hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Ethics and Language
Ethics and Language is a 1944 book by C. L. Stevenson which was influential in furthering the metaethical view of emotivism first espoused by A. J. Ayer. Yale University, where Stevenson lectured, did not approve of the contents of the book, as a result his lecture position was not renewed.

Emotivism
Emotivism is a meta-ethical view that claims that ethical sentences do not express propositions but emotional attitudes. Hence, it is colloquially known as the hurrah/boo theory. Influenced by the growth of analytic philosophy and logical positivism in the 20th century, the theory was stated vividly by A. J. Ayer in his 1936 book Language, Truth and Logic, but its development owes more to C. L. Stevenson.

Emotivism can be considered a form of non-cognitivism or expressivism. It stands in opposition to other forms of non-cognitivism (such as  quasi-realism and universal prescriptivism), as well as to all forms of cognitivism (including both moral realism and ethical subjectivism).

In the 1950s, emotivism appeared in a modified form in the universal prescriptivism of R. M. Hare.
Bendigo TAFE
Bendigo TAFE is a regional provider of vocational education, training and assessment services, located in northern and central Victoria, Australia. (TAFE = Technical and Further Education) The institute has been in operation in various guises since 1854. The institute was known as the Loddon Campaspe Institute of TAFE from 1987 to 1990, Bendigo Regional Institute of TAFE (BRIT) from 1990 to 2009, before becoming Bendigo TAFE in 2009.

Bendigo TAFE services a significant geographical area of approximately 25,000 square kilometres in central and northern Victoria, with a local population of 220,000.

In May 2014, Bendigo TAFE announced that it would merge with the Melbourne-based Kangan Institute to form Bendigo Kangan Institute, however both institutes retain their existing branding.

Bendigo TAFE has five campuses, three in Bendigo, one in Echuca and another in Castlemaine.

Echuca
Echuca (/əˈtʃuːkə/ ə-CHOO-kə) is a town on the banks of the Murray River and Campaspe River in Victoria, Australia. The border town of Moama is adjacent on the northern side of the Murray River in New South Wales. Echuca is the administrative centre and largest settlement in the Shire of Campaspe. As of the 2021 census, Echuca had a population of 15,056, and the population of the combined Echuca and Moama townships was 22,568.

Echuca lies within traditional Yorta Yorta country. The town's name is a Yorta Yorta word meaning "meeting of the waters". Echuca is close to the junction of the Goulburn, Campaspe, and Murray Rivers. Its position at the closest point of the Murray to Melbourne contributed to its development as a thriving river port city during the 19th century.
Leymah Gbowee
Leymah Roberta Gbowee (born 1 February 1972) is a Liberian peace activist responsible for leading a women's non-violent peace movement, Women of Liberia Mass Action for Peace that helped bring an end to the Second Liberian Civil War in 2003. Her efforts to end the war, along with her collaborator Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, helped usher in a period of peace and enabled a free election in 2005 that Sirleaf won. Gbowee and Sirleaf, along with Tawakkul Karman, were awarded the 2011 Nobel Peace Prize "for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women's rights to full participation in peace-building work."

Sex strike
A sex strike (sex boycott), or more formally known as Lysistratic nonaction (a nod to the Ancient Greek comedy Lysistrata), is a method of nonviolent resistance in which one or more persons refrain from or refuse sex with partners until policy or social demands are met. It is a form of temporary sexual abstinence. Sex strikes have been used to protest many issues, from war to gang violence to policies.

The effectiveness of sex strikes is contested.
Ismael Nurmamade
Ismael Sousa Nurmamade (born 3 December 1991) is a Mozambican basketball player for Ferroviário da Beira and the Mozambique national basketball team. Standing at 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in), he plays as shooting guard.

Nurmamade has been a long-time member of Ferroviário da Beira, playing for the team since 2013. He was named the MVP of the Mozambican Basketball League in 2017. He made his debut in the Basketball Africa League (BAL) in the 2022 season.

Nurmamade has played with the Mozambique national team.

Liga Moçambicana de Basquetebol
The Liga Moçambicana de Basquetebol (LMB), known as the Liga Mozal for sponsorship reasons, is the highest basketball league in Mozambique. Founded in 1960, the league typically consists of eight teams. The winners of the competition earn the right to play in the qualifying tournaments of the Basketball Africa League (BAL).

Maxaquene is the most successful team in league history with 18 titles. In recent years, Ferroviário da Beira and Ferroviário de Maputo have dominated the league, with one of these two teams winning all championships between 2011 and 2022.
Football at the 2023 SEA Games – Men's tournament
The men's football tournament at the 2023 SEA Games was held in Cambodia. Ten Southeast Asian nations entered the men's tournament. The tournament was limited to players exclusively under-22 years of age (born on or after 1 January 2001).

Vietnam were the two-time defending champions, but were eliminated in the semi-finals by Indonesia. The Indonesians went on to win their first title in 32 years, and their third title in history by defeating Thailand 5–2 in the final.

Vietnam national under-23 football team
The Vietnam national under-23 and Olympic football team (Vietnamese: Đội tuyển Bóng đá U-23 và Olympic Quốc gia Việt Nam) represents Vietnam in international football tournaments at the under-22 and under-23 age level.
David O. Selznick
David O. Selznick (born David Selznick; May 10, 1902 – June 22, 1965) was an American film producer, screenwriter and film studio executive who produced Gone with the Wind (1939) and Rebecca (1940), both of which earned him an Academy Award for Best Picture. He also won the Irving Thalberg Award at the 12th Academy Awards, Hollywood's top honor for a producer, in recognition of his shepherding Gone with the Wind through a long and troubled production and into a record-breaking blockbuster.

The son and son-in-law of movie moguls Lewis J. Selznick and Louis B. Mayer, Selznick served as head of production at R.K.O. Radio Pictures and went on to become one of the first independent movie producers. His first wife was Mayer's daughter Irene Selznick, who became a highly successful Broadway producer after their divorce, and his second wife was Oscar-winning actress Jennifer Jones.

Carol Reed
Sir Carol Reed (30 December 1906 – 25 April 1976) was an English film director and producer, best known for Odd Man Out (1947), The Fallen Idol (1948), The Third Man (1949), and Oliver! (1968), for which he was awarded the Academy Award for Best Director.

Odd Man Out was the first recipient of the BAFTA Award for Best British Film. The Fallen Idol won the second BAFTA Award for Best British Film. The British Film Institute voted The Third Man the greatest British film of the 20th century.
WCMU-TV
WCMU-TV (channel 14) is a PBS member television station in Mount Pleasant, Michigan, United States, owned by Central Michigan University. The station's studios are located at the Public Broadcast Center on the CMU campus on East Campus Drive in Mount Pleasant, and its transmitter is located 3 miles (5 km) west of Barryton, Michigan.

WCMU-TV operates three satellite stations: WCMW (channel 21) in Manistee (with transmitter northeast of Ludington), WCMV (channel 27) in Cadillac (with transmitter east of Kalkaska), and WCML (channel 6) in Alpena (with transmitter north of Atlanta, Michigan). Collectively branded as WCMU Public Media, the four stations cover an area spanning three television markets and small portions of several others.

Although Mount Pleasant is part of the Flint–Saginaw–Bay City market, the majority of WCMU Public Media's viewership is in the Traverse City–Cadillac and Alpena markets.

Alpena, Michigan
Alpena (/ælˈpiːnə/ al-PEE-nə) is the only city in and the county seat of Alpena County, Michigan, United States. The population was 10,197 at the 2020 census, making it the third most populated city in the Northern Michigan region, after Traverse City and Cadillac. The city is surrounded by Alpena Township, but the two are administered autonomously. It is the core city of the Alpena micropolitan statistical area, which encompasses all of Alpena County and had a total population of 28,907 at the 2020 census.

Alpena is located at the head of Thunder Bay, a bay of Lake Huron. Offshore of Alpena is the Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary, which protects an estimated 116 historically significant shipwrecks. Alpena is the second-largest American city on Lake Huron, behind Port Huron.
Veliko Tarnovo Province
Veliko Tarnovo (Bulgarian: Област Велико Търново, romanized: Oblast Veliko Tǎrnovo) is a province in the middle of the northern part of Bulgaria. Its capital city, Veliko Tarnovo, is of historical significance as it was the capital of the Second Bulgarian Empire. The province is divided into ten municipalities with a total population, as of December 2009, of 275,395.

Other towns in the province include Gorna Oryahovitsa, which is within 10 km (6.2 mi) of Veliko Tarnovo, Svishtov, set on the Danube River and famous for its Tsenov Academy of Economics, and Suhindol, the hometown of Lovico — an internationally recognised label for fine wines and spirits. Another notable place is the village of Arbanasi, set between Veliko Tarnovo and Gorna Oryahovitsa. The combination of old style and modern architecture, as well as its churches and monasteries, present the spirit of Bulgaria. Real estate is among the most expensive in the country.

Gorna Oryahovitsa
Gorna Oryahovitsa (Bulgarian: Горна Оряховица [ˈɡornɐ oˈrʲaxovit͡sɐ]) is a town in northern Bulgaria, situated in Veliko Tarnovo Province, 10 km (6 mi) from Veliko Tarnovo. It is the administrative centre of the homonymous Gorna Oryahovitsa Municipality. According to the 2021 Census, the town has a population of 27,317 inhabitants.

The nearby village of Arbanasi is an architectural reserve with many historical monuments, such as medieval churches and examples of the Bulgarian National Revival architecture.
CLMD
Martin Danielle (born 22 January 1988), commonly known by his stage name CLMD, is a Norwegian music producer, DJ, songwriter and artist.

He is the co-creator and lead member of the electronic music project CLMD, and he founded and manages record company UPNORTH Recordings. He is also the first non vocalist mentor in the history worldwide to be a mentor on the hit television show The Voice. In his career Martin has worked with artists such as Justine Skye, Astrid S, Ingrid Helene Håvik (from Highasakite), Jesper Jenset, and has done official remixes for Bruno Mars, Estelle, Arty, and Nervo among others.

Jesper Jenset
Jesper Jenset (born 19 August 1997) is a Norwegian singer and songwriter. He rose to prominence after finishing fifth in the Norwegian edition of Pop Idol, entitled Idol - Jakten på en superstjerne in 2014, which led him to sign a record deal with Sony Music. Jenset has since released three extended plays; Waves, Vol. 1, Waves, Vol. 2 and Vol. 3.
Mi Ranchito Estate, Texas
Mi Ranchito Estate is a census-designated place (CDP) in Starr County, Texas, United States. It is a new CDP for the 2010 census, with a population of 281. Parts of this new CDP were formed from the former Los Villareales CDP.

Starr County, Texas
Starr County is located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2020 census, its population was 65,920. Its county seat is Rio Grande City. The county was created in 1848. It is named for James Harper Starr, who served as secretary of the treasury of the Republic of Texas.

Starr County comprises the Rio Grande City micropolitan statistical area, which also includes other small cities, which itself is part of the larger Rio Grande Valley region. It is directly northeast of the Mexican border.

The county population is almost entirely Hispanic or Latino, with 97.7% of its population identifying as such. It is the county with the highest proportion of Hispanics in the United States. It had continuously voted Democratic for president between 1896 and 2020, but flipped Republican in 2024.
Ardrossan Junior Senior High School
Ardrossan Junior Senior High School is a public junior high and senior high school located in Ardrossan, Alberta, Canada. It is a bilingual school that offers a French immersion program from grades seven to twelve.

Ardrossan, Alberta
Ardrossan is a hamlet in Alberta, Canada, within Strathcona County. It is located on Highway 824, approximately 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) east of Sherwood Park.

The community takes its name from Ardrossan, in Scotland.

Ardrossan is located directly to the east of Sherwood Park, and is just south of the Yellowhead Highway on Range Road 222. It can also be accessed by Township Road 530 coming out of Sherwood Park.

Ardrossan has a large recreation complex.
The Dude (Devin the Dude album)
The Dude is the debut solo studio album by American rapper Devin the Dude. It was released on June 16, 1998, via Rap-A-Lot Records. The production was handled mostly by Michael "Domo" Poye, alongside several other record producers including Joe Bythewood, N.O. Joe, Mr. Lee and Tone Capone. It features guest appearances from K.B., K-Dee, Scarface, Odd Squad, DMG and Spice 1 among others. The title of the album was a reference to the song The Dude by Quincy Jones. The album peaked at number 177 on the Billboard 200 in the United States.

Mr. Lee (music producer)
Leroy Williams Jr., professionally known by his stage name Mr. Lee, is an American record producer and entrepreneur from Houston, Texas. He has produced several albums, which achieved platinum and gold status, such as Scarface's My Homies, 2Pac's Still I Rise, Paul Wall's The Peoples Champ. He was one of the in-house producers of Rap-A-Lot Records, and a founder and CEO of Noddfactor Entertainment.
Talk to Me (British TV series)
Talk to Me is a four-part British television series, written by writer Danny Brocklehurst, produced by Company Pictures for ITV. The first episode attracted 4.2 million viewers, growing to 5.5 million in its second week. The series was released on DVD by Granada Ventures on 9 July 2007.

An American remake for FOX Network was developed but did not make it to air.

Max Beesley
Maxton Gig Beesley Jr. (born 16 April 1971) is an English actor and musician. His television and film credits include The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling (1997),  The Match (1999), Hotel (2001), Kill Me Later (2001), The Last Minute (2001), Bodies (2004–2006), The Last Enemy (2008), Survivors (2008–2010), Mad Dogs (2011–2013), Suits (2013), Empire (2015–2016), Ordinary Lies (2015), Jamestown (2017–2019), The Outsider (2020), The Midwich Cuckoos (2022),  Operation Fortune (2023) and Hijack (2023–present). In 2024, he appeared as boxing promoter Henry Collins in Guy Ritchie's The Gentlemen (2024).
2014 Mountain West Conference Football Championship Game
The 2014 Sports Authority Mountain West Football Championship Game determined the 2014 football champion of the Mountain West Conference (MW). The game featured the Mountain Division champion Boise State Broncos hosting the West Division champion Fresno State Bulldogs.  Boise State was ranked #22 in the AP Poll, USA Today Coaches' Poll, and College Football Playoff Rankings.

2014 Fresno State Bulldogs football team
The 2014 Fresno State Bulldogs football team represented California State University, Fresno in the 2014 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Bulldogs were led by third-year head coach Tim DeRuyter and played their home games at Bulldog Stadium. They were members of the Mountain West Conference and completed in the West Division. They finished the season 6–8 overall and 5–3 in conference to tie for first place in the West Division, but due to their head-to-head win over San Diego State, they were crowned West Division champions. They lost to Mountain Division champion Boise State in the Mountain West Championship Game. They were invited to the Hawaii Bowl where they lost to Rice.
Middlebrook 7H11 Agar
Middlebrook 7H11 agar is identical to Middlebrook 7H10 agar, with an addition of pancreatic digest of casein to facilitate the growth of fastidious cultures of M. tuberculosis.

Mycobactin J may also be added to Middlebrook 7H11 agar to allow the recovery of M. genavense.

Mycobacterium genavense
Mycobacterium genavense is a slow-growing species of the phylum Actinomycetota (Gram-positive bacteria with high guanine and cytosine content, one of the dominant phyla of all bacteria), belonging to the genus Mycobacterium.
Ghost station
A ghost station  is a closed or never opened train station through which revenue-service passenger trains (especially rapid transit trains) pass but at which they do not stop. The term is also sometimes used for any unused underground station or any unused station, whether or not trains pass through them. In Germany, a station that has been built in the course of constructing something else as a so-called "Bauvorleistung" (roughly: construction pre-effort) is referred to as a "ghost station", despite the different purpose and origin of the terms. Some English-language publications also refer to "pre-built" stations or parts thereof that have yet to see service as "ghost stations".

Berlin Oranienburger Straße station
Berlin Oranienburger Straße (in German Bahnhof Berlin Oranienburger Straße) is a railway station in the city of Berlin, Germany, located on Oranienburger Straße. It is served by the Berlin S-Bahn and local tram lines.
Sam Littlemore
Sam Littlemore (born 2 February 1975), also known as Sam La More, is an Australian record producer, songwriter and recording artist working in Sydney and Los Angeles. Littlemore, a member of dance music trio Pnau, is best known for the international number one song Cold Heart (Pnau Remix) by Elton John & Dua Lipa (2021) which he and fellow members of Pnau co-wrote and produced. He is also known for his involvement in the production of "What You Waiting For?" (2004) by Gwen Stefani, Pnau songs "Go Bang", "Chameleon" and "Changes" (2013) by Faul & Wad Ad vs. Pnau, "Can't Get Better Than This" (2012) by Parachute Youth, "High" (2013) and "Fire" (2018) by Peking Duk, "Don't Hold Back" (2007) by The Potbelleez and songs with Nellee Hooper, Rick Nowels, Nelly Furtado on Loose (2006), Arthur Baker, Pnau and Tonite Only. He has won multiple ARIA and APRA Awards.

Can't Get Better Than This
"Can't Get Better Than This" is the debut single by Australian dance and electronic music duo Parachute Youth. It was written by Sam Littlemore, Mathew Gill and John Courtidis.

The song was released on 28 January 2012 in Australia, and charted in Belgium and Luxembourg in 2012.
Ivanhoe
Ivanhoe: A Romance (/ˈaɪvənhoʊ/ EYE-vən-hoh) by Walter Scott is a historical novel published in three volumes, in December 1819, as one of the Waverley novels. It marked a shift away from Scott's prior practice of setting stories in Scotland and in the more recent past. It became one of Scott's best-known and most influential novels.

Set in England in the Middle Ages, with colourful descriptions of a tournament, outlaws, a witch trial, and divisions between Jews and Christians, Normans and Saxons, the novel was credited by many, including Thomas Carlyle and John Ruskin, with inspiring increased interest in chivalric romance and medievalism. As John Henry Newman put it, Scott "had first turned men's minds in the direction of the Middle Ages". It was also credited with influencing contemporary popular perceptions of historical figures such as King Richard the Lionheart, Prince John, and Robin Hood.

Medievalism
Medievalism is a system of belief and practice inspired by the Middle Ages of Europe, or by devotion to elements of that period, which have been expressed in areas such as architecture, literature, music, art, philosophy, scholarship, and various vehicles of popular culture. Since the 17th century, a variety of movements have used the medieval period as a model or inspiration for creative activity, including Romanticism, the Gothic Revival, the Pre-Raphaelite and Arts and Crafts movements, and neo-medievalism (a term often used interchangeably with medievalism). Historians have attempted to conceptualize the history of non-European countries in terms of medievalisms, but the approach has been controversial among scholars of Latin America, Africa, and Asia.
Oric (computer)
Oric was a brand of home computers sold in the 1980s by Tangerine Computer Systems. Tangerine was based in the United Kingdom and sold their computers primarily in Europe. All computers in the Oric line were based on the MOS Technology 6502A microprocessor.

With the success of the ZX Spectrum from Sinclair Research, Tangerine's backers suggested a home computer and Tangerine formed Oric Products International Ltd to develop the Oric-1. The computer was introduced in 1982. During 1983, approximately 160,000 Oric-1 computers were sold in the UK, plus another 50,000 in France (where it was the year's top-selling machine). This resulted in Oric being acquired and given funding for a successor model, the 1984 Oric Atmos.

Oric was bought by Eureka, which produced the less successful Oric Telestrat (1986). Oric was dissolved the year the Telestrat was released. Eastern European legal clones of Oric machines were produced into the 1990s.

Sinclair Research
Sinclair Research Ltd is a British consumer electronics company founded by Clive Sinclair in Cambridge in the 1970s. In 1980, the company entered the home computer market with the ZX80 at £99.95, at that time the cheapest personal computer for sale in the United Kingdom. A year later, the ZX81 became available through retailers, introducing home computing to a generation, with more than 1.5 million sold. In 1982 the ZX Spectrum was released, becoming the UK's best selling computer, and competing aggressively against Commodore and Amstrad.

A combination of the failures of the Sinclair QL computer and the TV80 pocket television led to financial difficulties in 1985, and a year later Sinclair sold the rights to its computer products and brand name to Amstrad. Sinclair Research Ltd continued to exist as a one-man company, marketing Clive Sinclair's inventions.
French Civil Protection
The national federation of civil protection (French: fédération nationale de protection civile), or the FNPC, is a French humanitarian and first aid voluntary association.

Its logo, a blue triangle on white and orange ground, comes from the international distinctive sign of civil defence, which is a protective sign under the protection of the four Geneva Conventions of 1949.

This voluntary association is not to be confused with the French Sécurité Civile, which is a government agency, and is only one of the many French civil protection associations.

Louis Lareng
Louis Lareng (8 April 1923 – 3 November 2019) was a French politician and professor of medicine specializing in anesthesia resuscitation.

Lareng, along with Dr. Madeleine Bertrand, founded the Urgent Medical Aid Service (SAMU) in France.