hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Chow test
The Chow test (Chinese: 鄒檢定), proposed by econometrician Gregory Chow in 1960, is a statistical test of whether the true coefficients in two linear regressions on different data sets are equal. In econometrics, it is most commonly used in time series analysis to test for the presence of a structural break at a period which can be assumed to be known a priori (for instance, a major historical event such as a war). In program evaluation, the Chow test is often used to determine whether the independent variables have different impacts on different subgroups of the population.

Structural break
In econometrics and statistics, a structural break is an unexpected change over time in the parameters of regression models, which can lead to huge forecasting errors and unreliability of the model in general. This issue was popularised by David Hendry, who argued that lack of stability of coefficients frequently caused forecast failure, and therefore we must routinely test for structural stability.  Structural stability − i.e., the time-invariance of regression coefficients − is a central issue in all applications of linear regression models.
Var (river)
The Var (French: [vaʁ] ⓘ, Occitan: [ˈbaɾ]; Italian: Varo; Latin: Varus) is a river located in the southeast of France. It is 114 km (71 mi) long. Its drainage basin is 2,812 km2 (1,086 sq mi).

The Var flows through the Alpes-Maritimes département for most of its length, with a short (~15 km or ~9 mi) stretch in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence département. It is a unique case in France of a river not flowing in the département named after it (see Var). This is the result of the Nice Préfecture being too small to be considered a département by itself in the administrative reshuffling of 1860. Hence, some land had to be taken out of neighbouring Var region causing the eponymous département to lose its namesake.

Until the beginning of the 19th century, the river had no bridges; it was the border between France and the County of Nice, then part of Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia.

County of Nice
The County of Nice (French: Comté de Nice / Pays Niçois; Italian: Contea di Nizza / Paese Nizzardo; Niçard Occitan: Contèa de Niça / País Niçard) was a historical region of France and Italy located around the southeastern city of Nice and roughly equivalent to the modern arrondissement of Nice. It was part of the Savoyard state.
The Comic History of Rome
The Comic History of Rome  (1851) is a humorous look at the people and events of ancient Rome from its Foundation to the Assassination of Julius Caesar. It was published by Bradbury and Evans, with text by the English humorist Gilbert Abbott à Beckett and comic illustrations by John Leech, famous for his illustrations for the novella A Christmas Carol (1843) by Charles Dickens. In his introduction, à Beckett wrote that, "The writer of this book is animated by an earnest wish to aid, as far as he is able, in the project of combining instruction with amusement." Largely, however, to modern eyes the humour lies not in à Beckett's somewhat dated text but rather in Leech's illustrations, which, with their top-hat and toga wearing patricians directly lampoon Victorian society.

John Leech (caricaturist)
John Leech (29 August 1817 – 29 October 1864) was a British caricaturist and illustrator. He was best known for his work for Punch, a humorous magazine for a broad middle-class audience, combining verbal and graphic political satire with light social comedy. Leech's critical yet humorous cartoons on the Crimean War helped shape public attitudes toward heroism, warfare, and Britons' role in the world.

Leech also enjoys fame as the first illustrator of Charles Dickens' 1843 novella A Christmas Carol. He was furthermore a pioneer in comics, creating the recurring character Mr. Briggs and some sequential illustrated gags.
Absolute Power (radio and TV series)
Absolute Power is a British comedy programme, set in the offices of Prentiss McCabe, a fictional public relations company (or 'government-media relations consultancy') in London, run by Charles Prentiss (Stephen Fry) and Martin McCabe (John Bird).

It started in 2000 on BBC Radio 4, lasting until 2004 with the fourth and final radio series. A six-part television series ran on BBC Two towards the end of 2003; the second six-episode television series ran on BBC Two on Thursdays at 10 pm from 21 July to 25 August 2005. A one-off radio episode was broadcast on 3 November 2006.

The title is taken from a quotation by the historian Lord Acton: "power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely".

Mark Lawson
Mark Gerard Lawson (born 11 April 1962) is an English journalist, broadcaster and author. Specialising in culture and the arts, he is best known for presenting the flagship BBC Radio 4 arts programme Front Row between 1998 and 2014. He is also a Guardian columnist, and presented Mark Lawson Talks To... on BBC Four from 2006 to 2015.
Neo-Dada
Neo-Dada was an art movement with audio, visual and literary manifestations that had similarities in method or intent with earlier Dada artwork. It sought to close the gap between art and daily life, and was a combination of playfulness, iconoclasm, and appropriation. In the United States the term was popularized by Barbara Rose in the 1960s and refers primarily, although not exclusively, to work created in that and the preceding decade. There was also an international dimension to the movement, particularly in Japan and in Europe, serving as the foundation of Fluxus, Pop Art and Nouveau réalisme.

Neo-Dada has been exemplified by its use of modern materials, popular imagery, and absurdist contrast. It was a reaction to the personal emotionalism of Abstract Expressionism and, taking a lead from the practice of Marcel Duchamp and Kurt Schwitters, denied traditional concepts of aesthetics.

Barbara Rose
Barbara Ellen Rose (June 11, 1936 – December 25, 2020) was an American art historian, art critic, curator, and college professor. Rose's criticism focused on 20th-century American art, particularly minimalism and abstract expressionism, as well as Spanish art. "ABC Art", her influential 1965 essay, defined and outlined the historical basis of minimalist art. She also wrote a widely used textbook, American Art Since 1900: A Critical History.
Bernardino Ricca
Bernardino Ricca or Ricco (Cremona, 1450-?) was an Italian painter.

In 1510, he frescoed the ceiling of the nave of the church of Sant'Agata, Cremona. The frescoes were destroyed in the 19th century reconstruction of the church. The frescoes had depicted a blue sky with leafy branches and putti. He also painted in the Cathedral alongside the painter Alessandro Pampurino. In the Church of San Pietro of Cremona, near the main portal, was a heavily retouched Pietà painted in 1521 by Bernadinus Richus.

Cremona
Cremona (/krɪˈmoʊnə/ krim-OH-nə, UK also /krɛˈ-/ krem-, Italian: [kreˈmoːna]; Cremunés: Cremùna; Emilian: Carmona) is a city and comune (municipality) in northern Italy, situated in Lombardy, on the left bank of the Po river in the middle of the Po Valley. It is the capital of the province of Cremona and the seat of the local city and province governments. The city of Cremona is especially noted for its musical history and traditions, including some of the earliest and most renowned luthiers, such as Giuseppe Guarneri, Antonio Stradivari, Francesco Rugeri, Vincenzo Rugeri, and several members of the Amati family.
Lesley Mercer
Helen Lesley Mercer (born August 1954) is a former British trade unionist.

Born in Great Harwood, Mercer was educated at the Accrington High School for Girls and the University of Nottingham.  In 1977, she became an assistant research officer with the Merchant Navy and Airline Officers' Association.  She later worked for the National Union of Civil and Public Servants, then in 1995 began working for the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy (CSP).  In 2005, she was appointed as head of the CSP's trade union function.

Mercer was elected to the General Council of the Trades Union Congress (TUC) in 2000, and served as President of the TUC from 2012 to 2013, the first representative of a professional organisation to hold the post.  She also served on the Central Arbitration Committee and the steering group of the NHS Social Partnership Forum.  She retired in 2014, but became a trustee director of Nautilus International, receiving its Nevins and Griffiths Award in 2025.

Great Harwood
Great Harwood is a town in the Hyndburn district of Lancashire, England, located 5 miles (8.0 km) north east of Blackburn and adjacent to the Ribble Valley. Great Harwood is part of the "Three Towns" conurbation along with the towns of Clayton-le-Moors and Rishton. In 2001, the town had a population of 11,220, which decreased to 10,800 at the census of 2011.
Peter Younghusband
Peter Younghusband (born 17 February 1990) is a New Zealand cricketer. He made his List A debut for Wellington on 21 January 2015 in the 2014–15 Ford Trophy. He made his Twenty20 debut for Wellington on 30 December 2016 in the 2016–17 Super Smash. He made his first-class debut for Wellington on 25 February 2017 in the 2016–17 Plunket Shield season.

In June 2018, he was awarded a contract with Wellington for the 2018–19 season. In June 2020, he was offered a contract by Wellington ahead of the 2020–21 domestic cricket season. Noted for his excellent fielding, He played regularly as a sub fielder for the Blackcaps before beginning his domestic career.

Younghusband was educated at Nelson College from 2005 to 2007.

2016–17 Super Smash
The 2016–17 McDonald's Super Smash (named after the competition's sponsor McDonald's) was the twelfth season of the Men's Super Smash Twenty20 cricket tournament in New Zealand. The competition was run from 4 December 2016 to 7 January 2017. The previous edition was known as the Georgie Pie Super Smash. The Auckland Aces were the defending champions.

The match between Otago Volts and Central Stags on 21 December 2016 set a new record for the highest aggregate total in a T20 fixture, with a total of 497 runs scored.

The Wellington Firebirds beat Canterbury Kings by three wickets in the elimination final, and faced Central Stags in the final on 7 January 2017. The Wellington Firebirds won the final by 14 runs.
Jhina Hikaka
Jhina Hikaka is a member of the Biju Janata Dal (BJD) political party. He is elected to the 16th Lok Sabha in 2014 from Koraput constituency in Odisha. He was a MLA from Laxmipur assembly constituency of Koraput district in Odisha. He was kidnapped by Maoists and kept in captivity for 33 days before being released unharmed on 26 April 2012.

Laxmipur Assembly constituency
Lakshmipur is a Vidhan Sabha constituency of Koraput district, Odisha.

Map of Lakshmipur Constituency

This constituency includes Laxmipur block, Dasamanthapur block, Bandhugaob block and Narayanpatana block.
Strømsgodset IF
Strømsgodset IF is a Norwegian multi-sports club from Gulskogen in Drammen. It has sections for association football, handball and bandy, but is best known for the top-level football section known as Strømsgodset Toppfotball, which plays in Eliteserien, the Norwegian top flight.

The club was founded 10 February 1907, but the football team first found success in the late 1960s and early 1970s, winning a league title and three cups. The famous team from the 1960s and 1970s was popularly known as the "Rødgata Boys", after the street most of them lived on. Most of these players were also accomplished bandy players, and Strømsgodset won four national Norwegian Championships in "the winter version of football". Four of the football players collected silver medals in the 1965 Bandy World Championship; Steinar Pettersen, Inge Thun, Thorodd Presberg and Ole Johnny Friise.

Drammen
Drammen (Norwegian pronunciation: [ˈdrɑ̀mːən] ⓘ) is a city and municipality in Buskerud county, Norway. The port and river city of Drammen is centrally located in the south-eastern and most populated part of Norway. Drammen municipality also includes smaller towns and villages such as Konnerud, Svelvik, Mjøndalen and Skoger.
Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair
Toirdhealbhach Mór Ua Conchobhair (old spelling: Tairrdelbach Mór Ua Conchobair; 1088 – 1156) anglicised Turlough Mór O'Conor, was King of Connacht (1106–1156) and High King of Ireland (ca. 1120–1156).

Athlone
Athlone (/æθˈloʊn/; Irish: Baile Átha Luain, meaning 'The town of Luan's ford' [ˌbʲlʲɑː ˈl̪ˠuənʲ]) is a town on the border of County Roscommon and County Westmeath, Ireland. It is located on the River Shannon near the southern shore of Lough Ree. It is the second most populous town in the Midlands Region with a population of 22,869 in the 2022 census.

Most of the town lies on the east bank of the river, within the townland of the same name; however, by the terms of the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898, six townlands on the west bank of the Shannon, formerly in County Roscommon, were incorporated into the town, and consequently, into the county of Westmeath.

Around 100 km west of Dublin, Athlone is near the geographical centre of Ireland.
The Secret Woman (novel)
The Secret Woman is a Gothic romance and suspense novel written by English author Eleanor Hibbert under the pseudonym Victoria Holt. It was originally published in 1970 and is considered to be a bestseller. Set in 1887, it chronicles Anna Brett's scandalous romance with the married ship captain Redvers Stretton. As they sail across the South Seas, tensions build among Anna, Redvers, and everyone else on-board The Serene Lady, and a mystery involving murder, the destruction of ship called The Secret Woman, and a missing fortune of diamonds begins to unravel.

Eleanor Alice Burford
Eleanor Alice Hibbert (née Burford; 1 September 1906 – 18 January 1993) was an English writer of historical romances. She was a prolific writer who published several books a year in different literary genres, each genre under a different pen name: Jean Plaidy for fictionalized history of European royalty and the three volumes of her history of the Spanish Inquisition, Victoria Holt for gothic romances, and Philippa Carr for a multi-generational family saga. She also wrote light romances, crime novels, murder mysteries and thrillers under pseudonyms Eleanor Burford, Elbur Ford, Kathleen Kellow, Anna Percival, and Ellalice Tate.

In 1989, the Romance Writers of America gave her the Golden Treasure award in recognition of her contributions to the romance genre. By the time of her death, she had written more than 200 books that sold more than 100 million copies and had been translated into 20 languages. She continues to be a widely borrowed author among British libraries.
Ridley Park, Pennsylvania
Ridley Park is a borough in Delaware County, Pennsylvania, United States. As of the 2020 census, Ridley Park had a population of 7,186. Ridley Park is the home of Boeing's CH-47 Chinook helicopter division.

Delaware County, Pennsylvania
Delaware County, colloquially referred to as Delco, is in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. With a population of 576,830 as of the 2020 census, it is the fifth-most populous county in Pennsylvania and the third-smallest in area. The county was created on September 26, 1789, from part of Chester County and named for the Delaware River. The county is part of the Philadelphia metropolitan area, or Delaware Valley, region of the commonwealth.

Delaware County borders Philadelphia, the nation's sixth-most populous city, to its northeast. It also is adjacent to the city-county of Philadelphia County and is included in the Philadelphia–Camden–Wilmington, PA–NJ–DE–MD metropolitan statistical area. Its county seat is Media, which is located near the center of the county.
John Spikes
John Curry Spikes (July 22, 1881 – June 28, 1955) was an American jazz musician and entrepreneur.

Along with his brother Reb Spikes, John ran a traveling show band in early 1900s. At one point, Jelly Roll Morton was a member of the band. The Spikes brothers were performing in San Francisco around 1915, under the name The Original So-Different Orchestra, with Reb Spikes billed as the "World's Greatest Saxophonist". Around 1919, they settled in Los Angeles, where they started a music store, a nightclub, an agency and a publishing house.

They were the first to record an all-black jazz band in 1922. In 1927, they shot a short sound film that predated The Jazz Singer, the first full-length sound film. Their most enduring musical collaborations were writing the lyrics to Morton's Wolverine Blues and their own composition, Someday Sweetheart, which has become a jazz standard.

Someday Sweetheart
"Someday Sweetheart" is a jazz standard written by Los Angeles–based musicians John and Reb Spikes in 1919. It was the biggest hit the brothers wrote, and was performed by many recording artists of the period. The first one to record the tune was blues singer Alberta Hunter. Jelly Roll Morton recorded the song twice, in 1923 and 1926.

The song was especially popular in 1927 with versions by Gene Austin, King Oliver and by The Charleston Chasers being particularly prominent.  Other artists who have recorded the song include Chet Atkins, Mildred Bailey, Count Basie, Bing Crosby, Kenny Davern, Jimmy Dorsey, Woody Herman, Frankie Laine, Dinah Shore, Meade "Lux" Lewis, Johnny Mercer, Leon Redbone and Teddy Wilson.
Parkman Township, Geauga County, Ohio
Parkman Township is one of the sixteen townships of Geauga County, Ohio, United States. As of the 2020 census the population was 4,446, up from 4,136 at the previous census.

According to the 2020 "ACS 5-Year Estimates Data Profiles", 37.4% of the township's population spoke only English, while 62.6 spoke an "other [than Spanish] Indo-European language" (basically Pennsylvania German/German).

Geauga County, Ohio
Geauga County (/dʒiˈɔːɡə/ jee-AW-gə) is a county located in the northeast portion of the U.S. state of Ohio. As of the 2020 census, the population was 95,397. The county seat and largest city is Chardon.

The county is named for an Onondaga or Seneca language word meaning "raccoon", originally the name of the Grand River.

Geauga County is part of the Cleveland, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area.

In 2008, Forbes magazine ranked Geauga County as the fourth best place in the United States to raise a family.

About 20% of the counties area (Geauga, Trumbull, Ashtabula and Portage) population is Amish, as of 2017.
Alexander Parris
Alexander Parris (November 24, 1780 – June 16, 1852) was a prominent American architect-engineer. Beginning as a housewright, he evolved into an architect whose work transitioned from Federal style architecture to the later Greek Revival. Parris taught Ammi B. Young, and was among the group of architects influential in founding what would become the American Institute of Architects. He is also responsible for the designs of many lighthouses along the coastal Northeastern United States.

Wickham House
The Wickham House, also known as the Wickham-Valentine House, is a historic house museum on East Clay Street in Richmond, Virginia. Completed in 1812, it is considered one of the finest examples of architecture from the Federal period. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1971.

It is now owned and operated by The Valentine, a private history museum devoted to the city's history.
The Young Diana (novel)
The Young Diana is a 1918 romantic novel by the British writer Marie Corelli. A scientist develops a new rejuvenation technique that turns an older woman into a beautiful but completely heartless young woman.

Marie Corelli
Mary Mackay (1 May 1855 – 21 April 1924), also called Minnie Mackey and known by her pseudonym Marie Corelli (/kəˈrɛli/, also UK: /kɒˈ-/, US: /kɔːˈ-, koʊˈ-/), was an English novelist.

From the appearance of her first novel A Romance of Two Worlds in 1886, she became a bestselling fiction-writer, her works were largely concerned with Christianity, reincarnation, astral projection and mysticism. Yet despite her many distinguished patrons, she was often ridiculed by critics. Corelli lived her later years in Stratford-upon-Avon, whose historic buildings she fought hard to preserve.
Dover station (NJ Transit)
Dover is an active commuter railroad train station in the town of Dover, Morris County, New Jersey. Located at the end of electric service, Dover station serves as a secondary terminal of NJ Transit's Morristown and Montclair–Boonton Lines. Non-electric service continues west to Hackettstown on both lines. The next station to the west is Mount Arlington while the next station to the east is Denville. Dover station consists of a single island platform, accessible for the handicapped.

The first train in Dover arrived on July 31, 1848, with the extension of the Morris and Essex Railroad from Rockaway, which opened just 27 days prior. The Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad constructed the current station depot on Dickerson Street in 1901, opening on November 1. The station depot joined the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. Today the station serves as a major transportation center locally, it also serves commuters in nearby Sussex County.

Rockaway, New Jersey
Rockaway is a borough in Morris County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 United States census, the borough's population was 6,598, an increase of 160 (+2.5%) from the 2010 census count of 6,438, which in turn reflected a decline of 35 (−0.5%) from the 6,473 counted in the 2000 census.
Stoo Hample
Stuart E. Hample (January 6, 1926 – September 19, 2010), also known as Stoo Hample, was an American children's book author, performer, playwright and cartoonist who sometimes used the pseudonyms Joe Marthen and Turner Brown, Jr. He is best known for the books Children's Letters to God and The Silly Book, and the comic strip Inside Woody Allen. He is the father of baseball collector Zack Hample.

Zack Hample
Zachary Ben Hample (born September 14, 1977) is an American baseball collector. Hample claims to have collected more than 12,000 baseballs from Major League stadiums, including Alex Rodriguez's 3,000th career hit and Mike Trout's first career home run.

Hample has been heavily criticized by sportswriters, players, and fans due to his aggressive tactics to collect baseballs.
William Peyton Hubbard
William Peyton Hubbard (January 27, 1842 – April 30, 1935), a Toronto alderman from 1894 to 1914, was a popular and influential politician, nicknamed Cicero for his oratory; he was one of the first politicians of African descent elected to office in Canada.

1909 Toronto municipal election
Municipal elections were held in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, on January 1, 1909. Joseph Oliver was easily re-elected to his second term as Mayor of Toronto. One of the central issues of the campaign was whether the city should construct a bridge over the Don River connecting Bloor Street to Danforth Avenue. A referendum was held as part of the vote, and the bridge was approved. It would be built as the Prince Edward Viaduct.
Electric Lady (Elkie Brooks album)
Electric Lady is an album by Elkie Brooks.

Recorded between 2004 and 2005 at Slave to the Rhythm Studios, it was released on CD in 2005 by Swing Cafe. Little to no promotion and a small distribution meant that the album failed to enter the charts, although it made an impact on the United Kingdom independent album charts.

Elkie Brooks
Elkie Brooks (born Elaine Bookbinder; 25 February 1945) is an English rock, blues and jazz singer. She was a vocalist with the bands Dada and Vinegar Joe, and later became a solo artist. She gained her biggest success in the late 1970s and 1980s, releasing 13 UK Top 75 singles, and reached the top ten with "Pearl's a Singer", "Sunshine After the Rain" (both 1977), "Fool (If You Think It's Over) (1981), and "No More the Fool" (1986).  She has been nominated twice for the Brit Awards.

Brooks is a Gold Badge Award of Merit winner from the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors (BASCA) (now The Ivors Academy) and is generally referred to as the "British Queen of Blues".