hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Rule-based system
In computer science, a rule-based system is a computer system in which domain-specific knowledge is represented in the form of rules and general-purpose reasoning is used to solve problems in the domain.

Two different kinds of rule-based systems emerged within the field of artificial intelligence in the 1970s:

Production systems, which use if-then rules to derive actions from conditions.

Logic programming systems, which use conclusion if conditions rules to derive conclusions from conditions.

The differences and relationships between these two kinds of rule-based system has been a major source of misunderstanding and confusion.

Both kinds of rule-based systems use either forward or backward  chaining, in contrast with imperative programs, which execute commands listed sequentially. However, logic programming systems have a logical interpretation, whereas production systems do not.

Forward chaining
Forward chaining  (or forward reasoning) is one of the two main methods of reasoning when using an inference engine and can be described logically as repeated application of modus ponens. Forward chaining is a popular implementation strategy for expert systems, business and production rule systems. The opposite of forward chaining is backward chaining.

Forward chaining starts with the available data and uses inference rules to extract more data (from an end user, for example) until a goal is reached. An inference engine using forward chaining searches the inference rules until it finds one where the antecedent (If clause) is known to be true. When such a rule is found, the engine can conclude, or infer, the consequent (Then clause), resulting in the addition of new information to its data.

Inference engines will iterate through this process until a goal is reached.
Bertus de Harder
Johannes Lambertus (Bertus) de Harder  (14 January 1920 – 7 December 1982) was a Dutch footballer who played as a striker. He scored 3 goals in 11 games for the Netherlands national team. He represented the Netherlands at the 1938 FIFA World Cup.

He played for FC Girondins de Bordeaux in France where he later became a manager with AS Angoulême and FC Mulhouse.

FC Girondins de Bordeaux
Football Club des Girondins de Bordeaux (French pronunciation: [ʒiʁɔ̃dɛ̃ də bɔʁdo]), commonly referred to as Girondins de Bordeaux (Occitan: Girondins de Bordèu) or simply Bordeaux, is a French football club based in the city of Bordeaux in Gironde, Nouvelle-Aquitaine. It competes in the Championnat National 2, the fourth tier of football in France, after an administrative double relegation in 2024.

Bordeaux was founded on 1 October 1881 as a multi-sports club and it is one of the most successful football clubs in France. The club has won six Division 1/Ligue 1 titles, the last in 2009. Bordeaux have also won four Coupe de France titles, three Coupe de la Ligue titles, and three Trophée des champions titles as well. In international competitions Bordeaux has reached the UEFA Cup final in 1996 and the Latin Cup final in 1950. From a year to its inception, the club's stadium was the Stade Chaban-Delmas, from 2015, Bordeaux's home ground is the Stade Atlantique.
Szymany, Szczytno County
Szymany (Polish: [ʂɨˈmanɨ]; German: Gross Schiemanen) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Szczytno, within Szczytno County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately 9 km (6 mi) south of Szczytno and 45 km (28 mi) south-east of the regional capital Olsztyn. It is located in the historic region of Masuria.

The Olsztyn-Mazury Airport and the Szymany and Szymany Lotnisko train stations are located in the village. In the village there is a historic church of Our Lady of Częstochowa.

Gmina Szczytno
Gmina Szczytno is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Szczytno County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. Its seat is the town of Szczytno, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina.

The gmina covers an area of 347.26 square kilometres (134.1 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 10,454.
Makybe Diva
Makybe Diva (21 March 1999 – 28 February 2026) was an Australian champion Thoroughbred racehorse who is the only horse to win three Melbourne Cups and the only mare to win it more than once. She achieved the feat in 2003, 2004, and 2005. She also won the 2005 Cox Plate. She was the highest stakes-earner in Australian history, winning more than A$14 million.

Makybe Diva was by Desert King (a winner of the Irish Derby and Irish 2,000 Guineas) out of Tugela by Riverman (USA). Tugela was also the dam of the Australian stakes-winners, Musket and Valkyrie Diva. Makybe Diva was owned by South Australian tuna fisherman Tony Šantić, who named her after five of his employees—Maureen, Kylie, Belinda, Diane, and Vanessa—by taking the first two letters from each of their names.

Australian Cup
The Australian Cup is a Victoria Racing Club Group 1 Thoroughbred horse race for horses three years old and older, held under Weight for Age conditions, over a distance of 2000 metres, at Flemington Racecourse, Melbourne, Australia in March during the VRC Autumn Racing Carnival. Total prize money for the race is A$3,000,000.
4th Gorkha Rifles
The 4th Gorkha Rifles or the Fourth Gorkha Rifles, abbreviated as 4 GR, is an infantry regiment of the Indian Army comprising Gurkha soldiers of Indian Gorkha or Nepalese nationality, especially Magars and Gurungs hill tribes of Nepal. The Fourth Gorkha Rifles has five infantry battalions. The regiment was raised in 1857 as part of the British Indian Army. In 1947, after India's independence, the Fourth Gurkha Rifles became part of the Indian Army as the Fourth Gorkha Rifles.

The regiment has seen action in wars in Africa, Europe and Asia, including the Second Afghan War, the Boxer Rebellion (China), World War I, and World War II. Since Independence, in 1947, the regiment has seen action in the India-Pakistan Wars of 1947–48, 1965, 1971, 1987, and 1999, and the Chinese aggression in 1962. The regiment has also participated in UN peace-keeping missions.

John Masters
Lieutenant-Colonel John Masters, DSO, OBE (26 October 1914 – 7 May 1983) was a British army officer and novelist. During World War II, he served with the Chindits behind Axis lines in Burma, and became the GSO1 (chief staff officer) of the 19th Indian Infantry Division. Masters is principally known for his historical novels set in India, notably Bhowani Junction, which was turned into a successful 1956 film. He also wrote a three-volume autobiography, which was positively received by critics.
Loretta Smith
Loretta Smith (born 1966) is an American politician and businesswoman who is a member of the Portland City Council from District 1. She previously served as a Multnomah County commissioner from 2011 to 2018. She ran unsuccessful campaigns for Portland City Council in 2018 and 2020. Smith was a candidate for Oregon's 6th congressional district in the 2022 election, a new seat created after the 2020 United States census.

Portland City Council (Oregon)
The Portland City Council (formerly the Portland City Commission) is the legislative body of the City of Portland in Oregon and forms part of the government of the city.

In January 2025, the city of Portland switched to a mayor–council form of government from a commission form of government, with elections held the prior November. The half of the city council began full four-year terms, while the other half of the city council started initial two-year terms to establish a staggered election cycle.

There are no term-limits for city councilors and they are all officially nonpartisan, although all current members of the council are members of the Democratic Party, and four of the councilors are members of the Democratic Socialists of America (DSA). Six councilors, including the four DSA members, are part of a progressive caucus that often votes as a bloc.
Agaonidae
The family Agaonidae is a group of pollinating fig wasps. They spend their larval stage inside the fruits of figs. The pollinating wasps (Agaoninae, Kradibiinae, and Tetrapusiinae) are the mutualistic partners of the fig trees. Extinct forms from the Eocene and Miocene are nearly identical to modern forms, suggesting that the niche has been stable over geologic time.

Females emerge from ripe figs and fly to another fig tree with developing syconia (which contain the flowers). They enter the syconium via the ostiole, pollinate the flowers, and lay their eggs in some of the ovules. The ovules containing eggs develop into galls that support the growth of the wasp larvae. Prior to the final ripening of the fig, wingless males emerge from the galls they developed in. The males enter the galls of their winged sibling females, mate with them and die within the fruit. The newly hatched females then make their way out of the fruit continuing this cycle.

Syconium
Syconium (pl.: syconia) is the type of inflorescence which later becomes fruit in figs (genus Ficus), formed by an enlarged, fleshy, hollow receptacle with multiple ovaries on the inside surface. In essence, it is really a fleshy stem with a number of flowers, so it is considered both a multiple and accessory fruit.
Best Laid Plans (2012 film)
Best Laid Plans is a 2012 British drama film directed by David Blair and produced by Michael Knowles for Made Up North Productions Limited. The film was released to select cinemas on 3 February 2012 and is loosely based on John Steinbeck's 1937 book, Of Mice and Men.

David Blair (director)
David Blair is a British film and television director. He has received a BAFTA award for The Street.

Blair directed Common, a 2014 BBC One 90-minute made-for-television drama, written by Jimmy McGovern and starring Michelle Fairley, Nico Mirallegro and Michael Gambon, which sought to question some of the issues and challenges raised by England's common purpose legal doctrine.

During 2014 Blair completed the feature film The Messenger (released 2015), starring Robert Sheehan, Lily Cole, Tamzin Merchant, Joely Richardson and David O'Hara.

His 2016 feature film Away starred Timothy Spall, Juno Temple, Matt Ryan and Susan Lynch. Blair then went on to complete another Jimmy McGovern film for the BBC, Reg (2016) starring Tim Roth and Anna Maxwell Martin. Blair worked with Jimmy McGovern in The Lakes (1997), The Street (2006–09) and Accused (2010–12).
Quality Street (1937 film)
Quality Street  is a 1937 American historical comedy film made by RKO Radio Pictures. It was directed by George Stevens and produced by Pandro S. Berman. Set in 19th-century England, the film stars Katharine Hepburn and Franchot Tone. Joan Fontaine makes one of her early (uncredited) film appearances. The screenplay was by Allan Scott, Mortimer Offner, and Jack Townley, based on the 1901 play Quality Street by J. M. Barrie.

This 1937 version was filmed at the RKO Encino movie ranch, RKO Forty Acres backlot, and RKO Hollywood Studios. Quality Street was a box office failure, recording a loss of $248,000. It was Katharine Hepburn's fourth flop film in a row for RKO Pictures, which added to Miss Hepburn’s label as "box office poison" by the 1938 national group of movie exhibitors.

Roy Webb's music was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Score.

Roy Webb
Royden Denslow Webb (October 3, 1888 – December 10, 1982) was an American film music composer. A co-founder and charter member of ASCAP, he has hundreds of film music credits to his name, mainly with RKO Pictures. He is best known for composing film noir and horror film scores, in particular for the films of Val Lewton.
Dhoomam (2023 film)
Dhoomam (transl. Smoke) is a 2023 Indian Malayalam-language action thriller film written and directed by Pawan Kumar. The film was produced by Vijay Kiragandur under Hombale Films in their debut production in Malayalam cinema. It stars Fahadh Faasil and Aparna Balamurali, alongside Roshan Mathew, Vineeth, Anu Mohan, Achyuth Kumar, Joy Mathew and Nandu.

Dhoomam was released on 23 June 2023 and received mixed-to-negative reviews & became an box-office disaster

Vineeth
Vineeth Radhakrishnan (born 23 August 1969) is an Indian actor, Bharatanatyam dancer, voice artist and choreographer who primarily works in Malayalam, Tamil and Telugu language films. He has also appeared in a few Hindi and Kannada films. He has won several awards including 3 Kerala State Film Awards, Kalaimamani honour from Government of Tamil Nadu and Filmfare Award South nominations.
Knifefight (hip-hop duo)
Knifefight is a hip hop duo consisting of rapper Beans and producer Mux Mool.

The six-track EP, Knifefight, was released on Anticon on September 3, 2013. It featured guest appearances from Cities Aviv, Kool A.D., and Sub Con. The EP was described by Blake Gillespie of Impose Magazine as "a danger funk that orchestrates a balance between their experimentation of Anti-Pop Consortium and the Ghostly vibes of Planet High School."

Kool A.D.
Victor Vazquez (born November 16, 1983), also known by his stage name Kool A.D., is an American rapper, record producer, author, and artist. He is from the San Francisco Bay Area of California. Vazquez is best known for being a member of the New York-based rap group Das Racist, though he has also been a member of the bands Boy Crisis and Party Animal. Vazquez has also released his own solo material, including numerous mixtapes. Mother Jones magazine described his work as "a thoughtful effort to deconstruct and rearrange cultural objects in ways that challenge our deepest assumptions about society and cultural products".
Molung
Molung, or Molungyimsen, or New Molung is an Ao village located in the Jangpetkong range in Mokokchung District. It was formed on 24 October 1876 and from here the seeds of Christianity and Church that was first planted at Molungkimong (Deka Haimong) on 22 December 1872 by Dr. Edward Winter Clark, further progressed to other parts of Nagaland. An ancient leechi tree, planted by Dr. E. W. Clark in 1878, the first American Missionary to the erstwhile Naga Hills, is found here. It bears fruits even today and is over 140 years old.

Mongsenyimti and Langpangkong are the nearby important tourist places.

Mokokchung district
Mokokchung district (Pron:/ˌməʊkɒkˈtʃʌŋ/) is a district of Nagaland state in India. The town of Mokokchung is its headquarters. The district is the home of the Ao Nagas. It is bounded by the state of Assam to its north, Wokha District to its west, Tuensang District and Longleng District to its east, and Zünheboto District to its south.
Black Star Elephant
Black Star Elephant is the second studio album by Norwegian duo Nico & Vinz and their first album under that moniker, following a name change from Envy. It was released in Australia on 16 September 2014, and on 14 October 2014 in the United States. It contains fourteen songs and 7 interludes.

The album garnered a mixed reception from critics divided by the production and the duo's socially conscious lyrics. It debuted at number one in Norway and reached the top 40 in countries like Australia, New Zealand and the United States, spawning four singles: "Am I Wrong", "In Your Arms", "When the Day Comes", and "My Melody". Following its release, "Am I Wrong" went on to become the duo's most successful hit single to date.

When the Day Comes
"When The Day Comes" is a song by Norwegian hip hop duo Nico & Vinz. It was released as the third single from their second studio album Black Star Elephant (2014). It was released as a digital download in Norway on September 30, 2014. The song has peaked at number 9 in Norway. It is in the soundtrack for the 2014 video game FIFA 15.
Harvey Silverglate
Harvey Allen Silverglate (born May 10, 1942) is a retired American attorney, journalist, writer, and a co-founder of the Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression (FIRE).

Silverglate was a member of the board of the Massachusetts chapter of the American Civil Liberties Union and also taught at Harvard Law School, the University of Massachusetts Boston, and at the Cambridge Rindge and Latin School.

He was an attorney in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He practiced in academic freedom, civil liberties, criminal defense, and students' rights cases. He also co-founded FIRE with Alan Charles Kors.

Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression
The Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression (FIRE), formerly called the Foundation for Individual Rights in Education, is a 501(c)(3) non-profit civil liberties group founded in 1999 with the mission of protecting freedom of speech on college campuses in the United States. FIRE changed its name in June 2022, when it broadened its focus from colleges to freedom of speech throughout American society. The New York Times describes FIRE as an "increasingly prominent free-speech organization".

FIRE is nonpartisan and has challenged Democratic and Republican politicians for threatening First Amendment rights. FIRE also rates academic institutions based on their free speech policies, adjudicates free speech controversies on college campuses, and educates the public in other ways. FIRE's president and CEO is attorney Greg Lukianoff, a regular commentator on First Amendment-related issues. The group has 120 employees, including a litigation department of about 20 lawyers.
Bambaru Avith
Bambaru Avith (The Wasps are Here) (Sinhala: බඹරු ඇවිත්) is a 1978 Sri Lankan Sinhala drama film directed by Dharmasena Pathiraja and produced by director himself with Thilak Godamanne for Saranga Salaroo. It explores tradition and exploitation following the introduction of capitalism to a tiny fishing village and the subsequent clash between the local boss and the urban outsider.

Dharmasena Pathiraja
Pathiraja Navaratne Wanninayake Mudiyanselage Ranjith Dharmasena (28 March 1943 – 28 January 2018) was a Sri Lankan film director and screenwriter. He has been referred to as a 'rebel with a cause', an ‘enfant terrible of the '70s', and is widely recognized as the pioneer of Sri Lankan cinema’s 'second revolution'.  He is also renowned as an academic, playwright and poet.
USS Dolphin (1821)
USS Dolphin, a schooner, was the second ship of the United States Navy named for the aquatic mammal.

Dolphin was launched on 23 June 1821 by the Philadelphia Navy Yard and sent to New York City to be readied for sea. Assigned to duty as one of two vessels making up the newly organized Pacific Squadron, she sailed 8 December 1821 under the command of Lieutenant David Conner, in company with ship-of-the line Franklin.

Dolphin arrived at Valparaíso, Chile, on 6 February 1822, and cruised on the coasts of Ecuador, Peru, and Chile to protect American commerce and the whaling industry. Between 18 August 1825 and 24 August 1826, under the commanded by Lieut. Com. John Percival, she cruised to search for the mutineers of the American whaler Globe, returning to Callao, with the two surviving members of the mutiny. During this cruise, she visited Hawaii where she assisted men of the American ship London wrecked there, and helped other American citizens in the islands.

Globe (1815 whaleship)
The whaler Globe, of Nantucket, Massachusetts, was launched in 1815. She made three whaling voyages and then in 1824, on her fourth, her crew mutinied, killing their officers. Eventually most of the mutineers were killed or captured and the vessel herself was back in Nantucket in her owners' hands. She continued to whale until about 1828. She was broken up circa 1830.
Bunsen–Kirchhoff Award
The Bunsen–Kirchhoff Award is a prize for "outstanding achievements" in the field of analytical spectroscopy. It has been awarded since 1990 by the German Working Group for Applied Spectroscopy, and is endowed with €2,500 by PerkinElmer, Germany. The prize is named in honor of chemist Robert Bunsen and physicist Gustav Kirchhoff.

Robert Bunsen
Robert Wilhelm Eberhard Bunsen (German: [ˈʁoːbɛʁt ˈbʊnzn̩]; 
30 March 1811
– 16 August 1899) was a German chemist. He investigated emission spectra of heated elements, and  discovered caesium in 1860 and rubidium in 1861 with the physicist Gustav Kirchhoff. The Bunsen–Kirchhoff Award for spectroscopy is named after Bunsen and Kirchhoff.

Bunsen also developed several gas-analytical methods, was a pioneer in photochemistry, and did early work in the field of organic arsenic chemistry. With his laboratory assistant Peter Desaga, he developed the Bunsen burner, an improvement on the laboratory burners then in use.
Nether Lypiatt Manor
Nether Lypiatt Manor is a compact, neo-Classical manor house in the mainly rural parish of Thrupp, near Stroud in Gloucestershire, England. It was formerly the country home of Prince and Princess Michael of Kent and is a Grade I listed building.

Charles Coxe
Charles Coxe (c. 1661–17 October 1728), of Lincoln's Inn and Rodmarton and Lower Lypiatt, Gloucestershire, was an English lawyer and Tory politician who sat in the English and British House of Commons between 1698 and 1722.
Alexida
In Greek mythology, Alexida (Ancient Greek: Ἀλεξίδη) was a daughter of Amphiaraus, from whom certain divinities called Elasii (in Greek, Elasioi or Ἐλάσιοι, i. e. the averters of epileptic fits) were believed to be descended.

Elasioi
In Greek mythology, the Elasioi (Ancient Greek: Ἐλάσιοι, meaning 'Averters' or 'Expellers'; in Latin, 'Elasii') were minor personages with power to avert epileptic attacks. In the case of someone suffering an epileptic episode in progress, they were sometimes said to cure the ailment by banishing it into the bodies of wild goats.

Yet, their role in society beyond the former remains unclear. Most seem to regard them as divinities of healing; some conflate them with an Argive incarnation of The Dioskouroi (which implies that there are only two, and that both are male), though other sources claim they are female (without regard for their number), and some seem to imply that they were simply mortal magicians or wizards (and takes no regard of either specific number or gender).

Either way, the Elasioi were said to be children or descendants of the heroine Alexida, daughter of the deified Amphiaraus.
Jerry Torre
Jerry Torre (b. 1955) is an American sculptor. He is best known for his appearance in the 1975 independent documentary films Grey Gardens and The Beales of Grey Gardens by Albert and David Maysles. As a sculptor, his work has been shown in several galleries in New York City and written about in The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, Vogue, Architectural Digest, Forbes, among other publications. He is affectionately known among cult-film followers as "The Marble Faun", a nickname that Edith Bouvier Beale gave him upon their first meeting. Torre worked as an assistant to Wayland Flowers, and through Aristotle Onassis obtained a job tending gardens for the Royal Family of Saudi Arabia. He was portrayed in the Tony Award winning Broadway musical Grey Gardens in 2006. His life has been documented in the 2011 film The Marble Faun of Grey Gardens.

Grey Gardens
Grey Gardens is a 1975 American documentary film by Albert and David Maysles. The film depicts the everyday lives of two reclusive, upper-class women, a mother and daughter both named Edith Beale, who lived in poverty at Grey Gardens, a derelict mansion at 3 West End Road in the wealthy Georgica Pond neighborhood of East Hampton, New York. The film was screened at the 1976 Cannes Film Festival but was not entered into the main competition.

Ellen Hovde and Muffie Meyer also directed, and Susan Froemke was the associate producer. The film was edited by Hovde, Meyer and Froemke.

In 2010, the film was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant", and in the 2014 Sight and Sound poll film critics voted Grey Gardens the tenth-best documentary film of all time. In November 2012, it topped the list of 100 greatest documentary  films of all time by PBS through public voting.