hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
William J. Oswald
William Joseph Oswald (July 6, 1919 – December 8, 2005) was an American educator, scientist, and engineer who spent his entire academic career at the University of California, Berkeley in the departments of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Public Health. He made foundational contributions to the fields of wastewater treatment and applied phycology, or as he called it, "algology". Throughout a career spanning more than five decades, Oswald was the primary academic advisor to more than two dozen doctoral students, sat on more than 100 additional masters and doctoral thesis committees, and taught seminal courses in applied algology.

Phycology
Phycology (from Ancient Greek  φῦκος (phûkos) 'seaweed' and  -λογία (-logía) 'study of') is the scientific study of algae.  Also known as algology, phycology is a branch of life science.

Algae are important as primary producers in aquatic ecosystems. Most algae are eukaryotic, photosynthetic organisms that live in a wet environment. They are distinguished from the higher plants by a lack of true roots, stems or leaves. They do not produce flowers. Many species are single-celled and microscopic (including phytoplankton and other microalgae); many others are multicellular to one degree or another, some of these growing to large size (for example, seaweeds such as kelp and Sargassum).

A number of microscopic algae also occur as symbionts in lichens.

Phycologists typically focus on either freshwater or ocean algae, and further within those areas, either diatoms or soft algae.
Mother (1990 film)
Mother (Russian: Мать, translit. Mat, also known as Zapreshchyonnye lyudi) is a 1990 Soviet historical drama film based on Maxim Gorky's novels The Mother (1906) and The Life of a Useless Man (1908) and short story "Karamora" (1923), directed by Gleb Panfilov and co-produced with Italy. It was entered into the 1990 Cannes Film Festival.

Mother (novel)
Mother (Russian: Мать, romanized: Mat') is a novel written by Maxim Gorky in 1906 about revolutionary factory workers. It was first published, in English, in Appleton's Magazine in 1906, then in Russian in 1907.

Although Gorky was highly critical of the novel, the work was translated into many languages, and was made into a number of films. The German playwright Bertolt Brecht and his collaborators based their 1932 play The Mother on this novel. Modern critics consider it possibly the least successful of Gorky's novels; however, they call it Gorky's most important novel written before 1917.
Leeuwarden–Stavoren railway
The Leeuwarden–Stavoren railway is a railway line in the Netherlands running from Leeuwarden to Stavoren, passing through Sneek, IJlst, Workum and Hindeloopen. The line is located in the province of Friesland. The line between Leeuwarden and Sneek was opened in 1883 and the line between Sneek and Hindeloopen was opened in 1885.

Sneek
Sneek (Dutch pronunciation: [sneːk] ⓘ; West Frisian: Snits [snɪts]) is a city southwest of Leeuwarden and the seat of the former municipality of Sneek in the province of Friesland, Netherlands. As of 2011 it is the seat of the municipality of Súdwest-Fryslân (Southwest Friesland). The city had approximately 34,850 inhabitants in January 2024.

Sneek is situated in Southwest Friesland, close to the Sneekermeer, and is well known for its canals, the Waterpoort (Watergate, the symbol of the city), and watersports (hosting the annual Sneekweek, the largest sailing event on inland European waterways). Sneek is one of the Friese elf steden ("Eleven cities of Friesland"). The city is very important in the southwestern part of Friesland (called the Zuidwesthoek, or Southwest Corner).
Wertheim am Main
Wertheim (German pronunciation: [ˈveːɐ̯thaɪm] ⓘ; East Franconian: Wärde) is a town in southwestern Germany, in the state of Baden-Württemberg with a population of around 23,400. It is located on the confluence of the rivers Tauber and Main. Wertheim is best known for its landmark castle and medieval town centre.

Kreuzwertheim
Kreuzwertheim  (German: [kʁɔʏtsˈveːɐ̯thaɪm] ⓘ) is a market municipality in the Main-Spessart district in the Regierungsbezirk of Lower Franconia (Unterfranken) in Bavaria, Germany and the seat of the Verwaltungsgemeinschaft (municipal association) of Kreuzwertheim. It has around 3,800 inhabitants.
Listed buildings in Blundellsands
Blundellsands is an area in Sefton, Merseyside, England.  It contains six buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England as designated listed buildings, all of which are listed at Grade II.  This grade is the lowest of the three gradings given to listed buildings and is applied to "buildings of national importance and special interest".

The area was created as a suburb for wealthy businessmen from Liverpool by the Blundell family of Crosby Hall in the middle of the 19th century.  The listed buildings consist of domestic properties, two churches, and a drinking fountain.

Blundellsands
Blundellsands is an area of Crosby in the ceremonial county of Merseyside, England and in the historic county of Lancashire. The area was created as a suburb for wealthy businessmen from Liverpool by the Blundell family of Crosby Hall in the middle of the 19th century.

It is part of the Metropolitan Borough of Sefton, and a Sefton council electoral ward. At the 2001 census the population was recorded as 11,514. This area was not measured in the 2011 Census. For current figures see Blundellsands (Ward).
Introduction and Allegro (Ravel)
Introduction and Allegro for Harp, Flute, Clarinet and String Quartet (Introduction et allegro pour harpe, flûte, clarinette et quatuor) is a chamber work by Maurice Ravel. It is a short piece, typically lasting between ten and eleven minutes in performance. It was commissioned in 1905 by the Érard harp manufacturers to showcase their instruments, and has been described as a miniature harp concerto. The premiere was in Paris on 22 February 1907.

The work has been arranged for piano and for large orchestral forces but the version for seven instruments is usually performed, and has been recorded many times. Harpists who have featured in recordings include Lily Laskine, Nicanor Zabaleta, Osian Ellis, Markus Klinko, Lavinia Meijer and Marie-Pierre Langlamet.

Osian Ellis
Osian Gwynn Ellis CBE (8 February 1928 – 5 January 2021) was a Welsh harpist, composer and teacher. He was principal harpist of the London Symphony Orchestra, a founding member of the Melos Ensemble and a professor of harp at the Royal Academy of Music. Many composers wrote music for him. From 1959 onwards, Ellis had a close professional partnership with Benjamin Britten that lasted to the latter's death. He was often first to perform and record Britten's works.
Will and the Kill
Will and the Kill were an American rock band from Austin, Texas.

Will and the Kill's members included Will Sexton, brother of guitarist Charlie Sexton, and David Grissom, later of Storyville. The group released one self-titled album on MCA Records in 1988, which reached #129 on the Billboard 200. A single from the album, "Heart of Steel", peaked at #28 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks chart. The album was produced by Joe Ely.

Charlie Sexton
Charles Wayne Sexton is an American guitarist, singer and songwriter. Sexton is best known for his years as a guitarist in Bob Dylan's band, though also has become well known as a music producer. Sexton co-founded Arc Angels and created the Charlie Sexton Sextet. He was still a teenager when he gained fame for his 1985 hit, "Beat's So Lonely", from his debut studio album, Pictures for Pleasure.
154th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)
The 154th Infantry Brigade was a formation of Britain's Territorial Force/Territorial Army that was part of 51st (Highland) Division in both World Wars. From its origins in the 19th Century Volunteer Force, it was based in Stirling and was composed of Highland battalions. It served on the Western Front in World War I, and after it escaped from France early in World War II it was reformed from its 2nd Line and saw action in North Africa, Sicily and Northwest Europe. It continued serving postwar until the reduction of the Territorial Army in the 1960s.

Arthur Stanley-Clarke
Brigadier Arthur Christopher Lancelot Stanley-Clarke, CBE, DSO (30 June 1886 – 8 January 1983) was a British Army officer and an English first-class cricketer. After attending Winchester College and the University of Oxford, Stanley-Clarke enlisted with the Cameronians (Scottish Rifles) in August 1909. In a military career which lasted until 1944, he fought in both the First World War and the Second World War. He was highly decorated, being awarded the Distinguished Service Order, Legion of Honour, Croix de Guerre and the Order of Polonia Restituta. He also played first-class cricket for the British Army cricket team.
Bürgenstock Funicular
The Bürgenstock Funicular (German: Bürgenstock-Bahn; BB) is a funicular railway in the canton of Nidwalden, Switzerland. The line links the landing stage at Kehrsiten-Bürgenstock, served by the regular passenger boats of the Schifffahrtsgesellschaft des Vierwaldstättersees, with the Bürgenstock resort and its famous hotels.

The funicular was opened in 1888 and was originally had an Abt rack braking rail. The funicular is electric and automatic, but until the closure in 2011 it still used the original cabins. The line has been suspended since November 2011 whilst work was undertaken to create a new luxury resort financed by a Qatar finance group at its upper station, and was reopened on 28 August 2017.

It got bad press even before its reopening due to its exorbitant fare prices which are high, even for Swiss standards. The resort management announced a fare of CHF 50 for a roundtrip.

The line has the following parameters:

Bürgenstock
The Bürgenstock (Swiss Standard German pronunciation: [ˈbʏrɡn̩ʃtɔk]) is a mountain in Switzerland with an elevation of 1,128 m (3,701 ft) above sea level, situated beside Lake Lucerne. Since the late 19th century, the Bürgenstock is the site of a large hotel and conference centre, today known as Bürgenstock Resort, situated some 600 m (2,000 ft) above Lake Lucerne.
Lennestadt
Lennestadt (German pronunciation: [ˈlɛnəʃtat] ⓘ, lit. 'Lenne Town'; occasionally also die Lennestadt) lies in the Sauerland in southeast North Rhine-Westphalia and is a municipality in Olpe district. It is the district's most populous municipality.
Lennestadt itself is not an actual town but a municipality which comprises several towns and villages.

Schmallenberg
Schmallenberg (German pronunciation: [ˈʃmalənbɛʁk] ⓘ; Westphalian: Smalmereg) is a town and a climatic health resort in the High Sauerland District, Germany. By area, it is the third biggest of all cities and towns of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia and the second biggest of the region of Westphalia.

With small Schmallenberg central town and the rural Bad Fredeburg Kneipp health resort the town has two urban settlements. Additionally, 82 villages and hamlets belong to the town's territory. Also being called “the Schmallenberg Sauerland”, the Town of Schmallenberg is famous for its total of five health resorts and nine villages which have been awarded gold for their beauty in the nationwide “Our village has a future” contest.
No Time for Sergeants
No Time for Sergeants is a 1954 novel by the American writer Mac Hyman, which was adapted into a teleplay on The United States Steel Hour, a popular Broadway play and 1958 motion picture, as well as a 1964 television series. The book chronicles the misadventures of a country bumpkin named Will Stockdale who is drafted into the U.S. Army during World War II and assigned to the U.S. Army Air Forces. Hyman was in the Army Air Forces during World War II.

Mac Hyman
Mac Hyman (born Mackenzie Hooks Hyman; August 25, 1923 – July 17, 1963), was an American fiction writer who is known for his best-selling novel No Time for Sergeants, which was adapted into a popular Broadway play and a motion picture.
Thorvald Bindesbøll
Thorvald Bindesbøll (21 July 1846 – 27 August 1908) was a Danish National romantic architect, sculptor and ornamental artist.  He designed the Dragon Fountain, Copenhagen (Dragespringvandet) and is perhaps best known as the creator of the Carlsberg beer label, which has remained unchanged since it was introduced.

Dragon Fountain, Copenhagen
The Dragon Fountain is a fountain located in the City Hall Square in Copenhagen, Denmark. It was designed by Joakim Skovgaard in collaboration with Thorvald Bindesbøll and features a bull in combat with a dragon.
Hoi District
Hoi (宝飯郡, Hoi-gun) was a district located in eastern Aichi Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2008 (the last data available), the district had an estimated population of 21,766 with a density of 2,194 persons per km2. Its total area was 9.92 km2.

Toyokawa, Aichi
Toyokawa (豊川市, Toyokawa-shi) is a city in the eastern part of Aichi Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 October 2019, the city had an estimated population of 183,930 in 72,949 households, and a population density of 1,141 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 161.14 square kilometres (62.22 sq mi). Toyokawa, famous for its Toyokawa Inari temple, has a good balance of industry, commerce, agriculture and forestry, and is situated in an area rich in history, traditions, and culture.
Lady Behave (musical)
Lady Behave is a 1941 British stage musical written by Stanley Lupino with music by Edward Horan. In the original West End production at His Majesty's Theatre, Lupino starred alongside Sally Gray who had appeared with him in a number of films. Pat Kirkwood, Judy Kelly, Hartley Power and Judy Campbell also featured in other roles during its run. It is set in Hollywood where a stuntman can't get his girlfriend to marry him until she has made a success in films.

By some accounts it was the first new musical staged in London since the outbreak of the Second World War. It was a popular success. As he grew increasingly ill, Lupino had to step down from his role and was replaced by Bobby Howes.

In 1947 it was adapted for the 1947 Swedish musical film Don't Give Up.

Judy Campbell
Judy Campbell (born Judith Mary Gamble; 31 May 1916 – 6 June 2004) was an English film, television and stage actress. Her daughter was the actress and singer Jane Birkin, her son the screenwriter and director Andrew Birkin, and among her grandchildren are the actresses Charlotte Gainsbourg and Lou Doillon, the late poet Anno Birkin, the artist David Birkin and the late photographer Kate Barry.
Twice4
#Twice4 (Hashtag Twice4) is the fourth Japanese compilation album released by South Korean girl group Twice. The album consists of Japanese and Korean versions of "I Can't Stop Me", "Cry for Me", "Alcohol-Free", and "Scientist". It was released on March 16, 2022, under Warner Music Japan.

Scientist (Twice song)
"Scientist" is a song recorded by South Korean girl group Twice. It was released on November 12, 2021, by JYP Entertainment and Republic Records as the second single of the group's third Korean and overall sixth studio album,  Formula of Love: O+T=<3 (2021).

"Scientist" peaked at number 52 on the Billboard Global 200 and number 32 on South Korea's Circle Digital Chart.
Turandurey
Turandurey (1806 - ?) was a Wiradjuri woman from the Lachlan River area in central New South Wales near where the town of Hillston is now located. Turandurey is noted for her work as a guide and interpreter to the explorer Thomas Mitchell, while at the same time caring for her daughter Ballandella.

Wiradjuri
The Wiradjuri people (Wiradjuri northern dialect pronunciation [wiraːjd̪uːraj]; Wiradjuri southern dialect pronunciation [wiraːjɟuːraj]) are a group of Aboriginal Australian people from central New South Wales, united by common descent through kinship and shared traditions. They survived as skilled hunter-fisher-gatherers, in family groups or clans, and many still use knowledge of hunting and gathering techniques as part of their customary life.

In the 21st century, major Wiradjuri groups live in Condobolin, Peak Hill, Narrandera and Griffith. There are significant populations at Wagga Wagga and Leeton and smaller groups at West Wyalong, Parkes, Dubbo, Forbes, Cootamundra, Darlington Point, Cowra and Young.
Leonid Khizhinsky
Leonid Semyonovich Khizhinsky (Ukrainian: Хижинський Леонід Семенович; 1896 in Kiev – 1972) was a graphic artist and illustrator of Ukrainian origin. In 1924 the Leningrad publishing houses, most notably Academia, drew Khizhinsky and he ultimately chose the wood engraving. Khizhinsky's artwork was inspired by the paintings of Mikhail Vrubel and the culture of Kievan Rus.

Khizhinsky's artwork adorns the comedies of Carlo Goldoni, Heine's Reisebilder and Mérimée's A Chronicle of the Reign of Charles IX, as well as the Russian folk tales by Olga Ozarovskaya and riddles by M. A. Rybnikova.

Academia (Soviet publishing house)
Academia (named after Platonic Academy) was a Soviet publishing house prior to the merger with Goslitizdat. The publishing house employed many prominent Russian graphic artists (Nikolai Akimov, Veniamin Belkin, Leonid Khizhinsky, Vladimir Konashevich, Mark Kirnarsky, Dmitry Mitrokhin, Leo Mülhaupt, Sergei Pozharsky, Pavel Shillingovsky, etc.) and issued over one thousand books during its existence (1922–1937). Academia, in particular, published the first translation of One Thousand and One Nights into Russian directly from the Arabic source, made by Mikhail Salye.
Mordechai Anielewicz
Mordechai Anielewicz (Hebrew: מרדכי אנילביץ'; 1919 – 8 May 1943) was the Polish leader of the Jewish Combat Organization (Polish: Żydowska Organizacja Bojowa, ŻOB) during the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising; the largest Jewish resistance movement during the Second World War. Anielewicz inspired further rebellions in both ghettos and extermination camps with his leadership. His character was engraved as a symbol of courage and sacrifice, and was a major figure of Jewish resistance during the Holocaust.

Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe
Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe encompassed various forms of organized underground activities undertaken by Jews against German occupational regimes in Europe during World War II. According to historian Yehuda Bauer, Jewish resistance can be defined as any action that defied Nazi laws and policies. The term is particularly associated with the Holocaust and includes a wide range of responses, from social defiance to both passive and armed resistance by Jews themselves.

Due to the overwhelming military power of Nazi Germany and its allies, the system of ghettoization, and the hostility or indifference of various segments of the civilian population, most Jews had limited opportunities for effective military resistance against the Final Solution. Nevertheless, there were numerous instances of resistance, including more than a hundred documented armed uprisings.

Historiographically, the study of Jewish resistance to Nazi rule remains an important aspect of Holocaust research.
Jeffrey King (politician)
Jeffrey Lyman deWitt King (September 18, 1940 – May 20, 2020) was a Canadian politician, lawyer and priest. He was an alderman on Ottawa City Council from 1970 to 1972, and was President of the Ontario Liberal Party from 1973 to 1976.

Ottawa City Council
Ottawa City Council (French: Conseil municipal d'Ottawa) is the governing body of the City of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. It is composed of 24 city councillors and the mayor. The mayor is elected at large, while each councillor represents wards throughout the city. Council members are elected to four-year terms, with the last election being on October 24, 2022. The council meets at Ottawa City Hall in downtown Ottawa. Much of the council's work is done in the standing committees made up of sub-groups of councillors. The decisions made in these committees are presented to the full council and voted upon.
Jillian Michaels
Jillian Leigh McKarus (born February 18, 1974), known professionally as Jillian Michaels, is an American fitness trainer, nutritionist, businesswoman, media personality, and author. She is best known for her appearances on NBC series such as The Biggest Loser. She has also made an appearance on the talk show The Doctors. In 2015, she hosted and co-judged a series on Spike titled Sweat, INC. In 2016, her reality television series Just Jillian premiered on E!.

The Doctors (talk show)
The Doctors is a daily American syndicated talk show featuring medical advice. It debuted on September 8, 2008, and aired until August 8, 2022. The hour-long daytime program was produced by Phil McGraw and his son Jay McGraw and is distributed domestically and globally by CBS Media Ventures. The series is a spin-off of Dr. Phil and is the first talk show to be a third generation talk show spin-off, as Dr. Phil itself spun off The Oprah Winfrey Show.
Egiertowo
Egiertowo [ɛɡʲɛrˈtɔvɔ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Somonino, within Kartuzy County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland.

During the German occupation of Poland (World War II), the Germans executed seven Poles from Egiertowo in the forest near Kartuzy and executed three Poles from Połęczyno in Egiertowo (see Nazi crimes against the Polish nation).

Gmina Somonino
Gmina Somonino (Kashubian: Somònino) is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Kartuzy County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. Its seat is the village of Somonino, which lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) south of Kartuzy and 30 km (19 mi) west of the regional capital Gdańsk.

The gmina covers an area of 112.27 square kilometres (43.3 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 9,214.

The gmina contains part of the protected area called Kashubian Landscape Park.
Tokarskie Pnie
Tokarskie Pnie [tɔˈkarskʲɛ ˈpɲɛ] is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Przodkowo, within Kartuzy County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It used to be a part of the Gdańsk Voivodeship between 1975 and 1998.

Gmina Przodkowo
Gmina Przodkowo (Kashubian: Przedkòwò) is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Kartuzy County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. Its seat is the village of Przodkowo, which lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) north-east of Kartuzy and 23 km (14 mi) west of the regional capital Gdańsk.

The gmina covers an area of 85.39 square kilometres (33.0 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 6,950.
Latur Taluka
Latur Taluka is an administrative subdivision (taluka) of Latur District in Maharashtra, India.

Latur Taluka is in the western part of Latur District, with Renapur Taluka to the north, Chakur Taluka and Shirur Anantpal Taluka to the east, Ausa Taluka to the south, Osmanabad District to the southwest and west, and Beed District to the northwest. The main river in the taluka is the Manjara River, together with its tributary the Tawarja, which originates near Murud.

In the 2011 census, there were 109 panchayat villages in Latur Taluka. Latur City and Latur Rural constituencies of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) are located in Latur Taluka. The Latur Rural Constituency also covers other talukas.

Latur district
Latur district (Marathi pronunciation: [laːt̪uːɾ]) is a district in Maharashtra state of India. Latur city is the district headquarters and is the 16th largest city in the state of Maharashtra. The district is primarily agricultural. Urban population comprises 25.47% of the total population.