hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Society for Applied Philosophy
The Society for Applied Philosophy is a philosophical organization founded in 1982 by Brenda Almond. The purpose of the organization is promoting study and research in philosophy in areas with real-world applications, and work that is intended to make a constructive contribution to problems in these areas. To these ends, the society sponsors workshops, conferences, and lectures. The Journal of Applied Philosophy is published by Blackwell on behalf of the society.

In 2017, the president of the society was Onora O'Neill.

Brenda Almond
Brenda Margaret Almond (née Cohen; 19 September 1937 – 14 January 2023) was a British philosopher, known for her work on philosophy of education and applied ethics. She was an elected member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences.
Dionysius I of Syracuse
Dionysius I or Dionysius the Elder (c. 432 – 367 BC) was a Greek tyrant of Syracuse, Sicily. He conquered several cities on Sicily and southern Italy, opposed Carthage's influence on Sicily and made Syracuse the most powerful of the western Greek colonies. He was regarded by the ancients as the worst kind of despot: cruel, suspicious, and vindictive.

Lezhë
Lezhë (Albanian: [ˈlɛʒə], Albanian definite form: Lezha) is a city in the Republic of Albania and seat of Lezhë County and Lezhë Municipality. It is one of Albania's oldest continuously inhabited cities, with roughly 2,400 years of recorded history.

One of the main strongholds of the Labeatai, the earliest of the fortification walls of Lezhë are of typical Illyrian construction and are dated to the late 4th century BC. Lezhë was one of the main centres of the Illyrian kingdom. During the conflicts with Macedon, it was captured by Philip V becoming the Macedonian outlet to the Adriatic Sea. The city was later recovered by the Illyrians. It was subjected to Rome after the Roman-Illyrian wars and the fall of Gentius' realm. Lezhë was the site of the League of Lezhë where Skanderbeg united the Albanian lords in the fight against the Ottoman Empire.
Cinder track
A cinder track is a type of race track, generally purposed for track and field or horse racing, whose surface is composed of cinders. For running tracks, many cinder surfaces have been replaced by all-weather synthetic surfaces, which provide greater durability and more consistent results, and are less stressful on runners. The impact on performance as a result of differing track surfaces is a topic often raised when comparing athletes from different eras.

Synthetic tracks emerged in the late 1960s; the 1964 Olympics were the last to use a cinder track.

The Little 500 bicycle race at Indiana University is still run annually on a cinder track.

Little 500
The Little 500 (also known popularly as the "Little Five"), is a track cycling race held annually during the third weekend of April at Bill Armstrong Stadium on the campus of Indiana University in Bloomington, Indiana. It is attended by more than 25,000 fans.
James Irwin Charter Schools
James Irwin Charter Schools (JICS) is a charter school network in Colorado Springs, Colorado, serving student grades in kindergarten through twelfth grades. The school is named in honor of astronaut James Irwin, the eighth person to walk on the Moon. JICS features six schools, including three elementary schools, one middle school, one regular high school, and a vocational high school.

The Astrozon elementary school campus, middle school, and high school are authorized by Harrison School District 2. The Howard elementary school campus is authorized by Colorado Springs School District 11, and the Canada Drive elementary campus and Power Technical (PTEC), the vocational school, are authorized by School District 49.

Harrison School District 2
Harrison School District 2 is the southern school district of Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States.

As of 2013 it had about 11,000 students.

The district includes sections of Colorado Springs, as well a most of the Stratmoor census-designated place, and a small portion of the Fort Carson CDP. A very small portion of Fountain municipality is in the district boundaries.
BlackBerry Charm
The BlackBerry Charm (7100 series) is a discontinued smartphone made by BlackBerry Limited, then known as Research In Motion. The Charm was equipped with SureType technology, which used predictive type to allow for normal QWERTY-style typing using only 20 keys. It featured a 240x260 pixel display,  polyphonic ringtones, quad-band GSM radio, and Bluetooth. The original 7100t (T-Mobile) was released in 2004, with the 7100r (Rogers), 7100v (Vodafone), 7100g (Cingular / AT&T Wireless), 7100x (O2), and 7100i (NEXTEL / Sprint) being released later.

SureType
SureType is a QWERTY-based character input method for cell phones. SureType was developed by BlackBerry vendor Research in Motion and was used on the BlackBerry Charm and the BlackBerry Pearl. SureType combines a traditional telephone keypad with a QWERTY-based keyboard to create a non-standard way to input text on a cell phone. In addition, SureType contains a list of 35,000 English words, so when a user types the beginning of a word, all the possible words which start with those letters show up on the screen. Additional words can also be added to the word list.
Big Fat Liar
Big Fat Liar is a 2002 American teen comedy film directed by Shawn Levy, and written by Dan Schneider from a story by Schneider and Brian Robbins. It stars Frankie Muniz, Paul Giamatti and Amanda Bynes, with a supporting cast featuring Amanda Detmer, Donald Faison, Lee Majors and Russell Hornsby.

The plot, alluding to Aesop's Fable The Boy Who Cried Wolf, follows a 14-year-old boy (Muniz) whose creative writing assignment "Big Fat Liar" is stolen by an arrogant Hollywood producer (Giamatti) who plans to use it to make the fictional film of the same name. It was released in the United States on February 8, 2002 by Universal Pictures to mixed to negative reviews from critics while grossing $53 million worldwide against a $15 million budget. It was followed by a direct-to-video sequel, titled Bigger Fatter Liar, in 2017.

Donald Faison
Donald Adeosun Faison (/ˈfeɪzɒn/; born June 22, 1974) is an American actor and comedian. He is known for his leading role as Dr. Chris Turk in the ABC/NBC comedy-drama Scrubs (2001–2010; 2026), and a supporting role as Murray in both the film Clueless (1995) and the subsequent television series of the same name. He also starred as Phil Chase in the TV Land sitcom The Exes (2011–2015). Faison has also co-starred in the films Waiting to Exhale (1995), Remember the Titans (2000), Uptown Girls (2003), Something New (2006), Next Day Air (2009), Skyline (2010), and Kick-Ass 2 (2013).
Adana Toros BYZ
Adana Toros BYZ is a volleyball club based in Adana. Club's men's team promoted to the top flight of the Turkish Men's Volleyball League in 2016, in just 5 years after the foundation. The club play their home games at the Menderes Sports Hall and is sponsored by Tatlıcı Köse, Sera Fresh, Bodyline and Anadolu Bal. Jersey colours are blue and navy.

Adana
Adana is a large city in southern Turkey. The city is situated on the Seyhan River, 35 km (22 mi) inland from the northeastern shores of the Mediterranean Sea. It is the administrative seat of the Adana province, and has a population of 1,816,750 (Seyhan, Yuregir, Cukurova, Saricam).

Adana lies in the heart of Cilicia, a region of around 6 million people. The region was particularly important in the classical world due to its location by a pass in the Taurus Mountains (both for military campaigns and trade routes), and its wealth in metal and agricultural assets, including the large fertile plain of Çukurova.

Adana remains a centre for regional trade, and public and private services. Agriculture, healthcare and logistics are important parts of the economy. The city is connected to Tarsus and Mersin by TCDD train. The closest public airport is Çukurova International Airport.
Votive Temple of Maipú
The Votive Temple of Maipú (Spanish: Templo Votivo de Maipú) or Basilica of Our Lady of Mount Carmel (Spanish: Basílica de Nuestra Señora del Carmen) is a Catholic church located in the Chilean commune of Maipú. The height of this basilica is 300 feet tall (91 Meters). Its construction was ordered by Bernardo O'Higgins in 1818 as a thanksgiving to Our Lady of Mount Carmel for the intercession for the victory of the Chilean Army in the Battle of Maipú, where the Independence of Chile was assured. It is called votive because of the vows that O'Higgins made to the Virgin Mary.

Maipú, Chile
Maipú is a commune of Chile, located in Santiago Province, within the Santiago Metropolitan Region and forming part of the Greater Santiago conurbation. It was founded on 16 February 1821 and is historically significant as the site of the Battle of Maipú (5 April 1818), where Chile's independence was consolidated. Maipú is the second largest commune in the country and is predominantly inhabited by a middle-class population.
Cellular Potts model
In computational biology, a Cellular Potts model (CPM, also known as the Glazier-Graner-Hogeweg model) is a computational model of cells and tissues. It is used to simulate individual and collective cell behavior, tissue morphogenesis and cancer development. CPM describes cells as deformable objects with a certain volume, that can adhere to each other and to the medium in which they live. The formalism can be extended to include cell behaviours such as cell migration, growth and division, and cell signalling. The first CPM was proposed for the simulation of cell sorting by François Graner and James A. Glazier as a modification of a large-Q Potts model. CPM was then popularized by Paulien Hogeweg for studying morphogenesis.
Although the model was developed to describe biological cells, it can also be used to model individual parts of a biological cell, or even regions of fluid.

Paulien Hogeweg
Paulien Hogeweg (born 1943) is a Dutch theoretical biologist and complex systems researcher studying biological systems as dynamic information processing systems at many interconnected levels. In 1970, together with Ben Hesper, she defined the term bioinformatics as "the study of informatic processes in biotic systems".
Fritz Schäffer
Fritz Schäffer (12 May 1888 – 29 March 1967) was a German politician of the Bavarian People's Party (BVP) and the Christian Social Union (CSU). He was the Bavarian Minister of Finance from 1931 to 1933, when the Nazis came to power in Berlin. In 1945 he became the first Minister President of Bavaria to hold office after the end of the Second World War. From 1949 to 1957, he was the West German federal Minister of Finance and, from 1957 to 1961, federal Minister of Justice.

Bavarian People's Party
The Bavarian People's Party (German: Bayerische Volkspartei; BVP) was a principally Catholic Christian democratic political party in Bavaria during the Weimar Republic. After the collapse of the German Empire in 1918, it split away from the federal Centre Party and formed the BVP in order to pursue a conservative and regionalist stance. It dominated in state politics; all Ministers-President from 1920 onwards were from the BVP. In the national Reichstag it remained a minor player with only about three percent of total votes in all elections. The BVP disbanded shortly after the Nazi seizure of power in early 1933. It was not reformed after the war; much of its electorate was absorbed by the new centre-right regionalist Christian Social Union in Bavaria.
IBEX 35
The IBEX 35 (IBerian IndEX) is the benchmark stock market index of the Bolsa de Madrid, Spain's principal stock exchange. Initiated in 1992, the index is administered and calculated by Sociedad de Bolsas, a subsidiary of Bolsas y Mercados Españoles (BME), the company which runs Spain's securities markets (including the Bolsa de Madrid). It is a market capitalization-weighted index comprising the 35 most liquid Spanish stocks traded in the Madrid Stock Exchange General Index and is reviewed twice annually. Trading on options and futures contracts on the IBEX 35 is provided by MEFF (Mercado Español de Futuros Financieros), another subsidiary of BME.

Bolsas y Mercados Españoles
Bolsas y Mercados Españoles (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈbolsas i meɾˈkaðos espaˈɲoles]; BME or BME Group) is the Spanish company that deals with the organizational aspects of the Spanish stock exchanges and financial markets. It is owned by SIX Group.
Delicious Monster
Delicious Monster is a software company based in Seattle, Washington, that sells the shareware software program Delicious Library. Its founders are Wil Shipley, one of the three co-founders of The Omni Group, and Mike Matas, who worked as an interface designer at The Omni Group. Matas left Delicious Monster in 2005 to work for Apple, but left the company in July 2009 to found Push Pop Press.

The company's name is based on the name of a plant that grows in the rainforests of tropical America, Monstera deliciosa.  It is colloquially known as the Swiss cheese plant.

Wil Shipley joined Apple in 2021 and published a blog post indicating that Delicious Library will not be further developed beyond keeping the software runnable on newer versions of macOS.

Mike Matas
Michael Matas (born March 23, 1986) is an American user interface designer and icon artist. He has previously worked at The Omni Group doing interface and graphic design work. Matas co-founded Delicious Monster. In 2005 he went to work for Apple, where he designed user interfaces and artwork for the iPhone, the iPad and Mac OS X.

Now, he's the co-founder of Push Pop Press, a digital publishing company just purchased by Facebook. Push Pop's first title is Al Gore's "Our Choice" in 2004 together with Wil Shipley playable on iPad, iPhone and iPod Touch.

He later worked at Apple, Inc. and designed some of the major user interfaces in Mac OS X, iOS for Apple products. In addition, he has been listed as the co-inventor on patents Apple has filed.

He later left Apple.
Principality of Reuss-Gera
The Principality of Reuss-Gera (German: Fürstentum Reuß-Gera), officially called the Principality of Reuss Junior Line (German: Fürstentum Reuß jüngerer Linie) after 1848, was a sovereign state in modern Germany, ruled by members of the House of Reuss. It was one of the successor states of the Imperial County of Reuss. The Counts Reuss, with their respective capitals and Residenzen at Gera,  Schleiz, Lobenstein, Köstritz and Ebersdorf, were all elevated to the title of prince (Fürst) in 1806. Their successor branch heads shared that title, while their cadets were also each titled prince (Prinz).  Thus all males of the family were properly "Prince Heinrich (Roman numeral) Reuss, J.L.", without use of a nobiliary particle, although for convenience their branch names remained in colloquial use (for example, "Prince Heinrich I Reuss of Köstritz").

Bad Köstritz
Bad Köstritz (German pronunciation: [baːt ˈkœstʁɪts] ⓘ) is a town in the district of Greiz, in Thuringia, Germany. It is situated on the White Elster river, 7 km northwest of Gera. Bad Köstritz is known for the Köstritzer brewery and its Schwarzbier (black beer).
Wiltshire North and Bath (European Parliament constituency)
Wiltshire North and Bath was a United Kingdom European Parliament constituency, electing one member. As a result of a boundary reorganization, it came into being for the European Parliament election of 1994 and ceased to exist in 1999, when the United Kingdom abandoned the first-past-the-post system in single-member constituencies for the European elections in England, Scotland and Wales.

Wiltshire North and Bath consisted of the Westminster Parliament constituencies (on their 1983 boundaries) of Bath, Devizes, North Wiltshire, Swindon, Wansdyke, and Westbury. Its only Member of the European Parliament was Caroline Jackson.

The constituency came to an end in 1999, when the UK adopted a form of proportional representation within much larger regional constituencies, and Wiltshire North and Bath was merged into the new South West England European Parliament constituency.

South West England (European Parliament constituency)
South West was a combined constituency region of the European Parliament, comprising the South West of England and Gibraltar.  Seven, later six, Members of the European Parliament using closed party-list proportional representation allocated using the D'Hondt method of distribution were elected. The constituency was abolished when Britain left the European Union on 31 January 2020.
Litang–Zhanjiang railway
The Litang–Zhanjiang railway or Lizhan railway (simplified Chinese: 黎湛铁路; traditional Chinese: 黎湛鐵路; pinyin: lízhàn tiělù), is a railroad in southern China from Litang Township in the Guangxi Autonomous Region on the Hunan–Guangxi railway, to the port city of Zhanjiang, in Guangdong Province, on the South China Sea.  The line has a total length of 318.2 km (198 mi) and was built from 1954 to 1955. Major cities and towns along the route include Guigang, Xingye County, Yulin (Guangxi), Luchuan, Lianjiang (Guangdong), Suixi (Guangdong) and Zhanjiang.

Lianjiang, Guangdong
Lianjiang (postal: Limkong; Chinese: 廉江) is a county-level city in the municipal region of Zhanjiang, Guangdong. The city has an area of 2,543 square kilometers, and had a population of about 1,363,470 as of 2020.
1978 Centennial Cup
The 1978 Centennial Cup is the eighth Tier II Junior "A" 1978 ice hockey National Championship for the Canadian Junior A Hockey League.

The Centennial Cup was competed for by the winners of the Abbott Cup/Western Canadian Champions and the Eastern Canadian Jr. A  Champions.

The finals were hosted by the Guelph Platers in the city of Guelph, Ontario.

Prince Albert Raiders
The Prince Albert Raiders are a Canadian major junior ice hockey team based in Prince Albert, Saskatchewan. Founded in 1971 as a member of the Saskatchewan Junior Hockey League, the Raiders have been members of the Western Hockey League since 1982. They play in the East Division of the Eastern Conference and host games at the Art Hauser Centre.The Raiders are two-time Ed Chynoweth Cup winners, and won the Memorial Cup as Canadian junior champions in 1985.
2008 Campeonato Nacional Primera B
The 2008 Primera B de Chile was the 58th completed season of the Primera B de Chile.

Curicó Unido — tournament’s champion — reached its first ever promotion to top-tier in its 35-year existence, whilst the second promoted was Deportes Iquique after beating Coquimbo Unido in the promotion playoffs. Nevertheless Arturo Fernández Vial was relegated to the Tercera División following 26 years at the professionalism.

Curicó Unido
Curicó Unido is a football club based in Curicó, Maule Region, Chile. They currently play in the Primera B de Chile, the second level of the Chilean football system. They are currently managed by Héctor Almandoz.
Horodok Raion, Lviv Oblast
Horodok Raion (Ukrainian: Городоцький район) was a raion (district) in Lviv Oblast in western Ukraine. Its administrative center was the city of Horodok. The area of the district was 727 square kilometres (281 sq mi). It bordered with Yavoriv, Pustomyty, Mykolaiv, Drohobych, Sambir, and Mostyska raions. The raion was abolished on 18 July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Lviv Oblast to seven. The area of Horodok Raion was merged into newly established Lviv Raion. The last estimate of the population of the raion was 68,428 (2020 est.).

It was established in 1939.

At the time of disestablishment, the raion consisted of three hromadas:

Horodok urban hromada with the administration in Horodok;

Komarno urban hromada with the administration in the city of Komarno;

Velykyi Liubin settlement hromada with the administration in the urban-type settlement of Velykyi Liubin.

Horodok, Lviv Oblast
Horodok (Ukrainian: Городок, IPA: [ɦoroˈdɔk] ⓘ; Polish: Gródek Jagielloński) is a city in Lviv Raion, Lviv Oblast, western Ukraine. It hosts the administration of Horodok urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Population: 16,085 (2022 estimate).
Hitchcock (film)
Hitchcock is a 2012 American biographical romantic drama film directed by Sacha Gervasi. Based on Stephen Rebello's Alfred Hitchcock and the Making of Psycho, it charts the relationship between Alfred Hitchcock and his wife, Alma Reville, during the filming of Psycho in 1959. 
Hitchcock  premiered at the AFI Fest on November 1, 2012, and was released in the US on November 23 by Fox Searchlight Pictures. It grossed $27 million against a $15 million budget.

Ed Gein
Edward Theodore Gein (/ɡiːn/; August 27, 1906 – July 26, 1984), also known as the Butcher of Plainfield and the Plainfield Ghoul, was an American murderer and body snatcher. His crimes, committed around his hometown of Plainfield, Wisconsin, gathered widespread notoriety in 1957 after authorities discovered that he stole corpses from local graveyards and fashioned keepsakes from their bones and skin. He also confessed to killing two women: tavern owner Mary Hogan in 1954 and hardware store owner Bernice Worden in 1957.

Gein was initially found unfit to stand trial and confined to a mental health facility. By 1968 he was judged competent to stand trial. He was found guilty of the murder of Worden, but was found legally insane and thus was remanded to a psychiatric institution.
Almond, North Carolina
Almond is an unincorporated community in Swain County, North Carolina, United States. Almond is located on the Little Tennessee River and North Carolina Highway 28 7.9 miles (12.7 km) west-southwest of Bryson City.

North Carolina Highway 28
North Carolina Highway 28 (NC 28) is an 81.2-mile-long (130.7 km) primary state highway in the U.S. state of North Carolina.  The highway runs north–south through the Nantahala National Forest in Western North Carolina.
80th Fighter Squadron
The 80th Fighter Squadron (traditionally nicknamed the "Headhunters", and since 1971 also the "Juvats") is a General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon fighter squadron of the United States Air Force, currently part of the 8th Operations Group of the 8th Fighter Wing, and stationed at Kunsan Air Base, Republic of Korea.

The 80th has served in combat operations in World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War.

Kunsan Air Base
Kunsan K-8 Air Base (Korean: 군산공군기지) is a United States Air Force base located at Gunsan Airport, on the west coast of the Korean peninsula bordered by the Yellow Sea.  It is located in the town of Gunsan (also romanized as Kunsan), about 180 kilometres (110 mi) south of Seoul.

Kunsan Air Base is the home of the 8th Fighter Wing, "The Wolf Pack," assigned to the Pacific Air Forces Seventh Air Force and the 38th Fighter Group of the Republic of Korea Air Force. About 45 F-16 aircraft are stationed at the base. It is one of two major Air Force installations operated by the United States Forces Korea, the other being Osan Air Base.
Samuel Maoz
Samuel Maoz (Hebrew: שמואל מעוז; born c. 1962) is an Israeli film director. His 
2009 film, Lebanon won the Golden Lion at the 66th Venice International Film Festival. He also won the award for Best Screenplay for Lebanon at the Asia Pacific Screen Awards in 2010.

Asia Pacific Screen Awards
The Asia Pacific Screen Awards (APSA) is an international cultural initiative overseen by the Asia Pacific Screen Academy and headquartered in Australia, sometimes called "Asia-Pacific Oscars". In order to realise UNESCO's goals of promoting and preserving the different cultures through the influential medium of cinema, it honours and promotes the films, actors, directors, and cultures of the Asia Pacific area to a worldwide audience.