hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Xeroderma
Xeroderma is a skin condition characterized by excessively dry skin. The synonyms xerosis and xerosis cutis are sometimes used in a medical context. Colloquially, xeroderma may be referred to as dry skin or as ashiness or ashy skin when present in dark skin. Xeroderma derives from Greek  ξηρός (xeros) 'dry' and  δέρμα (derma) 'skin'.

In most cases, xeroderma can safely be treated with moisturizers (also called emollients). Xeroderma occurs most commonly on the scalp, lower legs, arms, hands, knuckles, the sides of the abdomen, and thighs. Symptoms most associated with xeroderma are such skin conditions as scaling (the visible peeling of the outer skin layer), itching, and skin fissures (cracked skin).

Itch
An itch (also known as pruritus) is a sensation that causes a strong desire or reflex to scratch. Itches have many similarities to pain, and while both are unpleasant sensory experiences, their behavioral response patterns are different. Pain creates a withdrawal reflex, whereas itches lead to a scratch reflex.

Unmyelinated nerve fibers for itches and pain both originate in the skin. Information for them is conveyed centrally in two distinct systems that both use the same nerve bundle and spinothalamic tract.
Hans von Gersdorff
Hans von Gersdorff, also known as Schyl-Hans (approx. 1455 – 1529), was a German surgeon who published the Feldbuch der Wundarzney ("Field book of surgery") in 1517 (published by Johannes Schott in Strasbourg), with instructions for procedures such as amputation. It was illustrated with woodcuts attributed to Hans Wechtlin.

Hans Wechtlin
Johann, Johannes or Hans Wechtlin was a German Renaissance artist, active between at least 1502 and 1526, whose woodcuts are his only certainly surviving work.  He was the most prolific producer of German chiaroscuro woodcuts, printed in two or more colours, during their period in fashion, though most of his output was of book illustrations.
Stanford School
The Stanford School (humorously also called the Stanford Disunity Mafia) is a group of philosophers of science, the members of which taught at various times at Stanford University, who share an intellectual tradition of arguing against the unity of science.

These criticisms draw heavily from research on science as a social and cultural process as well as arguments regarding ontological and methodological plurality found in different scientific fields. This group includes Nancy Cartwright, John Dupré, Peter Galison, Ian Hacking and Patrick Suppes. A notable position put forward by members of the Stanford School is entity realism.

A major conference with all the original members (except Hacking) plus original scientific collaborators, parallel philosophers, and the next generation of philosophers in this vein took place on Stanford's Campus on October 25–26, 2013. An anthology of this conference is being prepared, and will also include contributors not present at the conference.

Nancy Cartwright (philosopher)
Nancy Cartwright, Lady Hampshire FBA, FAcSS (born 24 June 1944) is an American philosopher of science. She is a professor of philosophy at the University of California at San Diego and the University of Durham. Currently, she is the past president of the Division for Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science and Technology (DLMPST) of the International Union of History and Philosophy of Science and Technology under the International Science Council (ISC).
Patrick Whitney
The Rt. Rev. Patrick Joseph Monsignor Whitney (1894–1942) was an Irish priest who in 1932 founded the Saint Patrick’s Society for the Foreign Missions, also known as the Kiltegan Fathers.

Monsignor Whitney was born in Ballyfermoyle, between Keadue and Lough Key in the north of County Roscommon, on the borders with County Sligo and County Leitrim. He was educated locally and at St. Mel's College, Longford.

He was training as a priest in Maynooth College for the  Diocese of Ardagh and Clonmacnoise when, on the invitation of Bishop Joseph Shanahan, he volunteered as a priest in Nigeria where he went with Fr Thomas Roynane in the 1920s. His cousin, Fr Patrick Francis Whitney, was one of the first three members of the society.

In 1939, due to ill health, he returned to Ireland and was replaced as Prefect Apostolic of Ogoja in Nigeria by future Bishop Thomas McGettrick.

Saint Patrick's Society for the Foreign Missions
St. Patrick's Missionary Society (Latin Societas Sancti Patritii pro Missionibus ad Exteros; also known as the Kiltegan Fathers) is a Catholic society of apostolic life of pontifical right for men composed of missionary priests. Its headquarters is at Kiltegan in County Wicklow, Ireland. Its members add the nominal initials SPS after their names to indicate their membership in the Society. The motto in Latin and English of the Society is Caritas Christi Urget Nos and Christ's love compels us (2 Corinthians 5:14), respectively.
Bessie Smith
Bessie Smith (April 15, 1892 – September 26, 1937) was an African-American blues singer widely renowned during the Jazz Age. Nicknamed the "Empress of the Blues" and formerly Queen of the Blues, she was the most popular female blues singer of the 1930s. Inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1989, she is often regarded as one of the greatest singers of her era and was a major influence on fellow blues singers, as well as jazz vocalists.

Born in Chattanooga, Tennessee, Smith was young when her parents died, and she and her six siblings survived by performing on street corners. She began touring and performed in a group that included Ma Rainey, and then went out on her own. Her successful recording career with Columbia Records began in  1923, but her performing career was cut short by a car crash that killed her at the age of 45.

Jazz Age
The Jazz Age was a period from 1920 to the early 1930s in which jazz music and dance styles gained worldwide popularity. The Jazz Age's cultural repercussions were primarily felt in the United States, the birthplace of jazz. Originating in New Orleans as mainly sourced from the culture of African Americans, jazz played a significant part in wider cultural changes in this period, and its influence on popular culture continued long afterwards.

The Jazz Age is often referred to in conjunction with the Roaring Twenties, and overlapped in significant cross-cultural ways with the Prohibition era. The movement was largely affected by the introduction of radios nationwide. During this time, the Jazz Age was intertwined with the developing youth culture. The movement would also help in introducing jazz culture to Europe. The Jazz Age ends before the Swing era.
Schwarzenburg
Schwarzenburg is a municipality in the district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. It was created on 1 January 2011 through the merger of the municipalities of Wahlern and Albligen.

Bern-Mittelland (administrative district)
Bern-Mittelland District in the canton of Bern was created on 1 January 2010. It is part of the Bern-Mittelland administrative region, and is the only district in the region. It contains 74 municipalities with an area of 946.30 km2 (365.37 sq mi) and a population (as of 2020) of 418,191.

It is made up of the valley of the rivers Aare and Emme, some of the foothills of the Bernese Alps, as well as the plain around the capital Bern, and has many small farms and hilly forested regions with small to mid-sized towns scattered throughout.
Bahrain International Airport
Bahrain International Airport (IATA: BAH, ICAO: OBBI) (Arabic: مطار البحرين الدولي, romanized: Maṭār al-Baḥrayn al-dwalī) is the international airport of Bahrain. Located on Muharraq Island, adjacent to the capital Manama and the city of Muharraq, it serves as the hub for the national carrier Gulf Air. The airport is managed by the Bahrain Airport Company. Established in 1927, it is the Persian Gulf's oldest international airport.

Muharraq Island
Muharraq Island (Arabic: جزيرة المحرق), formerly known as Moharek, is the second largest island in the archipelago of Bahrain after Bahrain Island. It lies 4 km (2.5 mi) east of the capital, Manama, on Bahrain Island.
Garhwal kingdom
Kingdom of Garhwal ( गढ़वाल राज्य ) was also known as Tehri Garhwal, was  a princely state under British paramountcy in the current north-western Himalayan state of Uttarakhand, India, founded in 823 CE by Kanak Pal  the progenitor of the Panwar dynasty that ruled over the kingdom uninterrupted until 1803 CE.

The princely state was divided into two parts during the British Raj, namely: the princely state of Garhwal and the Garhwal District of British India. The princely state of Garhwal consisted of the present day Tehri Garhwal district and most of the Uttarkashi district. This former state acceded to the Union of India in August 1949 CE.

Uttarkashi district
Uttarkashi district is a district of Garhwal division of the Uttarakhand state in northern India, and has its headquarters at Uttarkashi city. It has 6 tehsil . Barkot, Dunda, Bhatwadi, Chinyalisaur, Purola and Mori. Uttarkashi district's south-western parts are cuturally part of the historical Mahasu region.

The district contains the source of the Bhagirathi River (traditionally considered the headstream of the Ganga) at Gangotri and the Yamuna River at Yamunotri, both of which are highly significant and popular pilgrimage sites. Uttarkashi town, which lies on the main road to Gangotri, is also considered an important Hindu pilgrimage centre, especially for Saivites. The district is bounded on the north by Kinnaur and Shimla districts of Himachal Pradesh, on the northeast by Tibet, China, on the east by Chamoli District, on the southeast by Rudraprayag district, on the south by Tehri Garhwal district, and on the west by Dehradun district.
Marc Denis
Joseph Marc Denis (born August 1, 1977) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey goaltender, who last played with the Montreal Canadiens of the National Hockey League (NHL). For the 2009–10 season, he was hired as the goaltenders' coach of the Chicoutimi Saguenéens, a Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL) team. He is currently working as a colour analyst for the Canadiens on the Francophone Canadian sports network RDS. He is the all time leader in save percentage in the shootout among goaltenders who have faced at least 40 shootout attempts.

Chicoutimi Saguenéens
The Chicoutimi Saguenéens are a Canadian junior ice hockey team which plays in the Quebec Maritimes Junior Hockey League (QMJHL).  The team is based in Chicoutimi, Quebec, and owned by the City of Saguenay. The team plays its home games at the Centre Georges-Vézina.
Eurotowns
Eurotowns is a network of medium-sized European cities with a population between 50,000 and 250,000 inhabitants. The organisation was founded in 1991. Its members include Avilés, Böblingen, Chełm, Detmold, Eskilstuna, Gävle, Girona, Haarlem, Halmstad, Hasselt, Jyväskylä, Manresa, Reggio Emilia, Roeselare, Sabadell, Schiedam, Sindelfingen, Solingen, Ulm, and Varberg.

Girona
Girona, also known as Gerona, is the capital city of the Province of Girona in the autonomous community of Catalonia, Spain, at the confluence of the Ter, Onyar, Galligants, and Güell rivers. The city had an official population of 106,476 in 2024, but the population of the Girona–Salt urban area is estimated to be about 156,400 (2020). Girona is also capital of the comarca of the Gironès and the vegueria of Girona. Since much of the old quarter of this ancient city has been preserved, Girona is a popular tourist destination. The city is located 99 km (62 mi) northeast of Barcelona.
Die Blümelein, sie schlafen
"Die Blümelein, sie schlafen" is the first line of the German lullaby "Sandmännchen" (Sandman), from Anton Wilhelm von Zuccalmaglio's collection Deutsche Volkslieder (1840). The melody is based on a French song from the late 1500s which was also used for the Christmas carol "Zu Bethlehem geboren" (1638) to a text by Friedrich Spee.

A sandman is a mythical figure in German and other European folk tales who sprinkles sand in the children's eyes at night, making them drowsy and inspiring beautiful dreams.

Johannes Brahms wrote a piano accompaniment for this song in 1858 as no. 4 in his collection 15 Volkskinderlieder (15 Folk Songs for Children), WoO 31. He dedicated this collection to the children of Robert and Clara Schumann.

Zu Bethlehem geboren
"Zu Bethlehem geboren" is a German Christmas carol. The text is attributed to Friedrich Spee and was first printed in the collection Geistlichen Psälterlein (Little sacred psalter) by Johannes Heringsdorf in Cologne in 1637. The author was unknown until the 20th century, but research of style and content arrived at the attribution. The song was printed with a then-popular secular melody in 1638. The song appears in current Catholic and Protestant hymnals.
Ashfield, Pennsylvania
Ashfield is an unincorporated community in East Penn Township, Carbon County, Pennsylvania, located south of Lehighton and west of Bowmanstown on Route 895 at the northern foot of Blue Mountain. Lizard Creek flows east through Ashfield into the Lehigh River. Although the village has its own post office with the ZIP code of 18212, some residents are served by the Lehighton post office, ZIP code 18235.

The grave of Charles M. Schwab's father-in-law, Reuben Dinkey, was in a church cemetery in Ashfield. Schwab donated funds for the construction of a new church building in the town, named Dinkey Memorial Church, in 1914.

Pennsylvania Route 895
Pennsylvania Route 895 (PA 895) is a 47.37 mi (76.23 km) state highway in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. It is an east–west route, running from PA 443 in Pine Grove in Schuylkill County east to and PA 248 in Bowmanstown in Carbon County. PA 895 is a two-lane undivided road that passes through rural areas in the southern sections of Schuylkill and Carbon counties, serving Auburn, Deer Lake, and New Ringgold. The entire course is close to the north flank of Blue Mountain. PA 895 was designated in 1928 between Auburn and U.S. Route 120 (US 120, now PA 61) in Pinedale. In the 1930s, the route was extended west to PA 443 in Pine Grove and east to US 309 at White Street in Bowmanstown. In 1961, the east end was moved to an interchange with the PA 29/PA 45 (now PA 248) freeway in Bowmanstown. Contrary to the highway’s designated number, it is not connected to or a bypass of Interstate 95, which runs in the Philadelphia area.
Patrick McHale
Patrick McHale VC (Irish: Pádraig Mac Céile; 1826 – 26 October 1866) was born in Killala, County Mayo, and was an Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

Killala
Killala (Irish: Cill Ala, meaning 'the mottled church') is a village in County Mayo in Ireland, north of Ballina. The railway line from Dublin to Ballina once extended to Killala. To the west of Killala is the townland of Townsplots West (known locally as Enagh Beg), which contains a number of ancient forts. Historically associated with Saint Patrick, and the seat of an episcopal see for several centuries, evidence of Killala's ecclesiastical past include a 12th-century round tower and the 17th century Cathedral  Church of St Patrick. As of the 2016 census of Ireland, the village had a population of 562. The village is in a civil parish of the same name.
Shut Out (song)
"Shut Out" is a single from the Paul Jabara album of the same name and features special guest vocals by Donna Summer. On the album, it is used as the first half of a medley another with another song called "Heaven Is a Disco".

Paul Jabara would later be responsible for writing two of Summer's biggest hits—"Last Dance" and the duet with Barbra Streisand, "No More Tears (Enough Is Enough)".

Paul Jabara
Paul Frederick Jabara (January 31, 1948 – September 29, 1992) was an American actor, singer, and songwriter. He wrote Donna Summer's Oscar-winning "Last Dance" from Thank God It's Friday (1978), as well as "No More Tears (Enough Is Enough)", Summer's international hit duet with Barbra Streisand. He also co-wrote the Weather Girls' iconic hit "It's Raining Men" with Paul Shaffer.
Changhua Plain
Changhua Plain (Chinese: 彰化平原; pinyin: Zhānghuà Píngyuán), which is sometimes listed as "Changhua Coastal Plain", is an alluvial plain in central Taiwan on the west coast between the Old Zhuoshui River (舊濁水溪) and Dadu River, and bordered to the east by the Bagua Plateau.

It occupied the northern parts of Changhua County, with a length of about 40 km (25 mi) and a width varying between 12 and 15 km (7.5 and 9.3 mi). While the area is mostly flat, the altitude ranges from about 12 to 45 meters (39 to 148 feet) above sea level.

Except for Bagua Plateau, Changhua County is divided into two plains: Changhua Plain and the Zhuoshui River Alluvial Fan (濁水溪沖積扇), separated by the Old Zhuoshui River.

Changhua County
Changhua (Wade-Giles: Chang¹-hua⁴) is a county of Taiwan, that is the smallest on the main island of Taiwan by area, and the fourth smallest in the country. With a total population of 1.24 million, Changhua County is the most populous county in the Republic of China. Its capital is Changhua City and it is part of the Taichung–Changhua metropolitan area.
Shaq's Fun House
Shaq's Fun House is an annual music festival organized by former basketball player Shaquille O’Neal and Medium Rare. It features performances from hip-hop and EDM artists, carnival-style activities, and circus acts. It has been held since 2018, and is held in the same city as the Super Bowl on the Friday before the game. Shaq's Fun House is an all inclusive event that features free food and drinks.

Two related virtual events were also held called Shaq's Fun House vs. Gronk Beach in 2020 and Shaq Bowl in 2021.

Gronk Beach
Gronk Beach is an American annual music festival created and hosted by former professional American football player Rob Gronkowski in partnership with production company Medium Rare. The event has featured performances from artists such as Rick Ross, Flo Rida, Kaskade, The Chainsmokers, and Diplo.
Alexander Y. Tetelbaum
Alexander Y. Tetelbaum (born August 16, 1948) is a Ukrainian American computer scientist, inventor, and academic who has contributed to electronic design automation (EDA) and artificial intelligence (AI) since the late 1960s; and holds 46 U.S. patents in EDA and related fields. Tetelbaum is the founding president of International Solomon University, the first Jewish university in Ukraine, established during a period of renewed efforts to address antisemitism in Ukraine.

Antisemitism in Ukraine
Antisemitism in Ukraine has been a historical issue in the country, particularly in the twentieth century.  The history of the Jewish community of the region dates back to the era when ancient Greek colonies existed in it.  A third of the Jews of Europe previously lived in Ukraine between 1791 and 1917, within the Pale of Settlement. The large concentration of Jews in this region historically made them an easy target for anti-Jewish actions and pogroms.
Liberal Parliamentarians for Israel
Liberal Parliamentarians for Israel was an organization of pro-Israel parliamentarians in the Liberal Party of Canada.  The group was founded in 2002, and included former MPs such as Irwin Cotler, Joe Volpe, Carolyn Bennett, Stephen Owen and Jim Peterson.  As of 2006, it was chaired by Anita Neville and David Smith.

Joe Volpe
Giuseppe "Joe" Volpe PC (born September 21, 1947) is a Canadian politician. He represented the Ontario riding of Eglinton-Lawrence as a member of the Liberal Party in the House of Commons of Canada from 1988 until 2011, when he lost his seat to Conservative candidate Joe Oliver. Volpe held two senior positions in Prime Minister Paul Martin's Cabinet from 2003 to 2006, and served as transportation critic when his party became the Official Opposition. In 2006, he ran unsuccessfully for the Liberal Party leadership.
Jaco Hanekom
Jaco Hanekom (killed 17 March 2023) was a South African whistleblower and police informant whose killing became the subject of national attention following testimony at the Madlanga Commission. His death was linked in commission evidence to allegations of corruption, unlawful operations, and intimidation involving members of the  Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Police Department (EMPD).

Julius Mkhwanazi
Julius Doctor Mkhwanazi (born 1973) is a South African law enforcement official who served as Deputy Chief of the Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Police Department (EMPD). He came to national attention in November 2025 when he was suspended by the City of Ekurhuleni following allegations of corruption, abuse of power, and irregular promotions within the department.
Censorship in the Middle East
Censorship is a policy used by governments to retain control over their people by preventing the public from viewing information considered by the republic as holding the potential to incite a rebellion. The majority of nations in the Middle East censor the media, including Bahrain, Egypt, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey and the United Arab Emirates.

Censorship in Islamic societies
Islamic teachings and argument have sometimes been used for religious censorship throughout history, and there are many cases of censorship in Islamic societies. One example is the fatwa (religious judgment) against The Satanic Verses (a novel), ordering that the author be executed for blasphemy. Depictions of Muhammad have inspired considerable controversy and censorship. Leaders of the member states of the world's largest Islamic organization, known as the Organization of Islamic Cooperation  (OIC), called for a categorical ban on stuff that could be deemed as denigration of the Islamic prophet Muhammad in 2012.

Quran 2:256 prohibits "compulsion in religion". Some Islamic societies have religious police, who enforce the application of Islamic Sharia law.

In non-Islamic countries, Islam has often been cited as a reason for self-censorship. Sometimes this self-censorship is because of threats of violence.
Epsom Hospital
Epsom Hospital is a teaching hospital in Epsom, Surrey, England. The hospital is situated on Dorking Road 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) south east of the centre of Epsom. It is managed by the Epsom and St Helier University Hospitals NHS Trust along with the nearby St Helier Hospital.

Epsom and St Helier University Hospitals NHS Trust
Epsom and St Helier University Hospitals NHS Trust is an NHS trust covering the London Borough of Sutton and north Surrey. It runs two main hospitals: Epsom Hospital and St Helier Hospital. It also runs a chronic fatigue and pain clinic at Sutton Hospital.  The Trust was formed in 1999, bringing together four hospitals: Epsom, St Helier, Sutton and the former Queen Mary's Hospital for Children, Carshalton.
John Mayall
John Brumwell Mayall OBE (29 November 1933 – 22 July 2024) was an English blues and rock musician, songwriter and producer. In the 1960s, he formed John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers, a band that has counted among its members some of the most famous blues and blues rock musicians of all-time. A singer, guitarist, harmonica player, and keyboardist, he had a career that spanned nearly seven decades, remaining an active musician until his death aged 90. Mayall has often been referred to as the "godfather of the British blues", and was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in the musical influence category in 2024.

Crusade (album)
Crusade is the fourth album and third studio album by the British blues rock band John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers, released on 1 September 1967 on Decca Records. It was the follow-up to A Hard Road, also released in 1967. As with their two previous albums, Crusade was produced by Mike Vernon. The album was the first recordings of the then-18-year-old guitarist Mick Taylor.