hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Battle of Eckmühl
The Battle of Eckmühl fought on 22 April 1809, was the turning point of the 1809 Campaign, also known as the War of the Fifth Coalition. Napoleon I had been unprepared for the start of hostilities on 10 April 1809, by the Austrians under Archduke Charles of Austria and for the first time since assuming the French Imperial Crown had been forced to give up the strategic initiative to an opponent. Thanks to the dogged defense waged by the III Corps, commanded by Marshal Davout, and the Bavarian VII Corps, commanded by Marshal Lefebvre, Napoleon was able to defeat the principal Austrian army and wrest the strategic initiative for the remainder of the war.

François Joseph Lefebvre
François Joseph Lefebvre, Duke of Danzig (/ləˈfɛvrə/ lə-FEV-rə, French: [fʁɑ̃swa ʒozɛf ləfɛvʁ]; 25 October 1755 – 14 September 1820) was a French military commander of the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars, and one of the original eighteen Marshals of the Empire created by Napoleon.
Adel Ramzy
Adel Ramzy is an Egyptian surgeon who served as the World President of the International College of Surgeons in 2014. He is one of the surgeons depicted in Henry Ward's painting ‘’The 'Finger-Assisted' Nephrectomy of Professor Nadey Hakim’’.

The 'Finger-Assisted' Nephrectomy of Professor Nadey Hakim
The 'Finger-Assisted' Nephrectomy of Professor Nadey Hakim and the World Presidents of the International College of Surgeons in Chicago, or, The Wise in Examination of the Torn Contemporary State is a painting by British artist Henry Ward depicting transplant surgeon Nadey Hakim demonstrating the removal of a living donor kidney. It is on display at Başkent University, Ankara, Turkey.

The painting uses Rembrandt's The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp (1632) as a reference, showing Hakim surrounded by the modern presidents and members of the International College of Surgeons in Chicago. It took one year to complete and was unveiled in 2010.

It was chosen to be included in the exhibition for the 2010 BP Portrait Awards and in Sandy Nairne's book 500 Portraits: 25 Years of The BP Portrait Award (2012).
Minami Aoyama
Minami Aoyama (Japanese: 藍山みなみ, Hepburn: Aoyama Minami) is a Japanese former pink film actress and AV idol. She appeared in award-winning pink films, and was herself given a Best Actress award for her work in this genre in 2006.

Ambiguous (film)
Ambiguous (曖昧, Aimai) also known as Waisetsu Netto Shūdan Ikasete!! (猥褻ネット集団　いかせて!!) and Group Suicide: The Last Supper (集団自殺　最後の晩餐, Shūdan Jissatsu: Saigo no Bansan) is a 2003 Japanese Pink film directed by Toshiya Ueno. It was chosen as Best Film of the year at the Pink Grand Prix ceremony.
Anne of Avonlea
Anne of Avonlea is a 1909 novel by Canadian author Lucy Maud Montgomery, who published as L. M. Montgomery. The first sequel to Montgomery's Anne of Green Gables (1908), the book covers the second chapter in the life of Anne Shirley, from the age of 16 to 18, during the two years that she teaches at the Avonlea school on Prince Edward Island.

Lucy Maud Montgomery
Lucy Maud Montgomery OBE (November 30, 1874 – April 24, 1942), published as L. M. Montgomery, was a Canadian author best known for a collection of novels, essays, short stories, and poetry beginning in 1908 with Anne of Green Gables. She published 20 novels as well as 530 short stories, 500 poems, and 30 essays. Anne of Green Gables was an immediate success; the title character, orphan Anne Shirley, made Montgomery famous in her lifetime and gave her an international following. Most of the novels were set on Prince Edward Island and those locations within Canada's smallest province became a literary landmark and popular tourist site—namely Green Gables farm, the genesis of Prince Edward Island National Park.

Montgomery's work, diaries, and letters have been read and studied by scholars and readers worldwide. The L. M. Montgomery Institute, University of Prince Edward Island, is responsible for the scholarly inquiry into the life, works, culture, and influence of Montgomery.
Puffinosis
Puffinosis is a virus disease of Manx shearwaters. Young birds get blisters on their feet, conjunctivitis and problems with movement. The death rate can reach 70% in infected birds. The infection is most common near walls and similar structures where the virus can be transmitted between feet. The disease can also occur in several species of gull and in the northern fulmar.

Manx shearwater
The Manx shearwater (Puffinus puffinus) is a medium-sized shearwater in the seabird family Procellariidae. The scientific name of this species records a name shift: Manx shearwaters were called Manks puffins in the 17th century. Puffin is an Anglo-Norman word (Middle English pophyn) for the cured carcasses of nestling shearwaters. The Atlantic puffin acquired the name much later, possibly because of its similar nesting habits.
Collaborative therapy
Collaborative therapy is a therapy developed by Harlene Anderson, along with Harold A. Goolishian (1924–1991), in the US. It is intended for clients who are well educated in any field, or for those that have distrust of psychotherapists due to past negative experiences with one or more.

Harlene Anderson
Harlene Anderson (born 1942) is an American psychologist and a cofounder of the Postmodern Collaborative Approach to therapy. In the 1980s, Anderson and her colleague Harold A. Goolishian pioneered a new technique that is used to relate to patients within therapy through language and collaboration, and without the use of diagnostic labels. This approach to therapy places the patient in control of the therapy session and asks the therapist to focus on the present session and ignore any preconceived notions they may have. This approach was first developed for the use of family and mental health therapists, but has since expanded into a variety of professional practices such as organizational psychology, higher education, and research.
Donna Kriekle
Donna Kriekle (born 1945) is a Canadian artist who lives in Regina, Saskatchewan.

Kriekle was born in Southey, Saskatchewan. She received a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Regina in 1969, where she studied with Arthur McKay, Ted Godwin, and Doug Morton. She also took art classes at Concordia University in 1970.

Southey, Saskatchewan
Southey is a town in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. It is on Highway 6, approximately 55 km north of Regina, the capital city of Saskatchewan.

Southey is named after a famous English poet, Robert Southey. Additionally, most of the streets of Southey are named after English and Scottish poets.
Introduction to Life
Introduction to Life (Russian: Вступление, romanized: Vstuplijenije) is a 1963 Soviet drama film about World War II seen through the eyes of a young boy from Leningrad. It won a Special Jury Prize at the 24th Venice International Film Festival.

Valery Nosik
Valery Benediktovich Nosik (Russian: Валерий Бенедиктович Носик; 9 October 1940 — 4 January 1995) was a Soviet Russian film and stage actor, the People's Artist of Russia (1994) who appeared in more than 100 films, as well as in numerous stage productions at the Moscow Pushkin Drama (1965-1972) and the Maly Theatres (1972-1995).
Destination America
Destination America is an American cable television channel owned by the Warner Bros. Discovery Networks unit of Warner Bros. Discovery. The network carries programming focused on the culture of the United States—including food, lifestyles, and travel.

As of November 2023, Destination America is available to approximately 23,000,000 pay television households in the United States-down from its 2013 peak of 60,000,000 households. Along with American Heroes Channel, Boomerang, Cooking Channel, Discovery Family, Discovery Life, and Science Channel, Destination America is among the less prevalent networks of Warner Bros. Discovery.

In recent years, Destination America has lost carriage with the growth of streaming alternatives including its parent company's HBO Max, and has generally been depreciated by Warner Bros. Discovery in current retransmission consent negotiations with cable and streaming providers.

A Haunting
A Haunting is an American paranormal drama anthology television series that depicts eyewitness accounts of alleged possession, exorcism, and ghostly encounters. The program features narrations, interviews, and dramatic re-enactments based on various accounts of alleged paranormal experiences at reportedly haunted and mostly residential locations.
Hoodoo Mountains
The Hoodoo Mountains are a mountain range in the northwest United States, in north central Idaho. They are part of the Clearwater Mountains and are the source of the Potlatch and Palouse rivers. Located in northeastern Latah County and southeastern Benewah County, the high point is Bald Mountain at 5,334 feet (1,626 m) above sea level. On the west slope of the northern Rocky Mountains, the Hoodoos transition into the adjoining Palouse region, to the southwest.

North–South Ski Bowl, a former alpine ski area, is in the north end of the range in Benewah County. Opened in the 1930s, the area was originally owned and operated by Washington State College (now Washington State University) in Pullman. Alpine operations were discontinued in the 1990s and it is now a "park'n'ski" area for cross-country skiing off of State Highway 6.

North–South Ski Bowl
North–South Ski Bowl was a modest ski area in the western United States, located in northern Idaho in the Hoodoo Mountains of southern Benewah County.

Its bowl-shaped slope in the Idaho Panhandle National Forest faced northeast and the vertical drop was just under 400 feet (120 m) on Dennis Mountain, accessed from State Highway 6, south of Emida and north of Harvard.  An "upside-down" ski area, the parking lot and lodge were at the top, less than a mile east of the highway, formerly designated as 95A (U.S. 95 Alternate). The access road meets the highway at its crest ("Harvard Hill"), just under 3,600 feet (1,100 m), and climbs about two hundred feet (60 m); the border with Latah County is approximately two miles (3 km) south.
Goldfish scooping
Goldfish scooping (金魚すくい, 金魚掬い, Kingyo-sukui) is a traditional Japanese game in which a player scoops goldfish with a paper scooper. It is also called "Scooping Goldfish", "Dipping for Goldfish", or "Snatching Goldfish". Kingyo means "goldfish" and sukui means "scooping". Sometimes bouncy balls are used instead of goldfish. Japanese summer festivals or ennichi commonly have a stall for this activity.

Goldfish
The goldfish (Carassius auratus) is a freshwater fish in the family Cyprinidae of the order Cypriniformes. It is commonly kept as a pet in indoor aquariums, and is one of the most popular aquarium fish. Goldfish released into the wild have become an invasive pest in parts of North America and Australia.

Native to China, the goldfish is a relatively small member of the genus Carassius (which also includes the Prussian carp and the crucian carp). It was first selectively bred for color in imperial China more than 1,000 years ago, where several distinct breeds were developed. Goldfish breeds vary greatly in size, body shape, fin configuration, and coloration. Various combinations of white, yellow, orange, red, brown, and black are known.
Max Schirschin
Max Schirschin (29 January 1921 – 16 May 2013) was a German football player and manager.

He played for Schalke 04, Angers, Le Havre, Rouen and RC Maison-Carrée.

He coached Rouen, Gent, Fortuna '54, Metz and Le Havre. and Bastia.

FC Metz
Football Club de Metz (French pronunciation: [mɛs] ⓘ) is a French association football club based in Metz, Lorraine. The club was formed in 1932 and plays in Ligue 1, the highest division in the French football league system, for the 2025–26 season following their promotion from the second division in the 2024–2025 season. They play their home matches at Stade Saint-Symphorien located within the city. The team is currently managed by Benoît Tavenot. Despite never winning the top flight, they have won the Coupe de France twice and the Coupe de la Ligue twice.
Enid Lake
Enid Lake is a lake that is located mostly in Yalobusha County in the U.S. state of Mississippi. Parts of it extend into Panola and Lafayette counties.  Common fish species include crappie, largemouth bass, catfish and bream.  Enid Lake holds the world record for white crappie at 5 lbs 3 oz (2.35 kg), and holds the Mississippi state record for shortnose gar at 5.83 lb (2.64 kg), as well as the state record for spotted gar at 8.1 lb (3.7 kg).

Enid Dam is an earthen dam across the Yocona River.  The dam is 110 ft (34 m) high and 8,400 ft (2,600 m) long at its crest.  The structure was completed in 1952, for flood control and recreation, as a project of the United States Army Corps of Engineers.  The lake (conservation pool) has a surface area of 6,100 acres (2,500 ha) and a storage of 57,600 acre-foot (71,000,000 m3).

Yocona River
Yocona River is a stream in the U.S. state of Mississippi. It is a tributary of the Tallahatchie River.

The fish species Etheostoma faulkneri (Yoknapatawpha darter) is endemic to headwater streams of the Yocona River watershed, being found nowhere else in the world.

In Yalobusha County, the river is impounded by an earthen dam, near the community of Enid, creating Enid Lake, with that lake's waters stretching as far as the town of Water Valley.
Bongards, Minnesota
Bongards is an unincorporated community in Benton Township, Carver County, Minnesota, United States.

U.S. Highway 212 and Carver County Road 51 are two of the main routes in the community.  Nearby places include Cologne and Norwood Young America.

Carver County, Minnesota
Carver County is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of the 2020 census, the population was 106,922. Its county seat is Chaska. Carver County is named for explorer Jonathan Carver, who in 1766–67, traveled from Boston to the Minnesota River and wintered among the Sioux near the site of New Ulm. Carver County is part of the Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Minuscule 793
Minuscule 793 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε463 (von Soden), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament written on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 12th century. The manuscript has complex contents.

Family Kx
Family Kx is a large group of the New Testament manuscripts. It belongs to the Byzantine text-type as one of the textual families of this group. It includes uncials, and although hundreds of minuscules, no early ones.
Timorasso
Timorasso is a white Italian wine grape variety grown primarily in the Piedmont wine region of northwest Italy. There it is used to make aromatic wine with some aging potential as well as the pomace brandy specialty of grappa. Timorasso owes its modern-day existence to Walter Massa, a farmer of Monleale, a village in Piedmont, as the thick-skinned native variety was almost extinct in the early 1980s in the area of Tortona. Thanks to Massa pioneering efforts, by the late 1990s, other local producers began planting the grape variety themselves and there are now more than 20 firms growing and producing Timorasso.

Tortona
Tortona (Italian: [torˈtoːna]; Piedmontese: Torton-a [tʊrˈtʊŋa], locally [tʊrˈtɔŋa]; Latin: Dertona) is a comune of Piemonte, in the Province of Alessandria, Italy. Tortona is sited on the right bank of the Scrivia between the plain of Marengo and the foothills of the Ligurian Apennines. Its frazione of Vho is one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages of Italy").
Beans, Texas
Beans (also known as Beans Place, Beans Community, Cross, and Horger) is an unincorporated community in Jasper County, Texas, United States. Beans is located on the west side of the Angelina River, 12 miles (19 km) northwest of Jasper.

The community was founded in 1904 by Ira S. Bean, who initially named its post office Horger, in honor of John Miller Horger. In 1925, the Post Office Department established a new post office for Bean's Place to avoid confusion with the towns of Borger and Spurger; however, the Horger post office did not close until 1929. Beans had a population of 25 through 1944 and was marked on highway maps as Beans Community through the 1980s. From 1970 to 1979, Beans was served by a spur route of Texas Recreational Road 255.

Jasper County, Texas
Jasper County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2020 census, its population was 32,980. Its county seat is Jasper. The county was created as a municipality in Mexico in 1834, and in 1837 was organized as a county in the Republic of Texas. It is named for William Jasper, an American Revolutionary War hero.
Inverse limit
In mathematics, an inverse limit (also called a projective limit) is a construction that allows one to "glue together" several related objects, the precise gluing process being specified by morphisms between the objects. Inverse limits can be defined in any category, although their existence depends on the category that is considered. They are a special case of the concept of a limit in category theory.

By working in the dual category—that is, by reversing the arrows—an inverse limit becomes a direct limit or inductive limit, and a limit becomes a colimit.

Functor
In mathematics, specifically category theory, a functor is a mapping between categories.  Functors were first considered in algebraic topology, where algebraic objects (such as the fundamental group) are associated to topological spaces, and maps between these algebraic objects are associated to continuous maps between spaces.   Nowadays, functors are used throughout modern mathematics to relate various categories. Thus, functors are important in every area of mathematics where category theory is applied.

The words category and functor were borrowed by mathematicians from the philosophers Aristotle and Rudolf Carnap, respectively.  The latter used functor in a linguistic context;
see function word.
Ramessesnakht
Ramessesnakht was High Priest of Amun during many years in the 20th Dynasty. He was appointed as the High Priest at Thebes under Ramesses IV. He served in office until the reign of Ramesses IX. It was during Ramessesnakht's tenure that the power and importance of the Amun priesthood grew over Egypt while the Pharaoh's power began to noticeably decline.

Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt
The Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt (notated Dynasty XX, alternatively 20th Dynasty or Dynasty 20) is the third and last dynasty of the Ancient Egyptian New Kingdom period, lasting from 1189 BC to 1077 BC. The 19th and 20th Dynasties together constitute an era known as the Ramesside period owing to the predominance of rulers with the given name "Ramesses". This dynasty is generally considered to mark the beginning of the decline of Ancient Egypt, coinciding with the Bronze Age Collapse which led to the end of the New Kingdom and the onset of the Third Intermediate Period. During the period of the Twentieth Dynasty, Ancient Egypt faced the crisis of invasions by Sea Peoples. Though the dynasty was able to successfully defend Egypt, it left the kingdom seriously crippled.
Man on a Tightrope
Man on a Tightrope is a 1953 American drama directed by Elia Kazan, starring Fredric March, Terry Moore and Gloria Grahame. The screenplay by Robert E. Sherwood was based on a 1952 novel of the same title by Neil Paterson. Paterson based his true story, which first appeared as the magazine novelette International Incident, on the escape of the Circus Brumbach from East Germany in 1950. Members of the Circus Brumbach appeared in the film version in both character roles and as extras.  The film was entered into the 3rd Berlin International Film Festival.

Neil Paterson (writer)
James Edmund Neil Paterson (31 December 1915 – 19 April 1995) was a Scottish writer of novels, short stories and screenplays. He won the 1959 Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay for Room at the Top. Before his success as a writer, he worked in journalism and had a brief career as an amateur footballer, playing for Buckie Thistle, Leith Athletic and Dundee United in the Scottish Football League.
Leading Party Members Group of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
The Leading Party Members Group of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference is a party group set up under the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party in the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC).

Party group
A party group (Chinese: 党组; pinyin: dǎngzǔ) is a formal group within an organization that works to ensure democratic centralism as led by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Party groups ensure the control of formally non-CCP public institutions like government organizations, people's organizations, people's congresses, and state-owned enterprises by the CCP. The concept of party group was first formalized in the 1945 party constitution during the 7th National Congress.
Smartphone patent wars
The smartphone wars or smartphone patents licensing and litigation refers to commercial struggles among smartphone manufacturers including Sony Mobile (formerly Sony Ericsson), Google, Apple Inc., Samsung Mobile, Microsoft, Nokia, Motorola, Huawei, LG Electronics, ZTE and HTC, by patent litigation and other means. The conflict is part of the wider "patent wars" between technology and software corporations.

To secure and increase market share, companies that have been granted a patent can sue to prevent competitors from using the methods the patent covers. Since 2010 the number of lawsuits, counter-suits, and trade complaints based on patents and designs in the market for smartphones, and devices based on smartphone OSes such as Android and iOS, has increased significantly.

Patent war
A patent war is a competition or rivalry between corporations or individuals to secure patents for litigation, whether offensively or defensively. There are ongoing patent wars between the world's largest technology and software corporations. Contemporary patent wars are a global phenomenon, fought by multinational corporations based in the United States, China, Europe, Japan, Korea and Taiwan. Patent wars have occurred in a wide range of technologies, both in the past and in the present.
1997 World Cup of Golf
The 1997 World Cup of Golf took place 20–23 November at the Kiawah Island Golf Resort, Ocean Course in Kiawah Island, South Carolina, U.S. It was the 43rd World Cup. The tournament was a 72-hole stroke play team event (32 teams) with each team consisting of two players from a country. The combined score of each team determined the team results. Individuals also competed for the International Trophy. The prize money totaled $1,500,000 with $400,000 going to the winning pair and $100,000 to the top individual. The Irish team of Pádraig Harrington and Paul McGinley won by five strokes over the Scottish team of Colin Montgomerie and Raymond Russell. Colin Montgomerie took the International Trophy by two strokes over Alex Čejka.

Pádraig Harrington
Pádraig Peter Harrington (born 31 August 1971) is an Irish professional golfer who plays on the European Tour, PGA Tour and the PGA Tour Champions. He has won three major championships: The Open Championship in 2007 and 2008 and the PGA Championship, also in 2008. He spent over 300 weeks in the top-10 of the world rankings, and reached a career-high ranking of the third spot in July 2008. Harrington was a member of six consecutive Ryder Cup teams between 1999 and 2010. In 2024, he was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame.