hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Hierarchical File System (Apple)
Hierarchical File System (HFS) is a proprietary file system developed by Apple Inc. for use in computer systems running Mac OS. Originally designed for use on floppy and hard disks, it can also be found on read-only media such as CD-ROMs. HFS is also referred to as Mac OS Standard (or HFS Standard), while its successor, HFS Plus, is also called Mac OS Extended (or HFS Extended).

With the introduction of Mac OS X 10.6, Apple dropped support for formatting or writing HFS Standard disks and images, which remained supported as read-only volumes until macOS 10.15. Starting with macOS 10.15, HFS Standard disks can no longer be read.

B-tree
In computer science, a B-tree is a self-balancing tree data structure that maintains sorted data and allows searches, sequential access, insertions, and deletions in logarithmic time. The B-tree generalizes the binary search tree, allowing nodes to have more than two children.

By allowing more children under one node than a regular self-balancing binary search tree, the B-tree reduces the height of the tree and puts the data in fewer separate blocks. This is especially important for trees stored in secondary storage (e.g., disk drives), as these systems have relatively high latency and work with relatively large blocks of data, hence the B-tree's use in databases and file systems. This remains a major advantage when the tree is stored in memory, as modern computer systems rely heavily on CPU caches. Compared to reading from the cache, reading from memory after a cache miss costs significant time.
Rudny, Kazakhstan
Rudny (Kazakh: Рудный, Rudnyi) (Russian: Рудный Rudny) is a city on the Tobol River in Kostanay Region of Kazakhstan. It appeared in 1957 in connection with the development of iron ore deposits, the construction Sokolovsko-Sarbai mining, and processing enterprise. Population: 109,659 (2009 census results);109,515 (1999 census results).

On August 30, 1957, by a resolution of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Kazakh SSR, the village of builders SSGOK Rudny was transformed into a city with the preservation of the name - Rudny.

Tobol
The Tobol (Russian: Тобол) is a river in Western Siberia (in Kazakhstan and Russia) and the main (left) tributary of the Irtysh. Its length is 1,591 km (989 mi), and the area of its drainage basin is 426,000 km2 (164,000 sq mi).
First Love: A Gothic Tale
First Love: A Gothic Tale is a novella by American novelist and essayist Joyce Carol Oates and illustrator Barry Moser. It tells the story of Josie S_____, a girl who goes to stay at her aunt's mansion in upstate New York. While there, she has an incestuous relationship with her cousin, Jared. The novella deals with two of the more common recurring themes in Oates' work: "teenage initiation and perplexing and problematic love."

Barry Moser
Barry Moser (born 1940) is an American visual artist and educator, known as a printmaker specializing in wood engravings, and an illustrator of numerous works of literature. He is also the owner and operator of the Pennyroyal Press, an engraving and small book publisher founded in 1970.
West London
West London is the western part of London, England, north of the River Thames, west of the City of London, and extending to the Greater London boundary.

The term is used to differentiate the area from the other parts of London: Central London, North London, East London and South London. West London was part of the historic county of Middlesex.

London Borough of Hounslow
The London Borough of Hounslow (/ˈhaʊnzloʊ/ ⓘ HOWNZ-loh) is a London borough in west London, England, forming part of Outer London. It is governed by Hounslow London Borough Council.

The borough stretches from near Central London in the east (Chiswick) to the border with Surrey in the west (Feltham and Bedfont), covering five major towns: Chiswick (W4), Brentford (TW8), Isleworth (TW7), Hounslow (TW3, TW4, TW5) and Feltham (TW13, TW14); it borders the boroughs of Richmond upon Thames, Hammersmith and Fulham, Ealing and Hillingdon, in addition to the Spelthorne district of Surrey.

The borough is home to the London Museum of Water & Steam and the attractions of Osterley Park, Gunnersbury Park, Syon House, and Chiswick House. Landmarks just outside the border of Hounslow include Twickenham Stadium and London Heathrow Airport, in the London Boroughs of Richmond-upon-Thames and Hillingdon, respectively.
Port of Berdiansk
The Port of Berdiansk is a seaport in the city of Berdiansk, Ukraine, on the Sea of Azov. It is the only port in the Zaporizhzhia Oblast and one of Ukraine's two Azov ports (along with Mariupol).

According to the Law "On Seaports of Ukraine," the functions of the seaport administration are performed by the Berdiansk branch of the state enterprise of the Ukrainian Sea Ports Authority. The seaport is guarded by the Berdyansk Border Detachment.

Since 27 February 2022, Berdiansk has been under Russian occupation.

Berdyansk Border Detachment
The Berdyansk Border Detachment (MUN 1491) is a brigade level detachment of the Southern Regional Department of the State Border Service of Ukraine. The detachment guards the Sea of Azov and the "border" with Crimea (occupied by Russia) in two raions (Melitopol Raion and Berdiansk Raion) of Zaporizhia Oblast as well as guarding the Port of Berdiansk and Zaporizhzhia International Airport with a total length of 395.5 km. Due to the Russian occupation of Zaporizhzhia Oblast, its operations along the coast are currently suspended and it currently operates against Russian forces on the frontlines.
Cop (film)
Cop is a 1988 American neo-noir crime suspense film written and directed by James B. Harris, starring James Woods, Lesley Ann Warren and Charles Durning. It is based on the 1984 book Blood on the Moon, by James Ellroy. Harris and Woods co-produced the film, a first for their careers.

James Ellroy
Lee Earle "James" Ellroy (born March 4, 1948) is an American crime fiction writer and essayist. Ellroy has become known for a telegrammatic prose style in his most recent work, wherein he frequently omits connecting words and uses only short, staccato sentences, and in particular for the novels The Black Dahlia (1987) and L.A. Confidential (1990).
Norman Gimbel
Norman Gimbel (November 16, 1927 – December 19, 2018) was an American lyricist and songwriter of popular songs and themes to television shows and films. He wrote the lyrics for songs including "Ready to Take a Chance Again" (with composer Charles Fox) and "Canadian Sunset". He also co-wrote "Killing Me Softly With His Song". He wrote English-language lyrics for many international hits, including "Sway", "Summer Samba", "The Girl from Ipanema", "How Insensitive", "Drinking-Water", "Meditation", "I Will Wait for You" and "Watch What Happens". Of the movie themes he co-wrote, five were nominated for Academy Awards or Golden Globe Awards or both, including "It Goes Like It Goes", from the film Norma Rae, which won the Academy Award for Best Original Song for 1979. Gimbel was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1984.

The Paper Chase (TV series)
The Paper Chase is a 1978 American drama television series based on the 1971 novel of the same title by John Jay Osborn Jr., and a 1973 film adaptation. It follows the lives of law student James T. Hart and his classmates at an unnamed law school, modeled on Harvard Law School.
Katonah station
Katonah station is a commuter rail stop on the Metro-North Railroad's Harlem Line, located in Katonah, New York.

As is the case with Brewster, Katonah is not far from the Connecticut border and sees a sizeable number of commuters from Ridgefield using Katonah for commuting as opposed to the Danbury Branch of the New Haven Line given that Katonah gives a faster, direct trip to Grand Central. Similarly, Housatonic Area Regional Transit has a shuttle connecting Ridgefield to Katonah station during peak hours which also connects to Bee-Line Route 19 to Ossining.

The station was also formerly known as Mechanicsville.

Ridgefield, Connecticut
Ridgefield is a town in Fairfield County, Connecticut. Situated in the foothills of the Berkshire Mountains and on the New York state border, Ridgefield had a population of 25,033 as of the 2020 census. The town is part of the Western Connecticut Planning Region. The town center, which was formerly a borough, is defined by the U.S. Census Bureau as a census-designated place. The town was settled then quickly incorporated by 1709.
Erice statement
The Erice Statement is a declaration drafted in 1982 in Erice, Italy, by physicists Paul Dirac, Pyotr Kapitza, and Antonino Zichichi, addressing the responsibilities of scientists in reducing nuclear risks and promoting international cooperation for peace. Emerging during the late Cold War, the statement formed part of a broader movement of scientific activism concerned with the global dangers posed by nuclear weapons. Academic commentary has described it as a significant example of efforts by the scientific community to influence public debate and policy on nuclear disarmament and global security.

Antonino Zichichi
Antonino Zichichi (Italian pronunciation: [antoˈniːno dziˈkiːki]; 15 October 1929 – 9 February 2026) was an Italian physicist who worked in the field of nuclear physics. He served as President of the World Federation of Scientists and as a professor at the University of Bologna.
East Calais, Vermont
East Calais is an unincorporated village in the town of Calais, Washington County, Vermont, United States. The community is located along Vermont Route 14, 10.3 miles (16.6 km) northeast of Montpelier. East Calais has a post office with ZIP code 05650, which opened on April 12, 1830.  The heart of the village forms the East Calais Historic District, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2020.

Washington County, Vermont
Washington County is a county located in the U.S. state of Vermont. Named after George Washington, its county seat is the city of Montpelier (the least populous state capital in the United States) and the most populous city is the city of Barre. As of the 2020 census, the population was 59,807, making it the third-most populous county in Vermont, but the third-least populous capital county in the United States after Hughes County, South Dakota and Franklin County, Kentucky; in 2023, the estimated population was 60,142. Washington County comprises the Barre, Vermont micropolitan statistical area. In 2010, the center of population of Vermont was located in Washington County, in the town of Warren.
Journey Continued
Journey Continued: An Autobiography is the second part of South African writer Alan Paton's autobiography. The first book was Towards the Mountain. In his Journey, he wrote about his life after the publication of his debut novel, Cry the Beloved Country (1948), which was so influential.

Paton had completed the writing and correction of this book, but he died in 1988, before it was published later that year.

Alan Paton
Alan Stewart Paton (11 January 1903 – 12 April 1988) was a South African writer and anti-apartheid activist. His works include the novels Cry, the Beloved Country (1948), Too Late the Phalarope (1953), and the short story The Waste Land.
Shamier Anderson
Shamier Anderson (born May 6, 1991) is a Canadian actor. He is known for his roles in the television series Wynonna Earp, as U.S. Deputy Marshal Xavier Dolls, Invasion, as Trevante Cole, and as Mr. Nobody in the action film John Wick: Chapter 4 (2023).

Invasion (2021 TV series)
Invasion is an American science fiction television series created by Simon Kinberg and David Weil that premiered on Apple TV+ on October 22, 2021. The show is broadcast in a multilingual format, where the English track also features characters speaking in other original languages, such as Japanese, and Persian. It has received a mixed critical response. In Germany, the show is called Infiltration. It was renewed for a second season in December 2021, which premiered on August 23, 2023. It was renewed for a third season in February 2024, and premiered on August 22, 2025.
Three Incarnations
"Three Incarnations" (Chinese: 三生; pinyin: Sānshēng), also translated as "Three Lives",  is a short story by Pu Songling first published in Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio which revolves around two men who, during the course of three lifetimes, are in constant conflict with one another.

Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio
Liaozhai zhiyi, sometimes shortened to Liaozhai, known in English as Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio,  Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio, Strange Tales from Make-Do Studio, or literally Strange Tales from a Studio of Leisure, is a collection of Classical Chinese stories by Qing dynasty writer Pu Songling, comprising close to 500 stories or "marvel tales" in the zhiguai and chuanqi styles, which according to some critics, served to implicitly criticise societal problems. Written over a period of forty years from the late 1600s and ending in the early 1700s, it circulated in manuscripts that were copied and recopied among the author's friends but did not appear in print until 1766. Since then, many of the critically lauded stories have been adapted for other media such as film and television.
Dresdner Bank
Dresdner Bank AG (German pronunciation: [ˈdʁeːsdnɐ ˈbaŋk]) was a German bank, founded in 1872 in Dresden, then headquartered in Berlin from 1884 to 1945 and in Frankfurt from 1963 onwards after a postwar hiatus. Long Germany's second-largest bank behind Deutsche Bank, it was eventually acquired by Commerzbank in May 2009.

Banque Nationale de Paris
Banque nationale de Paris (French pronunciation: [bɑ̃k nɑsjɔnal də paʁi]) was a major French bank. It was formed in 1966 through the merger of Comptoir National d'Escompte de Paris (CNEP, est. 1848) and Banque Nationale pour le Commerce et l'Industrie (BNCI, est. 1932). In 1999, BNP initiated a merged with Paribas to form BNP Paribas, completed in 2000.
1963 Small Club World Cup
The 1963 Small Club World Cup was the seventh edition of the Small Club World Cup, a tournament held in Venezuela between 1952 and 1957, in certain years between 1963 and 1970, and in 1975. It was played by three participants in double round robin format, and featured players like Evaristo, Hilderaldo Bellini, Cecilio Martinez, Custódio Pinto, Francisco Gento and Ferenc Puskás.

Cecilio Martínez
Cecilio Martínez (born 1 February 1943) is a Paraguayan footballer. He played in nine matches for the Paraguay national football team from 1961 to 1963. He was also part of Paraguay's squad for the 1963 South American Championship.
Frequency (Nick Gilder album)
Frequency by Nick Gilder was released in 1979 on the Chrysalis record label.

In a 1979 review for the Birmingham Daily Post, Jonathan Daümler-Ford commented on "Gilder's annoying high vocals and the outstanding guitar work of James McCulloch".

Nick Gilder
Nicholas George Gilder (born 21 December 1951) is a British-Canadian musician who first came to prominence as the frontman for the glam rock band Sweeney Todd. He later had a successful solo career as a singer/songwriter.
Nicolas Provost
Nicolas Provost  (born 1969, Ronse, Belgium) is a Belgian filmmaker and visual artist who lives and works in New York and Brussels.

His works are in a number of collections, including The New Art Gallery Walsall and Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery, who share Storyteller (2010), SMAK Gent and the Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium.

His short film Suspension received an honorable mention at the Sundance Film Festival in 2008. He has also exhibited at The San Francisco International Film Festival, CineVegas, The International Film Festival Rotterdam, The Viennale, and The Locarno Film Festival.

His first feature film, The Invader, premiered at the Venice Film Festival in 2011.

He has lived in Belgium and Norway, and as of 2013, resides in New York.

The New Art Gallery Walsall
The New Art Gallery Walsall is a modern and contemporary art gallery in the town of Walsall, in the West Midlands, England. It was built with £21 million of public funding, including £15.75 million from the UK National Lottery and additional money from the European Regional Development Fund and City Challenge.

The Gallery is funded by Walsall Council and Arts Council England; this funding is further supplemented by its own income generation. Admission is free. Its first Director was Peter Jenkinson. In May 2005, former BALTIC director Stephen Snoddy was appointed as director.
Matthew Flinders' Cat
Matthew Flinders' Cat is a 2002 novel by Bryce Courtenay (ISBN 0670910619), published by Viking Press. It records the relationship between a homeless former lawyer and alcoholic, and a young skateboard riding boy with a troubled background, who slowly bond over tales of Matthew Flinders and "Trim", the ship's cat who travelled with him on a number of his voyages, including the circumnavigation of Australia.

Reviewer Charles Waterstreet, felt that the characters in the novel were "created from the comics, not the mind", and that the story was "distilled from headlines writ small, the novel's equivalent of elevator music".

Ship's cat
The ship's cat has been a common feature on many trading, exploration, and naval ships dating to ancient times. Cats have been brought on ships for many reasons, most importantly to control rodents. Vermin aboard a ship can cause damage to ropes, woodwork, and more recently, electrical wiring. In addition, rodents threaten ships' stores, devour crews' foodstuff, and can cause economic damage to ships' cargo, such as grain. Vermin are also a source of disease, which is dangerous for ships that are at sea for long periods of time. Rat fleas are carriers of plague, and rats on ships were believed to be a primary vector of the Black Death.

Cats naturally attack and kill rodents and adapt to new surroundings, which makes them suitable for service on a ship. In addition, they offer companionship and a sense of home, security and camaraderie to sailors away from home.  The tradition that every ship needs a mascot made cats very welcome among sailors.
Free-form radio
Free-form, or free-form radio, is a radio station programming format in which the disc jockey is given wide or total control over what music to play, regardless of music genre or commercial interests. Freeform radio stands in contrast to most commercial radio stations, in which DJs have little or no influence over programming structure or playlists. In the United States, freeform DJs are still bound by Federal Communications Commission regulations.

KFFP-LP
KFFP-LP (90.3 FM, "Freeform Portland") is a low-power listener supported community radio station in Portland, Oregon. It broadcasts live programming at 90.3 FM 24 hours a day, seven days a week.  It first began broadcasting live in April 2016.
Park View (Washington, D.C.)
Park View is a neighborhood in Washington, D.C., located in Northwest D.C. The neighborhood is primarily residential with its main commercial corridor of shops and restauarants located along Georgia Avenue. It is bordered to the west by  Columbia Heights, the north by Petworth, and the south by McMillan Reservoir and Pleasant Plains.

Park View was developed at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, along the western boundary of the U.S. Soldiers' Home. The name of the neighborhood is derived from its relation to the park-like setting of the Soldier's Home, which was formerly open to the public as a park into the 1960s.

Neighborhoods in Washington, D.C.
Neighborhoods in Washington, D.C., the capital city of the United States, are distinguished by their history, culture, architecture, demographics, and geography. The names of the 131 neighborhoods are unofficially defined by the D.C. Office of Planning. Though the neighborhoods can be defined by the boundaries of wards, historic districts, Advisory Neighborhood Commissions, civic associations, and business improvement districts (BIDs), these boundaries will overlap. The eight wards each elect a member to the Council of the District of Columbia and are redistricted every ten years.

As the nation's capital, Washington, D.C.'s local neighborhood history and culture is often presented as distinct from that of the national government.
Arch of Augustus (Aosta)
45°44′21.13″N 7°19′40.91″E﻿ / ﻿45.7392028°N 7.3280306°E﻿ / 45.7392028; 7.3280306

The Arch of Augustus (in French Arc d'Auguste) is a monument in the city of Aosta, northern Italy.

It was erected in 25 BC on the occasion of the Roman victory over the Salassi and was the work of Aulus Terentius Varro Murena.

It is located at the end of the decumanus maximus, a little distance from the Bourg Saint-Ours (quarter of the Collegiate Church of Saint Ursus) and from the eastern entrance of the city wall (the Porta Prætoria).

Aosta
Aosta (official French: Aoste; Valdôtain: Aoûta) is the principal city of the Aosta Valley, a bilingual region in the Alps, 110 km (68 mi) north-northwest of Turin, Italy. It is situated near the Italian entrance of the Mont Blanc Tunnel and the Great St Bernard Tunnel, at the confluence of the Buthier and the Dora Baltea, and at the junction of the Great and Little St Bernard Pass routes.
Guadalupe Pass (Texas)
Guadalupe Pass is a mountain pass in Culberson County, Texas. It is located just outside of Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Texas and is traversed by U.S. Highway 62-180 connecting El Paso, Texas with Carlsbad, New Mexico.

Culberson County, Texas
Culberson County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2020 census, its population was 2,188. The county seat is Van Horn. Culberson County was founded in 1911 and organized the next year. It is named for David B. Culberson, a Confederate soldier and U.S. representative.

Culberson County is primarily in the Central Time Zone, but northwestern Culberson County, including Pine Springs and Guadalupe Mountains National Park, is in the Mountain Time Zone, making it one of only a few U.S. counties officially split into two time zones. It is one of the nine counties that comprise the Trans-Pecos region of West Texas.
NOREM
NOREM is a hardfacing material developed by the Electric Power Research Institute to deal with radiation safety issues associated with the use of cobalt alloys in nuclear power station coolant systems (see stellite for a discussion of the problem). It is a solid-solution strengthened austenitic matrix with a continuous network of eutectic and non-eutectic carbides at the grain boundaries. It is intended to be deposited by various welding processes.

Electric Power Research Institute
The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) is an American independent, nonprofit organization that conducts research and development related to the generation, delivery, and use of electricity to help address challenges in the energy industry, including reliability, efficiency, affordability, health, safety, and the environment.

EPRI's principal offices and laboratories are located in Palo Alto, California; Charlotte, North Carolina; Knoxville, Tennessee; Washington, DC; and Lenox, Massachusetts.
See How They Run (1955 film)
See How They Run is a 1955 British comedy film directed by Leslie Arliss and starring Ronald Shiner, Greta Gynt, James Hayter and Wilfrid Hyde-White. It was written by Arliss, Philip King, Roy Miller and Val Valentine, based on King's 1944 play of the same name. It was produced by Bill Luckwell and Derek Winn for Winwell.

Philip King (playwright)
Philip King (30 October 1904 – 9 February 1979) was an English playwright and actor, born in Yorkshire.  He is best known as the author of the farce See How They Run (1944).  He lived in Brighton and many of his plays were first produced in nearby  Worthing. He continued to act throughout his writing career, often appearing in his own plays.