hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Palaeotype alphabet
The Palaeotype alphabet is a phonetic alphabet used by Alexander John Ellis to describe the pronunciation of English. It was based on the theory of Bell's Visible Speech, but set in roman script, and attempted to include the sounds conveyed by Lepsius's Standard Alphabet as well. It in turn inspired Henry Sweet's 1877 Romic alphabet, which itself served as the basis for the International Phonetic Alphabet.

It differs from previous phonetic alphabets, especially the English Phonotypic Alphabet of the same author, by maximal use of trivial changes to existing characters, including rotated letters (such as ⟨ə⟩, ⟨ɔ⟩), small capitals (such as ⟨ɪ⟩), rotated small capitals, and italic rather than roman typeface (such as ⟨𝑙⟩).

Rotated letter
In the days of printing with metal type sorts, it was common to rotate letters and digits 180° to create new symbols. This was a cheap way to extend the alphabet that didn't require purchasing or cutting custom sorts. The method was used for example with the Palaeotype alphabet, the International Phonetic Alphabet, the Fraser script, and for some mathematical symbols. Perhaps the earliest instance of this that is still in use is turned e for schwa.

In the eighteenth-century Caslon metal fonts, the British pound sign (£) was set with a rotated swash uppercase J.
Fine-Day
Fine Day or kâ-miyokîsihkwêw (c. 1856 – c. 1942) was a Cree war chief of the River People band of Plains Cree. He participated in the North-West Rebellion of 1885. During the Battle of Cut Knife, he acted as the Battle Chief, taking control of the war fighting parties from the political chief, Poundmaker. When Fine Day's men gained the upper hand and started to pursue the retreating Canadian soldiers, he was restrained by Poundmaker from doing so.

Described by a contemporary as "brave in all things," he was a skilled warrior, hunter, trapper and (in later life) a shaman.

Fine Day's memories of the North-West Rebellion were published by the Canadian North-West Historical Society in 1926.

David G. Mandelbaum, in the introduction to his extensive study of the Plains Cree, cites Fine Day as his principal informant.

David G. Mandelbaum
David Goodman Mandelbaum (August 22, 1911, in Chicago – April 19, 1987) was an American anthropologist.

He majored in anthropology at Northwestern University, studying with Melville J. Herskovits. His major published work dealt with the Plains Cree people of Saskatchewan, Canada and he was well regarded for his study of society in India. He earned his doctorate at Yale University in 1936.

He taught at University of Minnesota (1941–1946), University of California (1946–1978), and was an active professor emeritus at the latter until his death in 1987 from cancer.
Orderic Vitalis
Orderic Vitalis (Latin: Ordericus Vitalis; 16 February 1075 – c. 1142) was an English chronicler and Benedictine monk who wrote one of the great contemporary chronicles of 11th- and 12th-century Normandy and Anglo-Norman England. Working out of the Abbey of Saint-Evroul, he is credited with writing the Historia Ecclesiastica, a work detailing the history of Europe and the Mediterranean from the birth of Jesus Christ into his own age. The son of a cleric, he was born into a noble family, claiming both English and Norman heritage. While he is known primarily for the Historia Ecclesiastica, he held various positions within the abbey including script master, librarian, and cantor. A prolific writer, he addressed various topics in his writings, both religious and secular. Modern historians view him as a reliable source.

William of Poitiers
William of Poitiers (Latin: Guillelmus Pictaviensis, French: Guillaume de Poitiers; c. 1020 – 1090) was a Norman priest. He served as the chaplain of Duke William II of Normandy (William the Conqueror), for whom he chronicled the Norman conquest of England in his Gesta Willelmi ducis Normannorum et regis Anglorum ("The Deeds of William, Duke of the Normans and King of the English").
Ryan Stiles
Ryan Lee Stiles (born April 22, 1959) is an American-Canadian comedian and actor. His work is often associated with improvisational comedy. He is best known for his work on Whose Line Is It Anyway (both the original British version and the subsequent American version) and for his role as Lewis Kiniski on The Drew Carey Show. He also played Herb Melnick on the CBS comedy Two and a Half Men and was a performer on the show Drew Carey's Improv-A-Ganza.

Drew Carey's Improv-A-Ganza
Drew Carey's Improv-A-Ganza is an American improvisational comedy television program that aired in the United States on the Game Show Network (GSN). Produced at the Hollywood Theatre at the MGM Grand in Paradise, Nevada, the series was hosted by Drew Carey, host of the original American version of Whose Line Is It Anyway?, a similar show that featured several of the same cast members. The show premiered on April 11, 2011, airing 40 episodes in total. The series completed its eight-week run on June 3, 2011. Despite only lasting for one season, critical reception of the show was generally positive.
Matthias Alexander Rath
Matthias Alexander Rath (born 2 August 1984) is a German dressage rider. Representing Germany, he competed at the 2010 World Equestrian Games and at three European Dressage Championships (in 2009, 2011 and 2015).

Altogether, Rath has won four team medals at various championships (one silver and three bronze). Meanwhile, his best individual championship result is 4th place in freestyle dressage at the 2011 European Dressage Championship, where he rode the famous stallion Totilas.

He also competed at the 2010 edition of Dressage World Cup finals in Den Bosch where he finished 8th.

Totilas
Totilas (23 May 2000 – 14 December 2020), also known from 2006 to 2011 as Moorlands Totilas, and nicknamed "Toto", was a Dutch Warmblood stallion standing 17.1 hands (69 inches, 175 cm) high who was considered to be one of the most outstanding competitive dressage horses in the world, the first horse to score above 90 in dressage competition, and the former holder of the world record for the highest dressage score in Grand Prix Freestyle Dressage.

Going into the 2010 FEI World Equestrian Games (WEG), Moorlands Totilas and his rider, Edward Gal, had amassed multiple world-record scores in international competition, leading one American journalist to call them "rock stars in the horse world". Totilas was retired from competition in August 2015 and died on 14 December 2020 due to complications from colic.
Kelton B. Miller
Kelton Bedell Miller (September 8, 1860 – December 2, 1941) was an American journalist and politician who served as Mayor of Pittsfield, Massachusetts.  Miller was the owner and publisher of The Berkshire Eagle for 47 years. The Miller Building, built in 1912 in Pittsfield, Massachusetts, and now home to The Berkshire County Juvenile Court, is named after Kelton Miller.

Miller was born in New Baltimore, New York to Henry Stephen and Antoinette (Bedell) Miller on September 8, 1860. He married Anna Marie Bouck and they had three children together. Anna died, age 26, on September 22, 1887. Miller later re-married Eva Hallenback in 1893 and they had additional children. One of Miller's sons, Lawrence K. Miller, became the editor and publisher of The Berkshire Eagle newspaper. One of his grandsons, also named Kelton Miller, was publisher of the Bennington Banner from 1977 until 1995.

Bennington Banner
The Bennington Banner is a daily newspaper published in Bennington, Vermont. The paper covers local, national, and world news. It is distributed throughout Southwestern Vermont and eastern New York (Rensselaer and Washington Counties). The paper is owned by Vermont News and Media LLC and is published Monday through Friday, plus a weekend edition.
Thiotimoline
Thiotimoline is a fictitious chemical compound conceived by American biochemist and science fiction author Isaac Asimov. It was first described in a spoof scientific paper titled "The Endochronic Properties of Resublimated Thiotimoline" in 1948. The major peculiarity of the chemical is its "endochronicity": it starts dissolving before it makes contact with water.

Asimov went on to write three additional short stories, each describing different properties or uses of thiotimoline.

Parody science
Parody science, sometimes called spoof science, is the act of mocking science in a satirical way. Science can be parodied for a purpose, ranging from social commentary and making political points, to humor for its own sake.

Parody science is different from science humor or from real science that happens to be humorous, in that parody science has little or no basis in real science.

One of the forms of parody science are spoof scientific articles. Some can be seen as a subgenre of science fiction.
The Girl of the Golden West (play)
The Girl of the Golden West is a theatrical play written, produced and directed by David Belasco, set in the California Gold Rush. The four-act melodrama opened at the old Belasco Theatre in New York on November 14, 1905 and ran for 224 performances. Blanche Bates originated the role of The Girl, Robert C. Hilliard played Dick Johnson, and Frank Keenan played Jack Rance. Bates was joined by Charles Millward and Cuyler Hastings for two-week Broadway runs in 1907 and 1908. William Furst composed the play's incidental music. The play toured throughout the US for several years.

The play has been adapted numerous times, most notably as the 1910 opera La fanciulla del West by Giacomo Puccini. It was also made into four films, all titled The Girl of the Golden West, in 1915, 1923, 1930 and 1938. In 1911, Belasco wrote a novel based on the play.

Frank Keenan
Frank Keenan (born James Francis Keenan; April 8, 1858 – February 24, 1929) was an American stage and film actor and stage director and manager during the silent-film era. He was among the first stage actors to star in Hollywood, and he pursued work in film features for a number of years.
Downwardly Mobile
Downwardly Mobile is a British television sitcom series produced by Portman Productions in association with Yorkshire Television. It aired on ITV from 21 July to 1 September 1994.  Starring Frances de la Tour, Philip Jackson, Stephen Tompkinson and Josie Lawrence, it was written by Alistair Beaton and Barry Pilton and directed by Martin Dennis.

Martin Dennis
Martin Dennis is a Canadian-born award-winning British television director specialising in situation comedy. He won the BAFTA award for situation comedy for Black Books in 2005, having been nominated previously in 1989, 1996, and 1998 respectively.
Ivar Lykke (footballer)
Ivar-Lykke Seidelin-Nielsen (7 March 1889 in Frederiksberg, Copenhagen – 9 January 1955 in Frederiksberg, Copenhagen), known as Ivar Lykke for short, was a Danish amateur football (soccer) player, who played as a defender. He played 27 games for the Denmark national football team, and competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics, winning a silver medal, as well as in the 1920 Summer Olympics.

He played his entire career for Copenhagen club KB, with whom he won several Danish football championships. He made his Danish national team debut in October 1911, and was a part of the Danish squad for the 1912 Summer Olympics. He played one game at the tournament, in which Denmark won silver medals. From June 1917, he was named Danish national team captain, and he captained the national team in 12 games. He played his last national team game at the 1920 Summer Olympics, where Denmark was eliminated in the first round by Spain.

Kjøbenhavns Boldklub
Kjøbenhavns Boldklub (known simply as KB) is a Danish professional multi-sports club based in Copenhagen. The club was founded on 26 April 1876 on the grassy fields in outer Copenhagen which later became Fælledparken. 
Tennis has been played since 1883. The club hosted, in 1921, one of the early tennis majors: the World Covered Court Championships, won by William Laurentz that year. Today, along with the sports already mentioned, the club also has facilities for badminton, swimming and pétanque.

Football and cricket has been played in KB since 1879, meaning that KB's football team was the first club on continental Europe and it went on to become one of the most successful club in Denmark, winning 15 Danish championship titles from 1913 to 1980. In 1991, KB and B 1903 merged their professional football teams and formed F.C. Copenhagen.
2014 Kiss of Love protest
The Kiss of Love protest was a non-violent protest against moral policing. It started in Kerala, India, and later spread to other parts of the country.

The movement began when a Facebook page called Kiss of Love called forth the youth across Kerala to participate in a protest against moral policing on November 2, 2014, at Marine Drive, Kochi. The Facebook page garnered more than 154,404 followers. After the initial protest in Kochi, similar protests were organized in other major cities of the country.

The movement later received opposition from various religious and political groups, including the Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha, SDPI, Vishva Hindu Parishad, Shiv Sena, Bajrang Dal, and Hindu Sena. In a series of judgments, both the Supreme Court of India and the Delhi High Court ruled that kissing in public is not an obscene act and that no criminal proceedings can be initiated for kissing in public.

Bajrang Dal
Bajrang Dal (lit. 'Brigade of Bajrangbali') is an Indian militant Hindutva organisation that forms the youth wing of the Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP). It is a member of the Sangh Parivar, led by the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), a right-wing Hindutva paramilitary organisation. It was founded on 1 October 1984 in Uttar Pradesh, and began spreading more in the 2010s throughout India, although its most significant base remains the northern and central portions of the country.

The group runs about 2,500 akharas, similar to the shakhas (branches) of the RSS. The name "Bajrang" is a reference to the Hindu deity Hanuman. The Bajrang Dal opposes Muslim demographic growth,Proselytism, cow slaughter, and alleged western influence in Indian culture.
Victoria, Marshall County, Mississippi
Victoria is a census-designated place and unincorporated community in Marshall County, Mississippi, United States. It was first listed as a CDP in the 2020 census, which recorded a population of 1,066.

Marshall County, Mississippi
Marshall County is a county located on the north central border of the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2020 census, the population was 33,752. Its county seat is Holly Springs. The county is named for Chief Justice of the United States John Marshall, who presided in the early nineteenth century. Marshall County is part of the Memphis, TN-MS-AR Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Wilson Tortosa
Wilson "Wunan" Tortosa is a Filipino comic book artist best known for his works on Tomb Raider and the American re-launch of Battle of The Planets for Top Cow Productions. 
Wilson studied in the Philippine Cultural College (formerly Philippine Cultural High School) and graduated in the University of Santo Tomas in 2000 with a bachelor's degree in Fine Arts, majoring in advertising.

Battle of the Planets (comics)
Battle of the Planets is a comic book series, based on the television series of the same name. As of 2024 two series have been produced - the first was published by Gold Key Comics between 1979 and 1981; the second was published by Top Cow Productions between 2002 and 2003.
Sikh attacks on Delhi
The Sikh attacks on Delhi refer to the number of attacks and raids carried out by the Sikhs on the Mughal capital of Delhi in the second half of the 18th century. The Sikhs attacked Delhi 19 times between 1766 and 1788.

Jassa Singh Ahluwalia
Jassa Singh Ahluwalia (3 May 1718 – 23 October 1783) was a Sikh leader during the period of the Sikh Confederacy, being the supreme leader of the Dal Khalsa. He was also Misldar (leader or commander) of the Ahluwalia Misl. This period was an interlude, lasting roughly from the time of the death of Banda Bahadur in 1716 to the founding of the Sikh Empire in 1801. He founded the Kapurthala State in 1772.
Computer literacy
Computer literacy is defined as the knowledge and ability to use computers and related technology efficiently, with skill levels ranging from elementary use to computer programming and advanced problem solving. Computer literacy can also refer to the comfort level someone has with using computer programs and applications. Another valuable component is understanding how computers work and operate. Computer literacy may be distinguished from computer programming, which primarily focuses on the design and coding of computer programs rather than the familiarity and skill in their use. Various countries, including the United Kingdom and the United States, have created initiatives to improve national computer literacy rates.

Digital literacy
Digital literacy is an individual's ability to find, evaluate, and communicate information using digital devices or digital media platforms. Digital literacy combines technical and cognitive abilities; it includes using information and communication technologies to create, evaluate, and share information, and critically examining their social and political impacts.

Digital literacy initially focused on digital skills and stand-alone computers, but the advent of the internet and social media use has shifted some of its focus to mobile devices.
George Lockhart (politician)
Sir George Lockhart of Lee (1673 – 17 December 1731), of Carnwath, South Lanarkshire, also known as Lockhart of Carnwath, was a Scottish writer and Jacobite politician who sat in the Parliament of Scotland from 1702 to 1707 and as a Tory in the House of Commons from 1708 to 1715. He was a member of the Commission on the Union before 1707 but acted as an informant to his Jacobite colleagues and later wrote an anonymous memoir of its dealings. He supported the Stuart cause in the Jacobite rising of 1715.

Carnwath
Carnwath (Gaelic: A' Chathair Nuadh; English: "New Fort") is a moorland village on the southern edge of the Pentland Hills of South Lanarkshire, Scotland. The village lies about 30 mi (50 km) south of both Edinburgh and Glasgow. It is bounded by the North Medwyn and South Medwyn watercourses.
Dave Jeser
David Mark Douglas Jeser (born September 25, 1977) is an American television writer and co-creator with Matt Silverstein of the Comedy Central adult animated sitcom Drawn Together. He has also written for other television shows including 3rd Rock from the Sun, The Man Show, Action, Greg the Bunny, 3-South, Axe Cop, The Goode Family, The Cleveland Show and Life in Pieces, and also ran "Crank Yankers", created Golan the Insatiable, the MTV animated comedy DJ & the Fro in 2009 and Johnny Knoxville's The Prank Panel for ABC.

The Goode Family
The Goode Family is an American animated sitcom that originally aired on ABC from May 27 to August 7, 2009. It follows the life of an environmentally responsible but obsessive family. Mike Judge created the show along with former King of the Hill writers John Altschuler and David Krinsky. The show was cancelled after its first season on August 8, 2009.

The series was released on DVD format on January 8, 2013 by Shout! Factory.
Bolnisi
Bolnisi (Georgian: ბოლნისი) is a city in the country of Georgia, located in the Kvemo Kartli region and capital of the Bolnisi district. It currently has an estimated 8,348 inhabitants as of January 1, 2024.

Kvemo Kartli
Kvemo Kartli (Georgian: ქვემო ქართლი, IPA: [kʰʷemo kʰaɾtʰli]; lit. 'Lower Kartli') is a historic province and current administrative region (mkhare) in southeastern Georgia. The city of Rustavi is the regional capital.
Woman of Tokyo
Woman of Tokyo (東京の女, Tokyo no Onna) is a 1933 Japanese film directed by Yasujirō Ozu. The film's working title was Her Case, For Example (例えば彼女の場合 Tatoeba kanojo no baai)

The film tells of a student whose sister supports his studies by moonlighting as a translator. When he hears that, in reality, she is working as a hostess in a seedy dance-hall, he is devastated.

Kinuyo Tanaka
Kinuyo Tanaka (Japanese: 田中 絹代, Hepburn: Tanaka Kinuyo; 29 November 1909 – 21 March 1977) was a Japanese actress and film director. She had a career lasting over 50 years with more than 250 acting credits, but was best known for her 15 films with director Kenji Mizoguchi, such as The Life of Oharu (1952) and Ugetsu (1953). With her 1953 directorial debut, Love Letter, Tanaka became the second Japanese woman to direct a film, after Tazuko Sakane. Tanaka won the Silver Bear for Best Actress for her performance in the film Sandakan No. 8 (1974).
Birkdale Village
Birkdale Village is an urban mixed-use community in Huntersville, North Carolina, United States, 12 miles (19 km) north of Charlotte, North Carolina. It was named after the English village of Birkdale, in Southport. It has numerous restaurants and stores. Apartments are located at the property provided by Haven at Birkdale Village. A gym, a movie theater, a supermarket, a golf course, a greenway, an express bus park and ride, and the 32,510-acre (131.6 km2) Lake Norman are all within walking distance for the residents of Birkdale Village.

Huntersville, North Carolina
Huntersville is a suburban town in northern Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, United States. As of the 2020 census, its population was 61,376, making Huntersville the 15th-most populous municipality in North Carolina. It is located in the Charlotte metropolitan area and is 14 mi (23 km) north of Charlotte.
Puff and the Incredible Mr. Nobody
Puff and the Incredible Mr. Nobody is a 24-minute animated television special that first aired May 17, 1982 on CBS. The third in a series, it serves as a sequel to Puff the Magic Dragon (1978) and Puff the Magic Dragon in the Land of the Living Lies (1979), with Burgess Meredith returning as the voice of the title character. The special was produced by Fred Wolf Films and also featured the voice of David Mendenhall.

Fred Wolf Films
Fred Wolf Films is an American animation studio founded in 1967 by Fred Wolf and Jimmy T. Murakami. It was founded as MW (Murakami-Wolf) and later became known as Murakami-Wolf-Swenson (MWS) when Charles Swenson became a full partner in 1978. From 1989 to 2000, they also operated a subsidiary, Fred Wolf Films Dublin, located in Dublin, Ireland. It adopted its current name in 1992 following a reorganization.

The studio produced The Point, the first American animated special to air in prime time (on the ABC network in 1971). It was also responsible for Free to Be... You and Me, the Puff, the Magic Dragon specials, and television series such as Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, Toxic Crusaders, James Bond Jr., The New Adventures of Speed Racer, and Sarah Ferguson's Budgie the Little Helicopter.
Dumfries railway station
Dumfries railway station serves the town of Dumfries in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland. It is located on the Glasgow South Western Line. The station is owned by Network Rail and managed by ScotRail who provide all passenger train services. It is staffed on a part-time basis throughout the week.

Glasgow South Western Line
The Glasgow South Western Line is a mainline railway almost entirely in Scotland (the only exception being the final section into Carlisle in North West England) that runs from Glasgow to Kilmarnock, and then either Carlisle via Dumfries, or Stranraer via Ayr, with a branch to East Kilbride.
Karunagappalli railway station
Karunagappalli railway station (station code: KPY) is an NSG–4 category Indian railway station in Thiruvananthapuram railway division of Southern Railway zone. The railway station serves the  town of Karunagappalli in Kollam district, Kerala. It is the nearest railway station to Amritapuri.

Kollam district
Kollam district (Malayalam: [kolːɐm] ⓘ), (formerly known as Quilon district) is one of 14 districts of the state of Kerala, India. The district has a cross-section of Kerala's natural attributes; it is endowed with a long coastline, a major Laccadive Sea seaport and an inland lake (Ashtamudi Lake). The district has many water bodies. Kallada River is one among them, and land on the east bank of the river is East Kallada and that on the west bank is West Kallada.