hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Average cost pricing
Average cost pricing is one of the ways the government regulates a monopoly market. Monopolists tend to produce less than the optimal quantity pushing the prices up. The government may use average cost pricing as a tool to regulate prices monopolists may charge. Average cost pricing forces monopolists to reduce price to where the firm's average total cost (ATC) intersects the market demand curve.

The effect on the market would be:

Increase production and decrease price.

Increase social welfare (efficient resource allocation).

Generate a normal profit for monopolist (Price = ATC) *

Average cost
In economics, average cost (AC) or unit cost is equal to total cost (TC) divided by the number of units of a good produced (the output Q):

Average cost is an important factor in determining how businesses will choose to price their products.
Mai-Mai Kata Katanga
Mai-Mai Kata Katanga, also called Mai-Mai Bakata Katanga, is a mai-mai rebel group in the Democratic Republic of the Congo which advocates the independence of the Congo's Katanga Province, fighting in the Katanga insurgency. It was formed shortly after the group's leader, Gédéon Kyungu Mutanga, escaped from prison in September 2011 where he was serving a sentence for crimes against humanity committed by his supporters between 2002 and 2006 in central Katanga. Kata Katanga means "cut [e.g. secede] Katanga" in Swahili. It has been estimated that, at its height in 2013, the Kata Katanga rebels numbered approximately 3,000 of whom most were based in Mitwaba Territory.

Katanga Province
Katanga was one of the four large provinces created in the Belgian Congo in 1914.
It was one of the eleven provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo between 1966 and 2015, when it was split into the Tanganyika, Haut-Lomami, Lualaba, and Haut-Katanga provinces. Between 1971 and 1997 (during the rule of Mobutu Sese Seko when Congo was known as Zaire), its official name was Shaba Province.

Katanga's area encompassed 497,000 square kilometres (192,000 sq mi). Farming and ranching are carried out on the Katanga Plateau. The eastern part of the province is a rich mining region which supplies cobalt, copper, tin, radium, uranium, and diamonds. The region's former capital, Lubumbashi, is the second-largest city in the Congo.
Miconazole
Miconazole, sold under the brand name Monistat among others, is an antifungal medication used to treat ring worm, pityriasis versicolor, and yeast infections of the skin or vagina. It is used for ring worm of the body, groin (jock itch), and feet (athlete's foot). It is applied to the skin or vagina as a cream or ointment.

Common side effects include itchiness or irritation of the area in which it was applied. Use in pregnancy is believed to be safe for the baby. Miconazole is in the imidazole family of medications. It works by decreasing the ability of fungi to make ergosterol, an important part of their cell membrane.

Miconazole was patented in 1968 and approved for medical use in 1971. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is available as a generic medication.

Ergosterol
Ergosterol (ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3β-ol) is a mycosterol found in cell membranes of fungi and protozoa, serving many of the same functions that cholesterol serves in animal cells. Because many fungi and protozoa cannot survive without ergosterol, the enzymes that synthesize it have become important targets for drug discovery. In human nutrition, ergosterol is a provitamin form of vitamin D2; exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light causes a chemical reaction that produces vitamin D2.
Hussein Maziq
Hussein Yousef Maziq (Arabic: حسين يوسف مازق; 26 June 1918 – 12 May 2006) was a Libyan politician who was Prime Minister of Libya from 20 March 1965 to 2 July 1967. He was one of the most important men in the Kingdom era of Libya.

Libyan People's Court
The Libyan People's Court is an emergency tribunal founded in Libya after the revolution of 1 September 1969. Although its initial purpose was to try the officials of the overthrown Kingdom, many others also were tried by this court. This article discusses only the trial of officials of the Kingdom.
2023 European Baseball Championship
The 2023 European Baseball Championship was an international baseball tournament organized by WBSC Europe. It was held in five cities in the Czech Republic, from September 24 to October 1, 2023. The championship marked the first time in history, excluding three occasions when they did not enter the tournament, that the Netherlands did not feature in the final, having lost 7–6 to Spain in the semi-finals.

Harry Ford (baseball)
Harrison Michael Ford (born 21 February 2003) is a British-American professional baseball catcher for the Washington Nationals of Major League Baseball (MLB). He was selected by the Seattle Mariners in the first round of the 2021 MLB draft and made his MLB debut in 2025. He represents Great Britain at the international level.
Marlborough District Council
Marlborough District Council (Māori: Te Tauihu-o-te-waka) is the unitary local authority for the Marlborough District of New Zealand.

The council is led by the mayor of Marlborough, who is currently Nadine Taylor. There are 13 councillors representing three wards.

Unitary authority
A unitary authority is a type of local authority in New Zealand and the United Kingdom. Unitary authorities are responsible for all local government functions within their areas, or perform additional functions that elsewhere are usually performed by multiple tiers of local government.

Typically, unitary authorities cover towns or cities that are large enough to function independently of a council or other authority. An authority can be a unit of a county or combined authority.
Iza (river)
The Iza is a left tributary of the river Tisa in northern Romania. Its source is in the Rodna Mountains. It flows into the Tisa near the city Sighetu Marmației. It passes through the communes Săcel, Săliștea de Sus, Dragomirești, Bogdan Vodă, Șieu, Rozavlea, Strâmtura, Bârsana, Oncești, Vadu Izei, and Sighetu Marmației. Its drainage basin covers an area of 1,293 km2 (499 sq mi).: 23  Its length is 80 km (49.7 mi).

Bârsana
Bârsana (Hungarian: Barcánfalva or Barczanfalu, Yiddish: בירסאניף, romanized: Birsanif) is a commune in Maramureș County, Maramureș, Romania. It is composed of two villages, Bârsana and Nănești (Nánfalva, Yiddish: נאנעשט, romanized: Nanest). It also included the village of Oncești until 2004, when it was split off to form a separate commune.
Nguyễn Văn Toàn (footballer, born 1996)
Nguyễn Văn Toàn (born 12 April 1996) is a Vietnamese professional footballer who plays as a forward or a winger for V.League 1 club Thép Xanh Nam Định and the Vietnam national team.

Nguyễn Văn Toàn joined Hoang Anh Gia Lai–Arsenal JMG Academy in 2007. He made his first-team debut for HAGL against Khanh Hoa in January 2015.

Văn Toàn made his senior international debut for Vietnam in 2016 sat age 20, and has since earned over 64 caps as of October 2024.

Hoang Anh Gia Lai Academy
Hoang Anh Gia Lai Academy (Vietnamese: Trung tâm đào tạo bóng đá trẻ Hoàng Anh Gia Lai) is the youth section of V.League 1 side Hoàng Anh Gia Lai. Based in Pleiku, Gia Lai Province. The academy was a built as co-operation between Arsenal Football Club, JMG Academy and the Vietnamese privately owned Hoang Anh Gia Lai Corporation before the partnership ended completely in 2021.
Giorgis Koutsourelis
Composer Giorgis Koutsourelis was born at Kissamos, Crete in 1914. He composed "Armenohorianos Syrtos", whose theme formed the basis of the song written by Mikis Theodorakis popularly known as "Zorba's dance".  He died in Kissamos in June 1994.

Zorba's Dance
"Zorba's Dance" (Greek: Ο Χορός Του Ζορμπά) is an instrumental by Greek composer Mikis Theodorakis. The music is part of the soundtrack for the 1964 film Zorba the Greek, and used in the film to accompany the dance  known as sirtaki. It is now commonly played and danced to in Greek tavernas. The film's track has since been recorded as a standalone song by many different musicians from around the world.
The Girl with All the Gifts
The Girl with All the Gifts is a science fiction book by M. R. Carey, published in June 2014 by Orbit Books. It is based on his 2013 Edgar Award–nominated short story "Iphigenia in Aulis" and was written concurrently with the screenplay for the 2016 film. It deals with a post-apocalyptic future in which most of humanity is wiped out by a zombie-like fungal infection.

The title is a loose translation of "Pandora".  The Pandora myth appears in the story in several different ways.

The Girl with All the Gifts (film)
The Girl with All the Gifts is a 2016 British post-apocalyptic adventure film directed by Colm McCarthy and written by Mike Carey. The film is based on the book of the same name by Carey. Starring Gemma Arterton, Paddy Considine, Glenn Close, and Sennia Nanua, the film depicts a dystopian future following a breakdown of society after most of humanity is wiped out by a fungal infection. The plot focuses on the struggle of a scientist, a teacher, and two soldiers who embark on a journey of survival with a special young girl named Melanie.
Skerton Bridge
Skerton Bridge is a road bridge carrying the southbound lanes of the A6 road over the River Lune in Lancaster, Lancashire, England. The bridge is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II* listed building and scheduled monument.

A6 road (England)
The A6 is one of the main north–south roads in England. It runs from Luton in Bedfordshire to Carlisle in Cumbria, although it formerly started at a junction with the A1 at Barnet in north London, and is described as running from London to Carlisle.

Running north-west from Luton, the road passes through Bedford, bypasses Rushden, Kettering and Market Harborough, continues through Leicester, Loughborough, Derby and Matlock before passing through the Peak District to Bakewell, Buxton, Stockport, Manchester, Salford, Chorley, Preston, Lancaster, Kendal and Penrith before reaching Carlisle.

South of Derby, the road runs approximately parallel to the M1 motorway; between Manchester and Preston, it is close to the M6 and M61 motorways; and from Preston to its northern terminus in Carlisle, it is close to the M6.
Dimming of the Day
"Dimming of the Day" is a song written by Richard Thompson and performed with his then-wife Linda Thompson on their 1975 album Pour Down Like Silver. Thompson recorded an acoustic version for his 1996 solo album Acoustic Classics.

Pour Down Like Silver
Pour Down Like Silver is the third album by the British duo of singer-songwriter and guitarist Richard and vocalist Linda Thompson. It was recorded in the summer of 1975 and released in November 1975 on the Island Records label.
Bombieri–Vinogradov theorem
In mathematics, the Bombieri–Vinogradov theorem (sometimes simply called Bombieri's theorem) is a major result of analytic number theory, obtained in the mid-1960s, concerning the distribution of primes in arithmetic progressions, averaged over a range of moduli. The first result of this kind was obtained by Mark Barban in 1961 and the Bombieri–Vinogradov theorem is a refinement of Barban's result. The Bombieri–Vinogradov theorem is named after Enrico Bombieri and A. I. Vinogradov, who published on a related topic, the density hypothesis, in 1965.

This result is a major application of the large sieve method, which developed rapidly in the early 1960s, from its beginnings in work of Yuri Linnik two decades earlier. Besides Bombieri, Klaus Roth was working in this area. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, many of the key ingredients and estimates were simplified by Patrick X. Gallagher.

Enrico Bombieri
Enrico Bombieri (born 26 November 1940) is an Italian mathematician, known for his work in analytic number theory, Diophantine geometry, complex analysis, and group theory. Bombieri is currently professor emeritus in the School of Mathematics at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. Bombieri won the Fields Medal in 1974 for his work on the large sieve and its application to the distribution of prime numbers.
Frank Darling (architect)
Frank Darling (17 February 1850 – 19 May 1923) was an important Canadian architect, winner of the RIBA Gold medal in 1915, who designed many of Toronto's landmark institutional and financial buildings, as well as scores of bank branches throughout the country. Darling is best described as an 'Edwardian imperialist' in his outlook and architectural approach, and accordingly left a legacy of fine Edwardian Baroque buildings in Canada's major cities, representative of the period's prosperity and optimism.

Darling and Pearson
Darling and Pearson was an architectural firm based in Toronto from 1895 through 1937. The firm was prolific and produced consistently fine work though the patronage of notable figures of the Canadian establishment, and is responsible for enhancing the architectural character and quality of the city, and indeed the rest of Canada, in the first quarter of the 20th century.
Horses in Saudi Arabia
In Saudi Arabia, the horse is an integral part of both culture and sport. The country has become a major force in competitive riding, particularly show jumping, thanks to riders like Abdullah Al-Sharbatly, who have won several Olympic medals since the beginning of the 21st century.

Abdullah Al-Sharbatly
Abdullah Waleed Al Sharbatly (Arabic: عبد الله الشربتلي; born 21 September 1982 in London, England) is a Saudi Arabian equestrian who competes in the sport of show jumping. He is mostly known because of his win of the individual silver medal at the 2010 FEI World Equestrian Games.  He was part of the Saudi team that won the bronze medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics.
Siege of Erivan (1808)
The siege of Erivan took place in October and November 1808, during the Russo-Persian War of 1804–1813. As in 1804, the Iranians successfully defended the city and forced the Russians to withdraw.

The Russian campaign, launched late in the season and poorly conceived and executed, failed after a six-week siege of the Iranian fortress of Erivan. The Russians had suffered 3,000 casualties with almost 1,000 deaths.

Russian field marshal Ivan Gudovich tried to excuse his defeat by claiming that French military officers had helped the Iranians, but Gudovich's superiors, as modern historian Alexander Mikaberidze explains, "knew better". Tsar Alexander I was severely dissatisfied; when he heard about Gudovich's failure, he named his expedition as "stupid", and without any sort of compassion, sent him into retirement.

Ivan Gudovich
Count Ivan Vasilyevich Gudovich (Russian: Граф Иван Васильевич Гудович, tr. Ivan Vasil’evič Gudovič; 1741–1820) was a Russian noble and military leader of Ukrainian descent. His exploits included the capture of Khadjibey (1789) and the conquest of maritime Dagestan (1807).
Ciurila
Ciurila (Hungarian: Csurulye; German: Schiril) is a commune in Cluj County, Transylvania, Romania. It is composed of eight villages: Ciurila, Filea de Jos (Alsófüle), Filea de Sus (Felsőfüle), Pădureni (Magyaróság), Pruniș (Magyarszilvás), Sălicea (Szelicse), Săliște (Tordaszeleste), and Șutu (Sütmeg).

Located in the south-central part of the county, the commune belongs to the Cluj-Napoca metropolitan area.

Cluj-Napoca metropolitan area
The Cluj metropolitan area is a metropolitan area in Cluj County, which includes Cluj-Napoca and 18 communes nearby: Aiton, Apahida, Baciu, Bonțida, Borșa, Căianu, Chinteni, Ciurila, Feleacu, Florești, Gilău, Gârbau, Jucu, Petreștii de Jos, Săvădisla, Sânpaul, Tureni, Vultureni.

The total area of the metropolitan area is 1,364 km2 (527 sq mi), which comprises 24% of the territory of Cluj County. According to the 2021 census, the population of the 20 administrative units totals 420,839 people, of whom 286,598 live in Cluj-Napoca.
Dheepam
Dheepam (transl. Lamp) is a 1977 Indian Tamil-language film, directed by  K. Vijayan and produced by K. Balaji. The film stars Sivaji Ganesan, Sujatha, Vijayakumar and Sangeetha. It is a remake of the Malayalam film Theekkanal. The film was released on 26 January 1977, and ran for over 100 days in theatres.

Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)
Panchaksharam Rangasamy Pillai (born 29 August 1943), known professionally as Vijayakumar, is an Indian actor who works in Tamil cinema. He started his film career in the Tamil film Sri Valli (1961) as a child actor and started playing a lead role from the movie Aval Oru Thodar Kathai (1974) then he worked in Madhura Geetham (1977) and Azhage Unnai Aarathikkiren (1979). He has also acted in Telugu and Malayalam movies. He also worked in television serials like Thangam, Vamsam,  Talambralu, Nandini and Rasaathi. His son is actor Arun Vijay.
Joseph Macdonald (Cape Breton politician)
Joseph Macdonald KC (January 14, 1863 – February 16, 1942) was a lawyer, magistrate and political figure in Nova Scotia, Canada. He represented Cape Breton Centre from 1925 to 1933 and Cape Breton North from 1933 to 1937 as a Conservative member.

He was born in Sydney Mines, Nova Scotia, the son of Michael and Catherine Macdonald. He was educated at the University of Ottawa and Dalhousie University. In 1893, he married Teresa Mary MacDonald. Macdonald served as military censor during World War I. He was a member of the Executive Council of Nova Scotia from 1931 to 1933. He died in North Sydney at the age of 79.

His son John Michael Macdonald served in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly, 1956–1960 and the Senate of Canada, 1960–1997.

Sydney Mines
Sydney Mines is a community and former town in Cape Breton Regional Municipality, Nova Scotia, Canada.

Founded in 1784, and incorporated as a town in 1889, Sydney Mines has a rich history in coal production although mining activity has now ceased. Prior to a permanent settlement being established, there was significant activity along the shore. Upon the success of coal mining operations, the Nova Scotia Steel and Coal Company constructed a steel plant in Sydney Mines in 1902. The plant, alongside the steel plant in Sydney owned by the Dominion Iron and Steel Company combined to produce more than 50% of Canada's steel during World War I. The plant was later sold to the British Empire Steel Corporation and ceased operations years later.
Berriew
Berriew (Welsh: Aberriw) is a village and community in Montgomeryshire, Powys, Wales. It is on the Montgomeryshire Canal and the Afon Rhiw, near the confluence (Welsh: aber) with the River Severn (Welsh: Afon Hafren)
at grid reference SJ185005, 79 miles (128 km) from Cardiff and 151 miles (243 km) from London. The village itself has a population of 283 and the community also includes Garthmyl Hall and Refail.

Townships in Montgomeryshire
The former county of Montgomeryshire was divided into townships, divisions of its ancient parishes. In 1539, townships were grouped together in hundreds. The townships which were recognised were based on the older Welsh divisions of tref, or plural trefi, which had formed the Welsh administrative districts of commotes. Not all of the former tref were recognised and some smaller trefi were amalgamated into larger townships. A township was allocated to a particular parish—that is, one of the [civil] parishes of Wales (analogous to civil parishes of England), the predecessors to today's communities of Wales. The townships were recognised as administrative districts, rather than the parishes.
Viktor Hartmann
Viktor Alexandrovich Hartmann (Russian: Ви́ктор Алекса́ндрович Га́ртман; 5 May 1834 – 4 August 1873) was a Russian architect and painter. He was associated with the Abramtsevo Colony, purchased and preserved beginning in 1870 by Savva Mamontov, and the Russian Revival.

Abramtsevo Colony
Abramtsevo (Russian: Абра́мцево) is a former country estate and now museum-reserve located north of Moscow, in the proximity of Khotkovo, that became a centre for the Slavophile movement and an artists' colony in the 19th century. The estate is located in the village of Abramtsevo, in Sergiyevo-Posadsky District of Moscow Oblast. The Abramtsevo Museum-reserve site is an object of cultural heritage in Russia.
AN/PRC-117
The AN/PRC-117 is a family of portable, tactical VHF/UHF/L-band software-defined voice and data communications combat-net radio, originally manufactured by Harris Corporation (now L3Harris). The AN/PRC-117 series is notable for its software communications architecture (SCA), allowing for quick upgrades and adaptability to evolving mission requirements. It is widely used by US military and allied forces.

In accordance with the Joint Electronics Type Designation System (JETDS), the "AN/PRC-117" designation represents the 117th design of an Army-Navy electronic device for portable two-way communications radio. The JETDS system also now is used to name all Department of Defense and some NATO electronic systems.

Combat-net radio
In telecommunications, a combat-net radio (CNR) is a radio operating in a network that (a) provides a half-duplex circuit and (b) uses either a single radio frequency or a discrete set of radio frequencies when in a frequency hopping mode.

CNRs are primarily used for push-to-talk-operated radio nets for command and control of combat, combat support, and combat service support operations among military ground, sea, and air forces.

In the United States, two military standards govern the use of combat net radios and the host applications that communicate over the network: MIL-STD-188-220 and MIL-STD-2045-47001. In addition to IETF RFCs governing UDP, TCP, and IPv4/IPv6, all seven layers of the OSI communications architecture are addressed. MIL-STD-2045-47001 covers layer 7 (application), while MIL-STD-188-220 covers layers 1 through 3 (physical, data link, and network).
Birdy (Peter Gabriel album)
Birdy is the first soundtrack and sixth album overall by the English rock musician Peter Gabriel for the movie of the same name, released in 1985. The album marked Gabriel's first work with producer Daniel Lanois. It was remastered with most of Gabriel's catalogue in 2002.

Daniel Lanois
Daniel Roland Lanois CM (/lænˈwɑː/ lan-WAH, French: [lanwa]; born September 19, 1951) is a Canadian record producer and musician.

He has produced albums by artists including Bob Dylan, Neil Young, Peter Gabriel, Robbie Robertson, Emmylou Harris, Willie Nelson, and Harold Budd. He collaborated with Brian Eno to create the ambient genre and produce several albums for U2, including The Joshua Tree (1987) and Achtung Baby (1991). Three albums produced or co-produced by Lanois have won the Grammy Award for Album of the Year. Four other albums received Grammy nominations.

Lanois has released several solo albums. He wrote and performed the music for the 1996 film Sling Blade, and provided several vocal tracks for Red Dead Redemption 2.
Gordia
Gordia is an ichnofossil known from Precambrian to modern sediments and is the most common trace fossil in the Kaili biota displaying "smooth, cylindrical or subcylindrical, non-branching, winding and irregularly curving burrows, commonly self-overcrossing". Probably made by a worm-like creature displaying fodinichnial (sediment scavenging) behaviour.  It takes the form of unlined, curving parallel-walled burrows that often end with a nub, probably created as the creature probed the over- or under-lying sediment. It resembles Helminthopsis and Haplotichnus.

Helminthopsis
Helminthopsis is an ichnogenus of trace fossil that is found preserved on the bedding planes of fine-grained sedimentary rocks. It is characterized by short, curvilinear, nonbranching, parallel-sided, unlined traces on bedding surfaces. It is thought to represent the submarine feeding trails of an invertebrate organism that worked the surface of muddy substrates in search of food. Because Helminthopsis traces never cross over themselves, the ichnogenus is distinguished from similar traces assigned to the Gordia ichnogenus. The similar sounding, but now obsolete, ichnogenus Helminthoida refers to a somewhat similar trace characterized by regular, back-and-forth meanders, whereas Helminthopsis is irregular.