hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Determiner phrase
In linguistics, a determiner phrase (DP) is a type of phrase headed by a determiner such as many. Controversially, many approaches take a phrase like not very many apples to be a DP headed, in this case, by the determiner many. This is called the DP analysis or the DP hypothesis. Others reject this analysis in favor of the more traditional NP (noun phrase or nominal phrase) analysis where apples would be the head of the phrase in which the DP not very many is merely a dependent. Thus, there are competing analyses concerning heads and dependents in nominal groups. The DP analysis developed in the late 1970s and early 1980s, and it is the majority view in generative grammar today.

In the example determiner phrases below, the determiners are in boldface:

a little dog, the little dogs (indefinite or definite articles)

my little dog, your little dogs (possessives)

this little dog, those little dogs (demonstratives)

every little dog, each little dog, no dog (quantifiers)

Determiner
In natural language, a determiner, also called a determinative (abbreviated DET), is a word or affix that combines with a noun to express its reference. Examples in English include articles (the and a/an), demonstratives (this, that), possessive determiners (my, their), and quantifiers (many, both). Not all languages have determiners, and not all systems of grammatical description recognize them as a distinct category.
Timoshenko Medal
The Timoshenko Medal is an award given annually by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) to an individual 
"in recognition of distinguished contributions to the field of applied mechanics."

The Timoshenko Medal, widely regarded as the highest international award in the field of applied mechanics, was established in 1957 in honor of Stephen Timoshenko, an authority in the field. The Medal "commemorates his contributions as author and teacher."

The actual award is a bronze medal and honorarium.  
The first award was given in 1957 to Stephen Prokofyevich Timoshenko.

Applied Mechanics Division
The Applied Mechanics Division (AMD) is a division in the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME).  The AMD was founded in 1927, with Stephen Timoshenko being the first chair.  The current AMD membership is over 5000, out of about 90,000 members of the ASME.  AMD is the largest of the six divisions in the ASME Basic Engineering Technical Group.
Airborne radio relay
Airborne radio relay is a technique employing aircraft fitted with radio relay stations for the purpose of increasing the range, flexibility, or physical security of communications systems. The aircraft may be manned or unmanned aerial vehicles.

Radio relay
Radio stations that cannot communicate directly due to distance, terrain or other difficulties sometimes use an intermediate radio relay station to relay the signals. A radio relay receives weak signals and retransmits them, often in a different direction, as a stronger signal. Examples include airborne radio relay, microwave radio relay, and communications satellite.  The American Radio Relay League was founded for this purpose but did not change its name when this became a less important part of its work.
Electoral district of Darlington (Queensland)
Darlington was a Legislative Assembly electorate in the state of Queensland. It was created in 1949 largely from the former Electoral district of Albert and was replaced (or renamed) in 1959 by the Electoral district of Logan.

Electoral district of Logan
Logan is an electoral district in southern Queensland, Australia.

Logan encompasses urban and semi-rural environments on the southern outskirts of the Brisbane metropolitan area. Major locations within the electoral district include Boronia Heights, Greenbank, Munruben, Chambers Flat, Yarrabilba, Park Ridge, Jimboomba, Kairabah, South Maclean, and North Maclean.
Swansea Victoria railway station
Swansea Victoria is a former railway station in Swansea, south Wales, opened to passenger and goods traffic on 14 December 1867. Owned successively by the Llanelly Railway and Dock Company (1867 to 1871), the Swansea and Carmarthen Railways Company (1871 to 1873), the London and North Western Railway Company (L.N.W.R., 1873 to 1922), the London, Midland and Scottish Railway Company (L.M.S., 1923 to 1947) and British Railways (1948 to 1964), it was served by trains to and from Shrewsbury, Crewe, Liverpool, Manchester and York and formed the southern terminus of the Central Wales line, most of which is still operational as the Heart of Wales Line. Victoria closed in June 1964, having been listed in the Report on the Reshaping of British Railways (better known as the Beeching Report) the previous year. The site was subsequently cleared and used for Swansea Leisure Centre (now the LC).

LC, Swansea
The LC is a leisure centre in the city centre of Swansea, Wales.  Originally Swansea Leisure Centre, it was rebranded as 'The LC' when the facility reopened to the public on 1 March 2008 after a £32 million makeover. The building's exterior was revitalised by replacing concrete panels with clear glass, translucent glazing, and timber panelling.
Livermore, Colorado
Livermore is an unincorporated community and a U.S. Post Office in Larimer County, Colorado, United States.  The Livermore Post Office has the ZIP Code 80536.

A post office called Livermore has been in operation since 1871. According to tradition, the community's name is an amalgamation of the names of settlers Livernash and Moore.

Larimer County, Colorado
Larimer County is a county located in the U.S. state of Colorado. As of the 2020 census, the population was 359,066. The county seat and most populous city is Fort Collins. The county was named for William Larimer, Jr., the founder of Denver. Larimer County comprises the Fort Collins–Loveland metropolitan area. The county is located at the northern end of the Front Range, at the edge of the Colorado Eastern Plains along the border with Wyoming.
2017–18 New Orleans Privateers men's basketball team
The 2017–18 New Orleans Privateers men's basketball team represented the University of New Orleans during the 2017–18 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Privateers were led by seventh-year head coach Mark Slessinger and played their home games at Lakefront Arena as members of the Southland Conference. They finished the season 16–17, 11–7 in Southland play to finish in a tie for fifth place. As the No. 5 seed in the Southland tournament, they defeated Texas A&M–Corpus Christi in the first round before losing to Sam Houston State in the quarterfinals. They received an invitation to the College Basketball Invitational where they defeated Texas–Rio Grande Valley in the first round and received a second round bye before losing in the quarterfinals to Campbell.

2017–18 Campbell Fighting Camels men's basketball team
The 2017–18 Campbell Fighting Camels men's basketball team represented Campbell University during the 2017–18 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Fighting Camels were led by fifth-year head coach Kevin McGeehan and played their home games at Gore Arena in Buies Creek, North Carolina as members of the Big South Conference. They finished the season 18–16, 10–8 in Big South play to finish in fourth place. They lost to Liberty in the quarterfinals of the Big South tournament. They were invited to the College Basketball Invitational where they defeated Miami (OH) and New Orleans before losing in the semifinals to San Francisco.
Ngāi Te Rangi
Ngāi Te Rangi or Ngāiterangi is a Māori iwi, based in Tauranga, New Zealand. Its rohe (tribal area) extends to Mayor Island / Tūhua and Bowentown in the north, to the Kaimai Range in the west, south of Te Puke and to Maketu in the east.

Ngāi Te Rangi is part of the Tauranga Moana iwi group, which also includes Ngāti Pūkenga and Ngāti Ranginui. The three iwi all consider Mauao (Mount Maunganui) sacred and share many things in common with one another. Collectively, the iwi are seeking compensation from the New Zealand Government for their losses from the New Zealand Wars but are yet to seek a settlement.

Ngāti Ranginui
Ngāti Ranginui is a Māori iwi (tribe) in Bay of Plenty, New Zealand. Its rohe (tribal area) extends from Waihi in the north, to the Kaimai Range in the west, to south of Te Puke in the south, and to Tauranga in the east. The rohe does not extend offshore to Matakana Island or Mayor Island / Tūhua.

Ngāti Ranginui is part of the Tauranga Moana iwi group, which also includes Ngāti Pūkenga and Ngāi Te Rangi. The three iwi all consider Mauao (Mount Maunganui) sacred and share many things in common. Collectively, the iwi are seeking compensation from the New Zealand Government for their losses from the New Zealand Wars but are yet to seek a settlement.
Jens Østerholm
Jens Østerholm (25 April 1928 – 13 November 2006) was a Danish film actor. He appeared in 27 films between 1959 and 1994. He was born in Denmark and was married to actress Birgitte Federspiel, but the couple divorced.

Birgitte Federspiel
Birgitte Federspiel (6 September 1925 – February 2, 2005) was a Danish film, theater and TV actress. She won two Bodil Awards for best actress in 1955 (Ordet) and 1959 (En fremmed banker på).

Born Karen Birgitte Federspiel in Copenhagen, she was the daughter of actor Ejner Federspiel and Gunver Fönss. She had a notable film roles as Inger in Ordet (1955) and, in later life, as Martine in Babette's Feast (1987), while on TV she played Baroness von Rydtger in three episodes of Matador. She died in Odense on February 2, 2005, aged 79.
Trinity Evangelical Lutheran Church
Trinity Evangelical Lutheran Church is a Victorian Gothic-style Lutheran church built in Milwaukee, Wisconsin in 1878 - then claimed to be "the finest church edifice within the Missouri Synod." Today it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is a designated State Historic Site. The building was also declared a Milwaukee Landmark in 1967, and today is the oldest church associated with the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod in the city.

Schuelke Organ Company
The Schuelke Organ Company was a Milwaukee, Wisconsin-based pipe organ builder.  Schuelke Organs operated in the later 19th and early 20th centuries.

William Schuelke (born April 13, 1849 in Konitz, West Prussia as Wilhelm Schülke; died 1902)  was a Prussian immigrant who came to the United States in 1866. Schuelke's contributions to organ building included inventing the electric motor powered bellows crank, for which he received a patent. This was a major improvement over existing hand-cranked bellows.

The Schuelke Organ Company ceased operations in the early 20th century. Today, few of the organs his company produced exist intact.

A yearly free organ recital is held at Saint Francis of Assisi Catholic Church, Milwaukee on the first Sunday of November to showcase its 1885 Schuelke pipe organ.
Sekijang
Sekijang is a federal constituency in Segamat District, Johor, Malaysia, that has been represented in the Dewan Rakyat since 2004.

The federal constituency was created in the 2003 redistribution and is mandated to return a single member to the Dewan Rakyat under the first past the post voting system.

Segamat District
The Segamat District (Malay: Daerah Segamat) or simply Segamat is a district in the Malaysian state of Johor. Segamat is also the name of the district's primary town. Segamat district is one of the three landlocked districts in Johor, the other being Kluang and Kulai.
Saline, Louisiana
Saline is a village in southeastern Bienville Parish, Louisiana, United States. As of the 2020 census, Saline had a population of 265. Saline is pronounced "Suh-LEEN". Cotton has been grown in the area and a watermelon festival is hosted.

Bienville Parish, Louisiana
Bienville Parish (French: Paroisse de Bienville, pronounced [paʁwas də bjɛ̃vil]) is a parish located in the northwestern portion of the U.S. state of Louisiana. At the 2020 census, the population was 12,981. The parish seat and most populous municipality is Arcadia.

The highest natural point in Louisiana, a hill known as Mt. Driskill, 535 feet (163 m) in elevation, is located in north central Bienville Parish. The mountain is located on private land with public access by walking trail. It is named for James Christopher Driskill, a 19th-century landowner. Nearby is Jordan Mountain, with an elevation of 493 feet (150 m).
Bushra, Jordan
Bushra (Bishra) is a town in the Irbid Governorate, Jordan. It rises 560 metres (1,840 ft) above sea level. It is located East of the municipality and town of Irbid 3 km, to the North by the towns of Hakama and Beit Ras (Roman kabitalios), to the South by the town of Huwwarah and to the East by the town of Sal.

Irbid Governorate
Irbid or Irbed (Arabic: إربد) is a governorate in Jordan, located north of Amman, the country's capital. The capital of the governorate is the city of Irbid. The governorate has the second largest population in Jordan after Amman Governorate, and the highest population density in the country.
Fundamental class
In mathematics, the fundamental class is a homology class [M] associated to a connected orientable compact manifold of dimension n, which corresponds to the generator of the homology group  . The fundamental class can be thought of as the orientation of the top-dimensional simplices of a suitable triangulation of the manifold.

Longest element of a Coxeter group
In mathematics, the longest element of a Coxeter group is the unique element of maximal length in a finite Coxeter group with respect to the chosen generating set consisting of simple reflections. It is often denoted by w0.
Yinchuan Poetry Prize
Yinchuan International Prize for Poetry is poetry award established in Yinchuan, China, to recognize international and Chinese language poets of exceptional talent.

It is given for a volume of poetry. The work may be written in Chinese or translated into Chinese from another language.

The Prize is associated with Yinchuan Poetry Festival, which included such well known and beloved poets as Duo Duo and Cai Tianxin as well as respected translators from European Languages into Chinese such as Li Li.

This $10,000 cash prize is awarded to the winning poet. The award was organized by Wang Xiping, poet and journalist, 
and sponsored by Zhang Shaohua, who provided 200,000 RMB to the poetry festival, prize, and banquet everyday throughout the festival.

Duo Duo
Duo Duo or Duoduo (Chinese: 多多, born 1951) is the pen name of contemporary Chinese poet, Li Shizheng (栗世征), a prominent exponent of the Chinese Misty Poets (朦胧诗). Duo Duo was awarded the 2010 Neustadt International Prize for Literature.
Ronan Wantenaar
Ronan Wantenaar (born 10 February 2001) is a Namibian swimmer. He competed in the men's 50 metre breaststroke event at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships. In 2019, he represented Namibia at the 2019 World Aquatics Championships held in Gwangju, South Korea.

In May 2025, he broke his own 200m breaststroke record.

Namibia at the 2019 World Aquatics Championships
Namibia  competed at the 2019 World Aquatics Championships in Gwangju, South Korea from 12 to 28 July. This was the nation's thirteenth appearance at the FINA World Aquatics Championships since 1994. The Namibia Swimming Union sent three competitors, with Phillip Seidler competing in the open water swimming while Xander Skinner and Ronan Wantenaar  competed in the pool.
Chelif River
Chelif River (Arabic: وادي الشلف) (also spelled Chéliff, or Sheliff) is a 700-kilometre-long (430 mi) river in Algeria, the longest in the country.  It rises in the Saharan Atlas near the city of Boughezoul, flows through the Tell Atlas and empties into the Mediterranean Sea north of the city of Mostaganem.  The water level in the river often fluctuates.  The river is being used for irrigation (mainly on its lower course).

The river was formerly called the Mekerra and the Sig River.

Tell Atlas
The Tell Atlas (Arabic: الاطلس التلي, al-ʾaṭlas al-tlī) is a mountain chain over 1,500 km (932 mi) in length, belonging to the Atlas mountain ranges in North Africa, stretching mainly across northern Algeria, ending in north-eastern Morocco and north-western Tunisia.

The ranges of this system have an average elevation of about 1,500 m (4,900 ft) and form a natural barrier between the Mediterranean and the Sahara. Its highest summit is the 2,308 m (7,572 ft) high Lalla Khedidja in the Djurdjura Range.

Several large cities such as the Algerian capital, Algiers, with ~1,500,000 residents (2005) and Oran with ~770,000 residents (2005) lie at the base of the Tell Atlas. The Algerian city Constantine with approximately 505,000 residents (2005) lies 80 km inland and directly in the mountains at 650 meters in elevation. A number of smaller towns and villages are situated within the Tell; for example, Chiffa is nestled within the Chiffa gorge.
La Grande Bouffe
La Grande Bouffe (Italian: La grande abbuffata, English titles The Grand Bouffe and Blow-Out) is a 1973 French–Italian satirical film directed by Marco Ferreri. It stars Marcello Mastroianni, Ugo Tognazzi, Michel Piccoli, Philippe Noiret and Andréa Ferréol. The film centres on a group of friends who plan to eat themselves to death. It satirises consumerism and the decadence of the bourgeoisie and was received controversially upon its release, but later gained a cult status.

Marco Ferreri
Marco Ferreri (11 May 1928 – 9 May 1997) was an Italian film director, screenwriter and actor, who began his career in the 1950s directing three films in Spain, followed by 24 Italian films before his death in 1997. He is considered one of the greatest European cinematic provocateurs of his time and had a constant presence in prestigious festival circuit - including eight films in competition in Cannes Film Festival and a Golden Bear win in 1991 Berlin Film Festival. Three of his films are among 100 films selected for preservation for their significant contribution to Italian cinema.
Charles B. Deane Jr.
Charles Bennett Deane Jr. (February 21, 1937 – February 6, 2022) was an American lawyer and politician.

Deane was born in Rockingham, North Carolina, the son of Charles B. Deane who served in the United States House of Representatives. He graduated from Rockingham High School in 1955. Deane graduated from Wake Forest University in 1959 and received his law degree from Wake Forest University School of Law in 1962. Deane served in the United States Navy from 1962 to 1966 and was commissioned a lieutenant. Deane practiced law in Rockingham, North Carolina. He served on the Richmond County School Board for sixteen years. In 1970, Deane served in the North Carolina Senate and was a Democrat. He died at his home in Rockingham, North Carolina on February 6, 2022, at the age of 84.

Rockingham, North Carolina
Rockingham is a city in Richmond County, North Carolina, United States, named after the Marquess of Rockingham. The population was 9,243 at the 2020 census. It is the county seat of Richmond County.

Downtown Rockingham is currently being revitalized as a part of a ten-year plan named "Shaping Our Future: 2023". The city is currently experiencing an economic boom, with new businesses opening in the downtown area.
Bruno Valentin
Bruno Valentin (born 22 January 1972) is a French prelate of the Catholic Church who became bishop Carcassonne-Narbonne on 31 March 2023 after serving as coadjutor there for eight months. He was auxiliary bishop of Versailles from 2019 to 2022.

Diocese of Carcassonne-Narbonne
The Diocese of Carcassonne and Narbonne (Latin: Dioecesis Carcassonensis et Narbonensis; French: Diocèse de Carcassonne et Narbonne) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical jurisdiction or diocese of the Catholic Church in France. The diocese comprises the entire department of Aude. It is suffragan to the Archdiocese of Montpellier.

On the occasion of the Concordat of 1802, the former Diocese of Carcassonne, nearly all the old Archdiocese of Narbonne, almost the entire Diocese of Saint-Papoul, a part of the ancient Diocese of Alet and ancient Diocese of Mirepoix, and the former Diocese of Perpignan, were united to make the one Diocese of Carcassonne. In 1822 the Diocese of Perpignan was re-established.

In 2006 the diocese of Carcassonne was renamed the Diocese of Carcassonne and Narbonne.
I Will Cure You
I Will Cure You is the only album by English comedian Vic Reeves. It was released in 1991 by Island Records, produced by Steve Beresford, Andy Metcalfe and Philip Oakey and re-released in 1999 by Universal Music's Spectrum label. The album peaked at number 16 on the UK Albums Chart and features the number-one single "Dizzy", which was a collaboration with the Wonder Stuff.

Jim Moir
James Roderick Moir (born 24 January 1959), commonly known by his stage name Vic Reeves, is an English comedian and artist. He has a double act with Bob Mortimer as Reeves & Mortimer. He is known for his surreal sense of humour.

In 2003, Reeves and Mortimer were listed in The Observer as one of the 50 funniest acts in British comedy. In a 2005 poll to find the Comedians' Comedian, Reeves and Mortimer were voted the ninth-greatest comedy act ever by fellow comedians and comedy insiders.
Donald Piers Chesworth
Donald Piers Chesworth (1923–1991) OBE was a politician and administrator who was closely associated with labour causes. His papers are held by Queen Mary Archives. He was warden of Toynbee Hall from 1977 to 1987. Michael Meadowcroft described him as a “fine political fixer”.

Toynbee Hall
Toynbee Hall is a charitable institution that works to address the causes and impacts of poverty in the East End of London and elsewhere. Established in 1884, it is based in Commercial Street, Spitalfields, and was the first university-affiliated institution of the worldwide settlement movement—a reformist social agenda that strove to get the rich and poor to live more closely together in an interdependent community. It was founded by Henrietta and Samuel Barnett in the economically depressed East End, and was named in memory of their friend and fellow reformer, Oxford historian Arnold Toynbee, who had died the previous year.

Toynbee Hall continues to strive to bridge the gap between people of all social and financial backgrounds, with a focus on working towards a future without poverty.
Robert Y. Moore
Robert Y. Moore (born December 5, 1931) is an American neurologist with interests in disorders of biological rhythms, movement disorders, and behavioral neurology. He is credited with discovering the function of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) as the circadian clock, as well as, describing its organization. He is also credited with establishing the role of the mammalian retinohypothalamic tract (RHT) as a photic entrainment pathway. Moore cin 2017 serves as a professor of neurology, with a secondary in psychiatry and neuroscience at the University of Pittsburgh, and as co-director of the National Parkinson Foundation Center of Excellence at the University of Pittsburgh.

Suprachiasmatic nucleus
The suprachiasmatic nucleus or nuclei (SCN) is a small region of the brain in the hypothalamus, situated directly above the optic chiasm. It is responsible for regulating sleep cycles in animals. Reception of light inputs from photosensitive retinal ganglion cells allow it to coordinate the subordinate cellular clocks of the body and entrain to the environment. The neuronal and hormonal activities it generates regulate many different body functions in an approximately 24-hour cycle.

The SCN also interacts with many other regions of the brain. It contains several cell types, neurotransmitters and peptides, including vasopressin and vasoactive intestinal peptide.

Disruptions or damage to the SCN has been associated with different mood disorders and sleep disorders, suggesting the significance of the SCN in regulating circadian timing.