hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Gmina Miedzichowo
Gmina Miedzichowo is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Nowy Tomyśl County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. Its seat is the village of Miedzichowo, which lies approximately 14 kilometres (9 mi) north-west of Nowy Tomyśl and 66 km (41 mi) west of the regional capital Poznań.

The gmina covers an area of 208.51 square kilometres (80.5 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 3,801.

The gmina contains part of the protected area called Pszczew Landscape Park.

Pszczew Landscape Park
Pszczew Landscape Park (Polish: Pszczewski Park Krajobrazowy) is a protected area (Landscape Park) in western Poland, established in 1986, covering an area of 122.20 square kilometres (47.18 sq mi). It takes its name from the village of Pszczew.

The Park is shared between two voivodeships: Lubusz Voivodeship and Greater Poland Voivodeship. Within Lubusz Voivodeship it lies in Międzyrzecz County (Gmina Międzyrzecz, Gmina Przytoczna, Gmina Pszczew, Gmina Trzciel). Within Greater Poland Voivodeship it lies in Międzychód County (Gmina Międzychód) and Nowy Tomyśl County (Gmina Miedzichowo).

Within the Landscape Park are four nature reserves.
Distance matrices in phylogeny
Distance matrices  are used in phylogeny as 
non-parametric distance methods and were originally applied to phenetic data using a matrix of pairwise distances. These distances are then reconciled to produce a tree (a phylogram, with informative branch lengths). The distance matrix can come from a number of different sources, including measured distance (for example from immunological studies) or morphometric analysis, various pairwise distance formulae (such as euclidean distance) applied to discrete morphological characters, or genetic distance from sequence, restriction fragment, or allozyme data. For phylogenetic character data, raw distance values can be calculated by simply counting the number of pairwise differences in character states (Hamming distance).

Distance matrix
In mathematics, computer science and especially graph theory, a distance matrix is a square matrix (two-dimensional array) containing the distances, taken pairwise, between the elements of a set. Depending upon the application involved, the distance being used to define this matrix may or may not be a metric. If there are N elements, this matrix will have size N×N. In graph-theoretic applications, the elements are more often referred to as points, nodes or vertices.
Stem-cell therapy
Stem-cell therapy uses stem cells to treat or prevent a disease or condition. As of 2024, the only FDA-approved therapy using stem cells is hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. This usually takes the form of a bone marrow or peripheral blood stem cell transplantation, but the cells can also be derived from umbilical cord blood. Research is underway to develop various sources for stem cells as well as to apply stem-cell treatments for neurodegenerative diseases and conditions such as diabetes and heart disease.

Stem-cell therapy has become controversial following developments such as the ability of scientists to isolate and culture embryonic stem cells, to create stem cells using somatic cell nuclear transfer, and their use of techniques to create induced pluripotent stem cells. This controversy is often related to abortion politics and  human cloning. Additionally, efforts to market treatments based on transplant of stored umbilical cord blood have been controversial.

Human cloning
Human cloning is the creation of a genetically identical copy of a human. The term is generally used to refer to artificial human cloning, which is the reproduction of human cells and tissue. It does not refer to the natural conception and delivery of identical twins. The possibilities of human cloning have raised controversies. These ethical concerns have prompted several nations to pass laws regarding human cloning.

Two commonly discussed types of human cloning are therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning.

Therapeutic cloning would involve cloning cells from a human for use in medicine and transplants. It is an active area of research, and is in medical practice over the world. Two common methods of therapeutic cloning that are being researched are somatic-cell nuclear transfer and (more recently) pluripotent stem cell induction.

Reproductive cloning would involve making an entire cloned human, instead of just specific cells or tissues.
2nd Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery
The 2nd Searchlight Regiment was an air defence unit of Britain's Royal Artillery, formed just before World War II. Deploying to France with the British Expeditionary Force and RAF Advanced Air Striking Force in 1940, it found itself caught up in ground fighting during the Battle of France, including actions at Arras, Boulogne, Calais, and Hondeghem. After the evacuation from Dunkirk it served in home defence in Anti-Aircraft Command until 1944, when it deployed to Europe again, seeing action in the defence of Antwerp and the Scheldt, then the river crossings as 21st Army Group advanced into Germany at the end of the war. It was disbanded in 1948.

344th Moonlight Battery, Royal Artillery
The 344th Moonlight Battery, Royal Artillery was a searchlight unit of the British Army that provided artificial illumination, or 'Monty's Moonlight', for night operations by 21st Army Group during the campaign in North West Europe in 1944–45. Previously, it had served on anti-aircraft (AA) duties during The Blitz.
Kalimavkion
A kalimavkion (Greek: καλυμμαύχιον), kalymmavchi (καλυμμαύχι), or, by metathesis of the word's internal syllables, kamilavka (Russian: камила́вка, romanized: kamilávka), is a clerical headdress worn by Orthodox Christian and Eastern Catholic monks (in which case it is black) or awarded to clergy (in which case it may be red or purple). An approximate equivalent in the Latin Church is the biretta (Latin: biretum/birretum).

In the Byzantine Empire the term kamelaukion (καμηλ(λ)αύκιον or καμιλαύκιον) was a more general one for formal headgear, including items worn by the imperial family.

Clerical clothing
Clerical clothing is non-liturgical clothing worn exclusively by clergy. It is distinct from vestments in that it is not reserved specifically for use in the liturgy.  Practices vary: clerical clothing is sometimes worn under vestments, and sometimes as the everyday clothing or street wear of a priest, minister, or other clergy member. Eastern Orthodox clerical clothing is a subset of a monk's habit.

In modern times, many Christian clergy have adopted the use of a shirt with a clerical collar; but the use of clerical clothing is most commonly among Catholic, Evangelical-Lutheran, Anglican, Oriental Orthodox, and Eastern Orthodox clergy.
2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election
Legislative Assembly elections were held in Manipur from 28 February to 5 March 2022 in two phases, to elect 60 members of the Manipur Legislative Assembly. The results declared on 10 March 2022. The newly constituted assembly was named 12th Manipur Legislative Assembly. The ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) won 32 out of 60 seats and secured a comfortable majority. N. Biren Singh was re-elected as the chief minister and continued in his office, forming a new ministry. In September 2022, 5 legislators of JD(U) "merged" with BJP taking its total strength to 37 in the Assembly.

After the eruption of the Kuki–Meitei ethnic conflict on 3 May 2023, causing the displacement of over 60,000 people, chief minister Biren Singh was unable to control the violence and resigned on 9 February 2025. President's rule was declared on 13 February, and the legislature was put in suspended animation. Later on 4 February 2026, BJP leader Yumnam Khemchand Singh was sworn in as the new chief minister.

Manipur Progressive Secular Alliance
The  Manipur Progressive Secular Alliance (MPSA) (formarly known as Secular Progressive Front (SPF) or Secular Progressive Alliance (SPA)) is a political alliance in India. The alliance includes six parties on a basis of an 18-point common agenda.
Nick Rhodes
Nick Rhodes (born Nicholas James Bates; 8 June 1962) is an English keyboardist and producer, best known as a founding member and the keyboardist of Duran Duran. He has also been the only constant member of the group since their inception in 1978.

Rhodes has been involved in several side projects outside of, but related to, Duran Duran: he released an album with Arcadia in 1985 (featuring Duran Duran members Le Bon and Roger Taylor), and recorded and performed as the Devils in 2002 with Stephen Duffy, longtime musical friend and the original lead singer of Duran Duran. In March 2013, he released the TV Mania side project with former Duran Duran guitarist, Warren Cuccurullo.

Medazzaland
Medazzaland is the ninth studio album by the English pop rock band Duran Duran. It was released on 14 October 1997 by Capitol Records solely in North America, Latin America and Japan. The title is a reference to the anesthetic midazolam, which Simon Le Bon was given during dental surgery. It reached number 58 on the Billboard 200 and number 66 on RPM's albums chart.

Medazzaland was available in Europe as an import or digital download, it was only in 2021 (when the band signed a deal for the album with BMG), when it was officially released in the UK on various digital platforms. A physical 25th anniversary release on CD and coloured vinyl followed in 2022.
Renmin Bridge
Renmin Bridge (Chinese: 人民桥; pinyin: Rénmín Qiáo, literally “People’s Bridge”) is a bridge crossing the Pearl River in Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.On its north is 623 Rd (六二三路)

Renmin Bridge connects Haizhu District with Liwan District, and was the second highway bridge to be put into service in Guangzhou (after Haizhu Bridge) when it was completed in 1967. Guangzhou's Inner Ring Road passes over the bridge, making it a major traffic artery in the city.

Guangzhou's annual Dragon Boat Race takes place between Renmin Bridge and Jiefang Bridge.

Scenic Shamian Island lies directly upstream (east) of the bridge.

Liwan, Guangzhou
Liwan District is one of 11 urban districts of the prefecture-level city of Guangzhou, the capital of Guangdong province, China. The district is split into two parts by the Pearl River: Xiguan in the northeast and Fangcun in the southwest. The area has a prominent history, dating back to the Qin dynasty, and hosts a number of major historic sites. Liwan District spans an area of 62.4 square kilometres (24.1 sq mi), and as of the end of 2023, has a population of about 1,113,000.
Hinds River
The Hinds River (Māori: Hekeao) is a river in the Canterbury region of New Zealand.  Its north and south branches drain the eastern flank of the Moorhouse Range, part of the Southern Alps, and their confluence is near Anama and Mayfield.  The river then flows across the Canterbury Plains towards the Pacific Ocean, passing through the small town of Hinds along the way.  In Hinds, State Highway 1 and the Main South Line railway cross the river.  The river's mouth is located between the localities of Longbeach and Lowcliffe.

In its upper reaches, the southern arm flows near the Rangitata River and the northern arm flows near the Ashburton River / Hakatere.

The river was named after the Reverend Samuel Hinds, a member of the Canterbury Association that organised the settlement of Canterbury.  Hinds was considered an expert in colonisation.

Samuel Hinds (bishop)
Samuel Hinds (23 December 1793 – 7 February 1872), was a British clergyman. He was appointed Bishop of Norwich in 1849 and resigned in 1857. Hinds was of the Broad Church in his views. He had strong links with the Ngati Kuri (Wai262) and Te Patu tribes of New Zealand, noting a paramount Maori chief Rata Ngaromotu of Ngati Kahu and the colonisation of New Zealand and the town of Hinds, New Zealand is named after him.
Levenshtein distance
In information theory, linguistics, and computer science, the Levenshtein distance is a string metric for measuring the difference between two sequences. The Levenshtein distance between two words is the minimum number of single-character edits (insertions, deletions or substitutions) required to change one word into the other. It is named after Soviet mathematician Vladimir Levenshtein, who defined the metric in 1965.

Levenshtein distance may also be referred to as edit distance, although that term may also denote a larger family of distance metrics.: 32  It is closely related to pairwise string alignments.

Vladimir Levenshtein
Vladimir Iosifovich Levenshtein (Russian: Влади́мир Ио́сифович Левенште́йн, IPA: [vlɐˈdʲimʲɪr ɨˈosʲɪfəvʲɪtɕ lʲɪvʲɪnˈʂtʲejn] ⓘ; 20 May 1935 – 6 September 2017) was a Russian and Soviet scientist who did research in information theory,  error-correcting codes, and combinatorial design. Among other contributions, he is known for the Levenshtein distance and a Levenshtein algorithm, which he developed in 1965.

He graduated from the Department of Mathematics and Mechanics of Moscow State University in 1958 and worked at the Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics in Moscow ever since. He was a fellow of the IEEE Information Theory Society.

He received the IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal in 2006, for "contributions to the theory of error-correcting codes and information theory, including the Levenshtein distance".
Starting Up
Starting Up is the fourth solo album by Roy Wood, who played most of the instruments and sang most of the vocals throughout, in addition to writing and producing the album. The album was released in February 1987. The track "On Top of the World", featured strings arranged and conducted by Louis Clark.

"Under Fire" (1985) and "Raining in the City" (1986) were both previously released as singles.

Louis Clark
Louis Clark (27 February 1947 – 13 February 2021) was an English music arranger and keyboard player. He trained at Leeds College of Music. He is best known for his work with Electric Light Orchestra and Hooked on Classics. Clark started out as a bass guitarist for Birmingham band The Buccaneers, who later became Monopoly and eventually The Raymond Froggatt Band.
Orthonyx hypsilophus
Orthonyx hypsilophus  is an extinct species of logrunner from the Late Pleistocene of Australia. It was described from submerged subfossil material (an incomplete pelvis) collected in 1979 from the Fossil Cave in the  south-east of South Australia. The bird was larger than any of its living congeners. The specific epithet hypsilophus derives from the Greek νψι (“high”), and λοθοϛ (“crest” or “ridge”) with reference to the comparatively high median dorsal ridge of the pelvis.

Fossil Cave
Fossil Cave (5L81), formerly known as The Green Waterhole, is a cave in the Limestone Coast region of south-eastern South Australia. It is located in the gazetted locality of Tantanoola about 22 kilometres (14 miles) north-west of the city of Mount Gambier, only a few metres from the Princes Highway (Route B1) between Mount Gambier and Millicent.  It is popular with cave divers and is notable for being both a unique  paleontological site and the "type locality" for very rare crustaceans (syncarids - Koonunga sp.) which to date have been found only in caves and Blue Lake in the Mount Gambier region.
Jaggesh
Eshwar Gowda (born 17 March 1963), known professionally as Jaggesh, is an Indian politician, film actor, director and producer, who mainly works in Kannada cinema. Known for his roles in comedy films, he is popular by the moniker Navarasa Nayaka. Considered one of the popular actors, Jaggesh has won Karnataka State Film Awards and Suvarna Film Awards for his acting.

Jaggesh started his film career by playing minor part in Ibbani Karagithu (1982) and then he essayed supporting roles in Ranadheera (1988), Ranaranga (1988), Yuddha Kaanda (1989), Rani Maharani (1990), C. B. I. Shiva (1991) among others and also worked as an assistant director for several films. His first lead role came with Bhanda Nanna Ganda in 1992 but his major breakthrough came in Tharle Nan Maga in the same year.

He is a Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha from Karnataka since 2022 and the spokesperson of the Bharatiya Janata Party in Karnataka.

Ranadheera
Ranadheera is a 1988 Indian Kannada-language musical romantic action film directed by V. Ravichandran and produced by N. Veeraswamy under Eshwari Productions. The film, an adaptation of 1983 Hindi film Hero, stars Ravichandran and Khushbu, alongside Anant Nag, Lokesh, Sudheer and Jai Jagadish. The music was composed by Hamsalekha, while cinematography and editing were handled by R. Madhusudan and K. Balu respectively.

Ranadheera was the highest-grossing Kannada film of 1988 and Khushbu also gained popularity in Karnataka through this film. Amitabh Bachchan was the chief guest at the event held to mark the film's 25 week run at the box office.
Poplar Hill (Smithfield, Virginia)
Poplar Hill is a historic house located near Smithfield, Isle of Wight County, Virginia. The house was built about 1793, and is a 1+1⁄2-story, frame, hall and parlor-plan dwelling. It has an early 19th-century lean-to rear addition, a post American Civil War kitchen addition, a 1920s one-room addition, and a screened-in front porch on the main facade.  Also on the property are the contributing wash house, shed, garage, and stable, and the sites of a smokehouse, kitchen, carriage house, and ice house.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.

Smithfield, Virginia
Smithfield is a town in Isle of Wight County, in the South Hampton Roads subregion of the Hampton Roads region of Virginia,  United States.  The population was 8,533 at the 2020 census.

The town is most famous for the curing and production of the Smithfield ham. The Virginia General Assembly passed a statute defining "Smithfield ham" by law in 1926, with one of the requirements that it be processed within the town limits. Smithfield Foods, a Fortune 500 company that owns Smithfield Packing Company and others, is the world's largest pork processor and hog producer. The company, based in Smithfield, raises 12 million hogs and processes 20 million pounds of them annually. The company's largest shareholder is WH Group, a Chinese holding company who purchased the company in 2014 before it went public in 2025.
Euphrates
The Euphrates (/juːˈfreɪtiːz/ ⓘ yoo-FRAY-teez; see below) is the longest and one of the most historically important rivers of West Asia. Together with the Tigris, it is one of the two defining rivers of Mesopotamia (lit. 'the land between the rivers'). Originating in Turkey, the Euphrates flows through Syria and Iraq to join the Tigris in the Shatt al-Arab in Iraq, which empties into the Persian Gulf.

The Euphrates is the fifteenth-longest river in Asia and the longest in West Asia, at about 2,780 km (1,730 mi), with a drainage area of 440,000 km2 (170,000 mi2) that covers six countries.

Sippar
Sippar (Sumerian: 𒌓𒄒𒉣𒆠, Zimbir) (also Sippir or Sippara) was an ancient Near Eastern Sumerian and later Babylonian city on the east bank of the Euphrates river. Its tell is located at the site of modern Tell Abu Habbah near Yusufiyah in Iraq's Baghdad Governorate, some 69 km (43 mi) north of Babylon and 30 km (19 mi) southwest of Baghdad. The city's ancient name, Sippar, could also refer to its sister city, Sippar-Amnanum (located at the modern site of Tell ed-Der); a more specific designation for the city here referred to as Sippar was Sippar-Yaḫrurum (Sippar-Jaḫrurum). The name comes from the Amorite Yaḫrurum tribe that lived in the area along with the Amorite Amnanum tribe. In Sippar was the site where the Babylonian Map of the World was found.
Washington Spring Road–Woods Road Historic District
Washington Spring Road–Woods Road Historic District is a national historic district located at Palisades in Rockland County, New York.  It encompasses 36 contributing buildings located in a narrow valley to the west of the hamlet.  It contains residential and religious properties of architectural and historic significance dating from the 18th century to the first third of the 20th.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.

Palisades, New York
Palisades is an unincorporated hamlet in the town of Orangetown in Rockland County, New York, United States.

The area referred to as Snedens Landing is located in the eastern portion of Palisades and goes down to the Hudson River.

The hamlet has a registered historic district known as the Closter Road–Oak Tree Road Historic District.
Gen. Thomas Boykin House
Gen. Thomas Boykin House is a historic home located near Clinton, Sampson County, North Carolina.   It was built about 1810, and is a large two-story, hall-and-parlor plan, vernacular Federal style frame dwelling. It has a side gable roof, is sheathed in weatherboard, and has a later one-story, two-roam wing.  It was the residence of General Thomas Boykin (1785-1859), Captain in War of 1812, later a General in the Militia and a three term member of the North Carolina General Assembly.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.

Clinton, North Carolina
Clinton (locally /ˈklɪnən/ KLIN-ən, /ˈklɪntən/ KLINT-ən) is a city in and the county seat of Sampson County, North Carolina, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 8,383. Clinton is named for Richard Clinton, a Brigadier General of the North Carolina militia in the American Revolution.
Salah Asuhan
Salah Asuhan (Indonesian: Wrong Upbringing) is an Indonesian novel by Abdul Muis originally published in 1928 by Balai Pustaka. It is widely considered one of the best examples of early modern Indonesian literature.

Abdul Muis
Abdul Muis (also spelt Abdoel Moeis; 1886–1959), was an Indonesian writer, journalist and nationalist.  He advocated for Indonesia's independence from the Netherlands. He was the first person to be named an Indonesian national hero.
Papar River
The Papar River (Malay: Sungai Papar; Coastal Kadazan: Bavang Papar) is a river in West Coast Division, northwestern Sabah of Malaysia. It has a total length of 60 km (37 miles) from its headwaters in the mountains of northwest Sabah to its outlet at the South China Sea, northwest of Papar town. It originates in the mountains in the interior Papar, Penampang and Tuaran Districts, which form part of the Crocker Range system. This includes the areas of Babagon, Bonobukan, Buayan, Central Papar, Gramatoi, Himpangno, Kaiduan, Kalangan, Kawari, Kogopon, Lingan, Mandalipau, Marahang, Padawan, Terian, Tiku and Ulu Papar.

Crocker Mountains
The Crocker Mountains (Malay: Banjaran Crocker) form a range that separates the West Coast and Interior divisions of Sabah, Malaysia. At an average height of 1,800 metres (5,906 ft), it is the highest mountain range in the state. It is named after a 19th century British administrator of North Borneo, William Maunder Crocker.
Jakob Erbar
Jakob Erbar (8 February 1878 – 7 January 1935) was a German professor of graphic design and a type designer.  Erbar trained as a typesetter for the Dumont-Schauberg Printing Works before studying under Fritz Helmut Ehmcke and Anna Simons.  Erbar went on to teach in 1908 at the Städtischen Berufsschule and from 1919 to his death at the Kölner Werkschule.  His seminal Erbar series was one of the first geometric sans-serif typefaces, predating both Paul Renner's Futura and Rudolf Koch's Kabel by some five years.

Kölner Werkschulen
The Kölner Werkschulen  (Cologne Academy of Fine and Applied Arts), formerly Cologne Art and Craft Schools, was a university  in Cologne training artists in visual arts, architecture and design from 1926 to 1971.
I Got a Car
"I Got a Car" is a song recorded by American country music artist George Strait. It was written by Tom Douglas and Keith Gattis. It was released November 4, 2013, as the third single from his album Love Is Everything.

Tom Douglas (songwriter)
Thomas Stevenson Douglas (born January 27, 1953) is an American country music songwriter. He has written Top 10  Billboard Country hits for John Michael Montgomery, Martina McBride, Tim McGraw, Collin Raye, Lady Antebellum, Miranda Lambert, Kenny Chesney and others.