hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Dike swarm
A dike swarm (American spelling) or dyke swarm (British spelling) is a large geological structure consisting of a major group of parallel, linear, or radially oriented magmatic dikes intruded within continental crust or central volcanoes in rift zones. Examples exist in Iceland and near other large volcanoes, (stratovolcanoes, calderas, shield volcanoes and other fissure systems) around the world. A  swarm consists of several to hundreds of dikes emplaced more or less contemporaneously during a single intrusive event, are magmatic and stratigraphic, and may form a large igneous province.

Sedimentary clastic dike swarms also exist on Earth; for example in Chile.

Magmatic dike swarms have also been found on Venus and Mars.

Dike (geology)
In geology, a dike or dyke is a sheet of rock that is formed in a fracture of a pre-existing rock body. Dikes can be either magmatic or sedimentary in origin. Magmatic dikes form when magma flows into a crack then solidifies as a sheet intrusion, either cutting across layers of rock or through a contiguous mass of rock. Clastic dikes are formed when sediment fills a pre-existing crack.
HMS Discovery (1789)
HMS Discovery was a Royal Navy ship launched in 1789 and best known as the lead ship in George Vancouver's exploration of the west coast of North America in his famous 1791-1795 expedition. She was converted to a bomb vessel in 1798 and participated in the Battle of Copenhagen. Thereafter she served as a hospital ship and later as a prison hulk until 1831. She was broken up in 1834.

Prison ship
A prison ship, is a current or former seagoing vessel that has been modified to become a place of substantive detention for convicts, prisoners of war or civilian internees. Some prison ships were hulked. While many nations have deployed prison ships over time, the practice was most widespread in 18th- and 19th-century Britain, as the government sought to address the issues of overcrowded civilian jails on land and an influx of enemy detainees from the War of Jenkins' Ear, the Seven Years' War and the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars.
Potential natural vegetation
In ecology, potential natural vegetation (PNV), also known as  Kuchler potential vegetation, is the vegetation that would be expected given environmental constraints (climate, geomorphology, geology) without human intervention or a hazard event.

The concept was developed in the mid 1950s by phytosociologist Reinhold Tüxen, partly expanding on the concept of climax vegetation.

Reinhold Tüxen
Reinhold Hermann Hans Tüxen (born 21 May 1899 in Ulsnis (Schleswig-Holstein); died 16 May 1980 in Rinteln) was a German botanist and plant sociologist. Along with Erich Oberdorfer, he was one of the early promoters and founders of modern plant sociology in Germany. His botanical author's abbreviation is Tüxen; in plant sociology,  the abbreviation Tx. is also in use.

During the Third Reich Tüxen mapped the flora at Auschwitz for the plan of the SS model city of Auschwitz, as a pilot project for the integration of a conquered city. Here "German plants" were to form a border between the residential city and the extermination camp. However, in 1942 he was removed as chairman of the German working group for plant sociology due to a lack of Nazi Party membership and alleged political unreliability.
Team Love Records
Team Love is an independent record label based in New Paltz, New York, and Portland, Maine. The label was founded by Conor Oberst and Nate Krenkel in 2003. It has released albums by several recording artists. Team Love also released the documentary film by Roy Germano, The Other Side of Immigration.  An early distinguishing marketing tactic of Team Love was the free release of complete albums for download in unprotected mp3 format at no cost on their website in addition to traditional record and CD sales. This practice evolved and was eventually dropped as the age of streaming came to dominate the user experience.
In 2024 Team Love launched a new, "sister-label," Oystertones. Oystertones focuses on jazz, classical, experimental and other music including releases by Obelisk Grove, Double Celled Organism, Bill Brovold, pianist Jamie Saft, NAPPS, and Stacey MacLeay.

The Other Side of Immigration
The Other Side of Immigration is a 2009 documentary film directed by Roy Germano. It explores why so many people leave the Mexican countryside to work in the United States and what happens to the families and communities they leave behind. The film is based on Germano's interviews with over 700 households in Mexico, which he carried out while doing Ph.D. research on remittances at the University of Texas at Austin. The Other Side of Immigration was distributed on DVD by Team Love Records, a company founded by musician Conor Oberst. On September 6, 2019, Roy Germano and Team Love released The Other Side of Immigration in full on Germano's YouTube channel. Roy Germano teaches International Relations at New York University and is the author of a book about remittances called Outsourcing Welfare. Germano is also a Senior Research Scholar at the New York University School of Law.
Olonetsky Uyezd
Olonetsky Uyezd (Russian: Олонецкий уезд) was one of the seven subdivisions of the Olonets Governorate of the Russian Empire. Its capital was Olonets. Olonetsky Uyezd was located in the western part of the governorate (in the southern part of the present-day Republic of Karelia and in the northeastern part of Leningrad Oblast). In terms of present-day administrative borders, the territory of Olonetsky Uyezd is divided between the Olonetsky and Pryazhinsky districts of the Republic of Karelia and Podporozhsky District of Leningrad Oblast.

Podporozhsky District
Podporozhsky District (Russian: Подпоро́жский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the seventeen in Leningrad Oblast, Russia. It is located in the northeast of the oblast and borders with Prionezhsky District of the Republic of Karelia in the north, Vytegorsky District of Vologda Oblast in the east, Babayevsky District of Vologda Oblast in the southeast, Tikhvinsky District in the south, Lodeynopolsky District in the southwest, and Olonetsky and Pryazhinsky Districts of the Republic of Karelia in the northwest. In the northeast, the district is bounded by Lake Onega. The area of the district is 7,679 square kilometers (2,965 sq mi), which makes it the largest district in Leningrad Oblast. Its administrative center is the town of Podporozhye. Population (excluding the administrative center): 13,000 (2010 census); 14,845 (2002 Census); 18,075 (1989 Soviet census).
Arellano University
Arellano University (AU) is a private, nonsectarian university located in Manila, the Philippines. It was founded in 1938 as a law school by Florentino Cayco Sr., the first Filipino Undersecretary of Public Instruction. The university was named after Cayetano Arellano, the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines. It operates seven campuses located throughout Metro Manila and the main campus is located along Legarda Street, Sampaloc, Manila. The Arellano University School of Law is autonomous and managed by the Arellano Law Foundation. Its athletic team, the Arellano University Chiefs, is a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association since 2009.

Pasay
Pasay, officially the City of Pasay (Filipino: Lungsod ng Pasay; IPA: [ˈpaː.saɪ̯]), is a highly urbanized city in the National Capital Region of the Philippines. According to the 2024 census, it has a population of 453,186 people.

Due to its location just south of Manila, Pasay quickly became an urban town during the American colonial period. It is now best known for being the site of most of Ninoy Aquino International Airport and of complexes such as Newport City and the SM Central Business Park.
Avalon School (California)
Avalon School is a K-12 school in Avalon, California on Santa Catalina Island, 26 miles off the coast of California. The school is a part of the Long Beach Unified School District.

A remote one-room school house, Two Harbors Elementary located 18 miles (29 km) (an hour's bus ride) away at Two Harbors, closed in 2014 due to low enrollment, and its students were moved to Avalon School.

Two Harbors, California
Two Harbors, colloquially known as "The Isthmus", is a small unincorporated community island village on the island of Santa Catalina Island, California, United States, with a population of 298 (Census of 2000). It is the second center of population on the island, besides the city of Avalon. It is mainly a resort village. It has only one restaurant, one hotel and one general store. The village has about 150 permanent residents who live on the isthmus year-round. One notable feature was the one-room schoolhouse which closed in 2014.
Shooting at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Men's 300 metre free rifle, team
The men's 300 metre team free rifle was a shooting sports event held as part of the Shooting at the 1912 Summer Olympics programme. It was the third appearance of the event. The competition was held on Thursday, 4 July 1912. Forty-two sport shooters from seven nations competed. The event was won by Sweden, the nation's first victory in the event, improving on a silver-medal performance in 1908. Defending champions Norway reached the podium for the third consecutive time, taking silver this time. Denmark earned its first medal in the men's 300 metre team free rifle with bronze.

Ole Sæther had been a member of Norway's two prior teams as well, so became the first man with three medals in the event. He had been the only man with multiple medals; five others (Albert Helgerud, Gudbrand Skatteboe, Einar Liberg, and Olaf Sæther of Norway and Gustaf Adolf Jonsson of Sweden) each earned their second in 1912.

Olaf Sæther
Olaf Sæther (7 January 1872 – 1 November 1945) was a Norwegian rifle shooter who competed in the early 20th century. He won the gold medal with the Norwegian 300 metre free rifle team at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London, and four years later at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm he won the silver medal with the free rifle team.
Howrah–Prayagraj–Mumbai line
The Howrah–Prayagraj–Mumbai line, (formerly known as Howrah–Allahabad–Bombay line)  is a railway line connecting Kolkata and Mumbai via Prayagraj (formerly Allahabad). The 2,160-kilometre-long (1,340 mi) railway line was opened to traffic in 1870. This railway line was 2,146 kilometres (1,333 mi) long until 2004. In 2004 the construction of Indira Sagar Dam submerged the old alignment near Khandwa and a new alignment of 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) long was relaid.

Around the World in Eighty Days
Around the World in Eighty Days (French: Le Tour du monde en quatre-vingts jours) is an adventure novel by the French writer Jules Verne, first published in French in 1872. In the story, Phileas Fogg of London and his newly employed French valet Passepartout attempt to circumnavigate the world in 80 days on a wager of £20,000 (equivalent to £2.3 million in 2023) set by his friends at the Reform Club. It is one of Verne's most acclaimed works.
Cheap Wine (song)
"Cheap Wine" is a 1980 single from Australian rock band Cold Chisel. The second single from the album East, it was released in May, a month before the album. It reached number 8 on the Australian charts, the band's first top-ten single, and would eventually remain the band's second highest chart performance. It has been described as, "one of Don's finest commercial songs."

East (Cold Chisel album)
East is the third studio album by Australian pub rock band Cold Chisel, released in June 1980. The album peaked at No. 2 and spent 63 weeks on the national chart. It was the biggest-selling Australian album release of the year. It was the only Cold Chisel album to chart in America, reaching 171 on the Billboard 200 in 1981. It also reached number 32 on the New Zealand charts.
Syed Abu Nasar
Syed Abu Nasar (December 25, 1932 – January 29, 2012) was a James R. Boyd Professor of Electrical Engineering (Emeritus) at the University of Kentucky.  He was born in India and got his doctorate in electrical engineering at the University of California, Berkeley in 1963 .  His research concerned electric motors.  He served as the chair of the Electrical Engineering department at the University of Kentucky from 1989 to 1997.  He was a Life Fellow of the IEEE and the recipient of the 2000 IEEE Nikola Tesla Award.

IEEE Nikola Tesla Award
The IEEE Nikola Tesla Award is a Technical Field Award given annually to an individual or team that has made an outstanding contribution to the generation or utilization of electric power. It is awarded by the Board of Directors of the IEEE. The award is named in honor of Nikola Tesla.  This award may be presented to an individual or a team.

The award was established in 1975, and its first recipient was Leon T. Rosenberg, who was given the award in 1976 "for his half-century of development and design of large steam turbine driven generators and his important contributions to literature." The actual award is a plaque and honorarium.
2016–17 South Alabama Jaguars men's basketball team
The 2016–17 South Alabama Jaguars men's basketball team represented the University of South Alabama during the 2016–17 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Jaguars were led by fourth-year head coach Matthew Graves and played their home games at the Mitchell Center in Mobile, Alabama as members in the Sun Belt Conference. They finished the season 14–18, 7–11 in Sun Belt play to finish in ninth place. They lost in the first round of the Sun Belt tournament to Coastal Carolina.

2016–17 Coastal Carolina Chanticleers men's basketball team
The 2016–17 Coastal Carolina Chanticleers women basketball team represented Coastal Carolina University during the 2016–17 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Chanticleers, led by tenth-year head coach Cliff Ellis, played their home games at the HTC Center in Conway, South Carolina as first-year members of the Sun Belt Conference. They finished the season 20–19, 10–8 in Sun Belt play to finish in a three-way tie for sixth place. As the No. 8 seed in the Sun Belt tournament, they defeated South Alabama before losing to Texas–Arlington in the quarterfinals. They received an invitation to the College Basketball Invitational where they defeated Hampton, Loyola (MD) and UIC to advance to the best-of-three finals series against Wyoming where they won 3 games.
Göllü Dağ
Göllüdağ (also Göllü Dağ, Golludag) is a volcanic mountain located in central Turkey. This area has a long history of human occupation going back to the Lower Paleolithic period. Especially the obsidian found here was valuable.

Obsidian
Obsidian (/əbˈsɪdi.ən, ɒb-/ əb-SID-ee-ən ob-) is a naturally occurring volcanic glass formed when lava extruded from a volcano cools rapidly with minimal crystal growth. It is an igneous rock. Produced from felsic lava, obsidian is rich in the lighter elements such as silicon, oxygen, aluminium, sodium, and potassium. It is commonly found within the margins of rhyolitic lava flows known as obsidian flows. These flows have a high content of silica, giving them a high viscosity. The high viscosity inhibits the diffusion of atoms through the lava, which inhibits the first step (nucleation) in the formation of mineral crystals. Together with rapid cooling, this results in a natural glass forming from the lava.

Obsidian is hard, brittle, and amorphous; it therefore fractures with sharp edges. In the past, it was used to manufacture cutting and piercing tools, and it has been used experimentally as surgical scalpel blades.
Wansford, East Riding of Yorkshire
Wansford is a village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Skerne and Wansford, in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It is situated on the B1249 road and just to the north of the River Hull and the Driffield Canal. It is approximately 2.5 miles (4 km) south-east of Driffield and 3 miles (4.8 km) north-west of North Frodingham.

The church of St Mary the Virgin, Wansford was built in 1866–68 to designs by G.E. Street. It is on the Sykes Churches Trail devised by the East Yorkshire Churches Group. The church was designated a Grade II* listed building in 1966 and is now recorded in the National Heritage List for England, maintained by Historic England. In 1931 the parish had a population of 142.

The name Wansford derives from the Old English Wandsford or Wandelsford, meaning 'Wand/Wandel's ford'.

Skerne and Wansford
Skerne and Wansford is a civil parish in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It is situated approximately 2 miles (3.2 km) south-east of the town of Driffield and covering an area of 1,493.224 hectares (3,689.84 acres).

The civil parish is formed by the villages of Skerne and Wansford.

According to the 2011 UK census, Skerne and Wansford parish had a population of 345, an increase on the 2001 UK census figure of 318.
Keranggas
Keranggas (also known as Kranggas) is a settlement and Iban longhouse in Sarawak, Malaysia. It lies approximately 163.2 kilometres (101 mi) east of the state capital Kuching.

The village is establishing electricity generation using micro hydroelectric weirs (low dams) to give a continuous supply.

In 2010, during the Gawai Dayak festivities, the village was visited by a wrinkled hornbill (Aceros corrugatus), an unusual occurrence.

Neighbouring settlements include:

Menjuau 1.9 kilometres (1.2 mi) east

Seladong 2.6 kilometres (1.6 mi) southeast

Bair 5.9 kilometres (3.7 mi) west

Batikal 5.9 kilometres (3.7 mi) west

Begantong 6.7 kilometres (4.2 mi) southeast

Jambu 7.4 kilometres (4.6 mi) west

Janting 7.4 kilometres (4.6 mi) north

Menjuau
Menjuau is a settlement in Sarawak, Malaysia. It lies approximately 165 kilometres (103 mi) east of the state capital Kuching.

Neighbouring settlements include:

Keranggas 1.9 kilometres (1.2 mi) west

Seladong 1.9 kilometres (1.2 mi) south

Begantong 5.2 kilometres (3.2 mi) southeast

Bair 7.6 kilometres (4.7 mi) west

Batikal 7.6 kilometres (4.7 mi) west

Itam 7.6 kilometres (4.7 mi) north

Janting 7.6 kilometres (4.7 mi) north
Rothmans European Trophy Indoor
The Rothmans European Trophy Indoor   was a men's indoor carpet court tennis tournament founded in 1967 as the Rothmans Invitation Indoor. It was played at the Crystal Palace National Sports Centre, in Crystal Palace, London, England until 1969 then was discontinued.

Crystal Palace National Sports Centre
The National Sports Centre at Crystal Palace in south London, England is a large sports centre and outdoor athletics stadium. It was opened in 1964 in Crystal Palace Park, close to the site of the former Crystal Palace Exhibition building which had been destroyed by fire in 1936, and is on the same site as the former FA Cup Final venue which was used here between 1895 and 1914.

It was one of the five National Sports Centres, run on behalf of Sport England, but responsibility was transferred to the London Development Agency (now GLA Land and Property) and is managed by Greenwich Leisure Limited, under their Better brand logo.

The athletics stadium has a capacity of 15,500, which can be increased to 24,000 with temporary seating. It has hosted international athletics meetings in the past.

As well as sporting events, the stadium has played host to a number of live open air concerts, by artists such as Coldplay, Bruce Springsteen, Sex Pistols and Depeche Mode.
Dęby Wolskie-Kolonia
Dęby Wolskie-Kolonia [ˈdɛmbɨ ˈvɔlskʲɛ kɔˈlɔɲa] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Rusiec, within Bełchatów County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 6 km (4 mi) south-west of Rusiec, 33 km (21 mi) west of Bełchatów, and 68 km (42 mi) south-west of the regional capital Łódź.

Gmina Rusiec
Gmina Rusiec is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Bełchatów County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the village of Rusiec, which lies approximately 28 kilometres (17 mi) west of Bełchatów and 62 km (39 mi) south-west of the regional capital Łódź.

The gmina covers an area of 99.73 square kilometres (38.5 sq mi), and as of 2023 its total population is 4,798.
The Imperative of Integration
The Imperative of Integration is a 2010 book by American philosopher Elizabeth Anderson, published by Princeton University Press. Blending empirical social science with political philosophy, the book argues for racial integration as a moral and democratic necessity to address systemic racial inequality in the United States. Anderson critiques segregation as a root cause of racial disparities in economic opportunity, social capital, and civic equality, proposing integration as a transformative ideal that promotes justice and enriches democracy. The book engages with debates on affirmative action, multiculturalism, and the limitations of colorblind ideologies.

Elizabeth S. Anderson
Elizabeth Secor Anderson (born December 5, 1959) is an American philosopher who is Arthur F. Thurnau Professor and John Dewey Distinguished University Professor of Philosophy and Women's Studies at the University of Michigan and specializes in political philosophy, ethics, and feminist philosophy.
Ministry of the Environment (Japan)
The Ministry of the Environment (環境省, Kankyō-shō) is a Cabinet-level ministry of the government of Japan responsible for global environmental conservation, pollution control, and nature conservation. The ministry was formed in 2001 from the sub-cabinet level Environmental Agency established in 1971. The Minister of the Environment is a member of the Cabinet of Japan and is chosen by the Prime Minister, usually from among members of the Diet.

In March 2006, the then-Minister of the Environment Yuriko Koike, created a furoshiki cloth to promote its use in the modern world.

In August 2011, the Cabinet of Japan approved a plan to establish a new energy watchdog under the Environment Ministry, and the Nuclear Regulation Authority was founded on September 19, 2012.

Minister of the Environment (Japan)
The Minister of the Environment (環境大臣, Kankyou Daijin) is a member of the Cabinet of Japan and is the leader and chief executive of the Ministry of the Environment. The minister is nominated by the Prime Minister of Japan and is appointed by the Emperor of Japan.

The current minister is Hirotaka Ishihara, who took office on 21 October 2025.
Schlossbrücke
Schlossbrücke (German: Schloßbrücke) is a bridge in the central Mitte district of Berlin, Germany. Built between 1821 and 1824 according to plans designed by Karl Friedrich Schinkel, it was named after the nearby City Palace (Stadtschloss). The bridge marks the eastern end of the Unter den Linden boulevard.

The monumental figures on the three-arched bridge were created to commemorate the Wars of Liberation. They depict warriors and goddesses of victory and reference the statues of generals and reliefs of Victory at the Neue Wache. After the Second World War, the damaged bridge was restored, and the removed figures were reinstalled in 1983–1984.

Unter den Linden
Unter den Linden (German: [ˈʊntɐ deːn ˈlɪndn̩] ⓘ, "under the linden trees") is a boulevard in the central Mitte district of Berlin, Germany. Running from the Berlin Palace to the Brandenburg Gate, it is named after the linden trees (known as lime in the UK and Ireland and basswood in North America, not related to citrus lime) that line the grassed pedestrian mall on the median and the two broad carriageways. The avenue links numerous Berlin sights, landmarks and rivers for sightseeing.