hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Adaptive optics
Adaptive optics (AO) is a technique of precisely deforming a mirror in order to compensate for light distortion. It is used in astronomical telescopes and laser communication systems to remove the effects of atmospheric distortion, in microscopy, optical fabrication and in retinal imaging systems (ophthalmoscopy) to reduce optical aberrations. Adaptive optics works by measuring the distortions in a wavefront and compensating for them with a device that corrects those errors such as a deformable mirror or a liquid crystal array.

Adaptive optics should not be confused with active optics, which work on a longer timescale to correct the primary mirror geometry.

Other methods can achieve resolving power exceeding the limit imposed by atmospheric distortion, such as speckle imaging, aperture synthesis, and lucky imaging, or by moving outside the atmosphere with space telescopes, such as the Hubble Space Telescope.

Speckle imaging
Speckle imaging comprises a range of high-resolution astronomical imaging techniques based on the analysis of large numbers of short exposures that freeze the variation of atmospheric turbulence. They can be divided into the shift-and-add (image stacking) method and the speckle interferometry methods. These techniques can dramatically increase the resolution of ground-based telescopes, but are limited to bright targets.
Fairchild Semiconductor
Fairchild Semiconductor International, Inc. was an American semiconductor company based in San Jose, California. It was founded in 1957 as a division of Fairchild Camera and Instrument by the "traitorous eight" who defected from Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory. It became a pioneer in the manufacturing of transistors and of integrated circuits. Schlumberger bought the firm in 1979 and sold it to National Semiconductor in 1987; Fairchild was spun off as an independent company again in 1997. In September 2016, Fairchild was acquired by ON Semiconductor.

The company had locations in the United States in San Jose, California; San Rafael, California; South Portland, Maine; West Jordan, Utah; Puyallup, Washington; and Mountaintop, Pennsylvania. Outside the US, it operated locations in Australia; Singapore; Bucheon, South Korea; Penang, Malaysia; Suzhou, China; and Cebu, Philippines, among others.

Corporate spin-off
A corporate spin-off, also known as a spin-out, starburst or hive-off, is a type of corporate action where a company "splits off" a section as a separate business or creates a second incarnation, even if the first is still active. It is distinct from a sell-off, where a company sells a section to another company or firm in exchange for cash or securities.
January–February 2019 North American cold wave
In late January 2019, a severe cold wave caused by a weakened jet stream around the Arctic polar vortex hit the Midwestern United States and Eastern Canada, killing at least 22 people. It came after a winter storm brought up to 13 inches (33 cm) of snow in some regions from January 27–29, and brought the lowest temperatures in over 20 years to most locations in the affected region, including some all-time record lows. In early February, a concentration of Arctic air colloquially referred to as the "polar vortex" moved west, and became locked over Western Canada and the Western United States. As a result, February 2019 was among the coldest and snowiest on record in these regions. In early March, the cold once again shifted east, breaking records in many areas. In mid-March, the cold wave finally retreated, but combined with above-average temperatures, precipitation, and a deep snowpack, widespread flooding ensued in the Central US.

Cold wave
A cold wave (known in some regions as a cold snap, cold spell, Arctic blast, or Arctic Snap) is a weather phenomenon that is distinguished by a cooling of the air. Specifically, as used by the U.S. National Weather Service, a cold wave is a rapid fall in temperature within a 24-hour period requiring substantially increased protection to agriculture, industry, commerce, and social activities. The precise criteria for a cold wave are the rate at which the temperature falls, and the minimum to which it falls. This minimum temperature is dependent on the geographical region and time of year.

In the United States, a cold spell is defined as the national average high temperature dropping below 20 °F (−7 °C). A cold wave of sufficient magnitude and duration may be classified as a cold air outbreak (CAO).
Amaras Monastery
Amaras Monastery (Armenian: Ամարաս վանք) is an Armenian monastery near the village of Sos, in the region of Nagorno-Karabakh, Azerbaijan. It was a prominent religious and educational center in medieval Armenia.

Azerbaijan denies the monastery's Armenian Apostolic heritage, instead falsely referring to it as "Caucasian Albanian".

Sos, Nagorno-Karabakh
Sos (Armenian: Սոս) is a village in the Khojavend District of Azerbaijan, in the region of Nagorno-Karabakh. Until 2023 it was controlled by the breakaway Republic of Artsakh. The village had an ethnic Armenian-majority population until the expulsion of the Armenian population of Nagorno-Karabakh by Azerbaijan following the 2023 Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh.
William John Campbell Lyall
William Lyall (27 January 1848 – 22 April 1931) was a Scottish international rugby union player who played for Edinburgh Academicals in Edinburgh.

Born in Edinburgh in 1848 to David and Isabella Lyall, William Lyall played as a Forward.

Lyall played in the first ever rugby union international match for Scotland against England in 27 March 1871

Edinburgh Academical Football Club
Edinburgh Academical Football Club, also known as Edinburgh Accies, is a rugby union club in Edinburgh, Scotland. The club is currently a member of the Scottish National League Division One, the 2nd tier of Scottish club rugby. Its home ground is Raeburn Place, in Stockbridge, Edinburgh. The team is coached by Charlie Shiel, Jamie Sole, and Simon Berghan.

The club regularly fields three teams and is also involved with Broughton and Trinity Accies in the Edinburgh BATs initiative, a community amateur sports club providing youth rugby across northern Edinburgh.
At War with Reality
At War with Reality is the fifth studio album and major label debut by Swedish melodic death metal band At the Gates, released on 27 October 2014 for Europe and 28 October 2014 for the USA. It is the band's first album since Slaughter of the Soul (1995), marking the longest gap between two studio albums in their career. It is a concept album based on the literary genre of magic realism.

At War with Reality received positive reviews from music critics, and music videos were released for the songs "Death and the Labyrinth", "Heroes and Tombs", The Book of Sand (The Abomination)" and "The Night Eternal". Up until 2026's The Ghost of a Future Dead, it was the band's last studio album to feature co-founding guitarist Anders Björler, who departed from the band in 2017 before returning in 2022.

Anders Björler
Anders Björler (born 26 February 1973) is a Swedish musician. He is best known as the lead guitarist in the metal bands The Haunted and At the Gates, alongside his bass-playing twin brother Jonas Björler.

Björler has also directed, edited and produced music videos, documentaries and in-the-studio features for bands such as In Flames, Dark Tranquillity and Meshuggah, as well as his own bands.
Mexico at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Mexico competed at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea, from 9 to 25 February 2018, with four competitors in three sports.

German Madrazo was the country's flag bearer during the opening ceremony.

Germán Madrazo
Germán Madrazo Baca (born 15 September 1974) is a Mexican cross-country skier and businessman. He competed in the 2018 Winter Olympics. Madrazo is the owner of The Valley Running Company in McAllen, Texas, where he resides.
Black Salt Collective
Black Salt Collective is an American queer, women-of-color artist collective that currently consists of four California-based artists and curators: Sarah Biscarra-Dilley, Grace Rosario Perkins, Anna Luisa Petrisko, and Adee Roberson. Founded in 2012, Black Salt Collective's art practice crosses disciplines and media, including performance, video, installation, sound, painting, collage, textiles, sculpture, and printmaking.

Grace Rosario Perkins
Grace Rosario Perkins (b. 1986) is a multidisciplinary artist whose works explore the intersections of her Native American, queer and gender identities. She currently lives and works in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Although she is primarily a painter, Perkins also creates in other mediums, including video installations and masks. Perkins has been nominated for a San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (SFMoMA) Society for the Encouragement of Contemporary Art Award, a United States Arts Fellowship, a Tosa Studio Award, and a Liquitex Painter’s Residency. As well as her solo work, Perkins is a member of the Black Salt Collective.
Homewood-Flossmoor High School
Homewood-Flossmoor High School (H-F) is a comprehensive public high school in Flossmoor, Illinois, a south suburb of Chicago.

The school serves an area of nearly 11.5 square miles (30 km2), drawing students from Homewood, Flossmoor, and parts of Chicago Heights, Glenwood, Hazel Crest, and Olympia Fields.

Chicago Heights, Illinois
Chicago Heights is a city in Cook County, Illinois, United States. The population was 27,480 at the 2020 census, and was estimated at 26,533 in 2024. A southern suburb in the Chicago metropolitan area, its nicknames include "The Crossroads of the Nation" and "Da Heights”.
Boy from Indiana
Boy from Indiana is a 1950 American sports drama film directed by John Rawlins and starring Lon McCallister, Billie Burke and George Cleveland. The film's sets were designed by the art director Lucius O. Croxton.

Lucius O. Croxton
Lucius O. Croxton (1908–1978) was an American art director. He designed the film sets on a number of Hollywood productions, working for studios such as RKO and Monogram Pictures. He is sometimes credited simply as Lucius Croxton.
Fighting France: From Dunkerque to Belfort
Fighting France: From Dunkerque to Belfort is a literary compilation composed, in part, from magazine articles by the American writer Edith Wharton on her time in France during the First World War, including her visits to the French sectors of the Western Front. "Four of the articles originally appeared in Scribner's Magazine" in 1915.  "In Alsace" appeared the same year in The Saturday Evening Post.  The book's final chapter ("The Tone of France") had not been previously published. Fighting France: From Dunkerque to Belfort was published in 1915 by Charles Scribner's Sons.

Edith Wharton
Edith Newbold Wharton (/ˈhwɔːrtən/; née Jones; January 24, 1862 – August 11, 1937) was an American writer and designer. Wharton drew upon her insider's knowledge of upper-class New York society to portray, realistically, the lives and morals of the Gilded Age. In 1921, she became the first woman to win the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for her novel The Age of Innocence. She was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame in 1996. Her other well-known works are The House of Mirth, the novella Ethan Frome, and several notable ghost stories.
Curtis Armstrong
Curtis Johnathan Armstrong (born November 27, 1953) is an American actor. He is best known for playing the role of Booger in the Revenge of the Nerds films, Herbert Viola on the TV series Moonlighting, Miles Dalby in the film Risky Business, and record producer Ahmet Ertegun in the film Ray as well as for playing the role of Metatron on the TV series Supernatural.

He is also known for providing his voice for such characters as Schmuley "Snot" Lonstein on the animated TV series American Dad! and Maru in the animated film Planes: Fire & Rescue in addition to portraying the title character on the animated TV series  Dan Vs., Mr. Moleguaco in The Emperor's New School, Ezekiel the Cockroach on Doom Patrol, and Robot Default on Robot and Monster.

From 2013 to 2015, he served as the co-host of the TBS reality television competition series King of the Nerds.

Smokin' Aces
Smokin' Aces is a 2006 crime action thriller film written and directed by Joe Carnahan. The film centers on the chase for a Las Vegas magician turned mafia informant after a one-million-dollar bounty is placed on him. It stars Ben Affleck, Jason Bateman, Common, Andy García, Alicia Keys, Ray Liotta, Jeremy Piven, and Ryan Reynolds. Smokin' Aces was the official acting debut of Keys and Common.

The film is set in Lake Tahoe and was mainly filmed at Bally's Lake Tahoe, then known as Caesars Tahoe, and called the "Nomad Casino". It premiered at the 2006 Butt-Numb-A-Thon, before being released theatrically in the United Kingdom on January 12, 2007, and in the United States on January 26.

Smokin' Aces received mixed reviews, but was a commercial success, grossing $57 million on a $17 million budget. It was followed by a 2010 prequel, Smokin' Aces 2: Assassins' Ball, directed by P. J. Pesce and produced and co-written by Carnahan.
Whirlwind (yacht)
Whirlwind was a 1930 yacht of the J Class built as a contender for the New York Yacht Club's defence of the 1930 America's Cup. She was ordered by a syndicate headed by Landon Ketchum Thorne, designed by Lewis Francis Herreshoff, and built by Lawley & Son. Whirlwind was unsuccessful in her bid to become the Cup defender, an honor that went to Enterprise. She never sailed again after the Cup races, and was scrapped in 1935.

1930 America's Cup
The 1930 America's Cup was the 14th challenge for the Cup. It took place in Newport and consisted of a series of races between the defender Enterprise, entered by a syndicate of New York Yacht Club members headed by Winthrop Aldrich, and Shamrock V, the fifth in Sir Thomas Lipton's line of Cup challengers.
Les Bons Villers
Les Bons Villers (French pronunciation: [le bɔ̃ vilɛʁs] ⓘ; Walloon: Les Bons Viyés) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Hainaut, Belgium.

On 1 January 2018 the municipality had 9,457 inhabitants. The total area is 42.55 km2, giving a population density of 222 inhabitants per km2.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Frasnes-lez-Gosselies, Mellet, Rèves, Villers-Perwin and Wayaux.

Villers-Perwin
Villers-Perwin (Walloon: Viyé-Perwin) is a village in Wallonia and a district of the municipality of Les Bons Villers, located in the province of Hainaut, Belgium.
Villers-Perwin was a municipality in its own right until the fusion of the municipalities in Belgium in 1977.
Copacabana (1947 film)
Copacabana is a 1947 American musical comedy film directed by Alfred E. Green starring Groucho Marx, Carmen Miranda, and Steve Cochran. Groucho appears for the first time in his own person, without his traditional greasepaint mustache and swallow-tail coat. (He does don the old makeup and costume for one last time, in a specialty number.) This was Groucho's first significant film appearance as a solo act, minus his brothers Harpo and Chico.

Earl Wilson (columnist)
Harvey Earl Wilson (May 3, 1907 – January 16, 1987) was an American journalist, gossip columnist, and author, perhaps best known for his 6-day a week nationally syndicated newspaper column, It Happened Last Night.
Nyuksenitsa
Nyuksenitsa (Russian: Ню́ксеница) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Nyuksensky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia, located on the left bank of the Sukhona River. It also serves as the administrative center of Beryozovsky and Nyuksensky Selsoviets, two of the eleven selsoviets into which the district is administratively divided. Municipally, it is the administrative center of Nyuksenskoye Rural Settlement. Population:  4,271 (2010 Census); 4,407 (2002 Census); 4,164 (1989 Soviet census).

Vologda Oblast
Vologda Oblast (Russian: Вологодская область, romanized: Vologodskaya oblastʹ, IPA: [vəlɐˈɡotskəjə ˈobləsʲtʲ]; Veps: Vologdan agj) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). Its administrative center is Vologda. The oblast has a population of 1,202,444 (2010 Census). The largest city is Cherepovets, the home of the Severstal metallurgical plant, the largest industrial enterprise in the oblast.

Vologda Oblast is home to many historic monuments, such as the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery, Ferapontov Monastery (a World Heritage Site) with the frescoes of Dionisius, the two medieval towns of Velikiy Ustyug and Belozersk, and the baroque churches of Totma and Ustyuzhna.

Large reserves of wood and fresh water are the main natural resources.
Reconquista Airport
Reconquista Airport (Spanish: Aeropuerto de Reconquista) (IATA: RCQ, ICAO: SATR), also known as Daniel Jukic Airport (es), is an airport serving Reconquista, a city in the Santa Fe Province of Argentina. It is a domestic airport located 6 kilometres (4 mi) south of the city.

The airfield covers an area of 756 hectares (1,870 acres) and has a 700 square metres (7,500 sq ft) terminal. The Reconquista VOR-DME (Ident: RTA) and non-directional beacon (Ident: A) are located on the field.

Reconquista, Santa Fe
Reconquista is a city in the north of the province of Santa Fe, Argentina, 327 km (203 mi) from the provincial capital. It is the head town of the General Obligado Department, and it has 84,939 inhabitants according to the 2022 census [INDEC].

The city lies on a branch of the Paraná River opposite the city of Goya, Corrientes. As of 2005, the construction of a road link between the two cities is under study; at present there is no way to cross the multiple minor branches, streams and wetlands except by boat.

Reconquista was founded on 27 April 1872 as a military fort, established by Colonel Manuel Obligado, in lands formerly belonging to the Jesuit mission Reducción San Jerónimo del Rey. It was declared a city in 1921.
Catherine Morgan
Catherine Anne Morgan, OBE, FBA (born 1961) is a British academic specialising in the history and archaeology of Early Iron Age and Archaic Greece. Since 2015, she has been a Senior Research Fellow at All Souls College, Oxford. She was Professor of Classical Archaeology at King's College London from 2005 to 2015, and director of the British School at Athens from 2007 to 2015.

All Souls College, Oxford
All Souls College (official name: The College of All Souls of the Faithful Departed, of Oxford) is a constituent college of the University of Oxford in England. Unique to All Souls, all of its members automatically become fellows (i.e., full members of the college's governing body). It has no student members, but each year, recent graduates are eligible to apply for a small number of examination fellowships through a competitive examination (once described as "the hardest exam in the world") and, for those shortlisted after the examinations, an interview.

The college entrance is on the north side of High Street, whilst it has a long frontage onto Radcliffe Square. To its east is The Queen's College, whilst Hertford College is to the north of All Souls.

The current warden (head of the college) is Sir John Vickers, a graduate of Oriel College, Oxford.
St. Peter's Umbrella (1917 film)
St. Peter's Umbrella (Hungarian: Szent Péter esernyöje) is a 1917 Hungarian silent drama film directed by Alexander Korda and starring Károly Lajthay, Márton Rátkai and Victor Varconi. It was an adaptation of the 1895 novel St. Peter's Umbrella by Kálmán Mikszáth. Two adaptations were made later in 1935 and in 1958.

St. Peter's Umbrella (novel)
St. Peter's Umbrella (Hungarian: Szent Péter esernyője) is an 1895 novel by the Hungarian writer Kálmán Mikszáth. It is set in the town of Besztercebánya (now Banská Bystrica), describing the rural life of the peasantry in an undeveloped part of Upper Hungary (now Slovakia).
2024–25 Pakistan Tri-Nation Series
The 2024–25 Pakistan Tri-Nation Series was a cricket tournament that took place in Pakistan in February 2025. It was a tri-nation series involving Pakistan, New Zealand and South Africa cricket teams, with the matches played as One Day International (ODI) fixtures. The series was used as preparation ahead of the 2025 ICC Champions Trophy. It was the first tri-nation series hosted by Pakistan since 2004.

On 8 January 2025, Pakistan Cricket Board (PCB) relocated the Tri-Nation Series to the Gaddafi Stadium in Lahore and the National Stadium in Karachi. Originally the series was supposed take place at the Multan Cricket Stadium in Multan.

Salman Ali Agha
Salman Ali Agha (born 23 November 1993) is a Pakistani international cricketer. He is a right-handed middle-order batter and a right-handed off break spin bowler. He represents the Pakistan national cricket team and captains the Twenty20 international side. He is also the vice-captain of the One Day international team. In domestic cricket, he plays for Southern Punjab, and for Islamabad United in the Pakistan Super League.

He made his international debut for the Pakistan cricket team in July 2022, and is currently captain of the Pakistan cricket team in the shortest format.
Hyrcanus II
John Hyrcanus II (/hərˈkeɪnəs/, Hebrew: יוחנן הרקנוס Yohanan Hurqanos; died 30 BCE), a member of the Hasmonean dynasty, was for a long time the High Priest of Israel in the 1st century BCE. He was also briefly king of Judea (67–66 BCE) and then the ethnarch of Judea, probably over the period 47–40 BCE.

Ethnarch
Ethnarch (pronounced /ˈɛθnɑːrk/, also ethnarches, Greek: ἐθνάρχης) is a term that refers generally to political leadership over a common ethnic group or homogeneous kingdom. The word is derived from the Greek words ἔθνος (ethnos, "tribe/nation") and ἄρχων (archon, "leader/ruler"). Strong's Concordance gives the definition of 'ethnarch' as "the governor (not king) of a district".
Avrig (river)
The Avrig is a left tributary of the river Olt in Romania. It discharges into the Olt in the town Avrig. The upper reach of the river is also known as the Râul Mare. Its source is the Avrig Lake in the Făgăraș Mountains. Its length is 24 km (15 mi) and its basin size is 66 km2 (25 sq mi).

There is a dam on the Avrig river for the water supply of the town Avrig and the village of Mârșa. The main bridges over the river are the Podul Jibrii and Podul lui Moise.

Avrig
Avrig (Romanian pronunciation: [aˈvriɡ]; German: Freck/Fryck, Transylvanian Saxon: Freck/Fraek, Hungarian: Felek) is a town in Sibiu County, Transylvania, central Romania. The first documents attesting its existence date to 1346. It officially became a town in 1989, as a result of the Romanian rural systematization program.
Tositumomab
Tositumomab is a murine monoclonal antibody which targets the CD20 antigen produced in mammalian cell. It was combined with iodine-131 to produce a radiopharmaceutical for unsealed source radiotherapy, Iodine-131 Tositumomab (branded as Bexxar), for the treatment of non-Hodgkins lymphoma. It is classified as a IgG2a lambda antibody.

The drug combination was developed by Corixa which was purchased by GlaxoSmithKline in 2005. It was sold for about $25,000 for one round of treatment. Bexxar competed with Zevalin, until the former's discontinuation in 2014.

CD20
B-lymphocyte antigen CD20 or CD20 is B lymphocyte cell-surface molecule.

It is a 33-37 kDa non-glycosylated protein. CD20 is expressed on the surface of B-cells from the pre-B phase, the expression is lost in terminally differentiated plasma cells.

CD20 is used as a therapeutical target of B-cell malignancies and autoimmune diseases.