hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Posek
In Jewish law, a posek (Hebrew: פוסק [poˈsek], pl. poskim, פוסקים‎ [posˈkim]) is a legal scholar who determines the application of halakha, the Jewish religious laws derived from the written and Oral Torah, in cases of Jewish law where previous authorities are inconclusive, or in those situations where no clear halakhic precedent exists.

The decision of a posek is known as a psak halakha ("ruling of law"; pl. piskei halakha) or simply a "psak". Piskei halakha are generally recorded in the responsa literature.

Responsa
Responsa (plural of Latin responsum, 'answer') comprise a body of written decisions and rulings given by legal scholars in response to questions addressed to them. In the modern era, the term is used to describe decisions and rulings made by scholars in historic religious law.
Wyszyna Rudzka
Wyszyna Rudzka [vɨˈʂɨna ˈrut͡ska] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ruda Maleniecka, within Końskie County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 2 km (1 mi) west of Ruda Maleniecka, 17 km (11 mi) west of Końskie, and 42 km (26 mi) north-west of the regional capital Kielce.

Gmina Ruda Maleniecka
Gmina Ruda Maleniecka (Polish pronunciation: [ˈɾuda malɛˈɲɛt͡ska]) is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Końskie County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. Its seat is the village of Ruda Maleniecka, which is located 15 kilometres (9 mi) south-west of Końskie and 41 km (25 mi) north-west of the regional capital Kielce.

The gmina covers an area of 110.03 square kilometres (42.5 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 3,364.
Konrad Baumgarten
Konrad Baumgarten or Conrad von Baumgarten is a hero of the Swiss liberation legend and, according to Friedrich Schiller's play William Tell, oath-taker at the famous Rütli-oath of 1 August 1291 forming the Old Swiss Confederacy. There, Baumgarten was acting in his function as one of the representatives of Unterwalden, together with the somewhat younger Arnold von Melchthal. Baumgarten was a free and wealthy man who had killed, in his own residence, the local Habsburg sheriff Wolfenschiessen with an axe in defence of his wife Itta Baumgarten against the sheriff's trespass and inappropriate attempts to approach her. With the assistance of William Tell, Baumgarten managed to escape from the sheriff's warriors and to flee to Werner Stauffacher on the other side of Lake Lucerne.

Rütli Oath
The Rütli Oath (German: Rütlischwur, Swiss Standard German pronunciation: [ˈryːtliˌʃvuːr]) is the legendary oath taken at the foundation of the Old Swiss Confederacy (traditionally dated to 1307) by the representatives of the three founding cantons, Uri, Schwyz and Unterwalden.
It is named after the site of the oath taking, the Rütli, a meadow above Lake Uri near Seelisberg. 
Recorded in Swiss historiography from the 15th century, the oath is notably featured in the 19th century play William Tell (Wilhelm Tell) by Friedrich Schiller.
Loup Garou (album)
Loup Garou (French for werewolf) is an album released in 1995 by Willy DeVille. First released in Europe in 1995 on the EastWest label, it was released the following year in the United States on the Discovery label. It was recorded in Los Angeles and produced by John Philip Shenale, who also produced DeVille’s Backstreets of Desire album.

Siobhan Maher Kennedy
Siobhan Maher Kennedy (born 11 January 1964) is an English singer and songwriter. She was the lead vocalist of River City People, a band from Liverpool, during the late 1980s and early 1990s. The band released two albums, Say Something Good and This Is the World.

She is the daughter of Liverpool entertainer and BBC Radio Merseyside presenter Billy Maher.
Nini River
The Nini is a river in south-western Ghana. It is one of the rivers for which the Nini-Suhien National Park (now incorporated into the Ankasa Conservation Area) was named. It flows into the Tano River.

Ankasa Conservation Area
The Ankasa Conservation Area is located in southwestern Ghana, approximately 365 kilometers west of Accra, near the border with Côte d'Ivoire.  It encompasses the Nini Suhien National Park to the north and the Ankasa Forest Reserve to the south.
Robert Schuman Roundabout
The Robert Schuman Roundabout (French: Rond-point Robert Schuman; Dutch: Robert Schumanplein), usually shortened to the Schuman Roundabout, and sometimes called Robert Schuman Square, is a roundabout in the European Quarter of Brussels, Belgium. It lies at the end of the Rue de la Loi/Wetstraat and serves as a focus for major institutions of the European Union (EU). It is named after Robert Schuman, one of the founding fathers of the European Union, the Council of Europe and NATO, and gives its name to the surrounding district (also known as the European Quarter) and Brussels-Schuman railway station.

Robert Schuman
Jean-Baptiste Nicolas Robert Schuman (French: [ʁɔbɛʁ ʃuman]; 29 June 1886 – 4 September 1963) was a Luxembourg-born French statesman. Schuman was a Christian democratic (Popular Republican Movement) political thinker and activist. Twice Prime Minister of France, a reformist Minister of Finance and a Foreign Minister, he was instrumental in building postwar European and trans-Atlantic institutions and was one of the founders of the European Communities, the Council of Europe and NATO. The 1964–1965 academic year at the College of Europe was named in his honour. In 2021, Schuman was declared venerable by Pope Francis in recognition of his acting on Christian principles.
Sergeant major general
Sergeant major general is an archaic early modern and now mostly-unused military rank. The lieutenant general was essentially the captain general's right-hand man, the deputy commander of the entire army. Below him was another rank called the sergeant major general. This officer was responsible for handling the daily organization of the army, its formations and drilling the troops. The sergeant major general was not a deputy commander but rather the chief administrator of the army structure. A prominent example was Philip Skippon in the English New Model Army as organized by Oliver Cromwell.

Over the course of the 17th century, the increasing education and professionalisation of armies saw sergeant major general become the most junior of the general ranks.  At the same time, the sergeant portion of the title was more and more commonly dropped; by the early 18th century, the rank's name had been permanently shortened to major general.

Philip Skippon
Major-General Philip Skippon (c. 1600 – 20 February 1660) was an English army officer and politician. He fought for the Parliamentary cause during the English Civil War as a senior officer in the New Model Army. Prior to the war, Skippon fought in the religious wars on the continent. During the Interregnum he was a member of Parliament, an active soldier and on occasions a government administrator.
Flour Exchange Building
The Flour Exchange Building is an office building in downtown Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, designed by architects Long and Kees, who also designed Minneapolis City Hall and the Lumber Exchange Building.  Construction originally began in 1892, but halted abruptly in 1893 after only four floors had been built.  This was due to the effects of the Panic of 1893.  Construction resumed later, and the building was completed in 1909 with eleven stories.  The building is generally in the Chicago school, using a relatively straightforward approach without a lot of historic details.  The modern influence of this style later influenced the Butler Square building.  The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.

Long and Kees
Long and Kees was an architecture firm based in Minneapolis, Minnesota active for a twelve-year period starting from 1885 and ending in 1897. Named for its two proprietors, Franklin B. Long (1842–1912) and Frederick Kees (1852-1927), the firm designed several notable churches, offices, schools and houses, including Minneapolis City Hall. Most of the buildings designed by Long and Kees reflect the Richardsonian-Romanesque style.
Kuttrapathirikai
Kuttrapathirikai (transl. Charge Sheet) is a 2007 Indian Tamil-language film directed by R. K. Selvamani. The film stars Ramki, Rahman, Ramya Krishnan and Roja. It was produced by Ravi Yadav's Yadavalaya Films, had music scored by Ilaiyaraaja and has the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi and the Sri Lankan Civil War as its backdrop. The film began production in 1991 and was completed by 1992, but remained stuck for fifteen years as the Censor Board refused to allow such a film with a drastic political message to be released; the film was finally released in March 2007 with several cuts.

Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)
Mansoor Ali Khan  is an Indian actor, composer, screenwriter and film producer. He has predominantly appeared in Tamil films, mostly in antagonistic and supporting roles.

He got a breakthrough role as an antagonist in Captain Prabhakaran (1991). After the success of this film, he got a lot of acting opportunities. He has acted in over 250 films and has produced and directed numerous films. He has also acted in some Malayalam, Kannada and Telugu films.
Taus, Wisconsin
Taus is an unincorporated community located in the town of Franklin, Manitowoc County, Wisconsin, United States.

The community was named for Domažlice, Czech Republic, which is known as Taus in German.

Manitowoc County, Wisconsin
Manitowoc County (/ˈmænɪtəwɒk/ ⓘ MAN-it-ə-wok) is a county in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. As of the 2020 census, the population was 81,359. Its county seat is Manitowoc. The county was created in 1836 prior to Wisconsin's statehood and organized in 1848. Manitowoc County comprises the Manitowoc, WI Micropolitan Statistical Area.
The Fool and His Money
The Fool and His Money is a puzzle video game by Cliff Johnson. It is a self-published sequel to the 1987 game The Fool's Errand. Like its predecessor, The Fool and His Money contains many different types of logic and word puzzles which, although centered on a story with a medieval tarot deck theme, have added elements of the Prince, Egyptian gods, and Pirates.

Cliff Johnson (game designer)
Cliff Johnson (born 1953) is an American game designer, best known for the puzzle video games The Fool's Errand (1987) and 3 in Three (1990). Both games use visual puzzles and a metapuzzle structure. Both won GAMES Magazine's Best Puzzle Game of the Year.
Psalm 52
Psalm 52 is the 52nd psalm of the Book of Psalms, beginning in English in the King James Version: "Why boastest thou thyself in mischief, O mighty man?". In the slightly different numbering system used in the Greek Septuagint and Latin Vulgate translations of the Bible, this psalm is Psalm 51. In Latin, it is known as "Quid gloriatur in malitia", It is described as a maskil, attributed to David, and is said to have been written "when Doeg the Edomite went and told Saul, and said to him, "David has gone to the house of Ahimelech". In this psalm, David criticises those who use their talents for evil.

The psalm forms a regular part of Jewish, Catholic, Eastern Orthodox and Protestant liturgies.

Doeg the Edomite
Doeg (Hebrew: דֹּאֵג Dō’ēg) was an Edomite, chief herdsman to Saul, King of Israel. He is mentioned in the Hebrew Bible book of First Samuel, chapters 21 and 22, where he is depicted as an antagonist of David responsible for the deaths of a large number of priests.
Poddorsky District
Poddorsky District (Russian: По́ддорский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-one in Novgorod Oblast, Russia. It is located in the southwest of the oblast and borders with Volotovsky District in the north, Starorussky District in the northeast, Maryovsky District in the east, Kholmsky District in the south, Bezhanitsky District of Pskov Oblast in the southwest, and with Dedovichsky District of Pskov Oblast in the northwest. The area of the district is 2,952 square kilometers (1,140 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Poddorye. District's population: 4,645 (2010 Census); 5,610 (2002 Census); 6,820 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Poddorye accounts for 40.0% of the district's total population.

Poddorye
Poddorye (Russian: Поддорье) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Poddorsky District of Novgorod Oblast, Russia, located in the southwest of the oblast, on the Redya River, a left tributary of the Lovat River. Municipally, it is the administrative center of Poddorskoye Rural Settlement. Population:  1,860 (2010 Census); 1,957 (2002 Census); 2,122 (1989 Soviet census).
Sleepbox
Sleepbox is a brand offering a bed and associated facilities in a limited space. It is a larger version of a capsule hotel. Some versions include a bed with linen, a ventilation system, alarm clock, LCD TV, WiFi, desk space with LED lighting and electrical outlets for a laptop and rechargeable phone; luggage can be stored in a cupboard under the bed. They exist in New York, Moscow, and other locations, often in airport terminals.

Capsule hotel
A capsule hotel (Japanese: カプセルホテル, romanized: kapuseru hoteru), also known in the Western world as a pod hotel, is a type of hotel developed in Japan that features many small, bed-sized rooms known as capsules. Capsule hotels provide cheap, basic overnight accommodation for guests who do not require or who cannot afford the larger, more expensive rooms offered by more conventional hotels.

The first capsule hotel in the world opened in 1979 and was the Capsule Inn Osaka, located in the Umeda district of Osaka, Japan and designed by Kisho Kurokawa. From there, it spread to other cities within Japan. Since then, the concept has further spread to various other territories, including Belgium, Canada, China, Hong Kong, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Israel, Poland, Saudi Arabia, and South Korea.
Hermann von Wissmann (steamship)
Hermann von Wissmann was a German steamer on Lake Nyasa named after the German explorer Hermann von Wissmann who had raised funds for the vessel to be built in 1890 as an anti-slavery gunboat.

The attack of the British lake-steamer Gwendolen on Hermann von Wissmann while it was on a slipway at Liuli, was the first naval action of World War I. The British disabled the vessel briefly on Aug 13 1914, then in 1915 completely put the vessel out of action.

Hermann von Wissmann had a smaller sister vessel, named after Wissmann's wife, Hedwig von Wissmann, on Lake Tanganyika. This smaller vessel was involved in the exploits of Geoffrey Spicer-Simson which were the basis of The African Queen, a 1935 novel by C. S. Forester and the 1951 film of the same name starring Humphrey Bogart and Katharine Hepburn.

From 1916 to 1920 the boat served as HMS King George, then from 1920 as the cargo steamer Mlonda until it was scrapped in 1950.

Liuli
Liuli, formerly known as Sphinx Hafen (German: Sphinxhafen), is a settlement on the Tanzanian shore of Lake Malawi in the Mbinga District of Ruvuma province. It is notable for being the site of the first naval action of World War I.
Steynsburg
Steynsburg is a small town in the Walter Sisulu Local Municipality of the Joe Gqabi District Municipality, Eastern Cape province of South Africa. Steynsburg is located on the intersection of the R56 and R390.

The town lies 64 kilometres (40 mi) south-west of Burgersdorp and 48 kilometres (30 mi) north of Hofmeyr. It developed around the Reformed Church established in 1872 and has been administered by a village management board since 1874. Steynsburg is named after Douwe Gerbrandt Steyn, grandfather of President Paul Kruger.

Steynsburg has a well-established Provincial hospital.

Steynsburg Provincial Hospital
Steynsburg Hospital is a Provincial government funded hospital for the Joe Gqabi District Municipality area in Steynsburg, Eastern Cape in South Africa.

The hospital departments include Emergency department, Maternity ward, Out Patients Department, Surgical Services, Medical Services, Pharmacy, Anti-Retroviral (ARV) treatment for HIV/AIDS, Oral Health Care Provides, Physiotherapy, Laundry Services, Kitchen Services and Mortuary.
Reading Fairgrounds Speedway
Reading Fairgrounds Speedway (1924–1979) was a one half mile dirt/clay modified race track located in Muhlenberg Township, Berks County, Pennsylvania. The track opened September 24, 1924 and ran until June 29, 1979. It featured a regular weekly series of modified, sportsman modified, and late model stock car racing. The racetrack was replaced by the Fairgrounds Square Mall, which opened in 1980, closed in 2018, and was demolished in 2020.

Muhlenberg Township, Berks County, Pennsylvania
Muhlenberg Township (pronounced "MYOO-len-burg") is a township in Berks County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 21,915 at the 2020 census, making it the third-most populous township in Berks County after Spring Township and Exeter Township.

The township was named for U.S. Congressman Henry Augustus Muhlenberg, grandson of Henry Muhlenberg, and who is featured on the township seal.
Gaztelugatxe
Gaztelugatxe is an islet on the coast of the Bay of Biscay belonging to the Biscayan municipality of Bermeo, in the Basque Autonomous Community. It is connected to the mainland by a man-made bridge.

A hermitage named Gaztelugatxeko Doniene in Basque (or San Juan de Gaztelugatxe in Spanish), dedicated to John the Baptist, is on top of Gaztelugatxe. Discoveries indicate a structure was on the island during the 9th century. The current structure was built in 1980 after the previous structure was destroyed in a fire. The hermitage belongs to the parish of San Pelaio in Bakio.

Biscay
Biscay (/ˈbɪskeɪ, ˈbɪski/ BISK-ay, BISK-ee; Basque: Bizkaia [bis̻kai.a]; Spanish: Vizcaya [biθˈkaʝa]) is a province of the Basque Autonomous Community, heir of the ancient Lordship of Biscay, lying on the south shore of the eponymous bay. The capital and largest city is Bilbao.

Biscay is one of the most renowned and prosperous provinces of Spain, historically a major trading hub in the Atlantic Ocean since medieval times and, later on, one of the largest industrial and financial centers of the Iberian Peninsula. Since the extensive deindustrialization that took place throughout the 1970s, the economy has come to rely more on the services sector.
Jonathan Bailey House (Whittier, California)
Formerly known as "The Old Ranch House", the Jonathan Bailey House is a historic site in Whittier, California. The Bailey House was built around 1868–1869 by Jacob Gerkens. In 1887, the house was occupied by Quakers Jonathan Bailey and his wife, Rebecca. It is the oldest remaining building in Whittier. The first Quaker meetings in the area were held on the front porch of the Bailey House. In 1975, the Jonathan Bailey House was deeded to the City of Whittier and now operates as a museum by the Whittier Historical Society with maintenance by the City of Whittier Park Department with special help from volunteers. The property was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.

Whittier, California
Whittier (/ˈhwɪtiər/) is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States. Part of the Gateway Cities, the 14.7-square-mile (38.0 km2) city had 87,306 residents as of the 2020 United States census. Whittier was incorporated in February 1898 and became a charter city in 1955. The city is named for the Quaker poet John Greenleaf Whittier and is home to Whittier College. The city is surrounded by four unincorporated areas sharing the Whittier name, West Whittier-Los Nietos, North Whittier, South Whittier, and East Whittier, which combined are home to a larger population than Whittier proper.
Sir Vincent Corbet, 1st Baronet
Sir Vincent Corbet, 1st Baronet (13 June 1617 – 28 December 1656) was an English lawyer and politician who sat for Shropshire in the House of Commons  in the Short Parliament of 1640. He fought on the Royalist side in the English Civil War.

Moreton Corbet
Moreton Corbet is a village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Moreton Corbet and Lee Brockhurst, in the Shropshire district, in the ceremonial county of Shropshire, England. The village's toponym refers to the Corbet family, the local landowners.

It is just north of the larger village of Shawbury near Stanton upon Hine Heath and the River Roden. Moreton Corbet lies about 8 miles (13 km) NNE of the market town of Shrewsbury. In the village is the ruin of Moreton Corbet Castle.
Marx Bashew
Marx Bashew (born Mordecai Shabashewitz; 15 May 1876 – 17 January 1949) was a Lithuania-born South African entrepreneur and public benefactor primarily known for the soft drink brand Bashew's which he co-founded with his brother Harry in 1899.

Bashew's
Bashew's is a South African brand of carbonated soft drinks. Founded by the Bashew brothers in Cape Town in 1899, it is currently manufactured by the Stellenbosch-based company Chill Beverages. Because of its long history, it has been described as a part of South Africa's cultural heritage.
Tax resistance in the United States
Tax resistance in the United States has been practiced at least since colonial times, and has played important parts in American history.

Tax resistance is the refusal to pay a tax, usually by means that bypass established legal norms, as a means of protest, nonviolent resistance, or conscientious objection. It was a core tactic of the American Revolution and has played a role in many struggles in America from colonial times to the present day.

In addition, the philosophy of tax resistance, from the "no taxation without representation" axiom that served as a foundation of the Revolution to the assertion of individual conscience in Henry David Thoreau's Civil Disobedience, has been an important plank of American political philosophy.

Conscientious objection to military taxation
Conscientious objection to military taxation (COMT) is a legal theory that attempts to extend into the realm of taxation the concessions to conscientious objectors that many governments allow in the case of conscription, thereby allowing conscientious objectors to insist that their tax payments not be spent for military purposes.

Some tax resisters advocate legal recognition of a right to COMT, while others conscientiously resist taxes without concern for whether their stand has legal approval. This article addresses the former subgroup.
Keef Hartley
Keith "Keef" Hartley (8 April 1944 – 26 November 2011) was an English drummer and bandleader. He fronted his own band, known as the Keef Hartley Band or Keef Hartley's Big Band, and played at Woodstock. He was later a member of Dog Soldier, and variously worked with Rory Storm, the Artwoods and John Mayall.

The Artwoods
The Artwoods (also sometimes known by Decca Records as the Art Woods) were a British rhythm and blues band who formed in 1963 and were professionally active between 1964 and 1967. They were a popular live attraction, rivalling groups such as the Animals, although, despite releasing a clutch of singles and an album, their record sales never reflected this popularity.
Drabiv Raion
Drabiv Raion (Ukrainian: Драбівський район) was a raion (district) of Cherkasy Oblast, central Ukraine. Its administrative centre was located at the urban-type settlement of Drabiv. The raion was abolished on 18 July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Cherkasy Oblast to four. The area of Drabiv Raion was merged into Zolotonosha Raion. The last estimate of the raion population was  32,932 (2020 est.)

At the time of disestablishment, the raion consisted of three hromadas:

Drabiv settlement hromada with the administration in Drabiv;

Shramkivka rural hromada with the administration in the selo of Shramkivka;

Velykyi Khutir rural hromada with the administration in the selo of Velykyi Khutir.

Drabiv
Drabiv (Ukrainian: Драбів) is a rural settlement in Zolotonosha Raion, Cherkasy Oblast, central Ukraine. It hosts the administration of Drabiv settlement hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Population: 6,085 (2022 estimate).

The settlement is located in the upper reaches of the Zolotonoshka river, a tributary of the Dnipro, 75 kilometres (47 mi) from the regional center town – Cherkasy, 12 kilometres (7.5 mi)  from Drabovo-Bariatynske railway station.