hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Secondary emission
In particle physics, secondary emission is a phenomenon where primary incident particles of sufficient energy, when hitting a surface or passing through some material, induce the emission of secondary particles.  The term often refers to the emission of electrons when charged particles like electrons or ions in a vacuum tube strike a metal surface; these are called secondary electrons. In this case, the number of secondary electrons emitted per incident particle is called secondary emission yield. If the secondary particles are ions, the effect is termed secondary ion emission.  Secondary electron emission is used in photomultiplier tubes and image intensifier tubes to amplify the small number of photoelectrons produced by photoemission, making the tube more sensitive.  It also occurs as an undesirable side effect in electronic vacuum tubes when electrons from the cathode strike the anode, and can cause parasitic oscillation.

Cathode
A cathode is the electrode from which a conventional current leaves a polarized electrical device such as a lead–acid battery. This definition can be recalled by using the mnemonic CCD for Cathode Current Departs. Conventional current describes the direction in which positive charges move. Electrons, which are the carriers of current in most electrical systems, have a negative electrical charge, so the movement of electrons is opposite to that of the conventional current flow: this means that electrons flow into the device's cathode from the external circuit. For example, the end of a household battery marked with a + (plus) is the cathode.

The electrode through which conventional current flows the other way, into the device, is termed an anode.
Mario Puzo
Mario Francis Puzo (/ˈpuːzoʊ/; Italian: [ˈmaːrjo ˈputtso, -ddzo]; October 15, 1920 – July 2, 1999) was an American author and screenwriter. He wrote crime novels about the Italian-American Mafia and Sicilian Mafia, most notably The Godfather (1969), which he later co-adapted into a film trilogy directed by Francis Ford Coppola. He received the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay for the first film in 1972 and for Part II in 1974. Puzo also wrote the original screenplay for the 1978 Superman film and its 1980 sequel. His final novel, The Family, was released posthumously in 2001.

The Cotton Club (film)
The Cotton Club is a 1984 American musical crime drama film co-written and directed by Francis Ford Coppola and based on James Haskins' 1977 book of the same name. The story centers on the Cotton Club, a 1930s Harlem jazz club. The film stars Richard Gere, Gregory Hines, Diane Lane, and Lonette McKee, with Bob Hoskins, James Remar, Nicolas Cage, Allen Garfield, Gwen Verdon, Fred Gwynne and Laurence Fishburne in supporting roles.

The film was noted for going over budget on its production costs and taking a total of five years to complete. Despite being a disappointment at the box-office, the film received generally positive reviews and was nominated for several awards, including Golden Globe Awards for Best Director and Best Picture (Drama) and Academy Awards for Best Art Direction and Best Film Editing.
The Hard Way (Thirsty Merc song)
"The Hard Way" was the second single from Thirsty Merc's second album Slideshows. It was released on 15 September 2007, charting at a disappointing sixty-three on the Australian Singles Chart. It is maintained, however, that this came about due to high album sales upon the release of Slideshows.

Thirsty Merc
Thirsty Merc are an Australian pop rock band, formed in 2002 by Rai Thistlethwayte, Phil Stack (bass guitar), Karl Robertson (drums), and Matthew Baker (guitar). In 2004, Baker was replaced by Sean Carey, who was, in turn, replaced by Matt Smith in 2010. Thirsty Merc have released one extended play, First Work (September 2003), and six studio albums: Thirsty Merc (August 2004), Slideshows (April 2007), Mousetrap Heart (June 2010), Acoustic Anniversary Album (September 2014), Shifting Gears (September 2015), and Celebration (June 2022). As for 2016, band have sold over 200,000 albums and have been nominated for four ARIA Music Awards.

A car accident on 22 September 2015 at Streatham, Victoria during a Thirsty Merc tour killed the band's stage manager and injured drummer Mick Skelton.
Golden Gate Canyon State Park
Golden Gate Canyon State Park is a Colorado State Park located in Gilpin and Jefferson counties northwest of Golden, Colorado.  The 12,119-acre (49.04 km2) Front Range park established in 1960  has 42 miles (68 km) of hiking trails.  Horse and bicycle travel is allowed on 27 miles (43 km).  Facilities include a visitor center, over 100 campsites and 125 picnic sites. In 2019 the park recorded 1,045,131 visits, a 20.6% increase over 2018.

Wetland and riparian plant communities are found along Ralston, Nott and Deer creeks and small ponds within the park.  Ponderosa pine, Rocky Mountain juniper, Douglas fir and aspen are found in forested areas. Commonly seen wildlife includes mule deer, elk, black bear, mountain lion, Abert's squirrel and pine squirrel. Visitors also occasionally spot moose, which are increasing in the park. Common birds include turkey vulture, Steller's jay, Clark's nutcracker, mountain bluebird and mountain chickadee.

Gilpin County, Colorado
Gilpin County is a county located in the U.S. state of Colorado, smallest in land area behind only the City and County of Broomfield. As of the 2020 census, the population was 5,808. The county seat is Central City. The county was formed in 1861, while Colorado was still a territory, and was named after Colonel William Gilpin, the first territorial governor. Gilpin County is part of the Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Meredith Deane
Meredith Deane (born August 9, 1989) is an American former child actress most known for her role as Zoe Manning in the TV show Once and Again. She recently starred in the Law & Order episode "Profiteer" as Ashlee.

Deane attended the Dalton School in New York City.  She graduated in 2007 and began college at Boston University in the fall.  After joining Sigma Delta Tau at BU, she transferred to the University of Southern California.

Once and Again
Once and Again is an American family drama television series, created by Marshall Herskovitz and Edward Zwick, which aired on ABC from September 21, 1999, to April 15, 2002. It depicts the family of a single mother, played by Sela Ward, and her romance with a single father, played by Billy Campbell.

One of the show's then-unique aspects was the "interview" sequences filmed in black and white and interspersed throughout each episode, where the characters would reveal their innermost thoughts and memories to the camera.

Ward won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series and Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Drama for her performance.
Skilpadshek
Skilpadshek (Afrikaans for tortoise gate) is a border checkpoint on the South African border with Botswana, located 52 kilometres (32 mi) north-west of Zeerust in North West province. The corresponding checkpoint on the Botswana side of the border is called Pioneer Gate. The Trans-Kalahari Corridor passes through Skilpadshek, and it is the western end of the N4 road (Platinum Highway), which continues in Botswana as the A2.

Trans-Kalahari Corridor
The Trans-Kalahari Corridor is a paved highway corridor that provides a direct route from the port of Walvis Bay and Windhoek in central Namibia, through Botswana, to Pretoria in Gauteng province in South Africa. It initially cost approximately 850 million Namibian dollars (US$115 million) and was officially opened in 1998.

The corridor also includes railway lines from Walvis Bay as far as Gobabis in Namibia, and from Johannesburg as far as Lobatse in Botswana. Connecting the two railway lines has been discussed since 2010, and an agreement between the two countries was signed in 2014, but the project has since become economically unfeasible.

The Maputo Corridor provides an onwards connection from Gauteng to Maputo in Mozambique. Together these corridors form a unique road connection between Walvis Bay on the Atlantic and Maputo on the Indian Ocean; the connected regions are also known as the Walvis Bay–Botswana–Gauteng–Maputo development corridor.
National Cycle Network
The National Cycle Network (NCN) was established to encourage cycling and walking throughout the United Kingdom, as well as for the purposes of bicycle touring. It was created by the charity Sustrans who were aided by a £42.5 million National Lottery grant.

However, Sustrans themselves only own around 2% of the paths on the network, the rest being made of existing public highways and rights of way, and permissive paths negotiated by Sustrans with private landowners.

In 2017, the Network was used for over 786 million cycling and walking trips, made by 4.4 million people.

In 2020, around a quarter of the NCN was scrapped on safety grounds, leaving 12,739 miles (20,501 km) of signed routes. These are made up of 5,220 miles (8,400 km) of traffic-free paths with the remaining 7,519 miles (12,101 km) on-road. It uses shared use paths, disused railways, minor roads, canal towpaths and traffic-calmed routes in towns and cities.

Shared-use path
A shared-use path, mixed-use path or multi-use pathway is a path which is "designed to accommodate the movement of pedestrians and cyclists". Examples of shared-use paths include sidewalks designated as shared-use, bridleways and rail trails. A shared-use path typically has a surface that is asphalt, concrete or firmly packed crushed aggregate. Shared-use paths differ from cycle tracks and cycle paths in that shared-use paths are designed to include pedestrians even if the primary anticipated users are cyclists.

The path may also permit other users such as inline skating. Contrastingly, motorcycles and mopeds are normally prohibited. Shared-use paths sometimes provide different lanes for users who travel at different speeds to prevent conflicts between user groups on high-use trails. Shared-use paths are criticised for creating conflict between different users. The UK's Department for Transport deprecates this kind of route in denser urban environments.
Longford Railway Bridge
The Longford Railway Bridge is a railway bridge spanning the South Esk River, in Longford, Tasmania. The Western Railway Line travels over the bridge, enabling freight movement to/from the major Container ports  of Burnie and Devonport and the rest of the state. In 1978, it  was listed in the now-defunct Register of the National Estate.

Longford, Tasmania
Longford is a town in the northern midlands of Tasmania, Australia. It lies 145 m above sea level at the convergence of the Macquarie River and the South Esk River, 21 km south of Launceston and a 15-minute drive from the airport. It is just south of the Illawarra Road, a road connecting the Bass and Midland Highways. It has a population of 3,863 (2016 census) and is part of the Northern Midlands Council area. The region is predominantly agricultural, noted for wool, dairy produce and stock breeding.
B-Boys & Flygirls
"B-Boys & Flygirls" (also formatted as "B-Boys & Fly Girls") is a song by Finnish hip hop group Bomfunk MC's that was released as the second single from their debut studio album, In Stereo. It was originally released in 1999, becoming a hit in their native Finland. Following the worldwide success of "Freestyler" the following year, the single was re-released as the "Y2K Mix" and became another hit for the group, charting within the top 20 in several mainland European countries and Australia. It was not released in the United Kingdom, where "Uprocking Beats" was chosen as the follow-up single instead.

Bomfunk MC's
The Bomfunk MC's is a Finnish hip hop group that was active from 1998 to 2005, before reuniting in 2018. The group's frontman is rapper B.O. Dubb (born Raymond Ebanks, formerly known as B.O.W.), and the main producer is Jaakko Salovaara, also known as JS16.
Tsawwassen Lands
The Tsawwassen Lands is the sole reserve of land that the Tsawwassen First Nation has authority over in British Columbia, Canada, and is located adjacent to the causeway of the Tsawwassen ferry terminal. To the south is the Canada–United States border and on the north is Canoe Pass, an arm of the Fraser River. The First Nation operates a park-and-ride for ferry customers, and also has a residential development housing non-natives called Tsatsu Shores just south of the causeway. The Tsawwassen Lands, which were extinguished as an Indian Reserve and are now fee-simple land holdings since the Tsawwassen Treaty, effective April 3, 2009, are 662 hectares (1,640 acres) in area.

The Tsawwassen Mills mall is located within this area.

Tsawwassen ferry terminal
Tsawwassen is a ferry terminal and a major transportation facility in Delta, British Columbia, part of the BC Ferries system and Highway 17. Positioned less than 500 metres (1,600 ft) from the 49th parallel along the Canada–United States border, it is located at the southwestern end of a 2-kilometre (1.2 mi) causeway that juts out into the Strait of Georgia off the mainland at the community of Tsawwassen. With an approximate size of 23 hectares (57 acres), it is the largest ferry terminal in North America.
Naćmierz, Sławno County
Naćmierz (Polish pronunciation: [ˈnat͡ɕmjɛʂ]; German: Natzmershagen) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Postomino, within Sławno County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately 11 km (7 mi) west of Postomino, 18 km (11 mi) north-west of Sławno, and 178 km (111 mi) north-east of the regional capital Szczecin.

For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

The village has a population of 363.

Gmina Postomino
Gmina Postomino is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Sławno County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northwestern Poland. Its seat is the village of Postomino, which lies approximately 15 kilometres (9 mi) north of Sławno and 184 km (114 mi) northeast of the regional capital Szczecin.

The gmina covers an area of 227.24 square kilometres (87.7 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 6,973.
Sidlesham (ward)
Sidlesham was an electoral ward of Chichester District, West Sussex, England that returned one member to sit on Chichester District Council.

Following a district boundary review, it was split between the new Sidlesham with Selsey North and North Mundham and Tangmere wards in 2019.

Sidlesham with Selsey North
Sidlesham with Selsey North is an electoral ward of Chichester District, West Sussex, England and returns two members to sit on Chichester District Council.

Following a district boundary review, Sidlesham with Selsey North was created from the Sidlesham and Selsey North wards in 2019.
Víctor Paz Estenssoro
Ángel Víctor Paz Estenssoro (2 October 1907 – 7 June 2001) was a Bolivian politician who served as the 45th president of Bolivia for three nonconsecutive and four total terms from 1952 to 1956, 1960 to 1964 and 1985 to 1989. He ran for president eight times (1947, 1951, 1960, 1964, 1978, 1979, 1980 and 1985) and was victorious in 1951, 1960, 1964 and 1985. His 1951 victory was annulled by a military junta led by Hugo Ballivián, and his 1964 victory was interrupted by the 1964 Bolivian coup d'état.

Paz Estenssoro's nephew Jaime Paz Zamora and grand-nephew Rodrigo Paz would go on to be the 60th and 68th presidents of Bolivia, respectively.

1964 Bolivian general election
General elections were held in Bolivia on 31 May 1964. Víctor Paz Estenssoro of the Revolutionary Nationalist Movement (MNR) was the only candidate for president, and was re-elected with 98% of the vote. The MNR retained its large majority in Congress.
Yagoto Station
Yagoto Station (八事駅, Yagoto-eki) is an underground metro station on the Nagoya Municipal Subway in Shōwa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture, Japan, operated by the Transportation Bureau City of Nagoya. The station is located in part of the district of Yagoto.

Shōwa-ku
Shōwa-ku (昭和区, Shōwa-ku) is one of the 16 wards of the city of Nagoya in Aichi Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 October 2019, the ward had an estimated population of 110,436 and a population density of 10,095 persons per km². The total area was 10.94 km².
Islatravir
Islatravir (4′-ethynyl-2-fluoro-2′-deoxyadenosine, EFdA, or MK-8591) is an investigational drug for the treatment of HIV infection.  It is classified as a nucleoside reverse transcriptase translocation inhibitor (NRTTI). Merck is developing a subdermal drug-eluting implant to administer islatravir.

In 2021, FDA placed a partial clinical hold for several studies under Islatravir. The reason was a decline in CD4 T cells under therapy. Merck announced to restart the study program in 2023 with a decreased dose, however studies of islatravir for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) will be discontinued.

In 2024, results from a phase II study combining islatravir with lenacapavir indicated that the regimen shows promise as a possible weekly oral regimen.

Reverse-transcriptase inhibitor
Reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs) are a class of antiretroviral drugs used to treat HIV infection or AIDS, and in some cases hepatitis B. RTIs inhibit activity of reverse transcriptase, a viral DNA polymerase that is required for replication of HIV and other retroviruses.
Columbicola extinctus
Columbicola extinctus, also known as the passenger pigeon chewing louse, is an extant species of phtilopterid louse. It was once believed to have become extinct with its only known host, the passenger pigeon (Ectopistes migratorius), prior to its rediscovery living on band-tailed pigeons (Patagioenas fasciata).

Band-tailed pigeon
The band-tailed pigeon (Patagioenas fasciata) is a pigeon native to the Americas, and one of the largest pigeons in this region. It is largely gray, but with a thin white collar on the nape of its neck and a purple-gray breast.
2002 Hong Kong Election Committee Subsector by-elections
The 2002 Election Committee subsector by-elections were held on 6 January 2002 to update the membership of the Election Committee for electing the Chief Executive of Hong Kong in the following Chief Executive election in March.

Election Committee (Hong Kong)
The Election Committee is the electoral college in Hong Kong that selects the Chief Executive (CE) and, since 2021, elects 40 of the 90 members of the Legislative Council. Established by Annex I of the Basic Law of Hong Kong which states that "the Chief Executive shall be elected by a broadly representative Election Committee in accordance with this Law and appointed by the Central People's Government (State Council)." It is formed and performs its selection function once every five years, even in the event of a CE not completing their term. The membership of the Election Committee was expanded to 1,500 under the massive overhaul of the electoral system in 2021. The Election Committee has been criticised for its "small-circle" electoral basis and its composition favouring pro-Beijing and business interests.
Boxing on ESPN
The cable television network ESPN has occasionally broadcast boxing events over the majority of its history, as part of several arrangements, including contracts with specific promotions and consortiums such as Golden Boy Promotions, Premier Boxing Champions, and Top Rank, as well as Friday Night Fights—a semi-regular series that was broadcast by ESPN and ESPN2 from 1998 through 2015. ESPN stopped covering boxing in 2025.

Emanuel Augustus
Emanuel Augustus (born Emanuel Ya'kov Burton, January 2, 1975) is an American former professional boxer from Brownsville, Texas who competed from 1994 to 2011. He was known for his entertaining boxing style and showboating manner designed to confuse opponents. He faced top-level competition throughout his career, winning the IBA light welterweight title in 2004. He also the had The Ring magazine's 2001 Fight of the Year vs. Micky Ward.
Spherulite
In petrology, spherulites (/ˈsfɛrʊlaɪts, sfɪər-/) are small, rounded bodies that commonly occur in vitreous igneous rocks. They are often visible in specimens of obsidian, pitchstone, and rhyolite as globules about the size of millet seed or rice grain, with a duller luster than the surrounding glassy base of the rock, and when they are examined with a lens they prove to have a radiate fibrous structure.

Obsidian
Obsidian (/əbˈsɪdi.ən, ɒb-/ əb-SID-ee-ən ob-) is a naturally occurring volcanic glass formed when lava extruded from a volcano cools rapidly with minimal crystal growth. It is an igneous rock. Produced from felsic lava, obsidian is rich in the lighter elements such as silicon, oxygen, aluminium, sodium, and potassium. It is commonly found within the margins of rhyolitic lava flows known as obsidian flows. These flows have a high content of silica, giving them a high viscosity. The high viscosity inhibits the diffusion of atoms through the lava, which inhibits the first step (nucleation) in the formation of mineral crystals. Together with rapid cooling, this results in a natural glass forming from the lava.

Obsidian is hard, brittle, and amorphous; it therefore fractures with sharp edges. In the past, it was used to manufacture cutting and piercing tools, and it has been used experimentally as surgical scalpel blades.
MUDAM
The Grand Duke Jean Museum of Modern Art (French: Musée d'art moderne Grand-Duc Jean), abbreviated to Mudam, is a museum of modern art in Luxembourg City, in southern Luxembourg.  The museum stands on the site of the old Fort Thüngen, on the southwestern edge of the Kirchberg-plateau, in close proximity to many of the European Union institutions based within the city.

Kirchberg, Luxembourg
Kirchberg (German pronunciation: [ˈkɪʁçbɛʁk] ⓘ; Luxembourgish: Kierchbierg, pronounced [kiːɐ̯ɕˈbiːɐ̯ɕ] ⓘ; lit. 'church hill') is a district in north-eastern Luxembourg City, in southern Luxembourg. It consists of a plateau overlooking the north-east of the historical city center, Ville Haute, connected to the rest of the elevated city by the Grand Duchess Charlotte Bridge, which spans the Pfaffenthal valley. It is often referred to, in reference to the geographical feature it inhabits, as the Kirchberg plateau by Luxembourgish residents. Kirchberg is the predominant location of the European Union institutions and bodies based within Luxembourg, and is sometimes used as a metonym for the EU's judiciary, which occupies the district. It is thus the central business district of Luxembourg.
Philoxenus of Mabbug
Philoxenus of Mabbug (Syriac: ܐܟܣܢܝܐ ܡܒܘܓܝܐ, Aksenāyâ Mabûḡāyâ; died 523), also known as Philoxenus of Hierapolis, Xenaias, and Akhsenaya, was one of the most notable Syriac prose writers during the Byzantine period and a vehement champion of Miaphysitism.

Flavian II of Antioch
Flavian II of Antioch (Latin: Flavianus II; Ancient Greek: Φλαβιανός Βʹ Ἀντιοχείας, Phlabianós II Antiokheías) was the Patriarch of Antioch from 498 until his deposition and subsequent banishment in 512.
Cadillac Northstar LMP
The Cadillac Northstar LMP are a series of Le Mans Prototypes built by Cadillac for use in the American Le Mans Series as well as an attempt to return Cadillac to the 24 Hours of Le Mans since they first entered in 1950. The Northstar LMPs were named after the Northstar V8 engines which powered them. The Cadillac project ran from 2000 until 2002 when General Motors decided to cancel the project to concentrate solely on their Chevrolet Corvette program. Cadillac returned to prototype racing in 2017 with the Cadillac DPi-V.R in the WeatherTech SportsCar Championship.

DAMS
DAMS (formerly Driot-Arnoux Motorsport, currently Driot Associés Motor Sport; racing as DAMS Lucas Oil for sponsorship reasons) is an auto racing team from France, involved in many areas of motorsport. DAMS was founded in 1988 by Jean-Paul Driot and Formula One driver René Arnoux. In 2022 it was bought by ex-F1 driver Charles Pic. It is headquartered near Le Mans, only 2 km from the Bugatti Circuit.

DAMS has enjoyed success in both drivers and team championships in multiple formula series across the world, and has helped launch the careers of several high profile drivers.