hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Vizing's theorem
In graph theory, Vizing's theorem states that every simple undirected graph may be edge colored using a number of colors that is at most one larger than the maximum degree Δ of the graph. At least Δ colors are always necessary, so the undirected graphs may be partitioned into two classes: "class one" graphs for which Δ colors suffice, and "class two" graphs for which Δ + 1 colors are necessary. A more general version of Vizing's theorem states that every undirected multigraph without loops can be colored with at most Δ+µ colors, where µ is the multiplicity of the multigraph. The theorem is named for Vadim G. Vizing who published it in 1964.

Degree (graph theory)
In graph theory, the degree (or valency) of a vertex of a graph is the number of edges that are incident to the vertex; in a multigraph, a loop contributes 2 to a vertex's degree, for the two ends of the edge. The degree of a vertex  is denoted  or . The maximum degree of a graph  is denoted by , and is the maximum of 's vertices' degrees. The minimum degree of a graph is denoted by , and is the minimum of 's vertices' degrees. In the multigraph shown on the right, the maximum degree is 5 and the minimum degree is 0.

In a regular graph, every vertex has the same degree, and so we can speak of the degree of the graph. A complete graph (denoted , where  is the number of vertices in the graph) is a special kind of regular graph where all vertices have the maximum possible degree, .

In a signed graph, the number of positive edges connected to a vertex  is called its positive degree and the number of connected negative edges is called  negative degree.
They/Them (film)
They/Them (pronounced "they-slash-them") is a 2022 American slasher film written and directed by John Logan, in his feature directorial debut, and produced by Jason Blum through his Blumhouse Productions banner. It stars Theo Germaine, Carrie Preston, Anna Chlumsky, Austin Crute, Quei Tann, Anna Lore, Cooper Koch, Monique Kim, Darwin del Fabro, Hayley Griffith, Boone Platt, Mark Ashworth, and Kevin Bacon, and follows a group of LGBTQ teens and a masked killer at a conversion camp.

The film was premiered at the Outfest film festival on July 24, 2022, and was released via streaming on Peacock on August 5, 2022. It received mixed reviews from critics.

Anna Lore
Anna Lore (born March 15, 1993) is an American actress. Following a recurring role as Carrie on season 3 of the CW sports drama series All American (2021) and a starring role in the slasher film They/Them (2022), Lore received recognition for her main role as DC Comics character Stephanie Brown on the CW superhero series Gotham Knights (2023). She gained further attention for her starring role in the supernatural horror film Final Destination Bloodlines (2025).
Stories from the City, Stories from the Sea
Stories from the City, Stories from the Sea is the fifth studio album by the English singer-songwriter PJ Harvey, released on 23 October 2000 by Island Records. Recorded during March to April 2000, it contains themes of love that are tied into Harvey's affection for New York City.

The album became the second major commercial success of her recording career, following her successful breakthrough To Bring You My Love (1995). Upon its release, the album received acclaim from most music critics and earned Harvey several accolades, including the 2001 Mercury Prize. It spent 17 weeks on the UK Albums Chart, and has been certified Platinum in the United Kingdom and Australia. It is generally regarded as one of her best works.

Victor Van Vugt
Victor Van Vugt is a music producer, mixer and engineer. 
An Australian based in Berlin, he has had a long association with the careers of Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds and Beth Orton.

He has also worked with P.J. Harvey, Depeche Mode, Gogol Bordello, The Pogues, The Fall, Einstürzende Neubauten,  Billy Bragg, Luna, Athlete, Alison Moyet, The Disposable Heroes of Hiphoprisy and Australian acts such as Sarah Blasko, Clare Bowditch, The Panics, Augie March, Robert Forster, Dave Graney, The Triffids, The Go-Betweens and The Blackeyed Susans .
1996 Ontario New Democratic Party leadership election
The 1996 Ontario New Democratic Party leadership election was held in Hamilton, Ontario, on June 22, 1996 to elect a successor to Bob Rae as leader of the Ontario New Democratic Party (NDP). The convention was necessary because Rae resigned on February 29, 1996. Frances Lankin was an early favourite but was hurt due to her close association with the Rae government. Hampton, an outsider, led on the first ballot and won the leadership by 178 votes over Lankin on the third ballot. He remained as leader of the party until 2009.

Howard Hampton
Howard George Hampton ECO (born May 17, 1952) is a politician who was a member of Provincial Parliament for the province of Ontario. He served in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario, Canada, from 1987 to 1999 in the electoral district of Rainy River, and from 1999 to 2011 in the redistributed electoral district of Kenora—Rainy River. A member of the Ontario New Democratic Party, he was also the party's leader from 1996 to 2009. Hampton retired from the legislature at the 2011 Ontario provincial election and subsequently joined Fasken Martineau DuMoulin LLP as a member of the law firm's corporate social responsibility and aboriginal affairs groups.

His wife, Shelley Martel, was also an MPP until 2007, representing Nickel Belt.
Ashburn Village
Ashburn Village is a neighborhood of Ashburn in Loudoun County.  Ashburn Village opened for development in 1987 and is nearly complete.  It is situated on over 1,500 acres (6.1 km2) of land, with over 5,000 residential units and 15,000 residents.

Ashburn, Virginia
Ashburn is an unincorporated settlement and census-designated place (CDP) in Loudoun County, Virginia, United States. At the 2020 United States census, its population was 46,349, up from 3,393 in 1990. It is 30 miles (48 km) northwest of Washington, D.C., and part of the Washington metropolitan area. Ashburn is a major hub for Internet traffic due to its many data centers.
Soviet Army
The Soviet Ground Forces (Russian: Советские сухопутные войска, romanized: Sovetskiye sukhoputnye voyska) was the land warfare service branch of the Soviet Armed Forces from 1946 to 1992. It was preceded by the Red Army.

After the Soviet Union ceased to exist in December 1991, the Ground Forces remained under the command of the Commonwealth of Independent States until it was formally abolished on 14 February 1992. The Soviet Ground Forces were principally succeeded by the Russian Ground Forces in Russian territory. Outside of Russia, many units and formations were taken over by the post-Soviet states; some were withdrawn to Russia, and some dissolved amid conflict, notably in the Caucasus.

In Soviet military parlance the term armiya (army) referred to the combined land and air components of the Soviet Armed Forces, encompassing the Ground Forces as well as the Strategic Rocket Forces, the Air Defence Forces, and the Air Forces.

Scud missile
A Scud missile is one of a series of tactical ballistic missiles developed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War. It was exported widely to both Second and Third World countries. The term comes from the NATO reporting name attached to the missile by Western intelligence agencies. The Russian names for the missile are the R-11 (the first version), and the R-17 (later R-300) Elbrus (later developments). The name Scud has been widely used to refer to these missiles and the wide variety of derivative variants developed in other countries based on the Soviet design.

Scud missiles have been used in combat since the 1970s, mostly in wars in the Middle East. They became familiar to the Western public during the 1991 Persian Gulf War, when Iraq fired dozens at Saudi Arabia and Israel. In Russian service, it has been replaced by the 9K720 Iskander.
José Ndele
José Ndele (13 August 1940 — 19 April 2000) served as Joint Prime Minister of the Democratic People's Republic of Angola, alongside Johnny Eduardo Pinnock, from 23 November 1975 to 11 February 1976. His political party was UNITA.

Johnny Eduardo Pinnock
Johnny Eduardo Pinnock (1942 - 2000) served as Joint Prime Minister of the Democratic People's Republic of Angola, alongside José Ndele, from November 23, 1975 to February 11, 1976. His political party was FNLA.
Mayon gown
Mayon gown is a red, high-slit dress made by Filipino fashion designer Mak Tumang and worn by Catriona Gray during the evening gown competition in Miss Universe 2018, which she won. The dress is also called Mayon Volcano gown as its design was inspired by Albay's Mayon Volcano, and later the dress became popularly known as the "lava gown" owing to its distinct fiery red to dark red color. It is one of the two well-known dresses Gray wore in the pageant, and it is credited for making Tumang a household name.

Catriona Gray
Catriona Elisa Magnayon Gray (English: /ˈkætrɪɔːnəˌ kɑːt-/ KAT-ree-aw-nə, KAHT-; Tagalog: [ˌkaːtɾiˈɔː.na]; born January 6, 1994) is a Filipino model, singer, actress and beauty queen best known for winning Miss Universe 2018. The fourth Filipina to win Miss Universe, Gray was previously crowned Miss World Philippines 2016 and Miss Universe Philippines 2018, and reached the top five at Miss World 2016.
Russell Goodway
Russell Vivian Goodway OBE (born 23 December 1955) is a Welsh Labour Party councillor for Ely, Cardiff; and the former Lord Mayor of Cardiff and former CEO of Cardiff Chamber of Commerce. He was Britain's youngest council leader when he led South Glamorgan County Council in 1992.

Cardiff Council
Cardiff Council, formally the County Council of the City and County of Cardiff (Welsh: Cyngor Sir Dinas a Sir Caerdydd) is the governing body for Cardiff, one of the principal areas of Wales. The principal area and its council were established in 1996 to replace the previous Cardiff City Council which had been a lower-tier authority within South Glamorgan. Cardiff Council consists of 79 councillors, representing 28 electoral wards.

Labour has held a majority of the seats on the council since 2012. The last election was in May 2022 and the next election is due in 2027.
William P. Steven
William Pickford Steven (September 10, 1908 – August 6, 1991) was a noted American newspaper executive. A native of Eau Claire, Wisconsin, he graduated from the University of Wisconsin at Madison (UW-M) with a degree in journalism. In 1930, he became a reporter for the Tulsa Tribune, where he was promoted to managing editor in 1937. During World War II, he moved to Washington, D.C., and worked in the press division of  the Office of Censorship. After the War, he joined the Minneapolis Star-Tribune as managing editor.  He was later appointed executive editor and vice president. In 1961, he became editor of the Houston Chronicle. After leaving Houston, he became vice president and editorial director of the World Book Encyclopedia Science Service and vice president of The Chicago Daily News and Sun-Times. Steven retired to Sarasota, Florida, where he and his wife lived until his death on August 6, 1991.

Tulsa Tribune
The Tulsa Tribune was an afternoon daily newspaper published in Tulsa, Oklahoma from 1919 to 1992.  Owned and run by three generations of the Jones family, the Tribune closed in 1992 after the termination of its joint operating agreement with the morning Tulsa World.
Petrovirivka
Petrovirivka (Ukrainian: Петровірівка) is a village in Berezivka Raion, Odesa Oblast, Ukraine. It hosts the administration of Petrovirivka rural hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine.

Petrovirivka was founded as Petroverovka (Петроверовка) in 1814, and was then part of Tiraspolsky Uyezd, Kherson Governorate in the Russian Empire. Known by its Jewish inhabitants in the late 19th Century as Poplufsk, it was named Zhovten (Ukrainian: Жовтень) from 1927 to 2016.

Until 18 July 2020, Petrovirivka belonged to Shyriaieve Raion. The raion was abolished in July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Odesa Oblast to seven. The area of Shyriaieve Raion was merged into Berezivka Raion.

Population of Petrovirivka is 2,900.

Berezivka Raion
Berezivka Raion (Ukrainian: Березівський район) is a raion (district) in Odesa Oblast of Ukraine. Its administrative center is the city of Berezivka. Population: 104,969 (2022 estimate).

On 18 July 2020, as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, the number of raions of Odesa Oblast was reduced to seven, and the area of Berezivka Raion was significantly expanded. Three abolished raions, Ivanivka, Mykolaivka, and Shyriaieve Raions, as well as part of Lyman Raion, were merged into Berezivka Raion. The January 2020 estimate of the raion population was 32,760 (2020 est.).
Kirkcaldie & Stains
Kirkcaldie & Stains (known informally as Kirkcaldie's or Kirks) was a department store in Wellington, New Zealand. It was established in 1863 by John Kirkcaldie and Robert Stains with a capital of £700. The first store was opened on Lambton Quay. In 1868 Kirkcaldie & Stains moved to its final location at the corner of Lambton Quay and Brandon Street, expanding several times. There was a branch on Cuba Street, Wellington from 1870 –1876 and one in Napier from 1897 until 1917.

Kirkcaldie & Stains announced on 4 June 2015 that the store would close in January 2016, when the site, after a multi-million dollar refit, would become a David Jones department store. Shareholders approved the plan on 31 July 2015 in a special meeting. The store closed on 16 January 2016. The main store on Lambton Quay reopened as 'David Jones Wellington', a branch of Australian department store chain David Jones, on 28 July 2016. David Jones closed on 12 June 2022.

Lambton Quay
Lambton Quay (once known as The Beach) is the heart of the central business district of Wellington, the capital city of New Zealand. It is also of administrative significance, with the New Zealand Parliament Buildings towards the northern end. The Wellington Cenotaph is also located at the north end of the street, next to Parliament.
Rheniite
Rheniite is a very rare rhenium sulfide mineral with the chemical formula (ReS2). It forms metallic, silver grey platey crystals in the triclinic - pinacoidal class. It has a specific gravity of 7.5.

It was discovered at the Kudriavy Volcano, Iturup Island in the Kurile Islands, Russia and approved in 2004. It is found in active hot fumaroles on the volcano.

Rheniite is one of the first minerals of the element rhenium to be found. The other known approved rhenium mineral is the sulfide mineral tarkianite. Almost all commercially mined rhenium is retrieved as a by-product of molybdenum mining as rhenium occurs in amounts up to 0.2% in the mineral molybdenite. A discredited rhenium sulfide known as zappinite does not appear to be valid.

Rheniite has also been reported in the Pagoni Rachi Mo–Cu–Te–Ag–Au deposit in northeastern Greece where it occurs with molybdenite in quartz veins associated with an epithermal system in a dacite porphyry.

Medvezhya
Medvezhya (Russian: Медве́жий вулкан; Japanese: 茂世路岳, Moyoro-dake) is a volcanic complex located at the northern end of Iturup Island, Kuril Islands, Russia. 
Rheniite, a rhenium sulfide mineral (ReS2), was discovered within the active hot fumaroles of the volcano in 1994
Salmon Fishing in the Yemen
Salmon Fishing in the Yemen is a 2011 British romantic comedy drama film directed by Lasse Hallström. The film stars Ewan McGregor, Emily Blunt, Kristin Scott Thomas and Amr Waked. Based on the 2007 novel of the same name by Paul Torday, and a screenplay by Simon Beaufoy, the film is about a fisheries expert who is recruited by a consultant to help realise a sheikh's vision of bringing the sport of fly fishing to the Yemen desert, initiating an upstream journey of faith to make the impossible possible. The film was shot on location in the United Kingdom in London and Newtonmore in Inverness-shire and in Morocco from August to October 2010. The film premiered at the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival. The film received generally positive reviews upon its release, and earned over $34 million in revenue worldwide.

2011 Toronto International Film Festival
The 36th annual Toronto International Film Festival (TIFF) was held in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, between September 8 and September 18, 2011.
Buenos Aires, Argentina was selected to be showcased for the 2011 City to City programme. The opening film was From the Sky Down, a documentary film about the band U2, directed by Davis Guggenheim. Considerable media attention at the time focused on Madonna's behaviour during the festival.
Live Now – Pay Later
Live Now – Pay Later is a 1962 British black-and-white comedy-drama film directed by Jay Lewis and starring Ian Hendry, June Ritchie and John Gregson. It was loosely based on the 1961 novel All on the Never-Never by Jack Lindsay. However, the script was solely written by Jack Trevor Story, who subsequently authored the 1963 novel Live Now, Pay Later.

The film focuses on the life of a salesman who habitually seduces his female customers in order to convince them to buy his products. He is secretly embezzling money from the sales, and has a side career as a blackmailer.

The lead actors, Hendry and Ritchie, would reunite two years later to film the kitchen sink realism drama This Is My Street (1964).

Jack Lindsay
John Lindsay AM, FRSL (20 October 1900 – 8 March 1990) was an Australian-born writer. He was born in Melbourne, but spent his formative years in Brisbane. He was the eldest son of Norman Lindsay and brother of author Philip Lindsay.
Samuel Gregson
Samuel Gregson (1793–1865) was a nineteenth-century British merchant, politician, philanthropist.

Eldest son of Samuel Gregson (1762–1846), manager of the Lancaster Canal Company, he won a scholarship to Lancaster Royal Grammar School. In London he was Chairman of the East India and China Trading Association and a commodities trader.

After establishing a successful trading business, Gregson inherited land in Lancashire and also Manorial Rights and property in Cheshire through marriage. He predominantly, and his family provided the land and financial resources to construct Christ Church, Lancaster.

Gregson was a co-founder of the Natural History Museum.

Christ Church, Lancaster
Christ Church is in Wyresdale Road, Lancaster, Lancashire, England. It is an active Anglican parish church in the deanery of Lancaster and Morecambe, the archdeaconry of Lancaster, and the diocese of Blackburn. The church is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II listed building.
Majda Milak
Majda Milak (Serbian Cyrillic: Мајда Милак; born 26 March 1977) is a Serbian rhythmic gymnast. As a 15-year-old girl, she competed as an Independent Olympic Participant at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona.

Independent Olympic Participants at the 1992 Summer Olympics
During the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain, athletes from the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FR Yugoslavia, comprising Serbia and Montenegro) and the Republic of Macedonia competed as independent Olympic participants. Macedonian athletes could not appear under their own flag because their National Olympic Committee (NOC) had not been formed. Due to FR Yugoslavia's conduct in the ongoing Yugoslav Wars, it was placed under sanctions by United Nations Security Council Resolution 757, which prevented the country from taking part in the Olympics. Individual Yugoslav athletes were allowed to take part as independent Olympic participants (and as Independent Paralympic participants at the 1992 Summer Paralympics).

58 competitors (52 from FR Yugoslavia, 6 from Republic of Macedonia), 39 men and 19 women, took part in 54 events in 13 sports. Three athletes won medals in 1992 as independent Olympic participants, all in shooting.
Midnight Tradition
Midnight Tradition (French: La tradition de minuit) is a 1939 French mystery thriller film directed by Roger Richebé and starring Viviane Romance, Georges Flamant and Marcel Dalio. Based on the 1930 novel of the same title by Pierre Mac Orlan, the film was shot at the Neuilly Studios in Paris, and the sets were designed by the art directors René Renoux and Roland Quignon.

Pierre Mac Orlan
Pierre Mac Orlan, sometimes written MacOrlan (born Pierre Dumarchey; February 26, 1882 – June 27, 1970), was a French novelist and songwriter.

His novel Quai des Brumes was the source for Marcel Carné's 1938 film of the same name, starring Jean Gabin. He was also a prolific writer of chansons, many of which were recorded and popularized by French singers such as Juliette Gréco, Monique Morelli, Catherine Sauvage, Francesca Solleville, and Germaine Montero.
John Bailey (cutler)
John Bailey (born 1736) was an American cutler and metalworker. Born in Sheffield, England, he moved to New York City in 1755 and set up his own metalworking business 1771. He was married to Anne Brigstoke later that same year. After the British occupation he moved to Frederickstown and later in 1778 to Fishkill, where he continued his cutlery business. He also owned and operated a 200-acre farm just outside Fishkill.

In 1784, Bailey returned to New York and was granted American citizenship. Despite applying to George Washington for a post minting coinage for the new United States of America, Bailey was not granted a commission.

Fishkill (town), New York
Fishkill is a town in the southwestern part of Dutchess County, New York, United States. It lies approximately 60 miles (97 km) north of New York City. The population was 24,226 at the 2010 census. Fishkill surrounds the city of Beacon, and contains a village, which is also named Fishkill, the majority of the hamlet of Brinckerhoff and the census-designated place of Merritt Park.

The name Fishkill derives from the Dutch words vis kill, meaning "fish creek". The location of Fishkill was known as Tioranda by the Native American peoples. The name means "The place where two waters meet". Fishkill is one of the nine original towns in Dutchess County, and is best known today for its rich history dating to the American Revolutionary War period and scenic views of the Hudson Highlands.
Athletics at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's 110 metres hurdles
The men's 110 metre hurdles at the 2000 Summer Olympics as part of the athletics programme were held at Stadium Australia on Sunday 24 September and Monday 25 September 2000. Forty-four athletes from 31 nations competed. The maximum number of athletes per nation had been set at 3 since the 1930 Olympic Congress. The event was won by Anier García of Cuba, the nation's first championship in the event and first medal in the event since 1980. Mark Crear's bronze made him the 10th man to win a second medal in the event.

Colin Jackson
Colin Ray Jackson, CBE (born 18 February 1967) is a Welsh former sprint and hurdling athlete who specialised in the 110 metres hurdles. During a career in which he represented Great Britain and Wales, he won an Olympic silver medal, became world champion twice, world indoor champion once, was undefeated at the European Championships for 12 years and was twice Commonwealth champion. His world record of 12.91 seconds for the 110 m hurdles stood for nearly 13 years and his 60 metres hurdles world record stood for nearly 27 years.