hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Combinatorial optimization
Combinatorial optimization is a subfield of mathematical optimization  that consists of finding an optimal object from a finite set of objects, where the set of feasible solutions is discrete or can be reduced to a discrete set. Typical combinatorial optimization problems are the travelling salesman problem ("TSP"), the minimum spanning tree problem ("MST"), and the knapsack problem. In many such problems, such as the ones previously mentioned, exhaustive search is not tractable, and so specialized algorithms that quickly rule out large parts of the search space or approximation algorithms must be resorted to instead.

Combinatorial optimization is related to operations research, algorithm theory, and computational complexity theory. It has important applications in several fields, including artificial intelligence, machine learning, auction theory, software engineering, VLSI, applied mathematics and theoretical computer science.

Mathematical optimization
Mathematical optimization (alternatively spelled optimisation) or mathematical programming is the selection of a best element, with regard to some criteria, from some set of available alternatives. It is generally divided into two subfields: discrete optimization and continuous optimization. Optimization problems arise in all quantitative disciplines from computer science and engineering to operations research and economics, and the development of solution methods has been of interest in mathematics for centuries.

In the more general approach, an optimization problem consists of maximizing or minimizing a real function by systematically choosing input values from within an allowed set and computing the value of the function. The generalization of optimization theory and techniques to other formulations constitutes a large area of applied mathematics.
David Attenborough's Natural Curiosities
David Attenborough's Natural Curiosities is a British nature documentary series first broadcast on Eden in January 2013, Produced by Humble Bee Films, Sir David Attenborough presents the series which puts a spotlight on some of nature's evolutionary anomalies and how these curious animals continue to baffle and fascinate.

The second series began on 18 February 2014 on Watch.

The series premiered in Australia on Network Ten on 3 November 2013.

U&Eden
U&Eden is a British free-to-air television channel owned by UKTV, and broadcasts factual entertainment and drama programming. It originally launched on 8 March 2004 and relaunched in its current format on 27 January 2009. Eden was a pay television channel until 2024.

On 29 November 2023, UKTV announced its intention to launch 'U' – a new masterbrand that will unite its family channels and its streaming. Eden rebranded to U&Eden on 16 October 2024.

Launched on 16 July 2024, UKTV's streaming service UKTV Play became U; and its family of free-to-air channel adopted the "U&..." branding: U&Dave, U&Drama, U&W, and U&Yesterday.

On 16 August 2024, Ofcom gave UKTV a new broadcasting licence for U&Eden to become a free-to-air channel. U&Eden launched on Freeview on 16 October, replacing U&Yesterday+1.

Gold and Alibi rebranded to U&Gold and U&Alibi on 7 November 2024.
Kay Cornelius
Kay Oldham Cornelius (January 14, 1933 – January 23, 2017) was a published author with more than a dozen novels to her credit. She also wrote test units for the PSAT and College Board specialized-subject achievement tests, as well as reviewing the Board's English literature examination.

Cornelius was a teacher, mostly in the English department at Virgil I. Grissom High School in Huntsville, Alabama, for the majority of her 34-year teaching career. Her first novel, Love's Gentle Journey, was published in 1985. Cornelius retired from teaching to write full-time in 1990.

Cornelius was a member of the Romance Writers of America, Authors Guild, National League of American PEN Women, Alabama Writers Conclave, Alabama Writers Forum, Phi Delta Kappa, and Delta Kappa Gamma.

Grissom High School (Alabama)
Virgil I. Grissom High School, more commonly referred to as Grissom High School, is a public high school in Huntsville, Alabama, United States with approximately 2000 students in grades 9–12 from Southeast Huntsville. The school was named a 2007 Blue Ribbon School by the U.S. Department of Education. In the Newsweek ranking of schools throughout the nation in 2015, Grissom High School was ranked second-best in the state and 390th nationally.
Starlanding, Missouri
Starlanding was an unincorporated community in Brazeau Township in Perry County, Missouri, United States.

Starlanding was situated in the northern part of Brazeau Township in the eastern part of Perry County, along the Mississippi River at 364 ft. above sea level. The community was originally known as Star Landing, and was founded as a riverboat landing. Today, nothing remains of the town.

Perry County, Missouri
Perry County is a county located in the southeastern portion of the U.S. state of Missouri. As of the 2020 census, the population was 18,956. Its county seat is Perryville. The county was officially organized on November 16, 1820 (effective January 1, 1821) from Ste. Genevieve County and was named after Oliver Hazard Perry, a naval hero of the War of 1812.
Mila Adjukak Kamingoak
Mila Adjukak Kamingoak is a Canadian politician, who represents the electoral district of Kugluktuk in the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut as of October 30, 2017. Kamingoak was the only candidate to register in her district by the close on September 29 of nominations for the 2017 general election, and was thus acclaimed directly to office. She had previously intended to run and challenge Premier Peter Taptuna, but was acclaimed to the position as the former had dropped out.

Kamingoak formerly worked on the campaign of her uncle Charlie Evalik; the president of the Kitikmeot Inuit Association, of whom her other uncle Stanley Anablak currently serves as the president of. Her brother in law PJ Akeeagok serves as the president of Qikiqtani Inuit Association.

She resigned her seat on April 3, 2020, citing family reasons.

2017 Nunavut general election
The 2017 Nunavut general election was held on October 30, 2017 to return the members of the 5th Nunavut Legislature. The fifth general election held since the creation of the territory in 1999, it was the first election held under Nunavut's new fixed election dates law, which requires elections to be held no more than four years after the prior election.

Unlike most federal or provincial elections in Canada, elections to the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut are conducted on a non-partisan consensus government model, in which all candidates run as independents rather than being nominated by political parties. The premier and executive council are then selected internally by the MLAs at the first special sitting of the legislature.
Skotfoss
Skotfoss is a village in Skien Municipality in Telemark county, Norway. The village is located along the river Farelva where lake Norsjø feeds into the Skien watershed. It is located across the river from the village of Åfoss. It is located about 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) west of the town of Skien. The village has a population of about 1,700 people.

Skotfoss Church is located in the village.

Skotfoss Church
Skotfoss Church (Norwegian: Skotfoss kirke) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Skien Municipality in Telemark county, Norway. It is located in the village of Skotfoss. It is one of the churches for the Gulset og Skotfoss parish which is part of the Skien prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Agder og Telemark. The white, wooden church was built in a long church design in 1900 using plans drawn up by the architect Haldor Børve. The church seats about 420 people.
Mary Felzkowski
Mary Jean Felzkowski (née Behling; born September 25, 1963) is an American businesswoman and Republican politician from northern Wisconsin.  She is the current president of the Wisconsin Senate, since 2025, and has served in the Senate since 2021.  She represents Wisconsin's 12th Senate district, which comprises a large swath of northern Wisconsin. She previously served eight years in the Wisconsin State Assembly, and was assistant majority leader in the 2019–2020 session.

She was known as Mary Czaja until her second marriage in 2016.  On many official documents after 2017, including the 2018 and 2020 election ballots, her name appeared as Mary Czaja-Felzkowski.

Wisconsin's 12th Senate district
The 12th Senate district of Wisconsin is one of 33 districts in the Wisconsin Senate.  Located in northern Wisconsin, the district comprises Florence, Forest, Langlade, Lincoln, Marinette, Oneida, and Vilas counties, and parts of northern Oconto County, northwest Shawano County, and northeast Marathon County.  It contains the cities of Antigo, Eagle River, Marinette, Merrill, Peshtigo, Rhinelander, and Tomahawk.
Andresa Correa
Andresa Corrêa is a Brazilian Jiu Jitsu (BJJ) 3x black belt Brazilian Jiu Jitsu World Championship champion and 3x black belt World Nogi Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Championship champion. She is one of a select few athletes to have won each of the major Gi Championships on more than one occasion: World Championship x3, European Open Championship x2, Pan Jiu-Jitsu Championship x2 and Brazilian Nationals Championship x4.

Andresa had an outstanding 2016 season coming very close to winning Jiu Jitsu's "Grand Slam" of gold medals in her category and the absolute at all of the prior mentioned major Gi Championships. She missed out narrowly by winning her category but coming third in the absolute at the 2016 World Championship. That year she also won a gold medal in the World Nogi championship.

Andresa began training in 1996 at Mestre Carlos Rollyson's academy in Bragança Paulista. She moved to the Alliance Jiu Jitsu academy in São Paulo in 2010 to train under Mestre Fabio Gurgel.

Alliance Jiu Jitsu
Alliance is a Brazilian jiu-jitsu association. Alliance was founded by Romero "Jacare" Cavalcanti and his students: Fabio Gurgel, Alexandre Paiva, and Fernando Gurgel. Alliance Global headquarters is in Atlanta, Georgia, at the Alliance Martial Arts Academy, where "Jacare" is the head instructor. Fabio Gurgel is the co-leader of Alliance and the head instructor at Alliance São Paulo (São Paulo, Brazil). Alexandre "Gigi" Paiva heads the third main Alliance academy in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

In 2010, Alliance won all major competitions: European Championship, Pan American Championship, and the World Jiu-Jitsu Championship; an accomplishment which has never been achieved by any other team in history.
More Ways Than One
More Ways Than One is a 1783 comedy play by the British writer Hannah Cowley.

The original Covent Garden cast included William Thomas Lewis as Bellair, John Quick as Doctor Freelove, John Edwin as Sir Marvel Mushroom, Ralph Wewitzer as Le Gout, Richard Wilson as Evergreen, James Fearon as David, Richard Wroughton as Carlton, James Thompson as Lawyer's Clerk, Priscilla Kemble as Arabella and Sarah Maria Wilson as Miss Juvenile and Elizabeth Younge as Miss Archer.

Hannah Cowley (writer)
Hannah Cowley (née Parkhouse; 14 March 1743 – 11 March 1809) was an English playwright and poet. Although Cowley's plays and poetry did not enjoy wide popularity after the 19th century, critic Melinda Finberg rates her as "one of the foremost playwrights of the late eighteenth century" whose "skill in writing fluid, sparkling dialogue and creating sprightly, memorable comic characters compares favourably with her better-known contemporaries, Goldsmith and Sheridan." Cowley's plays were produced frequently in her lifetime. The major themes of her plays – including her first, The Runaway (1776), and her major success, which is being revived, The Belle's Stratagem (1780) – revolve around marriage and how women strive to overcome the injustices imposed by family life and social custom.
Football at the Bolivarian Games
Football at the Bolivarian Games has been played since 1938. The first edition was the only one in which full national teams played for all countries. The tournament is organisedc by Organización Deportiva Bolivariana (English: Bolivarian Sport Organization).

U-17 teams have been fielded recently in this quadrennial competition. A women's tournament played by full national teams was added in 2005.

Bolivarian Games
The Bolivarian Games (Spanish: Juegos Bolivarianos, full name Juegos Deportivos Bolivarianos) are a regional multi-sport event held in honor of Simón Bolívar, and organized by the Bolivarian Sports Organization (Organización Deportiva Bolivariana, ODEBO). The event is open to athletes from Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Peru, the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico and Venezuela. In 2010, the ODEBO decided to include Chile as the seventh member of ODEBO. Except Panama and the Dominican Republic, all other participating countries are Andean states.
Taavet Rootsmäe
Taavet Rootsmäe (until 1936 David Rootsman; 27 June 1885 Tartu County – 27 June 1959 Tartu) was an Estonian astronomer.

In 1913 he graduated from Tartu University. Since 1919 he taught at Tartu University (was a professor).

From 1919 to 1948 he was the first head of University of Tartu Old Observatory.

His main fields of research were stellar astronomy, theoretical astronomy, and celestial mechanics. With Ernst Öpik, he is considered the founder of Estonian astronomy school.

University of Tartu Old Observatory
University of Tartu Old Observatory or Tartu Old Observatory (Estonian: Tartu Tähetorn) is an observatory in Tartu, Estonia. Tartu Observatory was an active observatory from 1810 to 1964. The building now serves as a museum and belongs to the University of Tartu Museum.
For Lovers Only (film)
For Lovers Only is a 2011 romance film produced by the Polish brothers and Sean O'Grady. The brothers also had different roles in the film, with Michael as director and Mark as writer and also actor himself. The film also stars Stana Katic. It was expected to be released in theaters in the United States in June 2011, but eventually adopted an online distribution strategy.

Stana Katic
Stana Katić (/ˈstɑːnə ˈkætɪk/; born (1978-04-26)April 26, 1978) is a Canadian and American actress. She played Kate Beckett on the ABC television romantic crime series Castle (2009–2016) and FBI Special Agent Emily Byrne in the psychological thriller series Absentia (2017–2020).
Marion County – Rankin Fite Airport
34°07′03″N 087°59′54″W﻿ / ﻿34.11750°N 87.99833°W﻿ / 34.11750; -87.99833

Marion County - Rankin Fite Airport (IATA: HAB, ICAO: KHAB, FAA LID: HAB) is a public airport located one mile (2 km) south of the central business district of Hamilton, a city in Marion County, Alabama, United States. It is owned by Marion County.

Marion County, Alabama
Marion County is a county of the U.S. state of Alabama. As of the 2020 census the population was 29,341. The county seat is Hamilton. The county was created by an act of the Alabama Territorial General Assembly on February 13, 1818. The county seat was originally established in Pikeville in 1820, and moved to Hamilton in 1881. The county was named by planter and US Indian agent John Dabney Terrell, Sr., in recognition of General Francis Marion of South Carolina.

Marion County is located in the northwestern part of the state, bounded on the west by the state of Mississippi. It encompasses 743 square miles (1,920 km2). The county is a prohibition or dry county, however, the sale of alcohol is permitted within the cities of Guin, Hamilton, and Winfield.
InstaDeep
InstaDeep is a Tunisian startup specializing in artificial intelligence, founded in 2014 by Karim Beguir and Zohra Slim. It is based in London and is a subsidiary of BioNTech.

The company is particularly known for developing an early warning system for detecting COVID-19 variants.

BioNTech
BioNTech SE (/biːˈɒntɛk/ bee-ON-tek; or /baɪˈɒntɛk/ bye-ON-tek short for Biopharmaceutical New Technologies) is a German multinational biotechnology company headquartered in Mainz that develops immunotherapies and vaccines, particularly for cancer and infectious diseases.

The company utilizes technology platforms including mRNA-based therapies, targeted therapies, and immunomodulators, to develop its treatments. BioNTech's pipeline includes several late-stage programs in oncology testing combination therapy approaches to improve treatment outcomes.

In the field of infectious diseases, BioNTech, partnering with Pfizer, developed Comirnaty, the first approved mRNA-based vaccine, which was widely used during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Frederick Nolde
Otto Frederick Nolde (30 June 1899 – 17 June 1972) was a human rights pioneer who served as professor of Christian Education and Dean of the Graduate School at the Lutheran Theological Seminary at Philadelphia while emerging as a major player on the world's diplomatic stage during the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s.

Nolde influenced human rights language in the United Nations Charter and wrote the Universal Declaration on Human Rights's freedom of religion section.

Lutheran Theological Seminary at Philadelphia
The Lutheran Theological Seminary at Philadelphia (LTSP) was one of eight theological seminaries associated with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, the largest Lutheran denomination in North America. It is located on Germantown Avenue in the Mount Airy neighborhood of northwestern Philadelphia. Founded in 1864, it has its roots in the Pennsylvania Ministerium established in 1748 in Philadelphia by Henry Melchior Muhlenberg.

The seminary had an enrollment of 275 graduate students, with 17 full-time professors. Students come from a number of Christian traditions in addition to the ELCA, including Anglican/Episcopal, African Methodist Episcopal, Baptist, Methodist, Church of God in Christ, and Mennonite.

In July 2017, the seminary merged with Lutheran Theological Seminary at Gettysburg to become United Lutheran Seminary. As of November 2023, Rev. Dr. R. Guy Erwin serves as president, having begun his appointment to the position in August 2020.
Ontario Highway 34
King's Highway 34, commonly referred to as Highway 34, is a provincially maintained highway in the Canadian province of Ontario. The route connects Highway 417 south of Vankleek Hill with Hawkesbury. It is 16.9 kilometres (10.5 mi) long, traveling through a mostly rural portion of the lower Ottawa Valley near the Ontario–Quebec border. The highway formerly continued 40 kilometres (25 mi) south of Highway 417 to Highway 2 in Lancaster. However, this section was decommissioned as a provincial highway and was subsequently redesignated as Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry County Road 34.

Hawkesbury, Ontario
Hawkesbury is a town along the Ottawa River in the United Counties of Prescott and Russell in Eastern Ontario, Canada. Hawkesbury is the third most bilingual town in Ontario, with about 70% of its inhabitants being fluent in English and French. Franco-Ontarians make up 89% of the population.

The Long-Sault Bridge links it to Grenville, Quebec, to the north. This bridge, crossing Chenail Island, is the only interprovincial bridge between Ontario and Quebec east of Ottawa. The town is located 95 kilometres (59 mi) east from Ottawa, and is considered to be midway between Ottawa and Montreal.
Lord Chancellor of Ireland
The Lord High Chancellor of Ireland, commonly known as the Lord Chancellor of Ireland, was the highest ranking judicial office in Ireland until the establishment of the Irish Free State in 1922. From 1721 until the end of 1800, it was also the highest political office of the Irish Parliament; the Chancellor was Speaker of the Irish House of Lords. The Lord Chancellor was also Lord Keeper of the Great Seal of Ireland. In all three respects, the office mirrored the Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain.

Irish House of Lords
The Irish House of Lords, known formally as The Lords Spiritual and Temporal in Parliament Assembled, was the upper house of the Parliament of Ireland that existed from medieval times until the end of 1800. It was also the final court of appeal of the Kingdom of Ireland.

It was modelled on the House of Lords of England, with members of the Peerage of Ireland sitting in the Irish Lords, just as members of the Peerage of England did at Westminster. When the Act of Union 1800 abolished the Irish parliament, a subset of Irish peers sat as Irish representative peers in the House of Lords of the merged Parliament of the United Kingdom.
Antonio (Nery) Juarbe Pol Airport
Antonio (Nery) Juarbe Pol Airport (IATA: ARE, ICAO: TJAB, FAA LID: ABO) is a public use airport located 3 miles (4.8 km) southeast of Arecibo, Puerto Rico. It is owned by the Puerto Rico Ports Authority. This airport is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a general aviation airport.

The IATA and FAA airport codes differ because IATA had already assigned the "ABO" code to Aboisso Airport in Côte d'Ivoire.

Arecibo, Puerto Rico
Arecibo (/ˌærəˈsiːboʊ/; Spanish pronunciation: [aɾeˈsiβo]) is a city and municipality on the northern coast of Puerto Rico, on the shores of the Atlantic Ocean, located north of Utuado and Ciales; east of Hatillo; and west of Barceloneta and Florida. It is about 50 miles (80 km) west of San Juan, the capital city. Arecibo is the largest municipality in Puerto Rico by area, and it is the core city of the Arecibo Metropolitan Statistical Area and part of the greater San Juan–Bayamón, PR Combined Statistical Area. It is spread over 18 barrios and Arecibo Pueblo (the downtown area and the administrative center of the city). Its population in 2020 was 87,754.

The Arecibo Observatory, which housed the Arecibo Telescope, the world's largest radio telescope until July 2016, is located in the municipality. The Arecibo telescope collapsed on December 1, 2020. Arecibo is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Arecibo.
John Hodgkinson (actor, born 1966)
John Hodgkinson (born 21 June 1966) is an English actor. He is known mostly for his stage work with the Royal Shakespeare Company and for his performance as Tom Kettle in The Ferryman, for which he was nominated as Best Actor in a Supporting Role in the 2018 Laurence Olivier Awards. In 2011, he was named The Journal's Performing Artist of the Year for the part of Chris Mullin in Michael Chaplin's A Walk on Part with the Live Theatre Company.

The Ferryman (play)
The Ferryman is a 2017 play by Jez Butterworth. Set during the Troubles, it tells the story of the family of a former IRA volunteer, living in their farmhouse in rural County Armagh, Northern Ireland in 1981.
John and Phyllis Murphy
John and Phyllis Murphy were architects in Australia. Phyllis was also known for her work with wallpaper design and restoration.

The Murphys completed a number of conservation projects through the National Trust (Victoria) in the 1960s and 1970s. Their most notable design work was created during the 1950s, some examples of which are in their home city, Melbourne, including the 1956 Olympic pool.

John Murphy died in 2004. Phyllis Murphy died in 2025

Emu Bottom Homestead
Emu Bottom Homestead is a historic homestead near Sunbury, Victoria, Australia. Built c. 1836, Emu Bottom is the oldest existing farmhouse constructed by settlers in Victoria. It was so named because "it was low lying ground and the haunt of numerous emus." The main homestead and some of its outlying buildings were constructed from "local stone, dry coursed with creek mud."

Emu Bottom is also a rare example of early Australian colonial architecture, with its "twelve paned deeply recessed windows ... recalling the old world ... while the homestead (was) also intelligently adapted to the new environment" with its wide verandas and easterly aspect.