hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Švarc–Milnor lemma
In the mathematical subject of geometric group theory, the Švarc–Milnor lemma   (sometimes also called Milnor–Švarc lemma, with both variants also sometimes spelling Švarc as  Schwarz)  is a statement which says that a group , equipped with a "nice" discrete isometric action on a metric space , is  quasi-isometric to .

This result goes back, in different form, before the notion of  quasi-isometry was formally introduced, to the work of Albert S. Schwarz (1955) and John Milnor (1968).  Pierre de la Harpe called the Švarc–Milnor lemma  "the fundamental observation in geometric group theory" because of its importance for the subject. Occasionally the name "fundamental observation in geometric group theory" is now used for this statement, instead of calling it the Švarc–Milnor lemma; see, for example, Theorem 8.2 in the book of Farb and Margalit.

Albert Schwarz
Albert Solomonovich Schwarz (/ʃwɔːrts/ SHWORTS; Russian: Альберт Соломонович Шварц; born June 24, 1934) is a Soviet-American mathematician and a theoretical physicist educated in the Soviet Union and now a professor at the University of California, Davis.
Kunnam of Elam
Kunnam also often called Kunnam of Elam was a military expedition leader of the kingdom of Elam in the 18th century BC. He was part of a military campaign into Mesopotamia and is mainly known from cuneiform letters found at Mari, a Syrian city state where there are the royal archives preserved. He was a contemporary of Zimri-Lim of Mari (r. 1775-1761 BC) and Hammurabi of Babylon (r. 1792-1750 BC).

The King of Elam connected with the military expedition is not mentioned in the texts from Mari as an aggressor, but for chronological reasons it was most likely Siwe-Palar-Khuppak, who tried to get control over Mesopotamia, attacked several cities and was only defeated in year 30 of King Hammurabi.  Kunnam guided the expedition against Tell Shubat-Enlil (most likely Tell Leilan) and entered the city with a huge army. He installed there Ibni-Addu as king of Tadum.  Kunnam had the reputation of always telling the truth and is several times described as drunken.

Siwe-Palar-Khuppak
Siwe-Palar-Khuppak was an Elamite Grand Regent (Elamite: Sukkalmah) from around 1778 to 1745 B.C.E. As the ruler of Elam during this portion of the Middle Bronze Age, Siwe-Palar-Khuppak was quite involved in the politics of the ancient Near East, and he forged strong relationships with the powers of Mesopotamia, including Babylon.
Satguru Jagjit Singh
Satguru Jagjit Singh was the spiritual head of the Namdhari Sikhs from 1959 to 2012. Namdhari Sikhi emphasises purity, non-violence and the revival of traditional Sikh practices. Satguru Jagjit Singh led the Namdhari community for over six decades, promoting spiritual discipline, traditional music and environmental conservation.

Namdhari
The Namdharis (Gurmukhi: ਨਾਮਧਾਰੀ; Devanagari: नामधारी; Shahmukhi: نامدھاری; nāmadhārī, meaning "bearers of the name"), also known as Kuka (Gurmukhi: ਕੂਕਾ; kūkā (sing.); ਕੂਕੇ; kūkē (pl.): from Punjabi kuk, “scream” or “cry”), are a Sikh sect that differs from mainstream Sikhs chiefly in their belief that the lineage of Sikh Gurus did not end with Satguru Gobind Singh (1666–1708) in 1708, as they recognise Satguru Balak Singh (1797–1862) as the 11th Guru of the Sikh religion, thus continuing the succession of Sikh Gurus through the centuries from Satguru Nanak Dev to the present day. Their 12th Guru is Satguru Ram Singh [1816–1885(disputed)], who moved the sect's centre to Sri Bhaini Sahib (Ludhiana) and is regarded as the first Indian to use non-cooperation and non-violence boycott in order to combat the British Empire in India.
Kenzaburō Ōe
Kenzaburō Ōe (大江 健三郎, Ōe Kenzaburō; 31 January 1935 – 3 March 2023) was a Japanese writer and a major figure in contemporary Japanese literature. His novels, short stories and essays, strongly influenced by French and American literature and literary theory, deal with political, social and philosophical issues, including nuclear weapons, nuclear power, social non-conformism, and existentialism. Ōe was awarded the 1994 Nobel Prize in Literature for creating "an imagined world, where life and myth condense to form a disconcerting picture of the human predicament today".

1994 Nobel Prize in Literature
The 1994 Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to the Japanese novelist Kenzaburō Ōe (1935–2023) "who with poetic force creates an imagined world, where life and myth condense to form a disconcerting picture of the human predicament today." He is the second Japanese Nobel laureate in Literature after Yasunari Kawabata was awarded in 1968.
Edmund Bohan
Edmund Bohan MNZM, also known as Ned Bohan (5 October 1935 – 23 March 2024), was a New Zealand historian, biographer, novelist, singer, and author.

In the 2019 New Year Honours, Bohan was appointed a Member of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to music, historical research and literature.

He died at Christchurch's Nurse Maude Hospice on 23 March 2024.

2019 New Year Honours (New Zealand)
The 2019 New Year Honours in New Zealand were appointments by Elizabeth II in her right as Queen of New Zealand, on the advice of the New Zealand government, to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by New Zealanders, and to celebrate the passing of 2018 and the beginning of 2019. They were announced on 31 December 2018.

The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour.
Southland Independent School District
Southland Independent School District is a public school district based in the community of Southland, Texas (USA).

Located in Garza County, portions of the district extend into Lynn and Lubbock counties.

Lynn County, Texas
Lynn County is a county in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2020 census, its population was 5,596. Its county seat is Tahoka. The county was created in 1876 and organized in 1903.

Lynn County, along with Crosby and Lubbock Counties, is part of the Lubbock Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA). The Lubbock MSA and Levelland Micropolitan Statistical Area (μSA), encompassing only Hockley County, form the larger Lubbock–Levelland Combined Statistical Area (CSA).

Lynn County was one of 30 prohibition, or entirely dry, counties in Texas, but is now a moist county.

The county has two historical museums, the O'Donnell Heritage Museum, with a Dan Blocker room in O'Donnell, and the Tahoka Pioneer Museum in Tahoka.

The county is also home to the Lynn County Hospital District that provides medical care to the county and surrounding area.
The Mythmaker
The Mythmaker is a 1957 spy thriller novel  by the British writer Sarah Gainham, her third published novel. At with many of her works it takes place in Vienna, where she settled in the post-war era. It was released in the United States in 1958 under the alternative title Appointment in Vienna.

Sarah Gainham
Rachel Ames, née Stainer (London, 1 October 1915 – Petronell, Austria, 24 November 1999) was a British novelist and journalist who wrote under the pseudonym Sarah Gainham. She is perhaps best known for her 1967 novel Night Falls on the City, the first of a trilogy about life in Vienna under Nazi rule.
The Social (talk show)
The Social is a Canadian daytime television talk show, which airs weekday afternoons on CTV and CTV 2. Using a panel format similar to American talk shows such as The View or The Talk, the show is hosted by Melissa Grelo (the show's moderator), Andrea Bain, and Cynthia Loyst. On Friday editions, Jessica Allen serves as an additional co-host.

The series covers news, lifestyle and entertainment topics, and places a strong emphasis on direct and live interaction with viewers through social media.

Daytime television
Daytime is a block of television programming taking place during the late-morning and afternoon on weekdays. Daytime programming is typically scheduled to air between the hours of 9:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m., following the early morning daypart typically dedicated to morning shows and preceding the evening dayparts that eventually lead into prime time.

The majority of daytime programming is typically targeted towards women (and in particular, housewives). Historically, court shows, game shows, soap operas, & talk shows have been fixtures of daytime programming, although daytime soap operas have seen declines in North America due to changing audiences and viewing habits. This type of daytime programming is typically aired on weekdays; weekend daytime programming is often very different and more varied in nature, and usually focuses more on sports broadcasts.
5th Combat Communications Group
The 5th Combat Communications Group is a specialized unit of the United States Air Force. The Fifth Mob is based at Robins Air Force Base in Warner Robins, Georgia.  Its current structure is made up of two active duty Combat Communications Squadrons (51st & 52d) and the 5th Combat Communications Support Squadron, which handles such activities as the group's Mobility Training Program (known as Mob School).

Twenty-Fourth Air Force
Twenty-Fourth Air Force / Air Forces Cyber (AFCYBER) was a Numbered Air Force within the United States Air Force. The Air Force consolidated its cyberspace combat and support forces into 24 AF. 24 AF was the Air Force component of U.S. Cyber Command.

On 11 October 2019, the 24th AF was merged with the 25th AF to form a reactivated 16th Air Force.
Hanil Bank FC
Hanil Bank Football Club (Korean: 한일은행 축구단) is a defunct football club in South Korea. The side spent three seasons in the top-tier K League from 1984 to 1986. It was led by Kim Ho, who later coached the Daejeon Citizen and Suwon Samsung Bluewings. Hanil Bank was dissolved in December 1998.

K League
K League (Korean: K리그) is South Korea's professional football league. It includes the first division K League 1 and the second division K League 2. Clubs competing in the K League have won a record total of twelve AFC Champions League titles, the top continental competition for Asian clubs.
Foreign Affair (Mike Oldfield song)
"Foreign Affair" is a song written by Maggie Reilly and Mike Oldfield, which first appeared on Oldfield's 1983 album Crises on Virgin Records.

The song was originally recorded during the Crises sessions between November 1982 and April 1983 at Oldfield's studio in Denham, Buckinghamshire. On "Foreign Affair", Oldfield plays a Fairlight CMI and Roland strings. Maggie Reilly provides vocals, and the co-producer Simon Phillips plays Tama Drums and a shaker.

Oldfield performed the song on tour extensively in the 1980s. The song has since been featured on compilations such as The Platinum Collection, Collection, Elements Boxset and Elements – The Best of Mike Oldfield.

Elements – The Best of Mike Oldfield
Elements – The Best of Mike Oldfield is a compilation album by Mike Oldfield, released in 1993 by Virgin Records.

The compilation was first released as a single CD album, which is the most commonly available form today. It was later released with the original Tubular Bells, as a double CD album. Other related releases include a 4-CD box set and a video album.

This compilation was released by Virgin after Oldfield had left the label, but includes "Sentinel" from Tubular Bells II courtesy of the Warner label.

Two of Oldfield's previous hits, "In Dulci Jubilo" and "Moonlight Shadow", were reissued alongside the album.
Lövstad Castle
Lövstad Castle (Swedish: Lövstads slott) is a château situated near Norrköping, the province of Östergötland, Sweden. The name is sometimes spelled Löfstad, which is according to old Swedish spelling rules.

Lövstad originated in the 15th century, but the present building was erected in the 17th century by Axel Lillie (1603–1662). It came to the von Fersen family through Hedvig Catharina De la Gardie (1695–1745) who was the heir of her mother Hedvig Catharina Lillie  (1695-1745)  and to the Piper Family through Countess Sophie Piper (1757–1816), wife of Chamberlain  Adolf Ludwig Piper (1750–1795) and  sister of Count Axel von Fersen (1755–1810).

The present interior remained intact until the death of the last owner,  Emilie Piper (1857-1926). Lövstad came under the ownership of the Östergötlands museum  in 1940. The castle was opened to the public in 1942. Lövstad is today a museum open with guided tours.

Östergötland
Östergötland (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈœ̂sːtɛrˌjøːtland] ⓘ; English exonym: East Gothland) is one of the traditional provinces of Sweden (landskap in Swedish) in the south of Sweden. It borders Småland, Västergötland, Närke, Södermanland and the Baltic Sea. In older English literature, the Latinized version Ostrogothia is also used. The corresponding administrative county, Östergötland County, covers the entire province and parts of neighbouring provinces.
Bradshaw model
The Bradshaw Model is an idealised geographical model which suggests how a river's characteristics vary between the upper course and lower course of a river. It indicates how discharge, occupied channel width, channel depth, and average load quantity increase downstream, and other properties such as load particle size, channel bed roughness, and gradient as characteristics that decrease. These features are represented by triangles; an increase in the size of a triangle represents an increase in the variable. Generally the Bradshaw model shows the characteristics expected to be present in a river, but due to the nature of rivers and the ever-changing environment in which they exist, not all rivers assimilate to the model. Therefore, the model is often applied to compare natural rivers against ideal rivers that fit the model perfectly.

Discharge (hydrology)
In hydrology, discharge is the volumetric flow rate (volume per time, in units of m3/h or ft3/h) of a stream. It equals the product of average flow velocity (with dimension of length per time, in m/h or ft/h) and the cross-sectional area (in m2 or ft2). It includes any suspended solids (e.g. sediment), dissolved chemicals like CaCO3(aq), or biologic material (e.g. diatoms) in addition to the water itself. Terms may vary between disciplines. For example, a fluvial hydrologist studying natural river systems may define discharge as streamflow, whereas an engineer operating a reservoir system may equate it with outflow, contrasted with inflow.
Mobile DNA (journal)
Mobile DNA is a peer-reviewed online-only open access scientific journal covering genomics, with a specific focus on transposable elements in DNA. It was established in 2010 and is published by BioMed Central. The current editors-in-chief are Irina Arkhipova (Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole), Kathleen Burns (Dana-Farber Cancer Institute) and Pascale Lesage (INSERM). Prior Editors in Chief have included Marlene Belfort (University at Albany), Cédric Feschotte (Cornell University), Henry Levin (National Institutes of Health), and the late Haig Kazazian (Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 4.9.

Haig Kazazian
Haig Hagop Kazazian Jr. (July 30, 1937 – January 19/20, 2022) was an American professor in the Department of Genetic Medicine at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in Baltimore, Maryland. Kazazian was an elected member of the National Academy of Sciences and the  American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

Kazazian determined the molecular basis of single-gene genetic disorders such as hemoglobinopathies and hemophilia and introduced prenatal diagnosis for such disorders. His group was the first to identify a disease-causing mutation resulting from jumping genes in humans. After this discovery, he focused on basic research into LINE retrotransposition in humans and its implications for disease.
François Sureau
François Sureau (French pronunciation: [fʁɑ̃swa syʁo]; born 19 September 1957) is a French writer, lawyer and technocrat. He was born in the 14th arrondissement of Paris and educated at the École nationale d'administration (ENA). He is a co-founder and co-director of the French Review of Economics. He is also the founding president of the Association Pierre Claver which assists refugees and displaced persons who have arrived in France. He is also a member of the editorial board of the journal Commentary.

Sureau has won a number of prizes for his literary works. These include La Corruption du siècle, winner of the Prix Colette in 1988; L'Infortune, winner of the Grand Prix du roman de l'Académie française in 1990; Le Sphinx de Darwin, winner of the Prix Goncourt de la Nouvelle in 1997; and Les Alexandrins which won the Prix Méditerranée in 2003.

On 15 October 2020, he was elected as a member of the Académie Française (seat 24).

Prix Goncourt
The Prix Goncourt (French: Le prix Goncourt [lə pʁi ɡɔ̃kuʁ], "The Goncourt Prize") is a prize in French literature, given by the académie Goncourt to the author of "the best and most imaginative prose work of the year". The prize carries a symbolic reward of only 10 euros, but results in considerable recognition and book sales for the winning author. Four other prizes are also awarded: prix Goncourt du Premier Roman (first novel), prix Goncourt de la Nouvelle (short story), prix Goncourt de la Poésie (poetry) and prix Goncourt de la Biographie (biography). Of the "big six" French literary awards, the Prix Goncourt is the best known and most prestigious. The other major literary prizes include the Grand Prix du roman de l'Académie française, the Prix Femina, the Prix Renaudot, the Prix Interallié and the Prix Médicis.
CD80
The Cluster of differentiation 80 (also CD80 and B7-1) is a B7, type I membrane protein in the immunoglobulin superfamily, with an extracellular immunoglobulin constant-like domain and a variable-like domain required for receptor binding. It is closely related to CD86, another B7 protein (B7-2), and often works in tandem. Both CD80 and CD86 interact with costimulatory receptors CD28, CTLA-4 (CD152) and the p75 neurotrophin receptor.

Helper T cell
The T helper cells (Th cells), also known as CD4+ cells or CD4-positive cells, are a type of T cell that play an important role in the adaptive immune system. They aid the activity of other immune cells by releasing cytokines. They are considered essential in B cell antibody class switching, breaking cross-tolerance in dendritic cells, in the activation and growth of cytotoxic T cells, and in maximizing bactericidal activity of phagocytes such as macrophages and neutrophils. CD4+ cells are mature Th cells that express the surface protein CD4. Genetic variation in regulatory elements expressed by CD4+ cells determines susceptibility to a broad class of autoimmune diseases.
Freedom Bell
The Freedom Bell (in German, Freiheitsglocke) in Berlin, Germany, is a bell that was given as a gift from Americans to the city of Berlin in 1950 as a symbol of anti-communism, and was inspired by the American Liberty Bell.  Since 1950, the bell has been located in the Rathaus Schöneberg, the former city hall of West Berlin.

Rathaus Schöneberg
Rathaus Schöneberg is the city hall for the borough of Tempelhof-Schöneberg in Berlin, Germany. From 1949 until 1990 it served as the seat of the state senate of West Berlin and from 1949 until 1991 as the seat of the Governing Mayor.
Tinora High School (Defiance, Ohio)
Tinora High School is a public high school near Defiance, Ohio, USA.  It is the only high school in the Northeastern Local Schools district, whose nickname is the Tinora Rams, taken from the team mascot.  The district is a member of the Green Meadows Conference. Tinora has rivalries with schools such as Fairview, Ayersville, & Wayne Trace.  It first opened in 1965.

Defiance, Ohio
Defiance is a city in Defiance County, Ohio, United States, and its county seat. The population was 17,066 at the 2020 census. It is located at the confluence of the Auglaize and Maumee rivers about 55 miles (89 km) southwest of Toledo and 47 miles (76 km) northeast of Fort Wayne, Indiana, in Ohio's northwestern corner.
Lapalco
Lapalco is the second album by American singer-songwriter Brendan Benson, released in 2002. The name "Lapalco" is in reference to Lapalco Boulevard, a major highway which runs through Harvey, Louisiana, where Benson spent part of his youth. The street name is an acronym of "Louisiana Power And Light Company", the former name of the power company that owned the right of way to the property that the highway was built on. Cover and design was done by Roe Peterhans and photography by Andy Kemp.

The song "Tiny Spark" featured on an episode from the fourth series of Teachers, as well as in the feature films Along Came Polly, and World's Greatest Dad.

Brendan Benson
Brendan Benson (born November 14, 1970) is an American musician and singer-songwriter. He plays guitar, bass guitar, keyboard, and drums. He has released eight solo albums and is a member of the band The Raconteurs.
Cherry Red Records
Cherry Red Records is a British independent record label founded in Malvern, Worcestershire by Iain McNay in 1978. The label has released recordings by Dead Kennedys, Everything but the Girl, The Monochrome Set, and Felt, among others, as well as the compilation album Pillows & Prayers. In addition to releasing new music, Cherry Red also acts as an umbrella for individual imprints and catalogue specialists.

Cherry Red was listed by Music Week as one of the UK's top ten record companies in Q1 2015 for sales of artist albums.

Red Box (band)
Red Box is a British pop group founded by Simon Toulson-Clarke and Julian Close. Active from the early 1980s to the present day, they scored two UK top ten hits with the singles "Lean on Me (Ah-Li-Ayo)" in 1985 and "For America" in 1986, both of which were included on their debut album, The Circle & the Square.

Red Box returned briefly in 1990 with the single "Train" and the second album Motive, and again in 2010 with the third album Plenty, released in October 2010. The group is now led by singer-songwriter Simon Toulson-Clarke with a third line-up of supporting players.

In February 2019, the band released "This Is What We Came For", the first single from their fourth studio album Chase the Setting Sun, which was released in September 2019. In July 2019, they released a second single "Gods & Kings", also from Chase the Setting Sun.
Vertical exaggeration
Vertical exaggeration (VE) is a scale that is used in raised-relief maps, plans and technical drawings (cross section perspectives), in order to emphasize vertical features, which might be too small to identify relative to the horizontal scale.

Raised-relief map
A raised-relief map, terrain model or embossed map is a three-dimensional representation, usually of terrain, materialized as a physical artifact. When representing terrain, the vertical dimension is usually exaggerated by a factor between five and ten; this facilitates the visual recognition of terrain features.