hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Asphyxiant gas
An asphyxiant gas, also known as a simple asphyxiant, is a nontoxic or minimally toxic gas which reduces or displaces the normal oxygen concentration in breathing air. Breathing of oxygen-depleted air can lead to death by asphyxiation (suffocation). Because asphyxiant gases are relatively inert and odorless, their presence in high concentration may not be noticed, except in the case of carbon dioxide (hypercapnia).

Toxic gases, by contrast, cause death by other mechanisms, such as competing with oxygen on the cellular level (e.g. carbon monoxide) or directly damaging the respiratory system (e.g. phosgene). Far smaller quantities of these are deadly.

Notable examples of asphyxiant gases are methane, nitrogen, argon, helium, butane and propane. Along with trace gases such as carbon dioxide and ozone, these compose 79% of Earth's atmosphere.

Asphyxia
Asphyxia or asphyxiation is a condition of deficient supply of oxygen to the body which arises from abnormal breathing. Asphyxia causes generalized hypoxia, which affects all the tissues and organs, some more rapidly than others. There are many circumstances that can induce asphyxia, all of which are characterized by the inability of a person to acquire sufficient oxygen through breathing for an extended period of time. Asphyxia can cause coma or death. In 2015, about 9.8 million cases of unintentional suffocation occurred which resulted in 35,600 deaths. The word asphyxia is from Ancient Greek α- "without" and σφύξις sphyxis, "squeeze" (throb of heart).
Dalit Kitchens of Marathwada
Dalit Kitchens of Marathwada is a 2024 book by Shahu Patole, translated into English by Bhushan Korgaonkar and published by HarperCollins India. The book documents the food practices, recipes, and culinary histories of Dalit communities (notably the Mahar and Mang communities) in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, and interweaves recipes with memoir, ethnographic detail and critique of caste-based exclusion in Indian culinary history.

Mang (caste)
The Mang, or Matang, is an Indian caste mainly residing in the state of Maharashtra. Matang are known as Madiga in Telangana, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka.

The community was historically believed to be associated with village security and professions such as rope making, broom making, cattle castration, leather curing, midwifery, and being musicians, executioners, and funeral directors. In modern day India, they are listed as a Scheduled Caste,
Their origins lie in the Narmada Valley of India, and they were formerly classified as a criminal tribe under the Criminal Tribes Acts of the British Raj.
Jimmy John's
Jimmy John's Franchise, LLC, commonly referred to as Jimmy John's, is an American multinational sandwich chain, headquartered in Champaign, Illinois. The business was founded by Jimmy John Liautaud in 1983. After Liautaud graduated from high school, his father gave him a choice to either join the military or start a business. Liautaud decided to start a hot dog business, which changed to sandwiches due to costs.

The Jimmy John's chain has over 2,600 locations, with 98% of them being franchises. In 2016, Roark Capital Group purchased a majority stake in the company. Later, in 2019, Inspire Brands purchased the company from Roark Capital Group for an unspecified amount.

Jimmy John Liautaud
James John Liautaud (born January 12, 1964) is an American restaurateur, who is widely known as the founder and former chairman of Jimmy John's sandwich chain.

In October 2018, Liautaud was included in the Forbes list of the world's wealthiest people. In 2018, Forbes estimated Liautaud's documented wealth at $1.7 billion.
Microtonality
Microtonality is the use in music of microtones — intervals smaller than a semitone, also called "microintervals". It may also be extended to include any music using intervals not found in the customary Western tuning of twelve equal intervals per octave. In other words, a microtone may be thought of as a note that falls "between the keys" of a piano tuned in equal temperament.

Carlton Gamer
Carlton Edwin Wesley Gamer (February 13, 1929 – July 14, 2023) was an American composer and music theorist. Gamer composed more than seventy works in a variety of genres, including songs, music for dance, solo piano pieces, chamber music, choral works, orchestral works, and computer music. His compositional approach has been fundamentally shaped by his theoretical interests, the latter influenced by an interest in mathematics.

He taught at Colorado College, Princeton University, and the University of Michigan; he studied at Northwestern University and Boston University and later privately with Roger Sessions.
Health information technology
Health information technology (HIT) is health technology, particularly information technology, applied to health and health care. It supports health information management across  computerized systems and the secure exchange of health information between consumers, providers, payers, and quality monitors. Based on a 2008 report on a small series of studies conducted at four sites that provide ambulatory care – three U.S. medical centers and one in the Netherlands, the use of electronic health records (EHRs) was viewed as the most promising tool for improving the overall quality, safety and efficiency of the health delivery system.

Health care quality
Health care quality is a level of value provided by any health care resource, as determined by some measurement. As with quality in other fields, it is an assessment of whether something is good enough and whether it is suitable for its purpose. The goal of health care is to provide medical resources of high quality to all who need them; that is, to ensure good quality of life, cure illnesses when possible, and to extend life expectancy. Researchers use a variety of quality measures to attempt to determine health care quality, including counts of a therapy's reduction or lessening of diseases identified by medical diagnosis, a decrease in the number of risk factors which people have following preventive care, or a survey of health indicators in a population who are accessing certain kinds of care.
Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers' Union of South Africa
The Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers' Union of South Africa (ACTWUSA) was a trade union representing workers in the garment and fabric industries in South Africa.

The union was founded in 1987, when the National Union of Textile Workers merged with the National Union of Garment Workers, and the Textile Workers' Industrial Union.  The Garment Workers' Union of the Western Province hoped to join, but was rejected as it was regarded as a benefit society which did not represent workers' rights.  The Garment Workers' Industrial Union decided against joining.

The union had about 70,000 members, mostly in Natal and Transvaal.  Like its predecessors, it affiliated to the Congress of South African Trade Unions.  On 16 September 1989, it merged with the Garment and Allied Workers' Union of South Africa, to form the Southern African Clothing and Textile Workers Union.

National Union of Garment Workers
The National Union of Garment Workers (NUGW) was a trade union representing clothing workers in South Africa.

The union was established in 1985, when the Garment Workers' Union of South Africa (GWUSA) merged with the National Union of Clothing Workers (NUCW).  The two unions had worked together for nearly twenty years, but as the GWUSA represented white and coloured workers, and the NUCW represented black workers, the two had not previously been permitted to merge.   The new union had about 32,000 members.

The union was initially affiliated to the Trade Union Council of South Africa, but it resigned in 1986, arguing that the council was not supportive of commemorations of May Day and the Soweto uprising.  In 1987, it merged with the National Union of Textile Workers and the Textile Workers' Industrial Union, to form the Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers' Union of South Africa.
The Ideal Scout
The Ideal Scout, also known as The Boy Scout, is a work by Canadian sculptor R. Tait McKenzie (1867–1938). The original statue stood in front of the Cradle of Liberty Council at 22nd and Winter Streets in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, from 1937 to 2013. Replicas can be found at Boy Scouts of America councils across the United States, as well as at Gilwell Park in London, England, and at Scouts Canada's national office in Ottawa. The Smithsonian American Art Museum's database lists 18 copies.

R. Tait McKenzie
Robert Tait McKenzie RCA (sometimes written MacKenzie) RCA (May 26, 1867 – April 28, 1938) was a Canadian physician, educator, sculptor, athlete, soldier and Scouter. Born in Ramsay Township, Lanark County, Ontario, Canada, he attended McGill University in Montreal as an undergraduate and medical student, and was an instructor in its medical school beginning in 1894. In 1904, he moved to the United States to teach at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In the 1930s, he returned to the county of his birth, retiring to the Mill of Kintail in Almonte.

He pioneered physical fitness programs in Canada.  During World War I, his methods and inventions for restoring and rehabilitating wounded soldiers laid a foundation for modern physiotherapy practices.
An Extraordinary Cab Accident
An Extraordinary Cab Accident is a 1903 British silent comic trick film, directed by Walter R. Booth, featuring a gentleman making a miraculous recovery after being trampled underfoot by a horse and cab. The film, "seems something of a step back," "compared with the elaborate special effects fantasies that director W.R. Booth and producer R.W. Paul had already concocted," but according to Michael Brooke of BFI Screenonline, "more complex special effects might well have worked against the impression Booth and Paul were clearly seeking to create, which is that of a man being genuinely run over by a horse-drawn cab, his body being knocked down and trampled by the horse's hooves."

Walter R. Booth
Walter Robert Booth (12 July 1869 – 8 May 1938) was a British magician and early pioneer of British film. Collaborating with Robert W. Paul and then Charles Urban mostly on "trick" films, he pioneered techniques that led to what has been described as the first British animated film, The Hand of the Artist (1906). Booth is also notable for making the earliest film adaptation of A Christmas Carol with the silent film Scrooge, or, Marley's Ghost (1901).
Wilson, Western Australia
Wilson is a suburb of Perth, Western Australia, located within the City of Canning on the north bank of the Canning River. It is a fairly old suburb with parks and close proximity to prominent shopping centres in South Perth. It is favoured by Curtin University students, the reason being its convenient access to the university. Bus routes 72, 73, 100, 177, 178, 179, 200 and the CircleRoute 998/999 travel through this suburb.  The suburb contains Castledare, Kent Street Weir, Canning River and Lo Quay River Cafe. Wilson is located quite closely to various parks, some of those being Centenary Park, Sir Thomas Moore Park, Wilson Park at the Kent Street Weir and Alderley Park.

Leach Highway
Leach Highway is a 23-kilometre (14 mi) east-west arterial highway in the southern suburbs of Perth, Western Australia, primarily linking Kewdale and Perth Airport with the city of Fremantle.

It is allocated State Route 7 and is a dual carriageway for its entire length. Leach Highway varies in width between four and six lanes, with speed limits of 70 and 80 km/h (43 and 50 mph).
ManSpace (TV series)
ManSpace is an Australian television series that airs on 9Go! and repeats after midnight on the Nine Network. It began airing on 26 May 2014. It is hosted by Dan Anstey with Shane Jacobson and Dale Vine.

The program endeavours to showcase the most impressive man caves and collectors from across Australia, and also addresses men's issues and special interests. Season 1 was filmed in front of a live studio audience, whereas season 2 was shot on location.

Other contributors include comedian Des Dowling, former AFL players Brett Stephens and Michael Gale, aka “Moose and Butch”, and former Sale of the Century model Murray Bingham.

Shane Jacobson was involved in life-threatening accident whilst filming a segment for the show in 2015, when his Polaris racing buggy flipped multiple times during a competition. Whilst the incident appeared serious he was uninjured.

The show is based on the Australian magazine of the same name (ManSpace Magazine), which is published by Connection Magazines.

9Go!
9Go! is an Australian free-to-air digital television multichannel, which was launched by the Nine Network on 9 August 2009, replacing Nine Guide. It is a youthful channel that offers a mix of comedy, reality, general entertainment, movies, animation and drama aimed at people between the ages of 2 and 18.
2022–23 Kenyan Premier League
The 2022–23 Kenyan Premier League was the 20th season of the Kenyan Premier League since it began in 2003, and the 60th season of top-division football in Kenya since 1963. The season was set to commence on 24 September, however, an ongoing technical dispute with FIFA pushed the start to 19 November 2022.

Kenyan Premier League
The Kenyan Premier League (KPL), officially known as the SportPesa League, is a professional league for men's football clubs in Kenya. Standing at the top of the Kenyan football league system, the league was formed in 1963 under the Kenya Football Federation but is now controlled by the Football Kenya Federation. It is contested by 18 clubs and operates on a promotion and relegation system with the Kenyan National Super League. Kenya Police are the current champions, having won the 2024–25 season.

The league was mostly stable until the late 1990s and since then its performance had been considered below average, with many of the league's clubs having little or no finances to support themselves. However, when SuperSport became an official league partner, the league has taken on a more serious role with teams becoming professional and the majority of the clubs managing to get kit sponsorships. This saw the level of competition improve compared to past.
Norm Friesen
Norm Friesen (born March 21, 1966) is Professor in Educational Technology at Boise State University and Canada Research Chair in E-Learning Practices at Thompson Rivers University.

Norm Friesen studied German Literature, Secondary Education, and Communication at the Johns Hopkins University, University of Alberta and Simon Fraser University (respectively). He has undertaken teaching and research at the University of Toronto, the University of Innsbruck and Athabasca University.

He has led the CanCore Learning object metadata initiative from 2003 to 2010, and is co-editor of the peer reviewed open content journal Phenomenology and Practice. Friesen is also a member of the Canadian delegation to the ISO/IEC JTC 1 subcommittee 36, for Learning, Education and Training.

Friesen has been involved in Wikiversity research.

Friesen's research interests include media theory, alternative pedagogies, technical e-learning standardization, phenomenology and ethnomethodology.

Learning object metadata
Learning Object Metadata is a data model, usually encoded in XML, used to describe a learning object and similar digital resources used to support learning. The purpose of learning object metadata is to support the reusability of learning objects, to aid discoverability, and to facilitate their interoperability, usually in the context of online learning management systems (LMS).

The IEEE 1484.12.1-2020 – Standard for Learning Object Metadata is the latest revision of an internationally recognised open standard (published by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Standards Association, New York) under the LTSC sponsorship for the description of “learning objects". Relevant attributes of learning objects to be described include: type of object; author; owner; terms of distribution; format; and pedagogical attributes, such as teaching or interaction style.
Governor of Minnesota
The governor of Minnesota is the head of government of the state of Minnesota, leading the state's executive branch. Forty people have been governor of Minnesota, and previously three of Minnesota Territory. Alexander Ramsey, the first territorial governor, also served as state governor several years later.  State governors are elected to office by popular vote; territorial governors were appointed to the office by the United States president. The current governor of Minnesota is Tim Walz of the Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party (DFL), affiliated with the Democratic Party.

Minnesota Constitution
The Constitution of the State of Minnesota was initially approved by the residents of Minnesota Territory in a special election held on October 13, 1857, and was ratified by the United States Senate on May 11, 1858, marking the admittance of Minnesota to the Union.  Nearly 120 amendments have been approved (often multiple items at once), with perhaps the most significant being a reorganization in 1974 to simplify the document, making it easier for modern readers to comprehend and reducing the extensive verbiage.  It is believed that the constitution was amended twice prior to ratification.
Birch, Wisconsin
Birch is a town in Lincoln County, Wisconsin, United States. As of the 2010 census, the town had a population of 594, down from 801 at the 2000 census. The unincorporated community of Irma is located in the town.

Lincoln County, Wisconsin
Lincoln County is a county located in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. As of the 2020 census, the population was 28,415. Its county seat is Merrill. The county was created in 1875 and named after President Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln County comprises the Merrill, WI Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Wausau-Stevens Point-Wisconsin Rapids, WI Combined Statistical Area.
Graveley, Hertfordshire
Graveley is a village and civil parish about four miles east of Hitchin and two miles north of Stevenage in Hertfordshire, England. The parish also includes the hamlet of Chesfield. The population of the parish in the 2021 census was 498.

Stevenage
Stevenage (/ˈstiːvənɪdʒ/ STEE-vən-ij) is a town and borough in Hertfordshire, England, about 28 miles (45 km) north of London. Stevenage is east of junctions 7 and 8 of the A1(M), between Letchworth Garden City to the north and Welwyn Garden City to the south. In 1946, Stevenage was designated the United Kingdom's first New Town under the New Towns Act. In 2021 it had a population of 94,456.
Mick Butler (Wexford hurler)
Mick Butler (born 1950 in Kilmuckridge, County Wexford) is an Irish former hurler. He played for his local club Buffer's Alley and was a member of the Wexford senior inter-county team from 1969 until 1981.

Kilmuckridge
Kilmuckridge (Irish: Cill Mhucraise), formerly Ford or The Ford, is a village in County Wexford in Ireland, near the Irish Sea coast. As of the 2016 census, the village had a population of 722 people, having more than tripled in size (from 235) in the 20 years since the 1996 census. It is known for the nearby beach at Morriscastle.
The Count of Narbonne
The Count of Narbonne is a 1781 tragedy by the Irish writer Robert Jephson. It was inspired by Horace Walpole's novel The Castle of Otranto.

It premiered at the Covent Garden Theatre. The original cast featured John Henderson as Austin, Richard Wroughton as Raymond, William Thomas Lewis as Theodore, James Thompson as Fabian, James Fearon as Officer, Mary Morton as Jacqueline, Elizabeth Satchell as Adelaide and Elizabeth Younge as Hortensia.

John Henderson (actor)
John Henderson (1747–1785) was an English actor who played many Shakespearean and other roles. He first acted in Bath, where he was known as "The Bath Roscius", and then in London. Had he not died young he would have been remembered as a worthy successor to David Garrick.
Vozha
The Vozha (Russian: Во́жа) is a river in Ryazan Oblast, Russia. It is a right tributary of the Oka. It is 103 kilometres (64 mi) long, and its drainage basin covers 1,590 square kilometres (610 sq mi).

The town of Rybnoye is situated by the Vozha.

In August 1378, Muscovite prince Dmitry Donskoy defeated a Mongol army in the Battle of the Vozha River.

Rybnoye, Ryazan Oblast
Rybnoye (Russian: Ры́бное) is a town and the administrative center of Rybnovsky District in Ryazan Oblast, Russia, located on the Vozha River (Oka's tributary) 18 kilometers (11 mi) northwest of Ryazan, the administrative center of the oblast. Population:  18,380 (2010 census); 19,150 (2002 census); 18,672 (1989 Soviet census).
Lent Bumps 2020
The Lent Bumps 2020 was a series of rowing races at Cambridge University from Tuesday 25 February 2020 to Saturday 29 February 2020.  The event was run as a bumps race and was the 127th set of races in the series of Lent Bumps which have been held annually in late February or early March since 1887.

The races were the last set of Bumps before the COVID-19 pandemic forced the cancellation of all Lent and May Bumps events in Cambridge until the Lent Bumps 2022 two years later.

Bumps race
A bumps race is a form of rowing race in which a number of boats chase each other in single file, each crew attempting to catch and 'bump' the boat in front without being caught by the boat behind.

The form is mainly used in intercollegiate competitions at the University of Oxford since 1815, and at the University of Cambridge since 1827.

Bumps racing in eights is also found in the United Hospitals Boat Club in London between the five London medical schools and Royal Veterinary College.

Bumps racing in fours is also the format of inter-house rowing at Eton College and Shrewsbury School. It is particularly suitable where the stretch of water available is long but narrow, precluding side-by-side racing. Bumps racing gives a sharper feel of immediate competition than a head race, where boats are simply timed over a fixed course. Few rowers worldwide use rivers as narrow as the Cam or the Isis, but bumps races are also contested elsewhere.
Yukika Sohma
Yukika Sohma (相馬 雪香, Sōma Yukika; 1912 – November 8, 2008) was a Japanese peace activist and scholar who founded the Association for Aid and Relief.

She was born to Yukio Ozaki and Yei Theodora Ozaki. Sohma became the first female qualified in simultaneous translation in Japanese history. In 1979 she established the Association to Aid the Indochinese Refugees, which in 1999 was renamed Association for Aid and Relief.

Yukio Ozaki
Yukio Ozaki (尾崎 行雄, Ozaki Yukio; born 24 December 1858 – 6 October 1954) was a Japanese politician of liberal signature, born in modern-day Sagamihara, Kanagawa.  Ozaki served in the House of Representatives of the Japanese Diet for 63 years (1890–1953). He is still revered in Japan as the "God of constitutional politics" and the "father of the Japanese Constitution".
Second Take
Second Take is the sixth studio album by the English rock band The Searchers and the first with drummer Billy Adamson. The album consists of re-recordings of their earlier hits as well as their last US hit single "Desdemona" from the previous year. Guitarist and vocalist Mike Pender takes the lead as singer on all of the tracks. Second Take is also the band's first self-produced album.

The Searchers (band)
The Searchers were an English rock band formed in Liverpool in 1959. Part of the Merseybeat scene, they flourished during the British Invasion of the 1960s, with hits including "Sweets for My Sweet", "Love Potion No. 9", "Sugar and Spice", "Needles and Pins", "Don't Throw Your Love Away", "When You Walk in the Room", "What Have They Done to the Rain" and "Goodbye My Love". With the Swinging Blue Jeans, the Searchers tied for being the second group from Liverpool, after the Beatles, to have a hit in the US, when their "Needles and Pins" and the Swinging Blue Jeans' "Hippy Hippy Shake" both reached the Hot 100 on 7 March 1964.
In June 2025, The Searchers played Glastonbury Festival for the first time as the band's "final show ever" after 68 years of performing.