hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Pauly reaction
The Pauly reaction is a chemical test used for detecting the presence of tyrosine or histidine in proteins. It is named after German chemist Hermann Pauly, who first described the reaction. When proteins containing either tyrosine or histidine are reacted with diazotized sulfanilic acid under alkaline conditions, a red color is formed by a coupling reaction.

Histidine
Histidine (symbol His or H) is an essential amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated –NH3+ form under biological conditions), a carboxylic acid group (which is in the deprotonated –COO− form under biological conditions), and an imidazole side chain (which is partially protonated), classifying it as a positively charged amino acid at physiological pH. Initially thought essential only for infants, it has now been shown in longer-term studies to be essential for adults also. It is encoded by the codons CAU and CAC.

Histidine was first isolated by Albrecht Kossel and Sven Gustaf Hedin in 1896. The name stems from its discovery in tissue, from ἱστός histós "tissue". It is also a precursor to histamine, a vital inflammatory agent in immune responses. The acyl radical is histidyl.
Académie de La Palette
Académie de La Palette (French pronunciation: [akademi də la palɛt]), also called Académie La Palette and La Palette, (English: Palette Academy), was a private art school in Paris, France, active between 1888 and 1925, aimed at promoting 'conciliation entre la liberté et le respect de la tradition'.

Early on the Académie de La Palette developed a reputation as a progressive art school. In 1902, with Jacques-Émile Blanche as director of the academy, the concept had been 'any attempt at imitation are now abandoned' [toute tentative d'imitation étant désormais abandonnée].

From 1912, when the Cubists Henri Le Fauconnier and Jean Metzinger took over the direction of the school, the role of the Académie de La Palette as the nexus for the avant-garde at the forefront of the Parisian art scene was secured.

Marcel Gromaire
Marcel Gromaire (French pronunciation: [maʁsɛl ɡʁɔmɛʁ]; 24 July 1892 – 11 April 1971) was a French painter. He painted many works on social subjects and is often associated with Social Realism, but Gromaire can be said to have created an independent oeuvre distinct from groups and movements.
St Mary's Church, Callington
St Mary's Church, Callington is a Grade I listed parish church in Callington, Cornwall, England.  The present building was consecrated in 1438 on the site of an earlier chapel and was enlarged in the 15th century, with restoration in the 19th century, including work by J.P. St Aubyn and J. D. Sedding. The building is notable for its late medieval Perpendicular fabric, a Norman font, and the alabaster tomb of Sir Robert Willoughby (d. 1502).

Callington
Callington (Cornish: Kelliwik) is a town and civil parish in east Cornwall, England. It lies about 7 miles (11 km) north of Saltash and 9 miles (14 km) south of Launceston. The parish had a population of 5,983 in 2021.
Nie Shicheng
Nie Shicheng (Chinese: 聂士成; pinyin: Niè Shìchéng; Wade–Giles: Nieh Shih-ch'eng; 1836 – July 1900) was a Chinese general of the Qing dynasty who served the imperial government during the Boxer Rebellion. Rising from obscure origins from Hefei, Anhui Province, in the early 1850s, Nie Shicheng managed to pass the county examinations for bureaucratic positions, but due to the Taiping Rebellion he was forced to abandon a bureaucratic career and become a soldier.

Battle of Tientsin
The Battle of Tientsin, or the Relief of Tientsin, occurred on 13–14 July 1900, during the Boxer Rebellion in Northern China. A multinational military force, representing the Eight-Nation Alliance, rescued a besieged population of foreign nationals in the city of Tianjin (Postal: Tientsin) by defeating the Chinese Imperial army and Boxers.  The capture of Tianjin gave the Eight-Nation Alliance a base to launch a rescue mission for the foreign nationals besieged in the Legation Quarter of Beijing and to capture Beijing.
Jaclyn Hales
Jaclyn Hales (born September 4, 1986) is an American actress best known for acting in BYUtv scripted series Extinct, The Sinister Surrogate (2018), Scents and Sensibility (2011), Unicorn City (2012), Christmas Eve (2015), Alienate (2016). and Cypher (2021).

Extinct (2017 TV series)
Extinct is a post-apocalyptic science fiction television series directed by Ryan Little and written by Orson Scott Card and Aaron Johnston. The series was picked up by BYUtv for ten episodes and premiered October 1, 2017. It is the network's second scripted television series, the first being Granite Flats.

The project was originally written to be made into a film, but BYUtv producer Adam Abel was interested in making it into a television series, and Card and Johnston re-wrote the scripts to comply with the formats.

The series was cancelled after one season.
Three Missing Links
Three Missing Links is a 1938 short subject directed by Jules White starring American slapstick comedy team The Three Stooges (Moe Howard, Larry Fine and Curly Howard). It is the 33rd entry in the series released by Columbia Pictures starring the comedians, who appearing in 190 shorts for the studio between 1934 and 1959.

Leo the Lion (MGM)
Leo the Lion is the mascot for the Hollywood film studio Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer; its former sister company MGM Resorts; and its predecessor Goldwyn Pictures, featured in the studio's production logo, which was created by the Paramount Studios art director Lionel S. Reiss.

Since 1916, and through the time the studio was formed by the merger of Samuel Goldwyn's studio with Marcus Loew's Metro Pictures and Louis B. Mayer's company in 1924, there have been eleven different lions used for the MGM logo. Although MGM has referred to all of the lions used in their trademark as "Leo the Lion", only the lion in use since 1957 (a total of 69 years), was actually named "Leo". In 2021, MGM introduced a new CGI logo which features a lion mostly based on Leo.
Murder of Mary Silvani
Mary Edith Silvani (September 29, 1948 – July 17, 1982), known as "Sheep's Flat Jane Doe" and "Washoe County Jane Doe" while unidentified, was an American woman found shot to death near Lake Tahoe in Washoe County, Nevada in July 1982. She was unidentified for 37 years, the investigation becoming a cold case. The Washoe County Sheriff's Office announced her identity on May 7, 2019. Silvani was identified through DNA analysis and genetic genealogy with assistance from the DNA Doe Project and utilizing the public genealogy database GEDmatch.

The Sheriff's Office announced that her murderer had been confirmed as serial killer James Richard Curry.

Born in Pontiac, Michigan, Silvani was 33 when she was killed. She was the only daughter of John and Blanche Silvani, and had two brothers.

Colleen M. Fitzpatrick
Colleen M. Fitzpatrick (born April 25, 1955) is an American forensic scientist, genealogist and entrepreneur. She helped identify remains found at the crash site of Northwest Flight 4422, which crashed in Alaska in 1948. Fitzpatrick co-founded the DNA Doe Project which identifies previously unidentified bodies and runs Identifinders International, an investigative genetic genealogy consulting firm that helps identify victims and perpetrators of violent crimes.
Falehau
Falehau is a village on the island of Niuatoputapu in Tonga. The population is 218.

The other two villages on Niuatoputapu are Hihifo, which is the main village on the island, and Vaipoa.

Falehau was extensively damaged by the 2009 Samoa earthquake and tsunami. The tsunami resulted from an 8.0 Mw earthquake in the Samoan Islands region at 06:48:11 local time on 29 September 2009 (17:48:11 UTC).

Niuatoputapu
Niuatoputapu (The Sacred Niua) is a volcanic island in the island nation of Tonga, Pacific Ocean.  Its highest point is 157 metres (515 ft), and its area is 16 square kilometres (6.2 sq mi). Its name means sacred island. Older  names for the island are Traitors Island or Keppel Island.

Niuatoputapu is located in the north of the Tonga island group, 300 kilometres (190 miles) away from Vavaʻu near the border with Samoa. Its closest neighbours are the small island of Tafahi, which is only 9 km (6 mi) to the north-northeast, and the island of Niuafo'ou. Those three islands together form the administrative division of the Niuas. Niuatoputapu Airport accepts international flights. The population was 719 in 2021. Until several centuries ago, the inhabitants spoke the Niuatoputapu language, but it was replaced by the Tongan language and went extinct. Nevertheless, the variety of Tongan spoken on Niuatoputapu contains elements of Samoan, ʻUvean, and Futunan.
City Centre North (Liverpool ward)
City Centre North ward is an electoral district of Liverpool City Council within the Liverpool Riverside Parliamentary constituency.

The ward was created for the elections held on 4 May 2023 following a 2022 review by the Local Government Boundary Commission for England, which created the ward to be represented by two councillors. The ward covers most of the western half of the former Central ward with small sections of the former Everton and Riverside wards.

The ward includes part of the Vauxhall area, and part of Liverpool city centre, including St George's Hall and Liverpool Town Hall. The ward boundaries follow Leeds Street, Bath Street, the Strand, Liver Street, Hanover Street, Lime Street and Byrom Way.

Vauxhall, Liverpool
Vauxhall is an inner city district of Liverpool, England, north of the city centre, bounded by Kirkdale to the north and Everton to the east, with the docks and River Mersey running along the west side.

Vauxhall is in the Liverpool City Council ward of Kirkdale and the edge of the Central, Liverpool ward, although previously it was a ward itself. In the 1841 Liverpool Census the area was covered by two wards Scotland and Vauxhall. According to the 2001 Census, Vauxhall had a population of 6,699.
Helen Elele
Helen Elele (born (1973-09-09)9 September 1973) is a retired Kenyan female volleyball player. She was part of the Kenya women's national volleyball team.

She participated at the 1994 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship, and at the 1998 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship in Japan.

Kenya women's national volleyball team
The Kenya women's national volleyball team, the Malkia Strikers, represents Kenya in international volleyball competitions. Kenya has dominated the African continent since the 1990s, winning the Women's African Volleyball Championship a record of ten times. They have qualified four times for the Olympics; in 2000, 2004, 2020 and 2024.

Kenya also has a beach volleyball team, who were the only women's team at the Tokyo Olympics. Kenya's women's sitting volleyball team did not qualify for Tokyo.
Robert B. Laughlin
Robert Betts Laughlin (born November 1, 1950) is an American physicist. He is the Anne T. and Robert M. Bass Professor of Physics and Applied Physics at Stanford University. Along with Horst L. Störmer of Columbia University and Daniel C. Tsui of Princeton University, he was awarded a share of the 1998 Nobel Prize in physics for their explanation of the fractional quantum Hall effect.

In 1983, Laughlin was first to provide a many body wave function, now known as the Laughlin wavefunction, for the fractional quantum Hall effect, which was able to correctly explain the fractionalized charge observed in experiments. This state has since been interpreted as the integer quantum Hall effect of the composite fermion.

His 2017 paper, "Pumped thermal grid storage with heat exchange" inspired Project Malta at Google X and subsequently Malta inc.

Laughlin wavefunction
In condensed matter physics, the Laughlin wavefunction is an ansatz, proposed by Robert Laughlin for the ground state of a two-dimensional electron gas placed in a uniform background magnetic field in the presence of a uniform jellium background when the filling factor of the lowest Landau level is  where  is an odd positive integer. It was constructed to explain the observation of the  fractional quantum Hall effect (FQHE), and predicted the existence of additional  states as well as quasiparticle excitations with fractional electric charge , both of which were later experimentally observed. Laughlin received one third of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1998 for this discovery.
Cross-Cultural Research
Cross-Cultural Research (formerly Behavior Science Research) is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes papers in the field of Social Sciences. The journal's editor is Carol R. Ember (Human Relations Area Files). The journal has been in publication since 1966 and is currently published by SAGE Publications  on behalf of the Society for Cross-Cultural Research.

Carol R. Ember
Carol R. Ember (born July 7, 1943) is an American cultural anthropologist, cross-cultural researcher and a writer of books on anthropology. She is now the President of the Human Relations Area Files at Yale University.
Wasted Time (Fuel song)
"Wasted Time" is a song by the American rock band Fuel and the lead single from their fourth studio album Angels & Devils, released on June 19, 2007. Written by guitarist Carl Bell, it is the first single by the band to feature new lead singer Toryn Green. New Fuel drummer Tommy Stewart was unable to perform on the record as he had other obligations to fulfill, so longtime Mötley Crüe drummer Tommy Lee performed drums on the track.

Two versions appear on the album, a "G-mix" mixed by producer Ben Grosse (Something Like Human) and an "S-mix" mixed by Michael Shipley. While both versions are similar, the "S-mix" features fewer electric guitars than the "G-mix" does.

The song peaked at number 24 on Billboard's Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks, staying on the chart for 14 weeks.

On August 10, 2007, the band performed "Wasted Time" on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno.

Angels & Devils (Fuel album)
Angels & Devils is the fourth studio album by American rock band Fuel. Released on August 7, 2007, it was their first studio effort since 2003's Natural Selection and was the last Fuel album to feature original bassist Jeff Abercrombie. It was also Fuel's only studio album to feature new vocalist Toryn Green, and their final album for Epic Records. With a new singer, the album also introduced a new Fuel logo.

Former Godsmack drummer Tommy Stewart was announced as the band's new drummer but was unable to perform on the album due to other commitments so Josh Freese and Tommy Lee performed drums in his place.
Ted Kord
Theodore Stephen "Ted" Kord is a superhero who was the second incarnation of Blue Beetle, originally published by Charlton Comics and later acquired by DC Comics. He was created by Steve Ditko and first appeared as a back-up feature in Captain Atom #83 (November 1966), with Gary Friedrich scripting from Ditko's conception and plot.

Since his debut in the comics, Kord has made appearances in numerous media. He is voiced by Wil Wheaton in Batman: The Brave and the Bold and Matt Lanter in the Tomorrowverse.

Formerly Known as the Justice League
Super Buddies are a team of comic book superheroes in the DC Comics universe who appear in the six-issue Formerly Known as the Justice League miniseries in 2003, and its 2005 sequel, I Can't Believe It's Not the Justice League (published in JLA Classified). The team is put together by former Justice League bank roller Maxwell Lord as a superhero team "accessible to the common man". The team is considered more or less inept and incapable of being of any help by many (including the actual Justice League). The team was created by writers Keith Giffen and J. M. DeMatteis, and artists Kevin Maguire and Josef Rubinstein.

Giffen, DeMatteis, and Maguire had previously created the tongue-in-cheek Justice League International comic book in the 1990s, and revived a similar style of comedy as that series featured.
Cherry Crush
Cherry Crush is a 2007 American drama thriller film directed and co-written by Nicholas DiBella. It premiered in Rochester, New York on February 16, 2007 and was released on DVD on July 3, 2007.

The film stars Jonathan Tucker as Jordan Wells, the privileged son of a successful man who gets kicked out of an exclusive prep school after his interest in photography and girls leads him to take nude snapshots of classmates. Soon he meets a poor but attractive girl named Shay Bettencourt (Nikki Reed) who ensnares him in a web of murder and lies.

Julie Gonzalo
Julieta Susana Gonzalo Martyniuk (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈxuli ɣonˈsalo]; born September 9, 1981, Lanús, Buenos Aires) known professionally as Julie Gonzalo, is an Argentine-American actress and model of Ukrainian descent. She is best known for her villainous roles in the films Freaky Friday (2003), where she played Stacey Hinkhouse, and A Cinderella Story (2004), where she played Shelby Cummings. She also appeared in Dodgeball: A True Underdog Story (2004) as Amber and Christmas with the Kranks (2004) as Blair Krank. In television series, she played Tiffany Margolis in Drake & Josh (2004), Parker Lee in Veronica Mars (2006–2007; 2019), Maggie Dekker in Eli Stone (2008–2009), Pamela Rebecca Barnes in the soap opera Dallas (2012–2014), and Andrea Rojas in Supergirl (2019–2021). Since 2016, she has become a regular in made-for-TV movies on the Hallmark Channel.
Metro Toronto Convention Centre
Metro Toronto Convention Centre (originally and still colloquially Metro Convention Centre, and sometimes MTCC) (French: Palais des congrès du Toronto métropolitain), is a convention complex located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada along Front Street West in the former Railway Lands in downtown Toronto. The property is today owned by Oxford Properties. The centre is operated by the Metropolitan Toronto Convention Centre Corporation, an independent agency of the Government of Ontario.

Front Street (Toronto)
Front Street is an east–west road in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. First laid out in 1796, the street is one of the original streets of the Town of York. The street was laid out along the shoreline of Lake Ontario as it existed during that time. It remains an important street with many important landmarks, including the St. Lawrence Market, Meridian Hall, Union Station, and the Metro Toronto Convention Centre. The eastern section of Front Street, in the West Don Lands, east of Cherry Street, is being rebuilt as a broad tree-lined boulevard, intended to be the pedestrian-friendly commercial spine of the new neighbourhood.
Polish Mountain
Polish Mountain /ˈpɒlɪʃ/ is located in Allegany County, Maryland, United States. It borders on Town Creek Tributary on the east, north of Town Creek, and extending northeastward into Pennsylvania. Its highest elevation is 1,800 feet (550 m).

In February 2011, nine Maryland State Senators introduced a bill to rename Polish Mountain and Negro Mountain. All four Western Maryland state representatives testified against the proposed bill.  The bill was voted down in committee.

Negro Mountain
Negro Mountain is a long ridge of the Allegheny Mountains in the eastern United States, stretching 30-mile (48 km) from Deep Creek Lake in Maryland north to the Casselman River in Pennsylvania. The summit, Mount Davis, is the highest point (3,213 feet) in Pennsylvania. Negro Mountain is flanked by Laurel Hill to the west and Allegheny Mountain to the east.
Puerto Rico Highway 100
Puerto Rico Highway 100 (PR-100) is a secondary highway in southwestern Puerto Rico, located mostly in the municipality of Cabo Rojo. This highway extends from PR-2 in Hormigueros, Puerto Rico and ends at PR-301.

Cabo Rojo, Puerto Rico
Cabo Rojo (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈkaβo ˈroxo], locally [ˈkaβo ˈχoho]) is a city and municipality situated on the southwest coast of Puerto Rico and forms part of the San Germán–Cabo Rojo metropolitan area as well as the larger Mayagüez–San Germán–Cabo Rojo Combined Statistical Area.
Steve Sydness
Steven "Steve" Sydness (born c. 1956. died April 16, 2014) was an American politician and businessman. He was the Republican Party nominee for one of North Dakota's open United States Senate seats in the 1992 election, and was the former CEO of the Endurance International Group in Massachusetts. Before running for The US Senate, he had helped found Great Plains Software in North Dakota, and had served as city commissioner of Fargo. He was a graduate of Principia College in Elsah, IL and Harvard Business School in Cambridge, MA where he received his MBA in 1981.

1992 United States Senate election in North Dakota
The 1992 United States Senate election in North Dakota was held on November 3, 1992, along with other elections to the United States Senate in other states as well as elections to the United States House of Representatives and various state and local elections. Incumbent Democratic-NPL U.S. Senator Kent Conrad retired, having given a pledge that he would not run for re-election if the federal budget deficit was higher than when he was first elected; however, when the other Senate seat became vacant, he ran in the special election and won. Democratic-NPL U.S. Congressman Byron Dorgan won the open seat.
Menabe Antimena
Menabe Antimena is a protected area in Menabe region of western Madagascar. It belongs to the municipalities of Tsimafana, Beroboka, Bemanonga, Belon'i Tsiribihina, and Tsaraotana.

Menabe Antimena is on the west coast of Madagascar, south of the Mania River. It covers an area of dry forest, succulent woodland, mangroves, and secondary grassland and scrub. It includes the northern portion of the Kirindy Forest and the Avenue of the Baobabs.

Large areas have been illegally logged, burned, and converted to maize fields, which threatens the area's wildlife, including the critically endangered Madame Berthe's mouse lemur (Microcebus berthae), the smallest primate in the world.

Tsimafana
Tsimafana is a rural municipality in Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Belo sur Tsiribihina, which is a part of Menabe Region. The population of the commune was estimated to be approximately 9,000 in 2001 commune census.

Primary and junior level secondary education are available in town. The majority 60% of the population of the commune are farmers, while an additional 30% receives their livelihood from raising livestock. The most important crop is chickpea, while other important products are sweet potatoes and rice.  Services provide employment for 5% of the population. Additionally fishing employs 5% of the population.
Texas's 31st congressional district
Texas's 31st congressional district of the United States House of Representatives covers a strip of Central Texas from the northern Austin suburbs up to Temple and Gatesville.

The district is centered around Bell and Williamson counties, two fast-growing suburban counties north of Austin; it includes the Williamson County portion of Austin itself. It also includes much of the area surrounding Fort Hood, giving the district a strong military presence, as well as four rural counties to the north and west of the district.

John Carter has served as the representative from this district since its creation. The 31st district is one of only two districts in Texas (the other being the 36th district) that has never been represented by a member of the Democratic Party.

John Carter (Texas politician)
John Rice Carter (born November 6, 1941) is the U.S. representative serving Texas's 31st congressional district since 2003. He is a Republican. The district includes the northern suburbs of Austin, as well as Fort Hood.