hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Thigmonasty
In biology, thigmonasty or seismonasty is the nastic (non-directional) response of a plant or fungus to touch or vibration. Conspicuous examples of thigmonasty include many species in the leguminous subfamily Mimosoideae, active carnivorous plants such as Dionaea and a wide range of pollination mechanisms.

Nastic movements
In biology, nastic movements are non-directional responses to stimuli (e.g. temperature, humidity, light irradiance) that occur more rapidly than tropisms and are usually associated with plants. The movement can be due to changes in turgor (internal pressure within plant cells). Decrease in turgor pressure causes shrinkage, while increase in turgor pressure brings about swelling.

Nastic movements differ from tropic movements in that the direction of tropic responses depends on the direction of the stimulus, whereas the direction of nastic movements is independent of the stimulus's position. The tropic movement is growth movement but nastic movement may or may not be growth movement. The rate or frequency of these responses increases as intensity of the stimulus increases.

An example of such a response is the opening and closing of flowers (photonastic response), movement of euglena, chlamydomonas towards the source of light .
Giles Glacier
Giles Glacier (78°40′00″S 84°46′00″W﻿ / ﻿78.66667°S 84.76667°W﻿ / -78.66667; -84.76667) is a hanging glacier that flows eastward along the south side of Moyher Ridge to Thomas Glacier in the south Sentinel Range in the Ellsworth Mountains. It was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names in 2006 after J. David Giles of the Polar Ice Coring Office at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln, who supported United States Antarctic Program drilling operations at Taylor Dome, the South Pole, Windless Bight, Siple Dome and Kamb Ice Stream, from 1993 to 1998.

Moyher Ridge
Moyher Ridge (78°39′00″S 84°52′00″W﻿ / ﻿78.65000°S 84.86667°W﻿ / -78.65000; -84.86667) is a narrow rock ridge in the Ellsworth Mountains of Antarctica. It extends WSW–ENE between Saltzman Glacier and Giles Glacier in the south Sentinel Range of the Ellsworth Mountains. The ridge has a discontinuous appearance because of low ice cols between its peaks. Named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names in 2006 after Marian Moyher, manager of United States Antarctic Program laboratory services to McMurdo, South Pole and Palmer Stations, 1997–2001; earlier, she was the supervisor of laboratory services at Palmer Station, 1993–97.
Mandeville's paradox
Mandeville's paradox is named after Bernard Mandeville (1670–1733), who posits that actions which may be qualified as vicious with regard to individuals have benefits for society as a whole. This is alluded to in the subtitle of his most famous work, The Fable of The Bees: or, Private Vices, Public Benefits. He states that "Fraud, Luxury, and Pride must live; Whilst we the Benefits receive."

The philosopher and economist Adam Smith opposes this (although he defends a moderated version of this line of thought in his theory of the invisible hand), since Mandeville fails, in his opinion, to distinguish between vice and virtue.

Bernard Mandeville
Bernard Mandeville, or Bernard de Mandeville (/ˈmændəˌvɪl/; 15 November 1670 – 21 January 1733), was an Anglo-Dutch philosopher, political economist, satirist, writer and physician. Born in Rotterdam, he lived most of his life in England and used English for most of his published works.  He became famous for The Fable of the Bees.
Exeter River
The Exeter River is a 40.5-mile-long (65.2 km) river located in Rockingham County in southeastern New Hampshire, United States.

It rises in the town of Chester, 12 miles (19 km) southeast of Manchester. It follows a winding course east and northeast to Exeter, where it becomes the Squamscott River, a tidal river leading north to Great Bay. There are falls and small dams at several locations along the river. A significant dam (Great Dam) that had long existed at the river's termination in Exeter was removed in the summer of 2016, restoring the river's flow to its natural state where it meets the Squamscott River.

The Exeter River drainage basin encompasses an area of 126 square miles (330 km2). The upper 33.3 miles (53.6 km) of the river, from its headwaters to its confluence with Great Brook in Exeter, were designated into the NH Rivers Management and Protection Program in August 1995.

Chester, New Hampshire
Chester is a town in Rockingham County, New Hampshire, United States. The population was 5,232 at the 2020 census, up from 4,768 at the 2010 census. It was home to the now defunct Chester College (formerly White Pines College).
Calico Rock School District
Calico Rock School District  is a school district based in Calico Rock, Arkansas, United States.

It includes Calico Rock and Wideman.

On July 1, 1993, Tri-County School District was disestablished with territory given to multiple districts, including Calico Rock.

Calico Rock, Arkansas
Calico Rock is a city in Izard County, Arkansas, United States. The population was 888 at the 2020 census. The population was estimated to have increased to 2,021 by the 2024 census estimate, a nearly 128% increase.
Touch (1960s band)
Touch was a 1960s American progressive rock band who recorded one album, 1968's eponymous Touch.  They consisted of John Bordonaro (drums, percussion, vocals), Don Gallucci (keyboards, vocals), Bruce Hauser (bass, vocals), Jeff Hawks (vocals), and Joey Newman AKA Vern Kjellberg (guitar, vocals).

Vocal duties were shared across the group: Newman sang lead on "Seventy Five" (often misattributed to Hawks), Hauser sang lead on "Friendly Birds" and "Alesha and Others," Bordonaro sang the opening verse of "The Spiritual Death of Howard Greer," and "Miss Teach" featured lead vocals from Gallucci, Hauser, and Bordonaro across its three verses.

Kansas (band)
Kansas is an American Organ rock band formed in Topeka, Kansas in 1973. They became popular during the 1970s initially on album-oriented rock charts and later with hit singles such as "Carry On Wayward Son" and "Dust in the Wind". The band has produced nine gold albums, three multi-platinum albums (Leftoverture 5x, Point of Know Return 4×, and The Best of Kansas 4×), one other platinum studio album (Monolith), one platinum live double album (Two for the Show), and a million-selling single, "Dust in the Wind". Kansas appeared on the US Billboard charts for over 200 weeks throughout the 1970s and 1980s and played to sold-out arenas and stadiums throughout North America, Europe and Japan. "Carry On Wayward Son" was the second-most-played track on US classic rock radio in 1995 and No. 1 in 1997. Jason Ankeny of AllMusic referred to Kansas as "staples" of classic rock radio.
KMGU
KMGU (Russian: Контейнер малогабаритных грузов унифицированный, Unified Container for Small-sized Load) is a Soviet munitions dispenser similar to the British JP233 and the German MW-1. It can be carried by most Soviet and Russian attack aircraft, including the MiG-23, the MiG-27, the MiG-29, the Su-22, the Su-24, the Su-25, the Su-27, the Su-30, and the Su-34 and the Mi-24, Ka-50 and the Ka-52 attack helicopter. The cylindrical aluminum fuselage is divided into 8 sections, each has its own pneumatically opened doors. It can be filled with:

96 (8×12) AO-2,5RT 2.5 kilogram-mass high explosive mines

96 (8×12) PTM-1 anti-tank mines

156 PFM-1S mines

KMGU-2 is an advanced version of the system.

Sukhoi Su-17
The Sukhoi Su-17 (izdeliye S-32; NATO reporting name: Fitter) is a variable-sweep wing fighter-bomber developed for the Soviet military. Developed from the Sukhoi Su-7, the Su-17 was the first variable-sweep wing aircraft to enter Soviet service and featured updated avionics. The aircraft also has variants which were designed for export such as the Sukhoi Su-22 and the less popular Su-20.

It was produced from 1967 to 1990. The Su-17/20/22 series had a long career and has been operated by many air forces, including those of the Soviet Union and other members of the Warsaw Pact, countries in the Arab world, Angola and Peru.

Although the Su-17 was capable of carrying nuclear weapons, it was used in roles ranging from close-air support to ground attack.
Jerry Penrod
Jerry "The Bear" Penrod (born September 25, 1946) is an American bass player. He was a member of Iron Butterfly and Rhinoceros. He was nicknamed "The Bear" due to long hair and beard. He played on Iron Butterfly's first album, Heavy, which released after he left the band to form Rhinoceros, who he played on two albums with before leaving the band in 1969. After battling drug addiction he quit music and worked as a bus driver in San Diego.

Rhinoceros (band)
Rhinoceros was an American rock band established in 1967 through auditions conducted by Elektra Records, rather than organic formation by musicians.  The band, while well respected in many circles, did not live up to the record label's expectations.  It was also poorly received by fans, producing a slow-selling debut album and two even less successful LPs before breaking up.  One reviewer commented, "Despite the fact that the band could not live up to the expectations that were raised by Elektra Records' publicity machine, Rhinoceros' contributions to rock still deserve more credit than subsequent rock histories give it."
John Wyndham (1558–1645)
Sir John Wyndham (1558 – 1 April 1645), JP, of Orchard Wyndham in the parish of Watchet in Somerset, was an English landowner who played an important role in the establishment of defence organisation in the West Country against the threat of Spanish invasion.

Felbrigg Hall
Felbrigg Hall is a 17th-century English country house near the village of that name in Norfolk. Part of a National Trust property, the unaltered 17th-century house is noted for its Jacobean architecture and fine Georgian interior. Outside is a walled garden, an orangery and orchards. The house and grounds were bequeathed to the National Trust in 1969 by Robert Ketton-Cremer. The hall is Grade I on the National Heritage List for England. Most of the grounds are part of Felbrigg Woods, a Site of Special Scientific Interest.
Paolo e Francesca
Paolo e Francesca (Paolo and Francesca), also known as Legend of Love, is a 1950 Italian historical melodrama film directed by Raffaello Matarazzo and starring Odile Versois and Armando Francioli. It is loosely based on real life events of Paolo Malatesta and Francesca da Polenta.

Francesca da Rimini
Francesca da Rimini or Francesca da Polenta (died between 1283 and 1286) was an Italian noblewoman of Ravenna, who was murdered by her husband, Giovanni Malatesta, upon his discovery of her affair with his brother, Paolo Malatesta. She was a contemporary of Dante Alighieri, who portrayed her as a character in the Divine Comedy.
Czernin, Pomeranian Voivodeship
Czernin ([ˈt͡ʂɛrnin]) (German: Hohendorf) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sztum, within Sztum County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland.

It is located in the region of Powiśle.

Powiśle (region)
Powiśle or Dolne Powiśle is a cultural and geographic region in northern Poland, administratively located in the Pomeranian and Warmian-Masurian Voivodeships.

It is named after the Vistula River (Polish: Wisła), referring to the region's location on the right bank of the river, near its delta.

The largest cities and towns of Powiśle are Elbląg, Kwidzyn, Malbork and Iława.

2007 was designated the "Year of Powiśle" (Rok Powiśla), with various festivities held in the region, including musical, athletic, theatrical and historical re-enactments.

Powiśle is bordered by Warmia and Masuria in the east, by the Chełmno Land in the south, and by Pomerania in the west.
Albela Sajan Aayo Re
Albela Sajan Aayo Re is a classical Hindi song popularized by Ustad Sultan Khan of Indore gharana in the early 1970s. Ustad Sultan Khan sang it in the Bollywood movie, Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam along with Shankar Mahadevan and Kavitha Krishnamurthy, picturised on Aishwarya Rai and Salman Khan. It was also sung by the Mekaal Hasan Band and featured in their 2009 album, Saptak. It was again recreated for the Sanjay Leela Bhansali film Bajirao Mastani and was sung by Shashi Suman, Kunal Pandit, Prithvi Gandharva, Kanika Joshi, Rashi Raagga, Geetikka Manjrekar, this time featuring Priyanka Chopra. The song is based on raag Ahir Bhairav.

Sultan Khan (musician)
Ustad Sultan Khan (15 April 1940 – 27 November 2011) was an Indian sarangi player and classical vocalist belonging to Sikar Gharana. He was one of the founding members of the Indian fusion group Tabla Beat Science, with Zakir Hussain and Bill Laswell. He was awarded the Padma Bhushan, India's third highest civilian honour, in 2010.
Xiangtan Institute of Technology
The Xiangtan Institute of Technology (XIT, Chinese: 湘潭理工学院; pinyin: Xiāngtán lǐgōng xuéyuàn; lit. 'Xiangtan Institute of Science and Technology') is a private non-profit college located in the Jiuhua Economic & Development Zone of Xiangtan, Hunan, China. it is notable for being the first undergraduate university in Hunan Province to transition from a affiliated collage to a private university with the approval of the Ministry of Education.

The college offers seven disciplines: science, engineering, economics, management, law, literature, and art, constituting a total of 38 undergraduate majors in total.

Xiangtan
Xiangtan (Chinese: 湘潭) is a prefecture-level city in east-central Hunan province, south-central China. The hometowns of several founding leaders of the Chinese Communist Party, including Chairman Mao Zedong, President Liu Shaoqi, and Marshal Peng Dehuai, are in Xiangtan's administration, as well as the hometowns of Qing dynasty  and republic era painter Qi Baishi, scholar-general Zeng Guofan, and tennis player Peng Shuai.

Xiangtan forms a part of the Greater Changsha Metropolitan Region with Changsha as the core city along with Zhuzhou, also known as Changzhutan City Cluster, one of the core cities in Central China.

Xiangtan is one of the top 200 cities in the world by scientific research outputs, as tracked by the Nature Index. It is home to Xiangtan University, a Double First-Class Construction university, and two provincial key public universities of Hunan Institute of Engineering and Hunan University of Science and Technology, as well as a high-tech industrial development zone.
Längenfeld
Längenfeld is a municipality and a village in the Imst District, Tyrol, Austria. It is located 25 km southeast of Imst in the Ötztal valley, 14 km north of Sölden.

With an area size of 195.8 km2, 21 village parts and 4333 inhabitants it is the biggest location in the valley. Sights are the late Gothic-baroque church which was built in 1303. The main source of income is tourism.

Imst District
The Bezirk Imst is an administrative district (Bezirk) in Tyrol, Austria. It borders the district Reutte in the north, as well as sharing a small border with Bavaria (Germany). It borders the district Innsbruck-Land in the east, South Tyrol (Italy) in the south, and the district Landeck in the west.

Area of the district is 1,724.65 square kilometres (665.89 sq mi), which makes it by area rank 4 of the districts of Tyrol, with a population of 57,734 (as of January 1, 2012) (Number 6 in Tyrol), and a population density of 33 persons per km2. The administrative center of the district is Imst.
Tor Erik Jenstad
Tor Erik Jenstad (born October 5, 1956) is a Norwegian linguist, dictionary editor, and traditional Norwegian folk musician living in Trondheim. He was born in Sunndal Municipality in the Nordmøre district.

Sunndal Municipality
Sunndalⓘ is a municipality in the Nordmøre region located in the northeast part of Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. The administrative center of the municipality is the village of Sunndalsøra. Other villages include Gjøra, Grøa, Holssanden, Jordalsgrenda, Romfo, Ålvund, Ålvundeidet, and Øksendal. With an area of 1,713 square kilometres (661 sq mi), it is the largest municipality in Møre og Romsdal county. The important occupations in Sunndal include industry (with Hydro Aluminium Sunndal as the biggest employer), public services, retail, and farming.

The 1,713-square-kilometre (661 sq mi) municipality is the 47th largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway and it is the largest by area in Møre og Romsdal county. Sunndal Municipality is the 141st most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 7,227. The municipality's population density is 4.2 inhabitants per square kilometre (11/sq mi) and its population has increased by 0.8% over the previous 10-year period.
4-manifold
In mathematics, a 4-manifold is a 4-dimensional topological manifold. A smooth 4-manifold is a 4-manifold with a smooth structure. In dimension four, in marked contrast with lower dimensions, topological and smooth manifolds  are quite different. There exist some topological 4-manifolds which admit no smooth structure, and even if there exists a smooth structure, it need not be unique (i.e. there are smooth 4-manifolds which are homeomorphic but not diffeomorphic).

4-manifolds are important in physics because in general relativity, spacetime is modeled as a pseudo-Riemannian 4-manifold.

Diffeomorphism
In mathematics, a diffeomorphism is an isomorphism of differentiable manifolds. It is an invertible function that maps one differentiable manifold to another such that both the function and its inverse are continuously differentiable.
Sam Loyd
Samuel Loyd (January 30, 1841 – April 10, 1911) was an American chess player, chess composer, puzzle author, and recreational mathematician. Loyd was born in Philadelphia but raised in New York City.

As a chess composer, he authored a number of chess problems, often with interesting themes. At his peak, Loyd was one of the best chess players in the US, and he was ranked 15th in the world, according to chessmetrics.com.

He played in the strong Paris 1867 chess tournament (won by Ignatz von Kolisch) with little success, placing near the bottom of the field.

Following his death, his book Cyclopedia of 5000 Puzzles was published (1914) by his son, Samuel Loyd Jr. His son, named after his father, dropped the "Jr" from his name and started publishing reprints of his father's puzzles.
Loyd (senior) was inducted into the US Chess Hall of Fame in 1987.

Puzzle
A puzzle is a game, problem, or toy that tests a person's ingenuity or knowledge. In a puzzle, the solver is expected to put pieces together (or take them apart) in a logical way, in order to find the solution of the puzzle. There are different genres of puzzles, such as crossword puzzles, word-search puzzles, number puzzles, relational puzzles, and logic puzzles. The academic study of puzzles is called enigmatology.

Puzzles are often created to be a form of entertainment but they can also arise from serious mathematical or logical problems. In such cases, their solution may be a significant contribution to mathematical research.
Kentish Town North (ward)
Kentish Town North is a ward in the London Borough of Camden, in the United Kingdom. The ward represents the northern part of Kentish Town and The was first used in the 2022 Camden London Borough Council election, electing two councillors to Camden London Borough Council. Most of its area was previously in the Kentish Town ward, which was abolished at the same time. In 2018, the ward had an electorate of 5,936. The Boundary Commission projects the electorate to rise to 6,205 in 2025.

Camden London Borough Council
Camden London Borough Council, also known as Camden Council, legally The Mayor and Burgesses of the London Borough of Camden, is the local authority for the London Borough of Camden in Greater London, England. The council has been under Labour majority control since 2010. The council meets at Camden Town Hall and their other premises.
Barney Gumble
Barnard "Barney" Gumble is a recurring character in the American animated TV series The Simpsons. He is voiced by Dan Castellaneta and first appeared in the series premiere episode "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire".

Barney is the town drunk of Springfield and one of Homer Simpson's friends. His loud belches and desperation for alcohol serve as frequent sources of humor on the show, though Barney sobered up in the Season 11 episode "Days of Wine and D'oh'ses" before relapsing three years later. Barney was inspired by the cartoon character Barney Rubble from The Flintstones and by several barflies from other television programs. In 2004, Castellaneta won an Emmy Award for voicing various characters, including Barney.

Barney can be seen in The Simpsons opening credits since 2009, passed out under a pile of leaves (but still holding his beloved bottle of Duff Beer) and being awoken by Bart Simpson skateboarding over his stomach, causing him to let out his trademark belch.

Simpson Tide
"Simpson Tide" is the nineteenth episode of the ninth season of the American animated television series The Simpsons. It originally aired on Fox in the United States on March 29, 1998. After being fired from the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant, Homer decides to join the U.S. Naval Reserve. The episode was both the second and last to be written by Joshua Sternin and Jennifer Ventimilia and the final episode directed by Milton Gray.

It guest-starred Rod Steiger as Captain Tenille and Bob Denver as himself, with one-time Simpsons writer Michael Carrington making an appearance as the Drill Sergeant. The episode makes many references to popular culture, especially contemporary culture, with its title and plot elements being derived from the 1995 film Crimson Tide. This was the last episode Jean and Reiss executive produced together.
Taraka, Lanao del Sur
Taraka, officially the Municipality of Taraka (Maranao: Inged a Taraka; Tagalog: Bayan ng Taraka), is a municipality in the province of Lanao del Sur, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 27,184 people.

The oldest mosque and the second oldest mosque in the Philippines called Baab-Ur Rahman Masjid built in Lanao del Sur was located in the town.

Lanao del Sur
Lanao del Sur (Filipino: Timog Lanao; Meranaw and Iranun: Pagabagatan Ranao; Jawi (Batang Arab):  لاناو الجنوبى‎), officially the Province of Lanao del Sur, is a province in the Philippines located in the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM). The capital is the city of Marawi (the most populous in the province), and it borders Lanao del Norte to the north, Bukidnon to the east, and Maguindanao del Norte and Cotabato to the south. To the southwest lies Illana Bay, an arm of the Moro Gulf.

Situated in the interior of Lanao del Sur is Lake Lanao, the largest lake in Mindanao.
Bentley railway station (Suffolk)
Bentley railway station, also known as Bentley Junction between 1849 and 1878, was located in Bentley, Suffolk on the Great Eastern Main Line. It opened in 1846 and became a junction in 1847 when the Hadleigh Railway opened. The station was closed in 1966.

Hadleigh Railway
The Hadleigh Railway was a 7+1⁄2-mile (12.1 km) long single track branch railway line in Suffolk, England, that connected Hadleigh to the main line railway network at Bentley Junction. It was built by the nominally independent Eastern Union and Hadleigh Junction Railway company and opened in 1847. By the time of opening it had been taken over by the larger Eastern Union Railway.

It was never successful commercially, nor in reviving the fortunes of Hadleigh itself, and passenger services were withdrawn in 1932, followed by total closure in 1965.

The northernmost two mile stretch of the trackbed, from the station site in Hadleigh to the site of Raydon Wood Station, now forms the Hadleigh Railway Walk.