hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Revision theory
Revision theory is a subfield of philosophical logic. It consists of a general theory of definitions, including (but not limited to) circular and interdependent concepts. A circular definition is one in which the concept being defined occurs in the statement defining it—for example, defining a G as being blue and to the left of a G. Revision theory provides formal semantics for defined expressions, and formal proof systems study the logic of circular expressions.

Definitions are important in philosophy and logic. Although circular definitions have been regarded as logically incorrect or incoherent, revision theory demonstrates that they are meaningful and can be studied with mathematical and philosophical logic. It has been used to provide circular analyses of philosophical and logical concepts.

Anil Gupta (philosopher)
Anil K. Gupta (/ˈɡʊptə/; born 1949) is an Indian-American philosopher who works primarily in logic, epistemology, philosophy of language, and metaphysics. Gupta is the Alan Ross Anderson Distinguished Professor of Philosophy at the University of Pittsburgh. He is also a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. His most recent book, The Concept of Truth: The Israel Lectures, was published by Oxford University Press in January 2026.
Tom Cochrane
Thomas William Cochrane OC OM (/ˈkɒkrən/ KOK-rən; born May 14, 1953) is a Canadian singer-songwriter and musician best known as the frontman of rock band Red Rider and for his work as a solo singer-songwriter. Cochrane has won eight Juno Awards. He is a member of the Canadian Music Hall of Fame, an officer of the Order of Canada, and has an honorary doctorate from Brandon University. In September 2009, he was inducted onto Canada's Walk of Fame.

Canadian Songwriters Hall of Fame
The Canadian Songwriters Hall of Fame (Panthéon des Auteurs et Compositeurs canadiens) is a Canadian non-profit organization, founded in 1998 by Frank Davies, that inducts Canadians into their Hall of Fame within three different categories: songwriters, songs, and those others who have made a significant contribution with respect to music.
Elmar Salulaht
Elmar Salulaht (until 1937 Elmar Soop; 17 April 1910 Tartu – 7 October 1974 Tartu, Estonian SSR, Soviet Union) was an Estonian actor and opera singer (bass).

From 1923 to 1936 he worked as a metalworker. He studied singing with Georg Stahlberg. From 1936 to 1939 he was a singer and actor at the Vanemuine theatre in Tartu and from 1939 to 1940 at the Narva Theatre. From 1942 to 1943 he was an actor at the Estonian Theatre and from 1943 to 1974, he returned to the at the Vanemuine.

Besides stage roles he also appeared as an actor on films: he played the lead role the feature film Põrgupõhja uus Vanapagan (1964). Salulaht is buried in Rahumäe cemetery.

Rahumäe Cemetery
Rahumäe Cemetery (Estonian: Rahumäe kalmistu) is a cemetery located at Rahumäe in Nõmme District, Tallinn, Estonia. This municipal cemetery was established in 1903 on 29 hectares of land to meet the needs of the growing population of Tallinn. A number of congregations are present including a Jewish section established in 1911. This forested cemetery is notable for its many works by famous sculptures and chapels present within its grounds.
Michaels
Michaels Stores, Inc., doing business as Michaels, is an American privately held arts and crafts retail chain. It is North America's largest provider of arts, crafts, framing, floral and wall décor, and merchandise for makers and do-it-yourself home decorators. The company is a subsidiary of  the Michaels Companies, which was founded in 2014 and headquartered in Irving, Texas. In addition to Michaels stores, the Michaels Companies operates Aaron Brothers Custom Framing store-within-a-store, and Artistree, a manufacturer of custom and specialty framing merchandise. As of January 2021, there were 1,252 Michaels stores in 49 out of 50 states in the U.S., and Canada, with approximately $5.362 billion in sales for fiscal 2020.

Irving, Texas
Irving is a city in Dallas County, Texas, United States. It is part of the Mid-Cities region of the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex and is an inner city suburb of Dallas.  The city had a population of 256,684 according to the 2020 United States census, making it the twelfth-most populous city in Texas, and the 90th most populous in the U.S. Irving includes the Las Colinas mixed-use master-planned community and part of the Dallas Fort Worth International Airport.
Pascal's theorem
In projective geometry, Pascal's theorem (also known as the hexagrammum mysticum theorem, Latin for mystical hexagram) states that if six arbitrary points are chosen on a conic (which may be an ellipse, parabola or hyperbola in an appropriate affine plane) and joined by line segments in any order to form a hexagon, then the three pairs of opposite sides of the hexagon (extended if necessary) meet at three points which lie on a straight line, called the Pascal line of the hexagon. It is named after Blaise Pascal.

The theorem is also valid in the Euclidean plane, but the statement needs to be adjusted to deal with the special cases when opposite sides are parallel.

This theorem is a generalization of Pappus's (hexagon) theorem, which is the special case of a degenerate conic of two lines with three points on each line.

Extended side
In plane geometry, an extended side or sideline of a polygon is the line that contains one side of the polygon. The extension of a finite side (a line segment) into an infinite line arises in various contexts.
Mai Šein
Mai Šein (born 10 May 1946 in Räägi, Saaremaa) is an Estonian architect.

Mai Šein studied in the National Art Institute of the Estonian SSR (today's Estonian Academy of Arts) in the department of architecture. She graduated from the institute in 1970.

From 1970 to 1990, Mai Šein worked in the Tallinn office of the soviet design bureau Tsentrosojuz Projekt. Currently Mai Šein works in the architectural bureau Mai Šein OÜ.

Notable works by Mai Šein are the Golf Club of Tallinn in Niitvälja, the building of the Energetics department of the Tallinn Technical University, apartment building on Koidula Street and the terrace housing on the Sõpruse road. Mai Šein is a member of the Union of Estonian Architects.

Räägi
Räägi is a village in Saaremaa Parish, Saare County in western Estonia.

Before the administrative reform in 2017, the village was in Leisi Parish.

Architect Mai Šein (born 1946) was born in Räägi village.
Fannin County, Texas
Fannin County is a county in the U.S. state of Texas, on the border with Oklahoma. Fannin is located at the western edge of Northeast Texas.

As of the 2020 census, its population was 35,662, making it the 87th-most populous county in Texas. The entirety of Fannin County is a part of the Bonham micropolitan statistical area and the Dallas-Fort Worth combined statistical area. The county seat is Bonham.

Grayson County, Texas
Grayson County is a county in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2020 census, its population was 135,543. The county seat is Sherman. The county was founded in 1846 and is named after Peter Wagener Grayson, an attorney general of the Republic of Texas. Grayson County is included in the Sherman-Denison metropolitan statistical area, which is also included in the Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, combined statistical area. Located on the state's border with Oklahoma, it is part of the Texoma region, with proximity to Lake Texoma and the Red River.
Pippa Norris
Pippa Norris (born 10 July 1953) is a British American political scientist specializing in comparative politics. She is the McGuire Lecturer in Comparative Politics at the Harvard Kennedy School at Harvard University, and she has served as the Australian Laureate Fellow and Professor of Government and International Relations at the University of Sydney, and Director of the Electoral Integrity Project.

Electoral Integrity Project
The Electoral Integrity Project is a project based at Royal Military College of Canada and the University of East Anglia, England, which publishes rankings by country according to the project's view of its electoral integrity. It also organises international conferences and workshops. The 2021 Electoral Integrity Global Report, covered 480 elections in 169 countries from mid 2012 to the end of 2021. It was directed by Holly Ann Garnett and Toby S. James. It was founded in 2012 by Pippa Norris and initially housed at Harvard University and the University of Sydney.
Brooklyn, Connecticut
Brooklyn is a town in Windham County, Connecticut, United States. The town is part of the Northeastern Connecticut Planning Region. The population was 8,450 at the 2020 census. The town center village is listed by the U.S. Census Bureau as a census-designated place. The district of East Brooklyn is listed as a separate census-designated place.

Northeastern Connecticut Planning Region, Connecticut
The Northeastern Connecticut Planning Region is a planning region and county-equivalent in the U.S. state of Connecticut. It is served by the coterminous Northeastern Connecticut Council of Governments (NECCOG). In 2022, planning regions were approved to replace Connecticut's counties as county-equivalents for statistical purposes, with full implementation occurring by 2024.
Sloan–Hendrix School District
Sloan Hendrix School District is a public school district based in Imboden, Arkansas. The district serves more than 700 students in prekindergarten through grade 12 while employing more than 110 educators and staff at its three schools and district offices.

The school district encompasses 103.54 square miles (268.2 km2) of land, in Lawrence County and Randolph County serving all or portions of Imboden, Ravenden, Black Rock, and Ravenden Springs.

Lawrence County, Arkansas
Lawrence County is a county located in the U.S. state of Arkansas. As of the 2020 census, the population was 16,216. The county seat is Walnut Ridge. Lawrence County is Arkansas's second county, formed on January 15, 1815, and named for Captain James Lawrence who fought in the War of 1812. It is an alcohol prohibition or dry county.
Empressite
Empressite or tellursilberblende is a mineral form of silver telluride, AgTe.
It is a rare, grey, orthorhombic mineral with which can form compact masses, rarely as bipyramidal crystals.

Recent crystallographic analysis has confirmed that empressite is a distinct mineral with orthorhombic crystal structure, different from the hexagonal Ag5−xTe3 with which empressite has been commonly confused in mineralogy literature. 
At the same time, empressite does not appear on the equilibrium Ag-Te phase diagram, and therefore it is only metastable at ambient conditions. Given infinite time, it would phase separate into pure Ag5Te3 and pure Te.

The name empressite comes from the location of its discovery – the Empress Josephine mine, Saguache County, Colorado, US. It was first described in 1914.

Silver telluride
Silver telluride (Ag2Te) is a chemical compound, a telluride of silver, also known as disilver telluride or silver(I) telluride. It forms a monoclinic crystal. In a wider sense, silver telluride can be used to denote AgTe (silver(II) telluride, a metastable compound) or Ag5Te3.
Shimokita (train)
The Shimokita (しもきた) is a "Rapid" limited-stop train service in Japan operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East) and Aoimori Railway Company, which runs from Hachinohe to Ōminato via the Aoimori Railway Line and the Ōminato Line.

Ōminato Line
The Ōminato Line (大湊線, Ōminato-sen) is a railway line operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East). It connects Noheji Station and Ōminato Station on the Shimokita Peninsula in eastern Aomori Prefecture.
Tania Langlais
Tania Langlais (born 1979) is a Quebec poet and educator.

She was born in Montreal and was educated at the Université du Québec à Montréal. Langlais teaches French at the college level.

Her work has appeared in a number of anthologies. Langlais received the Prix Émile-Nelligan in 2000 for her collection of poetry Douze bêtes aux chemises de l'homme, the youngest to receive this award. She has also received the Prix Jacqueline-Déry-Mochon in 2001, the first prize for poetry from Radio-Canada in 2002 and the Prix Joseph-S. Stauffer in 2005.

She won the Governor General's Award for French-language poetry at the 2021 Governor General's Awards for her collection Pendant que Perceval tombait. She was previously nominated in the same category in 2001 for Douze bêtes aux chemises de l'homme.

Prix Émile-Nelligan
The Prix Émile-Nelligan is a literary award given annually by the Fondation Émile-Nelligan to a North American French language poet under the age of 35. It was named in honour of the Quebec poet Émile Nelligan and was first awarded in 1979, the 100th anniversary of his birth.
Julius Akosah
Julius Pongla Akosah (Chinese: 亞古沙 Akosah, born (1982-10-16)16 October 1982 ) is a Cameroonian footballer who currently plays as an amateur for Hong Kong Second Division club Fu Moon. His position was striker. He was once called up by Cameroon in 2006. Hong Kong football fans commonly use Agumon as a nickname for him because of his transcriptional name.

Hong Kong national football team
The Hong Kong representation football team (Chinese: 香港足球代表隊; Cantonese Yale: Hēunggóng jūkkàuh doihbíu deuih; recognised as Hong Kong, China by FIFA) represents Hong Kong in international football and is controlled by the Football Association of Hong Kong, China, the governing body for football in Hong Kong.

Hong Kong hosted the first AFC Asian Cup in 1956 and won third place, also reaching the semifinals in 1964. Hong Kong did not qualify for another AFC tournament until 2023. They had never qualified for the FIFA World Cup but have qualified for the EAFF E-1 Football Championship five times, in 2003, 2010, 2019, 2022 and 2025.
AMD 700 chipset series
The AMD 700 chipset series (also called as AMD 7-Series Chipsets) is a set of chipsets designed by ATI for AMD Phenom processors to be sold under the AMD brand. Several members were launched in the end of 2007 and the first half of 2008, others launched throughout the rest of 2008.

AMD 10h
The AMD Family 10h, or K10, is a microprocessor microarchitecture by AMD based on the K8 microarchitecture. The first third-generation Opteron products for servers were launched on September 10, 2007, with the Phenom processors for desktops following and launching on November 11, 2007, as the immediate successors to the K8 series of processors (Athlon 64, Opteron, 64-bit Sempron).
Project Country
Project Country (Spanish: Proyecto País) was a political party in Peru. 
At the 2001 Peruvian general election, the party won 1.6% of the popular vote and no seats in the Congress of the Republic. Its presidential candidate at the elections of the same day, Marco Antonio Arrunátegui Cevallos, won 0.7% of the vote.

At the legislative elections held on  9 April 2006, the party won less than 1% of the popular vote and no seats in Congress. That year was the last in which it partook in any elections, its license having been cancelled by 2007.

2001 Peruvian general election
Early general elections were held in Peru on 8 April 2001, with a second round of the presidential election on 3 June. The elections were held after President Alberto Fujimori claimed asylum in Japan during a trip to Asia and resigned his position.

The presidential elections were won by Alejandro Toledo of Possible Peru, who had been defeated by Fujimori in the 2000 general election, while his party emerged as the largest faction in the Congress.
Battle Riot III
Battle Riot III was a professional wrestling event produced by Major League Wrestling (MLW) that took place on July 10, 2021, at the 2300 Arena in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was MLW's first event since its hiatus due to the COVID-19 pandemic to feature live ticketed fans, the last being the MLW vs AAA Super Series in 2020. It was the third event under the Battle Riot chronology.

The event featured matches that would be taped for future MLW programming; the main card aired as a television special on July 24, 2021, on beIN Sports USA and MLW's YouTube channel. The undercard would air as part of the mini-series, MLW Fusion: Alpha, which premiered on September 22, 2021, on YouTube.

MLW Fusion
MLW Fusion is an American professional wrestling streaming television program produced by Major League Wrestling (MLW) that premiered on April 20, 2018. Originally airing on beIN Sports USA, Fusion moved to MLW's YouTube channel in 2020; with beIN Sports now airing replays on Saturdays. From November 10, 2022, to February 2, 2023, the series would stream on Pro Wrestling TV.

A thirteen-part mini-series, titled MLW Fusion: Alpha (stylized as MLW Fusion: ALPHA), aired from September 22 to December 16, 2021. A second mini-series, MLW Azteca, aired from Thursday January 6 to February 3, 2022.
Eve Titus
Eve Titus (July 16, 1922 – February 4, 2002) was an American children's writer. She is particularly known for her books featuring the anthropomorphic mice characters Anatole, a heroic and resourceful French mouse, and Basil of Baker Street, a Victorian era mouse private detective who emulates Sherlock Holmes. Anatole later became the subject of a Canadian-produced animated television series entitled Anatole, while Basil was adapted into the 1986 Disney animated feature film The Great Mouse Detective.

Titus was a member of Mystery Writers of America and The Baker Street Irregulars.

Anatole (mouse)
Anatole is the title character in a series of children's picture books written by Eve Titus and illustrated by Paul Galdone. "Anatole" is also the name of the series. The ten books were originally published from 1956 to 1979.  Two books in the series, Anatole in 1957, and Anatole and the Cat in 1958, were named Caldecott Honor books.
Ilkhanid architecture
Ilkhanid architecture was a period in Iranian and Islamic architecture corresponding with the Mongol-ruled Ilkhanate in and around the region of Iran. Architecture in this region and period continued earlier Iranian Islamic features but brought advancements in the design of domed structures and in the production of glazed tile decoration. These developments set the stage for later periods, including Timurid architecture.

Timurid architecture
Timurid architecture was an important stage in the architectural history of Iran and Central Asia during the late 14th and 15th centuries. The Timurid Empire (1370–1507), founded by Timur (d. 1405) and conquering most of this region, oversaw a cultural renaissance. In architecture, the Timurid dynasty patronized the construction of palaces, mausoleums, and religious monuments across the region. Their architecture is distinguished by its grand scale, luxurious decoration in tilework, and sophisticated geometric vaulting. This architectural style, along with other aspects of Timurid art, spread across the empire and subsequently influenced the architecture of other empires from the Middle East to the Indian subcontinent.
West Chatham Bungalow Historic District
The West Chatham Bungalow Historic District is a residential historic district in the Chatham neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois. The district includes 283 Chicago bungalows built between 1913 and 1930 along with a smaller number of other residential buildings. As Chicago grew in the early 20th century and homeownership became more accessible, the bungalow arose as a popular and affordable house design, and tens of thousands of them were built in the city. Chatham, an outlying neighborhood on the city's South Side, benefited from this housing boom, as its transit connections made the area an attractive choice for new housing. The West Chatham bungalows are all brick and feature similar designs, giving the neighborhood a uniform appearance; however, decorative features such as patterned brickwork provide diversity among the homes.

The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 19, 2010.

Chatham, Chicago
Chatham is one of the 77 community areas of Chicago in Illinois, United States. It is located on the city's South Side.

The community area includes the neighborhoods of Chatham-Avalon, Chatham Club, Chesterfield, East Chatham, West Chatham and the northern portion of West Chesterfield. Its residents are predominantly African American, and it is home to former Senator Roland Burris. Housing many city employees and other officials, Chatham has been a central area for Chicago's middle-class African Americans since the late 1950s.
Saka no Ue no Kumo
Saka no Ue no Kumo (坂の上の雲), or "Clouds Above the Hill" is a Japanese historical novel by Shiba Ryōtarō originally published serially from 1968 to 1972 in eight volumes.  A three-year NHK television special drama series based on the novel and also entitled Saka no Ue no Kumo was shown in thirteen episodes from 2009 to 2011.

The novel is set in the Meiji period and focuses on three characters from the city of Matsuyama: Akiyama Yoshifuru, his brother Akiyama Saneyuki, and their friend, Masaoka Tsunenori, better known as Masaoka Shiki.  The novel follows their lives from childhood through the First Sino-Japanese War, culminating in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–05.

The city of Matsuyama has a Saka no Ue no Kumo Museum dedicated to the novel and associated TV series.

Akiyama Saneyuki
Akiyama Saneyuki (秋山 真之; April 12, 1868 – February 4, 1918) was a Japanese navy officer in the Imperial Japanese Navy during the Meiji era. He was a planner of Battle of Tsushima in the Russo-Japanese War. General Akiyama Yoshifuru was his elder brother and politician Hisako Ōishi was his granddaughter.
The Polk County Democrat
The Polk County Democrat was a newspaper published in Bartow, Florida, Polk County, Florida. It was a semi-weekly paper which began publication in 1931 and is the only newspaper published within Bartow. The paper endorsed the U.S. Senate campaign of Katherine Harris, a graduate of Bartow High School. The Democrat was run by members of the Frisbie family for many years. It was owned by Sun Coast Media Group. Louise Kelley Frisbie was a columnist at the paper.

Polk County, Florida
Polk County (/poʊk/) is located in the central portion of the U.S. state of Florida. The county population was 725,046 in the 2020 census, and was estimated to be 818,330 in July 2023. Its county seat is Bartow, and its largest city is Lakeland. Polk County comprises the Lakeland–Winter Haven metropolitan statistical area (MSA). This MSA is the 77th-most populous one and the 89th-most populous primary statistical area of the United States as of July 1, 2012.

The center of Florida's population is located in Polk County, near the city of Lake Wales. Polk County is home to one public university, one state college, and four private universities.