hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Town Hall, Bulandshahr
The Town Hall in Bulandshahr, India, was built by Muhammad Baquar Ali Khan at a cost of Rs. 30,000 in the late 19th century. The project was overseen by Frederic Growse, a British civil servant of the Indian Civil Service, who had been appointed collector of the region in 1878.  It is situated in Moti Bagh, which was created as a public garden. The main approach was via the Garden Gate. It was built in 1883.

Muhammad Baquar Ali Khan
Raja Mir Syed Muhammad Baquar Ali Khan Bahadur (1842–1902) C.I.E., The Mir of Kotaha and the Raja of Morni and Pindrawal, was a noted zamindar and philanthropist from Morni who lived in Pindrawal in United Province of British India.
G. Manoli Loupassi
George Manoli Loupassi (born June 8, 1967, in Richmond, Virginia) is an American politician of the Republican Party. From 2008 to 2017, he was a member of the Virginia House of Delegates. He  represented the 68th district, comprising parts of the city of Richmond and Chesterfield County.

Virginia's 68th House of Delegates district
Virginia's 68th House of Delegates district elects one of 100 seats in the Virginia House of Delegates, the lower house of the state's bicameral legislature. District 68, comprising King William County, King & Queen County, Gloucester County, Mathews County, Middlesex County, and Essex County, is represented by Republican M. Keith Hodges.

From 2008 to 2018, the 68th district was represented by Republican Manoli Loupassi from 2008 to 2018. He lost his 2017 reelection bid to Dawn Adams by 325 votes (of more than 40,000 cast). Adams represented the district from 2018 to 2024, and did not seek re-election following redistricting that would have re-aligned her seat to the 78th District.

The 68th district is one of 11 House of Delegates districts that courts found unconstitutionally gerrymandered by race and was redrawn effective August 31, 2023.
Kyrgyzstan at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Kyrgyzstan competed at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece, from 13 to 29 August 2004. This was the nation's third appearance at the Olympics in the post-Soviet era.

The National Olympic Committee of the Republic of Kyrgyzstan sent the nation's smallest delegation to the Games. A total of 29 athletes, 22 men and 7 women, competed only in 9 sports. Eight Kyrgyzstani athletes had previously competed in Sydney, including 43-year-old marathon runner Irina Bogachova, Greco-Roman wrestler Gennady Chkhaidze, who finished fifth for his native country Georgia in the men's heavyweight division, and Asian Games silver medalist Evgeny Vakker in men's road cycling. Freestyle swimmer Ruslan Ismailov, aged 14, set the nation's Olympic milestone as the youngest ever athlete to compete at the Olympics. Weightlifter and 2000 Olympian Mital Sharipov was the nation's flag bearer in the opening ceremony.

For the second time in history, Kyrgyzstan failed to win a single Olympic medal in Athens.

National Olympic Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic
The National Olympic Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic (Kyrgyz: Кыргызстан улуттук олимпиада комитети), (also referred to as the Kyrgyzstan) an organization representing Kyrgyzstan in the international Olympic movement. Founded in 1991 and registered with the IOC in 1993.

It is headquartered in Bishkek.  National Olympic Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic is a member of the International Olympic Committee, the Olympic Council of Asia and other international sports organizations.
Musa peekelii
Musa peekelii is a species of wild banana (genus Musa), native to eastern New Guinea and the Bismarck Archipelago. It is placed in section Callimusa (now including the former section Australimusa), members of which have a diploid chromosome number of 2n = 20. It is a very tall plant, reaching over 10 m (33 ft), with a narrow green drooping bud. The ripe bananas are red with bright yellow flesh. It is one of the possible parents of the cultivated Fe'i bananas.

The subspecies M. peekelii subsp. angustigemma has been treated as a separate species, M. angustigemma.

Fe'i banana
Fe'i bananas (also spelt Fehi or Féi) are cultivated plants in the genus Musa, used mainly for their fruit. They are very distinct in appearance and origin from the majority of bananas and plantains currently grown. Found mainly in the islands of the Pacific, particularly French Polynesia, Fe'i bananas have skins which are brilliant orange to red in colour with yellow or orange flesh inside. They are usually eaten cooked and have been an important food for Pacific Islanders, moving with them as they migrated across the ocean. Most are high in beta-carotene (a precursor of vitamin A).

The botanical name for Fe'i bananas is Musa × troglodytarum L. Precisely which wild species they are descended from is unclear.
Male bonding
In ethology and social science, male bonding or male friendship is the formation of close personal relationships, and patterns of friendship or cooperation between males. Male bonding is a form of homosociality, or social connection between individuals of the same gender. Male bonding can occur through various contexts and activities that build emotional closeness, trust, and camaraderie. Male bonding is an important feature of men's social functioning and can provide benefits including emotional support and intimacy, shared identity, and personal fulfillment contributing to men's mental health and wellbeing.

Though male bonding and male friendships have been researched in contexts of anthropology, psychology, and sociology, overall male bonding remains understudied.

Homosociality
In sociology, homosociality means same-sex friendships that are not of a romantic or sexual nature, such as friendship, mentorship, or others. The term was popularized by Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick in her discussion of male homosocial desire.: 138  Researchers who use the concept mainly do so to explain how men uphold men's dominance in society.

The opposite of homosocial is heterosocial, describing non-sexual relations with the opposite sex. The term homoaffectivity is used to refer to bonds and affective actions that go beyond mere socialization.
Adelaide Writers' Week
Adelaide Writers' Week (AWW), known locally as Writers' Week or WW, is a large and mostly free literary festival held annually in Adelaide, the capital of South Australia in February and March. It forms part of the Adelaide Festival of Arts and comes under its governance.  Writers' Week is held outdoors in the Pioneer Women's Memorial Garden, where attendees meet, listen, and discuss literature with Australian and international writers in "Meet the Author" sessions, readings, and lectures.

Each Adelaide Writers' Week includes six days of free panel-sessions presented live in the gardens, later made available online via podcast. Selected sessions are shown live via videolink in some libraries. There are also free events for children and young adults, at which children's authors present their work for a range of ages, and other activities take place. The programme also features a series of ticketed special events, both at Adelaide Festival time and throughout the year.

Writers SA
Writers SA, registered as SA Writers' Centre Inc. and formerly known as the South Australian Writers' Centre (SAWC) and also known as the SA Writers Centre, is a resource centre for writers located in Adelaide, South Australia. Established in 1985, it was the first such centre in Australia. Its newsletter for members, produced from 1997 to 2014, was called Southern Write.
Figure 8 racing
Figure 8 racing is a type of stock car racing in which automobiles race on an "8"-shaped track that purposely intersects itself, increasing the risk of collisions. Such contact between the participating vehicles, or at least the risk of such an occurrence, is an intentional part of the sport, with the intent being to damage them over the course of the race.

Figure 8 racing is most common and popular in the United States and Canada, and can be seen as the North American equivalent to the European motorsport of banger racing, which also uses modified derelict older-model cars in races where vehicle damage is an integral feature.

Islip Speedway
Islip Speedway was a .2-mile (320-meter) oval race track in Islip, New York which was open from 1947 until 1984. It is the smallest track to host NASCAR's Grand National Series, from 1964 to 1971. The first demolition derby took place at Islip Speedway in 1958. The idea was patented by Larry Mendelsohn, who worked at Islip Speedway. The speedway has since been demolished.
The Chair (game show)
The Chair is an American game show that was created by Julie Christie, Darryl McEwen and Brian Bigg for Touchdown Television (now Warner Bros. International Television Production New Zealand). Although The Chair was originally developed in New Zealand, the first country where the program aired in was the United States. The American version, which was hosted by former tennis champion John McEnroe, aired on ABC for seven episodes from January 15 to March 4, 2002; the American version would be canceled with six episodes remaining unaired of its original 13-episode order. McEnroe would later host the British version, which aired between August 31 and November 9, 2002, on BBC One.

Warner Bros. International Television Production New Zealand
Warner Bros. International Television Production New Zealand (formerly Touchdown Television, Eyeworks Touchdown) is a New Zealand-based television production company specialising in reality and unscripted formats, which has become a leader in the field in New Zealand, and the world. Its formats include The Chair and Treasure Island, as well as many others.
Debt crisis
A debt crisis is a situation in which a government (nation, state/province, county, or city etc.) loses the ability of paying back its governmental debt. When the expenditures of a government are more than its tax revenues for a prolonged period, the government may enter into a debt crisis. Various forms of governments finance their expenditures primarily by raising money through taxation. When tax revenues are insufficient, the government can make up the difference by issuing debt.

A debt crisis can also refer to a general term for a proliferation of massive public debt relative to tax revenues, especially in reference to Latin American countries during the 1980s, the United States and the European Union since the mid-2000s, and the Chinese debt crises of 2015.

The development charity CAFOD states that in current (2024) conditions, more than 50 countries are in debt crisis.

CAFOD
The Catholic Agency for Overseas Development, commonly known as CAFOD, is an international development and relief charity. It is the official aid agency of the Catholic Church in England and Wales.

CAFOD is part of the global Caritas Internationalis confederation and of Caritas Europa, as well as a member of the Disasters Emergency Committee (DEC). Its work is based on Gospel values and Catholic social teaching.

The Caritas Social Action Network is the agency's counterpart for the domestic work of the Church in England and Wales.
1999 World Weightlifting Championships
The 1999 World Weightlifting Championships were held at Peace and Friendship Stadium in Piraeus, Athens, Greece from November 21 to November 28, 1999.

It was the main qualifying events in the sport for the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia.

Peace and Friendship Stadium
The Peace and Friendship Stadium (Greek: Στάδιο Ειρήνης και Φιλίας, romanized: Stadio Eirinis kai Philias), commonly known by its acronym SEF (Greek: ΣΕΦ), is a multi-purpose indoor arena that is located in Piraeus, on the coastal zone of Attica, Greece. The arena is mostly known for being the home to EuroLeague team Olympiacos, and is the central venue of the Faliro Coastal Zone Olympic Complex. It opened in 1985 and its design was inspired by Palasport di San Siro.

The arena complex also contains a 942-seat amphitheater, a weight training room, a full practice facility, three auxiliary courts that house the Olympiacos youth clubs, and the Olympiacos team office. It is also used as training center for the Hellenic Amateur Athletic Association.
Cinnycerthia
Cinnycerthia is a genus of bird in the wren family, Troglodytidae. It contains four species which inhabit the undergrowth of montane forests in the Andes. None of them are considered to be threatened with extinction and they are classified as species of Least Concern by BirdLife International. They are 14–16.5 cm long and have a fairly short bill and fairly plain reddish-brown plumage with dark bars on the wings and tail. The name of the genus is a combination of Cinnyris, a genus of sunbirds, and Certhia, a genus of treecreepers.

Wren
Wrens are a family, Troglodytidae, of small brown passerine birds. The family includes 96 species and is divided into 19 genera. All species are restricted to the New World except for the Eurasian wren that is widely distributed in the Old World. In Anglophone regions, the Eurasian wren is commonly known simply as the "wren", as it is the originator of the name. The name wren has been applied to other, unrelated birds, particularly the New Zealand wrens (Acanthisittidae) and the Australian wrens (Maluridae).

Most wrens are visually inconspicuous though they have loud and often complex songs. Exceptions include the relatively large members of the genus Campylorhynchus, which can be quite bold in their behaviour. Wrens have short wings that are barred in most species, and they often hold their tails upright. Wrens are primarily insectivorous, eating insects, spiders and other small invertebrates, but many species also eat vegetable matter and some eat small frogs and lizards.
Brian Branfireun
Brian Branfireun is a Canadian environmental scientist.  He held a Canada Research Chair (2010-2020) and is a professor at Western University.  He studied climate change and directed a laboratory in Western's Biotron for the study of speciated trace metals in the environment such as mercury and arsenic.

Biotron (Western University)
The Biotron Institute for Experimental Climate Change Research at Western University in London, Ontario is a facility constructed to simulate ecosystems and funded by the Canadian government to study how plants, microbes and insects sense and adjust to climate change. Its biome chambers allow control of temperature, humidity and sunlight so that scientists can simulate climatic zones from rainforests to Arctic tundra. This enables the study environmental science, biotech, materials and biomaterials in realistic environmental conditions while still in a controlled laboratory setting. The Biotron also trains students, including one of Western's  winners of The Undergraduate Awards' Global Award.
New Funky Nation
New Funky Nation is the debut studio album by the Samoan-American hip hop band Boo-Yaa T.R.I.B.E. It was released in 1990 via 4th & B'way Records/Island Records. The recording sessions took place at Image Recording Studios and Paramount Studios, from 1989 to 1990. The album was produced by the Dust Brothers, John O'Brien, Joe Nicolo of the Butcher Bros., Tony G., Suga Pop, and Boo-Yaa T.R.I.B.E. It peaked at No. 33 in New Zealand, No. 74 in the UK and No. 117 in the United States.

The album spawned three singles: "R.A.I.D.", "Psyko Funk" and "Walk the Line".

Dust Brothers
The Dust Brothers were a pair of songwriters and producers consisting of E.Z. Mike (Michael Simpson) and King Gizmo (John King). They were famous for the sample-based music they produced in the 1980s and 1990s, and specifically for their work on the albums Paul's Boutique by Beastie Boys, Odelay, Midnite Vultures and Guero by Beck, the soundtrack to Fight Club, and "MMMBop" by Hanson. They were based in Los Angeles, California.
Battle of the Wines
The Battle of the Wines (fr. La Bataille des Vins), sometimes called "The Battle of the Blends" was a notable poem written by Henry d'Andeli in 1224 and tells the story of a famous wine tasting organized by the French king Philip Augustus. Over 70 samples from France and across Europe, including Cyprus, Spain and the Mosel region, were tasted and judged by an English priest. The priest classified the wines he tasted as either Celebrated for those which pleased him or Excommunicated for those that did not meet his standards. In the end a sweet wine from Cyprus (widely believed to be Commandaria) won the overall tasting and was awarded the supreme title of "Apostle".

Cypriot wine
The Cypriot wine industry ranks 50th in the world in terms of total production quantity (10,302 tonnes), and much higher on a per-capita basis. The wine industry is a significant contributor to the Cypriot economy through cultivation, production, employment, export and tourism.
Tonics & Twisted Chasers
Tonics and Twisted Chasers is a standalone album by American indie rock band Guided by Voices initially released as a 19-track limited-edition fanclub-only vinyl LP in 1996. The following year, it was released in a limited CD edition, with five additional tracks. The album was primarily recorded by principal songwriters Robert Pollard and Tobin Sprout.

The song "Jellyfish Reflector" was referenced in the Homestar Runner short "Sbemail 150?!?"

Robert Pollard
Robert Ellsworth Pollard Jr. (born October 31, 1957) is an American singer and songwriter. He is the frontman and leader of indie rock band Guided by Voices, of which he is also the only constant member. He has also released 22 solo albums.

He has nearly 3,000 songs registered to his name with BMI. In 2006, Paste magazine listed him as the 78th-greatest living songwriter. In 2007, he was nominated for the Shortlist Music Prize.
Bulk electrolysis
Bulk electrolysis is also known as potentiostatic coulometry or controlled potential coulometry.  The experiment is a form of coulometry which generally employs a three electrode system controlled by a potentiostat.  In the experiment the working electrode is held at a constant potential (volts) and current (amps) is monitored over time (seconds).  In a properly run experiment an analyte is quantitatively converted from its original oxidation state to a new oxidation state, either reduced or oxidized.  As the substrate is consumed, the current also decreases, approaching zero when the conversion nears completion.

The results of a bulk electrolysis are visually displayed as the total coulombs passed (total electric charge) plotted against time in seconds, even though the experiment measures electric current (amps) over time.  This is done to show that the experiment is approaching an expected total number of coulombs.

Potentiostat
A potentiostat is the electronic hardware required to control a three electrode cell and run most electroanalytical experiments.  A Bipotentiostat and polypotentiostat are potentiostats capable of controlling two working electrodes and more than two working electrodes, respectively.

The system functions by maintaining the potential of the working electrode at a constant level with respect to the reference electrode by adjusting the current at an auxiliary electrode. The heart of the different potentiostatic electronic circuits is an operational amplifier (op amp). It consists of an electric circuit which is usually described in terms of simple op amps.
Pete Vandermeer
Peter Vandermeer (born October 14, 1975) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey left winger, currently playing in the senior men's Chinook Hockey League with the Innisfail Eagles. Undrafted, Vandermeer played in two National Hockey League (NHL) games during the 2007–08 season for the Phoenix Coyotes. He appeared with the Coyotes after signing with them mid-season on February 8, 2008, this after playing as the enforcer for their AHL affiliate, the San Antonio Rampage. He played in 15 professional seasons, primarily in the American Hockey League. He is the older brother of fellow NHL player Jim Vandermeer.

Innisfail Eagles
The Innisfail Eagles are a senior ice hockey team based in Innisfail, Alberta, Canada. Alberta Senior AA champions in 2012–13, the Eagles moved up to compete at the Senior AAA level for 2013–14. They played in the Allan Cup Hockey West until 2020 and moved to the Senior AA Ranchland League in 2021–22. The Eagles once again rejoined ACHW, now renamed back to the Chinook Hockey League for the 2022–23 season where they continue to play as of 2024.
Ashikaga Yoshikatsu
Ashikaga Yoshikatsu (足利 義勝; March 19, 1434 – August 16, 1443) was the seventh shōgun of the Ashikaga shogunate who reigned from 1442 to 1443 during the Muromachi period of Japan.  Yoshikatsu was the son of 6th shōgun Ashikaga Yoshinori with his concubine, Hino Shigeko (1411–1463). His childhood name was Chiyachamaru (千也茶丸). Hino Tomiko, wife of Ashikaga Yoshimasa, at first was betrothed to Yoshikatsu.

In 1441, Shōgun Yoshinori was murdered at the age of 48 by Akamatsu Mitsusuke. Shortly afterwards, it was determined that his 8-year-old son, Yoshikatsu, would become the new shōgun. Yoshikatsu is confirmed as shōgun the following year. On August 16, 1443, Yoshikatsu died at the age of 9. Fond of horse riding, he was fatally injured in a fall from a horse. He had been shogun for only two years. His 8-year-old brother, Yoshinari, was then named shōgun. Several years after he became shogun, Yoshinari changed his name to Yoshimasa, and he is better known by that name.

Hino Tomiko
Hino Tomiko (日野 富子; 1440 – June 30, 1496) was a prominent figure during the Muromachi period and the beginning of the Sengoku period. She was daughter to Hino Shigemasa and was the official wife of Ashikaga Yoshimasa, the eighth shōgun of the Ashikaga shogunate (at first Tomiko was betrothed to Ashikaga Yoshikatsu the seventh shōgun but Yoshikatsu died at the age of 10), and the mother of Ashikaga Yoshihisa, the ninth shōgun. Her efforts during the succession dispute are seen as one of the causes of the Ōnin War and led to the beginning of the Sengoku period.
Gulf Coast Conference
The Gulf Coast Conference (GCC) was a short-lived NCAA college athletic conference composed of universities in the U.S. state of Texas from 1949 until 1957. The charter members of the conference were the University of Houston, Midwestern University (now Midwestern State University), North Texas State College (now the University of North Texas), and Trinity University.  The Gulf Coast Conference spawned from then members of the Lone Star Conference, and its president was D.L. Ligon.  In 1956, when the NCAA created divisions, all members of the conference at the time were classified as part of the NCAA's College Division, which was later subdivided into Division II and Division III in 1973.  Charter member Houston had already left for the Missouri Valley Conference by the end of 1950, and was classified as a University Division school, which later became known as Division I.

Lone Star Conference
The Lone Star Conference (LSC) is a college athletic conference affiliated with the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) at the Division II level. Member institutions are located in the South Central states, with schools in Texas, Oklahoma, and New Mexico, with two members in the Pacific Northwest states of Oregon and Washington competing as affiliates for football only.

The Lone Star Conference operates from the same headquarters complex in the Dallas suburb of Richardson as the American Southwest Conference.
Ahn Seo-hyun
Ahn Seo-hyun (Korean: 안서현; born January 12, 2004) is a South Korean actress. She began her career as a child actress in 2008, and has since appeared in films and television series such as The Housemaid (2010), Single-minded Dandelion (2014) and the critically acclaimed Netflix film Okja (2017), which premiered at the 2017 Cannes Film Festival in competition for the Palme d'Or.

Single-minded Dandelion
Single-minded Dandelion (Korean: TV소설 일편단심 민들레; RR: TVsoseol ilpyeondansim mindeulle) is a 2014 South Korean morning soap opera starring Kim Ga-eun, Hong In-young, Yoon Sun-woo and Jeon Seung-bin. It aired on KBS2 from August 25, 2014 to February 27, 2015 on Mondays to Fridays at 09:00 for 134 episodes.