hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
B.T. (tabloid)
B.T. (Danish pronunciation: [ˈpe̝ˀ ˈtsʰe̝ˀ]) is a Danish tabloid newspaper which offers general news about various subjects such as sports, politics and current affairs. B.T. is 100% digital since 2023, after more than a hundred years in the printing press.

Tabloid (newspaper format)
A tabloid is a newspaper format characterized by its compact size, smaller than a broadsheet. The term originates from the 19th century, when the London-based pharmaceutical company Burroughs Wellcome & Co. used the term to describe compressed pills, later adopted by newspapers to denote condensed content. There are two main types of tabloid newspaper: red tops and compact, distinguished by editorial style.

Red top tabloids are distinct from broadsheet newspapers, which traditionally cater to more affluent, educated audiences with in-depth reporting and analysis. However, the line between tabloids and broadsheets has blurred in recent decades, as many broadsheet newspapers have adopted tabloid or compact formats to reduce costs and attract readers.

Globally, the tabloid format has been adapted to suit regional preferences and media landscapes. In countries like Germany and Australia, tabloids such as Bild and The Daily Telegraph have significant readerships and political clout.
Manali Refinery
Manali Refinery is an oil refinery operated by Chennai Petroleum Corporation, it operates in Manali, Chennai in the state of Tamil Nadu since 1969. It is said to be one of the oldest refineries in southern India. It has a capacity of 10.5 million tonnes per year and is capable to produce fuel, lube, wax, petrochemical feedstocks, Liquefied Petroleum Gas, Motor Spirit, High Speed Diesel, Superior Kerosene Oil, Aviation Turbine Fuel.

Chennai Petroleum Corporation
Chennai Petroleum Corporation Limited (CPCL), formerly known as Madras Refineries Limited (MRL), is a subsidiary of Indian Oil Corporation Limited which is under the ownership of Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas of the Government of India. It is headquartered in Chennai, India. It was formed as a joint venture in 1965 between the Government of India (GOI), Amoco and National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC), having a shareholding in the ratio 74%: 13%: 13% respectively. From the grassroots stage CPCL Refinery was set up with an installed capacity of 2.5 million tonnes per year in a record time of 27 months at a cost of ₹430 million (US$5.1 million) without any time or cost overrun.
MD Data
MD Data is a type of magneto-optical medium derived from MiniDisc.

In developing and marketing it, Sony was trying to set the new standard for removable media to replace the 3½-inch diskette it had also helped create.  MD Data competed in a format war with other disks such as SyQuest's EZ 135, Imation's SuperDisk, and the Iomega Zip. Despite some early successes and niche uses (such as amongst musicians), ultimately neither MD Data nor any of its competitors succeeded in becoming the de facto new universal standard fully replacing the 3.5 inch diskette; with recordable CDs coming closest to filling the role, followed by USB flash drives.

Format war
A format war is a competition between similar but mutually incompatible technical standards that compete for the same market, such as for data storage devices and recording formats for electronic media. It is often characterized by political and financial influence on content publishers by the developers of the technologies. Developing companies may be characterized as engaging in a format war if they actively oppose or avoid interoperable open-industry technical standards in favor of their own.

A format war emergence can be explained because each vendor is trying to exploit cross-side network effects in a two-sided market. There is also a social force to stop a format war: when one of them wins as de facto standard, it solves a coordination problem for the format users.
Omid (crane)
Omid (Persian: امید, Pronounced: "Umeed" meaning "Hope") was a male Siberian crane, notable for being the only remaining Siberian crane of the western population (a larger eastern population winters in China). He kept returning to its wintering grounds in Iran, after flying 6,000 km (3,700 mi) each year, since the winter of 2006-2007. He would usually spend four months in Fereydunkenar wetland on the Caspian Sea, northern Iran.

Siberian crane
The Siberian crane (Leucogeranus leucogeranus), also known as the Siberian white crane or the snow crane, is a bird of the family Gruidae, the cranes. They are distinctive among the cranes: adults are nearly all snowy white, except for their black primary feathers that are visible in flight, and with two breeding populations in the Arctic tundra of western and eastern Russia. The eastern populations migrate during winter to China, while the western population winters in Iran and (formerly) in Bharatpur, India.

Among the cranes, they make the longest distance migrations. Their populations, particularly those in the western range, have declined drastically in the 20th century due to hunting along their migration routes and habitat degradation. The world population was estimated in 2010 at about 3,200 birds, mostly belonging to the eastern population with about 93% of them wintering in the Poyang Lake basin in China, a habitat that may be altered by the Three Gorges Dam.
Montpelier, Idaho
Montpelier is a city in Bear Lake County, Idaho, United States. The population was 2,643 at the 2020 census. The city is the largest community in the Bear Lake Valley, a farming region north of Bear Lake in southeastern Idaho along the Utah border. It was settled in 1863 by Mormon pioneers on the route of the Oregon Trail. Nearby to the east is the border with Wyoming.

Butch Cassidy
Robert LeRoy Parker (April 13, 1866 – November 7, 1908), better known as Butch Cassidy, was an American train and bank robber and the leader of a gang of criminal outlaws known as the "Wild Bunch" in the Old West.

Parker engaged in criminal activity for more than a decade at the end of the 19th century and the early 20th century, but the pressures of being pursued by law enforcement, notably the Pinkerton detective agency, forced him to flee the United States. He fled with his accomplice Harry Longabaugh, known as the "Sundance Kid", and Longabaugh's girlfriend Etta Place. The trio traveled first to Argentina and then to Bolivia, where Parker and Longabaugh are believed to have been killed in a shootout with the Bolivian Army in November 1908; the exact circumstances of their fate are unclear.

Parker's life and death have been extensively dramatized in film, television and literature, and he remains one of the best-known icons of the "Wild West" mythos in modern times.
Lead(II,IV) oxide
Lead(II,IV) oxide, also called red lead, lead tetroxide, or minium, is the inorganic compound with the formula Pb3O4. A bright red or orange solid, it is used as pigment, in the manufacture of batteries, and rustproof primer paints. It is an example of a mixed valence compound, being composed of both Pb(II) and Pb(IV) in the ratio of two to one.

Mixed-valence complex
Mixed valence complexes contain an element which is present in more than one oxidation state.  Well-known mixed valence compounds include the Creutz–Taube complex, Prussian blue, and molybdenum blue.  Many solids are mixed-valency including indium chalcogenides.
Napoléon Doumet-Adanson
Napoléon Doumet-Adanson (22 October 1834, Guéret – 31 May 1897 Château de Balaine (Villeneuve-sur-Allier) was a French naturalist. 
He was a botanist specialising in the flora of Tunisia . He was a founder member of the  Société d'horticulture et de botanique de l'Hérault. Doumet was also interested in entomology. He was a Member of the Institut de France.

In 1882 Jules Ferry, as Minister of Public Instruction, decided to create a mission to explore the Regency of Tunisia.
The expedition was headed by the botanist Ernest Cosson and included Doumet-Adanson and other naturalists.
In 1884 a geological section under Georges Rolland was added to the Tunisian Scientific Exploration Mission.
Rolland was assisted by Philippe Thomas from 1885 and by Georges Le Mesle in 1887.

Jules Ferry
Jules François Camille Ferry (French: [ʒyl fɛʁi]; 5 April 1832 – 17 March 1893) was a French statesman and republican philosopher. He was one of the leaders of the Moderate Republicans and served as Prime Minister of France from 1880 to 1881 and 1883 to 1885. He was a promoter of laicism and colonial expansion. Under the Third Republic, Ferry made primary education free and compulsory through several new laws. However, he was forced to resign following the Sino-French War in 1885 due to his unpopularity and public opinion against the war.
Chance constrained programming
Chance Constrained Programming (CCP) is a mathematical optimization approach used to handle problems under uncertainty. It was first introduced by Charnes and Cooper in 1959 and further developed by Miller and Wagner in 1965. CCP is widely used in various fields, including finance, engineering, and operations research, to optimize decision-making processes where certain constraints need to be satisfied with a specified probability.

William W. Cooper
William Wager Cooper (July 23, 1914 – June 20, 2012) was an American operations researcher, known as a father of management science and as "Mr. Linear Programming". He was the founding president of The Institute of Management Sciences, founding editor-in-chief of Auditing: A Journal of Practice and Theory, a founding faculty member of the Graduate School of Industrial Administration at the Carnegie Institute of Technology (now the Tepper School of Business at Carnegie Mellon University), founding dean of the School of Urban and Public Affairs (now the Heinz College) at CMU, the former Arthur Lowes Dickinson Professor of Accounting at Harvard University, and the Foster Parker Professor Emeritus of Management, Finance and Accounting at the University of Texas at Austin.
The Lady of Shalott (William Holman Hunt)
The Lady of Shalott is an oil painting by the English artist William Holman Hunt, made c. 1888–1905, and depicting a scene from Tennyson's 1832 poem, "The Lady of Shalott".  The painting is held by the Wadsworth Atheneum, in Hartford, Connecticut.  A smaller version is held by the Manchester Art Gallery.

William Holman Hunt
William Holman Hunt OM (2 April 1827 – 7 September 1910) was an English painter and one of the founders of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood.  His paintings were notable for their great attention to detail, vivid colour, and elaborate symbolism.  These features were influenced by the writings of John Ruskin and Thomas Carlyle, according to whom the world itself should be read as a system of visual signs.  For Hunt, it was the duty of the artist to reveal the correspondence between sign and fact.  Of all the members of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, Hunt remained most true to their ideals throughout his career.  He was always keen to maximise the popular appeal and public visibility of his works.
Attraction (group)
Attraction are a Hungarian shadow theatre group. They rose to fame during a performance at the Hungary Olympic Oath Ceremony for the London 2012 Olympics, in which they did a rendition of many of the traditional sports within the five rings of the Olympic games logo. Less than a year later, they won the seventh series of Britain's Got Talent on 8 June 2013, beating Jack Carroll.

Jack Carroll (comedian)
Jack Carroll (born 18 October 1998) is an English comedian and actor. He competed in the seventh series of Britain's Got Talent at the age of 14, finishing as the runner-up. As an actor, he appeared in two series of the CBBC series Ministry of Curious Stuff and from 2014 to 2018, he starred in the Sky sitcom Trollied. Carroll, whose cerebral palsy is often a subject of his act, won a Pride of Britain award in 2012. He returned to mainstream media in 2024, taking on a regular role in Coronation Street.

It was announced that he had left his role in Coronation Street and filmed his final scenes in March 2025.
Frederick Langdon Hubbard
Frederick Langdon Hubbard (1878–1953) was Chairman of the Toronto Transportation Commission from 1929 to 1930. He was the first African Canadian to serve on the TTC board (first as Commissioner and later as Chairman). Born in Toronto in 1878, Hubbard was son of a high profile African Canadian and Toronto politician William Peyton Hubbard and son-in-law to the first African Canadian licensed to practice medicine in Ontario Anderson Ruffin Abbott (married to daughter  Grace Isabell Abbott). Hubbard died in 1953.

Hubbard worked for the Toronto Street Railway from 1906 to 1921, and served as the chair of the TTC from 1929 to 1930, vice-chair in 1931 and a commissioner from 1932 to 1939.

A historical plaque was installed in 2014 at his former residence of 662 Broadview Avenue.

Anderson Ruffin Abbott
Anderson Ruffin Abbott (7 April 1837 – 29 December 1913) was a Canadian physician and an officer in the Union army during the American Civil War. He was the first Black Canadian to be licensed as a physician. After his American war service, he became the coroner and later surgeon-in-chief in Kent County, Ontario.
Hôpital Cochin
The Hôpital Cochin (French pronunciation: [opital kɔʃɛ̃]) is a public hospital situated on Rue du Faubourg-Saint-Jacques, Paris 14e. It houses the main burn treatment centre of the city. The Hôpital Cochin is an affiliate of the Faculté de Médecine Paris-Cité. It is named after Jean-Denis Cochin, curé of the parish of Saint-Jacques-du-Haut-Pas, who founded a hospital for the workers and poor of this quarter of Paris.

Since 1990, a biomedical research centre, the Institut Cochin, has been affiliated with the hospital. It was reorganised in 2002 to encompass genetic research, molecular biology and cellular biology, with a staff of about 600. It is part of both INSERM and CNRS, integrated into the Université Paris Cité.

In 2004, the Maison de Solenn, a shelter for adolescents named after Solenn Poivre d'Arvor, has opened in the hospital with the active support of Bernadette Chirac.

Patrick Poivre d'Arvor
Patrick Poivre d'Arvor (PPDA; né Patrick Jean Marcel Poivre, French pronunciation: [patʁik ʒɑ̃ maʁsɛl pwavʁ daʁvɔʁ]; born 20 September 1947) is a French TV journalist and writer. He is a household name in France, and nicknamed "PPDA". With over 30 years and in excess of 4,500 editions of television news to his credit, he was one of the longest serving newsreaders in the world until he was fired in 2008. He presented his last newscast on TF1 on 10 July 2008.
Since 2021, a total of 27 women have accused Patrick Poivre d'Arvor of sexual assault or rape that would have allegedly happened during decades prior. Seventeen women filed a formal complaint.  Among them, eight did so for alleged rape.
Remembering Babylon
Remembering Babylon is a novel by David Malouf, published in 1993. It won the inaugural International Dublin Literary Award and was shortlisted for the Booker Prize and the Miles Franklin Award.

The novel covers themes of isolation, language, relationships (particularly those between men), community and living "on the edge" (of society, consciousness, culture).

Its themes evolve into a greater narrative of an English boy, Gemmy Fairley, who is marooned on a foreign land and is raised by a group of Aboriginal people, natives to the land in Queensland. When white settlers reach the area, he attempts to move back in the world of Europeans. As Gemmy wrestles with his own identity, the community of settlers struggle to deal with their fear of the unknown.

The narrative was influenced by the experiences of James Morrill, a shipwreck survivor who lived with Aboriginal people in North Queensland for 17 years from 1846 to 1863.

James Morrill (castaway)
James Morrill (20 May 1824 – 30 October 1865) was an English sailor aboard the vessel Peruvian which became shipwrecked off the coast of north-eastern Australia in 1846. He survived a journey in a makeshift raft to the mainland near the site of the modern city of Townsville and was taken in by a local clan of Aboriginal Australians. He adopted their language and customs and lived as a member of their society for 17 years. By the early 1860s, British colonisation had reached the area and Morrill decided to return to the European way of living. Morrill wrote a memoir of his experiences and died soon after in the town of Bowen in 1865. Morrill is regarded as the first white man to have resided permanently in North Queensland and is one of only a few European people to have lived for an extended period completely within traditional Aboriginal culture.
2008–09 USC Trojans men's basketball team
The 2008–09 USC Trojans men's basketball team represented the University of Southern California during the 2008-09 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Trojans, led by 4th year head coach Tim Floyd, played their home games at the Galen Center and were members of the Pacific-10 Conference. They finished the season 22–13, 9–9 in Pac-10 play. They won the 2009 Pacific-10 Conference men's basketball tournament over Arizona State. They went to the 2009 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament as a 10th seed, where they lost in the 2nd round to Michigan State.

2008–09 Michigan State Spartans men's basketball team
The 2008–09 Michigan State Spartans men's basketball team represented Michigan State University in the 2008–09 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. They were led by head coach Tom Izzo who was in his 14th year as head coach. The team played their home games at the Breslin Center in East Lansing, Michigan and were member of the Big Ten Conference. MSU finished the season 31–7, 15–3 in Big Ten play to win the Big Ten regular season championship by four games. They defeated Minnesota in the quarterfinals of the Big Ten tournament before losing to Ohio State in the semifinals. The Spartans received their 12th-straight NCAA tournament bid, an at-large bid as the No. 2 seed in the Midwest region. They defeated Robert Morris, USC, Kansas, and Louisville to advance to the Final Four for the fifth time under Izzo. In the Final Four, they defeated UConn to advance to the National Championship game where they lost to North Carolina.
Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik
The Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik (commonly abbreviated ZPE; "Journal of Papyrology and Epigraphy") is a peer-reviewed academic journal which contains articles that pertain to papyrology and epigraphy. It has been described as "the world's leading and certainly most prolific journal of papyrology." ZPE, established by Reinhold Merkelbech and Ludwig Koenen in 1967, is published four to five times annually by Rudolf Habelt GmbH. It is renowned for its ability to publish new articles very quickly.

The current editors of ZPE are Werner Eck, Helmut Engelman, Jürgen Hammerstaedt, Rudolf Kassel, Ludwig Koenen, Wolfgang Dieter Lebek, Klaus Maresch, Georg Petzl, and Cornelia Römer.

Ludwig Koenen
Ludwig Koenen (April 5, 1931 – May 9, 2023) was a German-born American papyrologist and classical philologist.  He spent most of his career as a professor at the University of Michigan, where he taught from 1975 to 2000.  He eventually attained the named chair of Herbert C. Youtie Distinguished University Professor of Papyrology.  He edited the publication of numerous papyri from the collections at the University of Cologne and the University of Michigan Papyrology Collection.
Bangladesh Football League
The Bangladesh Football League (Bengali: বাংলাদেশ ফুটবল লিগ), simply known as the BFL, is the top tier of the Bangladeshi football league system. It is run by the Bangladesh Football Federation (BFF). The Dhaka derby between Dhaka Abahani and Mohammedan is one of the league's most popular matches.

The BFL superseded the Dhaka Premier Division League which had functioned as the top tier from 1948 to 2006. The league name was changed from Bangladesh Premier League to Bangladesh Football League in 2025 because the spelling clashed with the similarly-named cricket league.

Mohammedan SC (Dhaka)
Mohammedan Sporting Club Limited is a Bangladeshi professional football club based in Dhaka. Founded in 1936, it is one of the oldest and the most successful football club in the country, with a support base in all parts of the country. The club currently competes in the Bangladesh Premier League.
Segregating site
Segregating sites are positions which show differences (polymorphisms) between related genes in a sequence alignment (are not conserved). Segregating sites include conservative, semi-conservative and non-conservative mutations.

The proportion of segregating sites within a gene is an important statistic in population genetics since it can be used to estimate mutation rate assuming no selection. For example, it is used to calculate the Tajima's D neutral evolution statistic.

Conservative replacement
A conservative replacement (also called a conservative mutation or a conservative substitution or a homologous replacement) is an amino acid replacement in a protein that changes a given amino acid to a different amino acid with similar biochemical properties (e.g. charge, hydrophobicity and size).

Conversely, a radical replacement, or radical substitution, is an amino acid replacement that exchanges an initial amino acid by a final amino acid with different physicochemical properties.
Three Spare Wives
Three Spare Wives is a 1962 British second feature ('B') comedy film directed by Ernest Morris and starring Susan Stephen, John Hewer, Robin Hunter. It was written by Eldon Howard based on a play by Talbot Rothwell.

Ernest Morris
Ernest Morris (17 October 1913 – 17 September 1987) was an English film and television director.

He began his film career in 1932 as an assistant director.

As a director the majority of his output comprised second features.
Harry L. Hayman
Harry Lewis Hayman, (1850-1927) was a British philatelist who signed the Roll of Distinguished Philatelists in 1921.

Hayman was a specialist in Aerophilately, for which he won a medal at the 1923 London International Stamp Exhibition. He also collected to medal level Belgian Congo, China, Hungary, Liberia, Mauritius, and Spain. His general collection was sold for £4000 in 1898. Hayman was the joint founder of Aero Philatelic Society and President of the Hertfordshire Philatelic Society. He was awarded the Order of the Crown of Belgium in 1912.

Roll of Distinguished Philatelists
The Roll of Distinguished Philatelists (RDP) is a philatelic award of international scale, created by the Philatelic Congress of Great Britain in 1921 to honour those who have advanced philately through research, expertise, or service. The Roll consists of five pieces of parchment to which the signatories add their names. New honorees continue to be added annually.
Thomas Sully
Thomas Sully (June 19, 1783 – November 5, 1872) was an English-American portrait painter. He was born in England, became a naturalized American citizen in 1809, and lived most of his life in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, including in the Thomas Sully Residence. He studied painting in England under Benjamin West. He painted in the style of Thomas Lawrence and has been referred to as the "Sir Thomas Lawrence of America".

He produced over 2,300 paintings over his 70 year career. His subjects included United States presidents Thomas Jefferson, John Quincy Adams, and Andrew Jackson; Revolutionary War hero General Marquis de Lafayette, and Queen Victoria. In addition to portraits of wealthy patrons, he painted landscapes and historical pieces such as the 1819 The Passage of the Delaware. His work was adapted for use on United States coinage.

Thomas Sully Residence
The Thomas Sully Residence is a historic rowhouse at 530 Spruce Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. It was briefly (1828–29) a home of painter Thomas Sully (1783-1872), who lived in Philadelphia for the last 64 years of his life.

It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1965.

It is a private residence, and is not open to the public.