hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Mount Carmel, Pennsylvania
Mount Carmel is a borough in Northumberland County, located in the Coal Heritage Region of Central Pennsylvania's Susquehanna River Valley,  United States.  The population was 5,725 at the 2020 census.  It is located 88 miles (141 km) northwest of Philadelphia and 71 miles (114 km) northeast of Harrisburg, in the Coal Region. It is completely encircled by Mount Carmel Township.

Centre Turnpike
Centre Turnpike, also known as the Reading-Sunbury Road, was an early United States turnpike located in Pennsylvania. It followed mostly the path of the King's Highway, which had been surveyed in 1770 by Francis Yarnall. Running from Reading to Sunbury, it was 75 miles (121 km) long, was started in 1808, and was completed around 1814 at a cost of US$208,000. The final toll was collected near Bear Gap in Ralpho Township in 1885. The general path of the original turnpike is now covered partly by Pennsylvania Route 61 and Pennsylvania Route 54. It was maintained and controlled by the Centre Turnpike Road Company, which was formed on March 25, 1805.
Grammatical Framework (programming language)
Grammatical Framework (GF) is a programming language for writing grammars of natural languages. GF is capable of parsing and generating texts in several languages simultaneously while working from a language-independent representation of meaning. Grammars written in GF can be compiled into a platform independent format and then used from different programming languages including C and Java, C#, Python and Haskell. A companion to GF is the GF Resource Grammar Library, a reusable library for dealing with the morphology and syntax of a growing number of natural languages.

Both GF itself and the GF Resource Grammar Library are open-source. Typologically, GF is a functional programming language. Mathematically, it is a type-theoretic formal system (a logical framework to be precise) based on Martin-Löf's intuitionistic type theory, with additional judgments tailored specifically to the domain of linguistics.

Logical framework
In logic, a logical framework provides a means to define (or present) a logic as a signature in a higher-order type theory in such a way that provability of a formula in the original logic reduces to a type inhabitation problem in the framework type theory. This approach has been used successfully for (interactive) automated theorem proving. The first logical framework was Automath; however, the name of the idea comes from the more widely known Edinburgh Logical Framework, LF. Several more recent proof tools like Isabelle are based on this idea. Unlike a direct embedding, the logical framework approach allows many logics to be embedded in the same type system.
Khmer Air Force
The Khmer Air Force (Khmer: ទ័ពអាកាសខ្មែរ; French: Armée de l'air khmère; AAK), commonly known by its americanized acronym KAF was the air force component of the Khmer National Armed Forces (FANK), the official military of the Khmer Republic during the Cambodian Civil War between 1970 and 1975.

Shenyang J-5
The Shenyang J-5 (Chinese: 歼-5) (NATO reporting name Fresco) is a Chinese-built single-seat jet interceptor and fighter aircraft derived from the Soviet Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17. The J-5 was exported as the F-5 and was originally designated Dongfeng-101 (East Wind-101) and also Type 56 before being designated J-5 in 1964.
Symphony No. 4 (Sallinen)
The Symphony No. 4, Op. 49, is an orchestral composition by the Finnish composer Aulis Sallinen, who wrote the piece from 1978–79 for a commission from the City of Turku, to celebrate its 750th anniversary. The Turku Philharmonic Orchestra premiered the work on 9 August 1979, under the direction of its principal conductor, Pertti Pekkanen.

Aulis Sallinen
Aulis Heikki Sallinen (born 9 April 1935) is a Finnish contemporary classical music composer. His music has been variously described as "remorselessly harsh", a "beautifully crafted amalgam of several 20th-century styles", and "neo-romantic". Sallinen studied at the Sibelius Academy, where his teachers included Joonas Kokkonen. He has had works commissioned by the Kronos Quartet, and has also written seven operas, eight symphonies, concertos for violin, cello, flute, horn, and English horn, as well as several chamber works. He won the Nordic Council Music Prize in 1978 for his opera Ratsumies (The Horseman).
American Splendor
American Splendor is a series of autobiographical comic books written by Harvey Pekar and drawn by a variety of artists. The first issue was published in 1976 and the last one in September 2008, with publication occurring at irregular intervals. Publishers were, at various times, Harvey Pekar himself, Dark Horse Comics, and DC Comics.

The comics have been adapted into a film of the same name and a number of theatrical productions.

Ed Piskor
Edward R. Piskor Jr. (/ˈpɪskər/; July 28, 1982 – April 1, 2024) was an American alternative comics cartoonist. Piskor was known primarily for his work on Hip Hop Family Tree, X-Men: Grand Design, and the Red Room trilogy. Piskor also co-hosted the YouTube channel Cartoonist Kayfabe with fellow Pittsburgh native cartoonist Jim Rugg. In March 2024, Piskor was accused via social media of sexual misconduct. Piskor died on April 1, 2024, at the age of 41, hours after posting a suicide note via social media, defending himself against the allegations leveled against him.
Southern Derby
The Southern Derby is a fan-based U.S. professional soccer cup competition between USL Championship (USLC) teams based in the South-Atlantic region of the United States (North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia). It was founded in 2000. The Southern Derby trophy is currently held by the Charleston Battery.

The Southern Derby was created by the fans of the teams involved to promote a friendly competition and rivalry along the clubs involved and encourage fans to travel to away matches. The Southern Derby is perhaps the first cup competition of its kind in American professional soccer. It is common in nature with other fan cup competitions which originated in the United Soccer Leagues such as the Cascadia Cup, the James River Cup, and the Voyageurs Cup. It is also similar to Major League Soccer trophy competitions such as the Atlantic Cup, the Brimstone Cup, the Lamar Hunt Pioneer Cup, the Rocky Mountain Cup, and the Texas Derby.

Atlanta Silverbacks FC
The Atlanta Silverbacks FC were an American professional soccer club based in Atlanta, Georgia. Founded in 1994 as Atlanta Ruckus, the club played in many leagues over the years before folding after the 2015 season. The team played its home games at Atlanta Silverbacks Park, a large soccer complex featuring a 5,000-seat soccer-specific stadium in Atlanta, 15 miles northeast of downtown. The team's colors were red, black, grey, and white.

The club had 2 independent supporter groups, Westside 109 and the Atlanta Ultras. The Ultras were established in 2011 & were known to support both the Silverbacks men's and women's side. The Ultras were also to be known for their fanatical support at Silverbacks Park, as well as away matches. They had a reputation for their unfriendly or challenging attitude towards fans from opposing clubs.

The team had a Women's Premier Soccer League counterpart in the Atlanta Silverbacks Women from 2005 through 2016.
Chete Lera
Ramón Mariano Fernández Lera (1949–2022), better known as Chete Lera, was a Spanish actor. With a long on-screen career in addition to a stage career, he featured in films such as The Red Squirrel, Secrets of the Heart, Familia, Barrio, Open Your Eyes, Flores de otro mundo, and Full Moon.

Secrets of the Heart (film)
Secrets of the Heart (Spanish: Secretos del corazón) is a 1997 Spanish film. The film was a box office hit in Spain, grossing ESP 711,092,434. It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film at the 70th Academy Awards.
Righteousness
Righteousness is the quality or state of being morally right or justifiable. The concept is rooted in religious or divine law and broadly encompasses moral correctness, justice, and virtuous living as dictated by a higher authority or set of spiritual beliefs. It is found in many religions and traditions, including Buddhism, Christianity, Confucianism, Hinduism, Islam, Jainism, Judaism, Taoism, and Zoroastrianism. It is an attribute that implies that a person's actions are justified and can have the connotation that the person has been "judged" as living a moral life, relative to religious doctrines. Rectitude, often a synonym for righteousness, is about personal moral values and the internal compass that guides an individual’s decisions and actions.

Righteous Among the Nations
Righteous Among the Nations (Hebrew: חֲסִידֵי אֻמּוֹת הָעוֹלָם ḥasidei ummot ha'olam) is an honorific used by the State of Israel to describe all of the non-Jews who, out of altruism, risked their lives in order to save Jews from being exterminated by Nazi Germany during the Holocaust. The term originates from the concept of ger toshav, a legal term used to refer to non-Jewish observers of the Seven Laws of Noah.

Recent research has complicated dominant historical narratives about rescue of Jews during the Holocaust. The vast majority of rescue was enabled by the exchange of money, goods, or services, while many survivors concealed complicating facts in applications of Yad Vashem.
Bacterial soft rot
Bacterial soft rots are caused by several types of bacteria, but most commonly by species of gram-negative bacteria, Erwinia, Pectobacterium, and Pseudomonas. It is a destructive disease of fruits, vegetables, and ornamentals found worldwide, and affects genera from nearly all the plant families. The bacteria mainly attack the fleshy storage organs of their hosts (tubers, corms, bulbs, and rhizomes), but they also affect succulent buds, stems, and petiole tissues. With the aid of special enzymes, the plant is turned into a liquid mush in order for the bacteria to consume the plant cell's nutrients. Disease spread can be caused by simple physical interaction between infected and healthy tissues during storage or transit. The disease can also be spread by insects. Control of the disease is not always very effective, but sanitary practices in production, storing, and processing are something that can be done in order to slow the spread of the disease and protect yields.

Karuka
The karuka (Pandanus julianettii, also called karuka nut and Pandanus nut) is a species of tree in the screwpine family (Pandanaceae) and an important regional food crop in New Guinea.  The nuts are more nutritious than coconuts, and are so popular that villagers in the highlands will move their entire households closer to trees for the harvest season.
Alex Villanueva
Alejandro Villanueva is an American former law enforcement officer who served as the 33rd sheriff of Los Angeles County, California from 2018 until 2022. He defeated incumbent sheriff Jim McDonnell in the 2018 L.A. County sheriff's race, making him the first to unseat an incumbent in over 100 years. Before becoming sheriff, he was a lieutenant with the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department.

The first member of the Democratic Party to be elected sheriff in 138 years, Villanueva campaigned as a reformer and appealed to some progressive values, but has received notoriety for more conservative policies during his tenure, as well as high levels of corruption. Villanueva lost his bid for reelection in 2022 by a wide margin of 61.3% to 38.7% against former Long Beach Police chief Robert Luna. He became a Republican in 2025.

2022 Los Angeles County elections
The 2022 Los Angeles County elections were held on November 8, 2022, in Los Angeles County, California, with nonpartisan blanket primary elections for certain offices being held on June 7. Two of the five seats of the Board of Supervisors were up for election, as well as two of the countywide elected officials, the Sheriff and the Assessor. In addition, elections were held for the Superior Court, along with two ballot measures.

Municipal elections in California are officially nonpartisan; candidates' party affiliations do not appear on the ballot.
Shawan, Leshan
Shawan District (simplified Chinese: 沙湾区; traditional Chinese: 沙灣區; pinyin: Shāwān Qū) is a district of the city of Leshan, Sichuan Province, China. Shawan is located on the Dadu River around 40 km (25 mi) southwest from what was then called the city of Jiading (Lu) (Chia-ting (Lu), 嘉定(路)), and now is the central urban area of the prefecture-level city of Leshan in Sichuan Province. It is known as the birthplace of Chinese writer Guo Moruo.

Guo Moruo
Guo Moruo (November 16, 1892 – June 12, 1978), courtesy name Dingtang, was a Chinese author, poet, historian, archaeologist, and government official. A prominent Chinese writer in the May Fourth Movement and later in the Mao era, he was persecuted during the Cultural Revolution. The persecution led him to denounce his colleagues and his past work and demand that all of it be burned, an act for which he was labeled "shameless". He regained prominence in the 1970s and is generally well-regarded in modern China.
Lisunov Li-2
The Lisunov Li-2 (NATO reporting name: Cab), originally designated PS-84, is a license-built Soviet version of the Douglas DC-3. It was produced by Factory #84 in Moscow-Khimki and, after the factory's evacuation in 1941, at the Tashkent Aviation Production Association in Tashkent. The project was directed by aeronautical engineer Boris Pavlovich Lisunov.

Maszovlet
Maszovlet (short for Magyar–Szovjet Polgári Légiforgalmi Részvénytársaság, "Hungarian-Soviet Civil Air Transport Joint Stock Company") was a Hungarian airline founded on March 29, 1946. It was a predecessor of Malév.
Novosphingobium arabidopsis
Novosphingobium arabidopsis  is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped and aerobic bacterium from the genus Novosphingobium which has been isolated from the rhizosphere of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Novosphingobium arabidopsis is resistant against dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT).

Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thaliana, the thale cress, mouse-ear cress or arabidopsis, is a small plant from the mustard family (Brassicaceae), native to Eurasia and Africa. Commonly found along the shoulders of roads and in disturbed land, it is generally considered a weed.

A winter annual with a relatively short lifecycle, A. thaliana is a popular model organism in plant biology and genetics. For a complex multicellular eukaryote, A. thaliana has a relatively small genome of around 135 megabase pairs. It was the first plant to have its genome sequenced, and is an important tool for understanding the molecular biology of many plant traits, including flower development and light sensing.
William Errington
William Errington (1699 – 5 Mar 1739) was High Sheriff of Northumberland.

Errington was the only son of Francis Errington (1665–1699), a Catholic of the landed gentry branch of Walwick Grange, Northumberland. He married Mrs Isabel Bacon at Haydon Bridge on 17 Oct 1731  and was appointed High Sheriff of Northumberland in 1739 not long before his death.

He left one son John (1733–1768), gentleman of High Warden, Northumberland  and direct maternal ancestor of Sir William Errington Hume (1879–1960) physician and his son Cardinal George Basil Hume (1923–1999), Catholic Archbishop of Westminster.

Walwick Grange
Walwick Grange is a privately owned 18th-century country house ( now a farmhouse) situated on the bank of the River North Tyne close to Hadrian's Wall at Warden, Northumberland. It is a Grade II* listed building.

Walwick was the seat of the Errington family from the mid 16th century. The three-storey five-bayed house was built, probably on the site of a medieval tower house, in the early 18th century.

William Errington of Walwick Grange was High Sheriff of Northumberland in 1739. His son John built a new house at Chesters (Humshaugh) in the 1770s.

Medieval fishponds nearby have Scheduled Ancient Monument status.
The Living and the Dead (trilogy)
The Living and the Dead (Russian: Живые и мёртвые, romanized: Zhizvyie i myortvyie) is a trilogy of novels by Konstantin Simonov. It consists of the three novels, The Living and the Dead (Живые и мёртвые, 1959, also translated as Victims and Heroes), Nobody Is Born As Soldier (Солдатами не рождаются, 1962) and The Last Summer (Последнее лето, 1971). The first part was published in English in 1962, the rest of the trilogy is not translated.

The trilogy is probably Simonov's greatest work. As critics noted, "the tragedy of war is depicted as a national tragedy. However, tragedy is not only social, but psychological and moral antagonism too. In that case, it is a conflict between men who share the same views ..."

The first part was filmed as The Alive and the Dead, by Aleksandr Stolper. The second part was filmed in 1969 as Retribution, also by Stolper.

Konstantin Simonov
Konstantin Mikhailovich Simonov, born Kirill Mikhailovich Simonov (Russian: Константи́н Миха́йлович Си́монов, 28 November [O.S. 15 November] 1915 – 28 August 1979), was a Soviet author, war poet, playwright and wartime correspondent, arguably most famous for his 1941 poem "Wait for Me".
Richard B. Fitzgibbon Jr.
Technical Sergeant Richard Bernard Fitzgibbon Jr., USAF (June 21, 1920 – June 8, 1956) was the first American to die in the Vietnam War. He was murdered by another American airman on June 8, 1956.  Through the efforts of his sister Alice Fitzgibbon Rose DelRossi, a former Stoneham, Massachusetts, selectwoman, Fitzgibbon's name was added to the Vietnam War Memorial on Memorial Day in May 1999.

Following in his father's footsteps, Richard B. Fitzgibbon III joined the United States Marine Corps and also served in Vietnam, where he was killed in September 1965. The Fitzgibbons' deaths were the first of only three instances among all U.S. casualties in which both father and son were killed in the Vietnam War.

Stoneham, Massachusetts
Stoneham (/ˈstoʊnəm/ STO-nəm) is a town in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States, nine miles (14 km) north of downtown Boston. Its population was 23,244 at the 2020 census. Its proximity to major highways and public transportation offers convenient access to Boston and the North Shore coastal region and beaches of Massachusetts. The town is the birthplace of the Olympic figure-skating medalist Nancy Kerrigan and is the location of the Stone Zoo.
Dug's Special Mission
Dug's Special Mission is a 2009 American animated short film, directed by Ronnie del Carmen. It is tied into and included on the Blu-ray/DVD releases of Up and Pixar Short Films Collection: Volume 2.

According to Jonas Rivera, the producer of Pixar's film Up, Dug's Special Mission "is a little bit of the backstory of what Dug was actually doing out there on this mysterious mission when we meet him [in Up]". In the short, Dug is instructed on how to catch the bird (which he names Kevin) by Alpha, Beta, and Gamma, but their instructions are really intended to keep Dug away from them.

Ronnie del Carmen
Ronaldo del Carmen is a Filipino writer, director, storyboard artist, illustrator, and voice actor. He co-directed and co-wrote the story for the Pixar film Inside Out (2015), for which he was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay, the first Filipino to do so.
Tamara Thorne
Tamara Thorne (born 20 November 1957 in Los Angeles, California), who also writes under the pen name Chris Curry, is a well-known, bestselling American horror writer. Her novel Winter Scream, co-authored with L. Dean James, was nominated for the 1991 Bram Stoker Award for Best First Novel. She has authored nearly 20 novels, including two novel series, multiple anthologies and several stand-alone works. They tend to be set in the Los Angeles area, where she has lived since she was born.

Calico, California
Calico is a ghost town and former mining town in San Bernardino County, California, United States. Located in the Calico Mountains of the Mojave Desert region of Southern California, it was founded in 1881 as a silver mining town, and was later converted into a county park named Calico Ghost Town. Located off Interstate 15, it lies 3 miles (4.8 km) equidistant from Barstow and Yermo. Giant letters spelling CALICO are visible, from the highway, on the Calico Peaks behind it. Walter Knott purchased Calico in the 1950s, and rebuilt all but the five remaining original buildings to look as they did in the 1880s. Calico received California Historical Landmark #782, and in 2005 was proclaimed by then-Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger to be California's Silver Rush Ghost Town.
Taiwan PGA Tour
The Taiwan PGA Tour is the main professional golf tour for men in Taiwan.

In January 2025, the Official World Golf Ranking announced that the Taiwan PGA Tour would receive world ranking points from the start of the 2025 season.

Official World Golf Ranking
The Official World Golf Ranking is a system for rating the performance level of professional golfers. It was started in 1986. The rankings are based on a player's position in individual tournaments (i.e. not pairs or team events) over a "rolling" two-year period. New rankings are calculated each week. During 2018, nearly 400 tournaments on 20 tours were covered by the ranking system. All players competing in these tournaments are included in the rankings. In 2026, 25 tours factored into the world rankings. As well as being of general interest, the rankings have an additional importance, in that they are used as one of the qualifying criteria for entry into a number of leading tournaments.

The chair of the OWGR is former world number twelve and 2008 Masters Tournament champion Trevor Immelman.
Otto IV of Schaumburg
Otto IV of Schaumburg (1517 – 21 December 1576) was a German nobleman. He was a ruling Count of Schauenburg and of Holstein-Pinneberg. He was a son of Jobst I and his wife Mary of Nassau-Siegen, a daughter of Count John V of Nassau-Siegen.

He adopted the teachings of Martin Luther. However, with respect to his elder brothers Cologne's Archbishop-Electors Adolphus III (reg. 1547–1556) and Anthony I (reg. 1557–1558) he refrained from open confrontation. In 1559 he officially began the Reformation in Schauenburg and Holstein-Pinneberg. These areas remained Lutheran throughout the Counter-Reformation and into modern times.

County of Schaumburg
The County of Schaumburg (German: Grafschaft Schaumburg), until ca. 1485 known as Schauenburg,  was a state of the Holy Roman Empire, located in the present German state of Lower Saxony.  Its territory was more or less congruent with the present district Landkreis Schaumburg.
Hampshire County Council
Hampshire County Council (HCC) is the upper-tier local authority for the non-metropolitan county of Hampshire in England. The council was created in 1889. The county council provides county-level services to eleven of the thirteen districts geographically located within the ceremonial county of Hampshire. The county council acts as the upper tier of local government to approximately 1.4 million people. It is one of 21 county councils in England.

Whilst they form part of the ceremonial county of Hampshire, the two cities of Southampton and Portsmouth are unitary authorities, independent from Hampshire County Council. The county council comprises 78 elected councillors, who meet in the city of Winchester, which is the county town.

Since 1997, the council has been controlled by the Conservatives.

Winchester Castle
Winchester Castle was a royal residence in Winchester, Hampshire, England, founded in 1067 by William the Conqueror. It served as a seat of royal power in the medieval period. Much of the castle has since been lost, but two notable structures survive: the Great Hall, regarded as one of the finest surviving medieval halls in England and now housing a museum of Winchester's history, and the Westgate, which once served as the castle's principal defensive gateway.

The Great Hall contains the so-called Round Table, a large wooden tabletop traditionally associated with the Arthurian legend in later popular tradition. The Westgate, preserved as a fortified gateway, provides evidence of the castle's defensive role and continued adaptation over the centuries.