hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Ethnic conflict
An ethnic conflict is a conflict between two or more ethnic groups.  While the source of the conflict may be political, social, economic or religious, the individuals in conflict must expressly fight for their ethnic group's position within society. This criterion differentiates ethnic conflict from other forms of struggle.

Academic explanations of ethnic conflict generally fall into one of three schools of thought: primordialist, instrumentalist or constructivist. Recently, some have argued for either top-down or bottom-up explanations for ethnic conflict. Intellectual debate has also focused on whether ethnic conflict has become more prevalent since the end of the Cold War, and on devising ways of managing conflicts, through instruments such as consociationalism and federalisation.

Primordialism
Primordialism is the idea that nations or ethnic identities are fixed, natural, and ancient. Primordialists argue that each individual has a single inborn ethnic identity independent of historical processes. While implicit primordialist assumptions are common in society and academic research, primordialism is widely rejected by scholars of nationalism and ethnicity, as individuals can have multiple ethnic identities which are changeable and socially constructed.
Hongkong Chinese Bank
The Hongkong Chinese Bank Limited (HKCB) (Traditional Chinese: 香港華人銀行有限公司) was a bank in Hong Kong. It was owned by HKCB Bank Holding Company Limited (SEHK: 655), which in turn was majority owned by a joint venture company owned by listed companies Lippo China Resources and the China Resources Enterprise. The bank was acquired and merged into CITIC Ka Wah Bank. It was one of the pilot banks in Hong Kong to accept the digital signature of Hongkong Post.

Lippo Limited
Lippo Limited (Chinese: 力寶有限公司) is a Hong Kong incorporated listed company. It is the parent company of Hongkong Chinese Limited (SEHK: 655), Lippo China Resources Limited (SEHK: 156) and Auric Pacific Group (SGX: A23
), all listed companies. Founded by Indonesian Chinese Mochtar Riady, Lippo Limited was majority owned by Lippo Capital; in turn Lippo Capital was 60% owned by Mochtar's son Stephen Riady (via Lippo Capital Group), as well as his brother James Tjahaja Riady (via PT Trijaya Utama Mandiri).
Timothy Busfield
Timothy Busfield (born June 12, 1957) is an American actor and director. He played Arnold Poindexter in the first two Revenge of the Nerds films, Elliot Weston on the television series Thirtysomething, Mark in Field of Dreams, and Danny Concannon on the television series The West Wing. In 1991, he received a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series for Thirtysomething.

Busfield has been accused of sexual assault against four children and one adult, once in 1994, once in 2012, and three times in 2026. The 1994 case resulted in a settlement for the alleged victim. The 2026 allegations resulted in him being arrested and also dropped by talent agency Innovative Artists. He denied the allegations through his lawyer.

A Few Good Men (play)
A Few Good Men is a play by Aaron Sorkin, first produced on Broadway by David Brown in 1989. It tells the story of military lawyers at a court-martial who uncover a high-level conspiracy in the course of defending their clients, two United States Marines accused of murder.

It opened on Broadway at the Music Box Theatre in Manhattan of New York City on November 15, 1989, in a production directed by Don Scardino, with Tom Hulce as Lieutenant (junior grade) Daniel Kaffee, Megan Gallagher as Lieutenant Commander Joanne Galloway, and Stephen Lang as Colonel Jessep. Michael O'Hare replaced Lang as Col. Jessep later in the run.

Sorkin adapted his work three years later into a screenplay for the 1992 feature film of the same name.
Marc and the Mambas
Marc and the Mambas were a new wave group, formed by Marc Almond in 1982 as an offshoot project from Soft Cell. The band's line-up changed frequently, and included Matt Johnson from The The and Annie Hogan, with whom Almond worked later in his solo career.

Matt Johnson (singer)
Matthew Johnson (born 15 August 1961) is an English singer-songwriter best known as the lead vocalist and only constant member of his band the The. He is also a film soundtrack composer (Cinéola), publisher (Fifty First State Press), broadcaster (Radio Cineola), conservationist, and local activist.
Plaza del Caribe
Plaza del Caribe is an enclosed shopping mall located in Ponce, Puerto Rico. It is owned by Empresas Fonalledas, and is the largest mall in southern Puerto Rico. The mall is located at the intersection of Puerto Rico Highway 2 and Highway 12. The anchor stores are JCPenney, Burlington Coat Factory, and Macy's. A former third anchor store, Sears, closed in February 2020.

González Padín
González Padín was a high-end department store based in San Juan, Puerto Rico. The chain which operated in Puerto Rico at its peak had 10 stores. The chain closed in 1995, and at the time of closure it was the biggest and oldest department store on the island.
1956–57 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team
The 1956–57 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team represented Georgetown University during the 1956–57 NCAA University Division college basketball season. Tom Nolan coached them in his first season as head coach. The team was an independent and played its home games at McDonough Gymnasium on the Georgetown campus in Washington, D.C. The Hoyas finished with a record of 11–11, the best of Nolan's four-year tenure as head coach and had no post-season play.

Georgetown's new head coach, Tom Nolan, had been a standout on the Georgetown basketball teams of the 1935–36, 1936–37, and 1937–38 seasons and would coach the Hoyas for four seasons. His assistant, who also joined the Hoyas this season, was Tommy O'Keefe, a star Georgetown player of the 1946–47, 1947–48, 1948–49, and 1949–50 seasons who had then played for a season in the National Basketball Association (NBA). In 1960, O'Keefe would succeed Nolan as Georgetown's head coach.

1937–38 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team
The 1937–38 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team represented Georgetown University during the 1937–38 NCAA college basketball season. Fred Mesmer coached it in his seventh and final season as head coach. The team was a member of the Eastern Intercollegiate Conference (EIC) and played its home games at Tech Gymnasium on the campus of McKinley Technical High School in Washington, D.C. The team finished with a record of 7–11 overall, 5–5 in the EIC, and had no postseason play.
Cardinal Spellman High School (Brockton, Massachusetts)
Cardinal Spellman High School is a private college preparatory high school of Catholic denomination established in 1958 and located in Brockton, Massachusetts, United States. Like the school's fellow Catholic school and sports rival, Archbishop Williams High School, Spellman separated from the Boston Archdiocese in the wake of the child sex abuse scandal. The school is named after Cardinal Francis Spellman.

Brockton, Massachusetts
Brockton is a city in Plymouth County, Massachusetts, United States. Its population was 105,643 at the 2020 United States census, and it is a major economic and commercial hub for the southern part of Greater Boston. Along with Plymouth, it is one of the two county seats of the county. It is the sixth-largest city in Massachusetts and is sometimes referred to as the "City of Champions", due to the success of native boxers Rocky Marciano and Marvin Hagler, as well as its successful Brockton High School sports programs. Two villages within it are Montello and Campello, both of which have MBTA Commuter Rail Stations and post offices. Campello is the smallest neighborhood, but also the most populous. Brockton hosts a baseball team, the Brockton Rox of the Frontier League. It is the second-windiest city in the United States, with an average wind speed of 14.3 mph (23.0 km/h).
Elim, Pennsylvania
Elim is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Upper Yoder Township, Cambria County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 3,727 at the 2010 census, down from 4,175 at the 2000 census.

Cambria County, Pennsylvania
Cambria County is a county in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. As of the 2020 census, the population was 133,472. Its county seat is Ebensburg. The county was created on March 26, 1804, from parts of Bedford, Huntingdon, and Somerset counties and later organized in 1807. It was named for the nation of Wales, which in Latin is known as "Cambria". The county is part of the Southwest region of the commonwealth.

Cambria County comprises the Johnstown, PA metropolitan statistical area, which is also included in the Johnstown-Somerset, PA combined statistical area.
Aces and Kings – The Best of Go West
Aces and Kings – The Best of Go West is a greatest hits album by English pop duo Go West, released in 1993. It contains most of the band's singles, taken from their studio albums Go West (1985), Dancing on the Couch (1987) and Indian Summer (1992), plus tracks from the remix album Bangs & Crashes (1986) and several tracks that Go West contributed to film soundtracks. Also included are two new songs that were released as singles from the album: a cover of The Miracles' "The Tracks of My Tears", which reached number 16 in the UK Singles Chart, and a remix of Go West's debut hit single, "We Close Our Eyes", which went on to reach number 40.

Go West (band)
Go West are an English pop duo, formed in 1982 by lead vocalist Peter Cox and rhythm guitarist and backing  vocalist Richard Drummie. At the Brit Awards 1986, they received the Brit Award for British Breakthrough Act. The duo enjoyed popularity between the mid-1980s and the early 1990s and are best known for the international top 10 hits "We Close Our Eyes", "Call Me", "Faithful", and "King of Wishful Thinking"; the last was featured in the American romantic comedy film Pretty Woman (1990).
Ädelfors folkhögskola
Ädelfors Folkhögskola (Ädelfors folk high school) is a Swedish folk high school which is specialized in teaching disabled people and people with special needs. The school is located in Holsbybrunn in Vetlanda. It offers courses in a variety of subjects, and its students come from all over the country.

Holsbybrunn
Holsbybrunn is a locality situated in Vetlanda Municipality, Jönköping County, Sweden with 729 inhabitants in 2010. Ädelfors folkhögskola is located in Holsbybrunn. An international English speaking Bible School affiliated with Torchbearers International is also located in the locality as well as YWAM Småland, which runs a Discipleship Training School every year.
Harold Brakspear
Sir Harold Brakspear KCVO (10 March 1870 – 20 November 1934) was an English restoration architect and archaeologist.

He restored a number of ancient and notable buildings, including Bath Abbey, Windsor Castle, Brownston House in Devizes and St Cyriac's Church in Lacock. He lived in Corsham, Wiltshire, close to his projects at Lacock Abbey, Hazelbury Manor and Great Chalfield Manor.

Brakspear was appointed Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order in the 1931 New Year Honours. He was elected president of the Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Society in 1932 and re-elected the next year, his term ending in July 1934.

In 1908 he married Lilian Somers of Halesowen, Worcestershire; they had a son and a daughter, Oswald and Mary. Oswald was an architect who designed churches and parsonage houses.

Hazelbury Manor
51°24′50″N 2°14′18″W﻿ / ﻿51.4140°N 2.2382°W﻿ / 51.4140; -2.2382

Hazelbury Manor is a Grade I listed manor house, parts of which date back to the 15th century, in the hamlet of Hazelbury in the parish of Box, Wiltshire, England.
Justin Surrency
Justin Surrency (born January 9, 1984) is an American former professional football wide receiver. He was signed by the Seattle Seahawks as an undrafted free agent in 2006. He played college football at Northern Iowa. Presently, he is a reporter/News presenter for WHO-TV in Des Moines, Iowa, and previously at WIBW-TV in Topeka, Kansas.

Surrency was also a member of the Amsterdam Admirals, Minnesota Vikings and Winnipeg Blue Bombers.

WHO-DT
WHO-DT (channel 13) is a television station in Des Moines, Iowa, United States, affiliated with NBC and owned by Nexstar Media Group. The station's studios are located on Grand Avenue in downtown Des Moines, and its transmitter is located in Alleman, Iowa.
Surja Dighal Bari
Surja Dighal Bari (The Ominous House) is a 1979 Bangladeshi feature film directed and produced by Sheikh Niamat Ali and Masihuddin Shaker. The screenplay was based on Abu Ishaque's 1955 novel of the same title. It was the first film made from the Government of Bangladesh grant. The film was first released in a theater in Natore.

The film won Bangladesh National Film Award in 7 categories including Best Film, Best Director, Best Screenplay and Best Actress. It also won five international awards, including Mannheim Film Festival and Portugal Film Society.

5th Bangladesh National Film Awards
The 5th National Film Awards was presented by the Ministry of Information, Bangladesh to recognise the best of Bangladeshi cinema released in the year 1979. The ceremony took place in Dhaka in 1980 and awards were given by the President of Bangladesh.
Splice (system call)
splice() is a Linux-specific system call that moves data between a file descriptor and a pipe without a round trip to user space. The related system call vmsplice() moves or copies data between a pipe and user space.  Ideally, splice and vmsplice work by remapping pages and do not actually copy any data, which may improve I/O performance. As linear addresses do not necessarily correspond to contiguous physical addresses, this may not be possible in all cases and on all hardware combinations.

File descriptor
In Unix and Unix-like computer operating systems, a file descriptor (FD, less frequently fildes) is a process-unique identifier (handle) for a file or other input/output resource, such as a pipe or network socket.

File descriptors typically have non-negative integer values, with negative values being reserved to indicate "no value" or error conditions.

File descriptors are a part of the POSIX API.  Each Unix process (except perhaps daemons) should have three standard POSIX file descriptors, corresponding to the three standard streams:
Lithuanian Mathematical Society
The Lithuanian Mathematical Society or LMS (Lithuanian: Lietuvos matematikų draugija, LMD) is a mathematical society founded in 1962.
The LMS is based in Vilnius, and is a founding member of the European Mathematical Society. It is a full member of the International Mathematical Union.

Jonas Kubilius
Jonas Kubilius (27 July 1921 – 30 October 2011) was a Lithuanian mathematician who worked in probability theory and number theory. He was rector of Vilnius University for 32 years, and served one term in the Lithuanian parliament.
Inlet (hamlet), New York
Inlet is a hamlet located in the Town of Inlet in Hamilton County, New York, United States. It is situated at the eastern end of the Fourth Lake and in the valley connecting the Fourth, Fifth and Sixth Lakes of the Fulton Chain of Lakes.

Inlet, New York
Inlet is a town in Hamilton County, New York, United States. The population was 355 at the 2020 census, up from 333 in 2010. The name is derived from its location at the eastern end (inlet) of Fourth Lake, part of the Fulton Chain of Lakes.

The town is on the western edge of Hamilton County.
Abdulsalami
Abdusalami dan Salih Alimi was the first Emir of Ilorin, reigning from the official establishment of the emirate in 1820 to his death in 1842. He founded the state after the death of his father Shehu Alimi, and led Ilorin against various Yoruba attempts to retake the city, particularly the Mugbamugba War. He pledged allegiance to the Sokoto Caliphate in 1823. After destroying the Oyo Empire at the 1835 Battle of Ilorin, Abdulsalami launched a jihad toward the sea but was ultimately stopped at the Battle of Òsogbo in 1840 by the army of Ibadan.

Ilorin
Ilorin (listenⓘ) is the capital city of Kwara State located in the Western region of  Nigeria. Although Ilorin is classified under the North-Central geopolitical zone, the city is considered a Yoruba city by all historical and sociological standards. As of the 2006 census, it had a population of 777,667, making it the 7th largest city by population in Nigeria.
Margaret Pieroni
Margaret Pieroni OAM, born in 1936 in New South Wales, Australia, is a Western Australian botanical artist, photographer, and botanist who has authored, co-authored, and been featured as an illustrator in books on Australian botany.

As a founding member of the Dryandra Study Group, Pieroni has been a leading figure in the study of this plant genus since 1987. She is recognized for a significant contribution to specimen collection, photography and horticultural research into dryandras, series Banksia ser. Dryandra, formerly regarded as genus Dryandra.

She was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia in the 2024 Australia Day Honours for "service to botanical art".

2024 Australia Day Honours
The 2024 Australia Day Honours are appointments to various orders and honours to recognise and reward good works by Australian citizens. The list was announced on 26 January 2024 by the Governor General of Australia, David Hurley.

The Australia Day Honours are the first of the two major annual honours lists, the first announced to coincide with Australia Day (26 January), with the other being the King's Birthday Honours, which are announced on the second Monday in June.
Vladimir Zhirinovsky
Vladimir Volfovich Zhirinovsky (Russian: Владимир Вольфович Жириновский, IPA: [vlɐˈdʲimʲɪr ˈvolʲfəvʲɪtɕ ʐɨrʲɪˈnofskʲɪj], né Eidelstein, Russian: Эйдельштейн; 25 April 1946 – 6 April 2022) was a Russian right-wing populist politician who served as the leader of the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia (LDPR) from its creation in 1992 until his death in 2022.

Zhirinovsky served as a deputy chairman of the State Duma from 1993 to 2000 and from 2011 until 2022.  He also worked as a delegate in the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from 1996 to 2008. During his lifetime, Zhirinovsky ran in every single Russian presidential election except for the 2004 election.

Zhirinovsky was known for many controversies, as well as staunch advocacy for Russian military action against NATO.

Russian presidential elections
Russian presidential elections determine who will serve as the president of Russia for the next six (formerly four from 1996 to 2012 and five from 1991 to 1996) years.

Since the establishment of the position of the President of Russia in 1991, the presidential elections have taken place eight times: in 1991, 1996, 2000, 2004, 2008, 2012, 2018, and 2024. The next presidential election is scheduled for March 2030.
1982 Orange Bowl
The 1982 Orange Bowl was the 48th edition of the college football bowl game, played at the Orange Bowl in Miami, Florida, on Friday, January 1. Part of the 1981–82 bowl game season, it matched the top-ranked and undefeated Clemson Tigers of the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) and the #4 Nebraska Cornhuskers of the Big Eight Conference. Underdog Clemson won, 22–15, and gained their first national championship.

Homer Jordan
Homer Jordan (born March 21, 1960) is an American former professional football player who was a quarterback in the Canadian Football League (CFL). He played college football for the Clemson Tigers, starting at quarterback for their 1981 national championship team. He played four seasons in the CFL and was a member of the Cleveland Browns of the National Football League (NFL) in 1987.
Communauté de communes des Trois Rivières, Seine-Maritime
The Communauté de communes des Trois Rivières is a former intercommunality in the Seine-Maritime département of the Normandy region of north-western France. It was created in January 2002. It was merged into the new Communauté de communes Terroir de Caux in January 2017.

Communauté de communes Terroir de Caux
The Communauté de communes Terroir de Caux is a communauté de communes in the Seine-Maritime département and in the Normandy région of France. It was formed on 1 January 2017 by the merger of the former Communauté de communes des Trois Rivières, Communauté de Communes Saâne et Vienne, Communauté de communes de Varenne et Scie and 3 communes from the former Communauté de communes du Bosc d'Eawy on 1 January 2017. Its seat is in Bacqueville-en-Caux. Its area is 489.3 km2, and its population was 37,872 in 2019.
Lancaster Downtown Historic District
Lancaster Downtown Historic District is a national historic district located at Lancaster, Lancaster County, South Carolina.  It encompasses 12 contributing commercial buildings in central business district of Lancaster.   The  buildings date from about 1880 to 1935.  It is the most intact section of Lancaster's early business area. Notable building include the United States Post Office, the Springs Block, the Farmers’ Bank and Trust Company Building, and the Bank of Lancaster/Opera House.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.

Lancaster, South Carolina
Lancaster (/ˈleɪŋkəstər/) is a city in and the county seat of Lancaster County, South Carolina, United States, located in the Charlotte Metropolitan Area. As of the 2020 census, Lancaster had a population of 8,460. The city was named after the famous House of Lancaster.
Robyn Creswell
Robyn Creswell is an American critic, scholar and translator.

He graduated from Brown University in 1999 and gained a doctorate in comparative literature from New York University in 2011. In addition to teaching comparative literature at Brown University, he also serves as poetry editor of the Paris Review. Creswell's specialization is contemporary Arabic literature.

He has translated several literary works from the Middle East, including That Smell and Notes from Prison by Sonallah Ibrahim and The Clash of Images by Abdelfattah Kilito, and has written numerous essays for various literary periodicals. A revised version of his thesis Tradition and Translation: Poetic Modernism in Beirut (2012) was published by Princeton University Press as City of Beginnings: Poetic Modernism in Beirut (2019).

Creswell won the 2013 Roger Shattuck Prize for Criticism, awarded by the Center for Fiction.

Abdelfattah Kilito
Abdelfattah Kilito (Arabic: عبد الفتاح كيليطو; born 10 April 1945, in Rabat) is a Moroccan literary scholar and writer. He is the author of several books in Arabic and in French. He has also written articles for magazines such as Poétique and Studia Islamica. Some of the awards Kilito has won are the Great Moroccan Award (1989), the Atlas Award (1996), the French Academy Award (le prix du Rayonnement de la langue française) (1996) and Sultan Al Owais Prize for Criticism and Literature Studies (2006).
Quality function deployment
Quality function deployment (QFD) is a method developed in Japan beginning in 1966 to help transform the voice of the customer into engineering characteristics for a product. Yoji Akao, the original developer, described QFD as a "method to transform qualitative user demands into quantitative parameters, to deploy the functions forming quality, and to deploy methods for achieving the design quality into subsystems and component parts, and ultimately to specific elements of the manufacturing process." The author combined his work in quality assurance and quality control points with function deployment used in value engineering.

Yoji Akao
Yoji Akao (赤尾 洋二, Akao Yōji; 1928 – October 24, 2016) was a Japanese planning specialist recognized as the developer of Hoshin Kanri (a strategic planning methodology). With the late Shigeru Mizuno, he developed Quality Function Deployment (a group decision making technique). Akao and Mizuno also co-founded the Quality Function Deployment Institute: a non-profit organization dedicated to dissemination and advancement of QFD.

Akao received a Ph.D. in 1964 from the Tokyo Institute of Technology.