hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Semiotic square
The semiotic square, also known as the Greimas square, is a tool used in structural analysis of the relationships between semiotic signs through the opposition of concepts, such as feminine-masculine or beautiful-ugly, and of extending the relevant ontology.

The semiotic square, derived from Aristotle's logical square of opposition, was developed by Algirdas J. Greimas, a Lithuanian-French linguist and semiotician, who considered the semiotic square to be the elementary structure of meaning.

Greimas first presented the square in Semantique Structurale (1966), a book which was later published as Structural Semantics: An Attempt at a Method (1983).  He further developed the semiotic square with Francois Rastier in "The Interaction of Semiotic Constraints" (1968).

Square of opposition
In term logic (a branch of philosophical logic), the square of opposition is a diagram representing the relations between the four basic categorical propositions. The origin of the square can be traced back to Aristotle's tractate On Interpretation and its distinction between two oppositions: contradiction and contrariety. However, Aristotle did not draw any diagram; this was done several centuries later.
Bud Beardmore
Clayton Albert "Bud" Beardmore (October 26, 1939 – January 20, 2016) was an American lacrosse coach. As head coach at the University of Maryland, Beardmore led the Terrapins to two NCAA tournament championships in 1973 and 1975. He was inducted into the National Lacrosse Hall of Fame in 1980.

Severna Park, Maryland
Severna Park is a census-designated place (CDP) in Anne Arundel County, Maryland, United States. Severna Park is part of the Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Area, and is located approximately 8 miles (13 km) north of Annapolis, 17 miles (27 km) south of Baltimore and 39 miles (63 km) east of Washington, D.C. Severna Park's population was 39,933 at the 2020 census.
Naval Base Point Loma
Naval Base Point Loma (NBPL) is a United States Navy base in Point Loma, a neighborhood of San Diego, California. It was established on 1 October 1998 when Navy facilities in the Point Loma area of San Diego were consolidated under Commander, Navy Region Southwest. Naval Base Point Loma consists of seven facilities: Submarine Base, Naval Mine and Anti-Submarine Warfare Command (previously Fleet Anti-Submarine Warfare Command), Fleet Combat Training Center Pacific, Naval Information Warfare Systems Command (NAVWAR), Naval Information Warfare Center Pacific (NIWC Pacific), the Fleet Intelligence Command Pacific and Naval Consolidated Brig, Miramar. These close-knit commands form a diverse and highly technical hub of naval activity. The on-base population is around 22,000 Navy and civilian personnel.

Navy Region Southwest
The Navy Region Southwest is one of eleven current naval regions responsible to Commander, Navy Installations Command for the operation and management of Naval shore installations in California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico. It is headquartered across from Broadway Pier in downtown San Diego. The command also serves as the regional coordinator for the Commander, U.S. Pacific Fleet, headquartered in Hawaii, coordinating support for bases in Southern California and Nevada.

The Commander also serves as regional environmental coordinator for California, Arizona and Nevada and coordinates and oversees environmental compliance actions with local, state and federal regulatory agencies. Additionally, COMNAVREGSW is responsible for planning and coordinating Department of the Navy response to civil emergencies within the states of Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Arizona and California.
California State Route 46
State Route 46 (SR 46) is an east–west state highway in the U.S. state of California. It is a major crossing of the Coast Ranges and it is the southernmost crossing of the Diablo Range, connecting SR 1 on the Central Coast near Cambria and US 101 in Paso Robles with SR 99 at Famoso in the San Joaquin Valley.

The road that is now SR 46 was built and improved during the 1920s and was fully paved by 1930. The majority of SR 46 was originally designated as U.S. Route 466; however, after the latter was entirely removed from the U.S. Highway system, the eastern portion of the route became SR 46.

Paso Robles, California
Paso Robles (/ˌpæsə ˈroʊbəlz/ PASS-ə ROH-bəlz), officially El Paso de Robles (Spanish for The Pass of Oaks), is a city in San Luis Obispo County, California, United States. Located on the Salinas River about 30 mi (48 km) north of San Luis Obispo, the city is known for its hot springs, abundance of wineries, production of olive oil, almond orchards, and playing host to the California Mid-State Fair. At the 2020 census, the population was 31,490.
Oliver Marach
Oliver Marach (born 16 July 1980) is a former Austrian professional tennis player who primarily specialised in doubles.

He achieved his highest singles ranking of world No. 82 in August 2005, but achieved most of his success in doubles where he reached his career-high doubles ranking of world No. 2 on 28 May 2018.  Marach won his only Grand Slam title at the 2018 Australian Open, partnering Mate Pavić, and the pair also finished runners-up at the 2017 Wimbledon Championships and 2018 French Open. He and Pavić were the 2018 ATP Doubles Team of the year. In mixed doubles, he has reached three Grand Slam semifinals.

He has represented Austria in the Davis Cup since 2003, and also played at the 2016 Olympic Games alongside Alexander Peya. In 2021, in the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, he partnered with Philipp Oswald.

Marach retired from professional tennis in December 2022.

2018 French Open – Men's doubles
Pierre-Hugues Herbert and Nicolas Mahut won the men's doubles tennis title at the 2018 French Open, defeating Oliver Marach and Mate Pavić in the final, 6–2, 7–6(7–4). Herbert and Mahut were the third all-French team to reach the French Open men's doubles final in six years.

Ryan Harrison and Michael Venus were the defending champions, but they chose not to compete together this year. Harrison played alongside Vasek Pospisil, but lost in the first round to Federico Delbonis and Benoît Paire. Venus teamed up with Raven Klaasen, but lost in the third round to Nikola Mektić and Alexander Peya.

Pavić retained the ATP no. 1 doubles ranking when fellow contenders John Peers, Łukasz Kubot and Mike Bryan all lost before the semifinals.

Bob Bryan withdrew from the tournament with a right hip injury, ending a streak of 76 consecutive Grand Slam events played alongside his brother Mike as a team. 2017 US Open title holder, Horia Tecău, missed his first Grand Slam in 10 years with injury.
Marks' Mills Battleground State Park
Marks' Mills Battleground State Park is an Arkansas State Park located at the junction of Arkansas Highway 8 and Arkansas Highway 97, north of New Edinburg, Arkansas. It preserves a portion of the battlefield of the Battle of Marks' Mills fought on April 25, 1864, in the Trans-Mississippi Theater of American Civil War. The battle was part of the Camden Expedition. The park is one of nine historic sites that make up the Camden Expedition Sites, a National Historic Landmark District. The battle was most known for the slaughter of black Union soldiers that were murdered as they tried to surrender.

Arkansas Highway 97
Highway 97 (AR 97, Ark. 97, and Hwy. 97) is a north–south state highway in Cleveland County. The route of 6.45 miles (10.38 km) begins at Highway 8 and runs northwest to US Highway 79 (US 79) in Kingsland. The route is maintained by the Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department (AHTD).
Tasu
Tasu or Tassoo, also Old Tasu or Old Tasu Townsite, was an iron and copper open pit and underground mining operation and townsite located on the south shore of Tasu Sound in west-central Moresby Island in the Haida Gwaii of the North Coast of British Columbia, Canada. It ran from 1918 until the early 1980s, with the townsite growing full size in the early 1960s. The early iron mine was owned and worked by Japanese miners, with the mine finishing operation as Wesfrob Mine, owned by Falconbridge Nickel Mines.

The Phyllis Cormack, a seiner, pulled into Tasu on its 1969 Greenpeace run to the Amchitka nuclear test.

Tasu Sound
Tasu Sound is a large sound on the west coast of Moresby Island in the Queen Charlotte Islands of British Columbia, Canada.  It has several smaller bodies of water within its reaches, including Gold Harbour, the location of Gold Harbour, British Columbia.  Also on the shores of the sound is Tasu, a former iron mining town also known as Tasoo.
Pafnuty Chebyshev
Pafnuty Lvovich Chebyshev (Russian: Пафну́тий Льво́вич Чебышёв, IPA: [pɐfˈnutʲɪj ˈlʲvovʲɪtɕ tɕɪbɨˈʂof]) (16 May [O.S. 4 May] 1821 – 8 December [O.S. 26 November] 1894) was a Russian mathematician and considered to be the founding father of Russian mathematics.

Chebyshev is known for his fundamental contributions to the fields of probability, statistics, mechanics, and number theory. A number of important mathematical concepts are named after him, including the Chebyshev inequality (which can be used to prove the weak law of large numbers), the Bertrand–Chebyshev theorem, Chebyshev polynomials, Chebyshev linkage, and Chebyshev bias.

Chebyshev linkage
In kinematics, Chebyshev's linkage is a four-bar linkage that converts rotational motion to approximate linear motion.

It was invented by the 19th-century mathematician Pafnuty Chebyshev, who studied theoretical problems in kinematic mechanisms. One of the problems was the construction of a linkage that converts a rotary motion into an approximate straight-line motion (a straight line mechanism). This was also studied by James Watt in his improvements to the steam engine, which resulted in Watt's linkage.
Montrose Point Bird Sanctuary
Montrose Point Bird Sanctuary is a 15-acre bird sanctuary and nature preserve in Lincoln Park within Uptown, Chicago. The preserve includes Prairie, Savanna, Woodland, as well as an ADA Path, Birding Area, and Nature Trail. With 349 recorded species, it is Illinois's hottest spot on eBird.

Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, conservationists and birders worked together to officially designate this area a nature preserve and bird sanctuary. It opened to the public in July 2001.

Uptown, Chicago
Uptown is one of the 77 community areas of Chicago in Illinois, United States. It is bounded by Foster Avenue to the north; Montrose Avenue and Irving Park Road to the south; Lake Michigan to the east; and Ravenswood Avenue and Clark Street to the west.

Uptown rose to prominence in the early twentieth century as Chicagoland's largest commercial and entertainment center outside of the Loop thanks to its plentiful theaters, clubs, shops and parkland. It was also a center for early film-making. To this day Uptown remains a hub for live entertainment, particularly Uptown Square.

Uptown's amenities include Montrose Beach and multiple nature reserves. It is also home to Truman College and the historic Graceland Cemetery.
Hemipsocidae
Hemipsocidae is an insect family of Psocodea (formerly Psocoptera) belonging to the infraorder Psocetae. Members of the family have the areola postica joined to the M vein by a crossvein, and their M vein is two-branched. This family comprises twenty-four species in three genera: Anopistoscena, Hemipsocus, and Metahemipsocus.  They are commonly known as leaf litter barklice.

Psocodea
Psocodea is a taxonomic group of insects comprising the bark lice, book lice and parasitic lice. It was formerly considered a superorder, but is now generally considered by entomologists as an order. Despite the greatly differing appearance of parasitic lice (Phthiraptera), they are believed to have evolved from within the former order Psocoptera, which contained the bark lice and book lice, now found to be paraphyletic.

Psocodea contains around 11,000 species, divided among three suborders and more than 70 families. They range in size from 1–10 millimetres (0.04–0.4 in) in length.

The species known as booklice received their common name because they are commonly found amongst old books—they feed upon the paste used in binding. The barklice are found on trees, feeding on algae and lichen.
Abraham ben Joseph ha-Levi
Avraham ben Yosef HaLevi Segal (c. 1620 – c. 1670) was a Polish commentator born in Kraków. In consequence of the persecution of the Jews of Poland by the Cossacks in 1656, he fled from his native city and sought asylum in Hamburg. There he wrote a commentary on Megillat Taanit, which was printed in Amsterdam, in 1659, and went through several editions. His work, however, was not favorably received by his contemporaries, for both Efraim Cohen, author of Sha'ar Efraim, a collection of rabbinical decisions, and Abraham Gombiner, author of Magen Avraham, refer to him somewhat disparagingly.

He died, probably in Hamburg, about 1670, or at least some time after 1659.

Megillat Taanit
Megillat Taanit (Hebrew: מגילת תענית, romanized: məḡillaṯ taʿaniṯ), lit. "the Scroll of Fasting," is an ancient text, in the form of a chronicle, which enumerates 35 eventful days on which Jews either performed glorious deeds or witnessed joyful events.  Despite the scroll's name, these were celebrated as feast days. Public mourning was forbidden on fourteen of them and public fasting on all.

The work was probably written late in the Second Temple period, perhaps from 40–70 CE in the 1st century.  The last event dated without dispute is Emperor Caligula's order to place a statue of himself in the Second Temple (c. 39 CE).  A few scholars think it references events after the destruction of the Temple in 70 CE. References to it in other literature suggest it certainly existed by the 2nd century. The author is unknown, although various rabbinic works speculate on how it was composed.
Frank Easterbrook
Frank Hoover Easterbrook (born September 3, 1948) is an American lawyer and jurist who is a United States circuit judge of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit. He was appointed in 1985 by President Ronald Reagan, and he was the chief judge of the circuit from 2006 to 2013.

University of Chicago Law Review
The University of Chicago Law Review (Maroonbook abbreviation: U Chi L Rev) is the flagship law journal published by the University of Chicago Law School. It utilizes a different citation system than most law journals—the Maroonbook rather than the Bluebook.  It is published eight times per year in print and also has an online companion, The University of Chicago Law Review Online.
Laogai Research Foundation
The Laogai Research Foundation is a human rights NGO located in Washington, D.C, United States. The foundation's mission is to "gather information on and raise public awareness of the Laogai—China's extensive system of forced-labor prison camps."

Laogai
Laogai (Chinese: 劳改), short for laodong gaizao (劳动改造), which means reform through labor, is a criminal justice system involving the use of penal labor and prison farms in the People's Republic of China (PRC). Láogǎi (劳改) is different from láojiào (劳教), or re-education through labor, which was the abolished administrative detention system for people who were not criminals but had committed minor offenses, and was intended to "reform offenders into law-abiding citizens".  Persons who were detained in the laojiao were detained in facilities that were separate from those which comprised the general prison system of the laogai. Both systems, however, were based on penal labor.

Some writers have likened the laogai to slavery.
Ring signature
In cryptography, a ring signature is a type of digital signature that can be performed by any member of a set of users that each have keys.  Therefore, a message signed with a ring signature is endorsed by someone in a particular set of people.  One of the security properties of a ring signature is that it should be computationally infeasible to determine which of the set's members' keys was used to produce the signature.  Ring signatures are similar to group signatures but differ in two key ways: first, there is no way to revoke the anonymity of an individual signature; and second, any set of users can be used as a signing set without additional setup.

Ring signatures were invented by Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Yael Tauman Kalai, and introduced at ASIACRYPT in 2001.  The name, ring signature, comes from the ring-like structure of the signature algorithm.

Ron Rivest
Ronald Linn Rivest (/rɪˈvɛst/;
born May 6, 1947) is an American cryptographer and computer scientist whose work has spanned the fields of algorithms and combinatorics, cryptography, machine learning, and election integrity.
He is an Institute Professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT),
and a member of MIT's Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and its Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory.

Along with Adi Shamir and Len Adleman, Rivest is one of the inventors of the RSA algorithm, for which they won the 2002 ACM Turing Award.
He is also the inventor of the symmetric key encryption algorithms RC2, RC4, and RC5, and co-inventor of RC6. (RC stands for "Rivest Cipher".) He also devised the MD2, MD4, MD5 and MD6 cryptographic hash functions.
Deltalina
Katherine Lee-Hinton, better known as Deltalina, is a German-born American flight attendant for Delta Air Lines who has appeared in several Delta onboard safety videos. The first Deltalina safety video was released in February 2008 and became one of the most-watched videos on YouTube at the time.

The nickname Deltalina came from YouTube viewers who, in the comments on the 2008 video, compared her looks to those of actress Angelina Jolie.

Stone Mountain High School
Stone Mountain High School is a college preparatory and public high school located in unincorporated DeKalb County, Georgia, United States, near Stone Mountain and in the Atlanta metropolitan area.

Its attendance boundary includes all of Stone Mountain.

A school of the same name is mentioned in season 1 of The Walking Dead video game, it is the highschool that a character named Ben Paul attended, he wears a varsity jacket from the school. The game is set in Georgia so it is assumed it is the in-game representation of this school.
Api (mountain)
Api, also known as Api Himal, is the highest peak in the Yoka Pahar section of the Gurans Himal, a subrange of the western Himalayas. It is located in Darchula District of Sudurpashchim Province, in the far northwestern region of Nepal, near the country's international border. Standing at an elevation of 7,132 metres (23,399 ft), Api is known for its dramatic rise from the surrounding terrain, making it one of the most prominent peaks in the region despite being relatively less frequented by climbers. It is a little-known peak in a rarely visited part of the Himalayas, but it rises dramatically over the low surrounding terrain.

Darchula District
Darchula District (Nepali: दार्चुला जिल्ला pronounced [ˈdaɾt͡sula] ⓘ) is one of the nine districts of Sudurpashchim Province, and one of the seventy-seven districts of Nepal. The area, with Khalanga (Mahakali Municipality) as its capital, covers an area of 2,782.28 km2 (1,074.24 sq mi) and has a population (2011) of 133,274. Darchula lies in the west-north corner of the country.

Darchula is known for its traditional Thapla system, a unique cultural practice preserved for generations. Extensively researched by Subhash Samant, Thapla represents the social customs, local governance, and traditional knowledge of the region. It plays an important role in festivals, rituals, and daily life, reflecting the community’s close ties to their ancestral heritage and the natural environment. Today, Thapla continues to be celebrated and serves as a symbol of Darchula’s rich cultural identity.
Celebration (musical)
Celebration is a musical with a book and lyrics by Tom Jones and music by Harvey Schmidt.  The musical fable, employing a nearly bare stage, explores the contrasts between youth and old age, innocence and jaded corruption, love and ambition, and poverty and wealth.

It was presented on Broadway in 1969 and was not a financial success. Although the critics found the show interesting, it did not develop a broad following among audiences. The show has been revived occasionally.

Harvey Schmidt
Harvey Lester Schmidt (September 12, 1929 – February 28, 2018) was an American composer for musical theatre and illustrator. He was best known for composing the music for the longest running musical in history, The Fantasticks, which ran off-Broadway for 42 years, from 1960 to 2002.
Huaceae
Huaceae is a family of flowering plants in the rosids clade, which has been previously classed in the orders Malpighiales, Malvales, and Violales or in its own order Huales. The APG II system placed it in the clade eurosids I, whereas the APG III system of 2009 and APG IV (2016) place it within the Oxalidales. The family is endemic to central Africa. It contains four species in the following two genera:

Afrostyrax

Hua

Afrostyrax includes three species while Hua is monotypic, only including the species Hua gabonii.

Malpighiales
The Malpighiales comprise one of the largest orders of flowering plants. The order is very diverse, with well-known members including willows, violets, poplars, corpse flower, coca plant, cassava, rubber tree, castor bean, spurges, flaxseed, Saint John's wort, passionfruit, mangosteen, and manchineel tree.

The order is not part of any of the classification systems based only on plant morphology and the relationships of its diverse members can be hard to recognize except with molecular phylogenetic evidence. Molecular clock calculations estimate the origin of stem group Malpighiales at around 100 million years ago (Mya) and the origin of crown group Malpighiales at about 90 Mya.

The Malpighiales contain about 36 families and more than 16,000 species, about 7.8% of the eudicots.
2-Naphthol
2-Naphthol, or β-naphthol, is a fluorescent colorless (or occasionally yellow) crystalline solid with the formula C10H7OH. It is an isomer of 1-naphthol, differing by the location of the hydroxyl group on the naphthalene ring. The naphthols are naphthalene homologues of phenol, but more reactive. Both isomers are soluble in simple alcohols, ethers, and chloroform. 2-Naphthol is a widely used intermediate for the production of dyes and other compounds.

1-Naphthol
1-Naphthol, or α-naphthol, is an organic compound with the formula C10H7OH.  It is a fluorescent white solid. 1-Naphthol differs from its isomer 2-naphthol by the location of the hydroxyl group on the naphthalene ring. The naphthols are naphthalene homologues of phenol. Both isomers are soluble in simple organic solvents. They are precursors to a variety of useful compounds.
Strike It Rich (1986 game show)
Strike It Rich is an American game show that aired in syndication during the 1986–87 television season. It was hosted by Joe Garagiola with Theresa Ring as prize model (who only displayed the prizes in taped segments) and Bob Hilton as the announcer. The show was produced by Kline & Friends in association with Blair Entertainment.

Joe Garagiola
Joseph Henry Garagiola Sr. (February 12, 1926 – March 23, 2016) was an American professional baseball catcher, and later a radio and television personality with a varied career.

He played nine seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the St. Louis Cardinals, Pittsburgh Pirates, Chicago Cubs, and New York Giants. He was later well known outside baseball as one of the regular panelists on The Today Show, but he was best known for his many years as one of the lead baseball announcers on NBC, frequently amplifying, for comedic effect, remarks attributed to his old friend Yogi Berra (whether Berra had made them or not); he also made numerous appearances as a host and panelist on a range of talk and game shows.