hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Culture and Arts Capital of the Turkic World
Culture and Arts Capital of the Turkic World, (Turkish: Türk Dünyası Kültür Başkenti) is a city designated by the TÜRKSOY for a period of one calendar year during which it organises a series of cultural events.

The decision for a cultural capital was made during the tenth meeting of Türksoy in 2010. The first city is selected as Astana for the year 2012. With the 2013 edition, a Eurovision themed song contest, Turkvision Song Contest, debuted.

Turkvision Song Contest
The Turkvision Song Contest (TSC, Turkish: Türkvizyon Şarkı Yarışması), also known as the Türkvizyon Song Contest, is a song competition created by Turkish music channel TMB TV, inspired by the format of the Eurovision Song Contest. The first edition took place in Eskişehir, Turkey in December 2013. Countries and regions which are Turkic-speaking and of Turkic ethnicity are eligible to participate. The contest was last held on 20 December 2020 as an online event hosted from Istanbul, Turkey. Several cancellations followed, and the future of the event remains uncertain.
Wierzbowo, Mrągowo County
Wierzbowo [vjɛʐˈbɔvɔ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Mrągowo, within Mrągowo County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 6 km (4 mi) south of Mrągowo and 54 km (34 mi) east of the regional capital Olsztyn.

Gmina Mrągowo
Gmina Mrągowo is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Mrągowo County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. Its seat is the town of Mrągowo, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina.

The gmina covers an area of 294.87 square kilometres (113.8 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 7,485.

The gmina contains part of the protected area called Masurian Landscape Park.
National Railway
The National Railway or National Air Line Railroad was a planned air-line railroad between New York City and Washington, D.C. in the United States around 1870. Part of it was eventually built from New York City to Philadelphia by the Delaware and Bound Brook Railroad and the Delaware River Branch of the North Pennsylvania Railroad, leased by the Philadelphia and Reading Railway, in 1879, and becoming its New York Branch. The line was intended to provide an alternate to the various monopolies that existed along the route, specifically the United New Jersey Railroad and Canal Companies and their Camden and Amboy Railroad, and as such had a long struggle to be built.

Air-line railroad
An air-line railroad was a railroad that was relatively straight, following a shorter (and thus, presumably quicker) route instead of a longer, winding route. In their heyday, which was prior to aviation, they were often referred to simply as "air lines".
Ripartites
Ripartites is a genus of fungi in the family Tricholomataceae. The genus has a widespread distribution and originally contained five species. Species in Ripartites have small, round to subglobose spores, which are yellowish-brown and ornamented. Macroscopically, they resemble Clitocybe. Ripartites was circumscribed by Petter Karsten in 1879.

The genus name of Ripartites is in honour of Jean Baptiste Marie Joseph Solange Eugène Ripart (1815–1878), who was a French physician, botanist and mycologist.

Previously unknown sesquiterpenes have been isolated from Ripartites metrodii and Ripartites tricholoma.

Jean-Baptiste Ripart
Jean Baptiste Marie Joseph Solange Eugène Ripart (15 May 1815, Bessines – 17 October 1878, Bourges) was a French physician, botanist and mycologist.

During his career, he worked as a physician in Bourges. He conducted investigations of cryptogams and performed research of the genera Rosa and Rubus. With Pierre Alfred Déséglise (Rosa) and Léon Gaston Genevier (Rubus), he described numerous botanical species.

The mycological genera of Ripartitella Singer, 1947 and Ripartites P.Karst., 1879 as well as the former plant genus Ripartia Gdgr., 1881 (which is now a synonym of Rosa,), all commemorate his name.
Quinneys (1919 film)
Quinneys is a 1919 British silent romance film directed by Herbert Brenon, Maurice Elvey, and Rex Wilson and stars Henry Ainley, Isobel Elsom and Eric Harrison. It is an adaptation of the play Quinneys  by Horace Annesley Vachell which was again made into a film in 1927.

A reported £100,000 worth of props were used for the film.

Quinneys (play)
Quinneys is a comedy-drama play by the British writer Horace Annesley Vachell, which was first staged in 1914. It was a major hit on its release and went on to become one of the author's most successful plays. However, despite its popularity in London the play met with a lukewarm reception when it opened in New York City in 1915. It focuses on Joseph Quinney the endearing but stubborn head of a family firm of antiques dealers whose firm views cause problems for his relatives and friends.

The play's success led Vachell to write a series of novels following on the adventures of the family.
Germans' Gate
The Germans' Gate (French: Porte des Allemands [pɔʁt dez‿almɑ̃]) is a medieval bridge castle and city gate in Metz, France. It is "a relic of the medieval fortifications, with two 13th century round towers and two gun bastions of the 15th century." It is a monument historique of France (list number: PA00106837).

Bridge castle
A bridge castle (German: Brückenburg) is a type of castle that was built to provide military observation and security for a river crossing. In the narrower sense it refers to castles that are built directly on or next to a bridge. Sometimes, however, castles close to a bridge are referred to as bridge castles.

These fortifications were often designed as toll castles that charged river tolls and were occupied only by a guard force. In Europe, several examples of bridge castles have survived, especially in the south and southeast of the continent.

The bridge castle type—which is only rarely mentioned in detail in the specialist literature—is not always clearly distinguishable from the "fortified bridge". In medieval Europe, numerous river crossings were protected by tower structures and outworks.
Teriteqas
Teriteqas was a king of Kush, known so far from two Meroitic inscriptions.

He is mentioned in a graffito in the Temple of Dakka and on a stele from Meroë. In both inscriptions he is mentioned together with Queen Amanirenas, who probably ruled alone after him. In both inscriptions, which are not yet fully understood, a prince or king Akinidad also appears.

The location of the inscription in Dakka may provide an indication of the dating of Teriteqas, as this place was not normally part of the Nubian domain. However, this was just before 29 BC. The fall and shortly after 25 BC, when this area was under Nubian rule. Teriteqas therefore dates with relative certainty to the decades before the turn of the century.

Amanirenas
Amanirenas (also spelled Amanirena), was queen regnant of the Kingdom of Kush from mid to late 1st century BCE. She is known for invading Roman occupied Egypt and successfully negotiating with Roman emperor Augustus the end of Roman retaliation, thus retaining Kushite independence.

Her full title was Amnirense qore li kdwe li ("Ameniras, qore and kandake"). Meroitic, the indigenous language of the kingdom of Kush, remains undeciphered; however, inscriptions giving Queen Amanirenas the title of "qore" as well as "kandake" suggest that she was an individually ruling queen.
American Town
"American Town" is a song by English singer-songwriter Ed Sheeran, taken from his seventh studio album Autumn Variations, released on 29 September 2023, through Gingerbread Man Records. It was sent to Italian contemporary hit radio on the same day as the album by Warner Records as its lead single. Sheeran wrote the song with producer Aaron Dessner. "American Town" reached top 40 on the charts in the United Kingdom, Sweden and Belgium.

Autumn Variations
Autumn Variations is the seventh studio album by English singer-songwriter Ed Sheeran. It was released on 29 September 2023 through his record label, Gingerbread Man Records. All tracks on the album were solely produced by Aaron Dessner, except the track "Spring", which was produced by Dessner together with his twin brother Bryce. The album also serves as Sheeran's second project of 2023, following the May release of his previous album −, and is the first studio album for which he owns the copyright. Autumn Variations received positive reviews from music critics and topped the charts the United Kingdom, Australia, Germany, Austria and the Netherlands.
To Purge This Land with Blood
To Purge This Land with Blood: A Biography of John Brown is a 1970 biography of abolitionist John Brown by American historian Stephen B. Oates. The biography triggered a reappraisal of Brown, who was subsequently less likely to be dismissed by historians as irrational.

Stephen B. Oates
Stephen Baery Oates (January 5, 1936 – August 20, 2021) was an American historian. He was a professor of history at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. He specialized in the American Civil War era and authored numerous books.
Salamanca (Madrid)
Salamanca is one of the 21 districts that form the city of Madrid, Spain. Salamanca is located to the northeast of the historical center of Madrid.
Salamanca lies east of the district of Chamberí, south of Chamartín, and north of Retiro. Salamanca has approximately 150,000 inhabitants.

The district takes its name from the 1st Marquess of Salamanca, José de Salamanca y Mayol, a powerful businessman who was one of the richest men in the world during the mid-nineteenth century.

Paseo de la Castellana
Paseo de la Castellana, commonly known as La Castellana, is a major thoroughfare in Madrid, Spain. Cutting across the city from south to north, it has been described as the "true structuring axis" of the city.
Sundgau
Sundgau (French pronunciation: [suŋɡo] or [syŋɡo]; German: [ˈzʊntɡaʊ]) is a geographical territory in the southern Alsace region (Haut Rhin and Belfort), on the eastern edge of France. The name is derived from Alemannic German Sunt-gowe ("South shire"), denoting an Alemannic county in the Old High German period. The principal city and historical capital is Altkirch.

The considerably smaller French pays of Sundgau, implemented by the 1999 Voynet law, roughly corresponds to the arrondissement of Altkirch, comprising four cantons and 112 communes in the south of the larger Sundgau region.

Mulhouse
Mulhouse (/məˈluːz/ mə-LOOZ, French: [myluz] ⓘ; Alsatian: Mìlhüsa [mɪlˈhyːsa]; German: Mülhausen [myːlˈhaʊzn̩] ⓘ, meaning "mill house") is a French city of the European Collectivity of Alsace (Haut-Rhin department, in the Grand Est region of France). It is near the border with Switzerland and Germany. It is the largest city in Haut-Rhin and second largest in Alsace after Strasbourg.

Mulhouse is known for its museums, especially the Cité de l'Automobile (also known as the Musée national de l'automobile, 'National Museum of the Automobile') and the Cité du Train (also known as Musée Français du Chemin de Fer, 'French Museum of the Railway'), respectively the largest automobile and railway museums in the world. An industrial town nicknamed "the French Manchester", Mulhouse is also the main seat of the Upper Alsace University, where the secretariat of the European Physical Society is found.
Qarachi
Qarachi (Tatar: Qaraçı) (sometimes spelled Kharachi) was the highest level of nobles (beys) within Turkic khanates of the 12th through 16th centuries. These included the Siberia Khanate and Kazan Khanate. The name could be applied to the member of the four extended families: Shirin (Şirin), Barghen (Barğın), Arghen (Arğın), Qepchaq (Qıpçaq). These four were the leading non-royal clans of the Crimean Khanate.

The Qarachi beys acted as councillors and advised the Khan at court. They exercised particular influence during the reigns of Jochi and then later in the Crimean Khanate.

Crimean Khanate
The Crimean Khanate, self-defined as the Throne of Crimea and Desht-i Kipchak, and in old European historiography and geography known as Little Tartary, was a Crimean Tatar state existing from 1441 to 1783. Established by Hacı I Giray in 1441.

In 1783, violating the 1774 Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca (which had guaranteed non-interference of both Russia and the Ottoman Empire in the affairs of the Crimean Khanate), the Russian Empire annexed the khanate. Among the European powers, only France came out with an open protest against this act, due to the longstanding Franco-Ottoman alliance.
VL Viima
The VL Viima, constructed by the State Aircraft Factory (Finnish: Valtion lentokonetehdas or VL)  is a Finnish two-seat, biplane trainer used by the Finnish Air Force from the late 1930s to the early 1960s. After military service, several were released into civil use.

Siemens-Halske Sh 14
The Siemens-Halske Sh 14 was a seven-cylinder air-cooled radial engine for aircraft produced in Germany in the 1920s and 1930s. First run in 1928, it was rated at 93 kW (125 hp). It was briefly distributed in the United States by Ryan Aeronautical as the Yankee 7.
Ardudwy
Ardudwy (Welsh pronunciation: [arˈdɨ̞duːɨ̯]) is an area of Gwynedd in north-west Wales, lying between Tremadog Bay and the Rhinogydd. Administratively, under the old Kingdom of Gwynedd, it was first a division of the sub kingdom (cantref) of Dunoding and later a commote in its own right. The fertile swathe of land stretching from Barmouth to Harlech was historically used as pasture. The name exists in the modern community and village of Dyffryn Ardudwy.

Dunoding
Dunoding was an early sub-kingdom within the Kingdom of Gwynedd in north-west Wales which existed between the 5th and 10th centuries.  According to tradition, it was named after Dunod, a son of the founding father of Gwynedd – Cunedda Wledig – who drove the Irish settlers from the area in c. 460. The territory existed as a subordinate realm within Gwynedd until the line of rulers descended from Dunod expired in c. 925. Following the end of the House of Dunod, it was split into the cantrefi of Eifionydd and Ardudwy and fully incorporated into Gwynedd. After the defeat of the kingdom of Gwynedd in 1283 and its annexation to England, the two cantrefi became parts of the counties of Caernarfonshire and Merionethshire, respectively. It is now part of the modern county of Gwynedd.
Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial
The Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial began on 3 May 2000, more than 11 years after the destruction of Pan Am Flight 103 on 21 December 1988. The 36-week bench trial took place at a specially convened Scottish Court in the Netherlands set up under Scots law and held at a disused United States Air Force base called Camp Zeist near Utrecht.

Hans Köchler
Hans Köchler (born 18 October 1948) is a retired professor of philosophy at the University of Innsbruck, Austria, and president of the International Progress Organization, a non-governmental organization in consultative status with the United Nations. In his general philosophical outlook he is influenced by Husserl and Heidegger, his legal thinking has been shaped by the approach of Kelsen. Köchler has made contributions to phenomenology and philosophical anthropology and has developed a hermeneutics of trans-cultural understanding that has influenced the discourse on the relations between Islam and the West.
The Gate of the Year
"The Gate of the Year" is the popular name given to a poem by Minnie Louise Haskins. The poem was originally published with the title, "God Knows" by the author. Haskins studied and taught at the London School of Economics in the first half of the twentieth century.

Minnie Louise Haskins
Minnie Louise Haskins (12 May 1875 – 3 February 1957) was a British poet and an academic in the field of sociology, best known for being quoted by King George VI in his Royal Christmas Message of 1939.
Barstow, Maryland
Barstow is a small, rural unincorporated community located at the crossroads of MD 231, German Chapel Road, and Barstow Road in Calvert County, Maryland, United States, immediately west of Prince Frederick. The community maintains its own zip code of 20610.

There are no residential structures and no one resides in Barstow. The only building in Barstow is the post office. The new Calvert County Fairgrounds are located near Barstow, moving from their original location in central Prince Frederick in the late 1990s. A branch of College of Southern Maryland is very close by.

Cedar Hill and Willow Glenn were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.

Cedar Hill (Barstow, Maryland)
Cedar Hill is a historic home located on 75 acres (300,000 m2) at Barstow, Calvert County, Maryland, United States. It is one of the few remaining cruciform dwelling houses existing in Maryland, built in the 18th century that is typical of 17th-century architecture. It is a 1+1⁄2-story house with a 2-story porch tower, built of brick laid in Flemish bond. It is now operated as a private farm and home to a variety of livestock such as cattle, swine and chickens.

Cedar Hill was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.
Gisiel, Pomeranian Voivodeship
Gisiel [ˈɡiɕɛl] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Stary Dzierzgoń, within Sztum County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland.

For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

Gmina Stary Dzierzgoń
Gmina Stary Dzierzgoń is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Sztum County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. Its seat is the village of Stary Dzierzgoń, which lies approximately 26 kilometres (16 mi) east of Sztum and 77 km (48 mi) south-east of the regional capital Gdańsk.

The gmina covers an area of 185.82 square kilometres (71.7 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 4,041.

The gmina holds part of the protected area called Iława Lake District Landscape Park.
Podogymnura truei
Podogymnura truei, also known as the Mindanao gymnure, Mindanao moonrat, or Mindanao wood shrew, is a mammal of the family Erinaceidae. It is endemic to the Mindanao islands of the Philippines. Erinaceidae is a family of small mammals that include the gymnures, also known as the silky furred moonrats, and the hedgehogs. Animals belonging to this family are significant because they are among the oldest known placental mammals that are alive. Gymnures are relatives of hedgehogs but lack the prickly spines. Four species are categorized in the genus Podogymnura: P. aureospinula, P. intermedia, P. minima, and P. truei. All share a close resemblance to the moonrat Echinosorex gymnura, which is commonly found on the Borneo, Sumatra, and the Malay Peninsulas.

Gymnure
Gymnures, also called hairy hedgehogs or moonrats, are mammals belonging to the subfamily Galericinae, in the family Erinaceidae and the order Eulipotyphla. Gymnures may resemble rats but are not closely related; they are not rodents at all, but instead are closely related to hedgehogs, being their sister group within Erinaceidae. They are thought to have appeared in Eastern Asia before their closest relatives, and changed little from the original ancestor, which is thought to have been also the ancestor of the shrews.
Process window index
Process window index (PWI) is a statistical measure that quantifies the robustness of a manufacturing process, e.g. one which involves heating and cooling, known as a thermal process. In manufacturing industry, PWI values are used to calibrate the heating and cooling of soldering jobs (known as a thermal profile) while baked in a reflow oven.

PWI measures how well a process fits into a user-defined process limit known as the specification limit. The specification limit is the tolerance allowed for the process and may be statistically determined. Industrially, these specification limits are known as the process window, and values that a plotted inside or outside this window are known as the process window index.

Using PWI values, processes can be accurately measured, analyzed, compared, and tracked at the same level of statistical process control and quality control available to other manufacturing processes.

Process window
The process window is a graph with a range of parameters for a specific manufacturing process that yields a defined result. Typically multiple parameters are plotted in such a graph with a central region where the process behaves well, while the outer borders define regions where the process becomes unstable or returns an unfavourable result. A statistical evaluation of the process performance is further performed by the calculation of the associated Process Window Index.
Physynth
Physynth is a musical synthesizer application for Apple iPad series, and was launched in December 2011. Physynth is notable for being the first synth to prioritise visuals as part of the experience, using 3D gaming technology such as shaders and nVidia PhysX to drive the physics. The user can adjust pan, volume, rotation of 'soundscapes' and instruments such as glockenspiel, drums, piano, and other unusual sound generating devices.

The software was developed by two brothers at Simian Squared as part of an ongoing effort to bring new experiences to app users and gamers alike by merging the two fields. Physynth was initially marketed as a serious synth. Since then, reviews have shown that apps and could use high end game rendering technologies.

The marketing campaign video was designed and shot by Film Creatives.

Simian Squared
Simian Squared Ltd, or Simian Squared (sometimes referred to as Simian 2) is a British video game developer based in London, England. The company was founded by brothers Robert Cummings and Giuseppe Landolina in 2011.
Conover (community), Wisconsin
Conover is an unincorporated community located in the town of Conover, Vilas County, Wisconsin, United States. Conover is located on U.S. Route 45 and Wisconsin Highway 32, 9.5 miles (15.3 km) north of Eagle River. Conover has a post office with the ZIP Code 54519.

Vilas County, Wisconsin
Vilas County (/vaɪləs/ VYE-ləss) is a county in the state of Wisconsin, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 23,047. Its county seat is Eagle River. The county partly overlaps the reservation of the Lac du Flambeau Band of Lake Superior Chippewa. The county is considered a high-recreation retirement destination by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Foyn Point
Foyn Point (65°15′S 61°38′W﻿ / ﻿65.250°S 61.633°W﻿ / -65.250; -61.633) is a point surmounted by a peak 525 metres (1,720 ft) high, forming the southeast extremity of Blagoevgrad Peninsula and marking the north side of the entrance to Exasperation Inlet, on Oscar II Coast on the east side of Graham Land, Antarctica. Sir Hubert Wilkins on a flight of December 20, 1928 photographed what appeared to be an island off the east coast, later charting it in 66°30′S 62°30′W﻿ / ﻿66.500°S 62.500°W﻿ / -66.500; -62.500 (present Slav Point). Subsequent comparison of Wilkins' photographs of this feature with those taken by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey, who charted the coast in 1947, indicate that this point, although considerably north of the position reported by Wilkins, is the feature named by him as "Foyn Island". The name Foyn Point is given to the southeast extremity of this feature. It is named for Svend Foyn.

Blagoevgrad Peninsula
Blagoevgrad Peninsula (Bulgarian: полуостров Благоевград, romanized: poluostrov Blagoevgrad, IPA: [poɫuˈɔstrov bɫɐˈɡɔɛvɡrɐt]) is the mostly ice-covered peninsula projecting 15 km in southeast direction from Oscar II Coast in Graham Land, Antarctica, and 17 km wide.  It is bounded by Vaughan Inlet to the north and Exasperation Inlet to the south, ending in Foyn Point to the southeast.  The east coast of the peninsula is indented by Yamforina Cove, and its interior is partly occupied by the southeast portion of Poibrene Heights.  It was formed as a result of the break-up of Larsen Ice Shelf in the area in 2002, and subsequent retreat of the adjacent Evans Glacier and Punchbowl Glacier.

The feature is named after the city of Blagoevgrad in southwestern Bulgaria.