hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Drift-field transistor
The drift-field transistor, also called the drift transistor or graded base transistor, is a type of high-speed bipolar junction transistor having a doping-engineered electric field in the base to reduce the charge carrier base transit time.

Invented by Herbert Kroemer at the Central Bureau of Telecommunications Technology of the German Postal Service, in 1953, it continues to influence the design of modern high-speed bipolar junction transistors.

Early drift transistors were made by diffusing the base dopant in a way that caused a higher doping concentration near the emitter reducing towards the collector.: 307

This graded base happens automatically with the double diffused planar transistor (so they aren't usually called drift transistors).: 469

Herbert Kroemer
Herbert Kroemer (German: [ˈhɛʁbɛʁt ˈkʁøːmɐ] ⓘ; August 25, 1928 – March 8, 2024) was a German–American solid-state physicist who, along with Zhores Alferov, received the 2000 Nobel Prize in Physics "for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto-electronics." He was Professor of Electrical Engineering at the University of California, Santa Barbara. His research into transistors was a stepping stone to the later development of mobile phone technologies.
Thomas Thorburn
Thomas William Thorburn (April 13, 1913 - March 13, 2003) was a Swedish economist, and Professor of Business Administration at the Stockholm School of Economics, known from his work on the "Supply and demand of water transport" (1960), and the "Cost-benefit analysis in language planning" (1971).

Born in Uddevalla, Thorburn obtained his PhD in 1960 at the Stockholm School of Economics with the thesis, entitled "Supply and demand of water transport: studies in cost and revenue structures of ships, ports and transport buyers with respect to their effects on supply and demand of water carriage of goods."

After his graduation Thorburn served his academic career at the Stockholm School of Economics, where he was Professor in Business Administration from 1961 to 1978. He was succeeded by Nils Brunsson.

Uddevalla
Uddevalla is a town in Västra Götaland County, Sweden. It’s the seat of Uddevalla Municipality. In 2015, it had a population of 34,781, making it the largest town fully in Bohuslän. Uddevalla is located where the river Bäveån opens up into Byfjorden, a fjord in the south-eastern part of Skagerrak.

The beaches of Uddevalla are filled with seashells and Uddevalla has one of the largest shell-banks in the world. Uddevalla also has a port that once was a large shipyard, the Uddevallavarvet ("Uddevalla wharf"), which was the largest employer in Bohuslän during the 1960s.
Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu
The Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu is given by the Filmfare magazine as part of its annual Filmfare Awards South for Telugu films. The awards were extended to "Best Actress" in 1972. The year in the following table indicates when the film was released.

Filmfare Awards South
The Filmfare Awards South are annual awards that honour artistic and technical excellence in the Telugu cinema, Tamil cinema, Malayalam cinema and Kannada cinema. They are presented by Filmfare magazine of The Times Group. When it was introduced in 1954, the Filmfare Awards initially only recognized achievements in the Hindi cinema. In 1964 the awards were extended to Telugu, Tamil, Bengali and Marathi languages for the films released in 1963. The awards were extended to Malayalam cinema in 1967 and Kannada cinema in 1970.

Each industry is given its own set of creative awards in annual ceremonies that have predominantly been held in Chennai and Hyderabad. Before 1976, the ceremony was held in Mumbai along with Hindi segment. From 1976, the southern region segment were separated from awards for Hindi-language films and moved to Chennai first, and later to Hyderabad in 1997. The event made its debut in Bengaluru and Kochi in 2022 and 2026 respectively.
Jingle Jangle Jingle
"Jingle Jangle Jingle", also known as 'I've Got Spurs That Jingle Jangle Jingle", is a song written by Joseph J. Lilley and Frank Loesser, and published in 1942.  It was featured in that year's film The Forest Rangers.

The most commercially successful recording was by Kay Kyser, whose version reached no. 1 in the Billboard charts in July 1942.  Versions were recorded by many other musicians, including Tex Ritter, Gene Autry, Glenn Miller and The Merry Macs.

Members of the Western Writers of America chose it as one of the Top 100 Western songs of all time.

Frank Loesser
Frank Henry Loesser (/ˈlɛsər/ "lesser"; June 29, 1910 – July 28, 1969) was an American songwriter who wrote music and lyrics for the Broadway musicals Guys and Dolls and How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying, among others. He won a Tony Award for Guys and Dolls and shared the Pulitzer Prize for Drama for How to Succeed. He also wrote songs for over 60 Hollywood films and Tin Pan Alley, many of which have become standards, and was nominated for five Academy Awards for best song, winning once for "Baby, It's Cold Outside."
William G. Nelson
William G. Nelson is the Marion I. Knott Professor of Oncology, Urology, Pharmacology, Pathology, and Medicine at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. He earned his B.A. in Chemistry from Yale University in 1980 and his M.D. and Ph.D. in Pharmacology from Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in 1987. His research is focused on cancer epigenetics and on new strategies for prostate cancer and prevention. He serves on the boards of the V Foundation, the Break Through Cancer Foundation, and Armis Biopharma, and on the scientific advisory boards of the Prostate Cancer Foundation, Stand Up to Cancer, and Cepheid. He was appointed as the Director of the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center in 2008.

Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center
The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University is an NCI-Designated Comprehensive Cancer Center in Baltimore, MD. It was established in 1973 and received its NCI designation that same year as one of the first designated cancer centers in the country.

SKCCC is a member of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network, an alliance of 27 comprehensive cancer centers in the US.

The current director of SKCCC is William G. Nelson, who has been at JHU since 1992 and specializes in prostate cancer. Past directors have included Albert H. Owens Jr. and Martin Abeloff.
British Army Training Unit Suffield
The British Army Training Unit Suffield (BATUS) is a British Army unit located at the vast training area of Canadian Forces Base Suffield near Suffield, Alberta, Canada. BATUS is the British Army's largest armoured training facility, and it can accommodate live-firing and tactical effect simulation (TES) exercises up to battle group level. CFB Suffield is seven times the size of the Salisbury Plain Training Area in England and 19% of the size of Northern Ireland, offering the British Army the ability to conduct large exercises that UK military bases cannot accommodate.

Suffield, Alberta
Suffield is a hamlet in southern Alberta, Canada within Cypress County. It is located on the Trans-Canada Highway (Highway 1) approximately 32 km (20 mi) northwest of Medicine Hat, and just south of CFB Suffield.
Breakthrough therapy
Breakthrough therapy is a United States Food and Drug Administration designation that expedites drug development that was created by Congress under Section 902 of the 9 July 2012 Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act. The FDA's "breakthrough therapy" designation is not intended to imply that a drug is actually a "breakthrough" or that there is high-quality evidence of treatment efficacy for a particular condition; rather, it allows the FDA to grant priority review to drug candidates if preliminary clinical trials indicate that the therapy may offer substantial treatment advantages over existing options for patients with serious or life-threatening diseases. The FDA has other mechanisms for expediting the review and approval process for promising drugs, including fast track designation, accelerated approval, and priority review.

Drug development
Drug development is the process of bringing a new pharmaceutical drug to the market once a lead compound has been identified through the process of drug discovery. It includes preclinical research on microorganisms and animals, filing for regulatory status, such as via the United States Food and Drug Administration for an investigational new drug to initiate clinical trials on humans, and may include the step of obtaining regulatory approval with a new drug application to market the drug. The entire process—from concept through preclinical testing in the laboratory to clinical trial development, including Phase I–III trials—to approved vaccine or drug typically takes more than a decade.
Chris Lynn
Christopher Austin Lynn (born 10 April 1990) is an Australian cricketer. He is a right-handed batsman who plays for Queensland and the Adelaide Strikers in Australian domestic cricket. Lynn was born in Brisbane, Queensland, and attended St Joseph's Nudgee College and the Queensland Academy of Sport. He is known for being an explosive batsman capable of hitting big sixes.

2020 Pakistan Super League
2020 Pakistan Super League (also known as PSL 5 or for sponsorship reasons as HBL PSL 2020) was the fifth season of the Pakistan Super League, a franchise Twenty20 cricket league which was established by the Pakistan Cricket Board (PCB) in 2015. It started on 20 February 2020. The league was held entirely in Pakistan for the first time. Karachi Kings won their first title after defeating Lahore Qalandars by five wickets in the final.

The playoff stage of the tournament was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In late March 2020, the PCB were looking at whether to declare the winner of the tournament based on the league standings, or to play the matches at a later date. On 2 July 2020, the PCB announced that they plan to complete the season in November 2020. On 2 September 2020, the PCB confirmed the fixtures for the remaining matches.
Doctor Who: The Music II
Doctor Who: The Music II is a 1985 BBC Records album which is a sequel to Doctor Who: The Music released in 1983. Once again, it featured a selection of BBC Radiophonic Workshop music from the popular series. The compilation was made up of material recorded since its predecessor, including music from Workshop newcomer Jonathan Gibbs. As with the first album, the music was reassembled into short suites and remixed into stereo with added sound effects. It was re-released in 1992 on Silva Screen, with bonus tracks, as The Five Doctors - Classic Music From The BBC Radiophonic Workshop Volume 2. Selections from both Doctor Who - The Music albums were also re-used on the 1994 Silva Screen compilation The Best Of Doctor Who Volume 1 - The Five Doctors.

BBC Radiophonic Workshop
The BBC Radiophonic Workshop was one of the sound effects units of the BBC, created in 1958 to produce incidental sounds and new music for radio and, later, television. The unit is known for its experimental and pioneering work in electronic music and music technology, as well as its popular scores for programmes such as Doctor Who and Quatermass and the Pit during the 1950s and 1960s.

The original Radiophonic Workshop was based in the BBC's Maida Vale Studios in Delaware Road, Maida Vale, London. The Workshop was closed in March 1998, although much of its traditional work had already been outsourced by 1995. Its members included Daphne Oram, Delia Derbyshire, David Cain, John Baker, Paddy Kingsland, Glynis Jones, Maddalena Fagandini, Richard Yeoman-Clark and Elizabeth Parker, the last to leave.
Bayreuther Osterfestival
The Bayreuther Osterfestival is an Easter Festival held at Bayreuth in Germany. It has the three aims of raising money for cancer charities, providing experience and opportunities for young musicians, and the promotion of international understanding. It is connected with the work of the International Youth Orchestra Academy, and was founded in 1994.

Margravial Opera House
The Margravial Opera House (German: Markgräfliches Opernhaus) is a Baroque opera house in the town of Bayreuth, Germany. Built between 1745 and 1750, it is one of Europe's few surviving theatres of the period and has been extensively restored. On 30 June 2012, the opera house was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List because of its exceptional Baroque architecture.
Sim Smith Covered Bridge
The Sim Smith Covered Bridge is east of Montezuma, Indiana.  The single span Burr Truss covered bridge structure was built by Joseph A. Britton in 1883.  The bridge is 101 feet (31 m) long, 16 feet (4.9 m) wide, and 14 feet (4.3 m) high.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.

Burr Truss
The Burr Arch Truss—or, simply, Burr Truss or Burr Arch—is a combination of an arch and a multiple kingpost truss design. It was invented in 1804 by Theodore Burr, patented on April 3, 1817, and used in bridges, usually covered bridges.
Lighthouse of Vale Formoso
The Lighthouse of Vale Formoso (Portuguese: Farol de Vale Formoso) is a beacon/lighthouse located along the southwestern cliffs of the civil parish of Capelo, in the municipality of Horta, on the Portuguese island of Faial, in the archipelago of the Azores.

Capelo
Capelo (pronounced [kɐ.ˈpe.ɫu]) is a freguesia ("civil parish") in the municipality of Horta on the island of Faial in the Azorean archipelago. The population in 2011 was 486, in an area of 26.64 km2. Capelo may be considered the westernmost settlement of Eurasia, if Fajã Grande, on Flores Island, is considered part of North America, for it sits on the North American Plate.
The Fakeer of Jungheera
The Fakeer of Jungheera is a long poem written by Henry Louis Vivian Derozio, first published in 1829. The poem is 2,050 lines long, and was published when Derozio was only 19. It is notable for being the first long poem written by any Indian in the English language, and forms a central part of Derozio's legacy as one of the founding Anglo-Indian poets. The poem tells the tragic story of a young woman named Nuleeni, who has been brought to her late husband's funeral pyre to commit sati when she is rescued by a band of thieves led by her childhood friend, the titular fakir. Her father convinces the nawab of Rajmahal to recapture her with his army; in the ensuing battle, many die, including Nuleeni and her lover. The poem has been compared to Lord Byron's so-called "Turkish Tales" like The Giaour and to Letitia Elizabeth Landon's poem "The Improvisatrice".

Henry Louis Vivian Derozio
Henry Louis Vivian Derozio (18 April 1809 – 26 December 1831) was an Indian poet and assistant headmaster of Hindu College, Kolkata. He was a radical thinker of his time and one of the first Indian educators to disseminate Western learning and science among the young men of Bengal.

Long after his early death, his legacy lived on among his former students, who came to be known as Young Bengals and many of whom became prominent in social reform, law, and journalism.
Craighead Caverns
Craighead Caverns is an extensive cave system located in between Sweetwater and Madisonville, Tennessee.  It is best known for containing the United States' largest and the world's second largest non-subglacial underground lake, The Lost Sea.  In addition to the lake, the caverns contain an abundance of crystal clusters called anthodites, stalactites, stalagmites, and a waterfall.

Anthodite
Anthodites (Greek ἄνθος ánthos, "flower", -ode, adjectival combining form, -ite adjectival suffix) are speleothems (cave formations) composed of long needle-like crystals situated in clusters which radiate outward from a common base. The "needles" may be quill-like or feathery. Most anthodites are made of the mineral aragonite (a variety of calcium carbonate, CaCO3), although some are composed of gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O).

The term anthodite is first cited in the scientific literature in 1965 by Japanese researcher N. Kashima, who described "flower-like dripstone" composed of "an alternation of calcite and aragonite".
The Atlanta Journal-Constitution
The Atlanta Journal-Constitution (sometimes known as The AJC)  is an American online newspaper based in Atlanta, Georgia. It is the flagship publication of Cox Enterprises. The Atlanta Journal-Constitution is the result of the merger between The Atlanta Journal and The Atlanta Constitution. The two staffs were combined in 1982. Separate publication of the morning Constitution and the afternoon Journal ended in 2001 in favor of a single morning paper under the Journal-Constitution name.

The Atlanta Journal-Constitution has its headquarters in Midtown Atlanta. It was formerly co-owned with television flagship WSB-TV and six radio stations, which are located separately in Midtown Atlanta; the newspaper remained part of Cox Enterprises, while WSB became part of an independent Cox Media Group.

The Atlanta Journal-Constitution published its last print edition on December 31, 2025, and moved to a digital-only online newspaper.

Eugene Patterson
Eugene Corbett Patterson (October 15, 1923 – January 12, 2013), sometimes known as Gene Patterson, was an American journalist and civil rights activist. He was awarded the 1967 Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Writing.
Forest Park, Georgia
Forest Park is a city in Clayton County, Georgia, United States. It is located approximately nine miles (14 km) south of Atlanta and is part of the Atlanta metropolitan area. As of the 2020 census, the city had a population of 19,932.

In the 1800s, Forest Park was named Stump Town, due to the large number of stumps left behind from trees being cut for fuel for the trains passing to and from Atlanta. After being charted and incorporated in 1908, it became known as several names, such as Quick Station, Aster, and Forrest Station. Until the 1950s, Forest Park was spelled with two "R's" instead of just one.

Clayton County, Georgia
Clayton County is located in the north central portion of the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 297,595 by the U.S. Census Bureau. The county seat is Jonesboro.

Clayton County is one of the core counties of the Atlanta metropolitan area, and it is the sixth most-populous county in the state. It is the home of most of Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport, the busiest airport in the world by total passengers.

The county was the defendant in the landmark LGBT rights case of Bostock v. Clayton County (2020).
Ostrowąs, West Pomeranian Voivodeship
Ostrowąs [ɔsˈtrɔvɔ̃s] (German: Wusterhansberg) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Połczyn-Zdrój, within Świdwin County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately 4 km (2 mi) south-west of Połczyn-Zdrój, 20 km (12 mi) east of Świdwin, and 105 km (65 mi) east of the regional capital Szczecin. The village has a population of 30.

Gmina Połczyn-Zdrój
Gmina Połczyn-Zdrój is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Świdwin County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. Its seat is the town of Połczyn-Zdrój, which lies approximately 23 kilometres (14 mi) east of Świdwin and 108 km (67 mi) east of the regional capital Szczecin.

The gmina covers an area of 343.71 square kilometres (132.7 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 16,016 (out of which the population of Połczyn-Zdrój amounts to 8,572, and the population of the rural part of the gmina is 7,444).

The gmina contains part of the protected area called Drawsko Landscape Park.
Sehban Azim
Sehban Azim( born 26 February 1986) is an Indian television actor, having worked in TV shows like Dill Mill Gayye, Ek Hazaaron Mein Meri Behna Hai, Humsafars, Thapki Pyar Ki, Bepannaah and Tujhse Hai Raabta.

Thapki Pyar Ki
Thapki Pyar Ki (lit. "A Pat of Love") is a 704-episode Indian Hindi-language television series which aired on Colors TV from 2 May 2015 to 14 July 2017. It tells the story of Thapki Chaturvedi, a young woman who stutters. The series stars Jigyasa Singh, Manish Goplani, Nitanshi Goel, Ankit Bathla, Sheena Bajaj, and Monica Khanna. A sequel, Thapki Pyar Ki 2 aired on Colors TV from 4 October 2021 to 8 April 2022.
2020 Lanka Premier League
The 2020 Lanka Premier League, also known as My11Circle LPL T20, for sponsorship reasons, was the inaugural edition of the Lanka Premier League (LPL) Twenty20 franchise cricket tournament in Sri Lanka. Five teams based on various Sri Lankan cities played a total of 23 matches. It was originally scheduled to start in August but was rescheduled several times due to restrictions for the COVID-19 pandemic.

On 5 November, the tournament was given the green light to go ahead, with all the matches being played at the MRIC Stadium in Hambantota, from 26 November to 16 December 2020. The opening ceremony took place before the first match. In November 2020, Indian fantasy cricket league platform My11Circle was named the title sponsor with a bid of Rs 150M (15 crore) for the tournament.

Jaffna Stallions won by 53 runs against Galle Gladiators in the final and became the inaugural Champions of LPL.

Carlos Brathwaite
Carlos Ricardo Brathwaite (born 18 July 1988) is a Barbadian cricket commentator and cricketer. He briefly captained the West Indies in Twenty20 International (T20I). He was a key member of the West Indies team that won the 2016 T20 World Cup and is known for scoring 19 runs off the final over against England in the 2016 ICC World Twenty20 Final, ending with 34 runs off 10 balls.
1961 Individual Speedway World Championship
The 1961 Individual Speedway World Championship was the 16th edition of the official World Championship to determine the world champion rider.

The final was held outside of Wembley and England for the first time when on the 15 September Ove Fundin retained his title in his home country of Sweden. It was the first time a rider had won three titles and Sweden produced a clean sweep of podium places with Björn Knutson and Göte Nordin finishing second and third.

Ove Fundin
Ove Fundin (born 23 May 1933) is a Swedish former professional motorcycle speedway rider. He competed in the Speedway World Championships from 1951 to 1970. Fundin is notable for winning the Speedway World Championship Final five times (1956, 1960, 1961, 1963, 1967), a record bettered only by New Zealand's Ivan Mauger and fellow Swede Tony Rickardsson who each won six World Championships. He finished runner-up in the championship 3 times (1957–59) and was third in 1962, 1964 and 1965, meaning that from his first win in 1956 until his last in 1967, Fundin did not finish lower than a podium place in a record eleven World Finals. He was known by the nickname the "Flying Fox" or just "the Fox" because of his red hair.  He earned 99 caps for the Sweden national speedway team.
Little Red Lighthouse
The Little Red Lighthouse, officially Jeffrey's Hook Light, is a small lighthouse located in Fort Washington Park along the Hudson River in Manhattan, New York City, under the George Washington Bridge. It was made notable by the 1942 children's book The Little Red Lighthouse and The Great Gray Bridge, written by Hildegarde Swift and illustrated by Lynd Ward.

The lighthouse stands on Jeffrey's Hook, a small point of land that supports the base of the eastern pier of the bridge, which connects Washington Heights in Manhattan to Fort Lee, New Jersey.

Hildegarde Swift
Hildegarde H. Swift (January 10, 1890 – January 10, 1977) was a writer of children's books. One of her books, Little Blacknose received the Newbery Honor Medal. She is best known for her book The Railroad to Freedom. She won the Newbery Honor in 1933.