hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Vertical position
Vertical position or vertical location is a position along a vertical direction (the plumb line direction) above or below a given vertical datum (a reference level surface, such as mean sea level).
Vertical distance or vertical separation is the distance between two vertical positions.
Many vertical coordinates exist for expressing vertical position: depth, height, altitude, elevation, etc.
Points lying on an equigeopotential surface are said to be on the same vertical level, as in a water level.
A function with domain along the vertical line is called a vertical distribution or vertical profile.

Plumb bob
A plumb bob, plumb bob level, or plummet, is a weight, usually with a pointed tip on the bottom, suspended from a string and used as a vertical direction as a reference line, or plumb-line. It is a precursor to the spirit level and used to establish a vertical datum. It is typically made of stone, wood, or lead, but can also be made of other metals. If it is used for decoration, it may be made of bone or ivory.

The instrument has been used since at least the time of ancient Egypt to ensure that constructions are "plumb", or vertical. It is also used in surveying, to establish the nadir (opposite of zenith) with respect to gravity of a point in space. It is used with a variety of instruments (including levels, theodolites, and steel tapes) to set the instrument exactly over a fixed survey marker or to transcribe positions onto the ground for placing a marker.
Georges Roffavier
Georges Roffavier (17 September 1775, in Lyon – 12 March 1866, in Lyon) was a French botanist.

In 1806 he studied botany under Jean-Emmanuel Gilibert, later taking part in botanical excursions to Grand-Colombier (1817), Mont-Cenis (1826) and Chamonix (1830). In 1830 he was named interim manager of the botanical garden at Lyon.

With Nicolas Charles Seringe and others, he was a founding member of the Société linnéenne de Lyon, serving as its treasurer from 1822 to 1829. In 1864 he donated his collections, herbarium and library to Dr. Louis Lortet.

Plants with the specific epithet of roffavieri are named in his honor, an example being Rosa roffavieri.

Louis Charles Émile Lortet
Louis Charles Émile Lortet (22 August 1836 – 26 December 1909) was a French physician, botanist, zoologist and Egyptologist who was a native of Oullins.

He earned his medical doctorate in 1861, and his degree in natural sciences in 1867. He served as premier doyen at the Faculty of Medicine of Lyon from 1877 until 1906. Also, from 1868 to 1909, he was director of the natural history museum in Lyon.

Lortet is remembered for his scientific and zoological expeditions to the Middle East (Syria, Lebanon and Egypt). He performed studies of mummified animals from the New Kingdom of ancient Egypt, and in 1880 took part in an excavation of a Phoenician necropolis.

Lortet was a member of numerous scientific societies, such as the Société de géographie de Lyon, being a founding member in 1858. Species with the epithet of lorteti are named in his honor; an example being the pufferfish species Carinotetraodon lorteti.
The Window (1949 film)
The Window is a 1949 American black-and-white film noir, based on the short story "The Boy Cried Murder" (reprinted as "Fire Escape") by Cornell Woolrich, about a lying boy who witnesses a killing but is not believed. The film, a critical success that was shot on location in New York City, was produced by Frederic Ullman Jr. for $210,000 but earned much more, making it a box-office hit for RKO Pictures. The film was directed by Ted Tetzlaff, who worked as a cinematographer on over 100 films, including another successful suspense film, Alfred Hitchcock's Notorious (1946). For his performances in this film and in So Dear to My Heart, Bobby Driscoll was presented with a miniature Oscar statuette as the outstanding juvenile actor of 1949 at the 1950 Academy Awards ceremony.

Cornell Woolrich
Cornell George Hopley Woolrich (/ˈwʊlrɪtʃ/ WUUL-ritch; December 4, 1903 – September 25, 1968) was an American novelist and short story writer. He sometimes used the pseudonyms William Irish and George Hopley.

His biographer, Francis Nevins Jr., rated Woolrich the fourth best crime writer of his day, behind Dashiell Hammett, Erle Stanley Gardner and Raymond Chandler.
Mark Williamson (biologist)
Mark Herbert Williamson OBE is Professor Emeritus of Biology at the University of York, England. He is an expert on biological invasions.

Williamson attended Christ Church, Oxford where he gained a BA degree in 1950 and received a D.Phil. in 1958, having been a Departmental Demonstrator in the Department of Zoology, University of Oxford since 1952.

Between 1958 and 1962, Williamson was a Senior/Principal Scientific Officer (SSO/PSO) at the Oceanographic Laboratory of the Scottish Marine Biological Association. Between 1962 and 1965, he was a Lecturer at the Department of Zoology at Edinburgh University. In 1963, he was appointed Professor at the Department of Biology, University of York, on its founding. He was Head of Department in the Department of Biology at York from 1963 until 1984.

In 1993, Mark Williamson was appointed professor emeritus. In 1994, he received an OBE in the 1994 New Year Honours.

1994 New Year Honours
The New Year Honours 1994 were appointments by most of the sixteen Commonwealth realms of Queen Elizabeth II to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by citizens of those countries, and honorary ones to citizens of other countries. They were announced on 31 December 1993 to celebrate the year passed and mark the beginning of 1994 in the United Kingdom, New Zealand, the Bahamas, Grenada, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Antigua and Barbuda, and Saint Christopher and Nevis.

The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour, and arranged by honour, with classes (Knight, Knight Grand Cross, etc.) and then divisions (Military, Civil, etc.) as appropriate.
Hans von Bülow Medal
The Hans von Bülow Medal is awarded by the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra to outstanding musicians close to the orchestra. The medal is named after its first Chief Conductor, Hans von Bülow. The medal is awarded since the 1970s.

Mariss Jansons, conductor. 2003

Nikolaus Harnoncourt, conductor. 1999

Hans Werner Henze, composer. 1997

Claudio Abbado, conductor

Wolfgang Sawallisch, conductor. 2003

Georg Solti, conductor. 1993

Alfred Brendel, pianist. 1992

Yehudi Menuhin, violinist and conductor. 1979

Claudio Arrau, pianist. 1978

Eugen Jochum, conductor

Herbert von Karajan, conductor

Zubin Mehta, conductor

Daniel Barenboim, conductor and pianist

Seiji Ozawa, conductor

Bernard Haitink, conductor

Günter Wand, conductor

Lorin Maazel, conductor

Wolfgang Stresemann, intendant

Rudolf Serkin, pianist

Hans Heinz Stuckenschmidt, musicologist

Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, singer

and others.

Günter Wand
Günter Wand (7 January 1912, in Elberfeld, Germany – 14 February 2002, in Ulmiz near Bern, Switzerland) was a German orchestra conductor and composer. Wand studied in Wuppertal, Allenstein and Detmold. At the Cologne Conservatory, he was a composition student with Philipp Jarnach and a piano student with Paul Baumgartner.  He was a conducting pupil of Franz von Hoesslin in Munich, but was otherwise largely self-taught as a conductor. During his 65-year-long career as a conductor, he was particularly revered for his Schubert and Bruckner, and was honoured with many significant awards, including the German Record Award and the internationally important Diapason d'Or.
Ankaran
Ankaran (Slovene pronunciation: [aŋkaˈɾáːn]; Italian: Ancarano) is a town in the Municipality of Ankaran, located near the border with Italy, in the Littoral region of Slovenia. It is less than 5 km from the Italian town of Muggia near Trieste, about 2.5 km from the Italian-Slovenian border, 6.5 km from Koper, and 33 km from the nearest Croatian town, Buje. In the entire municipality both Slovenian and Italian are official languages.

Municipality of Ankaran
The Municipality of Ankaran (pronounced [aŋkaˈɾaːn]; Slovene: Občina Ankaran) is a municipality on the coast of the Adriatic Sea in southwestern Slovenia. Its seat and only settlement is Ankaran. It was formed in 2011, when it was split from the Municipality of Koper and is Slovenia's youngest municipality and with a population of just over 3,000, it is one of Slovenia's smallest municipalities. It borders Italy.
Viva la pappa col pomodoro
"Viva la pappa col pomodoro" ("Long Live Tomato Mush") is a 1964 song composed by Lina Wertmüller and Nino Rota, arranged by Luis Bacalov and performed by Rita Pavone. The song was part of the RAI television adaptation Il Giornalino di Gian Burrasca, in which Pavone performs the song as the titular character.

Rita Pavone
Rita Ori Filomena Merk-Pavone (née Pavone, Italian: [ˈriːta paˈvoːne]; born August 23, 1945) is an Italian-Swiss pop singer, actress and showgirl, who rose to prominence in the 1960s.

Known as "the Mosquito of Turin" (la Zanzara di Torino), she was also nicknamed "Carrot Hair" (Pel di carota) because of the red color of her hair. Selling more than 50 million records worldwide and recording in seven different languages, she is also one of eight Italian pop singers to have ever entered the UK charts.
Al Shaqab station
Al Shaqab station is a station on the Doha Metro's Green Line. Despite its name, the station is located on Huwar Street in Old Al Rayyan, but is near the border with Al Shaqab (also spelled "Al Shagub"). It serves the municipality of Al Rayyan, specifically Education City, Al Shaqab, Old Al Rayyan, Al Luqta and the suburb of Ain Al Rakheesa.

The station currently has no service from metrolink, which is the Doha Metro's free feeder bus network. Facilities on the premises include restrooms and a prayer room.

Al Rayyan (city)
Al-Rayyan (Arabic: الريان) is a large city in the similarly named municipality of Al Rayyan, in Qatar. The city and its suburbs comprise the largest population center in Qatar outside of Doha proper, which is immediately to the east of Al Rayyan. Consisting of all of the districts in the municipality's easternmost section, its western boundary is roughly where the Al Majd Highway runs through the municipality. The city is a part of the Doha Metropolitan Area. It was one of the venues for the 2022 FIFA World Cup.
Brenda Wong Aoki
Brenda Wong Aoki is an American playwright, actor and storyteller. She creates monodramas rooted in traditional storytelling, dance movement, and music. Aoki's work combines Eastern and Western narratives and theatrical traditions such as noh, kyogen, commedia dell'arte, modern dance, Japanese drumming, and American jazz. Most of her performances express themes of history, mixed race, home, gender, and mythology. Aoki is a founding faculty member of the Institute for Diversity in the Arts at Stanford University. Aoki and her husband Mark Izu, an Emmy-winning jazz music composer, are the founders of First Voice, a San Francisco-based nonprofit arts organization.

Mark Izu
Mark Izu (September 30, 1954 – January 12, 2025) was an American jazz double bass player and composer. He was of sansei (third-generation) Japanese ancestry and frequently combined jazz with Asian traditional musics (particularly the ancient Japanese court music known as gagaku) in his compositions. He performed with Anthony Brown and Jon Jang. Izu was a seminal leader in the Asian American jazz movement. His compositions include works for symphony orchestra, film, theater, dance, and jazz. The principal curator of the original Asian American Jazz Festival held at the Asian Art Museum in San Francisco’s Golden Gate Park for nearly two decades, he helped establish the genre. In addition to the double bass, he also played the Japanese shō and Chinese sheng (both free-reed mouth organs).
Italians in New Orleans
Italians have had a presence in the New Orleans area since the explorations of the Europeans. Many Sicilians immigrated to New Orleans in the 19th century, traveling on the Palermo-New Orleans route by ship. The number of Italians who immigrated in the late 19th century greatly exceeded those who had come before the American Civil War. Only New York City has a higher population of Sicilian-Americans and Sicilian immigrants than New Orleans.

Vaccaro brothers
Joseph, Luca, and Felix Vaccaro, known as the Vaccaro brothers, were Italian-American businessmen originally from Sicily.

The brothers were the sons of Stefano Vaccaro, a fruit importer based in New Orleans, Louisiana. Stefano began importing fruit in the 1860s and retired in 1893. His sons took his business over after his retirement. The business was incorporated as Vaccaro Bros. and Co. in 1906. The Vaccaro Bros. company dealt with fruit importing and later providing ice for refrigeration steamships.

The Vaccaro Bros. fruit company became a large player in the Central American fruit trade, especially in the nation of Honduras. It was renamed to Standard Fruit Company in 1924 and again to Standard Fruit and Steamship Company in 1926.

The Vaccaro Bros. company is considered to be the earliest incarnation of Dole Food Company, as Standard Fruit was acquired by Castle & Cooke in 1964, which split to become Dole Food Company in 1995.
Caliber Comics
Caliber Comics or Caliber Press is an American comic book publisher founded in 1989 by Gary Reed. Featuring primarily creator-owned comics, Caliber published over 1,300 comics in the decade following its inception and is ranked as one of America's leading independent publishers. Caliber ceased publishing in 2000, but resumed operations in 2015, and continued after Reed died in 2016.

Deadworld
Deadworld is an ongoing American comic book published by Desperado Publishing in association with IDW Publishing.

The series follows survivors in a post-apocalyptic scenario brought on by zombie attacks led by King Zombie, an intelligent, talking zombie.
La Chanson d'Ève
La Chanson d'Ève, Op. 95, is a song cycle by Gabriel Fauré, of ten mélodies for voice and piano. Composed during 1906–10, it is based on the collection of poetry of the same name by Charles van Lerberghe. It is Fauré's longest song cycle.

Charles van Lerberghe
Charles van Lerberghe (21 October 1861 – 26 October 1907) was a Belgian author who wrote in French and was particularly identified with the Symbolist movement. The growing atheism and anticlerical stance evident in his later work made it popular among those who challenged establishment norms at the start of the 20th century.
2021 Wisconsin elections
The 2021 Wisconsin Spring Election was held in the U.S. state of Wisconsin on April 6, 2021. There was one statewide race—for Superintendent of Public Instruction.  Additionally, two special elections occurred for the Wisconsin State Senate and Wisconsin State Assembly, as well as other nonpartisan local and judicial elections. The 2021 Spring primary was held on February 16, 2021.

An additional special election for the 37th Assembly district was held on July 13, 2021.

In the election for Superintendent of Public Instruction, the Democrats' preferred candidate, Jill Underly, prevailed.  Republicans, however, won both special elections for the Wisconsin Legislature, and Republicans' preferred candidates won both contested elections for the Wisconsin Court of Appeals.

Jeffrey O. Davis
Jeffrey O. Davis (born December 8, 1961) is an American lawyer and jurist.  He served as a judge of the Wisconsin Court of Appeals in the Waukesha-based District II court from October 2019 until July 31, 2021. He has been a practicing attorney for over thirty years as an associate and partner with the national law firm Quarles & Brady.
Genealogies of the Nobles
Genealogies of the Nobles (Arabic: أنساب الأشراف; transliterated: Ansab al-Ashraf) is a book on the history and genealogy of Arabs, authored by Ahmad Ibn Yahya al-Baladhuri (d. 892 CE). The book includes stories about pre-Islamic Arabian kings, poets, and warriors, as well as the history of Rashidun, Umayyad, and Abbasid Caliphs.

Al-Baladhuri
ʾAḥmad ibn Yaḥyā ibn Jābir al-Balādhurī  (Arabic: أحمد بن يحيى بن جابر البلاذري; died 892 or 893) was a 9th-century Muslim historian. One of the eminent West Asian historians of his age, he spent most of his life in Baghdad and enjoyed great influence at the court of the caliph al-Mutawakkil. He travelled in Syria and Iraq, compiling information for his major works.

His full name was Ahmad Bin Yahya Bin Jabir Al-Baladhuri  (Arabic: أحمد بن يحيى بن جابر البلاذري), Balazry Ahmad Bin Yahya Bin Jabir Abul Hasan or Abi al-Hassan Baladhuri.
Baban
Baban (Kurdish: بابان) was a Kurdish emirate existing from the 16th century to 1850, centered on Sulaymaniyah. The Baban Principality played an active role in the Ottoman-Safavid conflict and gave significant military support to the Ottomans. They were in constant rivalry with Ardalan, Bohtan and Soran and its territory would therefore oscillate. Before the removal of the last Baban leader in 1850, their rule had become limited to their capital Sulaymaniyah and few surrounding villages.

The modern city of Sulaymaniyah was built by Baban in 1784 which served as their capital. Prior to the founding of the city, the dynasty lived in Qala Çolan. The principality also encouraged and facilitated the use of Sorani Kurdish among its local literary authors.

Shahrizor
Shahrizor or Shahrezur (Kurdish: شارەزوور, romanized: Şarezûr) is a fertile plain in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, situated in the Silêmanî Governorate and west of Hewraman. Shahrizor plain is watered by the tributaries of Tanjaro river which flows to Diyala and Tigris rivers.
Consulate General of France, New York City
The French Consulate General is a consular representation of the French Republic to the United States, located in New York City, New York. The consulate general is housed in the Charles E. Mitchell House, at 934 Fifth Avenue, between East 74th and 75th Streets on the Upper East Side of Manhattan.

The consulate’s mission is to provide protection and administrative services to French citizens living or traveling in the district. Under the authority of the French Embassy in the United States, its consular district extends across three states (New York, Connecticut, and New Jersey), as well as the British Overseas Territory of Bermuda.

Currently housing the consulate general of France, 934 Fifth Avenue was the residence of Charles E. Mitchell, President of the National City Bank (now Citibank). Anne-Claire Legendre has been the consul general since August 2016.

Charles E. Mitchell
Charles Edwin Mitchell (October 6, 1877 – December 14, 1955) was an American banker whose incautious securities policies facilitated the speculation which led to the Crash of 1929. First National City Bank's (now Citibank) controversial activities under his leadership were a major contributing factor in the passage of the Glass–Steagall Act.
Geography of Iraq
The geography of Iraq is diverse and falls into five main regions: the desert (west of the Euphrates), Upper Mesopotamia (between the upper Tigris and Euphrates rivers), the northern highlands of Iraq, Lower Mesopotamia, and the alluvial plain extending from around Tikrit to the Arabian Gulf.

The mountains in the northeast are an extension of the alpine system that runs eastward from the Balkans through southern Turkey, northern Iraq, Iran, and Afghanistan, eventually reaching the Himalayas in Pakistan. The desert lies in the southwest provinces along the borders with Saudi Arabia and Jordan and geographically belongs in the Arabian Peninsula.

Tigris
The Tigris (/ˈtaɪɡrɪs/ TY-griss; see below) is the eastern of the two great rivers that define Mesopotamia, the other being the Euphrates. The river flows south from the mountains of the Armenian Highlands through the Syrian and Arabian Deserts, before merging with the Euphrates and reaching to the Persian Gulf.

The Tigris passes through historical cities such as Mosul, Tikrit, Samarra and Baghdad. It is also home to archaeological sites and ancient religious communities, including the Mandaeans, who use it for baptism. In ancient times the Tigris nurtured the Assyrian Empire, with remnants such as the relief of King Tiglath-Pileser.

Today the Tigris faces modern threats from geopolitical instability, dam projects, poor water management and climate change, leading to concerns about its sustainability. Efforts to protect and preserve the river's legacy are ongoing, with local archaeologists and activists working to safeguard its future.
Fourth Baptist Church
Fourth Baptist Church is a Baptist church located in Richmond, Virginia.  It was built in 1884, and is a three-story, Greek Revival style stuccoed brick structure.  It features a distyle portico in antis elevated on a high podium.  It consists of two unfluted Doric order columns and paired pilasters supporting a Doric entablature.  Attached to the church is a Sunday School building erected in 1964.

The addition was designed by Ethel Bailey Furman (1893-1976), the first Black woman to practice architecture in the Commonwealth of Virginia.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.  A former pastor was Richmond mayor Leonidas B. Young, II, who was convicted of defrauding the city at one point during his career.

Leonidas B. Young II
Leonidas Bernard "Lee" Young II (November 9, 1954 – January 16, 2016) was an American Baptist minister who served on the Richmond, Virginia City Council from 1992 to 1999, when he was forced to resign for influence peddling. He served as the city's mayor from 1994 to 1996.
Masala, Kirkkonummi
Masala (Swedish: Masaby) is a village of 4,853 inhabitants in Kirkkonummi municipality. It is located in the western Uusimaa region, in southern Finland, just outside the Helsinki Metropolitan Area. Masala railway station, a station on the Helsinki commuter rail network is located in Masala. The Finnish Geodetic Institute also is located there.

Finnish Geospatial Research Institute
The Finnish Geospatial Research Institute (Finnish: Paikkatietokeskus), formerly Finnish Geodetic Institute (FGI, Finnish: Geodeettinen laitos, Swedish: Geodetiska institutet) is a research institute in Finland specializing in geodesy and geospatial information science and technology. It merged into the National Land Survey of Finland in 2015, when its name was changed. It is located in Masala, Kirkkonummi.
Seven Guns for Timothy
Seven Guns for Timothy, also known as 7 magnifiche pistole,  Siete Pistolas para Timothy and Seven Magnificent Guns, is a 1966 Italian-Spanish Western directed by Romolo Guerrieri, written by Giovanni Simonelli and José Antonio de la Loma and starring Sean Flynn.

Sean Flynn (photojournalist)
Sean Leslie Flynn (May 31, 1941 – disappeared April 6, 1970; declared legally dead in 1984) was an American actor and freelance photojournalist best known for his coverage of the Vietnam War.

Flynn was the only child of Australian-American actor Errol Flynn and his first wife, French-American actress Lili Damita. After studying briefly at Duke University, he embarked on an acting career. He retired by the mid-1960s to become a freelance photojournalist under contract to Time magazine.

In search of exceptional images, Flynn traveled with U.S. Army Special Forces units and irregulars operating in remote areas. While on assignment in Cambodia in April 1970, Flynn and fellow photojournalist Dana Stone were captured by communist guerrillas. Neither man was seen or heard from again. In 1984, Flynn's mother had him declared dead in absentia.