hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Chyhyryn
Chyhyryn (Ukrainian: Чигирин [tʃɪɦɪˈrɪn] ⓘ; Polish: Czehryń [ˈt͡ʂɛxrɨɲ, ˈt͡ʂɛxrɨj̃]) is a city in Cherkasy Raion, Cherkasy Oblast, central Ukraine. It is located on Tiasmyn river not far where it enters the Dnieper.

From 1648 to 1669, the city served as the residence of the hetman of the Zaporizhian Host. After a forced relocation of the Ruthenian Orthodox metropolitan see from Kyiv in 1658, it became a full-fledged capital of the Cossack Hetmanate. Among Metropolitans who served out of Chyhyryn were Dionysius Balaban and Joseph Tukalskyi-Nelyubovych. Chyhyryn also became a traditional place for the appointment to the office of the hetman of the Zaporizhian Host.

Since the 17th century, the significance of the settlement has diminished to a semi-rural populated place. It hosts the administration of Chyhyryn urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Population: 8,539 (2022 estimate).

Hetman of the Zaporozhian Host
The Hetman of the Zaporozhian Host (Ukrainian: Гетьман Війська Запорозького, romanized: Hetman Viiska Zaporozkoho, Latin: Cosaccorum Zaporoviesium Supremus Belli Dux) was the head of state of the Cossack Hetmanate. The office was abolished by the Russian government in 1764.
Pleurotomariidae
Pleurotomariidae, common name the "slit snails", is a family of large marine gastropods in the superfamily Pleurotomarioidea of the subclass Vetigastropoda. This family is a very ancient lineage; there were numerous species in the geological past. The
genus includes several hundred fossil forms, mostly Paleozoic. It is one of the oldest gastropod families, commencing in the Cambrian.

The superfamily is currently represented by a group of species that live only in deep water. This family has no subfamilies.

The first living specimens of a species in this family, Perotrochus quoyanus, were dredged in 1879 in deep water off the West Indies by the "Blake" expedition of William Healey Dall.

Pleurotomarioidea
Pleurotomarioidea is a superfamily of small to large marine gastropods included in the order Pleurotomariida  of the subclass Vetigastropoda.

These are the slit shells, originally named Pleurotomariacea, in keeping with the convention for naming superfamilies at the time. This updated version of the name for the taxon is usually used by students of the living Mollusca. Paleontologists often still use the name Pleurotomariacea instead.
Expedition 48
Expedition 48 was the 48th expedition to the International Space Station.

Jeffrey Williams, Aleksey Ovchinin and Oleg Skripochka transferred from Expedition 47. Expedition 48 began upon the departure of Soyuz TMA-19M in 18 June 2016 and concluded upon the departure of Soyuz TMA-20M on September 6, 2016. The crew of Soyuz MS-01 were transferred to Expedition 49.

Jeffrey Williams (astronaut)
Jeffrey Nels Williams (born January 18, 1958) is a retired United States Army officer and a NASA astronaut. He is a veteran of four  space flights and formerly held the American record for most days spent in space, which was surpassed in April 2017 by his colleague Peggy Whitson.
Sesuvium
Sesuvium is a genus of flowering plants in the ice plant family, Aizoaceae. Its species are commonly known as sea-purslanes. The genus includes 14 species native to the tropics and subtropics around the world.

Aizoaceae
The Aizoaceae (/ˌeɪzoʊˈeɪsi.iː, -ˌaɪ/), or fig-marigold family, are a large family of dicotyledonous flowering plants containing 135 genera and about 1,800 species. Several genera are commonly named ice plants or carpet weeds. The Aizoaceae are also referred to as vygies in South Africa. Some of the unusual  Southern African genera—such as Conophytum, Lithops, Titanopsis, and Pleiospilos (among others)—resemble gemstones, rocks, or pebbles, and are sometimes called living stones or mesembs (short for mesembryanthemums).
Langenberg (Rothaar)
The Langenberg (German pronunciation: [ˈlaŋənbɛʁk] ⓘ) rises on the state border between North Rhine-Westphalia and Hesse in Germany and, at  843.2 m above sea level (NN), is the highest peak in the Rothaar mountain range, as well as the highest point in the North Rhine-Westphalia and also in the north of Germany outside the Harz Mountains.

Rothaar Mountains
The Rothaar Mountains (German: Rothaargebirge, pronounced [ˈʁoːthaːɐ̯ɡəˌbɪʁɡə] ⓘ, also Rotlagergebirge), or Rothaar, is a low mountain range reaching heights of up to 843.1 m in North Rhine-Westphalia and Hesse, Germany.

It is believed that its name must once have been Rod-Hard-Gebirge, or "the cleared forest mountain range", as the range has nothing whatsoever to do with the colour red (rot in German), nor with hair (Haar).
Bloomburg, Texas
Bloomburg is a town in Cass County, Texas, United States. Bloomburg is 7 miles (11 km) east of Atlanta, and is home to the Cullen Baker Country Fair, held every year on the first Saturday in November. Despite it being named after an outlaw named Cullen Baker, it is a huge family event and has a parade, craft/food booths, a pageant, bouncy houses, and a rodeo. According to the 2020 U.S. census, Bloomburg had a population of 321.

Cass County, Texas
Cass County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2020 census, its population was 28,454. The county seat is Linden. The county was named for Lewis Cass, a United States Senator representing Michigan who favored the U.S. annexation of Texas in the mid-19th century.
Marco Seefried
Marco Seefried (born 17 February 1976 in Oettingen) is a German racing driver.

A long-term Porsche contracted driver, Seefried is an overall GT World Challenge Europe race winner, an FIA World Endurance Championship race winner, and has amassed multiple class victories at the Nürburgring 24 Hours, Daytona 24 Hours and 12 Hours of Sebring.

Oettingen in Bayern
Oettingen in Bayern (German pronunciation: [ˈœtɪŋən ʔɪn ˈbaɪɐn] ⓘ, lit. 'Oettingen in Bavaria'; Alemannic German: Eade) is a town in the Donau-Ries district, in Swabia, Bavaria, Germany. It is situated 29 km (18 mi) northwest of Donauwörth, and 14 km (8.7 mi) northeast of Nördlingen.
Monterey Township, Cuming County, Nebraska
Monterey Township is one of sixteen townships in Cuming County, Nebraska, United States. The population was 192 at the 2020 census. A 2021 estimate placed the township's population at 190.

Its name commemorates the Battle of Monterrey in the Mexican–American War.

Cuming County, Nebraska
Cuming County is a county in the U.S. state of Nebraska. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 9,013. Its county seat is West Point. In the Nebraska license plate system, Cuming County is represented by the prefix 24 since it had the 24th largest number of vehicles registered in the state when the license plate system was established in 1922.
Commutator collecting process
In group theory, a branch of mathematics, the commutator collecting process is a method for writing an element of a group as a product of generators and their higher commutators arranged in a certain order. The commutator collecting process was introduced by Philip Hall in 1934 and articulated by Wilhelm Magnus in 1937.  The process is sometimes called a "collection process".

The process can be generalized to define a totally ordered subset of a free non-associative algebra, that is, a free magma; this subset is called the Hall set. Members of the Hall set are binary trees; these can be placed in one-to-one correspondence with words, these being called the Hall words; the Lyndon words are a special case.  Hall sets are used to construct a basis for a free Lie algebra, entirely analogously to the commutator collecting process. Hall words also provide a unique factorization of monoids.

Wilhelm Magnus
Hans Heinrich Wilhelm Magnus, known as Wilhelm Magnus (5 February 1907 in Berlin, Germany – 15 October 1990 in New Rochelle, New York), was a German-American mathematician. He made important contributions in combinatorial group theory, Lie algebras, mathematical physics, elliptic functions, and the study of tessellations.
Kościuszko's Squadron
The Kościuszko Squadron (officially: Polish 7th Air Escadrille) was a Polish Air Force fighter squadron established in late 1919 by Merian C. Cooper, an American aviator who would go on to direct the film King Kong in 1933, then to advocate for McCarthyism in 1950s.

The unit was named after Tadeusz Kościuszko, and Major Cedric Fauntleroy became its commander. The squadron's insignia was designed by Elliot William Chess (1899–1962), an American pilot serving with the Polish Army during the Polish–Soviet War.

To encourage the recruitment of Americans of Polish descent, the Polish military set up a unit called the Polish–American Air Group.

The most famous successor to this original Kościuszko Squadron was the World War II No. 303 "Kościuszko" Polish Fighter Squadron (Warszawski im. Tadeusza Kościuszki), the most successful fighter squadron in the Battle of Britain.

Cedric Fauntleroy
Cedric Errol Fauntleroy (1891–1963) was an American pilot who in 1919 volunteered to serve in the Polish Air Force during the Polish-Soviet War of 1919–1921.

Born near Natchez, Mississippi, Fauntleroy served with Eddie Rickenbacker's 94th Fighter Squadron on the Western Front in World War I.

Recruited by his fellow veteran Merian C. Cooper in 1919, he became one of  the best pilots of the Polish 7th Air Escadrille, dubbed the Kościuszko Escadrille (the Kosciuszko Squadron, named for Polish and American national hero  Tadeusz Kościuszko). 
He was promoted to colonel and he received Poland's highest military decoration: the Virtuti Militari,  besides being awarded the Cross of Valour four times.
East Salem, Pennsylvania
East Salem is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Delaware Township, Juniata County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is located at the junction of Pennsylvania Routes 333 and 235, 4 miles (6 km) north of the borough of Thompsontown. As of the 2010 census, the population was 186.

Pennsylvania Route 235
Pennsylvania Route 235 (PA 235) is a 43-mile (69 km) state highway in Pennsylvania. PA 235's southern terminus is at U.S. Route 11 (US 11)/US 15 in Liverpool, and the northern terminus is at PA 45 near Laurelton.
Josefina Gómez Mendoza
Josefina Gómez Mendoza (born 1 June 1942) is a Spanish geographer, writer, and professor emerita. From 2001 to 2005, she was Rector of the National University of Distance Education (UNED). She is a member of the Royal Academy of History, Medal No. 7 (elected 8 February 2002, took office 27 April 2003), and the Royal Academy of Engineering, Medal No. 58 (took office 21 March 2006).

Royal Academy of Engineering (Spain)
The Royal Academy of Engineering (Spanish: Real Academia de Ingeniería, RAI) is a Spanish institution whose purpose is to promote works and studies that reflect scientific progress in the field of engineering, its technological applications and its operational techniques.

Its current president is Jaime Domínguez Abascal, since 2023.
Paul Rosenthal (violinist)
Paul Rosenthal (born 1942) is an American violinist.

Rosenthal began playing the violin when he was three. He went to the Juilliard School in New York City and studied at the University of Southern California under acclaimed master Jascha Heifetz, a violinist. He and his wife Linda Rosenthal moved to Fairbanks, Alaska in 1969 (his brother, Paul, lived in Fairbanks at the time) and then to Juneau in 1974. Paul founded the Sitka Summer Music Festival, a chamber music festival which is held annually in Sitka and was the artistic director for 40 years. He joined the faculty at the University of Alaska Fairbanks and later at the University of Alaska Anchorage.

in 1992, he was a soloist with the Naumburg Orchestral Concerts, in the Naumburg Bandshell, Central Park, in the summer series.

He has recorded on RCA, Vox, Fidelio, Arabesque, Vanguard, and Biddulph.

Jascha Heifetz
Jascha Heifetz (/ˈhaɪfɪts/; February 2 [O.S. January 20] 1901 – December 10, 1987) was a Russian-American violinist, widely regarded as one of the greatest violinists of all time. Born in Vilnius, he was soon recognized as a child prodigy and was trained in the Russian violin school in St. Petersburg. Accompanying his parents to escape the violence of the Russian Revolution, he moved to the United States as a teenager, where his Carnegie Hall debut was rapturously received. Fritz Kreisler, another leading violinist of the twentieth century, said after hearing Heifetz's debut, "We might as well take our fiddles and break them across our knees."

By the age of 18, Heifetz was the highest-paid violinist in the world. He had a long and successful concert career, including wartime service with the United Service Organizations (USO). After an injury to his right (bowing) arm in 1972, he switched his focus to teaching.
Want (3OH!3 album)
Want is the second studio album by American electronic music duo 3OH!3. It was released on July 8, 2008, and is their first album with record label Photo Finish. The album was produced by Matt Squire and 3OH!3.

Nathaniel Motte
Nathaniel Warren Seth Motte (born January 13, 1984) is an American recording artist, record producer, songwriter, and film composer from Boulder, Colorado. He is a member of the electropop duo 3OH!3 with Sean Foreman. He has also written and produced for artists such as Ariana Grande, Maroon 5, Lindsey Stirling, Karmin and MAX, among many more.
St. Louis Steamers (1979–1988)
The original St. Louis Steamers played in the Major Indoor Soccer League from 1979 through 1988. Their home fixtures were held at the St. Louis Arena. The Steamers were popular for several years, with average attendance exceeding 12,000 for each season from 1980–81 through 1984–85, and outdrawing the NHL's St. Louis Blues for four consecutive seasons from 1980–81 through 1983–84.

Slobo Ilijevski
Slobodan "Slobo" Ilijevski (Macedonian: Слободан Илијевски Слобо; October 24, 1949 in Skopje, Yugoslavia – July 14, 2008 in Bellingham, Washington) was a Yugoslav and Macedonian football (soccer) goalkeeper who played in the North American Soccer League and Major Indoor Soccer League.
Portuguese pavement
Portuguese pavement, known in Portuguese as calçada portuguesa or simply calçada (or pedra portuguesa in Brazil), is a traditional-style pavement used for many pedestrian areas in Portugal and Portuguese Empire colonies. It consists of small pieces of stone arranged in a pattern or image, like a mosaic. It can also be found in Olivença (a disputed territory administered by Spain) and throughout former Portuguese colonies, especially in Brazil. Portuguese workers are also hired for their skill in creating these pavements in places such as Gibraltar. Being usually used in sidewalks, it is in town squares and atriums that this art finds its deepest expression.

Sidewalk
A sidewalk (North American English), pavement (British English, South African English), or footpath (Irish English, Indian English, Australian English, New Zealand English) is a path along the side of a road. Usually constructed of concrete, pavers, brick, stone, or asphalt, it is designed for pedestrians. A sidewalk is normally higher than the roadway, and separated from it by a curb. There may also be a planted strip between the sidewalk and the roadway and between the roadway and the adjacent land.
Arizona State Route 260
State Route 260, also known as SR 260, is a 217.78-mile (350.48 km) long east–west major state highway in the north-central part of the U.S. state of Arizona.  It connects State Route 89A in Cottonwood to U.S. Route 180 and U.S. Route 191 in Eagar. The highway begins in Yavapai County before entering Coconino County and then entering Gila County before reentering Coconino County and then entering Navajo and Apache counties, where the highway ends.

Gila County, Arizona
Gila County (/ˈhiːlə/ HEE-lə) is a county in the central part of the U.S. state of Arizona. As of the 2020 census, the population was 53,272. The county seat is Globe.

Gila County comprises the Payson, Arizona micropolitan statistical area which is included in the greater Phoenix–Mesa, AZ combined statistical area.

Gila County contains parts of Fort Apache Indian Reservation and San Carlos Indian Reservation.
Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2
The Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2) is a camera formerly installed on the Hubble Space Telescope. The camera was built by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and is roughly the size of a baby grand piano. It was installed by servicing mission 1 (STS-61) in 1993, replacing the telescope's original Wide Field and Planetary Camera (WF/PC).  WFPC2 was used to image the Hubble Deep Field in 1995, the Engraved Hourglass Nebula and Egg Nebula in 1996, and the Hubble Deep Field South in 1998. During STS-125, WFPC2 was removed and replaced with the Wide Field Camera 3 as part of the mission's first spacewalk on May 14, 2009. After returning to Earth, the camera was displayed briefly at the National Air and Space Museum and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory before returning to its final home at the Smithsonian's National Air and Space Museum.

Hubble Deep Field South
The Hubble Deep Field South is a composite of several hundred individual images taken using the Hubble Space Telescope's Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 over 10 days in September and October 1998.  It followed the great success of the original Hubble Deep Field in facilitating the study of extremely distant galaxies in early stages of their evolution.  While the WFPC2 took very deep optical images, nearby fields were simultaneously imaged by the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) and the Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS).
Platelet factor 4
Platelet factor 4 (PF4) is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family that is also known as chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 4 (CXCL4) . This chemokine is released from alpha-granules of activated platelets during platelet aggregation, and promotes blood coagulation by moderating the effects of heparin-like molecules. Due to these roles, it is predicted to play a role in wound repair and inflammation. It is usually found in a complex with proteoglycan.

Alpha granule
Alpha granules, (α-granules) also known as platelet alpha-granules are a cellular component of platelets. Platelets contain different types of granules that perform different functions, and include alpha granules, dense granules, and lysosomes. Of these, alpha granules are the most common, making up 50% to 80% of the secretory granules. Alpha granules contain several growth factors.
Courcelles, Belgium
Courcelles (French pronunciation: [kuʁsɛl] ⓘ; Walloon: Courcele) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Hainaut, Belgium.

As of January 1, 2006, Courcelles had a total population of 29,626. The total area is 44.24 km2 which gives a population density of 670 inhabitants per km2.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Courcelles, Gouy-lez-Piéton, Souvret, and Trazegnies.

In 1944, the town was the site of the Courcelles Massacre of 20 civilians by Belgian collaborators. The event is commemorated by a plaque at the site.

Gouy-lez-Piéton
Gouy-lez-Pieton (Walloon: Gowi(-dlé-Pieton)) is a village of Wallonia and a district of the municipality of Courcelles, located in the province of Hainaut, Belgium.

It was a fully fledged municipality before the fusion of the Belgian municipalities of 1977.
Lievin Cruyl
Lievin Cruyl or Lieven Cruyl (name variations: Levin Cruijl, Lievin Cruijl, Levin Cruyl, Livinus Cruylius, Cruylius Livinus) (5 September 1634 – before 1720) was a Flemish priest and a draughtsman and etcher of landscapes, seascapes, and architectural views. The drawings and etchings he made during his extended stays in Italy and Paris contributed to the development of the topographical views known as veduta.

Veduta
A veduta (Italian for 'view'; pl. vedute) is a highly detailed, usually large-scale painting or, more often, print of a cityscape or some other vista. The painters of vedute are referred to as vedutisti.
Menreiki
Menreiki (面霊気) is a type of monster in Japanese folklore, composed of Gigaku masks. It is listed within the 1781 compendium of Japanese supernatural entities, entitled Gazu Hyakki Tsurezure Bukuro.

It is mentioned in folklore that during the time of Prince Shotoku, the prince created various Gigaku masks which were used by Hata no Kawakatsu, and that the Menreiki is based on those masks.

Gigaku
Gigaku (伎楽), also known as kure-gaku (呉楽), refers to a genre of masked drama-dance performance, imported into Japan during the Asuka period. This form of masked dance drama declined by the Kamakura period and became essentially extinct, although there are modern attempts at revival. It had influences on a number of Japanese performance arts such as Noh, bugaku, and kyōgen theatres and shishimai performances.
Dovell Act
The Dovell Act, or Stephens-Dovell Act, was legislation in the U.S. state of Virginia that provided out-of-state tuition to its African American residents, who were barred from attending in-state public institutions of higher learning during segregation. It passed in 1936 after Alice Jackson was denied admittance to the University of Virginia.

Jackson applied to UVA in 1935. After she was denied admission a graduate school was established at Virginia State University in Petersburg, Virginia. The Foster brothers were among those who used the tuition support program to study out of state. Jackson went on to pursue her studies at Columbia University. Several other states had similar programs.

Gregory Swanson sued to gain admission to University of Virginia Law School. He was admitted in 1950.

Alice Jackson Stuart
Alice Carlotta Jackson Stuart (June 2, 1913 – June 13, 2001) was an American educator who was the first African-American woman to apply for graduate school studies at the University of Virginia. She was denied on the basis of "good and sufficient reasons" and later went on to earn her Master of Arts at Columbia University in 1937.
Simon Wright (musician)
Simon Wright (born 19 June 1963) is an English drummer best known for his work with rock bands AC/DC and Dio. He started playing drums at the age of 13 and cites Cozy Powell, Tommy Aldridge and John Bonham as his greatest influences. He was also the drummer for Rhino Bucket, UFO and Operation: Mindcrime.

Killing the Dragon
Killing the Dragon is the ninth studio album by American heavy metal band Dio. It was released May 21, 2002 through Spitfire Records and was produced by frontman Ronnie James Dio. The album was reissued in 2007 in a two-CD package with Magica. It was remastered in 2019 and reissued in 2020 with updated album art and a bonus disc containing six tracks recorded live on the Killing the Dragon tour.
Daddy, When Is Mama Comin Home?
Daddy, When Is Mama Comin Home? is an album by the American musician Big Jack Johnson, released in 1990. He supported the album with a North American tour that included shows with Frank Frost. The title track is performed by Johnson in Robert Palmer's film Deep Blues: A Musical Pilgrimage to the Crossroads.

Big Jack Johnson
Jack N. Johnson, known as Big Jack Johnson (July 30, 1939 or 1940 – March 14, 2011) was an American electric blues musician, one of the "present-day exponents of an edgier, electrified version of the raw, uncut Delta blues sound." He was one of a small number of blues musicians who played the mandolin. He won a W. C. Handy Award in 2003 for best acoustic blues album.