hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Uncertainty and Quality in Science for Policy
Uncertainty and Quality in Science for Policy is a 1990 book by Silvio Funtowicz and Jerome Ravetz, in which the authors explain the notational system NUSAP (numeral, unit, spread, assessment, pedigree) and applies it to several examples from the environmental sciences. The work is considered foundational to the development of post-normal science.

Jerome Ravetz
Jerome (Jerry) Ravetz is a philosopher of science.  He is best known for his books analysing scientific knowledge from a social and ethical perspective, focusing on issues of quality.  He is the co-author (with Silvio Funtowicz) of the NUSAP notational system and of Post-normal science.  He is currently an Associate Fellow at the Institute for Science, Innovation and Society, University of Oxford.
As You Like It (1936 film)
As You Like It is a 1936 British romantic comedy film directed by Paul Czinner and starring Laurence Olivier as Orlando and Elisabeth Bergner as Rosalind. It is based on William Shakespeare's play of the same name. It was Olivier's first performance of Shakespeare on screen.

It was the final film of stage actors Leon Quartermaine and Henry Ainley, and featured an early screen role for Ainley's son Richard as Sylvius, as well as for John Laurie, who played Orlando's brother Oliver. (Laurie would go on to perform with Olivier in the three Shakespearean films that Olivier directed.)

Bergner had previously played the role of Rosalind in her native Germany and her German accent is apparent in most of her scenes.

John Laurie
John Paton Laurie (25 March 1897 – 23 June 1980) was a Scottish stage, film, and television actor. He appeared in scores of feature films with directors including Alfred Hitchcock, David Lean, Michael Powell and Laurence Olivier, generally playing memorable small or supporting roles. As a stage actor, he was cast in Shakespearean roles and was a speaker of verse, especially of Robert Burns. He is also well known for his role in the sitcom Dad's Army (1968–1977) as Private Frazer, a member of the Home Guard.
Belmont station (CTA North Side Main Line)
Belmont is an 'L' station serving the CTA's North Side Main Line. It is served at all times by the Red and Brown Lines, and by the Purple Line Express during weekday rush hours. It is located at 945 West Belmont Avenue in the Lakeview neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois. It is an elevated station with two island platforms serving four tracks; Brown and Purple Line trains share the outer tracks while Red Line trains run on the inner tracks. Along with residential areas, the neighborhood surrounding Belmont contains many eclectic shops, bars, and restaurants and active nightlife. The station is one of the more heavily utilized on the system serving as a busy transfer point, and also as a terminal when the Brown Line operates as a shuttle service to and from Kimball late at night and early in the morning. It is nearly identical to Fullerton, minus the terminal status.

North Side main line
The North Side Main Line is a branch of the Chicago "L" system that is used by Red, Purple, and Brown Line trains. As of 2012, it is the network's busiest rail branch, serving an average of 123,229 passengers each weekday. The branch is 10.3 miles (16.6 km) long with a total of 21 stations, from Howard Street in Rogers Park down to Lake Street in Chicago's Loop. The branch serves the north side of the city 24 hours a day, seven days a week.

Since 2005, this branch has been renovated several times and is currently being reconstructed. On January 7, 2011, CTA requested a rehabilitation program for the North Side Main Line. This project is part of the Red Ahead program.
Dowell, Maryland
Dowell is a small, rural unincorporated community in Calvert County, Maryland, United States, located immediately north of Solomons. The city once had its own zip code, that being 20629, but it was changed to 20688, shared with Solomons. Solomons now encompasses the entirety of the Dowell peninsula.

38°21′00″N 76°27′29″W﻿ / ﻿38.350138°N 76.458063°W﻿ / 38.350138; -76.458063

Calvert County, Maryland
Calvert County is a county located in the U.S. state of Maryland. As of the 2020 United States census, its population was 92,783. Its county seat is Prince Frederick. The county's name is derived from the family name of the Barons of Baltimore, the proprietors of the English Colony of Maryland. Calvert County is included in the Washington–Arlington–Alexandria metropolitan statistical area. It occupies the Calvert Peninsula, which is bordered on the east by Chesapeake Bay and on the west by the Patuxent River. The county has one of the highest median household incomes in the United States. It is one of the older counties in Maryland, after St. Mary's, Kent, and Anne Arundel Counties. The county is part of the Southern Maryland region of the state.
Martin measure
In descriptive set theory, the Martin measure is a filter on the set of Turing degrees of sets of natural numbers, named after Donald A. Martin. Under the axiom of determinacy it can be shown to be an ultrafilter.

Donald A. Martin
Donald Anthony Martin (born December 24, 1940), also known as Tony Martin, is an American set theorist and philosopher of mathematics at UCLA, where he is an emeritus professor of mathematics and philosophy.
RAID (in mental health)
RAID (Reinforce Appropriate, Implode Disruptive) is a positive psychology least restrictive practice approach for working with people who exhibit challenging behaviour. The RAID approach is written by Dr William Davies and is published and distributed by the Association for Psychological Therapies. Over 20,000 professionals working in Mental Health and related areas are trained in the RAID approach, mainly in the UK and Ireland. It is now in its 11th edition.

Challenging behaviour
Challenging behaviour, also known as behaviours which challenge, is defined as "culturally abnormal behaviour(s) of such intensity, frequency or duration that the physical safety of the person or others is placed in serious jeopardy, or behaviour which is likely to seriously limit or deny access to the use of ordinary community facilities". "Ordinarily we would expect the person to have shown the pattern of behaviour that presents such a challenge to services for a considerable period of time.  Severely challenging behaviour is not a transient phenomenon."

Challenging behaviour is most often, though not exclusively exhibited by individuals with learning developmental disabilities, individuals with dementia or other mental health needs, such as strokes or acquired brain injuries, individuals with psychosis and by children, although such behaviours can be displayed by any person.

The term challenging behaviour is a euphemism.
Death and Memory in Early Medieval Britain
Death and Memory in Early Medieval Britain is an archaeological study of mnemonic elements in the funerary practices of Early Medieval Britain, written by the British archaeologist Howard Williams. The book was first published by Cambridge University Press as part of their series "Cambridge Studies in Archaeology" in 2006.

Howard Williams (archaeologist)
Howard M. R. Williams FSA (born 1972) is a British archaeologist and academic who is Professor of Archaeology at the University of Chester in England. His research focuses on the study of death, burial and memory in Early Medieval Britain.
Vayishlach
Vayishlach (Biblical Hebrew: וַיִּשְׁלַח, romanized: Wayyišlaḥ, lit. 'and he sent', the first word of the weekly Torah portion) is the eighth weekly Torah portion in the annual Jewish cycle of Torah reading. In the parashah, Jacob reconciles with Esau after wrestling with a "man." The prince Shechem rapes Dinah, whose brothers sack the city of Shechem in revenge. In the family's subsequent flight, Rachel gives birth to Benjamin and dies in childbirth.

The parashah constitutes Genesis 32:4–36:43. The parashah has the most verses of any weekly Torah portion in the Book of Genesis (Parashat Miketz has the most letters, Parashat Vayeira has the most words, and Parashat Noach has an equal number of verses as Parashat Vayishlach). It is made up of 7,458 Hebrew letters, 1,976 Hebrew words, 153 verses, and 237 lines in a Torah scroll. Jews read it the eighth Shabbat after Simchat Torah, in November or December.

The Red Tent (Diamant novel)
The Red Tent is a historical novel by Anita Diamant, published in 1997 by Wyatt Books for St. Martin's Press. It is a first-person narrative that tells the story of Dinah, daughter of Jacob and Leah, sister of Joseph. She is a minor character in the Hebrew Bible; Diamant broadened her story. The book's title refers to the tent in which women of Jacob’s tribe must, according to ancient Jewish law, take refuge while menstruating or upon birthing, a period known as niddah, and in which they find mutual support and encouragement from their mothers, sisters, and aunts.
2014 in Glory
The year 2014 was the 3rd year in the history of Glory, an international kickboxing event. 2014 starts with Glory 14: Zagreb, and ends with Glory 18: Oklahoma. The events were broadcast through television agreements with Spike TV and other regional channels around the world.

Karapet Karapetyan
Karapet Karapetyan (Armenian: Կարապետ Կարապետյան; born 28 November 1982), also known as Karapet Papijan is an Armenian-Dutch kickboxer who competes in the super middleweight and light heavyweight divisions. A professional since 2002, Karapetyan established himself on the Dutch scene by becoming a national champion and having a short stint in the It's Showtime promotion before two ill-fated world title shots in 2012. He signed with Glory the following year. As of 2 November 2015, he is ranked the #3 welterweight in the world by GLORY.
USS Galveston (CL-93)
USS Galveston (CL-93/CLG-3) was a Cleveland-class light cruiser of the United States Navy that was later converted to a Galveston-class guided missile cruiser. She was launched by William Cramp & Sons Shipbuilding Company, Philadelphia 22 April 1945, sponsored by Mrs. Clark Wallace Thompson. The cruiser's construction was suspended when nearly complete on 24 June 1946; and the hull assigned to the Philadelphia Group of the Atlantic Reserve Fleet. She was reclassified CLG-93 on 4 February 1956; then reclassified to CLG-3 on 23 May 1957; and commissioned at Philadelphia 28 May 1958.

William Cramp & Sons
William Cramp & Sons Shipbuilding Company (also known as William Cramp & Sons Ship & Engine Building Company) was an American shipbuilding company based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, founded in 1830 by William Cramp. During its heyday in late 19th century, it was the preeminent American iron shipbuilder.
Tomás de Anchorena
Tomás Manuel de Anchorena (29 November 1783 – 29 April 1847) was an Argentine statesman and lawyer. He was a representative to the Congress of Tucumán which on 9 July 1816 declared the Independence of Argentina.

Anchorena was born in Buenos Aires and studied at the Real Colegio de San Carlos, graduating as doctor in law at the University of Charcas around 1807. Upon his return he participated in the Buenos Aires Cabildo of 1810 and supported the revolutionary cause.

Anchorena served as secretary to General Manuel Belgrano and in 1815 he was elected by city of Buenos Aires to the Tucumán Congress, highly involved and present in 1816 for the declaration. He was active in the politics of Buenos Aires Province and served as government minister for foreign relations during the first term of Juan Manuel de Rosas.

Argentine Declaration of Independence
The Independence of the Argentine Republic (or La Independencia de Argentina in Spanish) was declared on July 9, 1816, by the Congress of Tucumán. In reality, the congressmen who were assembled in Tucumán declared the independence of the United Provinces of South America, which is one of the official names of the Argentine Republic. The Federal League Provinces, at war with the United Provinces, were not allowed into the Congress. At the same time, several provinces from the Upper Peru that would later become part of present-day Bolivia, were represented at the Congress.
St. Mary's High School, North Lakhimpur
St. Mary's Senior Secondary School, North Lakhimpur is a Catholic school affiliated to the Secondary Education Board of Assam. The school has classes from Nursery to XII. It was established on 8 March 1966 by the Missionary Sisters of Mary Help of Christians (MSMHC). The motto of the school is to educate person with character and competence to build a civilization of love.

North Lakhimpur
North Lakhimpur (/ˌlækɪmˈpʊər/ LAK-im-POOR) is a city and a municipal board in Lakhimpur district in the Indian state of Assam, about 394 kilometres (245 mi) northeast of Guwahati. It is the district headquarters of Lakhimpur district.

North Lakhimpur is also the name of the subdivision of Lakhimpur district where North Lakhimpur town is located.
Gulf Indian High School
Gulf Indian High School or GIHS is a CBSE affiliated school located in the Al Garhoud Area of Dubai. It is a senior secondary school with students from 3-17 of age accommodating classes from KG to 12. Students in 12th prepare for their All India Senior School Certificate Examination (AISSCE) as it is their senior and final year. The school is affiliated to the CBSE, New Delhi. Dominated by discipline and well knit community, assessed by the KHDA it has been coming out with an 'Acceptable' consistently throughout the years.

John M. Thomas, the school's founder and chairman, died in July 2022.

Al Garhoud
Al Garhoud (Arabic: ٱلْقَرْهُوْد, Al-Qarhūd), or simply Garhoud, is a commercial and residential zone in Dubai, the U.A.E. It is bounded by Port Saeed to the west, Umm Ramool to the east, Dubai International Airport to the north and Al Kheeran to the south.
Kurkowo, Podlaskie Voivodeship
Kurkowo [kurˈkɔvɔ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Grabowo, within Kolno County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland.

Four Polish citizens were murdered by Nazi Germany in the village during World War II.

Gmina Grabowo
Gmina Grabowo is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Kolno County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. Its seat is the village of Grabowo, which lies approximately 15 kilometres (9 mi) east of Kolno and 78 km (48 mi) north-west of the regional capital Białystok.

The gmina covers an area of 128.48 square kilometres (49.6 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 3,637 (3,658 in 2011).
Andy Lee (South Korean singer)
Lee Sun-ho (Korean: 이선호; born January 21, 1981), mononymously credited as Andy Lee (앤디), is a South Korean singer, rapper, actor and record producer. He is the youngest member of six-member boy band Shinhwa. Besides rapping for his band, Andy has ventured out into television acting, musicals, and solo singing. Andy is also the producer of duo Jumper and boy groups Teen Top, 100% and Up10tion.

TOP Media
TOP Media (Korean: 티오피미디어),(also known as T.O.P Media) is a South Korean company, founded by Shinhwa's Andy, handling the management of several artists. TOP Media usually works with Sony Music Entertainment Korea for distribution of its musical releases.
Bruce County, New Zealand
Bruce County was one of the counties of New Zealand in the South Island. The county's headquarters were in Milton. Its first meeting was on 4 January 1877 at the Milton courthouse. Clutha District Council began in November 1989 with amalgamation of Balclutha Borough, Clutha County, Lawrence Borough, Tapanui Borough, part of Tuapeka County and Bruce District Council. Bruce District Council had been formed in 1986 from Bruce County, Milton Borough and Kaitangata Borough.

Kaitangata, New Zealand
Kaitangata is a town near the coast of South Otago, New Zealand, on the left bank of the Matau Branch of the Clutha River ten kilometres south east of Balclutha. The town is known to its residents as Kai.

In June 2016, the town gained international attention when new low cost housing was offered there, and local mayor of Clutha District, Bryan Cadogan, estimated there were 100-1000 job vacancies in the region; the news was carried by The Guardian and TVNZ's Seven Sharp.
Rokken rail accident
The Rokken train wreck (六軒事故, Rokken jiko) occurred on October 15, 1956, when two passenger trains collided and derailed at Rokken Station on the Japan National Railways (JNR) Sangu Line in Matsusaka, Mie Prefecture. The accident led to improvements in the Japanese rail signaling system.

Matsusaka
Matsusaka (松阪市, Matsusaka-shi; Local dialect: Mattsaka or Massaka) is a city located in Mie Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 August 2021, the city had an estimated population of 157,235 in 66,018 households and a population density of 250 people per km2. The total area of the city is 623.64 square kilometres (240.79 sq mi). The city is famous for Matsusaka beef.
2019 Cairo bombing
On 4 August 2019, a car drove into three other cars outside the National Cancer Institute Egypt in central Cairo, Egypt. The collisions caused an explosion, killing at least 20 people and injuring at least 47 others. The next day, Mahmoud Tawfik the Interior Minister of Egypt, said that the car contained explosives and was to be used in a terrorist operation. The explosives-filled car was on its way to commit an attack in another part of the capital. Tawfik accused the Hasm Movement of carrying out the bombing, but the group denied the allegations.

Hasm Movement
The Arms of Egypt Movement (Arabic: حركة سواعد مِصر Ḥarakat Sāwa'd Miṣr), commonly known as the Hasm Movement (Arabic: حسم), is an Islamist militant group operating in Egypt.

The group despite having little uptime, has shown to have a very advanced organization and deployment which has led the security forces to link them with the Muslim Brotherhood.
Spring Hill, Bowie County, Texas
Spring Hill is an unincorporated community in Bowie County, Texas, United States. According to the Handbook of Texas, the community had a population of 209 in 2000. It is located within the Texarkana metropolitan area.

Bowie County, Texas
Bowie County (/ˈbuːi/ BOO-ee) is a county in the U.S. state of Texas. Its legal county seat is Boston, though its courthouse is located in New Boston. As of the 2020 census, the population was 92,893. Bowie County is part of the Texarkana metropolitan statistical area. The county is named for James Bowie, the legendary knife fighter who died at the Battle of the Alamo.
Opatija
Opatija (Croatian: [opǎtija]; Italian: Abbazia; German: Sankt Jakobi) is a town and a municipality in Primorje-Gorski Kotar County in west Croatia. The traditional seaside resort on the Kvarner Gulf is known for its Mediterranean climate and its historic buildings reminiscent of the Austrian Riviera.

Seaside resort
A seaside resort is a city, town, village, or hotel that serves as a vacation resort and is located on a coast. Sometimes the concept includes an aspect of an official accreditation based on the satisfaction of certain requirements such as in the German Seebad. Where a beach is the primary focus for tourists, it may be called a beach resort.
Ottumwa, Iowa
Ottumwa (/əˈtʌmwə/ ə-TUM-wə) is a city in and the county seat of Wapello County, Iowa, United States. The population was 25,529 at the time of the 2020 U.S. census. Located in the state's southeastern section, the city is split into northern and southern halves by the Des Moines River.

The original town was founded on the former camps of Meskwaki Chiefs Wapello and Appanoose. Ottumwa first developed as an industrious city economically based in farm-equipment manufacturing and meatpacking, those being John Deere and John Morrell & Co. (now JBS) respectively. The city is also home to Indian Hills Community College to provide for higher education. Ottumwa is the center of the Ottumwa Micropolitan Area which includes all of Wapello and Davis counties.

Iowa PBS
Iowa PBS, formerly Iowa Public Television (IPTV), is a network of Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) member stations in the U.S. state of Iowa. It is operated by the Iowa Public Broadcasting Board, an agency of the state education department which holds the licenses for all the PBS member stations in the state. Iowa PBS' headquarters are located at 6450 Corporate Drive in Johnston, Iowa, a suburb of Des Moines.
Shepherd Public Schools
Shepherd Public Schools is a public school district in Central Michigan. In Isabella County, it serves Shepherd and parts of the townships of Chippewa, Coe, Denver, Fremont, and Lincoln. It also serves small sections of the townships of Pine River and Seville in Gratiot County and Greendale and Jasper in Midland County.

Isabella County, Michigan
Isabella County is a county located in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2020 Census, the population was 64,394. Its county seat is Mount Pleasant. The area was known as Ojibiway Besse, meaning "the place of the Ojibwa". Isabella County contains the Isabella Indian Reservation, on which members of the Saginaw Chippewa Tribal Nation live. The county is home to Central Michigan University.
XCT-790
XCT-790 is a potent and selective inverse agonist ligand of the estrogen-related receptor alpha (ERRα). Independent of its inhibition of ERRα, XCT-790 is a potent mitochondrial electron transport chain uncoupler.

Estrogen-related receptor alpha
Estrogen-related receptor alpha (ERRα), also known as NR3B1 (nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group B, member 1), is a nuclear receptor that in humans is encoded by the ESRRA (Estrogen Related Receptor Alpha) gene. ERRα was originally cloned by DNA sequence homology to the estrogen receptor alpha (ERα, NR3A1), but subsequent ligand binding and reporter-gene transfection experiments demonstrated that estrogens did not regulate ERRα. Currently, ERRα is considered an orphan nuclear receptor.
Clinton, New Zealand
Clinton is a small town in South Otago, in New Zealand's South Island, with convenient road connections to Dunedin, Central Otago via Lawrence or Tapanui, the Catlins and Invercargill. It is located on State Highway 1 approximately halfway between Balclutha and Gore (the section of State Highway 1 between Clinton and Gore is known as "The Presidential Highway", after Bill Clinton and Al Gore, though the names are a coincidence), and the Main South Line railway passes through the town.

Clinton was named for Henry Pelham-Clinton, 5th Duke of Newcastle, former British Secretary of State for the Colonies.

Main South Line
The Main South Line, sometimes referred to as part of the South Island Main Trunk Railway, is a railway line that runs north and south from Lyttelton in New Zealand through Christchurch and along the east coast of the South Island to Invercargill via Dunedin. It is one of the most important railway lines in New Zealand and was one of the first to be built, with construction commencing in the 1860s. At Christchurch, it connects with the Main North Line to Picton, the other part of the South Island Main Trunk.
National Highway (Australia)
The National Highway (part of the National Land Transport Network) is a system of roads connecting all mainland states and territories of Australia, and is the major network of highways and motorways connecting Australia's capital cities and major regional centres.

Calder Highway
Calder Highway is a rural highway in Australia, linking Mildura and the Victoria/New South Wales border to Bendigo, in North Central Victoria. South of Bendigo, where the former highway has been upgraded to freeway-standard, Calder Freeway links to Melbourne, subsuming former alignments of Calder Highway; the Victorian Government completed the conversion to freeway standard from Melbourne to Bendigo on 20 April 2009.

Calder Alternate Highway connects to Calder Highway at either end – just north of Ravenswood, and at Marong – and provides a bypass west of Bendigo.