hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Christian Smith (sociologist)
Christian Stephen Smith (born 1960) is an American sociologist, formerly the William R. Kenan Jr. Professor of Sociology at the University of Notre Dame. Smith's research focuses primarily on religion in modernity, adolescents and emerging adults, sociological theory, philosophy of science, the science of generosity, American evangelicalism, and culture. Smith is well known for his contributions to the sociology of religion, particularly his research into adolescent spirituality, as well as for his contributions to sociological theory and his advocacy of critical realism.

Critical realism (philosophy of the social sciences)
Critical realism is a philosophical approach to understanding science, and in particular social science, initially developed by Roy Bhaskar (1944–2014). It specifically opposes forms of empiricism and positivism by viewing science as concerned with identifying causal mechanisms. In the last decades of the twentieth century it also stood against various forms of postmodernism and poststructuralism by insisting on the reality of objective existence. In contrast to positivism's methodological foundation, and poststructuralism's epistemological foundation, critical realism insists that (social) science should be built from an explicit ontology. Critical realism is one of a range of types of philosophical realism, as well as forms of realism advocated within social science such as analytic realism and subtle realism.
Arun Govil
Arun Govil (/ɑːˈruːn ˈɡoʊvɪl/ GOH-vil; Hindi: [əɾʊɳ goːʋɪl]; born 12 January 1952) is an Indian actor and politician from the Bharatiya Janata Party. He is best known for portraying Lord Rama in the Ramayan TV series and reprising his role as Lord Rama (voice acting) in the 1993 animated film, Ramayana: The Legend of Prince Rama.  He also appeared in films like Paheli (1977), Sawan Ko Aane Do (1979), Saanch Ko Aanch Nahin (1979), Jiyo To Aise Jiyo (1981), Himmatwala (1983), Dilwaala (1986), and Govinda Govinda (1994). He is currently serving as a Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha to Meerut Lok Sabha constituency from June 2024.

Tabassum
Tabassum (born Kiran Bala Sachdev; 9 July 1944 – 18 November 2022), was an Indian actress, talk show host and YouTuber, who started her career as child actor Baby Tabassum in 1947. She later had a television career as the host of first TV talk show of Indian television, Phool Khile Hain Gulshan Gulshan. It ran on National broadcaster Doordarshan from 1972 to 1993, wherein she interviewed film and TV personalities.
Sipaliwini River
Sipaliwini River is a river of Suriname, the main source of the Courantyne River. It gives its name to the village of Sipaliwini Savanna and to the Sipaliwini District. It flows through the village of Kwamalasamutu. The name translates to thornback ray (sipari) river in the local Maroon dialect.

Kwamalasamutu
Kwamalasamutu, also Kwamalasamoetoe, is a Tiriyó Amerindian village in the Sipaliwini District of Suriname, and home to the granman (paramount chief) of the northern Trios. Kwamalasamutu is the biggest village of the Tiriyó tribe and is located near the disputed border with Guyana.
Sacony Creek
Sacony Creek (historically Saucony Creek) is a 17.4-mile-long (28.0 km) tributary of Maiden Creek in Berks County, Pennsylvania in the United States. It flows through the borough of Kutztown, and is the main water source there. The Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission stock trout into the creek annually.

Sacony is a name derived from a Lenni Lenape Native American language purported to mean "place of outlet" or "where two rivers run together".

The Kutz Mill and Kutz's Mill Bridge are located on Sacony Creek in Greenwich Township.

Sacony Creek joins Maiden Creek at the community of Virginville.

The shoe manufacturer Saucony is named after Sacony Creek, as the company was founded on the banks of the Sacony in 1898, in Kutztown.

Kutz Mill
The Kutz Mill is an historic, American grist mill complex that is located next to Sacony Creek in Greenwich Township, Berks County, Pennsylvania.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.
Sandy Sloan
Alexander Sloan (11 November 1879 – 16 November 1945) was Labour MP for South Ayrshire, in Scotland.

Sloan worked as a coal miner in Ayrshire, and joined the Ayrshire Miners' Union.  The union was affiliated to the National Union of Scottish Mineworkers, and Sloan served as general secretary of both organisations.  In addition, he served as a Labour Party member of Ayrshire County Council for many years.

Sloan was elected to Parliament in the 1939 South Ayrshire by-election, and served until his death, in 1945.

One of his brothers – one of four who died in the First World War – was the footballer Donald Sloan. His great-great-granddaughter, Katy Clark, is a member of the House of Lords, The Scottish Parliament and was the Labour MP for North Ayrshire and Arran from 2005 to 2015.

1939 South Ayrshire by-election
The 1939 South Ayrshire by-election was a parliamentary by-election held in the United Kingdom on 20 April 1939 to elect a Member of Parliament (MP) for the House of Commons constituency of South Ayrshire in Scotland.
Ma'in
Ma'in (Minaean: 𐩣𐩲𐩬; Arabic: معين, romanized: Maʿīn) was an ancient South Arabian kingdom in modern-day Yemen. It was located along the strip of desert called Ṣayhad by medieval Arab geographers, which is now known as Ramlat al-Sab'atayn. Wadd was the national god of Ma'in. The spoken language was Minaic. The kingdom appears in the historical record in the 8th century BCE, and transition from a city-state to kingdom in the last quarter of the 7th century BCE. The date of the end of Ma'in is heavily disputed, but the most popular hypothesis places its demise in the 1st century CE.

The Minaean people were one of four ancient Yemeni groups mentioned by Eratosthenes. The others were the Sabaeans, Ḥaḍramites and Qatabānians. Each of these had regional kingdoms in ancient Yemen, with the Minaeans in the north-west (in Wādī al-Jawf), the Sabaeans to the south-east of them, the Qatabānians to the south-east of the Sabaeans, and the Ḥaḑramites further east still.

South Arabia
South Arabia (Arabic: جنوب الجزيرة العربية), or Greater Yemen, is a historical region that consists of the southern region of the Arabian Peninsula in West Asia, mainly centered in what is now the Republic of Yemen, yet it historically included Najran, Jazan, and Asir, which are presently in Saudi Arabia, and Dhofar of present-day Oman.

South Arabia is inhabited by people possessing distinctive linguistic and ethnic affinities, as well as traditions and culture, transcending recent political boundaries. There are two indigenous language groups: the now extinct Old South Arabian languages and the unrelated Modern South Arabian languages, both members of the Semitic family.
Dorotheus (magister militum)
Dorotheus was a Byzantine military commander. While being magister militum per Armeniam he won a battle against the Persians, in 530, as well as taking part in the Battle of Satala. At Satala he defended the city while his superior Sittas was hidden with some cavalry in the nearby area and attacked the Persians in the rear, routing their 30,000 with the Byzantine 15,000. He defeated the Persians again in 531 and later drove the Sabir Huns out through the Caucasus. He was sent to North Africa with Belisarius, but died on the way, which caused mourning throughout the army.

Battle of Satala (530)
40°03′00″N 39°36′00″E﻿ / ﻿40.050°N 39.600°E﻿ / 40.050; 39.600

The Battle of Satala was fought between the forces of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire and the Sassanid (Persian) Empire in summer 530, near Satala in Byzantine Armenia. The Persian army approached the city to lay siege, when it was attacked in the rear by a small Byzantine force. The Persians turned back to meet them, but were then attacked by the main army from inside the city. A determined attack by a Byzantine unit led to the loss of the Persian general's flag, causing the panicking Persians to retreat.
De Havilland Canada DHC-5 Buffalo
The de Havilland Canada DHC-5 Buffalo is a short takeoff and landing (STOL) utility transport turboprop aircraft developed from the earlier piston-powered DHC-4 Caribou. The aircraft has extraordinary STOL performance and is able to take off in distances much shorter than even most light aircraft can manage. The aircraft was originally designed by de Havilland Canada, with the type certificate now owned by the De Havilland Canada founded in 2019.

Farnborough International Airshow
The Farnborough International Airshow is a trade exhibition for the aerospace and defence industries, where civilian and military aircraft are demonstrated to potential customers and investors in Farnborough, Hampshire, England. Since its first show in 1948, Farnborough has seen the debut of many famous aeroplanes, including the Vickers VC10, Concorde, the Eurofighter, the Airbus A380, and the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II. At the 1958 show, Hawker Hunters of the RAF's Black Arrows executed a 22-aircraft formation loop, setting a  new world record.

The international trade show runs for five days. Until 2020, the show ran for a full week with the first five days reserved for trade visitors and the general public attending on the weekend.
Alton line
The Alton line is a railway line in Hampshire and Surrey, England, operated by South Western Railway; it is a relatively long branch of the South West Main Line.

The branch leaves the main line at Pirbright Junction to the west of Brookwood station, Surrey, then turns to the south-west. The route crosses and recrosses the Surrey/Hampshire border, serving the towns of Aldershot and Farnham, before reaching its present-day terminus at Alton in East Hampshire. The line originally continued west to Winchester; the section between Alton and New Alresford is preserved as the heritage Watercress line.

The Alton line was electrified (750 V DC third rail) during the late inter-war years by Southern Railway. Steam trains connected to the Mid Hants Watercress Railway (by way of rolling stock supply or special excursion) operate on the line.

Aldershot
Aldershot (/ˈɔːldərʃɒt/ AWL-dər-shot) is a town in the Rushmoor district of Hampshire, England. It lies on heathland in the extreme north-east corner of the county, 31 mi (50 km) south-west of London. The town has a population of 40,160, while the Aldershot Urban Area – a loose conurbation, which also includes other towns such as Camberley and Farnborough – has a population of 243,344; it is the thirtieth-largest urban area in the UK.

Aldershot is known as the Home of the British Army, a connection which led to its rapid growth from a small village to a Victorian town.
Dilley, Oregon
Dilley is an unincorporated community in Washington County, Oregon, United States. As of the 2020 census, Dilley had a population of 301. It is located south of Forest Grove and north of the city of Gaston on Oregon Route 47 in the Portland metropolitan area. Settled in the late 1840s, the community was platted in 1874 after the arrival of the railroad.

Forest Grove, Oregon
Forest Grove is a city in Washington County, Oregon, United States, 25 miles (40 km) west of Portland, within the Tualatin Valley. Originally a small farm town, it is now primarily a commuter town in the Portland metro area . Settled in the 1840s, the town was platted in 1850, then incorporated in 1872, making it the first city in Washington County.

The population was 26,225 at the 2020 census, an increase of 8% over 2010 figure (21,083).

Pacific University is located here. Old College Hall on campus, and nine other sites in the city, are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Spade (political party)
All-Ukrainian Agrarian Association "Spade" (Ukrainian: Заступ, Zastup) is a Ukrainian political party registered on 4 May 2011.

Its name is an obsolete form that means "spade". Zastup is also a portmanteau standing for Za Sotsialnu Trudovu Ukrainsku Perspektyvu, meaning For Social Laborious Ukrainian Perspective.

The party's former name was "People's Initiative" (Ukrainian: Народна ініціатива). The party is led by Vira Ulianchenko, who is a former head of Ukraine's Presidential Administration.

It participated in the 2014 election to the Verkhovna Rada. The party won one seat when its unaffiliated candidate Valeriy Davydenko won in the 208th single-member constituency located in Bakhmach. He won with 38.86% of the vote. Davydenko later joined the parliamentary faction of Petro Poroshenko Bloc. Davydenko was re-elected, after again a win in the 208th constituency (with 37,43% of the vote) but this time as an independent candidate, in the 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election.

Vira Ulianchenko
Vira Ivanivna Ulianchenko (Ukrainian: Віра Іванівна Ульянченко; born 1 February 1958) is a Ukrainian state and political activist. She is the only female governor in a history of Kyiv Oblast since its establishment in 1932.
St Leonard & Mary, Malton
St Leonard & Mary Catholic Church is a medieval church situated in Malton, North Yorkshire, England, now serving a parish in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Middlesbrough. It is a Grade II* listed building in the National Heritage List for England, and retains at least 24 pieces of medieval figurative carving.

A notice outside of the church reads: "St Leonard's with St Mary's. Founded in the 12th century as a Chapel of Ease to the Gilbertine Priory at Old Malton. This Church was transferred by way of gift as an ecumenical gesture of goodwill from the Church of England to the Roman Catholic Church in 1971."

Dating as it does from the mid- to late-1100s, this church is the oldest currently held by Catholics in England, a distinction formerly belonging to St Etheldreda's, London, which was built some time between 1250 and 1290. St Leonard's is the first English parish church to be returned to Roman Catholic use following the Reformation.

Roman Catholic Diocese of Middlesbrough
The Diocese of Middlesbrough (Latin: Dioecesis Medioburgensis) is a Latin diocese of the Catholic Church based in Middlesbrough, England and is part of the province of Liverpool. It was founded on 20 December 1878, with the splitting of the Diocese of Beverley which had covered all of Yorkshire. The Bishop's See is in Coulby Newham, Middlesbrough, at St Mary's Cathedral. Catholic schools in the diocese are run by the Nicholas Postgate Catholic Academy Trust as well as St Cuthbert's Roman Catholic Academy Trust.
Shire of Marble Bar
The Shire of Marble Bar was a local government area in the Pilbara region of Western Australia.
It was established as the Bamboo Road District on 4 September 1896, and was based in the now-former town of Bamboo Creek. The first election was held in January 1897.

It was renamed the Marble Bar Road District on 28 March 1904, after which the board seat moved to Marble Bar.

It was declared a shire and named the Shire of Marble Bar with effect from 1 July 1961 following the passage of the Local Government Act 1960, which reformed all remaining road districts into shires.

The shire ceased to exist on 27 May 1972, when it amalgamated with the Shire of Nullagine to form the Shire of East Pilbara.

Senator and Liberal Party powerbroker Noel Crichton-Browne and state parliamentarians George Miles and Arthur Bickerton served on the board before their respective elections to parliament, with Miles serving as road board chairman and Crichton-Browne as shire president.

Shire of East Pilbara
The Shire of East Pilbara is one of the four local government areas in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. With an area of 372,571 square kilometres (143,850 sq mi), larger than the Australian states of Victoria and Tasmania combined, it is the largest local government region in Australia. The Shire's seat of government, and home to nearly half the Shire's population, is the town of Newman in the shire's south-west.
Zhlobin
Zhlobin (Belarusian: Жлобін; Russian: Жлобин; Polish: Żłobin) is a town in Gomel Region, in eastern Belarus. It is located on the Dnieper River, and serves as the administrative center of Zhlobin District. It is situated 83 kilometres (52 mi) from Gomel. As of 2025, it has a population of 76,304.

The town is notable for being the location where steelmaker BMZ was established. BMZ is one of the largest companies in Belarus, and an important producer in the worldwide markets of steel wires and cords. The company is the main sustainer of the town's economy.

Belarusian Steel Works
OJSC Belarusian Steel Works (Russian: ОАО Белорусский металлургический завод, Belarusian: Беларускі металургічны завод, "БМЗ", BMZ) is a Belarusian company operating in the steel industry, centred in Zhlobin, Gomel Region. The main raw material of the enterprise is scrap. The company's products range from concast square steel billets, hot rolled round & square steel bars, rebars, hot rolled seamless pipe, high carbon wire rod, tyre steel cord, bead wire, hose wire, general purpose wire, to steel fiber. In 2020—2021, the company fired several employees trying to organize a strike during protests in Belarus, three of them were imprisoned.
The Revenge (film)
The Revenge is the English title for Zemsta, a film released in 2002, directed by Andrzej Wajda. This film is an adaptation of a perennially popular stage farce of the same name by the Polish dramatist and poet Aleksander Fredro.

Written in a sharp, ironic style, The Revenge portrays those national characteristics that in time brought on many of Poland's national tragedies. Written for the stage, Wajda has changed very little and transferred practically the entirety of the work to the screen.

Andrzej Wajda
Andrzej Witold Wajda (Polish: [ˈandʐɛj ˈvajda]; 6 March 1926 – 9 October 2016) was a Polish film and theatre director. Recipient of an Honorary Oscar, the Palme d'Or, as well as Honorary Golden Lion and Honorary Golden Bear Awards, he was a prominent member of the "Polish Film School". He was known especially for his trilogy of war films consisting of A Generation (1955), Kanał (1957) and Ashes and Diamonds (1958).

He is considered one of the world's most renowned filmmakers, whose works chronicled his native country's political and social evolution and dealt with the myths of Polish national identity offering insightful analyses of the universal element of the Polish experience – the struggle to maintain dignity under the most trying circumstances.

Four of his films have been nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film: The Promised Land (1975), The Maids of Wilko (1979), Man of Iron (1981) and Katyń (2007).
Basilica of Our Lady, Tongeren
The Basilica of Our Lady (Dutch: Onze-Lieve-Vrouwe Basiliek, French: Basilique de Notre-Dame), also called Old Cathedral of Tongeren, is the main place of Catholic worship in Tongeren, Belgium, and the former cathedral of the suppressed diocese of Tongeren.

Tongeren
Tongeren (Dutch: [ˈtɔŋərə(n)] ⓘ; French: Tongres [tɔ̃ɡʁ]; German: Tongern [ˈtɔŋɐn]; Limburgish: Tóngere [ˈtʊŋəʀə]) is a city and former municipality located in the Belgian province of Limburg, in the southeastern corner of the Flemish region of Belgium. Tongeren is the oldest town in Belgium, as the only Roman administrative capital within the country's borders. As a Roman city, it was inhabited by the Tungri, and known as Atuatuca Tungrorum, it was the administrative centre of the Civitas Tungrorum district. Since 1 January 2025, it is part of the new municipality Tongeren-Borgloon.
Wivenhoe railway station
Wivenhoe railway station is on the Sunshine Coast Line, a branch of the Great Eastern Main Line, in the East of England, serving the small town of Wivenhoe, Essex. It is 56 miles (90 km) down the line from London Liverpool Street and is situated between Hythe to the west and Alresford to the east. Its three-letter station code is WIV.

The station was opened by the Tendring Hundred Railway, a subsidiary of the Great Eastern Railway, in 1863. It has two platforms, a staffed ticket office, and is currently operated by Abellio Greater Anglia, which also runs all trains serving the station.

It is a short distance from the River Colne at Wivenhoe quay and its car park is the starting point of the Wivenhoe Trail, a cycle track that runs alongside the river to Colchester.

Sunshine Coast Line
The Sunshine Coast Line is the current marketing name of what originally was the Tendring Hundred Railway, a branch off the Great Eastern Main Line in the East of England. It links Colchester to the seaside resorts of Clacton-on-Sea and, via a branch, Walton-on-the-Naze. The line is part of the Network Rail Strategic Route 7, SRS 07.08, and is classified as a London & South East commuter line. Passenger services on the line are currently operated by Greater Anglia.

Trains for Clacton-on-Sea usually originate at London Liverpool Street, while those for Walton-on-the-Naze typically start at Colchester (or Thorpe-le-Soken on Sundays). There are, however, limited morning and evening peak-time services in each direction between Walton-on-the-Naze and Liverpool Street.
Joe English (loyalist)
Joe English is a former Ulster loyalist activist. English was a leading figure in both the Ulster Defence Association (UDA) and the Ulster Democratic Party (UDP) and was instrumental in the early stages of the Northern Ireland peace process. He is a native of the Rathcoole area of Newtownabbey, Northern Ireland. English is a member of the Apprentice Boys of Derry.

Rathcoole (Newtownabbey)
Rathcoole (from Irish  Ráth Cúile 'corner/nook of the ringfort or Fort of Coole') is a housing estate in Newtownabbey, County Antrim, Northern Ireland. It was built in the 1950s to house many of those displaced by the demolition of inner city housing in Belfast city. Rathcoole is within the wider Antrim and Newtownabbey Borough. Its approximate borders are provided by O'Neill Road on the north, Doagh Road on the east, Shore Road on the south and Church Road and Merville Garden Village on the west.
Fort William railway station
Fort William railway station serves the town of Fort William, in the Highland region of Scotland. It is on the West Highland line, between Spean Bridge and Banavie, measured 99 miles 37 chains (160.1 km) from Craigendoran Junction, at the southern end of the line near Helensburgh. The station is managed by ScotRail, who operate most services from the station; Caledonian Sleeper and The Jacobite, an excursion operated by West Coast Railways, also use the station.

Helensburgh
Helensburgh (/ˈhɛlənzbərə/ HEL-ənz-bər-ə; Scottish Gaelic: Baile Eilidh) is a town on the north side of the Firth of Clyde in Scotland, situated at the mouth of the Gareloch. Historically in Dunbartonshire, it became part of Argyll and Bute following local government reorganisation in 1996.
Kurt Renner
Kurt Renner was a German general (Generalleutnant) in the Wehrmacht during World War II who commanded the 211th Infantry Division and the 174th Reserve Division. He was killed whilst in command of the 174th Reserve Division on 26 August 1943 by Polish underground forces near Ożarów.

174th Reserve Division
The 174th Reserve Division was a formation of the German Wehrmacht during World War II. Formed as the 174th Replacement Division on 10 June 1940, it commanded replacement training units in Saxony and the Sudetenland, based in Chemnitz. It was re-organised as the 174th Reserve Division on 15 September 1942 in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. The division continued to control training units until 1943 when those elements of the division were sent to northern Poland. On 31 July 1944 the division was absorbed by the 26th Infantry Division which had suffered heavy losses in the Battle of Kursk. The 26th Infantry Division was badly mauled at Kovel on the Eastern Front, and on 10 September 1944 was itself disbanded at Radom in central Poland and was absorbed into the 253rd Infantry Division.