hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Lasing without inversion
Lasing without inversion (LWI), or lasing without population inversion, is a technique used for light amplification by stimulated emission without the requirement of population inversion. A laser working under this scheme exploits the quantum interference between the probability amplitudes of atomic transitions in order to eliminate absorption without disturbing the stimulated emission. This phenomenon is also the essence of electromagnetically induced transparency.

The basic LWI concept was first predicted by Ali Javan in 1956. The first demonstration of LWI was carried out by Marlan Scully in an experiment in rubidium and sodium at Texas A&M University, and then at NIST in Boulder.

Ali Javan
Ali Javan (Persian: علی جوان, romanized: Ali Javān; December 26, 1926 – September 12, 2016) was an Iranian American physicist and inventor. He was the first to propose the concept of the gas laser in 1959 at the Bell Telephone Laboratories. A successful prototype, constructed by him in collaboration with W. R. Bennett, Jr., and D. R. Herriott, was demonstrated in 1960. His other contributions to science have been in the fields of quantum physics and spectroscopy.
Öğündük, İdil
Öğündük (Arabic: مدو; Syriac: ܡܝܕܘܢ, romanized: Midun) is a village in the İdil District of Şırnak Province in Turkey. The village is populated by Syriacs and had a population of 367 in 2021. It is located in the historic region of Beth Zabday in Tur Abdin.

In the village, there is a church of Mar Jacob Malphono. The village is known for its viticulture and wine-making.

İdil District
İdil District is a district of the Şırnak Province of Turkey. The seat of the district is the town of İdil and the population was 77,105 in 2021. Its area is 1,148 km2.

The district was formed in 1937.

The western part of the district is considered part of the Tur Abdin region, while the eastern part is considered part of the Bohtan region.
Ireneo Aleandri
Ireneo Aleandri (1795–1885) was an Italian architect of the Neoclassic period.

He was born in San Severino Marche, but studied at the Accademia di San Luca in Rome. In his youth, he completed a number of restorations and buildings in his native town, including a Restoration of the Porta di San Lorenzo (1820), the Teatro Feronia (1823), and the church of San Paolo (1828), the church of San Michele (1830), and the Torre dell’Orologio in the Piazza del Popolo (1832).

His masterpiece is the Sferisterio di Macerata (completed in 1829). He moved to Spoleto where he designed the Teatro Nuovo (1853). He also designed the Teatro Ventidio Basso di Ascoli Piceno (1839) and the viaduct of Ariccia.

Teatro Ventidio Basso
The Ventidio Basso Theater is the communal theater, concert hall, and opera house in the city of Ascoli Piceno region of Marche, Italy. It is located on via del Trivio, in front main cloister of the church of San Francesco, near piazza del Popolo.  The exterior was erected in neoclassical-style, with grand interiors.
Camilo Ruspoli, 4th Duke of Alcudia and Sueca
Don Camilo Carlos Adolfo Ruspoli y Caro, Álvarez de Toledo y Caro, dei Principi Ruspoli (5 June 1904 – 20 November 1975) was a Spanish aristocrat, son of Carlos Ruspoli, 3rd Duke of Alcudia and Sueca, and first wife Doña María del Carmen Caro y Caro, Álvarez de Toledo y Gomurcio.

He was 4th Duke of Sueca Grandee of Spain First Class, 4th Duke of Alcudia Grandee of Spain First Class with a Coat of Arms of de Godoy and 18th Count of Chinchón Grandee of Spain First Class with a Coat of Arms of de Borbón, 6th Marquis of Boadilla del Monte with a Coat of Arms of Ruspoli after the death of his second cousin Paolo Ruspoli, 5th Marquis of Boadilla del Monte in 1969. And Prince of the Holy Roman Empire.

He died on the same day as Francisco Franco.

Duke of Sueca
Duke of Sueca is a title of Spanish nobility, Grandee of Spain 1st class. It was created by King Charles IV of Spain in 1804 for Manuel Godoy, who was the Prime Minister of Spain from 1792 to 1797 and from 1801 to 1808. Its name refers to Sueca in the Province of Valencia in Spain.
Michael L. Tipsord
Michael L. Tipsord  (born June 20, 1959) is the chairman of the board of  State Farm Insurance in Bloomington, Illinois. Tipsord replaced Edward B. Rust Jr. as chairman on September 1, 2015. State Farm is the 42nd largest company in the United States on the Fortune 500 and the country’s largest auto and home insurer.

State Farm
State Farm Insurance is a group of mutual insurance companies throughout the United States with corporate headquarters in Bloomington, Illinois. Founded in 1922, it is the largest property, casualty and auto insurance provider in the United States.
Losi Harford
Losalini Ravucake Vuetibau Stephi Harford (born 25 March 1973) is a New Zealand former cricketer who played as a right-arm off break bowler and right-handed batter. She appeared in 3 One Day Internationals for New Zealand in 1997. She played domestic cricket for Auckland and Wellington.

Harford and her family emigrated to New Zealand when she was five years old. Her family originates from Lasekau on the island of Bau. In 2010, she appeared in three matches for Fiji, as the team's inaugural captain. From 1985 to 1987 she played for the New Zealand national women's indoor cricket team.

In 2011 Harford suffered a stroke, which left her paralysed on one side of her body. She took up cycling to regain movement and began competing in road chair races.

In 2013, Cricket Fiji invited Harford to serve as Ambassador for the Women's Island Cricket Project.

Auckland Hearts
The Auckland Hearts is the women's representative cricket team for the New Zealand region of Auckland. They play their home games at Eden Park Outer Oval. They compete in the Hallyburton Johnstone Shield  one-day competition and the Women's Super Smash Twenty20 competition.
Satakarni
Satakarni (also called Sātakarnī I, Brahmi script: 𑀲𑀸𑀢𑀓𑀡𑀺, Sātakaṇi) was the third of the Satavahana kings, who ruled the Deccan region of India. His reign is generally dated to 70-60 BCE, although some authors have claimed 187-177 BCE, and most recently dated to 88-42 BCE. It was thought there were "two Satakarnis" (Satakarni I and Satakarni II), however, Andrew Ollett argues that there is only one Satakarni, as the alleged first Satakarni is assigned ten years, and the second, fifty years by other scholars, but the only dated inscription of this king is Candankheda seal from his reign's year 30, around 60 BCE, and he ruled ca. 88-42 BCE.

Hathigumpha inscription
The Hathigumpha Inscription (pronounced: ɦɑːt̪ʰiːgumpʰɑː) is a Jain inscription consisting of seventeen lines written in Prakrit language incised in Brahmi script in a cavern called Hathigumpha in Udayagiri hills, near Bhubaneswar in Odisha, India. Dated between the second century BCE and the first century CE, it was inscribed by the Jain king Kharavela of the Kalinga kingdom.

The Hathigumpha Inscription presents, among other topics, a biographical sketch of a king in the eastern region of ancient India (now part of and near Odisha). It also includes information on religious values, public infrastructure projects, military expeditions and their purposes, society and culture. Paleographically, the inscription dates from the middle of the first century BCE to the early first century CE.
Jerry Fielding
Jerry Fielding (born Joshua Itzhak Feldman; June 17, 1922 – February 17, 1980) was an American jazz musician, bandleader, arranger, and film composer. He was a three-time Oscar nominee for Best Original Score, and an Emmy Award winner.

He began his career as a popular arranger for radio orchestras, but was blacklisted in 1953, subsequently working in Las Vegas. In the following decade, he re-emerged as a composer of film and television scores, most notably Westerns, crime, and action films. He was best known for his collaborations with Sam Peckinpah, Clint Eastwood, and Michael Winner.

His notable film scores include The Wild Bunch (1969), Johnny Got His Gun (1971), Straw Dogs (also 1971), The Mechanic (1972), The Gambler (1974), The Bad News Bears (1976), The Outlaw Josey Wales (also 1976), Demon Seed (1977), and Escape from Alcatraz (1979). He was also noted for his work on the television series Star Trek and Kolchak: The Night Stalker.

The Mechanic (1972 film)
The Mechanic is a 1972 American action thriller film directed by Michael Winner and written by Lewis John Carlino. It stars Charles Bronson, in his second collaboration with Winner, and Jan-Michael Vincent in the leading roles. The supporting cast features Keenan Wynn, Jill Ireland and Frank de Kova.

The story follows Arthur Bishop (Bronson), a top assassin who takes under his wing Steve McKenna (Vincent), the ruthless and ambitious son of Harry McKenna (Wynn), the former head of the secret organization for which Bishop works. It is noted for its opening, which features no dialogue for the first 16 minutes, as Bronson's character prepares to kill his current target. The title refers to a euphemism for hitmen.

Upon its release, the film received generally mixed reviews from critics, with praise for the action scenes, acting, and cinematography, but criticism towards Winner's direction and the storytelling. A remake of the same name was released in 2011 to similarly mixed reception.
Climacoceras
Climacoceras (from Greek for "ladder horns") is a genus of extinct artiodactyl ungulates that lived in Africa and Europe during the Miocene. The members of Climacoceras were related to giraffes, and the genus was formerly placed within the Giraffidae, but is now placed in the Climacoceratidae, a sister group within the superfamily Giraffoidea. Fossils of the two best known species of Climacoceras, C. africanus and C. gentryi, have both been found in Kenya. The animals measured about 1.5 m (4.9 ft) tall and had large ossicones resembling antlers. C. africanus had ossicones resembling tall, thorn-covered plant stems, while the ossicones of C. gentryi resembled thorny crescents.

The genus was once placed within Palaeomerycidae, then Giraffidae. It is now considered a giraffoid in the family Climacoceratidae, erected by Hamilton.

Other Climacoceratidae genera include Prolibytherium from Egypt and Libya and Orangemeryx from Namibia and South Africa.

Giraffoidea
Giraffoidea is a superfamily that includes the families Climacoceratidae, Prolibytheriidae, and Giraffidae. The only extant members in the superfamily are the giraffes and okapi. The Climacoceratidae are also placed in the superfamily, but were originally placed within the family Palaeomerycidae.
Allahqoli Khan Zanganeh
Allahqoli Khan Zanganeh was a Kurdish nobleman from the Zanganeh tribe, who served as the governor of Kermanshah under the Zand dynasty from the mid-1750s until his death in 1785, when the Ardalan governor Khosrow Khan Bozorgi defeated him and seized the city.

Khosrow Khan Bozorgi
Khosrow Khan Bozorgi was the Ardalan vali (governor) of Kurdistan from 1754 to 1788/89.

He gave the Zand ruler Karim Khan Zand (r. 1751–1779) his complete backing. He lost to an Ottoman force in a battle in April 1777, but later that year he took part in Karim Khan's successful expedition against the Ottomans. Following Karim Khan's death in 1779, there was a period of disorder during which Khosrow Khan triumphed over two claimants to the Iranian throne: Allahqoli Khan Zanganeh near the Ardalan capital of Sanandaj, and Jafar Khan Zand at Bahar. Khosrow Khan established his authority over much land, including Malayer and Golpayegan. When he saw that the Qajar ruler Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar was the most prominent candidate to the throne, he shifted his allegiance to him. During the 1760s, Khosrow Khan had a sizable palace named Khosroviya built in Sanandaj.
Resolution (beam engine)
Resolution was an early beam engine, installed between 1781 and 1782 at Coalbrookdale as a water-returning engine to power the blast furnaces and ironworks there. It was one of the last water-returning engines to be constructed, before the rotative beam engine made this type of engine obsolete.

Water-returning engine
A water-returning engine was an early form of stationary steam engine, developed at the start of the Industrial Revolution in the middle of the 18th century. The first beam engines did not generate power by rotating a shaft but were developed as water pumps, mostly for draining mines. The main source of power to drive machinery in factories and furnaces was the Water wheel, and by using one of these 'returning engines' to return water from beneath a water wheel to above it the waterwheel could work with optimal flow at all times.

The steam engine was not, as widely held, the cause of the Industrial Revolution, but rather arose as a result of it. The primary power source of the Revolution, certainly in the 18th century, was the water wheel, not the steam engine.
The Apple (1998 film)
The Apple (Persian: سیب, translit. Sib) is the 1998 directorial debut by Samira Makhmalbaf, daughter of Iranian director Mohsen Makhmalbaf. The film is based on a true story and features the real people that actually lived it. The film was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1998 Cannes Film Festival.

Mohsen Makhmalbaf
Mohsen Makhmalbaf (Persian: محسن مخملباف, [mohˈsen mæxmɒːlˈbɒːf]) (born May 29, 1957) is an Iranian film director, writer, film editor, and producer. He has made more than 20 feature films, won 50 awards, and served as a juror in more than 15 major film festivals. His award-winning films include A Moment of Innocence (1996) and Kandahar. His latest documentary is The Gardener and latest feature The President.

Makhmalbaf's films have been widely presented at international film festivals since the early 21st century. The director belongs to the new wave movement of Iranian cinema. Time selected Makhmalbaf's 2001 film Kandahar as one of the top 100 films of all time. In 2006, he was a member of the Jury at the Venice Film Festival.

Makhmalbaf left Iran in 2005 shortly after the election of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. He has lived in Paris since the events of the 2009 Iranian presidential election.
Meshchovsk
Meshchovsk (Russian: Мещо́вск) is a town and the administrative center of Meshchovsky District in Kaluga Oblast, Russia, located on the Tureya River 85 kilometers (53 mi) southwest of Kaluga, the administrative center of the oblast. Population: 3,810 (2021 Census); 4,100 (2010 Census); 4,540 (2002 Census); 5,382 (1989 Soviet census).

Kaluga Oblast
Kaluga Oblast (Russian: Калу́жская о́бласть, romanized: Kaluzhskaya oblastʹ) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). Its administrative center is the city of Kaluga. The 2021 Russian Census found a population of 1,069,904.
Beverly Smith
Beverly Smith (born November 16, 1946) is a Black feminist health advocate, writer, academic, theorist and activist. She was born in Cleveland, Ohio, and is the twin sister of writer, publisher, activist and academic Barbara Smith. Beverly Smith is an instructor of Women's Health at the University of Massachusetts Boston.

She was one of three authors of the famous Combahee River Collective Statement, "one of the most widely read discussions of Black feminism", which was developed by members of the radical lesbian black feminist Combahee River Collective in 1977. Her essays and articles on racism, feminism, identity politics and women's health have been extensively published in the United States.

University of Massachusetts Boston
The University of Massachusetts Boston (UMass Boston) is a public university in Boston, Massachusetts, United States.

The university is a member of the Coalition of Urban Serving Universities and the Coalition of Urban and Metropolitan Universities. It is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research spending and doctorate production". It is the only public research university in Boston and the third-largest campus in the five-campus University of Massachusetts system.
Langeskov
Langeskov is a town in central Denmark, with a population of 4,456 (1 January 2025), located in Kerteminde Municipality in Region of Southern Denmark on the island of Funen.

The town of Langeskov is primarily located in Rønninge parish and was established following the construction of the railway line between Odense and Nyborg in the 19th century. The town has grown rapidly and its northern part now crosses the old parish border and extends into the parish of Birkende. Until 1 January 2007, it was the seat of the municipal council of the now former Langeskov Municipality.

Langeskov is served by Langeskov railway station on the railway line across Funen. The station re-opened in 2015 after being closed in 1977.

Langeskov has a model of Preikestolen to commemorate its norwegian twin town of Forsand.

Preikestolen
Preikestolen or Prekestolen (English: 'The Pulpit Rock', 'Pulpit', or 'Preacher's Chair') is a tourist attraction in the municipality of Strand in Rogaland county, Norway. Preikestolen is a steep cliff which rises 604 metres (1,982 ft) above Lysefjorden. Atop the cliff, there is an almost flat top of approximately 25 by 25 metres (82 ft × 82 ft). Preikestolen is located near the western part of the fjord, and on its north side.

Tourism at the site has been increasing in the early 21st century, with 300,000 visitors in 2024, making it one of the most-visited natural tourist attractions in Norway. BASE jumpers often leap from the cliff. Due to its increased popularity, the most used path to the site (a 3.8-kilometre (2.4 mi) long hike) was improved by Nepalese Sherpas in 2013.
Sir Robert Cotton, 3rd Baronet
Sir Robert Salusbury Cotton, 3rd Baronet (2 January 1695 – 27 August 1748) was an English politician who was Member of Parliament (MP) for Cheshire from 1727 to 1734 and for Lostwithiel from 1741 to 1747. He married Elizabeth Tollemache (died 6 August 1746), the daughter of Lionel Tollemache, 3rd Earl of Dysart and his wife Grace Wilbraham. He died without issue and the title passed to his only surviving brother Lynch Salusbury Cotton.

Lionel Tollemache, 3rd Earl of Dysart
Lionel Tollemache, 3rd Earl of Dysart (30 January 1649 – 23 February 1727), styled Lord Huntingtower from 1651 to 1698, was a British Tory politician and peer. A Member of Parliament at Westminster, he inherited Scottish peerages and was briefly Lord Lieutenant of Suffolk from 1703 to 1705.
Ivy Hill Cemetery (Smithfield, Virginia)
Ivy Hill Cemetery is a historic rural cemetery and national historic district located at Smithfield, Isle of Wight County, Virginia. It was established in 1886, and is a privately owned cemetery.  Grave markers within the cemetery date from the mid-19th century to the present day.  It includes a number of notable funerary monuments.

Notable burials include:

Pembroke Decatur Gwaltney (1836–1915), founder of the highly successful Gwaltney ham and peanut business

Congressman Joel Holleman (1799–1844)

Congressman Dr. John W. Lawson (1837–1905)

Hardy Cross (1885–1959), Pioneer in the field of Structural Engineering

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.

Smithfield, Virginia
Smithfield is a town in Isle of Wight County, in the South Hampton Roads subregion of the Hampton Roads region of Virginia,  United States.  The population was 8,533 at the 2020 census.

The town is most famous for the curing and production of the Smithfield ham. The Virginia General Assembly passed a statute defining "Smithfield ham" by law in 1926, with one of the requirements that it be processed within the town limits. Smithfield Foods, a Fortune 500 company that owns Smithfield Packing Company and others, is the world's largest pork processor and hog producer. The company, based in Smithfield, raises 12 million hogs and processes 20 million pounds of them annually. The company's largest shareholder is WH Group, a Chinese holding company who purchased the company in 2014 before it went public in 2025.
Lennuk (Triik)
Lennuk is a painting by Nikolai Triik of 1910,  depicting Lennuk, the ship of Kalevipoeg, son of Kaleva, from the Estonian national epic Kalevipoeg.

The work measures 73.8 cm by 137 cm and is painted in tempera and pastel on paper.

It is part of the collection of the Art Museum of Estonia and is exhibited in the Kumu Art Museum in Tallinn.

Nikolai Triik
Nikolai Voldemar Triik (7 August 1884, Tallinn – 12 August 1940, Tallinn) was an Estonian Modernist painter, graphic artist, printmaker and professor. His work displays elements of Symbolism and Expressionism.
Samya Garh, Bihar
Samya Garh is a village in the Ghoswari block of the Patna district in Bihar, located 12 kilometres south-west of Mokama.

The main occupation is agriculture and the main crops are lentils and peanuts. Laxmi Narayan Mandir is the centre of Hindu devotion. Shiv, Kali, and Sitaram are worshipped here.

The total population of the Samya Garh village as per the 2001 Census of India is 3929. The literacy rate is 43.61%. The female literacy rate is 27.46%. The male literacy rate is 54.93%.

Mokama
Mokama is a town and a municipal council of Patna district in the Indian state of Bihar. It is located 90 km (56 mi) east of Patna on the southern banks of the river Ganges. Mokama is the connecting town of north and south Bihar and has 2nd highest amount of lentil production in India. It emerged as an industrial area in State of Bihar after independence. It is one of the most important towns in the district of Patna.
Fletcher Moss Rangers F.C.
Fletcher Moss Rangers Football Club is an amateur junior football club based in Didsbury, Manchester, England, established in 1986. Former players Wes Brown, Jesse Lingard, Marcus Rashford, Demetri Mitchell, and Tyler Blackett have gone on to sign professional contracts with Manchester United and represent England, while Ravel Morrison went on to play for Jamaica, Keiren Westwood for Ireland and Tosin Adarabioyo for Chelsea F.C. Manchester writer David Scott also had a stint at Fletcher Moss before going to Bolton Wanderers.

Girls and boys at the club come from extremely deprived homes, with 75-80% of the players' families using free school meal vouchers.

The club is an FA Charter Standard Community Club.

The Club has a board of Trustees that help to organise and maintain the day to day elements of the club. Led by Chairman Daniel Francis the group is made up of:

David Horrocks

Amir Khan

Scott Flitcroft

Farhaan Ahmed

Jessica Southworth

Tyler Blackett
Tyler Nathan Blackett (born 2 April 1994) is an English professional footballer who plays as a left-back or centre-back. He joined Manchester United's youth academy in 2002 and worked his way through to the first-team, as well as spending time on loan to Blackpool, Birmingham City and Celtic. He then played for Reading and  Nottingham Forest and in Major League Soccer for FC Cincinnati before returning to English football with Rotherham United. He has played for England from under-16 to under-21 levels.
Fall Creek Township, Madison County, Indiana
Fall Creek Township is one of fourteen townships in Madison County, Indiana, United States. As of the 2010 census, its population was 14,695 and it contained 4,570 housing units.

It was named from its principal stream and waterfalls.

Madison County, Indiana
Madison County is a county in the U.S. state of Indiana. The 2020 census states the population is standing at 130,129. The county seat since 1836 has been Anderson, one of three incorporated cities within the county. Madison County is included in the Indianapolis-Carmel-Anderson, IN Metropolitan Statistical Area.