hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Halogenation
In chemistry, halogenation is a chemical reaction which introduces one or more halogens into a chemical compound. Halide-containing compounds are pervasive, making this type of transformation important, e.g. in the production of polymers, drugs. This kind of conversion is in fact so common that a comprehensive overview is challenging. This article mainly deals with halogenation using elemental halogens (F2, Cl2, Br2, I2). Halides are also commonly introduced using halide salts and hydrogen halide acids. Many specialized reagents exist for introducing halogens into diverse substrates, e.g. thionyl chloride.

Thionyl chloride
Thionyl chloride is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula SOCl2. It is a moderately volatile, colourless liquid with an unpleasant acrid odour. Thionyl chloride is primarily used as a chlorinating reagent, with approximately 45,000 tonnes (50,000 short tons) per year being produced during the early 1990s, but is occasionally also used as a solvent. It is toxic, reacts with water, and is also listed under the Chemical Weapons Convention as it may be used for the production of chemical weapons.

Thionyl chloride is sometimes confused with sulfuryl chloride, SO2Cl2, but the properties of these compounds differ significantly. Sulfuryl chloride is a source of chlorine whereas thionyl chloride is a source of chloride ions.
Association of Member Episcopal Conferences in Eastern Africa
The Association of Member Episcopal Conferences in Eastern Africa (AMECEA) is the association of episcopal conferences of Eastern Africa and the coordinating body of the Catholic dioceses. The AMECEA was established in 1961, with Cardinal Adam Kozlowiecki, SJ, Archbishop of Lusaka,  its founding president. It is one of ten members of the Symposium of Episcopal Conferences of Africa and Madagascar (SECAM).

Charles Kasonde
Charles Joseph Sampa Kasonde is a Roman Catholic prelate, who is the Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Solwezi, in Zambia. He was appointed to that position on 23 March 2010 by Pope Benedict XVI.
Maine Coon
The Maine Coon is a large domesticated cat breed. The breed is selectively bred from one of the oldest landraces in North America, and is pedigreed in all major cat registries worldwide. It originated in the U.S. state of Maine, where it is the official state cat. The Maine Coon is a large and social cat, commonly referred to as "the gentle giant." The breed is predominantly known for its large size and long, dense coat of fur which helps it survive in the harsh climate of Maine. The Maine Coon is often cited as having "dog-like" characteristics.

The breed was popular in cat shows in the late 19th century, but its existence became threatened when long-haired breeds from overseas were introduced in the early 20th century. The Maine Coon has since made a comeback, and is the most popular cat breed in multiple global cat registries.

Cat Fanciers' Association
The Cat Fanciers' Association (CFA) was established in the United States in 1906. The CFA is currently the world's largest registry of pedigreed cats. Originally headquartered in Manasquan, New Jersey, the CFA moved to Alliance, Ohio in 2010. The association's stated mission is preserving and promoting pedigreed breeds of cats while also  enhancing the well-being of all cats. CFA's first licensed cat shows were held in Buffalo, New York and Detroit, Michigan in 1906. The association today has a known presence in Europe, China, and Japan along with its well-established activity in the United States and Canada.

In 2022, CFA recognized 42 breeds for its Championship Class and three in its non-competitive classes (the Khao Manee, Lykoi, and Toybob). The current president of the CFA is Richard Mastin.
31 Boötis
31 Boötis is a single star in the northern constellation of Boötes, located 470 light years from the Sun. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, yellow-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.86. The object is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of −16.5 km/s. It was known to be part of a constellation between Virgo and Boötes named Mons Maenalus, it was also the brightest star in the constellation.

This is an evolved giant star with a stellar classification of G7 IIIa. It is a suspected variable star of unknown type, and is an X-ray source. The star is 370 million years old with 3.27 times the mass of the Sun. Having exhausted the hydrogen at its core, the star has expanded to 23 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 275 times the luminosity of the Sun from its swollen photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,874 K.

Mons Maenalus
Mons Maenalus (Latin for Mount Maenalus) was a constellation created by Johannes Hevelius in 1687. It was located between the constellations of Boötes and Virgo, and depicts a mountain in Greece that the herdsman is stepping upon. It was increasingly considered obsolete by the latter half of the 19th century.
Old Stone Fort Museum (Texas)
The Old Stone Fort Museum is located on the campus of Stephen F. Austin State University, in the city and county of Nacogdoches, Texas. It is a 1936 replica, at a different location, of a structure that had been erected circa 1779 by Nacogdoches militia commander Antonio Gil Y'Barbo. The original building was never a fort, in spite of its sobriquet. After more than a century serving various purposes, the original structure was demolished. The replica was erected with help from the local Cum Concilio civic organization, and funding from the New Deal economic program of the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration. The museum is open to visitors and provides historic exhibits on the grounds of the university.

Antonio Gil Y'Barbo
Antonio Gil Ybarbo (1729–1809), also known as Gil Ybarbo or Gil Ibarbo was a military officer in the Spanish Empire and trader in Spanish Texas, who played a crucial role in the development of Nacogdoches, Texas in 1779.
U.S. Route 285
U.S. Route 285 is a north–south United States highway, running 846 miles (1,362 km) through the states of Texas, New Mexico and Colorado. The highway's southern terminus is in Sanderson, Texas at an intersection with U.S. Route 90. US 285 has always had an endpoint in Denver, Colorado, although the original US 285 went north from Denver (that segment is now a part of U.S. Route 287). Today the highway's northern terminus is in Denver, at exit 201 on Interstate 25.

US 285 is a secondary route of US 85, which it crosses in metro Denver, and technically crosses again in Santa Fe, New Mexico (today its parent route is largely concurrent with Interstate 25 through New Mexico, and as a result US 85 is no longer signed in New Mexico). US 285 also intersects a sibling route, US 385, in Fort Stockton, Texas.

Vaughn, New Mexico
Vaughn is a town in Guadalupe County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 286 at the 2020 census, down from the figure of 446 recorded in 2010. It is located at an intersection of the Burlington Northern Santa Fe and Union Pacific railroad lines.
Manifold vacuum
Manifold vacuum, or engine vacuum in a petrol engine is the difference in air pressure between the engine's intake manifold and Earth's atmosphere.

Manifold vacuum is an effect of a piston's movement on the induction stroke and the airflow through a throttle in the intervening carburetor or throttle body leading to the intake manifold. It is a result of the amount of restriction of airflow through the engine. In some engines, the manifold vacuum is also used as an auxiliary power source to drive engine accessories and for the crankcase ventilation system.

Manifold vacuums should not be confused with venturi vacuums, which are an effect exploited in some carburetors to establish a pressure difference roughly proportional to mass airflow and to maintain a somewhat constant air/fuel ratio.

It is also used in light airplanes to provide airflow for pneumatic gyroscopic instruments.

Engine braking
Engine braking occurs when the retarding forces within an internal combustion engine are used to slow down a motor vehicle, as opposed to using additional external braking mechanisms such as friction brakes or magnetic brakes.

The term is often confused with several other types of braking, most notably compression-release braking or "jake braking" which uses a different mechanism.

Traffic regulations in many countries require trucks to always drive with an engaged gear, which in turn provides a certain amount of engine braking (viscous losses to the engine oil and air pumped through the engine and friction losses to the cylinder walls and bearings) when no accelerator pedal is applied.
Khakassia National Museum
53°43′14″N 91°28′28″E﻿ / ﻿53.720434°N 91.474425°E﻿ / 53.720434; 91.474425
The Khakassia National Museum is a museum located in Abakan, in the Minusinsk Hollow, Russia. It is located Ulitsa Pushkina, 28А Abakan, Respúblika Khakásiya, Russia, 655012.

The museum is especially known for its collection of monumental statues from the Okunev culture.

Tashtyk culture mask, Khakassia National Museum.

Okunev stela, Khakassia Museum.

The "Ankhakov Stela".

The  "Stela of Kopyonsky Chaatas".

Okunev culture
Okunev culture (ru: Окуневская культура, romanized: Okunevskaya kul'tura, lit. 'Okunev culture'),  also known as Okunevo culture, was a south Siberian archaeological culture of pastoralists from the early Bronze Age dated from the end of the 3rd millennium BC to the early 2nd millennium BC in the Minusinsk Basin on the middle and upper Yenisei. It was formed from the local Neolithic Siberian forest cultures, who also showed evidence of admixture from Western Steppe Herders and pre-existing Ancient North Eurasians.
Matthew Hansen
Matthew Hansen (born October 19, 1976) is a Canadian screenwriter, author and editor. A former competitive cyclist, Hansen lives in Toronto, Ontario.

His full-time cycling career in 1996. During his active time, he rode for the Canadian Jet Fuel Coffee team from 1999 to 2005.

Hansen began his publishing career as a cycling journalist. Following that, he worked as an editor for Dreamwave Productions, publishers of several comic titles including The Transformers, before moving on to become the Editor in Chief of Marvel Comics/Dabel Brothers Productions.

Hansen adapted R.A. Salvatore's novel The Highwayman through Marvel Comics. Hansen also adapted Ted Dekker's Circle Trilogy of novels into graphic novels.

Hansen wrote the film Zoom, which premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival in 2015. In 2016, Hansen was nominated for a Canadian Screen Award for Zoom, for Best Original Screenplay.

The Highwayman (novel)
The Highwayman is a 2004 fantasy novel by American writer R. A. Salvatore, set in his world of Corona, shared with his Demon Wars Saga. The Highwayman tells the story of a young crippled boy named Bransen Garibond. The orphaned son of the Jhesta Tu mystic Sen Wi and the Abellican priest Brother Dynard, he eventually is able to move normally by learning to center his body to become the hero known as the Highwayman.
Zak Cummings
Zacharry "Zak" Michael Cummings (born August 2, 1984) is an American former professional mixed martial artist, who competed in the Middleweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship. A professional competitor since 2007, he has also formerly competed for Strikeforce, MFC, Titan FC, and Bellator.

Titan Fighting Championships
Titan Fighting Championship (Titan FC) is an American mixed martial arts promotion based out of Pompano Beach, Florida.  Their shows were originally run in and near Kansas City and have since expanded to include venues all over North America and eventually, international locations. Since July 2015, Titan FC events are broadcast on the UFC online streaming service UFC Fight Pass, which also showcases a library of the organization's previous events.
FSBI Medal
The FSBI Medal is an international fish biology and/or fisheries science prize awarded annually for exceptional advances by a scientist in the earlier stages of his or her career. Medallists have made a significant contribution to the field of fish biology through their achievements in scientific research. The medal is only awarded if a candidate of sufficient quality is nominated.
The medal was established by the Fisheries Society of the British Isles (FSBI) to recognize distinction in the field of fish biology and fisheries science, and to raise the profile of the discipline and of the Society in the wider scientific community. Medals are awarded to individuals who have made an outstanding contribution to fish biology and/or fisheries. 
The FSBI Medal is traditionally awarded in July at the Fisheries Society of the British Isles Annual International Conference.

Fisheries Society of the British Isles
The Fisheries Society of the British Isles is an international, non-political, learned society, based in the United Kingdom, that supports scientific activity in fish biology and management through charitable sponsorship. Membership is open to anyone interested in these objectives. There have been eleven Presidents of the FSBI since its foundation including Ray Beverton FRS and Felicity Huntingford FRSE.
Pipers Brook, Tasmania
Pipers Brook is a rural locality in the local government areas of Launceston, Dorset and George Town in the Launceston and North-east regions of Tasmania. It is located about 33 kilometres (21 mi) east of the town of George Town. The 2016 census determined a population of 93 for the state suburb of Pipers Brook.

Dorset Council (Australia)
Dorset Council is a local government body in Tasmania, located in the far north-east of the state mainland. Dorset is classified as a rural local government area and has a population of 6,652. The major towns and localities of the region include Bridport, Derby and Ringarooma with Scottsdale the regional centre. Dorset was placed under a board of inquiry on 2 August 2023 and is currently under the supervision of commissioner Wardlaw. The current general manager is John Marik.
Warmian–Masurian Voivodeship
Warmian–Masurian Voivodeship is a voivodeship (province) in northeastern Poland. Its capital and largest city is Olsztyn. The voivodeship has an area of 24,192 km2 (9,341 sq mi) and in 2019 had a population of 1,425,967.

Warmian–Masurian Voivodeship was created on 1 January 1999 from the entire Olsztyn Voivodeship, the western half of Suwałki Voivodeship, and part of Elbląg Voivodeship, pursuant to the Polish local government reforms adopted in 1998. The province's name derives from two historic regions, Warmia and Masuria, although also parts of other regions are located within the province, i.e. of Chełmno Land, Powiśle, Mazovia, Bartia and Natangia.

The province borders Podlaskie Voivodeship to the east, Masovian Voivodeship to the south, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship to the southwest, Pomeranian Voivodeship to the west, the Vistula Lagoon to the northwest, and the Kaliningrad Oblast (an exclave of Russia) to the north.

Olsztyn Voivodeship
Olsztyn Voivodeship (Polish: województwo olsztyńskie) was an administrative division and unit of local government in Poland in the years 1946–75, and a new territorial division between 1975–1998, superseded by Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship. Its capital city was Olsztyn.

From 1946 to 1975 the Olsztyn Voivodeship covered a larger area.
Alliance Sociale
Alliance Sociale was a left-wing political coalition of 5 parties in Mauritius. It consisted of the Mauritian Labour Party, Mauritian Party of Xavier-Luc Duval, The Greens, Republican Movement and the Mauritian Militant Socialist Movement.

The Alliance won 38 of the 70 parliamentary seats in the general election of July 2005, and formed the government with Navin Ramgoolam as Prime Minister. Ramgoolam had previously held the office from 1995 to 2000.

Labour Party (Mauritius)
The Labour Party (French: Parti Travailliste; Morisyen: Parti Travayis, PTr) is a centre-left social democratic political party in Mauritius. It is one of four main Mauritian political parties, along with the Mauritian Militant Movement (MMM), the Militant Socialist Movement (MSM) and the Parti Mauricien Social Démocrate (PMSD). The party is led by Navin Ramgoolam. It tends to be more popular amongst Indo-Mauritians, especially in more rural areas.

Founded in 1936, the Labour Party is the oldest major political party in the Republic and has remained in power from 1948 to 1982, from 1995 to 2000 and from 2005 to 2014. From 1983 to 1990, it was part of a coalition government as a minority partner. As a member of the Labour Party-MMM alliance, it elected four members of parliament in the general election of 2014.
Tribunal (Star Trek: Deep Space Nine)
"Tribunal" is the 25th and penultimate episode of the second season of the syndicated American science fiction television series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, the 45th episode overall. It was the first episode of the series to air after the conclusion of Star Trek: The Next Generation, the series of which Deep Space Nine was a spinoff.

Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures on Deep Space Nine, a space station near the planet Bajor, as the Bajorans recover from a brutal, decades-long occupation by the authoritarian Cardassians. This episode provides a look at the Cardassian judicial system as DS9's operations chief Miles O'Brien (Colm Meaney) is put on trial on Cardassia, where the accused is declared guilty before the trial even begins.

This is the first of nine episodes of Deep Space Nine directed by Avery Brooks, who also played the role of Benjamin Sisko on the series.

Miles O'Brien (Star Trek)
Miles Edward O'Brien is a character in the Star Trek franchise, portrayed by actor Colm Meaney. O'Brien was originally the transporter chief of the USS Enterprise-D, with a recurring role in all seven seasons of Star Trek: The Next Generation. Promoted to chief of operations for Deep Space Nine, O'Brien became a principal character on the series of the same name. Portrayed in 225 episodes overall, O'Brien is the Star Trek character with the second most appearances in the franchise (exceeded only by Worf, portrayed by Michael Dorn).

O'Brien is the only major Star Trek character described as both ethnically Irish and born in Ireland; Colm Meaney, the actor who portrays him, is Irish. He is also the only regular Star Trek character to be a non-commissioned officer.
Eugenio Figueredo
Eugenio Hermes Figueredo Aguerre (born 10 March 1932 in Santa Lucía, Uruguay) is a Uruguayan and American association football executive and former footballer. In May 2015, he was banned by FIFA Ethics Committee.

FIFA Ethics Committee
The FIFA Ethics Committee is one of FIFA's three judicial bodies. It is organized in two chambers, the Investigatory Chamber and the Adjudicatory Chamber. Its duties are regulated by several official documents, most importantly the FIFA Code of Ethics. FIFA's other judicial bodies are the Disciplinary Committee and the Appeal Committee.
North Carolina Highway 101
North Carolina Highway 101 (NC 101) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of North Carolina that serves as a shortcut for U.S. Route 70 (US 70). It links Havelock to Beaufort, bypassing Morehead City. Most of the area along NC 101 is rural with many farms and swamps.

Havelock, North Carolina
Havelock is a city in Craven County, North Carolina, United States. As of the 2020 census, Havelock had a population of 16,621. The city is home to Marine Corps Air Station Cherry Point, the world's largest Marine Corps air station, and home to the 2nd Marine Aircraft Wing.

Havelock is part of the New Bern, NC Micropolitan Statistical Area.
Purba Bishnupur
Purba Bishnupur is a census town within the jurisdiction of the Mandirbazar police station in the Mandirbazar CD block in the Diamond Harbour subdivision of the South 24 Parganas district in the Indian state of West Bengal.

South 24 Parganas
South 24 Parganas (Pron: pɔrɡɔnɔs; abbr. 24 PGS (S)), or sometimes South Twenty Four Parganas and Dakshin 24 Parganas, is a district in the Indian state of West Bengal, headquartered in Alipore , with its Zilla Parishad  in Baruipur. It is the largest district of West Bengal by area and second largest by population. It is the sixth most populous district in India (out of 640). On one side of the district there is the urban fringe of Kolkata, and on the other the remote riverine villages in the Sundarbans.
Reynoldsville, Pennsylvania
Reynoldsville is a borough in Jefferson County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is 73 miles (117 km) northeast of Pittsburgh in a productive soft coal region. As of the 2020 census, Reynoldsville had a population of 2,549.

Reynoldsville was originally called Winslow Township and was renamed after local postmaster Thomas Reynolds in 1850.

Jefferson County, Pennsylvania
Jefferson County is a county in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. As of the 2020 census, the population was 44,492. Its county seat is Brookville. The county was established on March 26, 1804, from part of Lycoming County and later organized in 1830. It is named after President Thomas Jefferson. It is home to Punxsutawney Phil, the most famous groundhog that predicts when spring will come every February 2 on Groundhog Day. The county is part of the North Central region of the commonwealth.
Nguru, Nigeria
Nguru (or N'Gourou) is a Local Government Area in Yobe State, Nigeria. Its headquarters are in the town of Nguru near the Hadejia River at 12°52′45″N 10°27′09″E﻿ / ﻿12.87917°N 10.45250°E﻿ / 12.87917; 10.45250.

It has an area of 916 km2 and a population of 270,632.

The postal code of the area is 630.

The town probably dates from around the 15th century.  There is a variety of landscape types in the area, including the protected Hadejia-Nguru wetlands of Nguru Lake, and the "Sand Dunes", a semi-desert area.

Hadejia River
The Hadejia River (Hausa: kogin Haɗeja) is a river in Northern Nigeria and is a tributary of the Yobe River (Komadugu Yobe). 
Among the cities and towns that lie on or near its banks are Hadejia and Nguru. 
Damming of the river for the purposes of irrigation has led to a decrease in the amount of water in the Hadejia-Nguru wetlands, which the river forms along with Nguru Lake.

The Hadejia river is now 80% controlled by the Tiga and Challawa Gorge dams in Kano State.
Ullah millet
The Ullah millet (Turkish: Ulah milleti, lit. 'Vlach millet', can be interpreted as "Aromanian nation") was a separate millet (that is, a recognized ethno-religious and linguistic community) within the Ottoman Empire. It was established by the Ottoman authorities for the Aromanians (also known as "Vlachs"; Turkish: Ulahlar) in 1905, during the rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire. Although the Megleno-Romanians are also sometimes called Vlachs, the Ullah millet was not intended for them.

Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire
The rise of the Western notion of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire eventually caused the breakdown of the Ottoman millet system. The concept of nationhood, which was different from the preceding religious community concept of the millet system, was a key factor in the decline of the Ottoman Empire.