hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Rachel Barkow
Rachel Elise Barkow (née Selinfreund; born 1971) is an American professor of law at the New York University School of Law. She is also faculty director of the Center on the Administration of Criminal Law. Her scholarship focuses on administrative and criminal law, and she is especially interested in applying the lessons and theory of administrative law to the administration of criminal justice. In 2007, Barkow won the Podell Distinguished Teaching Award at NYU. In the fall of 2008, she served as the Beneficial Visiting Professor of Law at Harvard Law School. In 2025, Barkow released a book titled Justice Abandoned which highlights six Supreme Court decisions that paved the way for mass incarceration in the United States.

New York University School of Law
40°43′49″N 73°59′58″W﻿ / ﻿40.73028°N 73.99944°W﻿ / 40.73028; -73.99944

The New York University School of Law (NYU Law) is the law school of New York University, a private research university in New York City.

Established in 1835, it was the first law school established in New York City and is the oldest extant law school in New York State and one of the oldest law schools in the United States. Located in Greenwich Village in Lower Manhattan, NYU Law grants J.D., LL.M., and J.S.D. degrees.

As of 2025, NYU Law's first-time bar passage rate is 96.6 percent, with an ultimate bar passage rate of 99.2 percent.
The Plausible Impossible
"The Plausible Impossible" is an episode of the Disneyland television program, originally broadcast on October 31, 1956.

Walt Disney explains how drawings and animation make things that are impossible seem plausible, as evidenced in ancient history (i.e., Egyptian gods, dragons, and various creatures from Greek mythology) and various cartoons with Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck. This episode also includes an unfinished form of one scene from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937) that ultimately ended up on the cutting room floor and was not used in the final film. This episode culminates with the "Night on Bald Mountain" segment of Fantasia (1940).

The episode features the cartoons Donald's Cousin Gus and Thru the Mirror.

Donald's Cousin Gus
Donald's Cousin Gus is a Walt Disney cartoon released on May 19, 1939. Gus Goose debuted as a recurring character in Al Taliaferro's Donald Duck newspaper comic since 9 May 1938.

This cartoon was also the first-ever pre-recorded program (in this case, film) to be televised in the United States, airing as part of NBC's "first night" of sponsored programming on May 3, 1939, sixteen days before the film was released in theaters.

The short was directed by Jack King, and animated by Lee Morehouse, Wolfgang Reitherman, and Don Towsley. The story was created by Jack Hannah and Carl Barks.
Gütersloh
Gütersloh (German pronunciation: [ˈɡyːtɐsloː] ⓘ; Low German: Gütsel) is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, in the region of Ostwestfalen-Lippe and the administrative region of Detmold. Gütersloh is the administrative centre for a district of the same name and has a population of 102,464 people.

Carl Miele
Carl Christoph Miele (25 July 1869 – 24 December 1938) also referred to as Carl Miele, Sr. was a German businessman and industrialist who most notably co-founded Miele, a multinational home appliance manufacturer in 1899.
Maker education
Maker education (a term coined by Dale Dougherty in 2013) closely associated with STEM learning, is an approach to problem-based and project-based learning that relies upon hands-on, often collaborative, learning experiences as a method for solving authentic problems. People who participate in making often call themselves "makers" of the maker movement and develop their projects in makerspaces, or development studios which emphasize prototyping and the repurposing of found objects in service of creating new inventions or innovations. Culturally, makerspaces, both inside and outside of schools, are associated with collaboration and the free flow of ideas. In schools, maker education stresses the importance of learner-driven experience, interdisciplinary learning, peer-to-peer teaching, iteration, and the notion of "failing forward", i.e. the idea that mistake-based learning is crucial to the learning process and eventual success of a project.

Project-based learning
Project-based learning is a teaching method that involves a dynamic classroom approach in which it is believed that students acquire a deeper knowledge through active exploration of real-world challenges and problems.  Students learn about a subject by working for an extended period of time to investigate and respond to a complex question, challenge, or problem.  It is a style of active learning and inquiry-based learning. Project-based learning  contrasts with paper-based, rote memorization, or teacher-led instruction that presents established facts or portrays a smooth path to knowledge by instead posing questions, problems, or scenarios.
Hugh Calveley
Sir Hugh Calveley (died 23 April 1394) was an English knight and commander, who took part in the Hundred Years' War, gaining fame during the War of the Breton Succession and the Castilian Civil War. He held various military posts in Brittany and Normandy. He should not be confused with his nephew, also Sir Hugh Calveley, who died in June 1393 and was Member of Parliament for Rutland.

Robert Knolles
Sir Robert Knolles or Knollys (c. 1325 – 15 August 1407; aged 81–82) was an English knight of the Hundred Years' War, who, operating with the tacit support of the crown, succeeded in taking the only two major French cities, other than Calais and Poitiers, to fall to Edward III. His methods, however, earned him infamy as a freebooter and a ravager: the ruined gables of burned buildings came to be known as "Knollys' mitres".
Dashanzi
Dashanzi (大山子, Pinyin: Dàshānzi) is a 1 square kilometer area in Chaoyang district of Beijing, northeast of the city center. It lies along the Airport Expressway between the 4th and 5th Ring Roads, south of the Dashanzi flyover (大山子桥, Pinyin: Dàshānzi Qiáo) and opposite Wangjing.

Most of the area is made up of an industrial park. One of its most notable features is the 798 Art District also known as Dashanzi Art Zone, one of the most cosmopolitan areas of Beijing.

4th Ring Road
The 4th Ring Road (Chinese: 四环路; pinyin: Sìhuánlù) is a controlled-access expressway ring road in Beijing, China which runs around the city, with a radius of approximately 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) from city centre. The total length of the road is 65.3 kilometres (40.6 mi). There are 147 bridges and viaducts that run the length of the Ring Road.

The first section, a short stretch of the northern corridor, was completed in preparation for the 1990 Asian Games. The Ring Road was 'enclosed' in a full circle in June 2001, with standard controlled-access expressway throughout.
Geographical distribution of Urdu speakers
Native speakers of Urdu are spread across South Asia. The vast majority of them are Muslims of the Hindi–Urdu Belt of northern India, followed by the Deccani people of the Deccan plateau in south-central India (who speak Deccani Urdu), and most of the Muhajir people (not all) of Pakistan and some stranded Pakistani communities in Bangladesh. The historical centres of Urdu speakers include Delhi and Lucknow.

Muhajir (Pakistan)
The Muhajir people (also spelled Mohajir and Mahajir) (Urdu: مہاجر) are a multi-origin ethnic group of Pakistan. They are the Muslim immigrants, of various ethnic groups and regional origins, who migrated from various regions of India after the 1947 independence to settle in the newly independent state of Pakistan, and their descendants.
Muhajirs come from various ethnic and regional backgrounds, with a significant portion of the community residing in Karachi and other major urban centers of Pakistan.

The total population of Muhajrs worldwide is estimated to be around 15 million, and the overwhelming majority of this figure (14.7 million) is located in Pakistan, according to the 2017 Pakistani census. Though the official controversial 2017 census of Karachi, which has historically hosted the country's largest Muhajir population, has been challenged by most of Sindh's political parties.
Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology
The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology is a unit of the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign dedicated to interdisciplinary research. A gift from scientist, businessman, and philanthropist Arnold O. Beckman (1900–2004) and his wife Mabel (1900–1989) led to the building of the Institute which opened in 1989. It is one of five institutions which receive support from the  Arnold and Mabel Beckman Foundation on an ongoing basis. Current research at Beckman involves the areas of molecular engineering, intelligent systems, and imaging science. Researchers in these areas work across traditional academic boundaries in scientific projects that can lead to the development of real-world applications in medicine, industry, electronics, and human health across the lifespan.

William T. Greenough
William Tallant Greenough (October 11, 1944 – December 18, 2013) was a professor of psychology at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. Greenough was a pioneer in studies of neural development and brain plasticity.  He studied learning and memory and the brain's responses to environmental enrichment, exercise,  injury, and aging. He demonstrated that the brain continues to form new synaptic connections between nerve cells throughout life in  response to environmental enrichment and  learning. This mechanism is important to learning and memory storage in the brain. Greenough is regarded as a predominant researcher in this area and has been described as "one of the towering figures in neuroscience".
Sabaoth (Gnosticism)
In some Gnostic writings, Sabaoth (/ˈsæbeɪˌɒθ, ˈsæbəˌoʊθ, səˈbeɪˌoʊθ/) is one of the sons of Yaldabaoth. According to Hypostasis of the Archons and On the Origin of the World, Sabaoth dethrones his father Yaldabaoth In both accounts, Sabaoth repents, when he hears the voice of Sophia, condemns his father and his mother (matter) and after that is enthroned by Sophia in the seventh heaven. Some Church Fathers report on the other hand, that Gnostics identified Sabaoth with Yaldabaoth himself.

On the Origin of the World
On the Origin of the World is a Gnostic work dealing with creation and the end time. It was found among the texts in the Nag Hammadi library, in Codex II and Codex XIII, immediately following the Reality of the Rulers. There are many parallels between the two texts. The work is untitled; modern scholars call it “On the Origin of the World” based on its contents. It may have been written in Alexandria near the end of the third century, based on its combination of Jewish, Manichaean, Christian, Greek, and Egyptian ideas. The unknown author's audience appears to be outsiders who are unfamiliar with the Gnostic view of how the world came into being. The contents provide an alternate interpretation of Genesis, in which the dark ruler Yaldabaoth created heaven and earth, and a wise instructor opened the minds of Adam and Eve to the truth when they ate from the Tree of Knowledge.
Internet Speech Audio Codec
internet Speech Audio Codec (iSAC) is a wideband speech codec, developed by Global IP Solutions (GIPS) (acquired by Google Inc in 2011). It is suitable for VoIP applications and streaming audio. The encoded blocks have to be encapsulated in a suitable protocol for transport, e.g. RTP.

It is one of the codecs used by AIM Triton, the Gizmo5, QQ, and Google Talk. It was formerly a proprietary codec licensed by Global IP Solutions. As of June 2011, it is part of open source WebRTC project, which includes a royalty-free license for iSAC when using the WebRTC codebase.

Global IP Solutions
Global IP Solutions (also known as GIPS) was a United States–based corporation that developed real-time voice and video processing software for IP networks, before it was acquired by Google in May 2010. The company delivered embedded software that enabled real-time communications capabilities for video and voice over IP (VoIP). GIPS was perhaps best known for developing the narrowband iLBC and wideband iSAC speech codecs.

GIPS software was generally delivered as “engines” that packaged together voice and video processing components for smoother integration and better performance. GIPS’ customers are primarily service providers, application developers, and manufacturers of IP phones, gateways or voice and video conferencing systems.
Gillian Peele
Gillian Peele (born 1949) is a British academic in the field of British, American and comparative politics.  She is an emeritus fellow of Lady Margaret Hall, University of Oxford, having retired from teaching in 2016, and in August 2021 began serving a five year term as an independent member on the Committee on Standards in Public Life (CSPL) of the United Kingdom.

Committee on Standards in Public Life
The Committee on Standards in Public Life (CSPL) is an advisory non-departmental public body of the United Kingdom Government, established by John Major in 1994 to advise the Prime Minister on ethical standards of public life. It promotes a code of conduct called the Seven Principles of Public Life, also known as the Nolan principles after the first chairman of the committee, Lord Nolan.
Rikuzen-Takata Station
Rikuzen-Takata Station (陸前高田駅, Rikuzen-Takata-eki) was a JR East railway station located in Rikuzentakata, Iwate Prefecture, Japan. The station, as well as most of the structures in the surrounding area, was destroyed by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami and has now been replaced by a bus rapid transit line.

Rikuzentakata, Iwate
Rikuzentakata (陸前高田市, Rikuzentakata-shi) is a city located in Iwate Prefecture, Japan. In the census of 2010, the city had a population of 23,302 (2005: 24,709), and a population density of 100 persons per km2. The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami caused extensive damage to the city. As of 31 March 2020, the city had an estimated population of 19,062, and a population density of 82 persons per km2 in 7,593 households. The total area of the city is 231.94 square kilometres (89.55 sq mi).
We Are Bellingcat
We Are Bellingcat: Global Crime, Online Sleuths, and the Bold Future of News is a 2021 autobiographical account of open source investigative journalism by Eliot Higgins.

The book focusses on the career of Higgins, his role in founding Bellingcat and the organisation's use of social media data to investigate of criminal acts, frequently undertaken by the Russian state forces.

Bellingcat
Bellingcat is a Netherlands-based investigative journalism group that specialises in fact-checking and open-source intelligence (OSINT). It was founded by British citizen journalist and former blogger Eliot Higgins in July 2014.

Bellingcat publishes the findings of both professional and citizen journalist investigations into war zones, human rights abuses, and the criminal underworld. The site's contributors also publish guides to their techniques, as well as case studies. In 2025, Bellingcat expanded operations to the United States.

Bellingcat began as an investigation into the use of weapons in the Syrian civil war. Its reports on the Russo-Ukrainian War (including the downing of Malaysia Airlines Flight 17), the El Junquito raid, the Yemeni Civil War, the poisoning of Alexei Navalny, the poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal, and the killing of civilians by the Cameroon Armed Forces have attracted international attention.
Hormuz Formation
The Hormuz Formation, Hormuz Series, Hormuz Evaporites or Hormuz Group is a sequence of evaporites that were deposited during the Ediacaran (Late Neoproterozoic) to Early Cambrian, a period previously referred to as the Infra-Cambrian. Most exposures of this sequence are in the form of emergent salt diapirs within anticlines of the Zagros fold and thrust belt. As a result of their involvement in post-depositional salt tectonics, the internal stratigraphy of the sequence is relatively poorly understood. They are the lateral equivalent of the evaporite-bearing Ara Group in the South Oman Basin.

Salt tectonics
Salt tectonics, or halokinesis, or halotectonics, is concerned with the geometries and processes associated with the presence of significant thicknesses of evaporites containing rock salt within a stratigraphic sequence of rocks. This is due both to the low density of salt, which does not increase with burial, and its low strength.

Salt structures (excluding undeformed layers of salt) have been found in more than 120 sedimentary basins around the world.
Jeffrey Klarik
Jeffrey Klarik is an American writer and producer. With his partner David Crane (co-creator of Friends), Klarik co-created the award-winning BBC/Showtime comedy Episodes featuring Friends star Matt LeBlanc and Green Wing's Stephen Mangan and Tamsin Greig, the fifth and final series of which aired in 2017.

Klarik and Crane also created the ensemble sitcom The Class. He was a co-producer of the NBC television sitcom Mad About You. In 2002 he created the UPN series Half & Half, which ran for four seasons.

Matt LeBlanc
Matthew Steven LeBlanc (/ləˈblɑːŋk/ lə-BLAHNK; born July 25, 1967) is an American actor. He gained global recognition with his portrayal of Joey Tribbiani in the NBC sitcom Friends (1994–2004), and in its spin-off series Joey (2004–2006). For his work on Friends, LeBlanc received three nominations at the Primetime Emmy Awards. He has also starred as a fictionalized version of himself in Episodes (2011–2017), for which he won a Golden Globe Award and received four additional Emmy Award nominations. He co-hosted Top Gear from 2016 to 2019. From 2016 to 2020, he played patriarch Adam Burns in the CBS sitcom Man with a Plan.
Call of Duty Online
Call of Duty Online (also known as CODOL, CODO, and Call of Duty: Online, Chinese: 使命召唤Online; pinyin: Shǐmìng zhàohuàn Online) was a free, online first-person shooter video game developed by Raven Shanghai and Activision Shanghai Studio. Distributed by Tencent Games, the game was originally launched in a beta version in 2012 before officially launching exclusively for China in 2015.  It was a free-to-play game, making it the first such title in the Call of Duty series. On May 31, 2021, Tencent Games announced the game servers would be shut down on August 31, 2021 and promoted players to instead shift to Call of Duty: Mobile.

Tencent Games
Tencent Games (Chinese: 腾讯游戏; pinyin: Téngxùn Yóuxì) is the video game publishing subdivision of Tencent Interactive Entertainment, the digital entertainment division of Tencent Holdings. It has five internal studio groups, including TiMi Studio Group. Tencent Games was founded in 2003 to focus on online games. In 2021, it launched its international Level Infinite brand, which is stated to be operated from its offices in Singapore and Amsterdam.
The Debt Collector (1999 film)
The Debt Collector is a 1999 thriller, written and directed by Scottish dramatist Anthony Neilson and starring Billy Connolly, Ken Stott and Francesca Annis.

Loosely based on the character of Jimmy Boyle, The Debt Collector explores themes of forgiveness, revenge, change and the macho culture of modern urban Scottish life.

Anthony Neilson
Anthony Neilson (born 1967, Edinburgh) is a Scottish playwright and director. He is known for his collaborative way of writing and workshopping his plays. Much of his work is characterised by the exploration of sex and violence.

Neilson has been cited as a key figure of In-yer-face theatre, a term used to characterise new plays with a confrontational style and sensibility that emerged in British theatre during the 1990s. He has been credited with coining the phrase "in-your-face theatre" but has rejected the label and instead describes his work in this style as “'experiential' theatre”.

Experimenting with various other forms of theatre, Neilson is also recognised for creating non-naturalistic plays that utilise elements of absurdist and expressionist storytelling to depict the interior landscape of their characters. He has described such theatre as "psycho-absurdism".
M (1951 film)
M is a 1951 American thriller film noir directed by Joseph Losey, an English-language remake of Fritz Lang's 1931 German film about a child murderer. The film stars David Wayne, Howard da Silva, Luther Adler and Martin Gabel in the leading roles. This version shifts the location of action from Berlin to Los Angeles. The film was produced independently, and released by Columbia Pictures in March 1951. Both versions of M were produced by Seymour Nebenzal, whose son, Harold, was associate producer of the 1951 version.

Much as the original film was widely interpreted as an allegory for Nazism, Losey's interpretation was influenced by his experiences in the Red Scare and the Hollywood blacklist. Several of the cast and crew would be targeted by the blacklist, and Losey himself would move to Europe soon after the film's release when he was subpoenaed by the House Un-American Activities Committee.

David Wayne
David Wayne (born Wayne James McMeekan; January 30, 1914 – February 9, 1995) was an American actor and singer, with a stage and screen career spanning over 50 years. He was a recipient of two Tony Awards, Best Featured Actor in a Musical for Finian's Rainbow and Best Actor in a Play for The Teahouse of the August Moon, with a third nomination for The Happy Time.
The Transformers: Hearts of Steel
The Transformers: Hearts of Steel is a comic book miniseries published by IDW Publishing. It was intended to be part of a comic book line titled The Transformers: Evolutions, following the same idea of DC Comics' Elseworlds series. Each series was to create an alternative reality: a continuity in a different time era during which the Transformers would exist. In other words, the Transformers can exist at places and at points in time that would not be possible in the current 'IDW-verse'. As of 2007, only the Hearts of Steel series was produced, which is set in the United States during the Industrial Revolution. The rest of the series was cancelled, likely due to poor sales and IDW had announced that there would be no more Evolutions series until after the 2007 movie, as Hasbro did not want to make things confusing with more alternate universe tales.

John Henry (folklore)
John Henry is an American folk hero. A Black American freedman, he is said to have worked as a "steel-driving man"—a man tasked with hammering a steel drill into a rock to make holes for explosives to blast the rock in constructing a railroad tunnel.

The story of John Henry is told in a classic blues folk song about his duel against a drilling machine, which exists in many versions, and has been the subject of numerous stories, plays, books, and novels.
Guiding Lights (song)
"Guiding Lights" is a song by the band Earth, Wind & Fire, released as a single in 2012 by Sony Music/Legacy. The song reached No. 16 on the Billboard Smooth Jazz Songs chart and No. 30 on the Billboard Adult R&B Songs chart.

Neal H Pogue
Neal H Pogue (born December 27, 1963) is an American producer, audio engineer and mixer originally from Roselle, New Jersey, and based in Los Angeles. Pogue is a multi-time Grammy Award winner, having first won for his engineering and mixing work on Outkast's Speakerboxxx/The Love Below (2004) – which won the Album of the Year category, and his audio mixing work on Tyler, the Creator's Igor & Call Me If You Get Lost – which both records won the Best Rap Album category respectively in 2020 & 2022. Pogue has also produced for artists such as M.I.A, Nelly Furtado, Earth, Wind & Fire and has mixed for artists such as TLC, Pink, Nicki Minaj, Janelle Monáe, Tyler, the Creator, and Steve Lacy. Having engineered and mixed TLC's Grammy nominated 11-time platinum single "Waterfalls", Pogue also arranged the horns on "Waterfalls" under the pseudonym "Shock". Pogue has gone on to work with many prominent names in music.