hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Achmatowicz reaction
The Achmatowicz reaction, also known as the Achmatowicz rearrangement, is an organic synthesis in which a furan is converted to a dihydropyran. In the original publication by the Polish chemist Osman Achmatowicz Jr. (b. 20 December 1931 in Vilnius) in 1971  furfuryl alcohol is reacted with bromine in methanol to  2,5-dimethoxy-2,5-dihydrofuran which rearranges to the dihydropyran with dilute sulfuric acid. Additional reaction steps, alcohol protection with methyl orthoformate and boron trifluoride) and then ketone reduction with sodium borohydride produce an intermediate from which many monosaccharides can be synthesised.

The Achmatowicz protocol has been used in total synthesis, including those of desoxoprosophylline, pyrenophorin  Recently it has been used in diversity oriented synthesis

and in enantiomeric scaffolding.

Furan
Furan is a heterocyclic organic compound, consisting of a five-membered aromatic ring with four carbon atoms and one oxygen atom.  Chemical compounds containing such rings are also referred to as furans.

Furan is a colorless, flammable, highly volatile liquid with a boiling point close to room temperature. It is soluble in common organic solvents, including alcohol, ether, and acetone, and is slightly soluble in water.  Its odor is strong and chloroform-like.  It is toxic and may be carcinogenic in humans. Furan is used as a starting point for other speciality chemicals.
Tai Po District Council
The Tai Po District Council (Chinese: 大埔區議會; noted as TP) is the district council for the Tai Po District in Hong Kong. It is one of 18 such councils. The Tai Po District Council currently consists of 22 members, of which the district is divided into two constituencies, electing a total of 4 members, 8 district committee members, 8 appointed members, and 2 ex officio members who are the Tai Po and Sai Kung North rural committee chairmen. The latest election was held on 10 December 2023.

Sai Kung North
Sai Kung North refers collectively to the areas on the southern side of Tolo Harbour and the northernmost part of the Sai Kung Peninsula. Part of this broad area is served by Sai Sha Road, a motorway between Sai Kung and Ma On Shan.
Airaneechya Deva Tula
"Airaneechya Deva Tula" ( Marathi: ऐरणीच्या देवा तुला) is a 1965 Indian Marathi-language song by Lata Mangeshkar for the soundtrack album of Sadhi Mansa. Lyrics was penned by Jagdish Khebudkar. It became an enduring classic among Marathi audiences and received numerous awards.

Mangeshkar was awarded by the Best Female Playback Singer by the Maharashtra State Government for the song.

Sadhi Mansa
Sadhi Mansa (transl. Common People) is a Marathi black-and-white film released on 15 December 1965. The film is written, directed and produced by Bhalji Pendharkar. The film has many popular songs sung by Lata Mangeshkar.

The film won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Marathi at the 13th National Film Awards ceremony held in 1966. The core plot of the movie went on to be used in the 1973 Kannada movie Doorada Betta.
Josef Altin
Josef Altin (born as Yusuf Altın; 12 February 1983) is a British television and film actor who had the role of Pypar in the HBO fantasy TV series Game of Thrones. Other notable performances is his role as Ekrem in Eastern Promises and his roles in The Bill, Peep Show, and Casualty. He starred in D.C. Moore's hit play The Empire at the Royal Court Theatre in London. Altin also played the role of Darren in Him & Her, a BBC TV series.

The Empire (play)
The Empire is a 2010 play by British playwright DC Moore set during the War in Afghanistan. It was first staged at the Royal Court Theatre in London directed by Mike Bradwell. The production was critically acclaimed. It won the 2010 TMA Award for best touring production and was nominated for a 2010 Laurence Olivier Award for Outstanding Achievement in an Affiliate Theatre.
Doubleday Field
Doubleday Field is a baseball stadium in Cooperstown, New York named for Abner Doubleday and located two village blocks from the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum.

The grounds have been used for baseball since 1920, on what was Elihu Phinney's farm. A wooden grandstand was built in 1924, later replaced by a steel and concrete grandstand built in 1939 by the Works Project Administration. Subsequent expansion has increased seating capacity to 9,791 spectators.

Abner Doubleday
Abner Doubleday (June 26, 1819 – January 26, 1893) was a career United States Army officer and Union major general in the American Civil War. He fired the first shot in defense of Fort Sumter, the opening battle of the war, and had a pivotal role in the early fighting at the Battle of Gettysburg. Gettysburg was his finest hour, but his relief by Maj. Gen. George G. Meade caused lasting enmity between the two men. In San Francisco, after the war, he obtained a patent on the cable car railway that still runs there. In his final years in New Jersey, he was a prominent member and later president of the Theosophical Society.

Although he never made such a claim, Doubleday was declared to have invented the game of baseball in 1908, fifteen years after his death, by the Mills Commission. This claim has been thoroughly debunked by baseball historians.
Heuristic (computer science)
In mathematical optimization and computer science, heuristic (from Greek εὑρίσκω eurísko "I find, discover") is a technique designed for problem solving more quickly when classic methods are too slow for finding an exact or approximate solution, or when classic methods fail to find any exact solution in a search space.  This is achieved by trading optimality, completeness, accuracy, or precision for speed.  In a way, it can be considered a shortcut.

A heuristic function, also simply called a heuristic, is a function that ranks alternatives in search algorithms at each branching step based on available information to decide which branch to follow. For example, it may approximate the exact solution.

Mathematical optimization
Mathematical optimization (alternatively spelled optimisation) or mathematical programming is the selection of a best element, with regard to some criteria, from some set of available alternatives. It is generally divided into two subfields: discrete optimization and continuous optimization. Optimization problems arise in all quantitative disciplines from computer science and engineering to operations research and economics, and the development of solution methods has been of interest in mathematics for centuries.

In the more general approach, an optimization problem consists of maximizing or minimizing a real function by systematically choosing input values from within an allowed set and computing the value of the function. The generalization of optimization theory and techniques to other formulations constitutes a large area of applied mathematics.
Karl Linderfelt
Karl E. Linderfelt (November 7, 1876 – June 3, 1957) was a soldier, mine worker, soldier of fortune, and officer in the Colorado National Guard. He was reported to have been responsible for an attack upon, and the ultimate death of, strike leader Louis Tikas during the Ludlow Massacre.  He was the son of librarian Klas August Linderfelt.

Most of what is known from Linderfelt's life is from a congressional testimony after the events at Ludlow.

Klas August Linderfelt
Klas August Linderfelt (1847 – March 18, 1900) was an American librarian.  A native of Sweden, he emigrated to Milwaukee, Wisconsin and became a teacher and a librarian.  As the first librarian of the Milwaukee Public Library, he became a significant figure in the city and in the library profession, becoming the seventh President of the American Library Association.  He left both the city and the profession permanently following his arrest for embezzlement.
Elias III of Jerusalem
Elias III was the Patriarch of Jerusalem from about 879 to 907.

According to the annals of Eutychius of Alexandria, he was a descendant of the family of Mansur ibn Sarjun, the grandfather of John of Damascus.

There is evidence that he sent a circular letter to European rulers asking for financial help in restoring the churches in his diocese. One of them was received by the Carolingian Emperor Charles the Fat in 881, and another was probably sent to king Alfred the Great. According to Asser, Elias corresponded with Alfred and sent him gifts, and a medical text in Old English contains information about remedies for Alfred's ailments sent to him by Elias.

According to Eutychius, he was appointed in the tenth regnal year of the Abbasid caliph al-Mu'tamid (r. 870–892), and remained in office until his death, a period of 22 years.

Mansur ibn Sarjun
Mansur ibn Sarjun was a Byzantine fiscal official or governor of Damascus of local Syrian Arab origin under emperors Maurice (r. 582–602) and Heraclius (r. 610–641), as well as during the Persian occupation of Damascus in 614–628. He surrendered the city to the besieging Arab Muslims in 635, having first secured the safe conduct of the local inhabitants. For his role in the surrender, he was maligned in Christian circles. Mansur's family remained prominent under Muslim rule, with his son Sarjun serving as a high-ranking official in Syria under the early Umayyad caliphs and his grandson John of Damascus attaining prominence as one of the major Christian thinkers of his time.
2024 Croatian parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Croatia on 17 April 2024 to elect the members of the 11th Sabor. Prior to the elections, the government consisted of a coalition of the Croatian Democratic Union and Independent Democratic Serb Party, with parliamentary support of five national minority MPs, two MPs from the Croatian Social Liberal Party and Croatian Demochristian Party, and one independent MP, Silvano Hrelja.

The ruling centre-right HDZ won the most seats for the fourth straight election, defeating the centre-left Rivers of Justice alliance. The right-wing populist Homeland Movement finished third, with the left-wing and green We Can! in fourth place. The HDZ subsequently formed a right-wing coalition with the Homeland Movement and returned HDZ leader Andrej Plenković as Prime Minister for a third term.

Sandra Benčić
Sandra Benčić (born 28 January 1978) is a Croatian politician and civil rights and gender equality activist who is serving as a Member of Parliament since 2020. She is a member of the green-left political platform We Can! since its foundation and has been serving as one of its two coordinators since 2023, together with Tomislav Tomašević.
Yesil Petropavl
Yesil Petropavl was an ice hockey team in Petropavl, Kazakhstan. They founded in 2000 and participated in the Kazakhstan Hockey Championship, the top level of ice hockey in Kazakhstan. After three seasons of play, they were operated in 2003.

Pro Hokei Ligasy
The Pro Hokei Ligasy, commonly referred to as Kazakhstan Hockey Championship, is  the highest level of ice hockey in Kazakhstan. Founded in 1992, eleven teams from Kazakhstan compete to win the Kazakhstan Hockey Cup.
Karmaphal Daata Shani
Karmaphal Daata Shani (transl. Shani, the divine judge of deeds) is an Indian dharmic devotional television series, which aired from 7 November 2016 to 9 March 2018 on Colors TV. The series was produced by Swastik Productions of Siddharth Kumar Tewary.

Siddharth Kumar Tewary
Siddharth Kumar Tewary (born 23 January 1978) is an Indian television producer and director. He is the founder of Swastik Productions, one of India's largest production house. Currently, he serves as the company's chief Creative Director. Tewary has been the creator and director of various shows like Mahabharat, Shiv Shakti - Tap Tyaag Tandav, Suryaputra Karn, Karmaphal Daata Shani (Colors TV), Porus (SET India), Ram Siya Ke Luv Kush and most recently RadhaKrishn (Star Bharat). He made his first OTT debut with Escaype Live starring Siddharth for Disney+ Hotstar in 2022.
Preclassic period in Belize
The Preclassic or Formative period of Belizean, Maya, and Mesoamerican history began with the Maya development of ceramics during 2000 BC – 900 BC, and ended with the advent of Mayan monumental inscriptions in AD 250.

History of Belize
The history of Belize dates back thousands of years. The Maya civilization spread into the area of Belize between 1500 BC to 1200 BC and flourished until about 1000 AD. Several Maya ruin sites, including Cahal Pech, Caracol, Lamanai, Lubaantun, Altun Ha, and Xunantunich reflect the advanced civilization and much denser population of that period. The first recorded European incursions in the region were made by Spanish conquistadors and missionaries in the 16th century. One attraction of the area was the availability of logwood, which also brought British settlers.

Belize was not formally termed the "Colony of British Honduras" until 1862. It became a crown colony in 1871. Subsequently, several constitutional changes were enacted to expand representative government. Internal Self-Government was granted in January 1964. The official name of the territory was changed from British Honduras to Belize in June 1973, and full independence was granted on 21 September 1981.
Gran Madre di Dio, Turin
Gran Madre di Dio (Great Mother of God) is a Neoclassic-style church in Turin, Italy, dedicated to Mary, Mother of God. It is located on the western bank of the Po River, facing the Ponte Vittorio Emanuele I leading into Piazza Vittorio Veneto.

Piazza Vittorio Veneto
Piazza Vittorio Veneto, also known as Piazza Vittorio, is a city square in Turin, Italy, which takes its name from the Battle of Vittorio Veneto in 1918. It was formerly known as Piazza Vittorio Emanuele I, after the Savoyard king Victor Emmanuel I.

During the construction of an underground carpark in 2004, workers uncovered 22 skeletons dating from the early 18th century; a study published in 2019 indicates these are almost certainly casualties from the 1706 Siege of Turin.
Satyen Kappu
Satyendra Kappu (born Satyendra Sharma; also credited as Satyen Kappu; 7 February 1931 – 27 October 2007), was an Indian character actor in Bollywood films. He has acted in 390 films. His most remembered role is Ramlal in the movie Sholay (1975) and as Amitabh Bachchan's father in Yash Chopra's Deewaar. His other notable films are Kati Patang, Anuraag, Amar Prem, Yaadon Ki Baraat, Khote Sikkay, Don, Chhoti Bahu, Benaam, Zanjeer, Avishkaar,  Majboor, Namak Halaal, Kaala Patthar, Angaaray, Mr. Natwarlal, Red Rose, Naya Kadam and Aaj Ka M.L.A. Ram Avtar.

Aaj Ka M.L.A. Ram Avtar
Aaj Kaa M.L.A Ram Avtar (transl. Today's MLA Ram Avtar) is a 1984 political satire film starring Rajesh Khanna. It was a remake of 1983 Telugu language film MLA Yedukondalu. The film was appreciated by critics, especially Khanna's performance, but failed to impress the box-office.
Watermouth
Watermouth is a sheltered bay and hamlet between Hele Bay and Combe Martin on the North Devon coast of England. The settlement's castle, named as Watermouth Castle, is currently used being as a theme park.  Watermouth harbour is shielded by the natural breakwater of Sexton's Burrows. Watermouth Valley Camping Park can be found in Watermouth.

North Devon
North Devon is a local government district in Devon, England. Its council is based just outside Barnstaple, the district's largest town. The district also includes the towns of Ilfracombe, Lynton and Lynmouth and South Molton along with numerous villages, seaside resorts and surrounding rural areas.

The east of the district includes part of the Exmoor National Park, and the district's coast is also recognised for its natural beauty, forming part of the North Devon Coast, an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.

The district borders Torridge to the south-west, Mid Devon to the south-east, and the neighbouring county of Somerset to the east.

The term "North Devon" can also be used to describe a wider geographic area than the local government district, often including neighbouring Torridge District, based in Bideford.
ACD Castel di Sangro Cep 1953
Castel di Sangro Cep is an Italian association football club from Castel di Sangro in the Province of L'Aquila, Abruzzo. They currently play in Eccellenza Molise.

Their moment of greatness came in 1996, when they were promoted to Serie B, a noteworthy accomplishment for a team coming from a town of only 5,500 residents. Even greater, they were able to survive in that league another year. The story of their first season in Serie B is chronicled in the book The Miracle of Castel di Sangro by Joe McGinniss. The team played at the 7,220 seat Stadio Teofilo Patini in Castel di Sangro. The team's colours are red and yellow.

Joe McGinniss
Joseph Ralph McGinniss Sr. (December 9, 1942 – March 10, 2014) was an American non-fiction writer and novelist. He was the author of twelve books.

McGinniss first came to prominence with the best-selling The Selling of the President 1968 which described the marketing of then-presidential candidate Richard Nixon. He is popularly known for his trilogy of bestselling true crime books—Fatal Vision, Blind Faith and Cruel Doubt—which were adapted into TV miniseries in the 1980s and 90s. His last book was The Rogue: Searching for the Real Sarah Palin, an account of Sarah Palin, the former governor of Alaska who was the 2008 Republican vice-presidential nominee.
I Do (Wanna Get Close to You)
"I Do (Wanna Get Close to You)" is the first single from 3LW's second album A Girl Can Mack and featured P. Diddy and Loon. The single peaked at number 58 on the Billboard Hot 100 during 2002. It achieved greater success in New Zealand, where it peaked at number 13 on the New Zealand Top 40. It is the last single to feature Naturi Naughton.

Naturi Naughton
Naturi Cora Maria Naughton-Lewis (born May 20, 1984) is an American singer, songwriter, and actress. Naughton is best known as one-third of the R&B group 3LW and for her acting roles in the films Fame and Notorious, playing rapper Lil' Kim in the latter film. Naughton was a series regular on the NBC series The Playboy Club as Bunny Brenda, starred in the first season of the Lifetime drama series The Client List as Kendra and starred in the Starz drama Power as Tasha St. Patrick, a role she reprised in the spin-off series Power Book II: Ghost. In 2022, she starred as Jill “Da Thrill” in the ABC series Queens.
Loyal Garner
Loyal Garner (September 28, 1946 – November 15, 2001) was a Hawaiian musician and de facto leader of the Hawaiian singing group Local Divas. Her hits included "Shave Ice" from the 1982 album Island Feelings and "Blind Man in the Bleachers" from her 1981 album  Loyal.

Music of Hawaii
The music of Hawaii includes an array of traditional and popular styles, ranging from native Hawaiian folk music to modern rock and hip hop. Styles like slack-key guitar are well known worldwide, while Hawaiian-tinged music is a frequent part of Hollywood soundtracks. Hawaii also made a contribution to country music with the introduction of the steel guitar. In addition, the music which began to be played by Puerto Ricans in Hawaii in the early 1900s is called cachi cachi music, on the islands of Hawaii.

The traditional music of Hawaii's Native Hawaiian community is largely religious in nature, and includes chanting and dance music. Hawaiian music has had a notable impact on the music of other Polynesian islands; Peter Manuel called the influence of Hawaiian music a "unifying factor in the development of modern Pacific musics".
Margaret Alva
Margaret Nazareth Alva (born 14 April 1942) is an Indian lawyer and politician who served as the 17th Governor of Goa, 23rd Governor of Gujarat, 19th Governor of Rajasthan and 4th Governor of Uttarakhand at various times between 2009 and 2014. She has formerly served as the Cabinet Minister. She took over in Rajasthan from the Punjab governor, Shivraj Patil, who had been holding an additional charge of that state. Before being appointed governor, she was a senior figure in the Indian National Congress and was Joint Secretary of the All India Congress Committee. Her mother-in-law, Violet Alva, was Second Deputy Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha in 1960s.

On 17 July 2022, the United Progressive Alliance along with some other non-UPA opposition parties nominated her for the post of Vice President of India in the 2022 election. But she was defeated by her opponent Jagdeep Dhankhar by a margin of 346 votes on 6 August 2022.

Jagdeep Dhankhar
Jagdeep Dhankhar (Hindi pronunciation: [d͡ʒəgˈd̪iːp d̪ʱən.kʰəɽ]; born 18 May 1951) is an Indian politician and lawyer who served as the  vice president of India from 2022 to 2025. He previously served as the  Governor of West Bengal from 2019 to 2022. He also served as a  Union Minister of State for Parliamentary Affairs in the Chandra Shekhar ministry from 1990 to 1991, and served as a member of Lok Sabha from 1989 to 1991. Between 1993 and 1998, he was a Member of Rajasthan's Legislative Assembly. He has been affiliated with Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP).
Scholae Palatinae
The Scholae Palatinae (lit. 'Palatine Schools'; Greek: Σχολαί, romanized: Scholai) were an elite military imperial guard unit, usually ascribed to the Roman Emperor Constantine the Great as a replacement for the equites singulares Augusti, the cavalry arm of the Praetorian Guard. The Scholae survived in Roman and later Byzantine service until they disappeared from the historical record in the late 11th century, during the reign of Alexios I Komnenos.

Praetorian Guard
The Praetorian Guard (Latin: cohortes praetoriae) was the imperial guard of the Imperial Roman army that served various roles for the Roman emperor including being a bodyguard unit, counterintelligence, crowd control and gathering military intelligence.

During the Roman Republic, the Praetorian Guards were escorts for high-ranking political officials and were bodyguards for the senior officers of the Roman legions. In 27 BC, after Rome's transition from republic to empire, the first emperor of Rome, Augustus, designated the Praetorians as his personal security escort. For three centuries, the guards of the Roman emperor were also known for their palace intrigues, by whose influence upon imperial politics the Praetorians could overthrow an emperor and then proclaim his successor as the new caesar of Rome. In AD 312, Constantine the Great disbanded the cohortes praetoriae and destroyed their barracks at the Castra Praetoria.
Without Feathers
Without Feathers is a 1975 collection of humorous essays and two one-act plays, Death and God, by Woody Allen. It is one of Allen's best-known books, spending four months on the New York Times Best Seller List.

Death (play)
Death is a play by Woody Allen. It was first published in 1975, along with God, and other short stories in Woody Allen's book Without Feathers.  It is a comedic version of Eugène Ionesco's 1959 play The Killer.  His 1991 film Shadows and Fog was based on this play.
Boonie Bears: To the Rescue
Boonie Bears to the Rescue (Chinese: 熊出没之夺宝熊兵) is a 2014 Chinese animated adventure comedy film based on the animated television series Boonie Bears. It centers around Vick, Briar and Bramble's lives being intertwined with the fate of orphaned toddler Lola. A second film, Boonie Bears: Mystical Winter, was released one year later in 2015.

Boonie Bears
Boonie Bears (simplified Chinese: 熊出没; traditional Chinese: 熊出沒; pinyin: xióng chūmò, "Roaming Bears"; Bear Hunting) is a Chinese animated television series shown on multiple Chinese platforms and television stations, including Central China Television (CCTV) and Beijing Television Network (BTV). The series features two Asian black bears, Briar and Bramble, who try to stop Logger Vick from destroying their forest home. Some other minor characters, mainly animals, are also shown, such as an owl, a gopher and two monkeys.

The franchise is Fantawild Animation's tentpole and "has been the biggest animation brand in China for many years" according to Variety. As of 2024, the animation brand has developed more than 3,000 products, covering a wide range of categories like food, beverages, clothing, learning supplies and toys.