hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Errors, freaks, and oddities
In philately, errors, freaks, and oddities (EFO) collectively refer to the wide variety of mistakes that may occur during the production of postage stamps.

Postal authorities generally take some care to ensure that mistakes do not get out of the printing plant; to be valid, the EFO stamps must have been sold to a customer. Mistakes smuggled out by employees are called printer's waste, not recognized as legitimate stamps, and may be confiscated from collectors; the Nixon invert is a well-known recent example of an apparent new error that turned out to be simple theft by insiders. The authorities may attempt to lay hands on legitimately sold errors, as happened with the original Inverted Jenny sheet, but usually, collectors are smart enough to hang onto the windfall.

Nixon invert
The "Nixon invert" is a reputed invert error of the Richard Nixon memorial postage stamp issued by the United States Postal Service in 1995.

Originally reported in January 1996, the invert drew considerable attention; however, in December of that year, Clarence Robert Robie, a printing plant employee, was arrested on charges of having stolen the misprinted stamps from the plant where he worked. This meant that, rather than being a legitimate error mistakenly sold by the Postal Service, the inverts were printer’s waste—material taken from a printing plant or wastepaper destruction facility and sold illegally. While errors sold by the Postal Service are highly prized, printer’s waste is not and, as was the case with the Nixon invert, may be confiscated by authorities.
Karl Marx (medical missionary)
Karl Rudolf Marx (1857 – Ladakh, 1891) was a German eye doctor who was the first Moravian medical missionary in Tibet. He was also a Tibetologist and translated parts of the Ladakh Chronicles into German, improving on the work of Emil Schlagintweit. Marx and his two children died of typhoid in Leh in 1891, his wife survived and returned to Herrnhut.

Ladakh Chronicles
The Ladakh Chronicles, or La-dvags-rgyal-rabs (Tibetan: ལ་དྭགས་རྒྱལ་རབས, Wylie: La dwags rgyal rabs), is a historical work that covers the history of Ladakh from the beginnings of the first Tibetan dynasty of Ladakh until the end of the Namgyal dynasty. The chronicles were compiled by the Namgyal dynasty, mostly during the 17th century, and are considered the primary written source for Ladakhi history.: 17 : 1, 3 : 7

It remains one of only two surviving pre-19th century literary sources from Ladakh. Only seven original manuscripts of the chronicles are known to have existed, of which two survive today.
Plan Dog memo
The Plan Dog memorandum was a 1940 U.S. government document written by Chief of Naval Operations Harold Stark. Ronald H. Spector claimed that the memo became "one of the best-known documents of World War II."
Confronting the problem of an expected two-front war against Germany and Italy in Europe and against Japan in the Pacific, the memo set out the main options and suggested fighting a defensive war in the Pacific while giving strategic priority to defeating Germany and Italy. The memo laid the basis for the later American policy of Europe first.

War Plan Orange
War Plan Orange (commonly known as Plan Orange or just Orange) was a series of United States Joint Army and Navy Board war plans for dealing with a possible war with Imperial Japan during the years between the First and Second World Wars. It failed to foresee the significance of the technological changes to naval warfare, including the submarine, air support and aircraft carriers, and although the Battle of Midway was important, and the US Navy did "island-hop" to regain lost territory, there was no culminating "showdown" battle as anticipated by Plan Orange.
2018–19 Robert Morris Colonials men's basketball team
The 2018–19 Robert Morris Colonials men's basketball team represented Robert Morris University during the 2018–19 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Colonials, led by ninth-year head coach Andrew Toole, played their home games at the North Athletic Complex in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania as members of the Northeast Conference.  They finished the season 18–17, 11–7 in NEC play to finish in  fourth place. As the No. 4 seed in the NEC tournament, they defeated No. 5 seed St. Francis Brooklyn in the quarterfinals before losing in the semifinals to No. 2 seed Fairleigh Dickinson.  They were invited to the 2019 CollegeInsider.com Postseason Tournament where they defeated Cornell in the first round before falling to Presbyterian College in the second round.

2018–19 Fairleigh Dickinson Knights men's basketball team
The 2018–19 Fairleigh Dickinson Knights men's basketball team represented Fairleigh Dickinson University during the 2018–19 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The team was led by sixth-year head coach Greg Herenda and played their home games at the Rothman Center in Hackensack, New Jersey as members of the Northeast Conference (NEC).

The Knights compiled a 21–14 record and went 12–6 in NEC play, to finish in a tie for first place. They defeated Wagner, Robert Morris and Saint Francis (PA) to capture the NEC tournament championship as the 2-seed. By winning the NEC tournament, the Knights received the conference's automatic bid and defeated Prairie View A&M in the First Four round of the NCAA tournament. The Knights then lost to 1-seed Gonzaga.
Dying for It
Dying for It is the second extended play by Scottish indie pop group The Vaselines, released in March 7 1988. The EP was later included on their career retrospective collection The Way of the Vaselines: A Complete History. The song "Teenage Superstars" was later included as the fourth track on their debut album Dum-Dum in 1989. The song "Molly's Lips" is named in tribute to the well-known Scottish television personality Molly Weir.

Alternative rock figurehead Kurt Cobain listed the Dying for It EP as his fourth favorite 'album' ever. His band Nirvana covered "Molly's Lips", as well as a song from the earlier Vaselines EP, on their 1992 compilation Incesticide. Nirvana also performed the song "Jesus Doesn't Want Me for a Sunbeam" (original song name "Jesus Wants Me for a Sunbeam") for their MTV Unplugged in New York concert.

The Vaselines
The Vaselines are a Scottish alternative rock band. Formed in Glasgow in 1986, the band was originally a duo between its songwriters Eugene Kelly and Frances McKee, but later added James Seenan and Eugene's brother Charlie Kelly on bass and drums respectively from the band Secession.

McKee had formerly been a member of a band named the Pretty Flowers with Duglas T. Stewart, Norman Blake, Janice McBride and Sean Dickson. Eugene Kelly had formerly played in the Famous Monsters.
Bruford Levin Upper Extremities (album)
Bruford Levin Upper Extremities is a self-titled album by the band Bruford Levin Upper Extremities. It is their only studio recording, released on Tony Levin's independent label Papa Bear Records. Formed by bassist Levin and drummer Bill Bruford (who had worked together as the rhythm section of King Crimson), the group also included guitarist David Torn and trumpeter Chris Botti. Torn, Bruford and Levin had recorded together on Torn's album Cloud About Mercury ten years before this.

Bruford Levin Upper Extremities
Bruford Levin Upper Extremities (B.L.U.E.) was a musical group comprising drummer Bill Bruford, bassist Tony Levin, guitarist David Torn, and trumpeter Chris Botti.

The group's origins can be traced to Torn's ECM Records album Cloud About Mercury (1987), which featured Levin and Bruford, along with Mark Isham on trumpet. Recognizing the chemistry in their collaborative work, the musicians maintained contact and formed B.L.U.E. in the late 1990s under the joint leadership of Bruford and Levin. Chris Botti assumed the trumpeter's role, as Isham was touring with his own band at the time.

The band blended an unusual combination of elements, including jazz, blues, rock and ambient music, to create a unique sound. Bruford and Levin were both longtime members of King Crimson.
Tori (Georgia)
Tori (Georgian: თორი [t̪ʰo̞ɾi]) is a historic region in central Georgia, now part of the Samtskhe-Javakheti region, together with Javakheti and Meskheti. It borders on Trialeti to the east, Imereti to the northwest and Shida Kartli to the northeast. The province chiefly lay in what is now known as the Borjomi Gorge. In medieval Georgia, Tori was in hereditary possession of the Gamrekeli (Toreli) family. The name "Tori" went obsolete in the 15th century. Around the same time, it became a hereditary fiefdom of the Avalishvili family.

Avalishvili
The House of Avalishvili (Georgian: ავალიშვილი) is a Georgian noble family, which branched off the Panaskerteli-Tsitsishvili house in the 16th century. The initial appanage of the family was located in the historical area called Tori and now known as the Borjomi Gorge with its center at the village of Sadgeri. From 1545 onward, they were vassals to the princes of Samtskhe, which soon came under the influence of the Ottoman Empire and Islam. Fleeing the Islamization of the area, several members of the Avalishvili family moved into inner Georgia early in the 17th century; those who remained in their patrimonial fiefdom, became Muslim and received the title of bek. A branch in Imereti, western Georgia, soon went into decline and their status was downgraded to that of petty nobility. The refugees to the eastern Georgian lands – Kartli and Kakheti – were enfeoffed with several estates and were reconfirmed, in 1826 and 1850, as princes of the Russian Empire.
Diaconia University of Applied Sciences
Diaconia University of Applied Sciences (Finnish: Diakonia-ammattikorkeakoulu, Diak) is a university of applied sciences (a polytechnic or higher vocational institute offering tertiary level education) in Finland. It is affiliated with the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland.

Its campuses are located in Helsinki, Oulu, Pori, Pieksämäki and Turku.

Pieksämäki
Pieksämäki (Finnish pronunciation: [ˈpie̯ksæˌmæki]) is a town and municipality of Finland. It is located in the South Savo region, about 75 kilometres (47 mi) north of Mikkeli, 85 kilometres (53 mi) east of Jyväskylä and 95 kilometres (59 mi) south of Kuopio. The town has a population of 17,243 (30 June 2025) and covers an area of 1,836.22 square kilometres (708.97 sq mi) of which 266.76 km2 (103.00 sq mi) is water. The population density is 10.99 inhabitants per square kilometre (28.5/sq mi). Neighbouring municipalities are Hankasalmi, Joroinen, Juva, Kangasniemi, Leppävirta, Mikkeli, Rautalampi and Suonenjoki.
Up the Establishment
Up the Establishment (German: Engelchen macht weiter – hoppe, hoppe Reiter) is a 1969 West German comedy film directed by Michael Verhoeven and starring Mario Adorf, Gila von Weitershausen and Ulli Koch.

Michael Verhoeven
Michael Alexander Verhoeven (13 July 1938 – 22 April 2024) was a German film director, screenwriter, film and television producer, and actor. He was also a qualified Doctor of Medicine.

He was considered a political filmmaker. He also achieved international success with films such as (The White Rose) and The Nasty Girl (1990). He was a filmmaker with a strong stance who dealt intensively with topics such as repression, guilt, and unresolved aspects of German history.
Avonmouth Docks
The Avonmouth Docks are part of the Port of Bristol, in England. They are situated on the northern side of the mouth of the River Avon, opposite the Royal Portbury Dock on the southern side, where the river joins the Severn estuary, within Avonmouth.

Accessible via a 210 metres (690 ft) long and 30 metres (98 ft) wide lock, today the docks are one of the UK's major ports for chilled foods, especially fruit and vegetables. Land-side freight access and distribution is via either the M5 motorway or the Henbury Loop Line, whilst rail-passenger access is via Avonmouth railway station on the Severn Beach Line.

River Avon, Bristol
The River Avon (/ˈeɪvən/ AY-vən) is a river in the southwest of England. To distinguish it from a number of other rivers of the same name, it is often called the Bristol Avon. The name 'Avon' is loaned from an ancestor of the Welsh word afon, meaning 'river'.

The Avon rises just north of the village of Acton Turville in South Gloucestershire, before flowing through Wiltshire into Somerset. In its lower reaches from Bath (where it meets the Kennet and Avon Canal) to the Severn Estuary at Avonmouth near Bristol, the river is navigable and is known as the Avon Navigation.

The Avon is the 19th longest river in the United Kingdom, at 83 miles (134 km), although there are just 19 miles (31 km) as the crow flies between the source and its mouth in the Severn Estuary. The catchment area is 2,220 square kilometres (860 sq mi).
Henry Sturmey
John James Henry Sturmey (1857–1930), known as Henry Sturmey, is best remembered as the inventor with James Archer of the Sturmey-Archer three-speed  hub for bicycles, but he was a technical editor and journalist heavily involved as a pioneer of the cycling and automotive industries. Born at Norton-sub-Hamdon, Somerset, on 28 February 1857  he died aged 72 at his home in Coventry on 8 January 1930.

Norton-sub-Hamdon
Norton-sub-Hamdon is a village and civil parish in the South Somerset district of the English county of Somerset, situated ten miles west of Yeovil. The village has a population of 743.

The village of Chiselborough is 0.5 miles (0.8 km) to the south, and the village of Stoke-sub-Hamdon 1 mile (1.6 km) to the north.
English National Badminton Championships
The English National Badminton Championships is a tournament organised by the Badminton England to crown the best badminton players in England.

The tournament started in 1964 and is held annually. The first winners were Bill Havers and Ursula Smith in 1964. Darren Hall has won the most singles titles with 10, whilst Gillian Gilks and Julia Mann both have eight women's singles titles.

Darren Hall (badminton)
Darren James Hall (born 25 October 1965) is an English retired badminton player who is generally rated as one of the best men's singles players that England has produced and holds the record of 10 National singles titles.
Loreto, Agusan del Sur
Loreto, officially the Municipality of Loreto (Cebuano: Lungsod sa Loreto; Tagalog: Bayan ng Loreto),  is a  municipality in the province of Agusan del Sur, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 43,880 people. Loreto is the largest Municipality in terms of land area in Mindanao.

Agusan del Sur
Agusan del Sur, officially the Province of Agusan del Sur (Cebuano: Habagatang Agusan; Butuanon: Probinsya hong Agusan del Sur; Filipino: Lalawigan ng Agusan del Sur), is a landlocked province in Caraga region, Mindanao, Philippines. Its capital is the municipality of Prosperidad. It is bordered on the northwest by Agusan del Norte and Misamis Oriental; east by Surigao del Sur; southeast by Davao Oriental; mid-south by Davao de Oro; southwest by Davao del Norte and, mid-west by Bukidnon. It is the fourth largest province in the country in terms of area, with the size of 3,856 sq miles.

Agusan del Sur is the largest and the only landlocked province in the CARAGA region. Bayugan is the only city and it is also the most populous city in the province.
Jerome Anderson (basketball)
Jerome Anderson (October 9, 1953 – August 1, 2009) was an American professional basketball player and coach. He was born in Mullens, West Virginia.

A 6-foot-5-inch (1.96 m) guard from West Virginia University, Anderson was selected in the third round of the 1975 NBA draft by the Boston Celtics and in the seventh round of the 1975 ABA draft by the San Diego Sails.

Anderson played two seasons (1975–1977) in the National Basketball Association as a member of the Boston Celtics and Indiana Pacers. He averaged 2.6 points per game in his career and won an NBA championship with Boston in 1976.

Anderson later played and coached in Sweden and Norway. Among his achievements as a coach is a BLNO Championship with the Ulriken Eagles in 2007.

Anderson died in Helsingborg aged 55 after a long illness.

Mullens, West Virginia
Mullens is a city in Wyoming County, West Virginia. The population was 1,475 at the time of the 2020 census.

Located in a valley along the Guyandotte River within a mountainous region of southern West Virginia, the town was nearly destroyed by flash flooding in July 2001. While the town has attempted to redevelop with the aid of state and federal recovery money, many local businesses and residents have left the area permanently.

Each spring, Mullens hosts the Dogwood Festival, a community celebration held at the end of April. The festival includes a parade through downtown, food and craft vendors, car shows, live music, and other family-oriented activities.
Morris P. Glushien
Morris P. Glushien (October 15, 1909 - May 19, 2006) was an American labor lawyer.  He resigned in 1947 from the National Labor Relations Board in protest due to the Taft-Hartley Act and then acted as counsel to the International Ladies Garment Workers Union.  In 1957 he argued the landmark free-speech case Staub v. Baxley before the Supreme Court of the United States and won.

He was the father of the international lawyer Ruth Wedgwood.

Ruth Wedgwood
Ruth Glushien Wedgwood (born 1949) is an American legal scholar who holds the Edward B. Burling Chair in International Law and Diplomacy at the School of Advanced International Studies of Johns Hopkins University.
CBC News: Disclosure
CBC News: Disclosure is a Canadian investigative journalism television program. It debuted on CBC Television on November 13, 2001 and ended on April 6, 2004.

The show's original hosts were Wendy Mesley and Diana Swain. After the show's first season, Mesley moved to Marketplace, and was succeeded by Mark Kelley and Gillian Findlay.

Mark Kelley
Mark Kelley is a Canadian television journalist, associated with CBC News. Formerly a correspondent and substitute anchor for The National and a host of CBC News: Morning, he hosted Connect with Mark Kelley on CBC News Network from 2009 to 2012, and joined the newsmagazine the fifth estate in 2012.
On the Run II Tour
The On the Run II Tour (stylized as OTR II) was the second co-headlining concert tour by American singer-songwriter Beyoncé and rapper Jay-Z, also known as the Carters. The all-stadium world tour began on June 6, 2018, in Cardiff, Wales and concluded on October 4, 2018, in Seattle, United States. It followed 2014's On the Run Tour.

Feeling Myself (Nicki Minaj song)
"Feeling Myself" is a song by rapper Nicki Minaj featuring Beyoncé from Minaj's third studio album, The Pinkprint (2014). It was written by Minaj, SZA, Beyoncé, and Hit-Boy and produced by Hit-Boy with additional vocal production by Beyoncé. "Feeling Myself" is a hip hop song backed by a West Coast synth, driving bass and drums.
Mark Steyn
Mark Steyn (/staɪn/) (born 1959) is a Canadian author and a radio, television, and on-line presenter. He has written several books, including The New York Times bestsellers America Alone, After America, and Broadway Babies Say Goodnight. In the US he has guest-hosted the nationally syndicated Rush Limbaugh Show, as well as Tucker Carlson Tonight on Fox News, on which he regularly appeared as a guest and fill-in host.

In 2021, Steyn began hosting his own show on British news channel GB News. He left GB News in early February 2023, saying that the channel wanted him to pay fines issued by the UK media regulator Ofcom, which was investigating complaints of COVID-19 vaccination scepticism aired on The Mark Steyn Show. He has since moved his show to his own website.

Maclean's
Maclean's is a Canadian magazine founded in 1905 which reports on Canadian issues such as politics, pop culture, trends and current events. Its founder, publisher John Bayne Maclean, established the magazine to provide a uniquely Canadian perspective on current affairs and to "entertain but also inspire its readers". Rogers Media, the magazine's publisher since 1994 (after the company acquired Maclean-Hunter Publishing), announced in September 2016 that Maclean's would become a monthly beginning January 2017, while continuing to produce a weekly issue on the Texture app. In 2019, the magazine was bought by its current publisher, St. Joseph Communications.
William Calman Grahame
William Calman Grahame, known as W. C. Grahame,  (3 February 1863 – 15 September 1945) was a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly, representing Wickham from 1907 to 1920. Grahame served as Minister for Agriculture under Premier William Holman in both the Labor ministry and Nationalist ministry. Wickham was abolished in 1920, with the introduction of proportional representation and combined with Newcastle and Grahame unsuccessfully stood as an independent at the 1920 election for Newcastle.

He was also the first mayor of the recreated Municipality of Gosford, from 1936 to 1944. Central Coast Stadium (Bluetongue Stadium) in Gosford was formerly known as Grahame Park, named after him in 1939.

Central Coast Stadium
Central Coast Stadium is a sports venue in Gosford on the Central Coast of New South Wales, Australia. From the establishment of the first venue at the site in 1915 it was known as Waterside Park, being renamed Grahame Park after significant expansion in 1939. Since then it has had several names incorporating that name, but as of 2025 it is called Polytec Stadium under naming rights.  The stadium is home to the Central Coast Mariners Association football club which competes in the A-League. The stadium also hosts rugby league and rugby union fixtures on an ad hoc basis as well as other major social events.

The stadium was originally designed to be the home stadium for the North Sydney Bears rugby league football club.
Gorai-Madhumati River
The Gorai-Madhumati (Bengali: গড়াই-মধুমতি, romanized: gaṛāi-madhumati , Gôŗai-Modhumoti) is one of the longest rivers in Bangladesh and a distributary of the Ganges. In its upper reaches, it is called the Gorai, and the name changes to Madhumati further downstream. The Madhumati flows through Kushtia, Jessore, Rajbari, Faridpur, Khulna, Gopalganj, Narail, Magura, Pirojpur and Barguna districts in Bangladesh.

Narail District
Narail District (Bengali: নড়াইল জেলা) is a district in south-western Bangladesh. It is a part of Khulna Division.

As 'B' Category district 'NARAIL' has privatly own smart app management system as  'Narail District Social Security Reporting' Narail DSSR. Where people of Narail District  can make complaints, report against society's  corruptions , extortions, roberry, online gambling or anti-social activities, those reports will automatically proceed  to the relevant   law enforcement authorities in real time.
Lateritic nickel ore deposits
Lateritic nickel ore deposits are surficial, weathered rinds formed on ultramafic rocks.
They account for 80% of the continental world nickel resources and will be in the future the dominant source for the mining of nickel.

Limonite
Limonite (/ˈlaɪməˌnaɪt/) is an iron ore consisting of a mixture of hydrated iron(III) oxide-hydroxides in varying composition. The generic formula is frequently written as FeO(OH)·nH2O, although this is not entirely accurate as the ratio of oxide to hydroxide can vary quite widely. Limonite is one of the three principal iron ores, the others being hematite and magnetite, and has been mined for the production of iron since at least 400 BC.
Chase Polacek
Chase Polacek (born June 19, 1989) is an American professional ice hockey player who played for the Peoria Rivermen in the American Hockey League.

Prior to turning professional, Polacek attended the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute where he played four seasons with the RPI Engineers men's ice hockey team, which competes in the ECAC conference, playing NCAA Division I ice hockey.

RPI Engineers men's ice hockey
The RPI Engineers men's ice hockey team is a National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I college ice hockey program that represents Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI). The Engineers are a member of ECAC Hockey conference and play their home games at Houston Field House in Troy, New York.