hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Charles Oser
Charles Oser (17 February 1902 in Sion, Switzerland – 29 March 1994) was a Swiss politician from the Free Democratic Party of Switzerland (FDP).

Though born in Sitten/Sion, Oser originated from a bourgeois francophone family from Basel . He studied at Lausanne before pursuing legal studies at the Universities of Lausanne and Bern, obtaining his doctorate in 1927.

He was employed at the Federal Chancellery and the Senate in 1928 as secretary-translator, later becoming Vice-Chancellor in 1944. In 1951, after the departure of Chancellor Oskar Leimgruber, he was elected Chancellor, defeating the Catholic-Conservative People's Party candidate, Thurgau Chief Justice Joseph Plattner. Oser did not employ a second francophone vice-chancellor while serving as Chancellor, fulfilling the duties himself.

During his mandate, he began the systematic collection of federal law, which was completed in 1974 under Chancellor Karl Huber and has been sustained continuously. Oser resigned in 1967.

Sion, Switzerland
Sion (French pronunciation: [sjɔ̃] ⓘ, German: Sitten [ˈzɪtn̩] ⓘ; former Italian: Seduno; Latin: Sedunum) is a Swiss town situated in the Rhône valley, a municipality, and the capital of the canton of Valais and of the district of Sion. As of December 2020 it had a population of 34,978 (known as Sédunois(es)).

On 17 January 1968, the former municipality of Bramois merged into the municipality of Sion. On 1 January 2013, the former municipality of Salins merged into the municipality of Sion, and on 1 January 2017, Les Agettes did the same.

Landmarks in Sion include the Basilique de Valère and the Château de Tourbillon. Sion has an airfield for civilian and military use, which serves as a base for air rescue missions.
The Mother-in-Law
The Mother-in-Law is a 1734 comedy play by the British writer James Miller. Also known by the longer title The Mother-in-Law, or the Doctor the Disease it debuted at the Haymarket Theatre in London.

The original Haymarket cast included Benjamin Griffin as Sir Credulous Hippish, John Mills as Heartwell, William Mills as Beaumont, Benjamin Johnson as Doctor Mummy, Joe Miller as Doctor Discordiam, Theophilus Cibber as Looby Headpiece, John Harper as Galleypot, James Oates as Poet, Hannah Pritchard as Belina and Mary Heron as Primrose.

Mary Heron (actress)
Mary Heron (died 1736) was a British stage actress.

After making her London debut in a revival The Man of Mode in 1721 she became a regular member of the Drury Lane company until 1734. Although she also did serious parts, she grew to being one of the leading comedy performers of the company. She took part in the Actor Rebellion of 1733 against the management of the theatre.
HNK Zadar
Hrvatski nogometni klub Zadar (English: Croatian Football Club Zadar), commonly referred to as HNK Zadar or simply Zadar, is a Croatian professional football club based in the city of Zadar. It currently plays in the Third Football League.

Želimir Terkeš
Želimir Terkeš (born 8 January 1981) is a Bosnian-Herzegovinian retired football striker who last played for Zadar. He previously played for NK Zadar, NK Zagreb, HNK Čapljina, HŠK Zrinjski Mostar, NK Inter Zaprešić, Chongqing Lifan and Perak FA.
Mineral Center, Minnesota
Mineral Center is an unincorporated community in Cook County, Minnesota, United States; located five miles west of the community of Grand Portage.

The community is located at the intersection of Cook County Road 89 and Cook County Road 17 (Mineral Center Road).

Mineral Center is located within the Grand Portage Indian Reservation.

Cook County, Minnesota
Cook County is the easternmost county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of the 2020 census, the population was 5,600, making it Minnesota's seventh-least populous county. Its county seat is Grand Marais. The Grand Portage Indian Reservation is in the county.
Lina Beecher
Lina Beecher (January 2, 1841 – October 5, 1915) was an American inventor and roller coaster engineer. Beecher is best known for building the first looping roller coaster in North America, which was known as the Flip Flap Railway, and a later looping roller coaster known as Loop the Loop. He is also known for designing a number of other inventions and patents with a variety of applications.

Loop the Loop (Olentangy Park)
Loop the Loop was an early looping steel roller coaster which operated at Olentangy Park in Columbus, Ohio during the first decade of the 1900s. It was one of the first looping roller coasters to operate in North America, and it was designed and built by noted inventor Lina Beecher.
Justizvollzugsanstalt Witzwil
The Justizvollzugsanstalt Witzwil (Prison Witzwil) is a men's prison in the canton of Bern, Switzerland. It consists of a closed part and a number of minimum security habitation units. The prisoners work on the institution's huge farm estate on the territories of the municipalities Erlach, Gampelen and Ins in the canton of Bern and Haut-Vully in the canton of Fribourg. Former prisoners who are yet to find employment are also allowed to work on these farms.

The main seat and official address are located in the community of Gampelen.

Gampelen
Gampelen (French: Champion) is a municipality in the Seeland administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.
Gampelen should not be confused with the municipality Gampel in the canton of Valais.
Maxim Ksenzov
Maxim Ksenzov (Russian: Максим Юрьевич Ксензов, born May 4, 1973, Zaporizhzhia, Ukrainian SSR) is a Russian statesman, Actual State Councillor of Russian Federation, 3rd class, and President of the Moscow Handball Federation.

Zaporizhzhia
Zaporizhzhia, formerly known as Aleksandrovsk or Oleksandrivsk until 1921, is a city in southeast Ukraine, situated on the banks of the Dnieper River. It is the administrative centre of Zaporizhzhia Oblast. Zaporizhzhia has a population of 710,052 (2022 estimate).

Zaporizhzhia is known for the historic island of Khortytsia, multiple power stations and for being an important industrial centre. Steel, aluminium, aircraft engines, automobiles, transformers for substations, and other heavy industrial goods are produced in the region.
Green Man Festival
The Green Man Festival is an independent music, science and arts festival held annually in mid-August in the Brecon Beacons, Wales. Green Man has evolved into a 25,000 capacity week long event, showcasing predominantly live music (in particular alternative, indie, rock, folk, dance and Americana). The festival site is divided into 10 areas, hosting literature, film, comedy, science, theatre, wellness and family acts.

The festival has expanded into other ventures, including setting up a charitable wing called the Green Man Trust and launching its own beer range called Green Man Growler. Previous headliners have included Kraftwerk, Bicep, Laura Marling, Van Morrison, Michael Kiwanuka, PJ Harvey, Fontaines D.C, Devo, Fleet Foxes and First Aid Kit.

Joanna Newsom
Joanna Newsom (born January 18, 1982) is an American singer-songwriter, harpist and actress. After recording and self-releasing two EPs in 2002, Newsom signed to the independent label Drag City. Her debut album, The Milk-Eyed Mender, was released in 2004 to acclaim and garnered Newsom an underground following. She received wider exposure with Ys (2006), which reached number 134 on the Billboard 200 and was nominated for a 2007 Shortlist Music Prize. She continued releasing albums with Have One on Me in 2010 and Divers in 2015.

Newsom has been noted by critics for her unique musical style, sometimes characterized as progressive folk, and for her harp instrumentation. She has also appeared as an actress with roles in the television series Portlandia and in the 2014 film Inherent Vice.
Duwa
Duwa (Chinese: 都哇; died 1307), also known as Du'a, was Khan of the Chagatai Khanate (1282–1307). He was the second son of Baraq. He was the longest reigning monarch of the Chagatayid Khanate and accepted the nominal supremacy of the Yuan dynasty as Great Khan before his death. Under his rule, the Chagatai Khanate reached its peak.

Kaidu–Kublai war
Kaidu, the leader of the Mongol House of Ögedei, fought a war against Kublai Khan and his successor Temür from 1268 to 1301. Kaidu was the de facto khan of the Chagatai Khanate, while Kublai was the founder of the Yuan dynasty. The Kaidu–Kublai war followed the Toluid Civil War (1260–1264) and resulted in the permanent division of the Mongol Empire. By the time of Kublai's death in 1294, the Mongol Empire had fractured into four separate polities: the Golden Horde khanate in the northwest, the Chagatai Khanate in the middle, the Ilkhanate in the southwest, and the Yuan dynasty in the east based in modern-day Beijing. Although Temür later made peace with the three western khanates in 1304 after Kaidu's death, the four successor states of the Mongol Empire continued their own separate development and fell at different times.
Flat River (North Carolina)
The Flat River is a river in southern Person County, North Carolina and a portion of Durham County, North Carolina.

The river flows from Person County to combine with the Eno river to flow into the Neuse River. The river is the namesake for the township called Flat River, which has the highest census total of the 9 communities in Person County because it is mostly a combination of Hurdle Mills and Timberlake through which the river passes.  North Carolina State University maintains a research forest within its watershed.  Lake Michie, the principal reservoir for the city of Durham, is located on the lower reaches of the Flat River.

Durham County, North Carolina
Durham County is a county located in the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2020 census, the population was 324,833, making it the sixth-most populous county in North Carolina. Its county seat is Durham, which is the only incorporated municipality predominantly in the county, though very small portions of cities and towns mostly in neighboring counties also extend into Durham County. The central and southern parts of Durham County are highly urban, consisting of the city as well as several unincorporated suburbs. Southeastern Durham County is dominated by the Research Triangle Park, most of which is in Durham County. The northern third of Durham County is rural in nature. Durham County is the core of the Durham–Chapel Hill, NC Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Raleigh–Durham–Cary, NC Combined Statistical Area, which had an estimated population of 2,368,947 in 2023.
Löwenstein–Jensen medium
Löwenstein–Jensen medium, more commonly known as LJ medium, is a growth medium specially used for culture of Mycobacterium species, notably Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

When grown on LJ medium, M. tuberculosis appears as brown, granular colonies (sometimes called "buff, rough and tough"). The medium must be incubated for a significant length of time, usually four weeks, due to the slow doubling time of M. tuberculosis (15–20 hours) compared with other bacteria.

The medium is named after the Austrian pathologist Ernst Löwenstein (1878–1950) and the Danish medical doctor Kai Adolf Jensen (16.7.1894-2.5.1971).

Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb), also known as Koch's bacillus, is a species of pathogenic bacteria in the family Mycobacteriaceae and the causative agent of tuberculosis.

First discovered in 1882 by Robert Koch, M. tuberculosis has an unusual, waxy coating on its cell surface primarily due to the presence of mycolic acid. This coating makes the cells impervious to Gram staining, and as a result, M. tuberculosis can appear weakly Gram-positive.  Acid-fast stains such as Ziehl–Neelsen, or fluorescent stains such as auramine are used instead to identify M. tuberculosis with a microscope. The physiology of M. tuberculosis is highly aerobic and requires high levels of oxygen. Primarily a pathogen of the mammalian respiratory system, it infects the lungs. The most frequently used diagnostic methods for tuberculosis are the tuberculin skin test, acid-fast stain, culture, and polymerase chain reaction.

The M. tuberculosis genome was sequenced in 1998.
Gueytes-et-Labastide
Gueytes-et-Labastide (French pronunciation: [ɡɛt e labastid]; Languedocien: Guèitas e La Bastida) is a former commune in the Aude department in southern France. On 1 January 2016 it was merged into the new commune of Val-de-Lambronne.

Val-de-Lambronne
Val-de-Lambronne (French pronunciation: [val də lɑ̃bʁɔn] ⓘ; Occitan: Valh d'Ambrona) is a commune in the Aude department of southern France. The municipality was established on 1 January 2016 by merger of the former communes of Caudeval and Gueytes-et-Labastide.
Don Mueller
Donald Frederick Mueller (April 14, 1927 – December 28, 2011) was an American professional baseball player who played mainly as a right fielder in Major League Baseball for 12 seasons from 1948 until 1959. He batted left-handed and threw right-handed, and played for the New York Giants and the Chicago White Sox. He earned the nickname "Mandrake the Magician" for being adept at consistently putting the ball in play and delivering hits through the infield.

Mandrake the Magician
Mandrake the Magician is a syndicated newspaper comic strip, created by Lee Falk before he created The Phantom. Mandrake began publication on June 11, 1934. Phil Davis soon took over as the strip's illustrator, while Falk continued to script. The strip was distributed by King Features Syndicate.

Mandrake, along with the Phantom Magician in Mel Graff's The Adventures of Patsy, is regarded as the first superhero of comics by comics historians such as Don Markstein, who wrote, "Some people say Mandrake the Magician, who started in 1934, was comics' first superhero."

Davis worked on the strip until his death in 1964, when Falk recruited artist Fred Fredericks. With Falk's death in 1999, Fredericks became both writer and artist. The Sunday-newspaper Mandrake strip ended December 29, 2002. The daily newspaper strip ended mid-story on July 6, 2013, when Fred Fredericks retired, and a reprint of Pursuit of the Cobra (D220) from 1995 began July 8, 2013.
Gibbon, Oklahoma
Gibbon is a populated place in Grant County, Oklahoma.  It is southeast of Manchester and northwest of Wakita.

While never formally incorporated, the town was given a post office on March 26, 1896 by early settler William M. McGibbon, to which he attached the “Gibbon” name.  Located on a rail line, the town had two grain elevators, two general stores, a railroad depot, a lumber yard, a cheese factory, a stockyard and a hotel by 1915. Unfortunately, the highway (Oklahoma State Highway 132) bypassed the town, and the drought in the 1930s was hard on the farmers in the area.  Businesses left, and the post office closed in 1945. Few vestiges of a town remain.

Oklahoma State Highway 132
State Highway 132, also known as SH-132, is a state highway in north-central Oklahoma. It connects State Highway 51 west of Hennessey to the Kansas state line near Manchester, and is 65.3 miles (105.1 km) long. It has no lettered spur routes.

SH-132 was originally added to the state highway system in 1956, when it ran between Carrier and U.S. Route 64 (US-64) east of Nash. It was extended further northward to the Kansas state line in 1958, and southward, to its current southern terminus, in 1962.
Sol-Iletsky Urban Okrug
Sol-Iletsky Urban Okrug (Russian: Соль-Илецкий городско́й о́круг) is a municipal formation (an urban okrug) in Orenburg Oblast, Russia, one of the thirteen urban okrugs in the oblast. Its territory comprises the territories of two administrative divisions of Orenburg Oblast—Sol-Iletsky District and the Town of Sol-Iletsk.

It was established on May 1, 2015 by the Law #3028/833-V-OZ of Orenburg Oblast by merging the municipal formations of former Sol-Iletsky Municipal District and granting the resulting entity urban okrug status.

Sol-Iletsk
Sol-Iletsk (Russian: Соль-Иле́цк) is a town in Orenburg Oblast, Russia, located on the right bank of the Ilek River (Ural's tributary), 77 kilometers (48 mi) south of Orenburg, the administrative center of the oblast. Population: 28,377 (2010 Census); 26,883 (2002 Census); 23,836 (1989 Soviet census); 22,000 (1975); 11,802 (1897).

The climate is arid, sharply continental.
Chorlton Poor Law Union
Chorlton Poor Law Union was founded in January 1837 in response to the Poor Law Amendment Act 1834, also known as the New Poor Law. It was overseen by an elected board of 19 guardians representing the 12 parishes in the area it served: Ardwick, Burnage, Chorlton-upon-Medlock, Chorlton with Hardy, Didsbury, Gorton, Hulme, Levenshulme, Moss Side, Rusholme, Stretford, and Withington, all (apart from Stretford) in present day south Manchester, England.

Burnage
Burnage is an area of Manchester, in Greater Manchester, England, 4 miles (6.4 km) south of the city centre and bisected by Kingsway. The population at the 2011 census was 15,227. It lies within the Greater Manchester Metropolitan area, in the historic county of Lancashire, between Withington to the west, Levenshulme to the north, Heaton Chapel to the east and Didsbury and Heaton Mersey to the south.
Spring Break...Here to Party
Spring Break…Here to Party is a compilation album by American country music artist Luke Bryan. It was released on March 5, 2013, by Capitol Nashville. The album is a compilation of songs from Bryan's first four spring break-themed EPs, plus two new songs, "Buzzkill" and "Just a Sip." A music video was filmed for "Buzzkill" though it was never released as a single.

Buzzkill (song)
"Buzzkill" is a song co-written and recorded by American country artist Luke Bryan for his compilation album, Spring Break...Here to Party (2013). It is one of two new songs featured on the compilation, along with "Just a Sip", the rest of the album being composed of songs from Bryan's four spring break-themed EPs. Despite not being officially promoted as a single, "Buzzkill" debuted at number 5 on the US Country Digital Songs chart and a music video was filmed for the song. It was later serviced to country radio.
Motor Rail
Motor Rail was a British locomotive-building company, originally based in Lewes, Sussex, they moved in 1916 to Bedford. Loco manufacture ceased in 1987, and the business line sold to Alan Keef Ltd of Ross-on-Wye, who continue to provide spares and have built several locomotives to Motor Rail designs.

Moseley Railway Trust
The Moseley Railway Trust is a major British collection of industrial narrow gauge locomotives and other equipment. It originally had its base in south Manchester, but has relocated to the Apedale Community Country Park near Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffordshire, where the Apedale Valley Light Railway and an important museum are being established next to the Apedale Heritage Centre.

Phase 1 of the 2 ft (610 mm) narrow gauge Apedale Valley Light Railway opened to the public in August 2010. Plans for the large new museum building have been approved by the local council and it was intended that construction will commence during 2011.

It is planned that there will eventually be an industrial demonstration railway line running around the perimeter of the MRT/Apedale Heritage Centre site, connecting with a recreation of an adit called No 7 Drift, from which coal was extracted by the previous occupiers of the site, the Aurora Mining Company, until around 1998.
Ferroin
Ferroin, also known as tris(o-phenanthroline)iron(II), is the chemical compound with the formula [Fe(o-phen)3]SO4, where o-phen is the abbreviation of ortho-phenanthroline for 1,10-phenanthroline, a bidentate ligand. The term "ferroin" is used loosely and includes salts of other anions such as chloride.   Ferroin is one of many transition metal complexes of 1,10-phenanthroline.

Transition metal complexes of 1,10-phenanthroline
Transition metal complexes of 1,10-phenanthroline ("phen") are coordination complexes containing one or more 1,10-phenanthroline ligands.  Complexes have been described for many transition metals. In almost all complexes, phen serves as a bidentate ligand, binding metal centers with the two nitrogen atoms.  Examples include PtCl2(phen) and [Fe(phen)3]2+.
13 Ghosts
13 Ghosts is a 1960 American supernatural horror film produced and directed by William Castle, written by Robb White and starring Rosemary DeCamp, Margaret Hamilton, Charles Herbert, Martin Milner, Jo Morrow, John van Dreelen, and Donald Woods.

13 Ghosts was released in 1960 as a double bill with 12 to the Moon, The Electronic Monster or Battle in Outer Space, depending on the film market.

Robb White
Robb White III (20 June 1909 – 24 November 1990) was an American writer of screenplays, television scripts, and adventure novels. Most of the latter had a maritime setting, often the Pacific Navy during World War II. White was best known for juvenile fiction, though he has proven popular with adults as well. Nearly all his books are out of print; nevertheless, White has a devoted following among baby boomers, many of whom were introduced to him through inexpensive paperbacks available in American schools in the mid-20th century.
L'homme armé
"L'homme armé" (from French 'the armed man') is a secular song from the Late Middle Ages, of the Burgundian School. According to Allan W. Atlas, "the tune circulated in both the Mixolydian mode and Dorian mode (transposed to G)." It was the most popular tune used for musical settings of the Ordinary of the Mass: over 40 separate compositions entitled Missa L'homme armé survive from the period.

Cantus firmus
In music, a cantus firmus ("fixed melody") is a pre-existing melody forming the basis of a polyphonic composition.

The plural of this Latin term is cantus firmi, although the corrupt form canti firmi (resulting from the grammatically incorrect treatment of cantus as a second- rather than a fourth-declension noun) can also be found. The Italian is often used instead: canto fermo (and the plural in Italian is canti fermi).
Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Tourism (Colombia)
The Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Tourism (Spanish: Ministerio de Comercio, Industria y Turismo) or MCIT, is the national executive ministry of the Government of Colombia concerned with promoting economic growth though trade, tourism and industrial growth.

Council of Ministers of Colombia
The Council of Ministers of the Republic of Colombia is composed of the most senior appointed politicians of the executive branch of the Government of Colombia. Members of the Cabinet are generally the heads of a Ministry Department. The existence of the Cabinet dates back to the first president, Simón Bolívar. These members were appointed in order to advise the president, and are therefore required to assist him in his duties as stated by the Colombian Constitution.
Listed buildings in Bold, St Helens
Bold is a civil parish in St Helens, Merseyside, England.  It contains six buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England as designated listed buildings, all of which are listed at Grade II.  This grade is the lowest of the three gradings given to listed buildings and is applied to "buildings of national importance and special interest".

The parish is rural. It contained the country houses of Bold Old Hall and Bold Hall, on different sites, both of which have been demolished.  All the listed buildings were associated with these houses, and consist of a farmhouse, stables, a walled garden, a bridge over a moat, and a pair of gate piers.

Bold, St Helens
Bold is a civil parish in the Metropolitan Borough of St Helens in Merseyside, England. Bold itself is situated to the south east of St Helens, near to the boundaries with Halton and Warrington. The parish extends southwards beyond the M62 motorway and includes the hamlet of Bold Heath along with the Clock Face and New Bold area of St Helens.  According to the 2001 Census it had a population of 3,410 at the 2011 Census