hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
A History of Chinese Literature
A History of Chinese Literature is a history of Chinese literature written by Herbert Giles and published in 1901.

Although there had been surveys of Chinese literature in Japanese, it was the first such survey to appear in English. In his preface, Giles claims that such a work of history was not already available, even in Chinese, since Chinese scholars realized the "utter hopelessness" of "achieving even comparative success in a general historical survey of the subject". But he adds that "It may be said without offence that a work which would be inadequate to the requirements of a native public, may properly be submitted to English readers as an introduction into the great field which lies beyond". A large part of the book is devoted to translations, "enabling the Chinese author, so far as is possible, to speak for himself".

Chinese literature
The history of Chinese literature extends thousands of years, and begins with the earliest recorded inscriptions, court archives, building to the major works of philosophy and history written during the Axial Age. The Han (202 BC – 220 AD) and Tang (618–907 AD) dynasties were considered golden ages of poetry, while the Song (960–1279) and Yuan (1271–1368) were notable for their lyrics (ci), essays, dramas, and plays. During the Ming and Qing, mature novels were written in written vernacular Chinese, an evolution from the preeminence of Literary Chinese patterned off the language of the Chinese classics. The introduction of widespread woodblock printing during the Tang and the invention of movable type printing by Bi Sheng (990–1051) during the Song rapidly spread written knowledge throughout China. Around the turn of the 20th century, the author Lu Xun (1881–1936) is considered an influential voice of vernacular Chinese literature.
Hammer Battalion
Hammer Battalion is the ninth studio album by the Swedish death metal band Unleashed. It was recorded at Fredrik Folkare's recording studio in Sweden and released on 10 June 2008, by Steamhammer (a division of SPV records). A music video was shot for Black Horizon, and it debuted on MTV Headbangers blog.

Unleashed (band)
Unleashed is a Swedish death metal band that was formed in 1989 by Johnny Hedlund in Stockholm. Common lyrical themes found in the band's music include Viking culture, recollection of a pre-Christian world, and Norse folklore. A number of their recent songs also contain references to J. R. R. Tolkien. Unleashed (along with Dismember, Entombed and Grave) is considered one of the "big four" of Swedish death metal.
Newton–Jenney Party
The Newton–Jenney Party of 1875, led by Henry Newton and Walter P. Jenney, and escorted by a military detachment led by Lieutenant Colonel Richard I. Dodge, and known also as the Jenney-Newton Party, was a scientific expedition sponsored by the United States Geological Survey to map the Black Hills of South Dakota.  The Newton-Jenney expedition was established in response to the Black Hills Gold Rush, which had been escalated the previous year by General George Armstrong Custer's expedition into the Black Hills.  The Newton–Jenney Party included many figures who would gain notoriety in the 19th century, including Calamity Jane, Dr. Valentine McGillycuddy, and California Joe Milner.  The expedition confirmed Custer's claims of gold and prompted an increase of miners in the Black Hills region, which in turn antagonized events leading to the Great Sioux War of 1876-77.

Calamity Jane
Martha Jane Canary (May 1, 1852 – August 1, 1903), better known as Calamity Jane, was an American frontierswoman, sharpshooter and storyteller. In addition to many exploits, she was known for being an acquaintance of Wild Bill Hickok. Late in her life, she appeared in Buffalo Bill's Wild West show and at the 1901 Pan-American Exposition. She is said to have exhibited compassion to others, especially to the sick and needy. This facet of her character contrasted with her daredevil ways and helped to make her a celebrated frontier figure. She was also known for her habit of wearing men's attire.
West Bank High School
West Bank High School is a co-educational facility located in East London, South Africa. The school has a Preparatory school, a Primary School and a High School. Apart from conventional classrooms, the building has a large hall seating over 400 people, a separate gym for fitness training (especially for the Rugby First Team), Science laboratories, a library, as well as specialist classrooms for Computer Application Technology, Consumer Studies. All classrooms have internet connectivity. A foyer followed by a wide flight of stairs adjourns the school hall.

East London, South Africa
East London (Xhosa: eMonti; Afrikaans: Oos-Londen), officially KuGompo City since February 2026, is a city on the southeastern coast of South Africa, in the Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality, Eastern Cape Province. The city lies on the Indian Ocean coast, largely between the Buffalo River and the Nahoon River, and hosts the country's only river port. As of 2011, East London had a population of over 267,000 with over 755,000 in the surrounding metropolitan area.
QLogic
QLogic Corporation was an American manufacturer of networking server and storage networking connectivity and application acceleration products, based in Aliso Viejo, California through 2016.
QLogic's products include Fibre Channel adapters, converged network adapters for Fibre Channel over Ethernet (FCoE), Ethernet network interface controllers, iSCSI adapters, and application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs).
It was a public company from 1992 to 2016.

Fibre Channel over Ethernet
Fibre Channel over Ethernet (FCoE) is a computer network technology that encapsulates Fibre Channel frames over Ethernet networks. This allows Fibre Channel to use 10 Gigabit Ethernet networks (or higher speeds) while preserving the Fibre Channel protocol. The specification was part of the International Committee for Information Technology Standards T11 FC-BB-5 standard published in 2009. FCoE did not see widespread adoption.
Life's What You Make It (EP)
Life's What You Make It is an EP by the English alternative rock band Placebo, released on 7 October 2016. It includes three cover songs (Talk Talk's "Life's What You Make It", Rowland S. Howard's "Autoluminescent" and Freak Power's "Song #6"), as well as the 2016 single "Jesus' Son" and two live recordings of "Twenty Years".

Jesus' Son (song)
"Jesus' Son" is a song by the English alternative rock band Placebo. It was released as a single on 19 August 2016, and was featured in their 2016 EP Life's What You Make It as well as the band's compilation album A Place for Us to Dream later that year.
Weyl's theorem on complete reducibility
In algebra, Weyl's theorem on complete reducibility is a fundamental result in the theory of Lie algebra representations (specifically in the representation theory of semisimple Lie algebras). Let  be a semisimple Lie algebra over a field of characteristic zero. The theorem states that every finite-dimensional module over  is semisimple as a module (i.e., a direct sum of simple modules.)

Semisimple representation
In mathematics, specifically in representation theory, a semisimple representation (also called a completely reducible representation) is a linear representation of a group or an algebra that is a direct sum of simple representations (also called irreducible representations). It is an example of the general mathematical notion of semisimplicity.

Many representations that appear in applications of representation theory are semisimple or can be approximated by semisimple representations. A semisimple module over an algebra over a field is an example of a semisimple representation. Conversely, a semisimple representation of a group G over a field k is a semisimple module over the group algebra k[G].
Arundel Mills
Arundel Mills is a single-story, enclosed outlet mall located in Hanover, Maryland, United States. It is 59.3% owned by Simon Property Group, who manages the mall. With its 1,930,820 sq ft (179,379 m2) GLA, it is the largest mall in the state of Maryland. Developed by The Mills Corporation, the mall is located at the intersection of Maryland Route 100 and the Baltimore-Washington Parkway (Maryland Route 295) in northwestern Anne Arundel County (hence the name "Arundel" Mills).

Hanover, Maryland
Hanover is an unincorporated community in the Baltimore/Annapolis area in northwestern Anne Arundel County and eastern Howard County in the U.S. state of Maryland, south of Baltimore.

The community is approximately at the intersection of Maryland State Highway 100 and the Baltimore–Washington Parkway. It is part of the Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Combined Statistical Area and is just southwest of the Baltimore-Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport ("BWI"). It is bordered by Severn to the south, Linthicum to the east, and Elkridge to the north and west.
Transports Bordeaux Métropole
Transports Bordeaux Métropole (French pronunciation: [tʁɑ̃spɔʁ bɔʁdo metʁɔpɔl], TBM; formerly Tram et bus de la CUB, or TBC) is a public transport system for the 28 communes of Bordeaux Métropole. It also provides service to part of the commune of Cadaujac.

The TBC had replaced the CGFTE (Compagnie générale française des transports et entreprises) on 3 July 2004 after the completion of the three TBC tramway lines and partial reorganization of the network.

Compagnie générale française des transports et entreprises
The Compagnie générale française des transports et entreprises (English approximation: General Company of French Transport and Businesses), commonly known by the initialism CGFTE, was a company which managed public transportation networks in several French cities, including Bordeaux (TBC), Nancy (Stan ), Rouen (TCAR) and Chambéry (Stac). It was formed in 1953 from Compagnie Générale Française de Tramways (CGFT), which was created in 1875.

It was acquired by Compagnie Générale des Eaux (CGE) in 1980, and later absorbed into CGE subsidiary CGEA Transport. CGEA Transport later became Connex in 1999, then Veolia Transport in 2005, and is now part of the Transdev group. In 2003, Vivendi Environnement was renamed to Veolia Environnement.
T-93 mine
The T-93 is an Egyptian scatterable anti-tank mine similar in appearance to the German AT-2 scatterable mine. It can be dispensed from launchers deployed on the ground or mounted on vehicles which can hold as many as 600 mines. The mine is cylindrical with twelve spring-loaded legs folded up against the sides of its body during storage. After the mine is dispensed and strikes the ground, the legs spring open, pointing the mine upright.

The mine is triggered by a magnetic fuze when an appropriate target is detected, detonating the Misznay Schardin effect warhead, which produces a self-forging fragment capable of penetrating up to 80 millimeters of armor.

Magnetic proximity fuze
A magnetic proximity fuse was  patented by P.J. Eliomarkakis, (United States Patent US2434551 of January 13, 1948)  although similar devices had been in service for nearly a decade.  It is a type of proximity fuze that initiates a detonator in a piece of ordnance such as a land mine, naval mine, depth charge, or shell when the fuse's magnetic equilibrium is upset by a magnetic object such as a tank or a submarine.

Magnetic field sensors and movement sensors inside the ordnance detect changes to the terrestrial magnetic field of the ordnance caused by another ferromagnetic object. A signal processor inside the ordnance receives the signals from the magnetic field sensors and movement sensors and activates the detonator which will then detonate the explosives within the ordnance.
Teres Lindberg
Teres Victoria Lindberg (born 1974) is a Swedish politician, trade unionist and former member of the Riksdag, the national legislature. A member of the Social Democratic Party, she represented Stockholm Municipality between April 2011 and September 2014, and between September 2017 and September 2022. She had previously been a substitute member of the Riksdag three times: October 2014 to September 2015 (for Ylva Johansson); October 2015 to May 2017 (for Anders Ygeman); and May 2017 to September 2017 (for Stefan Löfven).

Lindberg was educated at a folk high school in Stockholm and studied at Stockholm University. She was as a postal worker between 1992 and 2002. She has held various roles at the Swedish Union for Service and Communications Employees (SEKO) trade union and Swedish Social Democratic Youth League (SSU). She was a member of the municipal council in Stockholm Municipality from 1999 to 2010.

Stockholm Municipality (Riksdag constituency)
Stockholm Municipality (Swedish: Stockholms Kommun) is one of the 29 multi-member constituencies of the Riksdag, the national legislature of Sweden. The constituency was established in 1970 when the Riksdag changed from a bicameral legislature to a unicameral legislature. It is conterminous with the municipality of Stockholm. The constituency currently elects 29 of the 349 members of the Riksdag using the open party-list proportional representation electoral system. At the 2022 general election it had 728,089 registered electors.
Machacamarca, Aroma
Machacamarca is a small town in the La Paz Department in Bolivia. It is the seat of the Nueva Esperanza de Machacamarca Canton, one of the five cantons of the Colquencha Municipality which is the sixth municipal section of the Aroma Province. The town is situated at the railway that leads from La Paz to Oruro. At the time of census 2001 Machacamarca had a population of 1,400.

Machacamarca is the hispanicized spelling of Aymara: Machaqa Marka, machaqa = new, marka = village, town: So the name means "new village" or "new town".

The people in the Colquencha Municipality are mainly Aymara (94.6%) and most citizens speak Aymara followed by Spanish.

La Paz Department (Bolivia)
The La Paz Department of Bolivia comprises 133,985 square kilometres (51,732 sq mi) with a 2024 census population of 3,022,566 inhabitants. It is situated at the western border of Bolivia, sharing Lake Titicaca with the neighboring Peru. It contains the Cordillera Real mountain range, which reaches altitudes of 6.6 kilometers (22,000 ft). Northeast of the Cordillera Real are the Yungas, the steep eastern slopes of the Andes Mountains that make the transition to the Amazon River basin to the northeast. The capital of the department is the city of La Paz and is the administrative city and seat of government/national capital of Bolivia.
Deeper Waters
Deeper Waters is the first album of duo Robin and Linda Williams on the Red House Records label, released in 2004.

Deeper Waters marks the 30th anniversary as a recording and touring unit for Robin and Linda Williams. They wrote or co-wrote all but one track. Guest vocalists include Iris DeMent, Mary Chapin Carpenter, Schuyler Fisk, and actress Sissy Spacek.

Allmusic states "The Williams have issued what amounts to nothing short of a masterpiece and perhaps their most inspired recorded moment. Deeper Waters is a testament to the stories that are seldom told yet lived in every community, era, and household. This is the place where love, grief, loss, endings, and beginnings are given utterance: to whisper, weep, laugh, and reflect as they move through lives both ghostly and grand."

Robin and Linda Williams
Robin and Linda Williams are a husband-and-wife singer-songwriter folk music duo from Virginia. They met in South Carolina in 1971, and began performing in 1973.

The Williamses started appearing on Garrison Keillor's A Prairie Home Companion radio show in 1975. The duo were members of the Hopeful Gospel Quartet with Keillor and Kate MacKenzie. After touring with Mary Chapin Carpenter in 1993, the pair later sang on her Grammy Award-winning album Stones in the Road. Sugar for Sugar spent 11 weeks in the top 20 of the Americana Chart in the Gavin Report in 1996. In 2004, they switched labels, recording Deeper Waters as their first release on Red House Records.

The Williamses appeared in the film A Prairie Home Companion. They appeared on the WoodSongs Old-Time Radio Hour, hosted by Michael Johnathon.
UFC Fight Night: Brady vs. Buckley
UFC Fight Night: Brady vs. Buckley (also known as UFC Fight Night 274 and UFC Vegas 116) is an upcoming mixed martial arts event produced by the Ultimate Fighting Championship that is scheduled to take place on April 25, 2026, at the Meta Apex in Enterprise, Nevada, part of the Las Vegas Valley, United States.

Yana Santos
Yana Santos (né Kunitskaya; November 11, 1989) is a Russian professional mixed martial artist who competes in the women's bantamweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). Prior to joining the UFC, Santos competed for Invicta FC where she held the Invicta FC Bantamweight Champion. As of October 7, 2025, she is ranked #5 in the UFC women's bantamweight rankings.
Dialogues of the Carmelites
Dialogues des Carmélites (French pronunciation: [djalɔɡ de kaʁmelit], Dialogues of the Carmelites), FP 159, is an opera in three acts, divided into twelve scenes with linking orchestral interludes, with music and libretto by Francis Poulenc, completed in 1956. Poulenc wrote the libretto for his second opera after the work of the same name by Georges Bernanos, itself based on The Song at the Scaffold by Gertrud von Le Fort. This is a fictionalized version of the story of the Martyrs of Compiègne, Carmelite nuns who, in 1794 during the closing days of the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution, were guillotined in Paris for refusing to renounce their vocation.

The world première of the opera occurred (in Italian translation) on 26 January 1957 at La Scala in Milan.  The première of the French-language version took place in Paris on 21 June 1957.  The United States première, in English, followed in San Francisco in September 1957.

John Dexter
John Dexter (2 August 1925 – 23 March 1990) was an English theatre, opera and film director, described in a 100th anniversary tribute as "one of the towering directors in the English-speaking theatre in the second half of the 20th century". He was associate director of the National Theatre in London from 1963 to 1966 and from 1971 to 1975, and director of production from 1974 to 1981 and the production adviser to 1984 at the Metropolitan Opera New York.
Steve Park
Stephen Brian Park (born August 23, 1967) is an American former professional stock car racing driver. He won races in NASCAR's two top Northeast touring series (Modified and K&N East) and all three national divisions (Truck, Busch, Cup Series). Park was born in East Northport, New York as the youngest of four sons.

Park began racing not in an entry-level class, but in NASCAR Modifieds on Long Island for longtime National Modified Championship contender Bob Park. After establishing himself in weekly Modified racing at Riverhead Raceway, he advanced to the Featherlite Modified Series. He won several races and became a championship contender before moving on to the Busch Series. He won twice in NASCAR's highest division.

East Northport, New York
East Northport is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) located within the Town of Huntington in Suffolk County, on Long Island, New York, United States. The population was 20,048 at the time of the 2020 census.
Arturs Maskats
Arturs Maskats (born 20 December 1957 in Valmiera) is a Latvian composer
and since 1996 artistic director of the Latvian National Opera. His orchestral composition, Tango, received international exposure as one of the finalist works of the third Masterprize International Composing Competition in 2003. It was also played at the 2022 Summer Night Concert Schönbrunn by the Vienna Philharmonic under Andris Nelsons in Vienna, Austria.

Valmiera
Valmiera (pronunciationⓘ) is the second largest city of the historical Vidzeme region, Latvia, with a total area of 19.35 square kilometres (7 square miles). As of 2002, Valmiera had a population of 27,323, and in 2020, it was at 24,879. It is a state city (although without a separate municipal government), and is the seat of the Valmiera Municipality. Valmiera is one of the oldest cities in Latvia; it was a member of the Hanseatic League. According to the ethnic composition, Valmiera has the largest proportion of ethnic Latvians among the state cities.

Valmiera lies at the crossroads of several important roads, 107 kilometres (66 miles) to the north-east from Riga, the capital of Latvia, and 50 km (31 mi) south of the border with Estonia. Valmiera lies on both banks of the Gauja River.
Oxford Centre for Mission Studies
The Oxford Centre for Mission Studies (OCMS) is in the former SS Philip and James Parish Church on Woodstock Road, Oxford, England, opposite Leckford Road. It was established in 1983 by Rev. Vinay Samuel.

The centre exists to provide education for church leaders from the non-Western world. It was founded by mission theologians from Africa, Asia and Latin America. OCMS offers taught Masters courses and PhD/MPhil research degrees. Its degrees are validated by Middlesex University. It is associated with the University of Oxford through the Bodleian Libraries. Many Oxford faculty members also provide supervision for PhD/MPhil research degrees. OCMS is a charity.

Woodstock Road, Oxford
Woodstock Road is a major road in Oxford, England, running from St Giles' in the south, north towards Woodstock through the leafy suburb of North Oxford. To the east is Banbury Road, which it meets at the junction with St Giles'.
Skarzyn, Masovian Voivodeship
Skarzyn [ˈskaʐɨn] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Płońsk, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It was established by Jan of Skarżyno of the Bończa coat of arms. Around 1436, Jan was granted the land on a knightly right from Boleslaw IV, Prince of Mazovia.

Gmina Płońsk
Gmina Płońsk is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. Its seat is the town of Płońsk, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina.

The gmina covers an area of 127.3 square kilometres (49.2 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 7,135 (7,669 in 2013).
West Dallas Kings
West Dallas Kings were an American soccer team, founded in 2001 by Michael Gordon, Reagan Angell, and David Angell. They were members of the United Soccer Leagues Premier Development League (PDL), the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid, for only one season and coached by Jim Benedek.

Jim Benedek
Janos "Jim" Benedek (June 9, 1941 – March 30, 2009) was a Hungarian-American soccer forward who later coached at both the collegiate and national team levels.  Benedek was an All American collegiate soccer player before spending six seasons in the North American Soccer League.  He earned four caps with the U.S. national team in 1968 and was a member of the team that attempted to qualify for the 1968 Summer Olympics.
2020 NWSL Challenge Cup
The 2020 NWSL Challenge Cup was a tournament during the 2020 National Women's Soccer League season to mark the league's return to action from the COVID-19 pandemic. It was the first professional team sports event to return to play in United States. The final, held on July 26, was won by the Houston Dash 2-0 over the Chicago Red Stars.

Originally planned as a one-off tournament, the NWSL announced that the Challenge Cup would return in the 2021 NWSL season as a league cup competition.

Ashley Hatch
Ashley Marie Hatch (born May 25, 1995) is an American professional soccer player who plays as a forward for the Washington Spirit of the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL) and the United States national team.

Hatch played college soccer for the BYU Cougars before being selected by the Courage as the second overall pick in the 2017 NWSL College Draft. She helped the Courage win the NWSL Shield that season and was named the Rookie of the Year. The next season, she was traded to the Spirit, where she won the NWSL Golden Boot and the NWSL Championship in 2021.