of the building.

Based in the fictional city of Metropolis, the paper employs Clark Kent, Lois Lane, Jimmy Olsen, and Perry White as its editor-in-chief. The building's original features were inspired  by the Old Toronto Star Building where Superman's co-creator, Joe Shuster, was a newsboy when the Toronto Star was still called the Daily Star. Shuster has claimed that Metropolis was visually inspired by Toronto. Over the years, however, Metropolis has come to serve as an analogue to New York City.
2012 Danmark Rundt
The 2012 Danmark Rundt was a men's road bicycle race held from 22 to 26 August 2012. It was the 22nd edition of the men's stage race, which was established in 1985. The race was rated as a 2.HC event and formed part of the 2012 UCI Europe Tour.

The race was won by Dutch rider Lieuwe Westra of the Vacansoleil–DCM team, with Ramūnas Navardauskas of Garmin–Sharp second and Manuele Boaro of Saxo Bank–Tinkoff Bank third.

The 2012 race was moved to the end of August from its usual start date at the beginning of the month because of a clash with the 2012 Olympic Games. Organisers believe that this led to less spectators viewing the race than in the past and plan for the 2013 edition to start following the 2013 Tour de France.

Lars Petter Nordhaug
Lars Petter Nordhaug (born 14 May 1984) is a Norwegian former road bicycle racer, who competed professionally between 2005 and 2017 for the Joker–Bianchi, Belkin Pro Cycling, Team Sky and Aqua Blue Sport teams.
ABBA: The Movie
ABBA: The Movie is a 1977 mockumentary comedy-drama film about the 1977 Australian tour by the Swedish pop group ABBA. An international co-production between Sweden and Australia, the film was directed by Lasse Hallström, who previously helmed most of the band's videos. Its release coincided with ABBA: The Album, the group's fifth studio album, and features many songs from that album as well as many of their earlier hits, and one, "Get on the Carousel", unavailable anywhere else.

Theatrically released in December 1977 in Sweden and Australia, it made its way overseas throughout 1978–79. The film was a box office success and received positive reviews from critics, while gaining an enthusiastic response from ABBA fans.

Lasse Hallström
Lars Sven "Lasse" Hallström (Swedish: [ˈlâsːɛ ˈhâlːstrœm]; born 2 June 1946) is a Swedish film director. He first became known for directing almost all music videos by the pop group ABBA, and came to international attention with his 1985 feature film My Life as a Dog, for which he was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Director. He is also known for What's Eating Gilbert Grape (1993), The Cider House Rules (1999), and Chocolat (2000).
Lou Scott
Louis Cohn "Lou" Scott (born September 4, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan) is an American long-distance runner who competed in the 1968 Summer Olympics.  He won a silver medal at the 1967 Pan American Games.

He continues to run, showing up in a local Senior Olympics race.  Running for Eastern High School, he was the Michigan State Champion in the mile in 1962 and 1963.  He was also the 1962 state Cross Country Champion.  His 4:11.3 in the summer of 1963 was the Michigan state record for seven years.

In 1985, Scott was a school teacher, and also competed in the Masters National Outdoor Track and Field Championship.

Martin Luther King Jr. Senior High School
Martin Luther King Jr. Senior High School is a public magnet high school located at 3200 East Lafayette Boulevard in Detroit, Michigan; the building is operated by the Detroit Board of Education.  It opened in 1901 as Eastern High School and moved to its current location in 1967.

The school's district currently encompasses Downtown and Midtown Detroit; it also includes Lafayette Park, the Martin Luther King Apartments and Riverfront Condominiums. The Brewster-Douglass Housing Projects were zoned to MLK prior to their demolition. In addition it includes the three Wayne State University housing complexes that permit families with children (Chatsworth Tower, DeRoy, and University Tower).
Anna Rynefors
Anna Rynefors (born 17 December 1974) is a Swedish musician who plays nyckelharpa and Swedish bagpipe. Together with her husband Erik Ask-Upmark, Rynefors is part of the groups Falsobordone, Dråm and Svanevit. Rynefors became Sweden's first female riksspelman on the Swedish bagpipe in 2005.

Swedish bagpipes
Swedish bagpipes (säckpipa, Swedish: svensk säckpipa, or dråmba, koppe, posu, or bälgpipa) are a variety of bagpipes from Sweden. The term itself generically translates to "bagpipes" in Swedish, but is used in English to describe the specifically Swedish bagpipe from the Dalarna region.
Nausdorf Canal
The Nausdorf Canal (German: Nausdorfer Kanal) is a canal in the municipalities of Lenzen and Karstädt in the northwest of Brandenburg, Germany. It links two lakes — the Rambower See, in Karstädt, and the Rudower See, in Lenzen — and runs through the Rambower Moor. It takes its name from the village of Nausdorf, part of Lenzen, located midway along the canal.

Already in the 15th century, there was a mill stream that powered a mill in Nausdorf that existed until 1833. The canal was built between 1862 and 1879, and expanded in 1924/1925 to its present dimensions.

The canal is about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) long and was designed with a width of 8–10 metres (26–33 ft); today at points it is a maximum of 3 metres (9.8 ft) wide. Its depth is about 1 metre (3 ft 3 in); its bed is covered with a thick layer of mud. The watercourse is not navigable. It is popular with anglers due to its large stock of whitefish.

Lenzen (Elbe)
Lenzen (Elbe) (German pronunciation: [ˈlɛntsn̩] ⓘ) is a small town in the district of Prignitz, in Brandenburg, northern Germany. The town lies to the north of the Löcknitz River, not far from where the Löcknitz flows into the Elbe. It is part of the Amt Lenzen-Elbtalaue.
Digital image correlation and tracking
Digital image correlation and tracking is an optical method that employs tracking and image registration techniques for accurate 2D and 3D measurements of changes in 2D images or 3D volumes. This method is often used to measure full-field displacement and strains, and it is widely applied in many areas of science and engineering. Compared to strain gauges and extensometers, digital image correlation methods provide finer details about deformation, due to the ability to provide both local and average data.

Strain gauge
A strain gauge (also spelled strain gage) is a device used to measure strain on an object. Invented by Edward E. Simmons and Arthur C. Ruge in 1938, the most common type of strain gauge consists of an insulating flexible backing which supports a metallic foil pattern. The gauge is attached to the object by a suitable adhesive, such as cyanoacrylate.  Proper adhesion is critical, as any air gaps or flexibility in the bonding layer will introduce measurement errors known as creep or hysteresis. As the object is deformed, the foil is deformed, causing its electrical resistance to change. This resistance change, usually measured using a Wheatstone bridge, is related to the strain by the quantity known as the gauge factor.
John Mentink
John Mentink (November 21, 1869 – August 16, 1953) was an American, farmer, politician, and businessman.

Born near Cedar Grove, Wisconsin, on a farm, Mentink was a farmer and raised Guernsey cattle and Percheron horses. Mentink was an auctioneer. He was also in the insurance, loans, real estate business. Mentink served as president of the Village of Cedar Grove, on the school board serving as clerk. Mentink also served on the Sheboygan County, Wisconsin Board of Supervisors and was a Republican. From 1925 until 1931, Mentink served in the Wisconsin State Assembly. Mentink died in Cedar Grove, Wisconsin.

Cedar Grove, Wisconsin
Cedar Grove is a village in Sheboygan County, Wisconsin, United States, within the Town of Holland. The population was 2,101 at the 2020 census. It is included in the Sheboygan, Wisconsin Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Nottingham Forest F.C. Under-21s and Academy
Nottingham Forest F.C. Under 21s or Nottingham Forest F.C. B Team are the reserve team of Nottingham Forest. The team mainly consists of Under-21 players at the club, although senior players occasionally play in the reserve side, for instance when they are recovering from injury. The B team is coached by Warren Joyce.

Nottingham Forest F.C. Under 18s are the youth team of Nottingham Forest. The youth team is coached by Tom Mallinson.

The Nottingham Forest Academy as a whole is managed by Chris McGuane.

Andy Reid (Irish footballer)
Andrew Matthew Reid (born 29 July 1982) is an Irish professional football manager and former footballer. He is currently an academy coach at Premier league club Nottingham Forest. A midfielder, he turned professional in August 1999 making his debut for Nottingham Forest on 29 November 2000 against Sheffield United. Reid moved from Forest to Tottenham in 2005, then to Charlton Athletic in 2006, Sunderland in 2008 and Blackpool in 2011. In July 2011 he signed a two-year deal back at Nottingham Forest. He also represented the Republic of Ireland internationally.
Everyday (Dave Matthews Band album)
Everyday is the fourth studio album by the American rock band Dave Matthews Band. It was released on February 27, 2001, through RCA Records. It is the band's first album to be produced by Glen Ballard, who also co-wrote all twelve of the album's songs with guitarist and vocalist Dave Matthews. The album marked a shift in the band's sound, prominently featuring electric guitar and concise pop arrangements.

Everyday was a commercial success, becoming the band's second number one album in the US. Three singles were released ("I Did It", "The Space Between", and "Everyday"), with "The Space Between" becoming the band's first top 40 hit in the US. Reviews were mixed; some critics disliked the band's change in sound while others welcomed the more accessible material.

I Did It (Dave Matthews Band song)
"I Did It" is a song by the Dave Matthews Band, released as the lead single from their album Everyday. It reached #71 on the Billboard Hot 100, #5 Modern Rock Tracks, and #40 on Adult Top 40.

In January 2001, Dave Matthews Band made history by becoming the first major artist to release a single directly to Napster, posting "I Did It" on the controversial file-swapping service 6 weeks before the new album was officially released.

"I Did It" was a significant departure musically for the band, introducing electric guitar and minimizing the use of the violin and horn sections.
Cunderdin, Western Australia
Cunderdin is a town located in the Wheatbelt region of Western Australia 156 km east of Perth, along the Great Eastern Highway.  Due to it being on the route of the Goldfields Water Supply Scheme it is also on the Golden Pipeline Heritage Trail. It is a rural community consisting of a district high school and an agricultural college.

Golden Pipeline Heritage Trail
Golden Pipeline Heritage Trail (also known as the Golden Pipeline Drive Trail) was a project conducted by the National Trust of Western Australia along the Goldfields Water Supply Scheme pipeline at the time the pipeline was being celebrated for its 100 years of operation.
Des Voeux Road
Des Voeux Road Central (Chinese: 德輔道中) and Des Voeux Road West (Chinese: 德輔道西) are two roads on the north shore of Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong. They were named after the 10th Governor of Hong Kong, Sir William Des Vœux. The name was sometimes spelt with the ligature œ in pre-war documents but is nowadays spelt officially without the ligature, as Des Voeux Road (Chinese: 德輔道; Jyutping: dak1 fu6 dou6).

William Des Vœux
Sir George William Des Vœux GCMG (22 September 1834 – 15 December 1909) was a British colonial administrator who served as governor of Fiji (1880–1885), Newfoundland (1886–1887), and Hong Kong (1887–1891).
Simmons Colored School
Simmons Colored School is a historic building and a former African American school in The Ville neighborhood of St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.. It served as a historically segregated African American elementary school and middle school from 1898 until 1930. The building served as the Stowe Teachers College campus, an African American normal school and junior college from 1930 until 1940. The building has played an important role in The Ville community since its inception. The school was also known as Elleardsville School for Colored Children No. 8, Colored School #8, Simmons Middle School, and Simmons School.

The Simmons Colored School has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1999, for the architecture and contributions to Black history.

The Ville, St. Louis
The Ville is a historic African-American neighborhood with many African-American businesses located in North St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.. This neighborhood is a forty-two-square-block bounded by St. Louis Avenue on the north, Martin Luther King Drive on the south, Sarah on the east and Taylor on the west. From 1911 to 1950, The Ville was the center of African American culture within the city of St. Louis.
Pyroman
Pyroman is a superhero that appeared in comic books published by Nedor Comics. His first appearance was in Startling Comics #18 (December 1942), with art by Jack Binder. This character was later revived by both AC Comics and America's Best Comics.

Standard Comics
Standard Comics was a comic book imprint of  American publisher Ned Pines, who also published pulp magazines (under a variety of company names that he also used for the comics) and paperback books (under the Popular Library name). Standard in turn was the parent company of two comic-book lines: Better Publications and Nedor Publishing (/ˈniːdɔːr/). Collectors and historians sometimes refer to them collectively as "Standard/Better/Nedor".
Ilya G. Usoskin
Ilya G. Usoskin is a Finnish astrophysicist who is a professor at University of Oulu and head of Cosmic Ray Station at Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory. He is a Vice President of the International Astronomical Union since 2021.

Space climate
Space climate is the long-term variation in solar activity within the heliosphere, including the solar wind, the Interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), and their effects in the near-Earth environment, including the magnetosphere of Earth and the ionosphere, the upper and lower atmosphere, climate, and other related systems. The scientific study of space climate is an interdisciplinary field of space physics, solar physics, heliophysics, and geophysics. It is thus conceptually related to terrestrial climatology, and its effects on the atmosphere of Earth are considered in climate science.
Albion A10
The Albion A10 was a was a British lorry built by Albion Motors. Introduced in 1910, the A10 saw widespread service with the British military during the First World War, and post-war it continued in production until 1926.

Albion Motors
Albion Motors was a Scottish automobile and commercial vehicle manufacturer.

Founded in 1899, Albion Motors was purchased by Leyland Motors in 1951. Vehicles continued to be manufactured under the Albion brand until 1972, after which they continued to be produced, but were sold under the Leyland brand. Vehicle production at the former Albion factory in the Scotstoun area of Glasgow, Scotland, continued until 1980.